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who is the oldest living major league baseball player

List of oldest living major league Baseball players - wikipedia List of oldest living major league Baseball players Jump to : navigation , search This list includes the 100 oldest living former Major League Baseball players , listed from oldest to youngest . The primary position of each player is noted after his name . † Denotes Hall of Famer * Denotes All - Star Rank Name Age Date of birth MLB debut Final game Team ( s ) 01 Chuck Stevens ( 1B ) 7004363150000000000 ♠ 99 years , 155 days July 10 , 1918 September 16 , 1941 July 25 , 1948 211 games : St. Louis Browns 02 Fred Caligiuri ( P ) 7004362110000000000 ♠ 99 years , 51 days October 22 , 1918 September 3 , 1941 September 20 , 1942 18 games : Philadelphia Athletics 03 Tom Jordan ( C ) 7004358930000000000 ♠ 98 years , 98 days September 5 , 1919 September 4 , 1944 April 28 , 1948 29 games : Chicago White Sox , St. Louis Browns , and Cleveland Indians 04 Bill Mills ( C ) 7004358350000000000 ♠ 98 years , 40 days November 2 , 1919 May 19 , 1944 June 3 , 1944 5 games : Philadelphia Athletics 05 Val Heim ( LF ) 7004354670000000000 ♠ 97 years , 38 days November 4 , 1920 August 31 , 1942 September 22 , 1942 13 games : Chicago White Sox 06 Wally Westlake * ( OF - 3B ) 7004354630000000000 ♠ 97 years , 34 days November 8 , 1920 April 15 , 1947 May 12 , 1956 958 games : Pittsburgh Pirates , St. Louis Cardinals , Cincinnati Reds , Philadelphia Phillies , Cleveland Indians , and Baltimore Orioles 07 Eddie Robinson * ( 1B ) 7004354260000000000 ♠ 96 years , 362 days December 15 , 1920 September 9 , 1942 September 15 , 1957 1,315 games : Cleveland Indians , Washington Senators , Chicago White Sox , Philadelphia Athletics , New York Yankees , Kansas City Athletics , Detroit Tigers , and Baltimore Orioles 08 George Elder ( LF ) 7004353410000000000 ♠ 96 years , 277 days March 10 , 1921 July 22 , 1949 September 25 , 1949 41 games : St. Louis Browns 09 Clint Conatser ( OF ) 7004352050000000000 ♠ 96 years , 141 days July 24 , 1921 April 21 , 1948 July 14 , 1949 143 games : Boston Braves 010 Marv Rackley ( OF ) 7004352040000000000 ♠ 96 years , 140 days July 25 , 1921 April 15 , 1947 May 8 , 1950 185 games : Brooklyn Dodgers , Pittsburgh Pirates , and Cincinnati Reds 011 Johnny Hetki ( P ) 7004349130000000000 ♠ 95 years , 214 days May 12 , 1922 September 14 , 1945 September 22 , 1954 214 games : Cincinnati Reds , St. Louis Browns , and Pittsburgh Pirates 012 Gil Coan ( LF ) 7004349070000000000 ♠ 95 years , 208 days May 18 , 1922 April 27 , 1946 April 25 , 1956 918 games : Washington Senators , Baltimore Orioles , Chicago White Sox , and New York Giants 013 Eddie Basinski ( SS - 2B ) 7004347370000000000 ♠ 95 years , 38 days November 4 , 1922 May 20 , 1944 July 4 , 1947 203 games : Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates 014 George Yankowski ( C ) 7004347220000000000 ♠ 95 years , 23 days November 19 , 1922 August 17 , 1942 June 28 , 1946 18 games : Philadelphia Athletics and Chicago White Sox 015 Neal Watlington ( C ) 7004346860000000000 ♠ 94 years , 352 days December 25 , 1922 July 10 , 1953 September 17 , 1953 21 games : Philadelphia Athletics 016 Red Schoendienst * † ( 2B ) 7004346470000000000 ♠ 94 years , 313 days February 2 , 1923 April 17 , 1945 July 7 , 1963 2,216 games : St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Braves , and New York Giants 017 Len Okrie ( C ) 7004344830000000000 ♠ 94 years , 149 days July 16 , 1923 June 16 , 1948 April 16 , 1952 42 games : Washington Senators and Boston Red Sox 018 Lee Howard ( P ) 7004343650000000000 ♠ 94 years , 31 days November 11 , 1923 September 22 , 1946 September 25 , 1947 5 games : Pittsburgh Pirates 019 Tim Thompson ( C ) 7004342540000000000 ♠ 93 years , 286 days March 1 , 1924 April 28 , 1954 April 27 , 1958 187 games : Brooklyn Dodgers , Kansas City Athletics , and Detroit Tigers 020 Chuck Harmon ( 3B - OF ) 7004342010000000000 ♠ 93 years , 233 days April 23 , 1924 April 17 , 1954 September 15 , 1957 289 games : Cincinnati Reds , St. Louis Cardinals , and Philadelphia Phillies 021 Art Schallock ( P ) 7004341990000000000 ♠ 93 years , 231 days April 25 , 1924 July 16 , 1951 September 23 , 1955 58 games : New York Yankees and Baltimore Orioles 022 Ed Fitz Gerald ( C ) 7004341730000000000 ♠ 93 years , 205 days May 21 , 1924 April 19 , 1948 September 15 , 1959 807 games : Pittsburgh Pirates , Washington Senators , and Cleveland Indians 023 Milt Welch ( C ) 7004341070000000000 ♠ 93 years , 139 days July 26 , 1924 June 5 , 1945 June 5 , 1945 1 game : Detroit Tigers 024 Ed Samcoff ( 2B ) 7004340700000000000 ♠ 93 years , 102 days September 1 , 1924 April 21 , 1951 April 26 , 1951 4 games : Philadelphia Athletics 025 Bill Greason ( P ) 7004340680000000000 ♠ 93 years , 100 days September 3 , 1924 May 31 , 1954 June 20 , 1954 3 games : St. Louis Cardinals 026 Charlie Silvera ( C ) 7004340280000000000 ♠ 93 years , 60 days October 13 , 1924 September 29 , 1948 September 28 , 1957 227 games : New York Yankees and Chicago Cubs 027 Bobby Brown ( 3B ) 7004340160000000000 ♠ 93 years , 48 days October 25 , 1924 September 22 , 1946 June 30 , 1954 548 games : New York Yankees 028 Irv Noren * ( OF ) 7004339810000000000 ♠ 93 years , 13 days November 29 , 1924 April 18 , 1950 October 1 , 1960 1,093 games : Washington Senators , New York Yankees , Kansas City Athletics , St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago Cubs , and Los Angeles Dodgers 029 Fenton Mole ( 1B ) 7004337840000000000 ♠ 92 years , 181 days June 14 , 1925 September 1 , 1949 September 30 , 1949 10 games : New York Yankees 030 Wayne Terwilliger ( 2B ) 7004337710000000000 ♠ 92 years , 168 days June 27 , 1925 August 6 , 1949 May 16 , 1960 666 games : Chicago Cubs , Brooklyn Dodgers , Washington Senators , New York Giants , and Kansas City Athletics 031 Larry Miggins ( LF ) 7004337170000000000 ♠ 92 years , 114 days August 20 , 1925 October 3 , 1948 September 28 , 1952 43 games : St. Louis Cardinals 032 Billy DeMars ( SS ) 7004337110000000000 ♠ 92 years , 108 days August 26 , 1925 May 18 , 1948 September 28 , 1951 80 games : Philadelphia Athletics , St. Louis Browns 033 Paul Hinrichs ( P ) 7004337060000000000 ♠ 92 years , 103 days August 31 , 1925 May 16 , 1951 June 21 , 1951 4 games : Boston Red Sox 034 Bobby Shantz * ( P ) 7004336800000000000 ♠ 92 years , 77 days September 26 , 1925 May 1 , 1949 September 29 , 1964 578 games : Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics , New York Yankees , Pittsburgh Pirates , Houston Colt . 45s , St. Louis Cardinals , Chicago Cubs , and Philadelphia Phillies 035 Chris Haughey ( P ) 7004336730000000000 ♠ 92 years , 70 days October 3 , 1925 October 3 , 1943 October 3 , 1943 1 game : Brooklyn Dodgers 036 Tommy Giordano ( 2B ) 7004336670000000000 ♠ 92 years , 64 days October 9 , 1925 September 11 , 1953 September 26 , 1953 11 games : Philadelphia Athletics 037 Hank Workman ( 1B ) 7004335480000000000 ♠ 91 years , 310 days February 5 , 1926 September 4 , 1950 October 1 , 1950 2 games : New York Yankees 038 Randy Jackson * ( 3B ) 7004335430000000000 ♠ 91 years , 305 days February 10 , 1926 May 2 , 1950 September 25 , 1959 955 games : Chicago Cubs , Brooklyn Dodgers , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Cleveland Indians 039 Howie Judson ( P ) 7004335370000000000 ♠ 91 years , 299 days February 16 , 1926 April 22 , 1948 September 25 , 1954 208 games : Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Redlegs / Reds 040 Jack Crimian ( P ) 7004335360000000000 ♠ 91 years , 298 days February 17 , 1926 July 3 , 1951 May 6 , 1957 75 games : St. Louis Cardinals , Kansas City Athletics , and Detroit Tigers 041 Dick Koecher ( P ) 7004334950000000000 ♠ 91 years , 257 days March 30 , 1926 September 29 , 1946 October 2 , 1948 7 games : Philadelphia Phillies 042 Alex Grammas ( SS ) 7004334910000000000 ♠ 91 years , 253 days April 3 , 1926 April 13 , 1954 September 29 , 1963 913 games : St. Louis Cardinals , Cincinnati Redlegs , and Chicago Cubs 043 Bert Thiel ( P ) 7004334600000000000 ♠ 91 years , 222 days May 4 , 1926 April 17 , 1952 April 30 , 1952 4 games : Boston Braves 044 Dick Cole ( SS ) 7004334580000000000 ♠ 91 years , 220 days May 6 , 1926 April 27 , 1951 July 21 , 1957 456 games : St. Louis Cardinals , Pittsburgh Pirates , and Milwaukee Braves 045 Harvey Gentry ( PH ) 7004334370000000000 ♠ 91 years , 199 days May 27 , 1926 April 14 , 1954 April 27 , 1954 5 games : New York Giants 046 Frank Saucier ( OF ) 7004334360000000000 ♠ 91 years , 198 days May 28 , 1926 July 21 , 1951 September 23 , 1951 18 games : St. Louis Browns 047 Don Newcombe * ( P ) 7004334190000000000 ♠ 91 years , 181 days June 14 , 1926 May 20 , 1949 October 1 , 1960 452 games : Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers , Cincinnati Redlegs / Reds , and Cleveland Indians 048 Bob Miller ( P ) 7004334170000000000 ♠ 91 years , 179 days June 16 , 1926 September 16 , 1949 August 10 , 1958 261 games : Philadelphia Phillies 049 Bobby Morgan ( IF ) 7004334040000000000 ♠ 91 years , 166 days June 29 , 1926 April 18 , 1950 April 20 , 1958 671 games : Brooklyn Dodgers , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , and Chicago Cubs 050 Johnny Groth ( CF ) 7004333800000000000 ♠ 91 years , 142 days July 23 , 1926 September 5 , 1946 July 28 , 1960 1,248 games : Detroit Tigers , St. Louis Browns , Chicago White Sox , Washington Senators , and Kansas City Athletics 051 Al Naples ( SS ) 7004333430000000000 ♠ 91 years , 105 days August 29 , 1926 June 25 , 1949 June 26 , 1949 2 games : St. Louis Browns 052 Ed Mickelson ( 1B ) 7004333320000000000 ♠ 91 years , 94 days September 9 , 1926 September 18 , 1950 May 12 , 1957 18 games : St. Louis Cardinals , St. Louis Browns , and Chicago Cubs 053 Ozzie Van Brabant ( P ) 7004333130000000000 ♠ 91 years , 75 days September 28 , 1926 April 13 , 1954 April 23 , 1955 11 games : Philadelphia Athletics / Kansas City Athletics 054 Dick Bokelmann ( P ) 7004332850000000000 ♠ 91 years , 47 days October 26 , 1926 August 3 , 1951 May 3 , 1953 34 games : St. Louis Cardinals 055 Carl Erskine * ( P ) 7004332370000000000 ♠ 90 years , 364 days December 13 , 1926 July 25 , 1948 June 14 , 1959 360 games : Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers 056 Dick Manville ( P ) 7004332240000000000 ♠ 90 years , 351 days December 25 , 1926 April 30 , 1950 September 10 , 1952 12 games : Boston Braves and Chicago Cubs 057 Carl Scheib ( P ) 7004332180000000000 ♠ 90 years , 345 days January 1 , 1927 September 6 , 1943 May 24 , 1954 327 games : Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Cardinals 058 Jim Willis ( P ) 7004331400000000000 ♠ 90 years , 267 days March 20 , 1927 April 22 , 1953 June 5 , 1954 27 games : Chicago Cubs 059 Paul Stuffel ( P ) 7004331380000000000 ♠ 90 years , 265 days March 22 , 1927 September 16 , 1950 May 24 , 1953 7 games : Philadelphia Phillies 060 Don Hasenmayer ( IF ) 7004331250000000000 ♠ 90 years , 252 days April 4 , 1927 May 2 , 1945 September 29 , 1946 11 games : Philadelphia Phillies 061 Charlie Maxwell * ( LF ) 7004331210000000000 ♠ 90 years , 248 days April 8 , 1927 September 20 , 1950 April 26 , 1964 1,133 games : Boston Red Sox , Baltimore Orioles , Detroit Tigers , and Chicago White Sox 062 Dick Lane ( LF ) 7004330400000000000 ♠ 90 years , 167 days June 28 , 1927 June 20 , 1949 July 8 , 1949 12 games : Chicago White Sox 063 Billy Gardner ( 2B ) 7004330190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 146 days July 19 , 1927 April 22 , 1954 September 11 , 1963 1,034 games : New York Giants , Baltimore Orioles , Washington Senators , Minnesota Twins , New York Yankees , and Boston Red Sox 064 Dick Smith ( 3B ) 7004330170000000000 ♠ 90 years , 144 days July 21 , 1927 September 14 , 1951 May 1 , 1955 70 games : Pittsburgh Pirates 065 Rocky Krsnich ( 3B ) 7004330020000000000 ♠ 90 years , 129 days August 5 , 1927 September 13 , 1949 September 26 , 1953 120 games : Chicago White Sox 066 Cloyd Boyer ( P ) 7004329750000000000 ♠ 90 years , 102 days September 1 , 1927 April 23 , 1949 September 24 , 1955 113 games : St. Louis Cardinals and Kansas City Athletics 067 Dave Hillman ( P ) 7004329620000000000 ♠ 90 years , 89 days September 14 , 1927 April 30 , 1955 June 22 , 1962 197 games : Chicago Cubs , Boston Red Sox , Cincinnati Reds , and New York Mets 068 Duke Simpson ( P ) 7004329610000000000 ♠ 90 years , 88 days September 15 , 1927 May 6 , 1953 September 17 , 1953 30 games : Chicago Cubs 069 Tommy Lasorda † ( P ) 7004329540000000000 ♠ 90 years , 81 days September 22 , 1927 August 5 , 1954 July 8 , 1956 27 games : Brooklyn Dodgers and Kansas City Athletics 070 Bill Harrington ( P ) 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 70 days October 3 , 1927 April 16 , 1953 September 30 , 1956 58 games : Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics 071 Bob Kelly ( P ) 7004329420000000000 ♠ 90 years , 69 days October 4 , 1927 May 4 , 1951 June 4 , 1958 123 games : Chicago Cubs , Cincinnati Reds / Redlegs , and Cleveland Indians 072 Jim Greengrass ( LF ) 7004329220000000000 ♠ 90 years , 49 days October 24 , 1927 September 9 , 1952 September 30 , 1956 504 games : Cincinnati Reds / Redlegs and Philadelphia Phillies 073 Tommy Brown ( UT ) 7004328790000000000 ♠ 90 years , 6 days December 6 , 1927 August 3 , 1944 September 25 , 1953 494 games : Brooklyn Dodgers , Philadelphia Phillies , and Chicago Cubs 074 Bob Oldis ( C ) 7004328490000000000 ♠ 89 years , 341 days January 5 , 1928 April 28 , 1953 September 29 , 1963 135 games : Washington Senators , Pittsburgh Pirates , and Philadelphia Phillies 075 Charlie Gorin ( P ) 7004328170000000000 ♠ 89 years , 309 days February 6 , 1928 May 29 , 1954 April 17 , 1955 7 games : Milwaukee Braves 076 Felipe Montemayor ( CF ) 7004328160000000000 ♠ 89 years , 308 days February 7 , 1928 April 14 , 1953 June 12 , 1955 64 games : Pittsburgh Pirates 077 Roy Face * ( P ) 7004328030000000000 ♠ 89 years , 295 days February 20 , 1928 April 16 , 1953 August 15 , 1969 853 games : Pittsburgh Pirates , Detroit Tigers , and Montreal Expos 078 Paul Schramka ( LF ) 7004327720000000000 ♠ 89 years , 265 days March 22 , 1928 April 14 , 1953 April 16 , 1953 2 games : Chicago Cubs 079 Dick Young ( 2B ) 7004326990000000000 ♠ 89 years , 192 days June 3 , 1928 September 11 , 1951 September 28 , 1952 20 games : Philadelphia Phillies 080 Billy Hunter * ( SS ) 7004326980000000000 ♠ 89 years , 191 days June 4 , 1928 April 14 , 1953 September 27 , 1958 630 games : St. Louis Browns , Baltimore Orioles , New York Yankees , Kansas City Athletics , and Cleveland Indians 081 Nick Testa ( C ) 7004326730000000000 ♠ 89 years , 166 days June 29 , 1928 April 23 , 1958 April 23 , 1958 1 game : San Francisco Giants 082 John Glenn ( OF ) 7004326620000000000 ♠ 89 years , 155 days July 10 , 1928 June 6 , 1960 July 31 , 1960 32 games : St. Louis Cardinals 083 Dick Hyde ( P ) 7004326380000000000 ♠ 89 years , 131 days August 3 , 1928 April 23 , 1955 August 4 , 1961 169 games : Washington Senators and Baltimore Orioles 084 Bob Stephenson ( P ) 7004326300000000000 ♠ 89 years , 123 days August 11 , 1928 April 14 , 1955 September 18 , 1955 67 games : St. Louis Cardinals 085 José Santiago ( P ) 7004326060000000000 ♠ 89 years , 99 days September 4 , 1928 April 17 , 1954 July 15 , 1956 27 games : Cleveland Indians and Kansas City Athletics 086 Vito Valentinetti ( P ) 7004325940000000000 ♠ 89 years , 87 days September 16 , 1928 June 20 , 1954 May 11 , 1959 108 games : Chicago White Sox , Chicago Cubs , Cleveland Indians , Detroit Tigers , and Washington Senators 087 Hal Naragon ( C ) 7004325790000000000 ♠ 89 years , 72 days October 1 , 1928 September 23 , 1951 August 5 , 1962 424 games : Cleveland Indians , Washington Senators , and Minnesota Twins 088 Fred Marolewski ( 1B ) 7004325740000000000 ♠ 89 years , 67 days October 6 , 1928 September 19 , 1953 September 19 , 1953 1 game : St. Louis Cardinals 089 Joe Presko ( P ) 7004325730000000000 ♠ 89 years , 66 days October 7 , 1928 May 3 , 1951 May 7 , 1958 130 games : St. Louis Cardinals and Detroit Tigers 090 Gail Henley ( RF ) 7004325650000000000 ♠ 89 years , 58 days October 15 , 1928 April 13 , 1954 May 6 , 1954 14 games : Pittsburgh Pirates 091 Mickey Micelotta ( SS ) 7004325600000000000 ♠ 89 years , 53 days October 20 , 1928 April 20 , 1954 August 2 , 1955 17 games : Philadelphia Phillies 092 Whitey Ford * † ( P ) 7004325590000000000 ♠ 89 years , 52 days October 21 , 1928 July 1 , 1950 May 21 , 1967 500 games : New York Yankees 093 Bob Ross ( P ) 7004325470000000000 ♠ 89 years , 40 days November 2 , 1928 June 16 , 1950 May 8 , 1956 20 games : Washington Senators and Philadelphia Phillies 094 Bill Wilson ( CF ) 7004325430000000000 ♠ 89 years , 36 days November 6 , 1928 September 24 , 1950 September 13 , 1955 224 games : Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics 095 Joe Landrum ( P ) 7004325060000000000 ♠ 88 years , 364 days December 13 , 1928 July 13 , 1950 September 11 , 1952 16 games : Brooklyn Dodgers 096 Don Mossi * ( P ) 7004324770000000000 ♠ 88 years , 335 days January 11 , 1929 April 17 , 1954 October 1 , 1965 463 games : Cleveland Indians , Detroit Tigers , Chicago White Sox , and Kansas City Athletics 097 Moe Savransky ( P ) 7004324750000000000 ♠ 88 years , 333 days January 13 , 1929 April 23 , 1954 September 5 , 1954 16 games : Cincinnati Reds / Redlegs 098 Gale Wade ( CF ) 7004324680000000000 ♠ 88 years , 326 days January 20 , 1929 April 11 , 1955 May 8 , 1956 19 games : Chicago Cubs 099 Bobby Kline ( SS ) 7004324610000000000 ♠ 88 years , 319 days January 27 , 1929 April 11 , 1955 September 25 , 1955 77 games : Washington Senators 0100 Al Worthington ( P ) 7004324520000000000 ♠ 88 years , 310 days February 5 , 1929 July 6 , 1953 October 2 , 1969 602 games : New York / San Francisco Giants , Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox , Cincinnati Reds , and Minnesota Twins Red Schoendienst , at 94 , is the oldest living member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame . Eddie Robinson , at 96 , is the oldest living former major league coach -- having coached with the Baltimore Orioles ( 1958 -- 60 ) . Dave Garcia , at 97 , is the oldest living former major league manager ; he managed the California Angels ( 1977 -- 78 ) and the Cleveland Indians ( 1979 -- 82 ) . Eddie Basinski , at 95 , is the last living major leaguer mentioned in the Dave Frishberg song Van Lingle Mungo . Bobby Doerr , a second baseman for the Boston Red Sox , was the longest - lived member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame when he died in 2017 at the age of 99 . Red Hoff , a pitcher for the New York Yankees and St. Louis Browns , was the longest - lived major leaguer -- he died in 1998 , aged 7004392130000000000 ♠ 107 years , 132 days . Silas Simmons , who played in the Negro leagues , is believed to have been the longest - lived professional baseball player in history -- his year of birth is disputed , but he was at least 109 and possibly 111 at the time of his death in 2006 . See also ( edit ) List of oldest Major League Baseball players List of centenarians ( Major League Baseball players ) Sources ( edit ) Baseball Almanac Baseball Library The Baseball Page Baseball Reference Oldest Living Major League Baseball Players Who 's Alive and Who 's Dead Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_living_Major_League_Baseball_players&oldid=814992303 '' Categories : Lists of Major League Baseball players Lists of oldest people Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Oldest living former Major League Baseball players 2. Age and MLB career of Chuck Stevens 3. Fred Caligiuri's MLB career and age 4. Tom Jordan's MLB career and age 5. Bill Mills' MLB career and age

who is refereeing the world cup final 2018

2018 FIFA World Cup officials - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup officials The following is a list of match officials ( referees , assistant referees , and video assistant referees ) who will officiate at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Contents 1 Referees and assistant referees 2 Video assistant referees 3 Referees withdrawn and replaced 4 References 5 External links Referees and assistant referees ( edit ) On 29 March 2018 , FIFA published the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees , on the basis of nationality , from all six football confederations for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . These were selected from a longlist of 53 trios . Out of these , one referee and one assistant referee were dropped from the list and were not replaced . The two assistant referees associated with the dropped referee also withdrew , but were replaced in the roster . On 12 July 2018 , FIFA announced that Argentine referee Néstor Pitana would take charge of the final . Confederation Referee Assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees ( edit ) On 30 April 2018 , FIFA announced 13 video assistant referees ( VARs ) had been appointed . For each World Cup game , there will be one VAR and three AVARs ( Assistant Video Assistant Referees ) , each responsible for different situations . They will be supporting the main referee from the Video Operation Room based at the International Broadcast Centre ( IBC ) in Moscow . Confederation VAR AFC Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) CONMEBOL Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) UEFA Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Referees withdrawn and replaced ( edit ) Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi ( Saudi Arabia ) was withdrawn due to attempted match - fixing at the 2018 King Cup Final . His assistant referees were also withdrawn : Mohammed Al - Abakry ( Saudi Arabia ) Abdulah Al - Shalwai ( Saudi Arabia ) No referee was called up to replace Al - Mirdasi , but two assistant referees were called up to complete the referee teams of Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) and Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) , respectively : Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Assistant referee Marwa Range ( Kenya ) also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 : List of match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 March 2018 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 36 referees and 63 assistant referees appointed as Russia 2018 Match Officials '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 : Updated list of match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Referees of the 2018 FIFA World Cup : Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Néstor Pitana to referee the World Cup Final '' . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia - News - Thirteen video assistant referees appointed for 2018 FIFA World Cup - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 : List of Video match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR at the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . Football Technology . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi dropped for attempted match fixing in Saudi Arabia '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA statement on the situation of the Saudi Arabian referee Fahad AL MIRDASI '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 : Updated list of match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . May 2018 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betraying the Game : African officials filmed taking cash '' . BBC . 7 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 : List of match officials <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) <Th_colspan="2"> Referees at the 2018 FIFA World Cup AFC Fahad Al - Mirdasi ( did not attend ) Alireza Faghani Ravshan Irmatov Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed Ryuji Sato Nawaf Shukralla CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Malang Diedhiou Bakary Gassama Gehad Grisha Janny Sikazwe Bamlak Tessema Weyesa CONCACAF Joel Aguilar Mark Geiger Jair Marrufo Ricardo Montero John Pitti César Arturo Ramos CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán Enrique Cáceres Andrés Cunha Néstor Pitana Sandro Ricci Wilmar Roldán OFC Matthew Conger Norbert Hauata UEFA Felix Brych Cüneyt Çakır Sergei Karasev Björn Kuipers Szymon Marciniak Antonio Mateu Lahoz Milorad Mažić Gianluca Rocchi Damir Skomina Clément Turpin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_officials&oldid=855660409 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup referees Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Português Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. 2018 FIFA World Cup match officials 2. Referees and assistant referees 3. Video assistant referees (VARs) 4. Referees withdrawn and replaced 5. FIFA World Cup final referee

song of the trees by mildred taylor summary

Song of the trees - wikipedia Song of the trees Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Song of the Trees <Td_colspan="2"> Author Mildred D. Taylor Illustrator Jerry Pinkney Country United States Language English Genre children 's literature , historical fiction Publisher Dial Press Publication date Pages 48 ISBN 9780553275872 OCLC 83446854 Followed by Roll of Thunder , Hear My Cry Song of the Trees is a 1975 novella by author Mildred Taylor and illustrator Jerry Pinkney . It was the first of her highly acclaimed series of books about the Logan family . The novella follows the time Mr. Anderson tried to cut down the trees on the Logan family 's land . The story revolves around Cassie Logan who tries to save the trees on her Big Ma 's land . Even though Cassie 's family needed some money , something told Cassie the trees were just as valuable . Song of the Trees is followed by three sequels : Roll of Thunder , Hear My Cry ( 1976 ) , Let the Circle Be Unbroken ( 1981 ) , The Road to Memphis ( 1990 ) , and a prequel , The Land ( 2001 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 The Logan Family 2.2 The Lumbermen 3 References Plot summary ( edit ) Eight year old Cassie Logan is woken up one sunny morning by her paternal grandmother , Big Ma . As she gathers herself together , she accidentally knocks into a chair . Prompted by Big Ma , she opens her bedroom window and gazes out into the field and examines the forest of trees that sits behind the house far back into the property . She admires them , but this is quickly short - lived as Big Ma tells her to get moving or else she 'll whoop her . Cassie goes into the kitchen where her mother , Mary , is there preparing breakfast . Her older brother Stacey is also there setting up the fire in the oven and one of her younger brothers Christopher - John is there . Christopher - John is scolded a little by Mary for waking up in the middle of the night eating all of the cornbread . While she does n't want to let her children go hungry , she tells Christopher - John to ease up on his appetite . At this time , it is learned that her husband and the children 's father , David Logan , is down in Louisiana laying down tracks on the railroad to support the family . Cassie 's other younger brother and the youngest overall , Little Man , enters and they get into a brief fight over the stain on his pants Little Man believes Cassie is responsible for the day before . The fight is interrupted by Stacey , but Cassie and Little Man decide to settle their differences on the matter later on without Stacey around to see them . Mary sends Cassie to help Little Man gather eggs and during this time , Big Ma urges Mary to write to David and let him know that they need money to make up for the ten dollars that mysteriously went missing from the letter he sent . Mary declines , not wanting to bug him and lets her know when it came to food supply , there was still enough vegetables in their garden to get . Big Ma asks about medicine and Mary brushes her off as Cassie re-emerges into the kitchen with a basket to gather the eggs with . After breakfast , Cassie and her brothers go into the forest with their three cows and their offspring , walking them to a pond . It was a muggy morning , but the trees were keeping the heat out as their leaves blew above them . Cassie takes it as them singing and asks Stacey if he can see it too , but Stacey dismisses this and tells her that it 's just the wind . Shortly after , Cassie asks Stacey about the well - being of their mother when overhearing her and Big Ma talk about medicine . Stacey assures her that their mother was alright but if she was ill , then it was n't that serious for them to worry about . The kids leave the cows and their calves at the pond to drink water while they go out and pick blackberries . Along the way , the kids decide to play a quick game of hide - and - seek . Cassie notices the leaves of the trees stop moving . When Stacey approaches her , she tells him that they `` are n't singing anymore '' . Stacey tells them that they should pick the berries now before it got too late . They come across two white men , Mr. Andersen and his partner Tom , who are talking about cutting down the trees . The kids hide so they are n't noticed . Mr. Andersen has n't gone to spoke to Big Ma yet about taking the trees but is planning to do that soon . Tom is worried about David 's reaction as he does n't make dealings with white folks . Mr. Andersen assures him that David wo n't be a problem since he does n't own the land and sends Tom on his way to get his team of lumbermen to start cutting down the trees for him to claim . The Logan kids hurry back to the house where they find Mr. Andersen there talking to their mother and Big Ma . Mr. Andersen offered up sixty - five dollars and says that 's more than what David would make in two months . Mary objects the offer , feeling they can make it with the amount David sends . Mr. Andersen says that anything could happen to David and he could get into an accident . This worries Big Ma who quickly accepts the offer , but the kids quickly come in to protest . Cassie scolds Mr. Andersen , saying that the trees were her friends and was n't going to let him cut them down . Her mother grabs a hold of her and sends her off to her room . That night , Cassie wakes up and looks outside the window of her room and sees Mama , Big Ma and Stacey on their mare , Lady . She asks her mother where Stacey was off to and Mary tells her that he was off to retrieve their father . Three days pass . On the fourth day since Stacey 's departure , Cassie sees her mother walking alone through the forest . She decides to join her and ask how sick she was , remembering the conversation she had with Big Ma just days earlier . Mary tells her she was very much sick , but was going to feel better when David returned home . They enter into an area and see that many of the trees have already been cut down . The ones still standing had been marked with white X 's to soon signal their cut - down . Mother and daughter held tight to each other and cried at the sight of this . After they returned to the house , Little Man decided he wanted to go look at the destruction for himself . Ignoring his mother 's orders not to go into the forest , he does so anyway with Cassie and Christopher - John following him . They come across Mr. Andersen and his team of lumbermen who spot them . Mr. Andersen orders the children to return home , but when they refuse , Mr. Andersen has a black man named Claude handle them . Claude grabs a hold of Little Man who fights his way from him and was eventually shoved down . Cassie charges towards Mr. Andersen , but is stopped by Claude who carries her off with Christopher - John trailing behind trying to get Claude to let him go . He leaves them off at the pond for them to make the rest of the trip home . Not knowing where Little Man was , they go back to where Mr. Andersen and the lumbermen were and find him fighting with them . They fail to get him to stop and he hits Mr. Andersen in the leg with a huge stick . He quickly runs off , but is soon grabbed by the lumbermen . Cassie and Christopher - John order them to let him go and are also captured themselves . Christopher - John breaks free and charges at Mr. Andersen , kicking him in twice the shin . He is grabbed again by the lumbermen . The now angry Mr. Andersen takes off his belt and was about to whoop the children , but is stopped when Stacey appears with Lady and their father who is holding a black box . David orders his children to be released . Mr. Andersen , happy to see David , follows through with the request and assumes he 's going to handle them . Stacey takes his siblings and lures them far away from the site . When they 're far enough , Stacey tells them that he and their father set up sticks of dynamite around the forest and the black box David is holding had a button that will trigger the dynamite and blow up everyone in sight including himself if Mr. Andersen does n't stop cutting down the trees . Mr. Andersen tries to talk David into going with the plan he and Big Ma set up . David refuses and the lumbermen sees he is n't playing around . Mr. Andersen 's partner Tom suggest they leave . Mr. Andersen agrees and wants to take the logs they already cut down with them , but David prohibits this . The white men and the lumbermen leave the land empty handed . David stays in place until the men are all out of sight . Afterwards , Cassie looks up at the trees to see if they would `` sing '' some more and does not receive an answer . They stay silent and their leaves do n't move . Characters ( edit ) The Logan family ( edit ) The Logan family consists of David ( Papa ) , Mary ( Mama ) , Caroline ( Big Ma , David 's mother and the children 's grandmother ) . Their children consists of Stacey , Cassie , Christopher - John , and Clayton Chester , A.K.A. Little Man , and sometimes they mention Paul - Edward ( Big Ma 's husband and David 's father ) . The lumbermen ( edit ) Mr. Anderson , Tom ( Mr. Andersen 's partner ) , and the lumbermen . They make a deal with the Logan family to cut down their trees at first , but are later stopped by David ( Papa of the Logan family ) . References ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Jump up ^ `` Mildred D. Taylor '' , The Mississippi Writers Page , University of Mississippi . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Song_of_the_Trees&oldid=841398677 '' Categories : 1975 American novels Novels by Mildred D. Taylor Picture books by Jerry Pinkney American novellas Novels set in Mississippi Great Depression novels 1975 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 16 : 16 . About Wikipedia

1. Mildred D. Taylor 2. Song of the Trees 3. Logan family 4. Historical fiction 5. Lumbermen

who is the black guy singing nationwide commercial

Leslie Odom Jr. . - Wikipedia Leslie Odom Jr. . <Th_colspan="2"> Leslie Odom Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> Odom as Aaron Burr in Hamilton , July 2015 ( 1981 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Queens , New York City , U.S. Education Carnegie Mellon University Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Nicolette Robinson ( m . 2012 ) Children Leslie Odom Jr. ( / oʊ dəm / , born August 6 , 1981 ) is an American actor and singer . He has performed on Broadway and in television and film , and has released two solo jazz albums . He is known for originating the role of Aaron Burr in the Broadway musical Hamilton , a performance for which he won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album as a principal vocalist . His television roles included Sam Strickland in the musical series Smash ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He is also the author of the 2018 book Failing Up . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.1. 1 Theatre 2.1. 2 Television 2.1. 3 Film 2.2 Recording career 2.3 Writing 3 Personal life 4 Credits and awards 4.1 Theatre 4.2 Film 4.3 Television 4.4 Awards and nominations 4.5 Discography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Odom was born in Queens , New York . His family later moved to the East Oak Lane section of Philadelphia , where he grew up . He attended Julia R. Masterman School for middle school and Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts for high school . He and his family attended Canaan Baptist Church in the Germantown section of Philadelphia , where he sang solos in the church choir . He earned a degree with honors at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and then moved to Los Angeles in the summer of 2003 . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Odom sang as a teenager , and studied musical theatre in college . At the age of 17 he made his Broadway debut as Paul in Rent . In 2000 , he appeared in the ensemble of the one - night Broadway concert version of Dreamgirls . He spent much of his time doing theatre in LA , including in 2010 with Leap of Faith , which moved to Broadway in 2012 , with him starring as Isaiah Sturdevant . The show closed shortly afterwards , however he made the move to New York and relocated there . After starring off - Broadway in Venice , and in Witness Uganda ( later retitled Invisible Thread ) at A.R.T. and in workshops , Odom worked with Lin - Manuel Miranda in the Encores ! Off - Center production of Tick , Tick ... Boom ! playing Michael . Odom also played Nat King Cole in the 2015 one - night Actors Fund of America benefit concert of Bombshell . Odom was nominated for a 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical for the role of Aaron Burr in the off - Broadway production of Hamilton at The Public Theater . He continued in the same role at the Richard Rodgers Theatre after the show transferred to Broadway later that year . He also won a 2016 Grammy Award for the cast album , and won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Odom 's final appearance in the role of Aaron Burr in Hamilton occurred on July 9 , 2016 . Television ( edit ) Odom had a recurring role on CSI : Miami which began in 2003 . He appeared as Joseph Kayle in nine episodes before leaving in 2006 . He followed with a recurring role on Vanished , appearing in 10 episodes as Maliko Christo . From 2006 to 2007 , he held a recurring role as Freddy on Big Day , appearing on nine episodes prior to its cancellation . He also had a supporting role in the TV movie Poe in 2011 . In the musical television series Smash , Odom had a recurring role as Sam Strickland in 2012 , and was promoted to a starring role for the show 's final season in 2013 . In late 2013 , Odom was offered the leading role of Lucas Newsome on State of Affairs . He accepted the role , but ended up backing out to take the part of Aaron Burr in the workshops of the musical Hamilton . In 2013 and 2014 , he had a recurring role on Person of Interest as Peter Collier , appearing in eight episodes . He also played Reverend Curtis Scott in seven episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit between 2013 and 2015 . Beginning on May 19 , 2016 , Odom hosted the Broadway.com web series Aaron Burr , Sir : Backstage at Hamilton with Leslie Odom Jr. , with a new episode being uploaded every Thursday for eight weeks . Odom was also set to play Jimmy Jam in a 2017 miniseries about New Edition , but ended up leaving the project . He has made guest appearances on several shows including Gilmore Girls , Grey 's Anatomy , Supernatural , and The Good Wife . In 2016 , Odom was also featured in a commercial for Nationwide Insurance . On February 4 , 2018 , Odom sang `` America the Beautiful '' during the NBC broadcast of Super Bowl LII . Film ( edit ) Odom has appeared in short films , and had a supporting role as Declan Hall in the 2012 war film Red Tails . He played Dr. Arbuthnot in Kenneth Branagh 's 2017 adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express . Recording career ( edit ) In 2014 , Odom self - released his debut album as a jazz singer , Leslie Odom Jr. on CD and SoundCloud , and promoted the album with several concerts at The Public Theater . In February 2016 , he released a version of Selena Gomez 's `` Good For You '' featuring his Hamilton castmate Daveed Diggs . Odom was signed to a four - album deal with S - Curve Records in 2016 . He and producer Steve Greenberg narrowed down 200 potential tunes to ten tracks , and Odom recorded an updated and improved version of Leslie Odom Jr. during days off and afternoons before Broadway performances , in order to release the album before Odom left Hamilton . Released in June 2016 , the album charted at No. 1 on Billboard Jazz and No. 147 on Billboard 200 . On November 11 , 2016 , Odom released his second album , Simply Christmas , which featured jazz interpretations of Christmas standards . A deluxe edition of the album was released in October 2017 , with four additional songs . Odom tours to promote his albums , performing concerts backed by a jazz quintet that includes a drummer , percussionist , bassist , guitarist , and a pianist who is also Odom 's musical director . Writing ( edit ) In June 2017 , it was announced that Odom had a book deal for Failing Up : How to Take Risks , Aim Higher , and Never Stop Learning , which he was writing with the intention to inspire younger readers . The book , which was published by an imprint of Macmillan in March 2018 , `` outlines the setbacks and rejections that preceded his success . '' Odom modeled his writing on the style of a commencement speech , exploring what he had learned throughout his life and the importance of pursuing passions . Personal life ( edit ) Odom 's wife , Nicolette Kloe Robinson , is an actress who starred in the Diane Paulus - directed off - Broadway musical Invisible Thread ( 2015 ) . She also appeared in a recurring role in the Showtime original series The Affair . Odom met Robinson in 2008 , when she auditioned for Once on This Island in Los Angeles . Robinson , then a student at UCLA , was not selected until the show was in rehearsals , replacing a cast member who left unexpectedly . Odom , who was then an assistant director to Billy Porter , became responsible for bringing Robinson quickly up to speed , and a romantic relationship ensued . They were married on December 1 , 2012 , and their daughter , Lucille Ruby , was born on April 23 , 2017 . Credits and awards ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Dates Venue Notes 1998 Rent Paul / Cop / others Nederlander Theatre Broadway Dreamgirls Performer September 24 , 2001 Ford Center for the Performing Arts Actors Fund Benefit Concert Jersey Boys Ensemble October 5 , 2004 -- January 16 , 2005 La Jolla Playhouse Tryout 2007 Keep Your Pantheon Geffen Playhouse Regional Being Alive Performer August 25 -- September 9 , 2007 Westport Country Playhouse Regional October 25 -- December 2 , 2007 Philadelphia Theatre Company 2008 Once on This Island Agwe , God of Water September 12 -- 14 , 2008 Freud Playhouse Regional ; also assistant director 2009 Soul of Rodgers Performer October 2 -- 3 , 2009 Reprise Theatre Company Revue Leap of Faith Isaiah Sturdevant October 3 -- 24 , 2010 Ahmanson Theatre Tryout 2012 April 26 -- May 13 , 2012 St. James Theatre Broadway 2013 Venice Markos Monroe May 28 -- June 30 , 2013 The Public Theater Off - Broadway 2014 Tick , Tick ... Boom ! Michael June 24 -- 28 , 2014 New York City Center Encores ! 2015 Hamilton Aaron Burr January 20 -- May 3 , 2015 The Public Theater Off - Broadway August 6 , 2015 -- July 9 , 2016 Richard Rodgers Theatre Broadway Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical Workshops Witness Uganda ( later retitled Invisible Thread ) , 2010 Film ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Scarecrow Joe Joe Short 2012 Red Tails Declan ' Winky ' Hall 2015 Luna Goes Cruising Oscar Short 2017 Murder on the Orient Express Dr. Arbuthnot TBA Needle in a Timestack Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 -- 2006 CSI : Miami Joseph Kayle Recurring role ; 9 episodes The Big House Lamont Episodes : `` A Friend In Need '' , `` Almost Touched By An Angel '' 2006 Threshold Sergeant Adams Episode : `` The Crossing '' 2006 Gilmore Girls Quentin Walsh Episode : `` Bridesmaids Revisited '' 2006 Vanished Agent Malik Christo Recurring role ; 10 episodes 2006 Close To Home Jordan Carter Episode : `` Prodigal Son '' 2006 -- 2007 Big Day Freddy Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2007 The Bill Engvall Show Mr. Pratt Episodes : `` Good People '' , `` Feel Free To Say No '' 2007 Supreme Courtships Marcus TV movie 2008 Grey 's Anatomy P.J. Walling Episode : `` There 's No `` I '' In Team '' 2011 NCIS : Los Angeles FBI Agent Duane Lausten Episode : `` Archangel '' 2011 Zeke and Luther Mr. Arliss Bunnyson Episode : `` Zeke , Luther , and Kojo Strike Gold '' 2011 Bandwagon Urban Glee performer Episode : `` You Can Do Anything '' 2011 Supernatural Guy Episode : `` Season Seven , Time For A Wedding '' 2011 Poe Julian ' Jupiter ' Noble TV movie 2012 House of Lies James Episodes : `` Ouroboros '' , `` Veritas '' 2013 Smash Sam Strickland Lead role ; 23 episodes 2013 Person of Interest Peter Collier Recurring role ; 8 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Reverend Curtis Scott Recurring role ; 7 episodes 2014 Gotham Ian Hargrove Episode : `` Harvey Dent '' 2016 The Good Wife Barry Pert Episode : `` Unmanned '' 2016 Aaron Burr , Sir : Backstage at Hamilton with Leslie Odom Jr Host Web series ; 8 episodes 2018 We Bare Bears Voice , Epsode : `` More Everyone 's Tube '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2002 Princess Grace Award <Td_colspan="2"> Acting Won 2012 Fred and Adele Astaire Award Best Dancer on Broadway Leap of Faith Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Nominated 2015 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Hamilton Nominated Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Nominated 2016 Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Won Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Won Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical Nominated Favorite Onstage Pair ( w / Lin - Manuel Miranda ) Won 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama Movie Actor Murder on the Orient Express Pending Discography ( edit ) Albums Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2014 , self - released ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 , S - Curve Records ) Simply Christmas ( 2016 , S - Curve ) Simply Christmas ( 2017 deluxe edition , S - Curve ) Singles `` Good for You '' ( 2016 , self - released on Bandcamp ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom Jr '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Hamilton Star Leslie Odom Jr . Has a Book Deal '' . U.S. News & World Report . June 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 09 -- via Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Vault : Leslie Odom , Jr '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whelan , Aubrey ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. : Being Burr in Hamilton like falling in love '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Local actor gets his Smash close - up '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database . Jump up ^ `` Bombshell Benefit Concert Raises More Than $800,000 for The Actors Fund '' . Actors Fund . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. to Leave Hamilton on July 9 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ iSpot.tv ( 2016 ) . `` About Nationwide Insurance TV Commercial , ' Songs for All Your Sides ' ft . Leslie Odom Jr '' . iSpot.tv Real - time TV Ad Analytics . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company ( 2016 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr. , Song For All Your Sides '' . Nationwide Newsroom Ads . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hamilton Tony Winner Leslie Odom Jr . Will Sing at the Super Bowl '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Depp To Star in Murder on the Orient Express At Fox '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alyssa ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to the Stars of Hamilton Cover Selena Gomez 's ' Good for You ' '' . Elle . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom Jr. to leave Hamilton in July '' . Associated Press . June 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton 's Leslie Odom Jr . Talks Jazz Album , Residency Dreams and Potentially Playing Aaron Burr Again ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Diane ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr . Talks His New Christmas Album , Life After Hamilton & More '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roa , Ray ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Song and dance man -- Hamilton star Leslie Odom Jr. breaks out with an album and tour '' . Creative Loafing . Tampa Bay , Florida . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton Tony Winner Leslie Odom Jr . Penning Inspirational Book '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Spaner , Whitney ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` How Hamilton 's Leslie Odom , Jr . Took His Shot With Nicolette Robinson '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fierberg , Ruthie ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton 's Leslie Odom Jr. and Wife Nicolette Robinson Welcome a Baby Girl '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - WE BARE BEARS on CARTOON TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Clip : Leslie Odom , Jr . Raps Bear Facts in ' We Bare Bears ' Animation Magazine '' . www.animationmagazine.net . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Leslie Odom Jr. on IMDb Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database Leslie Odom Jr. at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Leslie Odom Jr. discography at Discogs Leslie Odom Jr. on Twitter Leslie Odom Jr. on Instagram <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Tony Shalhoub ( 2018 ) BNF : cb16652027k ( data ) GND : 1155563859 ISNI : 0000 0003 7131 1394 LCCN : no2012071772 MusicBrainz : 36f83895 - 5a69 - 47c1 - a4a2 - e2449acbf64a VIAF : 250896582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Odom_Jr.&oldid=854362228 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people African - American male actors African - American male singers African - American singers 21st - century American male actors American male singers American singers American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Tony Award winners Grammy Award winners Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni People from Queens , New York Male actors from New York City Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 BLP articles lacking sources from August 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 19 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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1. Leslie Odom Jr. - American actor and singer 2. Broadway musical Hamilton - role of Aaron Burr 3. Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical 4. Solo jazz albums 5. Television roles in Smash and CSI: Miami

when was advance australia fair proclaimed as the national anthem

Advance Australia Fair - Wikipedia Advance Australia Fair Advance Australia Fair <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National anthem of Australia Lyrics Peter Dodds McCormick , 1878 Music Peter Dodds McCormick , 1878 Adopted 1984 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> `` Advance Australia Fair '' ( instrumental ) file help <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Advance Australia Fair '' is the national anthem of Australia . Created by the Scottish - born composer Peter Dodds McCormick , the song was first performed in 1878 and sung in Australia as a patriotic song . It replaced `` God Save the Queen '' as the official national anthem in 1984 , following a plebiscite to choose the national song in 1977 . Other songs and marches have been influenced by `` Advance Australia Fair '' , such as the Australian vice-regal salute . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Competitions , plebiscite and adoption 2 Lyrics 3 Copyright 4 Orchestral version 5 Development of lyrics 6 Criticism 7 Unofficial Christian variant 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Peter Dodds McCormick , the composer of `` Advance Australia Fair '' `` Advance Australia Fair '' Performed in 1915 <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Advance Australia Fair '' was composed in the late 19th century by Peter Dodds McCormick under the pen - name `` Amicus '' ( which means `` friend '' in Latin ) . It was first performed by Andrew Fairfax at a function of the Highland Society of New South Wales in Sydney on 30 November 1878 . The song quickly gained popularity and an amended version was sung by a choir of around 10,000 at the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901 . In 1907 the Australian Government awarded McCormick £ 100 for his composition . In a letter to R.B. Fuller , dated 1 August 1913 , McCormick described the circumstances that inspired him to write `` Advance Australia Fair '' : One night I attended a great concert in the Exhibition Building , when all the National Anthems of the world were to be sung by a large choir with band accompaniment . This was very nicely done , but I felt very aggravated that there was not one note for Australia . On the way home in a bus , I concocted the first verse of my song & when I got home I set it to music . I first wrote it in the Tonic Sol - fa notation , then transcribed it into the Old Notation , & I tried it over on an instrument next morning , & found it correct . Strange to say there has not been a note of it altered since . Some alteration has been made in the wording , but the sense is the same . It seemed to me to be like an inspiration , & I wrote the words & music with the greatest ease . The earliest known sound recording of `` Advance Australia Fair '' appears in The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt ( circa 1916 ) , a short commercial recording dramatising the arrival of Australian troops in Egypt en route to Gallipoli . Before its adoption as Australia 's national anthem , `` Advance Australia Fair '' had considerable use elsewhere . For example , Australia 's national broadcaster , the Australian Broadcasting Commission , used it to announce its news bulletins until 1952 . It was also frequently played at the start or end of official functions . Towards the end of World War II it was one of three songs played in certain picture theatres , along with `` God Save the King '' and the US national anthem . Competitions , plebiscite and adoption ( edit ) In 1951 there was a competition for a new national anthem to celebrate the golden jubilee of the Federation of Australia . The entry by the Austrian - born conductor Henry Krips , `` This Land of Mine '' , won the competition but it was decided to make no change to the status quo . Until 1974 `` God Save the Queen '' was Australia 's national anthem . In 1973 the Whitlam government decided that the country needed an anthem that could represent Australia with `` distinction '' and started a competition to find one . This decision by Whitlam was driven by the desire to forge a new nationalism separate from Great Britain . In 1973 , Gough Whitlam dedicated an entire Australia Day speech to the search for a new anthem saying that it will be a `` symbolic expression of our national pride and dignity '' . The Australia Council for the Arts organised the contest , which was dubbed the `` Australian National Anthem Quest '' . The contest was held in two stages , the first seeking lyrics and the second music , each having an A $ 5,000 prize for the winning entry . On the recommendation of the Council for the Arts , none of the new entries were felt worthy enough , so the contest ended with the suggestions for `` Advance Australia Fair '' , `` Waltzing Matilda '' and `` Song of Australia '' . In 1974 the Whitlam government then performed a nationwide opinion survey to determine the song to be sung on occasions of national significance . Conducted through the Australian Bureau of Statistics , it polled 60,000 people nationally . `` Advance Australia Fair '' was chosen and was enshrined as the national song , to be used on all occasions excepting those of a specifically regal nature . A spokesman for the Prime Minister Gough Whitlam stated that the Government regarded the tune primarily as the national anthem . During the 1975 election campaign following the dismissal of Whitlam by Sir John Kerr , it was proposed by David Combe that the song be played at the start of the Labor Party 's official campaign launch on 24 November 1975 at Festival Hall , Melbourne . Whitlam 's speechwriter Graham Freudenberg rejected this idea , on two grounds , one of which was that the status of the anthem was still tentative . In January 1976 the Fraser government reinstated `` God Save the Queen '' for royal , vice-regal , defence and loyal toast occasions as well as making plans to conduct a national poll to find a song for use on ceremonial occasions when it was desired to mark a separate Australian identity . This was conducted as a plebiscite to choose the National Song , held as an optional additional question in the 1977 referendum on various issues . `` Advance Australia Fair '' received 43.29 % of the vote , defeating the three alternatives , `` Waltzing Matilda '' ( 28.28 % ) , `` Song of Australia '' ( 9.65 % ) and the existing national anthem , `` God Save the Queen '' ( 18.78 % ) . `` Advance Australia Fair '' , with modified lyrics from the original ( see development of lyrics ) , was adopted as the Australian national anthem on 19 April 1984 by a proclamation by the Governor - General , Sir Ninian Stephen , on a recommendation by the Labor government of Bob Hawke . `` God Save the Queen '' , now known as the royal anthem , continues to be played alongside the Australian national anthem at public engagements in Australia that are attended by the Queen or members of the Royal Family . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics of `` Advance Australia Fair '' were officially adopted in 1984 as follows : Australians all let us rejoice , For we are young and free ; We 've golden soil and wealth for toil ; Our home is girt by sea ; Our land abounds in nature 's gifts Of beauty rich and rare ; In history 's page , let every stage Advance Australia Fair . In joyful strains then let us sing , Advance Australia Fair . Beneath our radiant Southern Cross We 'll toil with hearts and hands ; To make this Commonwealth of ours Renowned of all the lands ; For those who 've come across the seas We 've boundless plains to share ; With courage let us all combine To Advance Australia Fair . In joyful strains then let us sing , Advance Australia Fair . Copyright ( edit ) Even though any copyright of Peter Dodds McCormick 's original lyrics has expired , as he died in 1916 , the Commonwealth of Australia claims copyright on the official lyrics and particular arrangements of music . Non-commercial use of the anthem is permitted without case - by - case permission , but the Commonwealth government requires permission for commercial use . Orchestral version ( edit ) The wordless orchestral version of `` Advance Australia Fair '' that is now regularly played for Australian victories at international sporting medal ceremonies , and at the openings of major domestic sporting , cultural and community events , is by Tommy Tycho , an immigrant from Hungary . It was first commissioned by ABC Records in 1984 and then televised by Channel 10 in 1986 in their Australia Day Broadcast , featuring Julie Anthony as the soloist . Development of lyrics ( edit ) Since the original lyrics were written in 1879 , there have been several changes , in some cases with the intent of increasing the anthem 's inclusiveness and gender neutrality . Some of these were minor while others have significantly changed the song . The original song was four verses long . For its adoption as the national anthem , the song was cut from four verses to two . The first verse was kept largely as the 1879 original , except for the change in the first line from `` Australia 's sons let us rejoice '' to `` Australians all let us rejoice '' . The second , third and fourth verses of the original were dropped , in favour of a modified version of the new third verse which was sung at Federation in 1901 . The original lyrics published in 1879 were as follows : Australia 's sons let us rejoice , For we are young and free ; We 've golden soil and wealth for toil , Our home is girt by sea ; Our land abounds in Nature 's gifts Of beauty rich and rare ; In hist'ry's page , let ev'ry stage Advance Australia fair . In joyful strains then let us sing , Advance Australia fair . When gallant Cook from Albion sailed , To trace wide oceans o'er , True British courage bore him on , Til he landed on our shore . Then here he raised Old England 's flag , The standard of the brave ; `` With all her faults we love her still '' `` Britannia rules the wave . '' In joyful strains then let us sing Advance Australia fair . While other nations of the globe Behold us from afar , We 'll rise to high renown and shine Like our glorious southern star ; From England soil and Fatherland , Scotia and Erin fair , Let all combine with heart and hand To advance Australia fair . In joyful strains then let us sing Advance Australia fair . Should foreign foe e'er sight our coast , Or dare a foot to land , We 'll rouse to arms like sires of yore , To guard our native strand ; Britannia then shall surely know , Though oceans roll between , Her sons in fair Australia 's land Still keep their courage green . In joyful strains then let us sing Advance Australia fair . The 1901 Federation version of the third verse was originally sung as : Beneath our radiant Southern Cross , We 'll toil with hearts and hands ; To make our youthful Commonwealth , Renowned of all the lands ; For loyal sons beyond the seas We 've boundless plains to share ; With courage let us all combine To advance Australia fair . In joyful strains then let us sing Advance Australia fair ! Criticism ( edit ) Both the lyrics and melody of the Australian national anthem have been criticised in some quarters as being dull and unendearing to the Australian people . A National Party senator , Sandy Macdonald , said in 2001 that `` Advance Australia Fair '' is so boring that the nation risks singing itself to sleep , with boring music and words impossible to understand . A parliamentary colleague , Peter Slipper , said that Australia should consider another anthem . One suggested replacement was `` I Am Australian '' , notably in 2011 by former Victorian Premier Jeff Kennett . Specific criticism is also directed at the fourth line of lyrics , `` our home is girt by sea '' , for its use of the archaic word `` girt '' to acknowledge the fact that Australia is an island . The current version of the anthem has a mix of old and new language , rather than having one style of language consistently throughout . Criticism has come from various people , including Australian Labor Party politician Craig Emerson , but others , including former Labor leader Kim Beazley , have defended it . The line `` for we are young and free '' has been criticised by a Victorian judge who said that many indigenous Australians find the words offensive . Australian Aboriginal soprano , Deborah Cheetham , has refused to sing `` Advance Australia Fair '' at the AFL grand finals , citing this lyric , and has advocated for the lyrics to be rewritten . Unofficial Christian variant ( edit ) A variant of the national anthem penned in 1988 by Sri Lankan immigrant Ruth Ponniah and sung in some Christian schools replaces the second verse with the following : With Christ our head and cornerstone , We 'll build our nation 's might ; Whose way and truth and light alone , Can guide our path aright ; Our lives a sacrifice of love , Reflect our master 's care ; With faces turned to heav'n above , Advance Australia Fair ; In joyful strains then let us sing , Advance Australia Fair . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Jim ( 1986 ) . `` McCormick , Peter Dodds ( 1834 -- 1916 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 10 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Letters ( manuscript ) '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Letter to R.B. Fuller Esq . dated 1 August 1913 Jump up ^ The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt from National Film and Sound Archive , at australianscreen online Jump up ^ `` Media Resources -- Images and Audio files for Download '' . National Film and Sound Archive . Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . ( 1943 -- The Majestic Fanfare by Charles Williams , the ABC radio news theme ) Jump up ^ `` Song and Two Anthems '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 30 November 1943 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Australia Fair official Australian Anthem : year 2000 text from Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Factsheet 17 '' . Lachlan.bluehaze.com.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitlam , G 1973 , ' National Anthem ' , Australia Day Broadcast Jump up ^ `` Australian National Anthem -- History '' . Australian Government . 10 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Graham Freudenberg , `` We 've been sacked '' , The Sunday Age , 6 November 2005 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` Plebiscite results : National Song Poll '' . Parliament of Australia . 30 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia -- National Symbols '' . Parliament of Australia . 21 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . ( proclamation by Governor - General dated 19 April 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Australian National Anthem '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australian National Anthem -- Commercial use '' . Australian Government . 10 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Tommy Tycho -- Arranger Jump up ^ `` Digital Collections -- Advance Australia Fair ( 1901 -- 1919 ) '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Collections -- Advance Australia Fair ( 1879 ) '' . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbie Dutter ( 27 June 2001 ) . `` Call to scrap Australia 's ' dull ' anthem '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Senator reignites debate over national anthem '' . ABC News . 21 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant McArthur ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Jeff Kennett wants national anthem change '' . The Advertiser . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , David ( 22 April 2008 ) . `` Time girt went down the gurgler '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Australia Fair strikes a sour note '' . The Australian . 2 January 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Beazley -- Doorstop Interview ( transcript ) '' . Australian Labor Party . 21 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New version of national anthem cuts ' offensive ' lyrics '' . The West Australian . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheetham , Deborah . `` Young and free ? Why I declined to sing the national anthem at the 2015 AFL Grand Final '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ `` Schools under fire for ' Christian ' national anthem '' . ABC News . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christian schools re-write Australian national anthem '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Advance Australia Fair Lyrics on official government website Streaming audio of Advance Australia Fair with links and information Brief history Australian Government websites : Official published lyrics , music with band parts and sound recordings Four - part musical score & lyrics PDF 169 KB Australian National Anthem Audio for download ( MP3 3.12 MB ) Department of Foreign Affair and Trade 's webpage on Advance Australia Fair Online scores held by Australian government libraries ( The MusicAustralia collaboration ) Advance Australia Fair ( Original Lyrics ) -- Australian singer Peter Dawson ( c. 1930 ) 1987 ABC sign - on and national anthem ( with sketches of early Australia ) on YouTube 1980 ABC sign - off and national anthem ( with sketches of early Australia ) on YouTube 2012 HD recording on YouTube `` Advance Australia Fair '' with English - Chinese bilingual subtitles on YouTube MIDI version <Th_colspan="2"> National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advance_Australia_Fair&oldid=855011283 '' Categories : Oceanian anthems National symbols of Australia Australian patriotic songs 1878 songs National anthems Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 09 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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1. National anthem of Australia 2. Peter Dodds McCormick 3. Adoption of the anthem 4. Lyrics of "Advance Australia Fair" 5. Criticism of the anthem

what was the reason for the passage of the american indian citizenship act of 1924

Indian citizenship Act - wikipedia Indian citizenship Act Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Indian nationality law . Indian Citizenship Act <Td_colspan="2"> Other short titles Indian Freedom Citizenship Suffrage Act of 1924 Long title An Act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to issue certificates of citizenship to Indians . Acronyms ( colloquial ) ICA Nicknames Snyder Act Enacted by the 68th United States Congress Effective June 2 , 1924 <Th_colspan="2"> Citations Public law 68 - 175 Statutes at Large 43 Stat. 253 <Th_colspan="2"> Codification Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 , subch . III § 1401b <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative history <Td_colspan="2"> Introduced in the House as H.R. 6355 by Homer P. Snyder ( R - NY ) on February 22 , 1924 Committee consideration by House Indian Affairs , Senate Indian Affairs Passed the House on March 18 , 1924 ( Passed ) Passed the Senate on May 15 , 1924 ( Passed ) Agreed to by the House on May 23 , 1924 ( Agreed ) and by the on Signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2 , 1924 President Coolidge stands with four Osage Indians at a White House ceremony The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 , also known as the Snyder Act , was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder ( R ) of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States , called `` Indians '' in this Act . While the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution defined as citizens any person born in the U.S. , the amendment had been interpreted to restrict the citizenship rights of most Native people . The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2 , 1924 . It was enacted partially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forces during World War I. c Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History and background 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Text ( edit ) The text of the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act ( 43 U.S. Stats . At Large , Ch. 233 , p. 253 ( 1924 ) ) reads as follows : BE IT ENACTED by the Senate and house of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled , That all non citizen Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States be , and they are hereby , declared to be citizens of the United States : Provided That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Indian to tribal or other property . '' Approved , June 2 , 1924 . June 2 , 1924 . ( H.R. 6355 . ) ( Public , No. 175 . ) SIXTY - EIGHTH CONGRESS . Sess . I. CHS. 233 . 1924 . See House Report No. 222 , Certificates of Citizenship to Indians , 68th Congress , 1st Session , Feb. 22 , 1924 . Note : This statute has been codified in the United States Code at Title 8 , Sec. 1401 ( b ) . History and background ( edit ) Under Article One of the United States Constitution , `` Indians not taxed '' were not counted in assessing the population of a state for purposes of apportionment . Some Native people could become citizens . The Dred Scott decision acknowledged that but linked it to naturalization : `` They ( the Indian tribes ) may without doubt , like the subjects of any foreign government , be naturalized by the authority of Congress and become citizens of a state and of the United States , and if an individual should leave his nation or tribe , and take up his abode among the white population , he would be entitled to all the rights and privileges which would belong to an emigrant from any other foreign people . '' In 1868 , under the 14th Amendment , all persons `` born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof '' were declared citizens . However , the jurisdiction requirement was interpreted to exclude most Native Americans , and in 1870 , the Senate Judiciary committee further clarified the matter : `` the 14th amendment to the Constitution has no effect whatever upon the status of the Indian tribes within the limits of the United States . '' About eight percent of the Native population at the time qualified for U.S. citizenship due to being `` taxed . '' Others obtained citizenship by serving in the military , marrying whites or accepting land allotments , such as those granted under the Dawes Act . The exclusion of Native people from US citizenship was further established by Elk v. Wilkins , 112 U.S. 94 ( 1884 ) , when the Court held that a Native person born a citizen of a recognized tribal nation was not born an American citizen and did not become one simply by voluntarily leaving his tribe and settling among whites . The syllabus of the decision explained that a Native person `` who has not been naturalized , or taxed , or recognized as a citizen either by the United States or by the state , is not a citizen of the United States within the meaning of the first section of the Fourteenth Article of Amendment of the Constitution . '' The Indian Citizenship Act granted citizenship to about 125,000 of 300,000 indigenous people in the United States . To put the numbers in perspective , the U.S. population at that time was less than 125 million . The indigenous people who were not included in citizenship numbers had already become citizens by other means ; entering the armed forces , giving up tribal affiliations , and assimilating into mainstream American life were some ways that was done . Citizenship was granted in a piecemeal fashion before the Act , which was the first more inclusive method of granting Native American citizenship . The Act did not include citizens born before the effective date of the 1924 act , or outside of the United States as an indigenous person , however , and it was not until the Nationality Act of 1940 that all born on U.S. soil were citizens . Even Native Americans who were granted citizenship rights under the 1924 Act may not have had full citizenship and suffrage rights until 1948 . According to a survey by the Department of Interior , seven states still refused to grant Indians voting rights in 1938 . Discrepancies between federal and state control provided loopholes in the Act 's enforcement . States justified discrimination based on state statutes and constitutions . Three main arguments for Indian voting exclusion were Indian exemption from real estate taxes ; maintenance of tribal affiliation ; and the notion that Indians were under guardianship , or lived on lands controlled by federal trusteeship . By 1947 all states with large Indian populations , except Arizona and New Mexico , had extended voting rights to Native Americans who qualified under the 1924 Act . Finally , in 1948 , the states withdrew their prohibition on Indian voting because of a judicial decision . Under the 1924 Act , indigenous people did not have to apply for citizenship , nor did they have to give up their tribal citizenship to become a U.S. citizen . Most tribes had communal property , and to have a right to the land , individual Indian people needed to belong to the tribe . Thus , dual citizenship was allowed . Earlier views on granting Indian citizenship had suggested allocating land to individuals . Of such efforts , the Dawes Act was the most prominent . That Act allocated once - tribally - owned land to individual tribal members , and because they were landowners and eventually would pay taxes on the land and become `` proficient members of society '' , they could be granted citizenship . This idea was presented by a group of white American citizens , called `` Friends of the Indian , '' who lobbied for the assimilation of indigenous people into American society . They specifically hoped to do that by elevating indigenous people to the status of US citizens . Though the Dawes Act allocated land , the notion that this should be directly tied to citizenship was abandoned in the early 20th century in favor of a more direct path to American citizenship . Although some white citizen groups were supportive of Indian citizenship , Indians themselves were mixed in the debate . Those who supported it considered the Act a way to secure a long - standing political identity . Those who rejected it were worried about tribal sovereignty and citizenship . Many leaders in the Native American community at the time , like Charles Santee , a Santee Sioux , were interested in Native American integration into the larger society but adamant about preserving the Native American identity . Many were also reluctant to trust the government that had taken their land and discriminated so violently against them . With little lobbying effort from Native Americans themselves , two primarily white groups shaped the law : Progressive senators and activists , like the `` Friends of the Indians '' . Progressive senators on the Senate Indian Affairs Committee were for the Act because they thought it would reduce corruption and inefficiency in the Department of Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Such institutions would no longer be in control of citizenship regulations if citizenship were automatically granted to all indigenous people . They also hoped to empower Indians by citizenship . Other groups for Native American citizenship supported it because of the `` guardianship '' status they felt the US government should take to protect indigenous people . They worried Indians were being taken advantage by non-indigenous Americans for their land . They advocated that the government had an obligation to supervise and protect native citizens . The Indian Rights Association , a key group in the development of this legislation , advocated that federal guardianship was a necessary component of citizenship . They pushed for the clause `` tribal rights and property '' in the Indian Citizenship Act to preserve Indian identity but gain citizenship rights and protection . One advocate for American Indians during the early 20th century , Joseph K. Dixon , who had previously advocated for segregated Indian units during World War I in an effort to prevent their assimilation , wrote ( referring to soldiers who served in World War I ) : The Indian , though a man without a country , the Indian who has suffered a thousand wrongs considered the white man 's burden and from mountains , plains and divides , the Indian threw himself into the struggle to help throttle the unthinkable tyranny of the Hun . The Indian helped to free Belgium , helped to free all the small nations , helped to give victory to the Stars and Stripes . The Indian went to France to help avenge the ravages of autocracy . Now , shall we not redeem ourselves by redeeming all the tribes ? Nipo T. Strongheart , a performer - lecturer on Native American topics at Lyceum and Chautauqua and similar activities across the United States from 1917 to the 1920s , gathered signatures on petitions supporting Indian enfranchisement into the tens of thousands . Some of his trips into Pennsylvania were in support of Melville Clyde Kelly , a supporter of the bill in Congress , who had a district there . The petitions and other advocacy work helped pass the bill , but he was disillusioned with the results . See also ( edit ) Native Americans in the United States Cultural assimilation of Native Americans Article One of the United States Constitution Nipo T. Strongheart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NCC Staff ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in 1924 : All Indians made United States citizens '' . National Constitution Center . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 19 How . 393 , 60 U.S. 383 ( 1856 ) , at 404 Jump up ^ `` 1924 Indian Citizenship Act '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Elk v. Wilkins , 112 U.S. 94 ( 1884 ) ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Helen L. ( May 1957 ) . `` American Indian Political Participation '' . American Academy of Political and Social Science . 311 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 121 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271625731100113 . Jump up ^ Haas , Theodore ( 1957 ) . `` The Legal Aspects of Indian Affairs from 1887 to 1957 '' . American Academy of Political and Social Science : 12 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Haney López , Ian ( 2006 ) . White by Law : The Legal Construction of Race . New York University Press . ^ Jump up to : Bruyneel , Kevin ( 2004 ) . `` Challenging American Boundaries : Indigenous People and the `` Gift '' of U.S. Citizenship `` . Studies in American Political Development . 18 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Paul Rosier , Serving their country : American Indian politics and patriotism in the twentieth century , 46 . ^ Jump up to : Lori Lynn Muntz ( May 2006 ) . Representing Indians : The Melodrama of Native Citizenship in United States Popular Culture of the 1920s ( Thesis ) . Department of English , University of Iowa . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 542 - 79588 - 6 . UMI3225654 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prengaman , Kate ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Pride for his people -- New displays at Toppenish museum celebrate life and influence of Nipo Strongheart , a Yakama with a passion for Indian rights '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Yakima Washington . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES Native News June 2 history page Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 -- Chickasaw.TV Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Calvin Coolidge : `` Radio Address from the White House on the Duties of Citizenship , '' November 3 , 1924 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Rights of Native Americans in the United States Case law Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl Bryan v. Itasca County Cherokee Nation v. Georgia City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York Cobell v. Salazar County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State Elk v. Wilkins Ex parte Crow Dog Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation Fellows v. Blacksmith Hodel v. Irving Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho Idaho v. United States Johnson v. M'Intosh Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission Menominee Tribe v. United States Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy Solem v. Bartlett South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe , Inc . South Dakota v. Bourland Standing Bear v. Crook Talton v. Mayes Tee - Hit - Ton Indians v. United States United States v. Antelope United States v. Lara United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co . Williams v. Lee Worcester v. Georgia Legislation Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act American Indian Religious Freedom Act Burke Act Civilization Act Curtis Act Dawes Act Diminishment Indian Arts and Crafts Act Indian Child Welfare Act Indian Citizenship Act Indian Civil Rights Act Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Indian Removal Act Indian Reorganization Act Indian Self - Determination and Education Assistance Act Nationality Act Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Native American Languages Act Nonintercourse Act Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act Related Aboriginal title Bureau of Indian Affairs Cherokee Commission Dawes Rolls Eagle feather law Eagle - bone whistle Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii Hunting license In the Courts of the Conqueror National Indian Gaming Commission Native American gaming Native American Rights Fund Public Law 280 Recognition of sacred sites State recognized tribes Treaty rights Tribal sovereignty Federally recognized tribes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Citizenship_Act&oldid=814960237 '' Categories : 1924 in American law 1924 in the United States United States federal Indian policy United States federal Native American legislation History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) 68th United States Congress Presidency of Calvin Coolidge Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 2. Snyder Act 3. Indigenous peoples of the United States 4. Native American citizenship 5. Citizenship rights for Native Americans

who plays will's girlfriend on the good wife

Elizabeth Reaser - wikipedia Elizabeth Reaser <Th_colspan="2"> Elizabeth Reaser <Td_colspan="2"> Reaser in July 2011 Elizabeth Ann Reaser ( 1975 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Bloomfield , Michigan , U.S. Education Oakland University Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actress Years active 1998 -- present Elizabeth Ann Reaser ( born June 15 , 1975 ) is an American film , television , and stage actress . Her work includes the films Stay , The Family Stone , Sweet Land , Against the Current , The Twilight Saga , Young Adult , and Ouija : Origin of Evil , and the TV series Saved , Grey 's Anatomy , The Ex-List , The Good Wife , True Detective and The Haunting of Hill House . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Theater 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Reaser was born in Bloomfield , Michigan , an affluent Detroit suburb , the daughter of Karen Davidson ( née Weidman ) and John Reaser . Elizabeth is the middle of three sisters . In 1995 , her mother married billionaire businessman William Davidson . Reaser attended the Academy of the Sacred Heart in Bloomfield Hills . After high school , she attended Oakland University for one year , then attended the Juilliard School 's Drama Division ( 1995 - 1999 , Group 28 ) where she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999 . Career ( edit ) Reaser prepared for her role on Saved by spending time in an emergency room , observing the behavior of medical staff . In October 2004 , Interview magazine hailed her as one of the `` 14 To Be '' emerging creative women . Her work in the film Sweet Land earned the `` Jury Award '' at the Newport Beach Film Festival and a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award `` Best Female Lead '' award . Reaser earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her recurring guest appearance throughout 2007 and 2008 on the television series Grey 's Anatomy . Reaser is best known for her portrayal of Esme Cullen in the movie Twilight , The Twilight Saga : New Moon in 2009 and The Twilight Saga : Eclipse in 2010 . She reprised the role in parts one and two of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn . Reaser appeared on the CBS ' legal drama , The Good Wife in October 2010 . Filmography ( edit ) Reaser at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 The Believer Miriam 2001 Thirteen Conversations About One Thing Young Woman in Class 2002 Emmett 's Mark Alison Holmes Mind the Gap Malissa Zubach 2005 Stay Athena 2005 Sweet Land Young Inge 2005 The Family Stone Susannah Stone Trousdale 2006 Shut Up and Sing Julep 2006 Puccini for Beginners Allegra 2007 Purple Violets Bernadette 2008 Twilight Esme Cullen 2009 Against the Current Liz Clark 2009 The Twilight Saga : New Moon Esme Cullen The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Esme Cullen 2011 The Art of Getting By Charlotte Howe 2011 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Esme Cullen 2011 Young Adult Beth Slade 2012 Liberal Arts Ana 2012 The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Esme Cullen 2013 Bonnie and Clyde : Dead and Alive PJ Lane 2015 One and Two Elizabeth 2015 Hello , My Name Is Doris Dr. Edwards 2016 Ouija : Origin of Evil Alice Zander Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Sports Theater with Shaquille O'Neal Molly Episode : `` Scrubs '' 2000 The Sopranos Stace Episode : `` D - Girl '' 2002 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Serena Whitfield Episode : `` The Insider '' Hack Elaine Jones Episode : `` Extreme Commerce '' The Jury Rachel Byrnes Episode : `` Pilot '' 2006 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Jillian Slaughter Episode : `` Proud Flesh '' 2006 Saved Alice Alden , M.D. Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2006 Standoff Anya Reed Episode : `` Heroine '' 2007 -- 2008 Grey 's Anatomy Ava / Rebecca Pope Recurring role ( 18 episodes ) 2008 Wainy Days Annie Episode : `` The Waindow '' 2008 The Ex List Bella Bloom Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2010 -- 2012 The Good Wife Tammy Linnata Recurring role ( 7 episodes ) 2013 Bonnie and Clyde : Dead and Alive PJ Lane Miniseries 2014 True Detective Laurie Perkins Television series 2015 Mad Men Waitress ( Diana ) Television series 2016 Easy Andi Episode : `` The Fucking Study '' 2017 Manhunt : Unabomber Ellie Fitzgerald Main role ( 8 Episodes ) 2017 Law & Order True Crime Pam Bozanich 2018 -- present The Haunting of Hill House Adult Shirley Crain Main role Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Sweet Bird of Youth Heavenly La Jolla Playhouse 2000 The Hologram Theory Mimi Blue Lights Theatre Company 2001 Blackbird Froggy Bush Theatre 2001 Closer Alice Portland Center Stage 2002 Stone Cold Dead Serious Shaylee Ledbetter / Sharice American Repertory Theater 2003 The Winter 's Tale Perdita Classic Stage Company 2005 Top Girls Patient Griselda / Nell / Jeanine Williamstown Theatre Festival 2012 How I Learned to Drive Li'l Bit Second Stage Theatre 2014 Conviction No Name Bay Street Theater 2015 The Money Shot Karen Lucille Lortel Theater 2015 Permission Cyndy Lucille Lortel Theater Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Title of work Result 2006 Newport Beach Film Festival Jury Award -- Best Actress ( Feature Film ) Sweet Land Won 2007 Independent Spirit Award Best Female Lead Sweet Land Nominated 2007 Primetime Emmy Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2008 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2009 Prism Award Best Performance in a Drama Multi-Episode Storyline Grey 's Anatomy Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Reaser '' . All Movie Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Jewish News : `` Bill 's Dreams Live On '' Archived October 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . October 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Davidson 's Wife to Succeed Him As Owner of the Pistons Yahoo Sports , March 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ InterFaithFamily : `` Twilight '' By Nate Bloom . December 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Slow climb for actress Elizabeth Reaser is more than ' Getting By ' '' . The Oakland Press . June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nassour , Ellis . `` Elizabeth Reaser - Actress on the rise '' . Lifestyles Magazine . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . February 2008 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martindale , David ( July 15 , 2003 ) . `` No Real - Life MD for Elizabeth Reaser '' . Tnt.tv . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Reaser - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` ' Twilight ' Film 's First Family Revealed : Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser Lead Cullen Clan '' . MTV . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Another New The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Still - The Cullen Men Jump up ^ `` Peter Facinelli , Ashley Greene , Kellan Lutz , Jackson Rathbone , Elizabeth Reaser , Nikki Reed , and Billy Burke Sign on to BREAKING DAWN ; Plus Three New TWILIGHT : ECLIPSE Posters '' . Collider . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Elizabeth Reaser , Lili Taylor Join The Good Wife '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Reaser . Elizabeth Reaser on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNF : cb16586365c ( data ) GND : 1025590910 ISNI : 0000 0001 1466 5343 LCCN : no2007080447 VIAF : 4713224 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Reaser&oldid=866048674 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people Actresses from Michigan American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Juilliard School alumni Oakland University alumni People from Bloomfield , Oakland County , Michigan 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American Shakespearean actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Elizabeth Reaser - American actress 2. Filmography - includes Twilight Saga, Young Adult, and The Haunting of Hill House 3. Early life and education - born in Michigan, attended Juilliard School 4. Career - known for her role in Twilight, nominated for Primetime Emmy Award 5. Awards and nominations - won Jury Award at Newport Beach Film Festival, nominated for Independent Spirit Award

who comes after speaker of the house in presidential succession

United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administering the Oath of Office to President Lyndon B. Johnson following the assassination of John F. Kennedy , November 22 , 1963 . Chief Justice Warren Burger administering the Oath of Office to President Gerald Ford following the resignation of Richard Nixon , August 9 , 1974 . The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) during their four - year term of office . Presidency succession is referred to multiple times in the U.S. Constitution -- Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , as well as the 12th Amendment , 20th Amendment , and 25th Amendment . The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president , which it has done on three occasions . The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 , and last revised in 2006 . The line of succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president 's Cabinet . The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy . The Cabinet currently has 15 members , of which the Secretary of State is first in line ; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department ( or the department of which their department is the successor ) was created . Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession . Since 1789 , the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions , eight times due to the incumbent 's death , and once due to resignation . No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president . Widely considered a settled issue during the late 20th century , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 demonstrated the potential for a decapitation strike that would kill or incapacitate multiple individuals in the presidential line of succession , in addition to many members of Congress and of the federal judiciary . In the years immediately following the attacks , there were numerous wide - ranging discussions in Congress , among academics , and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns , including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession . These discussions are ongoing . One effort , that of the Continuity of Government Commission , a nonpartisan think tank , produced three reports ( in 2003 , 2009 , and 2011 ) , the second of which focused on the implicit ambiguities and limitations in the current succession act , and contained recommendations for amending the laws for succession to the presidency . Contents 1 Current order 2 Constitutional provisions 2.1 Presidential eligibility 2.2 Presidential succession 3 Succession acts 3.1 Act of 1792 3.2 Act of 1886 3.3 Act of 1947 4 Ambiguities regarding succession and inability 5 Presidential succession by vice presidents 6 Presidential succession beyond the vice president 6.1 Next in line 6.1. 1 Under the 1792 succession act 6.1. 2 Under the 1886 succession act 6.1. 3 Under the 1947 succession act 7 Contemporary issues and concerns 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Current order ( edit ) The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . The order is determined by the offices . However , the individual in an office must still satisfy the constitutional requirements for the office in order to serve as Acting President . In the table , the absence of a number in the first column indicates that the incumbent is ineligible , or is of uncertain eligibility . In such cases , a note explains the detail . No . Office Current officer <Th_colspan="2"> Party Vice President Mike Pence Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Republican President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Republican Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Republican 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Republican 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Independent 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions Republican 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke Republican 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue Republican 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross Republican 11 Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta Republican 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar Republican 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson Republican -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao Republican 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Republican 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos Republican 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie Republican 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Independent Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Presidential eligibility ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency . To serve as president , one must : be a natural - born U.S. citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications , however , would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the 22nd Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Presidential succession ( edit ) The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that , just as they would due to the president 's death or disability , the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if -- following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College -- the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president 's term . The 20th Amendment , Section 3 , supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision , by declaring that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected , and also that , if on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect have qualified . The 25th Amendment , Section 1 , clarifies Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president , and becomes president if the incumbent dies , resigns or is removed from office . It also , in sections 3 and 4 , provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . Additionally , in Section 2 , the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began ; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967 . Further information : Vice President of the United States § Vacancies Succession acts ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Act of 1792 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ( Full text ) provided for succession to the presidency , in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant , by , first , the president pro tempore of the Senate , followed by , if need be , the speaker of the House . Various framers of the Constitution , such as James Madison , criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent . The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate . In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker , both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested . Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists , who did not want the then secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession , and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns . The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity , holding office only until a new president could be elected . A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year ; no such election ever took place . Act of 1886 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 ( Full text ) established a line of succession that included the members of the president 's cabinet , the order of the establishment of the various departments , beginning with the Secretary of State , and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office . The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line ; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose . The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress , for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession . In September 1881 , When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield 's death , there was no vice President , no president pro tempore of the Senate , and no Speaker of the House of Representatives . Then , in November 1885 , Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers . Act of 1947 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( Full text ) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession -- but in reverse - order from their 1792 positions -- and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet , who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department . Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore ( both elected officials ) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members ( all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate ) , was Harry S. Truman 's idea . Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945 , two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death , the proposal reflected Truman 's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office `` the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act , '' and that the presidency should , whenever possible , `` be filled by an elective officer . '' The Act , which the president signed into law on July 18 , 1947 , has been modified several times , with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years . Its most recent change came about in 2006 , when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession . Ambiguities regarding succession and inability ( edit ) In April 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency intra-term upon the death of William Henry Harrison . Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the `` powers and duties '' of the presidency in the event of a president 's removal , death , resignation , or inability , left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession . Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until a new president could be elected . The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison died in office , only 31 days into his term . Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency , asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president , by taking the presidential oath of office . Many around him -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress , along with Whig party leaders , and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . He was nicknamed `` His Accidency '' and excoriated as a usurper . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death , one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president 's death was set , the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear . What constituted an `` inability '' ? Who determined the existence of an inability ? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability ; or was the vice president merely `` acting as President '' ? Due to this lack of clarity , later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability . Two situations are noteworthy : On July 2 , 1881 , James Garfield was shot ; hit from behind by two bullets ( one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back ) . The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting ; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability . Most disconcerting , especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress , was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation . No one was sure who , if anyone , should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled ; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step - up , but he declined , fearful of being labeled a usurper . Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny , Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer . Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president 's doctors , and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president 's condition . In October 1919 , Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke . Nearly blind and partially paralyzed , he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House . Vice President Thomas Marshall , the cabinet , and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president 's illness for several months . Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson 's health , or to preside over cabinet meetings , fearful that he would be accused of `` longing for his place . '' Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency , Marshall declined to act , or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson . At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax , and domestic issues such as strikes , unemployment , inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action , the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function . When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 , he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower 's recovery . Although it did not have the force of law , the plan helped to reassure the nation . The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and , if unable to do so , empowered Nixon , with appropriate consultation , to make the decision . Had it been invoked , Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery . Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy 's November 1963 assassination , this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability . Presidential succession by vice presidents ( edit ) Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term , eight due to the president 's death , and one due to the president 's resignation from office . Successor <Th_colspan="2"> Party Date and reason for succession John Tyler Whig April 4 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency . Millard Fillmore Whig July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died 1 year , 4 months and 5 days into his presidency . Andrew Johnson Republican April 15 , 1865 , Abraham Lincoln died 4 years , 1 month and 11 days into his presidency . Chester A. Arthur Republican September 19 , 1881 , James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency . Theodore Roosevelt Republican September 14 , 1901 , William McKinley died 4 years , 6 months and 10 days into his presidency . Calvin Coolidge Republican August 2 , 1923 , Warren G. Harding died 2 years , 4 months and 29 days into his presidency . Harry S. Truman Democratic April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years , 1 month and 8 days into his presidency . Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic November 22 , 1963 , John F. Kennedy died 2 years , 10 months and 2 days into his presidency . Gerald Ford Republican August 9 , 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years , 6 months and 20 days into his presidency . Additionally , two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president , as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment : George H.W. Bush did so once , on July 13 , 1985 , and Dick Cheney did so twice , on June 29 , 2002 , and on July 21 , 2007 . Presidential succession beyond the vice president ( edit ) While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president , and a number of them have died or resigned , the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant ; thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president . The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln 's 1865 assassination , as Vice President Andrew Johnson ( along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant ) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth 's plot to destabilize the Union government . It was also there three years later , when , as president and with the vice presidency vacant , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . Ratification of the 25th Amendment , with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy , has made calling on the speaker , president pro tempore , or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen , except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event . Only a few years after it went into effect , in October 1973 , at the height of Watergate , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned . With Agnew 's unexpected departure , and the state of Richard Nixon 's presidency , Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president . The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6 , 1973 . Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , following Nixon 's resignation from office , until Ford 's choice to succeed him as vice president , Nelson Rockefeller , was confirmed by Congress four months later . Next in line ( edit ) The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789 ; during those periods , the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States : Under the 1792 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office <Th_colspan="2"> Party Dates Reason President William H. Crawford President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 Death of Vice President George Clinton Madison Langdon Cheves Speaker of the House Democratic - Republican November 23 , 1814 -- November 25 , 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate Madison John Gaillard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican November 25 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Hugh Lawson White President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun Jackson Samuel L. Southard President pro tempore of the Senate Whig April 4 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1842 Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency Tyler Willie Person Mangum President pro tempore of the Senate Whig May 31 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 5 <Td_colspan="4"> Vacant July 9 , 1850 -- July 11 , 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate ; and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb who was not yet 35 years old Fillmore William R. King President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic July 11 , 1850 -- December 20 , 1852 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 20 , 1852 -- March 4 , 1853 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 6 David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic April 18 , 1853 -- December 4 , 1854 Death of Vice President William R. King Pierce Lewis Cass President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 4 , 1854 -- December 5 , 1854 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 5 , 1854 -- June 9 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Charles E. Stuart President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 9 , 1856 -- June 10 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 11 , 1856 -- January 6 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James Murray Mason President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic January 6 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 7 Lafayette S. Foster President pro tempore of the Senate Republican April 15 , 1865 -- March 2 , 1867 Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to the presidency A. Johnson Benjamin Wade President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 2 , 1867 -- March 4 , 1869 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 8 Thomas W. Ferry President pro tempore of the Senate Republican November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson Grant 9 <Td_colspan="4"> Vacant September 19 , 1881 -- October 10 , 1881 Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to the presidency ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Arthur Thomas F. Bayard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic October 10 , 1881 -- October 13 , 1881 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Davis President pro tempore of the Senate Independent October 13 , 1881 -- March 3 , 1883 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George F. Edmunds President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 3 , 1883 -- March 3 , 1885 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 10 <Td_colspan="4"> Vacant November 25 , 1885 -- December 7 , 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Cleveland John Sherman President pro tempore of the Senate Republican December 7 , 1885 -- January 19 , 1886 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1886 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office <Th_colspan="2"> Party Dates Reason President 10 Thomas F. Bayard Secretary of State Democratic January 19 , 1886 -- March 4 , 1889 Succession Act of 1886 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Cleveland 11 John Hay Secretary of State Republican November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 Death of Vice President Garret Hobart McKinley 12 John Hay Secretary of State Republican September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency T. Roosevelt 13 Philander C. Knox Secretary of State Republican October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman Taft 14 Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State Republican August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency Coolidge 15 Edward Stettinius Jr . Secretary of State Democratic April 12 , 1945 -- June 27 , 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency Truman Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary of the Treasury Democratic June 27 , 1945 -- July 3 , 1945 Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr. ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James F. Byrnes Secretary of State Democratic July 3 , 1945 -- January 21 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George Marshall Secretary of State Democratic January 21 , 1947 -- July 18 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1947 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office <Th_colspan="2"> Party Dates Reason President 15 Joseph William Martin Jr . Speaker of the House Republican July 18 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Succession Act of 1947 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Truman Sam Rayburn Speaker of the House Democratic January 3 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1949 Elected Speaker of the House ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 16 John W. McCormack Speaker of the House Democratic November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency L. Johnson 17 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew Nixon 18 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency Ford Contemporary issues and concerns ( edit ) In 2003 , the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term `` Officer '' in the 1947 statute , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) In 2016 - 17 , the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to `` resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions '' over the past several decades . The clinic 's recommendations included : Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials , or `` Standing Successors , '' outside of Washington , D.C. The line of succession would be : 1st -- Secretary of State , 2nd -- Secretary of Defense , 3rd -- Attorney General , 4th -- Secretary of Homeland Security , 5th -- Secretary of the Treasury , 6th -- Standing Successor 1 , 7th -- Standing Successor 2 , 8th -- Standing Successor 3 , and 9th -- Standing Successor 4 ; If legislators are not removed from the line of succession , only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled ( to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily ) or removed from office ; Eliminate the `` bumping provision '' in the Succession Act of 1947 ; Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession ; That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President 's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day , which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession ; Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1 -- a dual inability of the President and the Vice President , including where there is no Vice President and 2 -- a sole inability of the Vice President . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Department of Defense is the successor to the earlier Department of War . Jump up ^ The Department of Health and Human Services is the successor to the earlier Department of Health , Education and Welfare . Jump up ^ Not eligible to become Acting President -- not a natural - born U.S. citizen ( citizenship acquired through naturalization ) . Jump up ^ The final sentence of the 12th Amendment explicitly states that the constitutional qualifications for holding the presidency also apply to being vice president . Jump up ^ This section 2 of the 25th Amendment has been invoked twice : 1973 -- Gerald Ford was nominated and confirmed to office following Spiro Agnew 's resignation . 1974 -- Nelson Rockefeller was nominated and confirmed to office after Gerald Ford became president upon Richard Nixon 's resignation . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney - General , Postmaster - General , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Interior . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney General , Postmaster General , Secretary of the Navy , Secretary of the Interior , Secretary of Agriculture , Secretary of Commerce , Secretary of Labor . Jump up ^ 1947 -- substituted Secretary of Defense for Secretary of War and struck out Secretary of the Navy . 1965 -- added Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and also Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . 1966 -- added Secretary of Transportation . 1970 -- removed Postmaster General . 1977 -- added Secretary of Energy . 1979 -- substituted Secretary of Health and Human Services for Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and added Secretary of Education . 1988 -- Secretary of Veterans Affairs . 2006 -- Secretary of Homeland Security . Jump up ^ Various friends and colleagues of Senator David Rice Atchison asserted that both offices were vacant on March 4 -- 5 1849 , because the terms of President Zachary Taylor and Vice President Millard Fillmore began on March 4 , but neither took their oath of office on that day -- following precedent as the day fell on a Sunday . The inauguration was held the next day , Monday , March 5 . Consequently , they considered David Rice Atchison , by virtue of being the last President pro tempore of the Senate in the out - going Congress , to have been Acting President of the United States during the day - long Interregnum ( in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ) . Historians , constitutional scholars and biographers all dismiss the claim . Atchison did not take the presidential oath of office either , and his term as president pro tempore had expired on March 4 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession , Fifty Years After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment : Recommendations for Improving the Presidential Succession System '' . Fordham Law Review . 86 ( 3 ) : 917 -- 1025 . 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back ... The National Security Act of 1947 '' . News & Information . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HHS Historical Highlights '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` A president resigns , dies or is impeached : What is the line of succession ? '' . WFTV.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Article II . The Executive Branch , Annenberg Classroom '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Law School . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Richard ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 893 . Jump up ^ `` Article I '' . US Legal System . USLegal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Paul . `` Articles on Amendment XIV : Disqualification for Rebellion '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ; Shesol , Jeff . `` The Twentieth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 5 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalt , Brian C. ; Pozen , David . `` The Twenty - fifth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spivak , Joshua ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` America 's System for Presidential Succession is Ridiculous '' . Time . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 57 -- 62 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Relyea , Harold C. ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Continuity of Government : Current Federal Arrangements and the Future '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . pp. 2 -- 4 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ( June 19 , 1945 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 US Code Title 3 -- The President Chapter 1 -- Presidential Elections and Vacancies Sec. 19 -- Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Succession '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William . `` John Tyler : Domestic Affairs '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Amendment XXV : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 118 -- 127 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ Amber , Saladin . `` Woodrow Wilson : Life After The Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas R. Marshall , 28th Vice President ( 1913 -- 1921 ) '' . Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress 1774 -- Present . Washington , D.C. : United States Congress . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. ( 2009 ) . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 555 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26541 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 22 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Harrison : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael . `` Zachary Taylor : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Michael . `` Abraham Lincoln : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` James Garfield '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` William McKinley '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trani , Eugene P. `` Warren G. Harding : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ken . `` Richard Nixon : Life After the Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woolley , John ; Peters , Gerhard . `` List of Vice-Presidents Who Served as `` Acting '' President Under the 25th Amendment `` . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Santa Barbara , California : University of California ( hosted ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Presidential Inauguration : Zachary Taylor , March 5 , 1849 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten man who almost became President after Lincoln '' . The constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gup , Ted ( November 28 , 1982 ) . `` Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Clinton , 4th Vice President ( 1805 - 1812 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 84 , 86 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` William Rufus King , 13th Vice President ( 1853 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Pro Tempore '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bomboy , Scott ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Five little - known men who almost became president '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . p. 116 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Nancy , ed . ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Chapter 2 : A Question of Succession , 1861 - 1889 '' ( PDF ) . Pro tem : presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing office . pp. 55 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 079984 - 6 . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Feinman , Ronald L. ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` These 11 People Came Close to Being President of the United States ... '' . Seattle , Washington : History News Network . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 204 -- 205 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` List of Speakers of the House '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feinman , Ronald L. ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Three Speakers Of The House Who Were `` A Heartbeat Away '' From The Presidency ! `` . TheProgressiveProfessor . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of Congress : The First Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . May 2003 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency : The Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . June 2009 . p. 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 -- via WebCite . External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website , via Internet Archive <Th_colspan="2"> Presidential line of succession in the United States of America <Td_colspan="2"> Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Mike Pompeo ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao * ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) <Td_colspan="2"> * Ineligible to act as president <Th_colspan="2"> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. 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1. United States Presidential line of succession 2. Constitutional provisions for presidential succession 3. Succession acts in the United States 4. Ambiguities regarding presidential succession and inability 5. Presidential succession by vice presidents

who was the first black prime minister of south africa

Prime Minister of South Africa - wikipedia Prime Minister of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Prime Minister of South Africa Eerste Minister van Suid - Afrika <Td_colspan="2"> Coat of Arms of South Africa <Td_colspan="2"> Pieter Willem Botha Style The Right Honourable ( until 1961 ) Appointer Governor - General of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1961 ) State President of South Africa ( 1961 -- 1984 ) Term length Whilst commanding the confidence of the House of Assembly Formation 31 May 1910 First holder Louis Botha Final holder Pieter Willem Botha Abolished 14 September 1984 Succession Executive State President of South Africa The Prime Minister of South Africa ( Afrikaans : Eerste Minister van Suid - Afrika ) was the head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the office 2 List of Prime Ministers of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1984 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History of the office ( edit ) The first Prime Minister of South Africa , Louis Botha ( sitting at the center of the desk ) , with his Cabinet , 1910 . The position of Prime Minister was established in 1910 , when the Union of South Africa was formed . He was appointed by the head of state -- the Governor - General until 1961 and the State President after South Africa became a republic in 1961 . In practice , he was the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House of Assembly . The first Prime Minister was Louis Botha , a former Boer general and war hero during the Second Boer War . He was the country 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive , with powers similar to those of his British counterpart . The position of Prime Minister was abolished in 1984 , when the State President was given executive powers after a new constitution was adopted -- effectively merging the powers of the Prime Minister with those of the State President . The last Prime Minister , P.W. Botha , became the first executive State President after the constitutional reform . In post-Apartheid South Africa , the Inkatha Freedom Party has called for a return to a Westminster - style split executive with a Prime Minister as the actual head of government , as part of its overarching goal of avoiding a single party South African state . List of Prime ministers of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Parties South African Party United Party National Party No . Name ( Birth -- Death ) Picture Took office Left office Elected ( Parliament ) Political Party Louis Botha ( 1862 -- 1919 ) 31 May 1910 27 August 1919 1910 ( 1st ) 1915 ( 2nd ) South African Party <Td_colspan="4"> First South African Prime Minister . Formation of the Union of South Africa . World War I. Conquest of the German South - West Africa . Crushed the Maritz Rebellion . Ratified the Treaty of Versailles . Died in office . Jan Christiaan Smuts ( 1870 -- 1950 ) 3 September 1919 30 June 1924 -- ( 2nd ) 1920 ( 3rd ) 1921 ( 4th ) South African Party <Td_colspan="4"> Attended 1921 Imperial Conference . Attempted to broker an armistice and peace deal between the British and Irish nationalists in the Irish War of Independence . Crushed the Rand Rebellion , which caused a political backlash and he lost 1924 general election to National Party . Created coalition with National Party and returned as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice after the 1933 general election . James Barry Munnik Hertzog ( 1866 -- 1942 ) 30 June 1924 5 September 1939 1924 ( 5th ) 1929 ( 6th ) 1933 ( 7th ) 1938 ( 8th ) National Party ( until 1934 ) United Party ( from 1934 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Replaced Dutch as second official language by Afrikaans in 1925 . Instated a new national flag in 1928 . Approved women 's suffrage for white women in 1930 . Adoption of Statute of Westminster 1931 . Removed Black voters from the common voters roll . Created coalition with South African Party to form the United Party . Resigned after the United Party caucus refused to accept his stance of neutrality in World War II . ( 2 ) Jan Christiaan Smuts ( 1870 -- 1950 ) 5 September 1939 4 June 1948 -- ( 8th ) 1943 ( 9th ) United Party <Td_colspan="4"> World War II . Ratified the United Nations Charter . Issued the Fagan Report , which stated that complete racial segregation in South Africa was not practical and that restrictions on African migration into urban areas should be abolished . Lost 1948 general elections to National Party . Daniel François Malan ( 1874 -- 1959 ) 4 June 1948 30 November 1954 1948 ( 10th ) 1953 ( 11th ) National Party <Td_colspan="4"> Came to power on the program of apartheid and began the comprehensive implementation of the segregationist policy . 5 Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom ( 1893 -- 1958 ) 30 November 1954 24 August 1958 -- ( 11th ) 1958 ( 12th ) National Party <Td_colspan="4"> Tried to cut ties with United Kingdom . Removal of Coloured voters from the common voters roll . Extended ' treason trial ' of 156 activists ( including Nelson Mandela ) involved in the Freedom Charter . Severed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union . Died in office . 6 Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ( 1901 -- 1966 ) 2 September 1958 6 September 1966 -- ( 12th ) 1961 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) National Party <Td_colspan="4"> Start of the South African Border War . The Wind of Change speech by British PM Harold Macmillan . Proclaimed South Africa a Republic after 1960 referendum . Abolished the separate Black voters roll . Launched the bantustan programme . Assassinated . 7 Balthazar Johannes Vorster ( 1915 -- 1983 ) 13 September 1966 2 October 1978 -- ( 14th ) 1970 ( 15th ) 1974 ( 16th ) 1977 ( 17th ) National Party <Td_colspan="4"> Abolished the Coloured voters roll . South African Border War escalated into a full - scale conflict . He managed policy of détente with African countries , and accepted to let black African diplomats living in white areas . He alienated an extremist faction of his National Party when it accepted the presence of Māori players and spectators during the tour of New Zealand rugby union team in South Africa in 1970 . He unofficially supported , but refused to recognize officially , the neighboring state of Rhodesia , which was ruled by a white minority government that had unilaterally declared independence from United Kingdom . In 1974 , under pressure from US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger he pressured Ian Smith , the Prime Minister of Rhodesia , to accept in principle that white minority rule could not continue indefinitely . Resigned . 8 Pieter Willem Botha ( 1916 -- 2006 ) 9 October 1978 14 September 1984 -- ( 17th ) 1981 ( 18th ) 1984 ( 19th ) National Party <Td_colspan="4"> Remained Minister of Defence until 1980 . Improved relations with the West . Authorized radical constitutional reform in 1983 , including the creation of the Tricameral Parliament , which give a limited political voice to the country 's Coloured and Indian population groups . The majority Black population group was still excluded . Began a secret nuclear weapons program in collaboration with Israel , which culminated in the production of six nuclear bombs . Creation of police counter-insurgency unit , Koevoet . Resignation of Vorster as State - President in the wake of the Muldergate Scandal . Abolished the position of Prime Minister in 1984 and became Executive State President . See also ( edit ) State President of South Africa President of South Africa Governor - General of the Union of South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IFP : Statement by Mangosuthu Buthelezi , Inkatha Freedom Party Leader , welcomes Constitutional Court judgment on regulation of introduction of bills , 12 October 2012 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of South Africa . <Th_colspan="3"> Prime Ministers of South Africa <Td_colspan="2"> Louis Botha Jan Christiaan Smuts James Barry Munnik Hertzog Jan Christiaan Smuts Daniel François Malan Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd Balthazar Johannes Vorster Pieter Willem Botha <Td_colspan="3"> Governor - General of the Union of South Africa State President of South Africa <Th_colspan="2"> Heads of state and government of Africa Heads of state UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Defunct states and governments Belgian Congo Governor - General Burundi King Prime Minister Ethiopia Emperor ( list ) Malawi Prime Minister Kenya Prime Minister Rwanda King Rhodesia President Prime Minister Southern Rhodesia Governor South Africa Governor - General State President Prime Minister Sudan Governor - General Zanzibar Sultan Prime Minister Zambia Prime Minister Zimbabwe Prime Minister <Th_colspan="2"> Prime minister Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Artsakh Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Ghana Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar ( Burma ) Nagorno - Karabakh Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa&oldid=804184570 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Prime Ministers of South Africa Government of South Africa Lists of political office - holders in South Africa Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Dansk עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 09 : 27 . 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1. Prime Minister of South Africa 2. Louis Botha 3. Pieter Willem Botha 4. Abolishment of the position of Prime Minister 5. State President of South Africa

formula for angle between minute and hour hand

Clock angle problem - wikipedia Clock angle problem Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The diagram shows the angles formed by the hands of an analog clock showing a time of 2 : 20 Clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding the angles between the hands of an analog clock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Math problem 1.1 Equation for the angle of the hour hand 1.2 Equation for the angle of the minute hand 1.2. 1 Example 1.3 Equation for the angle between the hands 1.3. 1 Example 1 1.3. 2 Example 2 1.4 When are the hour and minute hands of a clock superimposed ? 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Math problem ( edit ) Clock angle problems relate two different measurements : angles and time . The angle is typically measured in degrees from the mark of number 12 clockwise . The time is usually based on 12 - hour clock . A method to solve such problems is to consider the rate of change of the angle in degrees per minute . The hour hand of a normal 12 - hour analogue clock turns 360 ° in 12 hours ( 720 minutes ) or 0.5 ° per minute . The minute hand rotates through 360 ° in 60 minutes or 6 ° per minute . Equation for the angle of the hour hand ( edit ) θ hr = 0.5 ∘ × M Σ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M_ ( \ Sigma ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) ) where : θ is the angle in degrees of the hand measured clockwise from the 12 H is the hour . M is the minutes past the hour . M is the number of minutes since 12 o'clock . M Σ = ( 60 × H + M ) ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ Sigma ) = ( 60 \ times H + M ) ) Equation for the angle of the minute hand ( edit ) θ min . = 6 ∘ × M ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) = 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M ) where : θ is the angle in degrees of the hand measured clockwise from the 12 o'clock position . M is the minute . Example ( edit ) The time is 5 : 24 . The angle in degrees of the hour hand is : θ hr = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 5 + 24 ) = 162 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 5 + 24 ) = 162 ^ ( \ circ ) ) The angle in degrees of the minute hand is : θ min . = 6 ∘ × 24 = 144 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) = 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times 24 = 144 ^ ( \ circ ) ) Equation for the angle between the hands ( edit ) The angle between the hands can be found using the following formula : Δ θ = θ hr − θ min . = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) − 6 ∘ × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) − 0.5 ∘ × 12 × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H − 11 × M ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) - \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) - 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) - 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times 12 \ times M \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H - 11 \ times M ) \ vert \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where H is the hour M is the minute If the angle is greater than 180 degrees then subtract it from 360 degrees . Example 1 ( edit ) The time is 2 : 20 . Δ θ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 2 − 11 × 20 ) = 0.5 ∘ × ( 120 − 220 ) = 50 ∘ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 2 - 11 \ times 20 ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 120 - 220 ) \ vert \ \ & = 50 ^ ( \ circ ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Example 2 ( edit ) The time is 10 : 16 . Δ θ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 10 − 11 × 16 ) = 0.5 ∘ × ( 600 − 176 ) = 212 ∘ ( > 180 ∘ ) = 360 ∘ − 212 ∘ = 148 ∘ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 10 - 11 \ times 16 ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 600 - 176 ) \ vert \ \ & = 212 ^ ( \ circ ) \ \ ( > 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) \ \ & = 360 ^ ( \ circ ) - 212 ^ ( \ circ ) \ \ & = 148 ^ ( \ circ ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) When are the hour and minute hands of a clock superimposed ? ( edit ) In this graphical solution , T denotes time in hours ; P , hands ' positions ; and θ , hands ' angles in degrees . The red ( thick solid ) line denotes the hour hand ; the blue ( thin solid ) lines denote the minute hand . Their intersections ( red circles ) are when they align . Additionally , orange circles ( dash - dot line ) are when hands are in opposition , and pink circles ( dashed line ) are when they are perpendicular . The hour and minute hands are superimposed only when their angle is the same . θ min = θ hr ⇒ 6 ∘ × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) ⇒ 12 × M = 60 × H + M ⇒ 11 × M = 60 × H ⇒ M = 60 11 × H ⇒ M = 5 . 45 _̄ × H ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ theta _ ( \ text ( min ) ) & = \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) \ \ \ Rightarrow 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M& = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) \ \ \ Rightarrow 12 \ times M& = 60 \ times H + M \ \ \ Rightarrow 11 \ times M& = 60 \ times H \ \ \ Rightarrow M& = ( \ frac ( 60 ) ( 11 ) ) \ times H \ \ \ Rightarrow M& = 5. ( \ overline ( 45 ) ) \ times H \ end ( aligned ) ) ) H is an integer in the range 0 -- 11 . This gives times of : 0 : 00 , 1 : 05. 45 , 2 : 10. 90 , 3 : 16. 36 , 4 : 21. 81 , 5 : 27. 27 . 6 : 32. 72 , 7 : 38. 18 , 8 : 43. 63 , 9 : 49. 09 , 10 : 54. 54 , and 12 : 00 . ( 0. 45 minutes are exactly 27. 27 seconds . ) See also ( edit ) Clock position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elgin , Dave ( 2007 ) . `` Angles on the Clock Face '' . Mathematics in School . The Mathematical Association . 36 ( 5 ) : 4 -- 5 . JSTOR 30216063 . External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20100615083701/http://delphiforfun.org/Programs/clock_angle.htm http://www.ldlewis.com/hospital_clock/ - extensive clock angle analysis https://web.archive.org/web/20100608044951/http://www.jimloy.com/puzz/clock1.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clock_angle_problem&oldid=804033402 '' Categories : Mathematics education Elementary mathematics Elementary geometry Mathematical problems Clocks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் ไทย Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 08 : 19 . 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1. Clock angle problem 2. Analog clock 3. Hour hand 4. Minute hand 5. Angle between clock hands

like a star corinne bailey rae song meaning

Like a Star - wikipedia Like a Star Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with She 's Like a Star . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Like a Star '' <Td_colspan="2"> UK CD single cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Corinne Bailey Rae <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Corinne Bailey Rae B - side `` Enchantment '' `` Choux Pastry Heart '' Released 7 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) Format CD 7 '' Recorded 2005 Studio The Idle Studio Length 4 : 01 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Corinne Bailey Rae Producer ( s ) Steve Chrisanthou <Th_colspan="2"> Corinne Bailey Rae singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Like a Star '' ( 2005 ) `` Put Your Records On '' ( 2006 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Like a Star '' ( 2005 ) `` Put Your Records On '' ( 2006 ) `` Like a Star '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Corinne Bailey Rae , released as the lead single from her self - titled debut studio album ( 2006 ) . It was written by Rae and produced by Steve Chrisanthou . The song was originally released in the United Kingdom on 7 November 2005 as a limited edition of 3,000 copies , reaching number 34 on the UK Singles Chart . An accompanying music video was directed by James Griffiths . The single was re-released on 9 October 2006 , reaching a new peak position of number 32 on the UK Singles Chart . `` Like a Star '' was nominated for Song of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listings 2 Credits and personnel 3 Charts 4 Re-release 4.1 Track listings 4.2 Charts 5 References 6 External links Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single `` Like a Star '' `` Enchantment '' `` Choux Pastry Heart '' UK 7 '' single A. `` Like a Star '' B. `` Enchantment '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Corinne Bailey Rae . Corinne Bailey Rae -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals , lead vocals , percussion , songwriting , Spanish guitar Steve Chrisanthou -- organ , production , programming , recording The London Session Orchestra -- strings Wil Malone -- string arrangement and conducting Paul Siddal -- keyboards Jeremy Wheatley -- mixing Gavyn Wright -- director of The London Session Orchestra Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 99 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 24 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 73 Re-release ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Like a Star '' <Td_colspan="2"> UK CD single 1 cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Corinne Bailey Rae <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Corinne Bailey Rae B - side `` Emaraldine '' `` Enchantment '' ( Amp Fiddler Remix ) `` Daydreaming '' Released 9 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 09 ) Format CD 7 '' digital download Label EMI `` Like a Star '' was re-released in the UK on 9 October 2006 due to the popularity of the song . A new music video , directed by Sam Brown , was shot for the reissue . The single reached a new peak position of number 32 on the UK Singles Chart . `` Like a Star '' was released in the United States in January 2007 , reaching number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of January 2010 , the song had sold 327,000 downloads in the US . Rae performed `` Like a Star '' and `` Put Your Records On '' live on the 7 October 2006 episode of NBC 's Saturday Night Live . She also performed `` Like a Star '' and `` Trouble Sleeping '' on NBC 's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip on 27 November 2006 . The song was used in the ABC shows Grey 's Anatomy and Men in Trees , as well as in an episode of NBC 's Medium and CBS ' CSI : NY . The track was also featured in the films Nancy Drew ( 2007 ) and 27 Dresses ( 2008 ) . Rae performed `` Like a Star '' at the 49th Grammy Awards on 11 February 2007 . The following year , it received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single 1 `` Like a Star '' `` Emaraldine '' UK CD single 2 `` Like a Star '' `` Emaraldine '' `` Enchantment '' ( Amp Fiddler Remix ) `` Daydreaming '' ( Aretha Franklin cover ) `` Like a Star '' ( re-release video ) UK 7 '' single A. `` Like a Star '' B. `` Enchantment '' ( Amp Fiddler Remix ) Download `` Like a Star '' ( acoustic ) `` Like a Star '' ( instrumental ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 100 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 59 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 47 US Smooth Jazz Songs ( Billboard ) 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae -- `` Like a Star '' `` . VH1. 28 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Corinne Bailey Rae ( liner notes ) . Corinne Bailey Rae . EMI. 2006 . 009463 54117 2 0 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 Singles -- Chart Listing For The Week Of Nov 26 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 년 05 주차 Digital Chart '' . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Brown / / Music Videos '' . Flynn Productions . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Monica ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Corinne Bailey Rae : The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 Singles -- Chart Listing For The Week Of Oct 28 2006 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Corinne Bailey Rae -- Like a Star '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corinne Bailey Rae Chart History ( Smooth Jazz Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Corinne Bailey Rae Studio albums Corinne Bailey Rae The Sea The Heart Speaks in Whispers Live albums Live in London & New York Extended plays The Love EP Singles `` Like a Star '' `` Put Your Records On '' `` Trouble Sleeping '' `` I 'd Like To '' `` Breathless '' `` I 'd Do It All Again '' `` Paris Nights / New York Mornings '' `` Closer '' Related Discography <Td_colspan="2"> Book Images Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_Star&oldid=843254088 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2005 singles 2005 songs 2006 singles Corinne Bailey Rae songs Debut singles EMI Records singles Songs written by Corinne Bailey Rae Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardsmoothjazzsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Like a Star" - Corinne Bailey Rae's lead single from her self-titled debut album 2. Corinne Bailey Rae - English singer-songwriter 3. Music video - directed by James Griffiths and later reissued with a new video directed by Sam Brown 4. Chart performance - reached number 34 on the UK Singles Chart and number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 5. Grammy Awards - nominated for Song of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards

who plays guard on orange is the new black

Lauren Lapkus - wikipedia Lauren Lapkus <Th_colspan="2"> Lauren Lapkus <Td_colspan="2"> Lapkus after a Comedy Bang ! Bang ! live show in May 2016 Dorthea Lauren Allegra Lapkus ( 1985 - 09 - 06 ) September 6 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Evanston , Illinois , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater DePaul University Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Chris Alvarado ( m . 2014 ; sep. 2016 ) Website LaurenLapkus.com Dorthea Lauren Allegra Lapkus ( born September 6 , 1985 ) is an American actress and comedian who portrayed Susan Fischer in the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black and Jess in HBO 's Crashing . She has also made appearances on such television shows as Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , The Middle , Hot in Cleveland , and @ midnight and films such as Jurassic World . She has appeared on many podcasts , including Comedy Bang ! Bang ! , improv4humans , and her own podcast With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus . She was a main cast member on the TBS original sitcom Clipped . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Podcasts 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lapkus was born in Evanston , Illinois , of half Lithuanian and half Greek / Serbian descent . At an early age she would film sketches with her older brother and later at Evanston Township High School she participated in the annual student revue and variety show YAMO . During her senior year of high school , she began taking improv classes at the iO Theater . She would attend DePaul University graduating in 2008 with a degree in English , while she continued performing improv most nights . Lapkus credits watching a lot of television sitcoms and Saturday Night Live while young with giving her the education to become a comedian . Upon graduation , she moved to New York City for a year where she got involved with Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre . After living in New York City for 15 months , she relocated to Los Angeles in 2010 . Career ( edit ) After almost a year in Los Angeles , Lapkus began landing roles in a number of commercials , including Snickers and Jack in the Box as well as a sketch on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . From these successes , she got herself representation and during pilot season landed a supporting role in the short lived Are You There , Chelsea ? . After self - taping her audition , Lapkus was cast as security guard Susan Fischer on the first and second seasons of the Netflix series Orange is the New Black . In 2015 , Lapkus and the cast won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . In 2014 , Lapkus launched her own podcast on the Earwolf network , called With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus . The show 's premise is that each week her guest is the host of their own podcast , and she is appearing as a character on their show . Her guests have included Paul F. Tompkins , Betsy Sodaro , Andy Daly , Nick Kroll , and Scott Aukerman . She has said that she `` never expected to get into podcasts at all '' and to her it is funny she has one . In mid-2014 , Lapkus was cast in Jurassic World , which she filmed in both Hawaii and New Orleans . Many of her scenes with Jake Johnson were improvised . In 2015 , she portrayed Joy the receptionist in TBS 's Clipped . In 2016 , Lapkus wrote and starred in her own 30 - minute episode of the sketch show Netflix Presents : The Characters . Lapkus performs improv regularly . She is a cast member of UCB 's flagship show Asssscat . Personal life ( edit ) Lapkus married actor and improviser Chris Alvarado on May 3 , 2014 . They separated on February 14 , 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Movie Boy Pamela 2011 Dog DNA Short film Secrets , Secrets Short film Plastic Heart Lauren Short film 2012 Dreamworld Sushi Cleve Dixon : Terrible Detective Barbara Dietrichson Manhattan Mixup Agent Smith Short film 2013 3D Printer Short film Are You Here Delia Shepard The To Do List Girl Heckler 2014 Bread and Butter Deirdre Newsome Blended Tracy the Babysitter 2015 Jurassic World Vivian 2016 Opening Night Alex Bean 2017 Girlfriend 's Day Cardie # 2 2018 The Unicorn Malory Dog Days Daisy Holmes and Watson Millie Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Carpeted Afterhours Becky Television film Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Various 2 episodes 2010 -- 11 The Parent Project Angie 4 episodes 2011 Video Game Reunion Luigi 's Stalker 3 episodes 2011 The Back Room Various 2 episodes 2012 Are You There , Chelsea ? Dee Dee 12 episodes 2012 Hot in Cleveland Oscar Episode : `` A Box Full of Puppies '' 2013 Joe , Joe & Jane Melissa TV pilot 2013 -- 14 Orange Is the New Black Susan Fischer 13 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Various 5 episodes 2013 You 're Whole Ellie Episode : `` Lemonade / Fishing / Cupcakes '' 2014 House of Lies Benita Spire 3 episodes 2014 -- 16 Drunk History Herself / Normal Woman 3 episodes 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Bank Rep Episode : `` Staycation '' 2014 Friends with Better Lives Deena Episode : `` The Lost and Hound '' 2014 Key & Peele Marion Glass 2 episodes 2015 Kroll Show Candace Episode : `` The In Addition Tos '' 2015 Clipped Joy Series regular ; 10 episodes 2015 -- 16 Another Period Penelope 2 episodes 2015 -- 17 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Matilda / additional voices 4 episodes 2016 -- 17 Animals . Various voices 5 episodes 2016 Netflix Presents : The Characters Various Episode : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2016 Bob 's Burgers Krissy Davis / Mrs. Davis ( voice ) Episode : `` Bye Bye Boo Boo '' 2016 -- 17 American Dad ! Various voices 2 episodes 2016 -- 17 Adventure Time Patience St. Pim / Blue Tranch / Ted ( voice ) 5 episodes 2016 TripTank Clarine ( voice ) Episode : `` TripTank 2025 '' 2016 The Earliest Show Samantha Newman 6 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 2016 Hell 's Kitchen Herself Episode : `` Let the Catfights Begin '' 2017 -- present Crashing Jess 6 episodes 2017 Clarence Lauren / Kim / Square Mom ( voice ) Episode : `` Rock Show '' 2017 Bajillion Dollar Propertie $ Nadine Episode : `` A Divided House '' 2017 Ginger Snaps Calista ( voice ) 10 episodes 2017 The Guest Book Sandy 2 episodes 2018 Life in Pieces Cindy Episode : `` Reading Egg Nurse Neighbor '' 2018 Lucifer Bree Garland / Abel Episode : `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' 2018 Craig of the Creek Mackenzie ( voice ) Episode : `` The Final Book '' 2018 The Big Bang Theory Denise 2 episodes 2018 Harvey Street Kids Lotta ( voice ) 13 episodes 2018 Big City Greens Val ( voice ) 2018 DIY Jack ( voice ) Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Lego Jurassic World Vivian Podcasts ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 -- 2018 improv4humans Various 35 episodes 2012 -- 2018 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Various 45 episodes 2013 The Reality Show Show Herself Episode 39 : `` There Is Ninjas '' 2013 , 2014 Totally Laime Herself Episode 160 : `` Let 's All Pee '' Episode 242 : `` One Hundred Percent ! '' 2014 Pop My Culture Herself Episode 154 : `` Lauren Lapkus and Chris Alvarado '' 2014 Professor Blastoff Herself Episode 175 : `` Reality TV '' 2014 , 2017 Who Charted ? Herself 2 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Hollywood Handbook Herself 3 episodes 2014 -- present With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus Various ( guest ) 150 episodes 2015 The Hooray Show with Horatio Herself Episode 2 : `` Cereal '' 2015 Gilmore Guys Herself Episode 60 : `` Lorelai Out of Water '' 2015 Never Not Funny Herself Episode 1615 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2015 The Nerdist Podcast Herself Episode 692 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2015 Thrilling Adventure Hour Various 5 episodes 2015 Box Angeles Herself Episode 88 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2015 The Dead Authors Podcast Beatrix Potter Addendum vi : Beatrix Potter 2015 Psychic Pshow with Lauren Lapkus Host 4 episodes 2015 -- 2018 Wild Horses : The Perspective Co-host 15 episodes 2015 Sklarbro Country Herself Episode 267 : `` Hump The Gun '' 2015 -- 2018 SPONTANEANATION with Paul F. Tompkins Herself 4 episodes 2015 , 2016 Will You Accept This Rose ? Herself 2 episodes 2016 You Made It Weird Herself Episode 297 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2016 If I Were You Herself Episode 209 : `` Friend Group ( w / Lauren Lapkus ! ) '' 2016 The Longest Shortest Time Herself Episode 78 : `` Lauren Lapkus Answers Kids ' Unanswerable Questions '' 2016 , 2017 Doughboys Herself 2 episodes 2016 WTF with Marc Maron Herself Episode 732 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2016 I Was There Too Herself Episode 45 : `` Jurassic World with Lauren Lapkus '' 2017 How Did This Get Made ? Herself Episode 159 : `` Sleepwalkers '' 2017 Big Grande 's Teacher 's Lounge Ms. Smuckers Episode 9 : `` Great Grief with Home Economics Teacher Ms. Smuckers '' 2017 Bitch Sesh Herself Episode 69 : `` Reunion , Part 3 : Live from Largo '' 2017 High and Mighty Herself Episode 101 : `` Raised by TV '' 2017 Get Up On This Herself Episode 306 : `` Lauren Lapkus '' 2017 -- present Raised by TV Co-host 18 episodes 2018 Throwing Shade Herself Episode 323 2018 The Andy Daly Podcast Pilot Project Various 2 episodes 2018 Threedom Co-host 14 episodes 2018 Womp It Up ! Traci Reardon 2 episodes 2018 Hello from the Magic Tavern Crystal the Genie Season 2 Episode 63 : `` Genie '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Laime , Elizabeth ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` 242 - Lauren Lapkus ! '' . Totally Laime ( Podcast ) . Earwolf . Event occurs at 20 : 53 . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Today In History : September 6 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via The Gazette ( Janesville , Wisconsin ) . Today 's Birthdays : ... Actress Lauren Lapkus is 31 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black - The Complete First Season '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Madrid , Monique ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lauren Lapkus Is One Crazy , Talented Woman '' . Serial Optimist Magazine . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Lauren Lapkus on podcasts , Jurassic World , and landing another TV series '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` TBS Orders ' Buzzy 's , ' ' Your Family or Mine , ' Rashida Jones Comedies to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Lapkus on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BA # 088 : Lauren Lapkus '' . the Box Angeles podcast . July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapkus , Lauren , `` I sleep so well here , '' Chicagoly Magazine , summer 2016 , pp. 16 - 19 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Podcast Pick of the Week : With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus '' . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Lauren Lapkus on podcasts , Jurrasic World and Landing another TV Series '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Innovative Sketch Series ' The Characters ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asssscat '' . UCB Theatre . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black star Lauren Lapkus 's Chicago Wedding '' . Salvatore 's . August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OITNB Star Lauren Lapkus Valentines Day Separation Message '' . TMZ . February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Nick Rutherford , Lauren Lapkus to Star in Relationship Comedy ' The Unicorn ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lauren Lapkus on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) : Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis - Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Lapkus&oldid=854501374 '' Categories : 1985 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Evanston , Illinois American film actresses American people of Greek descent American people of Lithuanian descent American people of Serbian descent American podcasters American television actresses American women comedians Comedians from Illinois DePaul University alumni Evanston Township High School alumni Living people Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. Lauren Lapkus - American actress and comedian 2. Orange Is the New Black - Netflix series she appeared in 3. With Special Guest Lauren Lapkus - her own podcast 4. Jurassic World - film she appeared in 5. Comedy Bang! Bang! - podcast and TV show she has appeared on

who represents the federal government in hearings before the supreme court

Court system of Canada - wikipedia Court system of Canada Canada This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Canada Government The Crown ( show ) Monarch ( Elizabeth II ) Governor General ( Julie Payette ) Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Executive ( Queen - in - Council ) ( show ) Queen 's Privy Council Prime minister ( Justin Trudeau ) Cabinet ( 29th ministry ) Ministries President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Civil Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative ( Queen - in - Parliament ) ( show ) Federal parliament Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial ( Queen - on - the - Bench ) ( show ) Court system Supreme court Federal chief justice ( Richard Wagner ) Provincial and territorial courts Provincial chief justices Constitution British North America Acts Peace , order , and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections ( show ) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system 42nd federal election ( 2015 ) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government ( show ) Municipal government Related topics ( show ) Federalism Structure of the federal government Constitutional law Royal prerogative Regions Political culture Foreign relations Office - holders Political movements Aboriginal self - government First Nations bands Other countries Atlas Canadian court system ( Source Canadian Department of Justice ) The court system of Canada forms the judicial branch of government , formally known as `` the Queen on the Bench '' , which interprets the law and is made up of many courts differing in levels of legal superiority and separated by jurisdiction . Some of the courts are federal in nature , while others are provincial or territorial . The Canadian constitution gives the federal government the exclusive right to legislate criminal law , while the provinces have exclusive control over civil law . The provinces have jurisdiction over the administration of justice in their territory . Almost all cases , whether criminal or civil , start in provincial courts and may be eventually appealed to higher level courts . The quite small system of federal courts only hears cases concerned with matters which are under exclusive federal control , such as federal taxation , federal administrative agencies , intellectual property , some portions of competition law and certain aspects of national security . The federal government appoints and pays for both the judges of the federal courts and the judges of the superior and appellate level courts of each province . The provincial governments are responsible for appointing judges of the lower provincial courts . Provincial administrative tribunals also comprise part of provincial courts . This intricate interweaving of federal and provincial powers is typical of the Canadian constitution . Contents 1 Outline of the court system 1.1 A note on terminology 1.1. 1 Provincial courts 1.1. 2 Superior courts 1.2 Supreme Court of Canada 1.3 Appellate courts of the provinces and territories 1.4 Superior - level courts of the provinces and territories 1.5 Provincial and territorial ( `` inferior '' ) courts 1.6 Federal courts 1.6. 1 Federal Court of Appeal 1.6. 2 Federal Court 1.6. 3 Tax Court of Canada 1.6. 4 History of the federal courts 1.7 Military courts 1.8 Federal and provincial administrative tribunals 2 Courts of inherent jurisdiction 3 Statutory courts 4 Appointment and regulation of judges 4.1 Tenure of judges and removal from the bench 5 Languages used in court 6 Court customs 6.1 Symbols 6.2 Dress 6.3 Etiquette / Decorum 6.4 Procedure 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Outline of the Court system ( edit ) Very generally speaking , Canada 's court system is a four - level hierarchy , as shown below from highest to lowest in terms of legal authority . Each court is bound by the rulings of the courts above them ; however , they are not bound by the rulings of other courts at the same level in the hierarchy . Civil courts in Quebec , in particular , are under no obligation to apply judicial precedent -- the principle of stare decisis -- which is the general rule elsewhere in Canada . This is because Quebec 's civil law is entirely codified , while civil law in the other nine provinces grew out of the English common law . A note on terminology ( edit ) There are two terms used in describing the Canadian court structure which can be confusing , and clear definitions are useful at the outset . Provincial courts ( edit ) The first is the term `` provincial court '' , which has two quite different meanings , depending on context . The first , and most general meaning , is that a provincial court is a court established by the Legislature of a province , under its constitutional authority over the Administration of Justice in the Province , set out in s . 92 ( 14 ) of the Constitution Act , 1867 . This head of power gives the Provinces the power to regulate `` ... the Constitution , Maintenance , and Organization of Provincial Courts , both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction , and including Procedure in Civil Matters in those Courts '' . All courts created by a Province , from the small claims court or municipal by - law court , up to the provincial Court of Appeal , are `` provincial courts '' in this general sense . However , there is a more limited meaning to the term . In most provinces , the `` Provincial Court '' is the term used to refer to a specific court created by the Province which is the main criminal court , having jurisdiction over most criminal offences except for the most serious ones . The Provincial Court of a particular province may also have a limited civil jurisdiction , over small claims and some family law matters . The exact scope of the jurisdiction of a Provincial Court will depend on the laws enacted by the particular province . Provincial Courts in this sense are courts of limited statutory jurisdiction , sometimes referred to as `` inferior courts '' . As courts of limited jurisdiction , their decisions are potentially subject to judicial review by the superior courts via the prerogative writs , but in most cases there are now well - established statutory rights of appeal instead . To distinguish between the two meanings of the term , capitalization is used . A reference to a `` provincial court '' normally is a reference to the broad meaning of the term , any court created by the Province . A reference to `` Provincial Court '' normally is referring to the specific court of limited statutory jurisdiction , created by the Province . Superior courts ( edit ) The second is the term `` superior courts '' . This term also has two different meanings , one general and one specific . The general meaning is that a superior court is a court of inherent jurisdiction . Historically , they are the descendants of the royal superior courts in England . The decisions of a superior court are not subject to review , unless a statute specifically provides for review or appeal . The term is not limited to trial courts . The Federal Court of Appeal and the provincial and territorial Courts of Appeal are all superior courts . The more limited sense is that `` Superior Court '' can be used to refer to the superior trial court of original jurisdiction in the Province . This terminology is used in the court systems of Ontario and Quebec . The difference between the two terms is also indicated by capitalisation . The term `` superior court '' is used to mean the general sense of the term , while `` Superior Court '' is used to refer to specific courts in provinces which use that term to designate their superior trial courts . In Ontario and Quebec , this court is known as Superior Court ( Cour supérieure ) ; in Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , and New Brunswick , as Court of Queen 's Bench ( Cour du Banc de la Reine ) ; and in Newfoundland and Labrador , British Columbia , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Yukon , and the Northwest Territories as the Supreme Court ( Cour suprême ) . The term `` Supreme Court '' can be confusing as it could suggest a final appellate court , like the Supreme Court of Canada ; in fact , each province has a Court of Appeal superior to its superior court , except in Newfoundland and Labrador where appeals lie to the Appeals Division of the Supreme Court . In Nunavut , there is a single unified trial court , the Nunavut Court of Justice , unlike the situation in the provinces and other territories . Supreme Court of Canada ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court is established by the Supreme Court Act as the `` General Court of Appeal for Canada '' . The Court currently consists of nine justices , which include the Chief Justice of Canada and eight puisne justices . The court 's duties include hearing appeals of decisions from the appellate courts ( to be discussed next ) and , on occasion , delivering references ( i.e. , the court 's opinion ) on constitutional questions raised by the federal government . By law , three of the nine justices are appointed from Quebec because of Quebec 's use of civil law . The Constitution Act , 1867 gives the federal Parliament the power to create a `` General Court of Appeal for Canada '' . Following Confederation , the Conservative government of Sir John A. Macdonald proposed the creation of a Supreme Court and introduced two bills in successive sessions of Parliament to trigger public debate on the proposed court and its powers . Eventually , in 1875 , the Liberal government of Alexander Mackenzie passed an Act of Parliament which established the Supreme Court . The 1875 Act built upon the proposals introduced by the Macdonald government , and passed with all - party support . Initially , decisions of the Supreme Court could be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council . As well , litigants could appeal directly from the provincial courts of appeal directly to the Judicial Committee , by - passing the Supreme Court entirely . There was a provision in the 1875 Act which attempted to limit appeals to the Judicial Committee . That clause resulted in the Governor General reserving the bill for consideration by the Queen - in - Council . After much debate between Canadian and British officials , royal assent was granted on the understanding the clause did not in fact affect the royal prerogative to hear appeals , exercised through the Judicial Committee . The question of the power of Parliament to abolish appeals to the Judicial Committee eventually was tested in the courts . In 1926 , the Judicial Committee ruled that the Canadian Parliament lacked the jurisdiction to extinguish appeals to the Judicial Committee , as the right of appeal was founded in the royal prerogative and could only be terminated by the Imperial Parliament . Following the enactment of the Statute of Westminster , in 1933 the federal Parliament passed legislation again abolishing the right of appeal in criminal matters . In 1935 , the Judicial Committee upheld the constitutional validity of that amendment . In 1939 , the federal government proposed a reference to the Supreme Court of Canada , asking whether the federal Parliament could terminate all appeals to the Judicial Committee . By a 4 -- 2 decision , the Supreme Court held that the proposal was within the powers of the federal Parliament and would be constitutional . The question was then appealed to the Judicial Committee , but the hearing of the appeal was delayed by the outbreak of World War II. in 1946 , the Judicial Committee finally heard the appeal and upheld the decision of the majority of the Supreme Court , clearing the way for Parliament to enact legislation to end all appeals to the Judicial Committee , whether from the Supreme Court or from the provincial courts of appeal . In 1949 , Parliament passed an amendment to the Supreme Court Act which abolished all appeals , making the Court truly the Supreme Court . However , cases which had been instituted in the lower courts prior to the amendment could still be appealed to the Judicial Committee . The last Canadian appeal to the Judicial Committee was not decided until 1960 . Appellate courts of the provinces and territories ( edit ) These courts of appeal ( as listed below by province and territory in alphabetical order ) exist at the provincial and territorial levels and were separately constituted in the early decades of the 20th century , replacing the former Full Courts of the old Supreme Courts of the provinces , many of which were then renamed Courts of Queens Bench . Their function is to review decisions rendered by the superior - level courts and to deliver references when requested by a provincial or territorial government as the Supreme Court does for the federal government . These appellate courts do not normally conduct trials or hear witnesses . Court of Appeal of Alberta ( ABCA ) Court of Appeal of British Columbia ( BCCA ) Manitoba Court of Appeal ( MBCA ) Court of Appeal of New Brunswick ( NBCA ) Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador ( Court of Appeal ) ( NLCA ) Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories ( NTCA ) Nova Scotia Court of Appeal ( NSCA ) Nunavut Court of Appeal ( NUCA ) Court of Appeal for Ontario ( ONCA ) Prince Edward Island Court of Appeal ( PECA ) Québec Court of Appeal ( QCCA ) Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan ( SKCA ) Court of Appeal of Yukon ( YKCA ) These courts are Canada 's equivalent of the Court of Appeal in England and the various State Supreme Courts and U.S. Courts of Appeals in the United States . Each of the above - listed appellate courts is the highest court from its respective province or territory . Each province 's chief justice sits in the appellate court of that province . Superior - level courts of the provinces and territories ( edit ) These courts ( as listed below by province and territory in alphabetical order ) exist at the provincial and territorial levels . The superior courts are the courts of first instance for divorce petitions , civil lawsuits involving claims greater than small claims , and criminal prosecutions for indictable offences ( i.e. , felonies in American legal terminology ) . They also perform a reviewing function for judgements from the local inferior courts and administrative decisions by provincial or territorial government entities such as labour boards , human rights tribunals and licensing authorities . Court of Queen 's Bench of Alberta ( ABQB ) Supreme Court of British Columbia ( BCSC ) Court of Queen 's Bench of Manitoba ( MBQB ) Court of Queen 's Bench of New Brunswick ( NBQB ) Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador ( Trial Division ) ( NLTD ) Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories ( NTSC ) Supreme Court of Nova Scotia ( NSSC ) Nunavut Court of Justice ( NUCJ ) Court of Ontario -- Superior Court of Justice ( ONSC ) Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island ( PESC ) Québec Superior Court ( QCCS ) Court of Queen 's Bench for Saskatchewan ( SKQB ) Supreme Court of Yukon ( YKSC ) Furthermore , some of these superior courts ( like the one in Ontario ) have specialized branches that deal only with certain matters such as family law or small claims . To complicate things further , the Ontario Superior Court of Justice has a branch called the Divisional Court that hears only appeals and judicial reviews of administrative tribunals and whose decisions have greater binding authority than those from the `` regular '' branch of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice . Although a court , like the Supreme Court of British Columbia , may have the word `` supreme '' in its name , it is not necessarily the highest court in its respective province or territory . Most provinces have special courts dealing with small claims ( lawsuits for less than a certain amount of money ) . These are typically divisions of the superior courts in each province . Parties often represent themselves , without lawyers , in these courts . Provincial and territorial ( `` inferior '' ) courts ( edit ) Main article : Provincial Court Each province and territory in Canada has an `` inferior '' or `` lower '' trial court , usually called a Provincial ( or Territorial ) Court , to hear certain types of cases . Provincial Court of Alberta ( ABPC ) Provincial Court of British Columbia ( BCPC ) Provincial Court of Manitoba ( MBPC ) Provincial Court of New Brunswick ( NBPC ) Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador ( NLPC ) Territorial Court of the Northwest Territories ( NTTC ) Provincial Court of Nova Scotia ( NSPC ) Nunavut Court of Justice ( NUCJ ) Court of Ontario -- Ontario Court of Justice ( ONCJ ) Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island ( PEPC ) Court of Québec ( QCCQ ) Provincial Court of Saskatchewan ( SKPC ) Territorial Court of Yukon ( YKTC ) Appeals from these courts are heard either by the superior court of the province or territory or by the Court of Appeal . In criminal cases , this depends on the seriousness of the offence . These courts are created by provincial statute and only have the jurisdiction granted by statute . Accordingly , inferior courts do not have inherent jurisdiction . These courts are usually the successors of older local courts presided over by lay magistrates and justices of the peace who did not necessarily have formal legal training . However , today all judges are legally trained , although justices of the peace may not be . Many inferior courts have specialized functions , such as hearing only criminal law matters , youth matters , family law matters , small claims matters , `` quasi-criminal '' offences ( i.e. , violations of provincial statutes ) , or bylaw infractions . In some jurisdictions these courts serve as an appeal division from the decisions of administrative tribunals . Federal courts ( edit ) In addition to the Supreme Court of Canada , there are three civil courts created by the federal Parliament under its legislative authority under section 101 of the Constitution Act , 1867 : Federal Court of Appeal Federal Court Tax Court of Canada Federal Court of Appeal ( edit ) The Federal Court of Appeal hears appeals from decisions rendered by the Federal Court , the Tax Court of Canada and a certain group of federal administrative tribunals like the National Energy Board and the Canada Industrial Relations Board . All judges of the Federal Court are ex officio judges of the Federal Court of Appeal , and vice versa , although it is rare that a judge of one court will sit as a member of the other . The Federal Court of Appeal is a travelling court . The judges of its Court , who sit in panels of three , hear cases in English and in French in 18 cities , from Vancouver to St. John 's , including locations in northern Canada . Federal Court ( edit ) The Federal Court exists primarily to review administrative decisions by federal government bodies such as the immigration board and to hear lawsuits under the federal government 's jurisdiction such as intellectual property and maritime law . It also has concurrent jurisdiction with the superior trial courts of the Provinces to hear civil lawsuits brought against the federal government . The Federal Court also has jurisdiction to determine inter-jurisidctional legal actions between the federal government and a province , or between different provinces , provided the province in question has passed corresponding legislation granting the Federal Court jurisdiction over the dispute . Also the Federal Courts have the power to review decisions , orders , and other administrative actions of most federal boards , commissions , and tribunals . That means most federal government can be challenged in the federal court . Also with the Federal Court , the system may refer back to questions of law , jurisdiction , or price to one of the federal courts at any stage of proceeding . In the aftermath of 9 / 11 , Parliament enacted a number of laws to protect national security . The Federal Court has exclusive jurisdiction to determine many issues which arise under those laws relating to national security . Appeals lie from the Federal Court to the Federal Court of Appeal . Tax Court of Canada ( edit ) The Tax Court of Canada has a very specialised jurisdiction . It hears disputes over federal taxes , primarily under the federal Income Tax Act , between taxpayers and the federal government . Also , for most people that live in Canada , it is the Tax Court 's power to hear appeals under the Income Tax Act . The Tax Court has the jurisdiction to hear appeals under various statues . However , as a federal court , it lacks the power to deal with disputes relating to provincial income taxes and provincial sales taxes , and has no jurisdiction to grant any relief where a taxpayer wishes to sue the Canada Revenue Agency for damages . Lastly , the Tax Court 's powers are also limited by the statutes that impose the tax in dispute . The Tax Court is not empowered to make decisions on the basis that they will yield a fair result . Rather , the Tax Court can only make decisions based on its interpretation of the legislation . History of the federal courts ( edit ) The first federal court was the Exchequer Court of Canada , created in 1875 at the same time as the Supreme Court of Canada . The Exchequer Court was a trial court , with a limited jurisdiction over civil actions brought against the federal government , tax disputes under federal tax laws , admiralty matters , compensation for expropriation of private property by the federal Crown , negligence of federal public servants , and intellectual property , including patents and copyright . The name of the court came from the Exchequer Court of England , which had a similar jurisdiction over tax disputes . At first , there were no separate judges for the Exchequer Court . The judges of the Supreme Court of Canada were also appointed to the Exchequer Court . Individual judges of the Supreme Court would sit as a judge of the Exchequer Court , with an appeal lying to the Supreme Court . The Exchequer Court did not have any jurisdiction to review the actions of federal administrative agencies . That function was fulfilled by the provincial superior trial courts . In 1971 , Parliament passed the Federal Court Act which abolished the Exchequer Court and created a new court , the Federal Court of Canada . That Court had two divisions : the Federal Court -- Trial Division , and the Federal Court -- Appeal Division . Although the two divisions had different functions , they were all part of a single court . In 2003 , Parliament passed legislation which divided the Federal Court into two courts . The Federal Court -- Trial Division became the Federal Court of Canada , while the Federal Court -- Appeal Division became the Federal Court of Appeal . The jurisdiction of the two new courts is essentially the same as the corresponding former divisions of the Federal Court . Although the federal courts can be said to have the same prestige as the superior courts from the provinces and territories , they lack the `` inherent jurisdiction '' ( to be explained later ) possessed by superior courts such as the Ontario Superior Court of Justice . Military courts ( edit ) Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada Various military courts called courts martial : General Court Martial Standing Court Martial Summary Trial hearings The courts martial are conducted and presided over by military personnel and exist for the prosecution of military personnel , as well as civilian personnel who accompany military personnel , accused of violating the Code of Service Discipline , which is found in the National Defence Act , RSC 1985 , c N - 5 and constitutes a complete code of military law applicable to persons under military jurisdiction . The decisions of the courts martial can be appealed to the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada which , in contrast , exists outside the military and is made up of civilian judges . This appellate court is the successor of the Court Martial Appeal Board which was created in 1950 , presided over by civilian judges and lawyers , and was the first ever civilian - based adjudicating body with authority to review decisions by a military court . The Court Martial Appeal Court is made up of civilian judges from the Federal Court , Federal Court of Appeal , and the superior courts of the provinces . Summary trials are ad hoc hearings used to dispense with minor service offenses . The Presiding Officer will have little formal legal training and is generally the service member 's Commanding Officer . In this respect , these hearings are similar to the former lay magistrates ' courts . Federal and provincial administrative tribunals ( edit ) Known in Canada as simply `` tribunals '' , these are quasi-judicial adjudicative bodies , which means that they adjudicate ( hear evidence and render decisions ) like courts , but are not necessarily presided over by judges . Instead , the adjudicators may be experts of the very specific legal field handled by the tribunal ( e.g. , labour law , human rights law ( known in the US as `` civil rights law '' ) , immigration law , energy law , workers ' compensation law , liquor licensing law , etc . ) who hear arguments and evidence provided by lawyers ( also lay advocates in British Columbia or Licensed Paralegals in Ontario ) before making a written decision on record . Depending on its enabling legislation , a tribunal 's decisions may be reviewed by a court through an appeal or a process called judicial review . The reviewing court may be required to show some deference to the tribunal if the tribunal possesses some highly specialized expertise or knowledge that the court does not have . The degree of deference will also depend on such factors as the specific wording of the legislation creating the tribunal . Tribunals whose enabling legislation contains a privative clause are entitled to a high degree of deference , although a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada ( Dunsmuir v New Brunswick , 2008 SCC 9 ) has arguably lowered that degree of deference . Tribunals which have the power to decide questions of law may take into consideration the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , which is part of Canada 's constitution . The extent to which tribunals may use the Charter in their decisions is a source of ongoing legal debate . Appearing before some administrative tribunals may feel like appearing in court , but the tribunal 's procedure is relatively less formal than that of a court , and more importantly , the rules of evidence are not as strictly observed , so that some evidence that would be inadmissible in a court hearing may be allowed in a tribunal hearing , if relevant to the proceeding . While relevant evidence is admissible , evidence which the adjudicator determines to have questionable reliability , or is otherwise questionable , is most likely to be afforded little or no weight . The presiding adjudicator is normally called `` Mister / Madam Chair '' . As is the case in court , lawyers routinely appear in tribunals advocating matters for their clients . A person does not require a lawyer to appear before an administrative tribunal . Indeed , many of these tribunals are specifically designed to be more representative to unrepresented litigants than courts . Furthermore , some of these tribunals are part of a comprehensive dispute - resolution system , which may emphasize mediation rather than litigation . For example , provincial human rights commissions routinely use mediation to resolve many human rights complaints without the need for a hearing . What tribunals all have in common is that they are created by statute , their adjudicators are usually appointed by government , and they focus on very particular and specialized areas of law . Because some subject matters ( e.g. , immigration ) fall within federal jurisdiction while others ( e.g. , liquor licensing and workers ' compensation ) in provincial jurisdiction , some tribunals are created by federal law while others are created by provincial law . There are both federal and provincial tribunals for some subject matters such as unionized labour and human rights . Most importantly , from a lawyer 's perspective , is the fact that the principle of stare decisis does not apply to tribunals . In other words , a tribunal adjudicator could legally make a decision that differs from a past decision , on the same subject and issues , delivered by the highest court in the land . Because a tribunal is not bound by legal precedent , established by itself or by a reviewing court , a tribunal is not a court even though it performs an important adjudicative function and contributes to the development of law like a court would do . Although stare decisis does not apply to tribunals , their adjudicators will likely nonetheless find a prior court decision on a similar subject to be highly persuasive and will likely follow the courts in order to ensure consistency in the law and to prevent the embarrassment of having their decisions overturned by the courts . The same is true for past decisions of the tribunal . Among the federal tribunals , there is a small group of tribunals whose decisions must be appealed directly to the Federal Court of Appeal rather than to the Federal Court Trial Division . These so - called `` super tribunals '' are listed in subsection 28 ( 1 ) of the Federal Court Act ( RSC 1985 , c F - 7 ) and some examples include the National Energy Board , Canadian International Trade Tribunal , the Competition Tribunal , the Canada Industrial Relations Board ( i.e. , federal labour board ) , the Copyright Board and the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( `` CRTC '' ) . Courts of inherent jurisdiction ( edit ) The superior courts from the provinces and territories are courts of inherent jurisdiction , which means that the jurisdiction of the superior courts is more than just what is conferred by statute . Following the principles of English common law , because the superior courts derive their authority from the Constitution , they can hear any matter unless there is a federal or provincial statute that says otherwise or that gives exclusive jurisdiction to some other court or tribunal . The doctrine of inherent jurisdiction gives superior courts greater freedom than statutory courts to be flexible and creative in the delivering of legal remedies and relief . Statutory courts ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Canada , the federal courts , the various appellate courts from the provinces and territories , and the numerous low - level provincial courts are statutory courts whose decision - making power is granted by either the federal parliament or a provincial legislature . The word `` statutory '' refers to the fact that these courts ' powers are derived from a statute and is defined and limited by the terms of the statute . A statutory court can not try cases in areas of law that are not mentioned or suggested in the statute . In this sense , statutory courts are similar to non-judicial adjudicative bodies such as administrative tribunals , boards , and commissions , which are created and given limited power by legislation . The practical implication of this is that a statutory court can not provide a type of legal remedy or relief that is not expressly or implicitly referred to in its enabling or empowering statute . Appointment and regulation of judges ( edit ) Main article : Judicial appointments in Canada Judges in Canada are appointed and not elected . Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada , the federal courts , the appellate courts and the superior - level courts are appointed by the Governor - in - Council ( by the Governor General on the advice of the Federal Cabinet ) . For example , judges of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice are chosen not by Ontario 's provincial government but upon the recommendations of Her Majesty 's Canadian Government . Meanwhile , judicial appointments to judicial posts in the so - called `` inferior '' or `` provincial '' courts are made by the local provincial governments . As judicial independence is seen by Canadian law to be essential to a functioning democracy , the regulating of Canadian judges requires the involvement of the judges themselves . The Canadian Judicial Council , made up of the chief justices and associate chief justices of the federal courts and of each province and territory , receive complaints from the public concerning questionable behaviour from members of the bench . Salaries of superior courts are set by Parliament under section 100 of the Constitution Act , 1867 . Since the Provincial Judges Reference , ( 1997 ) 3 SCR 3 , provincial courts ' salaries are recommended by independent commissions , and a similar body called the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission was established in 1999 for federally appointed judges . Tenure of judges and removal from the bench ( edit ) Judges in positions that are under federal control ( federally appointed positions ) are eligible to serve on the bench until age 75 . In some but not all Provincial and Territorial positions , appointed judges have tenure until age 70 instead . As for removal from the bench , judges have only rarely been removed from the bench in Canada . For federally appointed judges , it is the task of The Canadian Judicial Council to investigate complaints and allegations of misconduct on the part of federally appointed judges . The Council may recommend to the ( federal ) Minister of Justice that the judge be removed . To do so , the Minister must in turn get the approval of both the House of Commons and the Senate before a judge can be removed from office . ( The rules for provincial / territorial judges are similar , but they can be removed by a provincial or territorial cabinet . ) Languages used in Court ( edit ) English and French are both official languages of the federal government of Canada . Either official language may be used by any person or in any pleading or process in or issuing from any Court of Canada established by Parliament under the Constitution Act , 1867 . This constitutional guarantee applies to the Supreme Court of Canada , the Federal Court of Appeal , the Federal Court , the Tax Court of Canada and the Court Martial Appeal Court . Parliament has expanded on that constitutional guarantee to ensure the federal courts are institutionally bilingual . The right to use either language in the provincial and territorial courts varies . The Constitution guarantees the right to use either French or English in the courts of Quebec and New Brunswick . There is a statutory right to use either English or French in the courts of Ontario and Saskatchewan , and a limited right to use French in oral submissions in the courts of Alberta . As well , in all criminal trials under the Criminal Code , a federal statute , every accused whose language is either English or French has the right to be tried in the language of their choice . As a result , every court of criminal jurisdiction in Canada , whether federal , provincial or territorial , must have the institutional capacity to provide trials in either language . Furthermore , under section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , a party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter . In the Northwest Territories and Nunavut the official aboriginal languages may be used as well . Court customs ( edit ) Courtroom custom is largely based upon the British tradition , with a few modifications . Symbols ( edit ) Canadian courts derive their authority from the monarch . Consequently , the judicial system in Canada is formally known as `` the Queen on the Bench '' . As a result , important symbols in a courtroom include the picture of the Canadian monarch and their heraldic Arms , although not all courtrooms have a picture of the monarch . Many courts display Canadian and provincial flags . In the British Columbia courts as well as in the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador , the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom is displayed for reasons of tradition . Dress ( edit ) Main article : Court dress In superior courts , lawyers wear black robes and white neck tabs , like barristers in the United Kingdom , but they do not wear wigs . Business attire is appropriate when appearing before judges of superior courts sitting in chambers and before judges of provincial or territorial courts or justices of the peace . Judges dress in barrister 's robes similar to the lawyers ' . Judges of some courts adorn their robes with coloured sashes . For example , Federal Court Judges ' robes are adorned with a gold sash , and Tax Court of Canada Judges ' robes with a purple sash . Etiquette / decorum ( edit ) Judges do not use gavels . Instead , a judge raises his or her voice ( or stands up if necessary ) to restore order in the courtroom . In most jurisdictions , when entering or leaving a courtroom when there is a judge seated inside , one should bow , while standing inside the court but near the doorway , in the direction of the seated judge . Many lawyers also bow when crossing the bar . Judges of superior courts in some provinces are traditionally addressed as `` My Lord '' or `` My Lady , '' but in other provinces are referred to as `` Your Honour '' . Judges of inferior courts are always traditionally referred to in person as `` Your Honour '' . The practice varies across jurisdictions , with some superior court judges preferring the titles `` Mister Justice '' or `` Madam Justice '' to `` Lordship '' . Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and of the federal - level courts prefer the use of `` Mister / Madam ( Chief ) Justice '' . Justices of the Peace are addressed as `` Your Worship '' . Judges of inferior courts are referred to as `` Judge ( Surname ) '' while judges of superior and federal courts are referred to as `` Mister / Madam Justice ( Surname ) , '' except in Ontario , where all trial judges in referred to as `` Mister / Madam Justice '' . A lawyer advocating in court typically uses `` I '' when referring to him or herself . The word `` we '' is not used , even if the lawyer is referring to him / herself and his / her client as a group . The judge in court refers to a lawyer as `` counsel '' ( not `` counsellor '' ) , or simply `` Mr. / Ms. ( surname ) '' . In Quebec , the title `` Maître '' is used . In court , it is customary for opposing counsel to refer to one another as `` my friend '' , or sometimes ( usually in the case of Queen 's Counsel ) `` my learned friend '' . In any criminal law case , the prosecuting party is `` the Crown '' while the criminally prosecuted person is called the `` accused '' ( not the `` defendant '' ) . The prosecuting lawyer is called `` Crown Counsel '' ( or , in Ontario , `` Crown attorney '' ) . Crown counsel in criminal proceedings are customarily addressed and referred to as `` Mr. Crown '' or `` Madam Crown . '' The `` versus '' or `` v . '' in the style of cause of Canadian court cases is often pronounced `` and '' ( rather than `` vee '' or `` versus '' as in the U.S. or `` against '' in criminal proceedings in England , Scotland , and Australasia ) . For example , Roncarelli v Duplessis would be pronounced `` Roncarelli and Duplessis '' . Procedure ( edit ) The judicial function of the Royal Prerogative is performed in trust and in the Queen 's name by officers of Her Majesty 's court , who enjoy the privilege granted conditionally by the sovereign to be free from criminal and civil liability for unsworn statements made within the court . This dispensation extends from the notion in common law that the sovereign `` can do no wrong '' . There are no so - called `` sidebars '' where lawyers from both sides approach the bench in order to have a quiet and discreet conversation with the judge while court is in session . Trial judges typically take a passive role during trial ; however , during their charge to the jury , judges may comment upon the value of certain testimony or suggest the appropriate amount of damages in a civil case , although they are required to tell the jury that it is to make its own decision and is not bound to agree with the judge . Jury trials are less frequent than in the United States and usually reserved for serious criminal cases . A person accused of a crime punishable by imprisonment for five years or more has the constitutional right to a jury trial . Only British Columbia and Ontario regularly use juries in civil trials . Evidence and documents are not passed directly to the judge , but instead passed to the judge through the court clerk . The clerk , referred to as `` Mister / Madam Clerk '' or `` Mister / Madam Registrar '' , also wears a robe and sits in front of the judge and faces the lawyers . In some jurisdictions , the client sits with the general public , behind counsel 's table , rather than beside his or her lawyer at counsel 's table . The accused in a criminal trial sits in the prisoners box often located on the side wall opposite the jury , or in the middle of the courtroom . However it is becoming increasingly common for accused persons to sit at counsel table with their lawyers . In four provinces ( British Columbia , Alberta , Manitoba and Ontario ) , the superior - level courts employ judicial officers known as Masters who deal only with interlocutory motions ( or interlocutory applications ) in civil cases . With such Masters dealing with the relatively short interlocutory motion / application hearings , trial judges can devote more time on more lengthy hearings such as trials . In the Federal Court , a Prothonotary holds a similar positions to that of a Master . See also ( edit ) Canadian legal system Canada portal Book : Canada References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 17 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 November 2012 , retrieved 19 January 2015 Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 92 ( 14 ) Jump up ^ Supreme Court Act , RSC 1985 , c S - 26 Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s 101 Jump up ^ Snell and Vaughan , The Supreme Court of Canada - History of the Institution ( Toronto : Osgoode Society , 1985 ) , pp. 6 - 7. l ^ Jump up to : The Supreme and Exchequer Courts Act , S.C. 1875 , c. 11 . Jump up ^ Snell and Vaughan , The Supreme Court of Canada - History of the Institution , pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Snell and Vaughan , The Supreme Court of Canada - History of the Institution , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Snell and Vaughan , The Supreme Court of Canada - History of the Institution , pp. 178 - 179 . Jump up ^ Nadan v The King , ( 1926 ) AC 482 ( PC ) Jump up ^ British Coal Corp v The King , ( 1935 ) AC 500 ( PC ) . Jump up ^ Reference re Supreme Court Act Amendment Act , ( 1940 ) SCR 49 . Jump up ^ Snell and Vaughan , The Supreme Court of Canada - History of the Institution , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Reference re Privy Council Appeals , ( 1947 ) AC 127 . Jump up ^ An Act to Amend the Supreme Court Act , SC 1949 , c 37 . Jump up ^ Ponoka - Calmar Oils v Wakefield , ( 1960 ) AC 18 ( PC ) . Jump up ^ Court of Appeal Act , R.S.A. 2000 , c. C - 30 Archived 2012 - 08 - 02 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Court of Appeal Act , R.S.B.C. 1996 , c. 77 Archived 2014 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Court of Appeal Act , C.C.S.M. , c . C240 Archived 2012 - 07 - 21 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Judicature Act , R.S.N.B. 1973 , c . J - 2 Archived 2010 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Judicature Act , R.S.N.L. 1990 , c . J - 4 Archived 2013 - 06 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Judicature Act , R.S.N.W.T. 1988 , c . J - 1 Jump up ^ Judicature Act , R.S.N.S. 1989 , c. 240 Archived 2011 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Judicature Act , S.N.W.T. ( Nu . ) 1998 , c. 34 s . 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Courts of Justice Act , R.S.O. 1990 , c. C. 43 Archived 2015 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Judicature Act , R.S.P.E.I. 1988 , c . J - 2.1 Archived 2011 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Courts of Justice Act , C.Q.L.R. , c . T - 16 Jump up ^ The Court of Appeal Act , S.S. 2000 , c. C - 42.1 Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Court of Appeal Act , R.S.Y. 2002 , c. 47 Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Act , S.C. 2014 , c. 2 , s . 2 ; Judicature Act , R.S.N.W.T. 1988 , c . J - 1 Jump up ^ Nunavut Act , S.C. 1993 , c. 28 ; Judicature Act , S.N.W.T. ( Nu . ) 1998 , c. 34 s . 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Yukon Act , S.C. 2002 , c. 7 ; Supreme Court Act , R.S.Y. 2002 , c. 211 Jump up ^ Federal Court Act , RSC 1970 ( 2nd Supp ) , c 10 Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 96 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s 133 ; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , s , 19 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Official Languages Act , R.S.C. 1985 , c. 31 ( 4th Supp . ) , Part III , Administration of Justice . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 133 Jump up ^ Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , s . 19 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Courts of Justice Act , R.S.O. 1990 , c. C. 43 , ss. 125 and 126 . Jump up ^ Language Act / Loi linguistique , S.S. 1988 , c . L - 6.1 , s . 11 Jump up ^ Language Act , R.S.A. 2000 cL - 6 , s . 4 Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , Part XVII . Jump up ^ Official Languages Act , R.S.N.W.T. 1988 , c . O - 1 , s . 9 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Official Languages Act = ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓰᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖅ , S.Nu. 2008 , c. 10 , s . 8 Jump up ^ Styles of address Jump up ^ `` Criminal Code '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . Senate . 17 February 2000 . col. 1500 -- 1510 . Leishman , Rory , Against Judicial Activism : The Decline of Freedom and Democracy in Canada , McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7735 - 3054 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Morton , Frederick Lee ( 2002 ) , Law , politics , and the judicial process in Canada , Frederick Lee , ISBN 1 - 55238 - 046 - 7 Riddell , Troy , Lori Hausegger , Matthew Hennigar ( 2008 ) , Canadian courts : law , politics , and process , Don Mills , Ont. : Oxford University Press Canada , ISBN 0 - 19 - 542373 - 9 External links ( edit ) a searchable database containing nearly all new and many older decisions emanating from all Canadian courts and most Canadian tribunals are available at the CanLII website and the decisions of individual courts are provided through that court 's website ( see partial list below ) Canada 's Court System from the Department of Justice Canada Supreme Court of Canada Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal Tax Court of Canada Courts of the Northwest Territories Courts of Yukon Nunavut Court of Justice Courts of British Columbia Courts of Alberta Courts of Manitoba Courts of Saskatchewan Courts of Ontario Courts of Quebec Courts of New Brunswick Courts of Newfoundland Courts of Nova Scotia Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada Canadian Judicial Council Justice Canada - Judicial Appointments Press Releases ( since 1999 for federal and subnational appointments ) Justice Canada - Judicial Appointments Press Releases ( since 1999 for federal and subnational appointments ) <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Courts of Canada Federal Supreme Federal Court of Appeal Federal Court Tax Appeal BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YT NWT NU Superior BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YT NWT NU Provincial BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YT NWT NU Military Courts Martial Court Martial Appeal History Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Canadian law Sources Constitution Federal statutes Provincial statutes Core areas Constitutional Administrative Criminal Contract Tort Property Other areas Aboriginal Civil and human rights Family Immigration and refugees Intellectual property Copyright Patent Trademark Labour and employment Maritime Courts Supreme Court Federal Court Appeal Courts of Appeal Superior Provincial Education Law school Law School Admission Test Call to the bar <Th_colspan="2"> Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Judiciaries of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Judiciary of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_system_of_Canada&oldid=854038601 '' Categories : Judiciary of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Inuktitut - 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a song of ice and fire books timeline

A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="5"> Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring <Td_colspan="5"> Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Martin talks to fans about the making of Game of Thrones and what inspired his best - selling book series '' . thelifestylereport.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Cogan , Eric ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` George R.R Martin Interview '' . fantasyonline.net . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Done . 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The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin 's Dance with Dragons : A Masterpiece Worthy of Tolkien '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin explains why we 'll never meet any gods in A Song of Ice and Fire '' . io9.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomio , Jay ( June 5 , 2006 ) . `` On the Spot at Fantasybookspot : George R.R. Martin '' . fantasybookspot.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Interview , Part 1 : Game of Thrones , from Book to TV '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` 100 best - selling books of 2012 , from the top down '' . USA Today . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : La Gorce , Tammy ( March 12 , 2006 ) . `` Books : Dreaming of Places Far , Far From Bayonne '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks Game of Thrones as the HBO show 's ' Daenerys ' departs '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` To My Detractors '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Excitement as George RR Martin announces he 's 1,200 pages into new book '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . 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Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Genesis for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Westeros Goes Social with ' Game of Thrones Ascent ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Nothing Holds an Edge Like Valyrian Steel '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Valyrian Resin to produce Ice & Fire mini-busts '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Sword Miniatures and Tom Meier to produce George Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire premium miniature line '' . darkswordminiatures.com . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coins inspired by the fictional works of George R.R. Martin '' . shirepost.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Shop '' Shows `` Game of Thrones '' . hbo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : No One Ever Gets The Most Iconic Part Of Game Of Thrones Right '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Not A Blog : The Real Iron Throne '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="2"> Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas <Td_colspan="2"> A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories <Td_colspan="2"> `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=808332771 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 06 : 52 . 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where did the boats stop along the erie canal

Erie Canal - wikipedia Erie Canal Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Erie Canal <Td_colspan="2"> Current Route of the Erie Canal <Th_colspan="2"> Specifications Length 363 miles ( 584 km ) Locks 36 Maximum height above sea level 571 ft ( 174 m ) Status open Navigation authority New York State Canal Corporation <Th_colspan="2"> History Original owner New York State Principal engineer Benjamin Wright Other engineer ( s ) Canvass White , Amos Eaton Construction began July 4 , 1817 ( at Rome , New York ) Date of first use May 17 , 1821 Date completed October 26 , 1825 Date restored September 3 , 1999 <Th_colspan="2"> Geography Start point Hudson River near Albany , New York ( 42 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 73 ° 40 ′ 36 '' W  /  42.7834 ° N 73.6767 ° W  / 42.7834 ; - 73.6767 ) End point Niagara River near Buffalo , New York ( 43 ° 01 ′ 25 '' N 78 ° 53 ′ 24 '' W  /  43.0237 ° N 78.8901 ° W  / 43.0237 ; - 78.8901 ) Branch ( es ) Oswego Canal , Cayuga -- Seneca Canal Branch of New York State Canal System Connects to Champlain Canal , Welland Canal ( hide ) Erie Canal Legend <Td_colspan="2"> Hudson River * <Td_colspan="2"> Troy Federal Lock * <Td_colspan="2"> Champlain Canal * <Td_colspan="2"> Waterford <Td_colspan="2"> Waterford <Td_colspan="2"> Waterford <Td_colspan="2"> Waterford <Td_colspan="2"> Crescent <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 1 ( Waterford ) <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 2 ( Waterford ) <Td_colspan="2"> Vischer Ferry <Td_colspan="2"> Scotia <Td_colspan="2"> Rotterdam <Td_colspan="2"> Cranesville <Td_colspan="2"> Amsterdam <Td_colspan="2"> Tribes Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Yosts <Td_colspan="2"> Canajoharie <Td_colspan="2"> Fort Plain <Td_colspan="2"> St. Johnsville <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 3 ( Indian Castle ) <Td_colspan="2"> Little Falls <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 4 ( Little Falls ) <Td_colspan="2"> Jacksonburg <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 5 ( Herkimer ) <Td_colspan="2"> Frankfort <Td_colspan="2"> Whitesboro <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 6 ( Rome ) <Td_colspan="2"> Guard Gate 7 ( Rome ) <Td_colspan="2"> New London <Td_colspan="2"> New London <Td_colspan="2"> Oneida Lake <Td_colspan="2"> Brewerton <Td_colspan="2"> Oswego Canal * <Td_colspan="2"> Baldwinsville <Td_colspan="2"> Cayuga - Seneca Canal * <Td_colspan="2"> May 's Point <Td_colspan="2"> Clyde <Td_colspan="2"> Lyons <Td_colspan="2"> Lyons <Td_colspan="2"> Newark <Td_colspan="2"> Palmyra <Td_colspan="2"> Macedon <Td_colspan="2"> Bushnell 's Basin Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Cartersville Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Pittsford <Td_colspan="2"> Rochester <Td_colspan="2"> East Guard Lock <Td_colspan="2"> Genesee River <Td_colspan="2"> West Guard Lock <Td_colspan="2"> Spencerport Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Brockport Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Holley Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Albion Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Medina Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Middleport Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Gasport Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Lockport <Td_colspan="2"> Lockport <Td_colspan="2"> Pendleton Guard Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Niagara River <Td_colspan="2"> Black Rock Lock * <Td_colspan="2"> Lake Erie The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east -- west , cross-state route of the New York State Canal System ( formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal ) . Originally , it ran 363 miles ( 584 km ) from Albany , on the Hudson River , to Buffalo , at Lake Erie . It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes . When completed in 1825 , it was the second longest canal in the world ( after the Grand Canal in China ) and greatly affected the development and economy of New York , New York City , and the United States . First proposed in the 1780s , then re-proposed in 1807 , a survey was authorized , funded , and executed in 1808 . Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents ; its construction began in 1817 . The canal has 35 numbered locks , plus the Federal Black Rock Lock , and an elevation differential of about 565 feet ( 172 m ) . It opened on October 26 , 1825 . In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals ( a 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) maximum ) , and there were no railways , water was the most cost - effective way to ship bulk goods . The canal , denigrated by its political opponents as `` Clinton 's Folly '' or `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' , was the first transportation system between the eastern seaboard and the western interior of the United States that did not require portage . It was faster than carts pulled by draft animals and cut transport costs by about 95 % . The canal gave New York City 's port an incomparable advantage over all other U.S. port cities and ushered in the state 's 19th century political and cultural ascendancy . The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement . It was enlarged between 1834 and 1862 . The canal 's peak year was 1855 , when 33,000 commercial shipments took place . In 1918 , the western part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal , which ran parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal , and extended to the Hudson River . In 2000 , the United States Congress designated the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor to recognize the national significance of the canal system as the most successful and influential human - built waterway and one of the most important works of civil engineering and construction in North America . Mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large commercial ship , the Day Peckinpaugh in 1994 , the canal saw a recovery in commercial traffic in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposals and logistics 2.1 Proposals 2.2 Engineering requirements 2.3 Operation 3 Construction 4 Route 5 Enlargements and improvements 6 Competition 7 Impact 8 Sunday closing debate 9 20th century 9.1 New York State Canal System 10 21st century 11 Old Erie Canal 11.1 Parks and museums 11.2 Erie Canalway Trail 12 Locks 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) Erie Canal map c. 1840 From the first days of the expansion of the British colonies from the coast of North America into the heartland of the continent , a recurring problem was that of transportation between the coastal ports and the interior . This was not unique to the Americas , and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region . An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures -- things in the water weighed far less and took less effort to move since friction became negligible . Close to the seacoast , rivers often provided adequate waterways , but the Appalachian Mountains , 400 miles ( 640 km ) inland , running over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) long as a barrier range with just five places where mule trains or wagon roads could be routed , presented a great challenge . Passengers and freight had to travel overland , a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads . In 1800 , it typically took 2 - 1 / 2 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland , Ohio ( 460 miles ( 740 km ) ) ; 4 weeks to Detroit ( 612 miles ( 985 km ) ) . The principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain , which was a high - volume , low - priced commodity , bolstered by supplies from the coast . Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far - away population centers . This was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales , and later the Whiskey Rebellion . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap , reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success , and the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly . In time , projects were devised in Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and relatively deep into the coastal states . Proposals and logistics ( edit ) Proposals ( edit ) The Mohawk Valley , running east and west , cuts a natural pathway ( water gap ) between the Catskill Mountains to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north Aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford , one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal The successes of the Canal du Midi in France ( 1681 ) , Bridgewater Canal in Britain ( 1769 ) , and Eiderkanal in Denmark ( 1784 ) spurred on what was called in Britain `` canal mania '' . The idea of a canal to tie the East Coast to the new western settlements was discussed as early as 1724 : New York provincial official Cadwallader Colden made a passing reference ( in a report on fur trading ) to improving the natural waterways of western New York . Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson were early proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River . Their efforts led to the creation of the `` Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies '' in 1792 , which took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk and construct a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario , but it was soon discovered that private financing was insufficient . Christopher Colles ( who was familiar with the Bridgewater Canal ) surveyed the Mohawk Valley , and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784 , proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario . The proposal drew attention and some action but was never implemented . Jesse Hawley had envisioned encouraging the growing of large quantities of grain on the western New York plains ( then largely unsettled ) for sale on the Eastern seaboard . However , he went bankrupt trying to ship grain to the coast . While in Canandaigua debtors ' prison , Hawley began pressing for the construction of a canal along the 90 - mile ( 140 km ) - long Mohawk River valley with support from Joseph Ellicott ( agent for the Holland Land Company in Batavia ) . Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state . He later became the first canal commissioner . Engineering requirements ( edit ) The Mohawk River ( a tributary of the Hudson ) rises near Lake Ontario and runs in a glacial meltwater channel just north of the Catskill range of the Appalachian Mountains , separating them from the geologically distinct Adirondacks to the north . The Mohawk and Hudson valleys form the only cut across the Appalachians north of Alabama , allowing an almost complete water route from New York City in the south to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie in the west . Along its course and from these lakes , other Great Lakes , and to a lesser degree , related rivers , a large part of the continent 's interior ( and many settlements ) would be made well connected to the Eastern seaboard . The problem was that the land rises about 600 feet ( 180 m ) from the Hudson to Lake Erie . Locks at the time could handle up to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) of lift , so even with the heftiest cuttings and viaducts , fifty locks would be required along the 360 - mile ( 580 km ) canal . Such a canal would be expensive to build even with modern technology ; in 1800 , the expense was barely imaginable . President Thomas Jefferson called it `` a little short of madness '' and rejected it ; however , Hawley interested New York Governor DeWitt Clinton in the project . There was much opposition , and the project was ridiculed as `` Clinton 's folly '' and `` Clinton 's ditch . '' In 1817 , though , Clinton received approval from the legislature for $7 million for construction . The original canal was 363 miles ( 584 km ) long , from Albany on the Hudson to Buffalo on Lake Erie . The channel was cut 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) deep , with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a towpath . Its construction , through limestone and mountains , proved a daunting task . In 1823 construction reached the Niagara Escarpment , necessitating the building of five locks along a 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) corridor to carry the canal over the escarpment . To move earth , animals pulled a `` slip scraper '' ( similar to a bulldozer ) . The sides of the canal were lined with stone set in clay , and the bottom was also lined with clay . The stonework required hundreds of German masons , who later built many of New York 's buildings . All labor on the canal depended upon human ( and animal ) power or the force of water . Engineering techniques developed during its construction included the building of aqueducts to redirect water ; one aqueduct was 950 feet ( 290 m ) long to span 800 feet ( 240 m ) of river . As the canal progressed , the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force . Profile of the original canal Operation ( edit ) Operations at Lockport , New York in 1839 Canal boats up to 3.5 feet ( 1.1 m ) in draft were pulled by horses and mules on the towpath . The canal had one towpath , generally on the north side . When canal boats met , the boat with the right of way remained on the towpath side of the canal . The other boat steered toward the berm ( or heelpath ) side of the canal . The driver ( or `` hoggee '' , pronounced HO - gee ) of the privileged boat kept his towpath team by the canalside edge of the towpath , while the hoggee of the other boat moved to the outside of the towpath and stopped his team . His towline would be unhitched from the horses , go slack , fall into the water and sink to the bottom , while his boat decelerated on with its remaining momentum . The privileged boat 's team would step over the other boat 's towline , with their horses pulling the boat over the sunken towline without stopping . Once clear , the other boat 's team would continue on its way . Pulled by teams of horses , canal boats still moved slowly , but methodically , shrinking time and distance . Efficiently , the nonstop smooth method of transportation cut the travel time between Albany and Buffalo nearly in half , moving by day and by night . Venturing west , men and women boarded packets to visit relatives , or solely for a relaxing excursion . Emigrants took passage on freight boats , camping on deck , or on top of crates . Packet boats , serving passengers exclusively , reached speeds of up to five miles an hour , and ran at much more frequent intervals than the cramped , bumpy stages . Packet boats , measuring up to seventy - eight feet in length and fourteen and a half feet across , made ingenious use of space , in order to accommodate up to forty passengers at night and up to three times as many in the daytime . The best examples , furnished with carpeted floors , stuffed chairs , and mahogany tables stocked with current newspapers and books , served as sitting rooms during the days . At mealtimes , crews transformed the cabin into dining rooms . Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies ' and gentlemen 's sleeping quarters in the evening hours . Pull - down tiered beds folded from the walls , and additional cots could be hung from hooks in the ceiling . Some captains hired musicians and held dances . The canal had brought civilization into the wilderness . Construction ( edit ) Stonework of lock abandoned because of route change , at Durhamville , New York An original five - step lock structure crossing the Niagara Escarpment at Lockport , now without gates and used as a cascade for excess water Erie Canal lock in Lockport , New York The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices as surveyors and as engineers . There were no civil engineers in the United States . James Geddes and Benjamin Wright , who laid out the route , were judges whose experience in surveying was in settling boundary disputes . Geddes had only used a surveying instrument for a few hours before his work on the Canal . Canvass White was a 27 - year - old amateur engineer who persuaded Clinton to let him go to Britain at his own expense to study the canal system there . Nathan Roberts was a mathematics teacher and land speculator . Yet these men `` carried the Erie Canal up the Niagara escarpment at Lockport , maneuvered it onto a towering embankment to cross over Irondequoit Creek , spanned the Genesee River on an awesome aqueduct , and carved a route for it out of the solid rock between Little Falls and Schenectady -- and all of those venturesome designs worked precisely as planned '' . ( Bernstein , p. 381 ) Construction began July 4 , 1817 , at Rome , New York . The first 15 miles ( 24 km ) , from Rome to Utica , opened in 1819 . At that rate , the canal would not be finished for 30 years . The main delays were caused by felling trees to clear a path through virgin forest and moving excavated soil , which took longer than expected , but the builders devised ways to solve these problems . To fell a tree , they threw rope over the top branches and winched it down . They pulled out the stumps with an innovative stump puller . A pair of huge wheels were mounted loose on an axle . A large wheel , barely smaller than the others , was fixed to the center of the axle . A chain was wrapped around the axle and hooked to the stump . A rope was wrapped around the center wheel and hooked to a team of oxen . The mechanical advantage ( torque ) obtained ripped the stumps out of the soil . Soil to be moved was shoveled into large wheelbarrows that were dumped into mule - pulled carts . Using a scraper and a plow , a three - man team with oxen , horses , and mules could build a mile in a year . The remaining problem was finding labor ; increased immigration helped fill the need . Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish , who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5,000 from Ireland , most of whom were Roman Catholic , a religion that raised much suspicion in early America due to its hierarchic structure , and many laborers on the canal suffered violent assault as the result of misjudgment and xenophobia . Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived . When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh ( at the outlet of Cayuga Lake west of Syracuse ) , it was rumored over 1,000 workers died of `` swamp fever '' ( malaria ) , and construction was temporarily stopped . However , recent research has revealed the death toll was likely much lower , as no contemporary reports mention significant worker mortality , and mass graves from the period have never been found in the area . Work continued on the downhill side towards the Hudson , and when the marsh froze in winter , the crews worked to complete the section across the swamps . The middle section from Utica to Salina ( Syracuse ) was completed in 1820 , and traffic on that section started up immediately . Expansion to the east and west proceeded , and the whole eastern section , 250 miles ( 400 km ) from Brockport to Albany , opened on September 10 , 1823 to great fanfare . The Champlain Canal , a separate but interconnected 64 - mile ( 103 km ) north - south route from Watervliet on the Hudson to Lake Champlain , opened on the same date . In 1824 , before the canal was completed , a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler , Along the Line of the Canals , and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York , was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators . After Montezuma Marsh , the next difficulties were crossing Irondequoit Creek and the Genesee River near Rochester . The first ultimately required building the 1,320 - foot ( 400 m ) long `` Great Embankment , '' which carried the canal at a height of 76 feet ( 23 m ) above the level of the creek , which was carried through a 245 - foot ( 75 m ) culvert underneath . The river was crossed on a stone aqueduct 802 feet ( 244 m ) long and 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) wide , with 11 arches . After the Genesee , the next obstacle was crossing the Niagara Escarpment , an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) wall of hard dolomitic limestone , to rise to the level of Lake Erie . The route followed the channel of a creek that had cut a ravine steeply down the escarpment , with two sets of five locks in a series , soon giving rise to the community of Lockport . The 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) lift - locks had a total lift of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , exiting into a deeply cut channel . The final leg had to be cut 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) through another limestone layer , the Onondaga ridge . Much of that section was blasted with black powder , and the inexperience of the crews often led to accidents , and sometimes rocks falling on nearby homes . Two villages competed to be the terminus : Black Rock , on the Niagara River , and Buffalo , at the eastern tip of Lake Erie . Buffalo expended great energy to widen and deepen Buffalo Creek to make it navigable and to create a harbor at its mouth . Buffalo won over Black Rock , and grew into a large city , eventually encompassing its former competitor . The entire canal was officially completed on October 26 , 1825 . The event was marked by a statewide `` Grand Celebration , '' culminating in successive cannon shots along the length of the canal and the Hudson , a 90 - minute cannonade from Buffalo to New York City . A flotilla of boats , led by Governor Dewitt Clinton aboard the Seneca Chief , sailed from Buffalo to New York City in ten days . Clinton then ceremonially poured Lake Erie water into New York Harbor to mark the `` Wedding of the Waters '' . On its return trip , the Seneca Chief brought a keg of Atlantic Ocean water back to Buffalo to be poured into Lake Erie by Buffalo 's Judge Samuel Wilkeson , who would later become mayor . The Erie Canal was thus completed in eight years at a cost of $7,143,000 . ( Equivalent to $140 billion today . ) It was acclaimed as an engineering marvel that united the country and helped New York City become a financial capital . Route ( edit ) 1853 Map of New York canals emboldened , center : the Erie Canal , other lines : railroads , rivers and county borders Lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport , New York c. 1855 . Published for Herrman J. Meyer , 164 William Street , New York City . The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany , and ran north to Watervliet , where the Champlain Canal branched off . At Cohoes , it climbed the escarpment on the west side of the Hudson River and then turned west along the south shore of the Mohawk River , crossing to the north side at Crescent and again to the south at Rexford . The canal continued west near the south shore of the Mohawk River all the way to Rome , where the Mohawk turns north . At Rome , the canal continued west parallel to Wood Creek , which flows westward into Oneida Lake , and turned southwest and west cross-country to avoid the lake . From Canastota west , it ran roughly along the north ( lower ) edge of the Onondaga Escarpment , passing through Syracuse , Onondaga Lake , and Rochester . Before reaching Rochester , the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek . At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment , using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek . The canal continued south - southwest to Pendleton , where it turned west and southwest , mainly using the channel of Tonawanda Creek . From the Tonawanda south toward Buffalo , it ran just east of the Niagara River , where it reached its `` Western Terminus '' at Little Buffalo Creek ( later it became the Commercial Slip ) , which discharged into the Buffalo River just above its confluence with Lake Erie . With Buffalo 's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip , completed in 2008 , the Canal 's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats . With several miles of the Canal inland of this location still lying under 20th - century fill and urban construction , the effective western navigable terminus of the Erie Canal is found at Tonawanda . The Erie made use of the favorable conditions of New York 's unique topography , which provided that area with the only break in the Appalachians south of the Saint Lawrence River . The Hudson is tidal to Troy , and Albany is west of the Appalachians . It allowed for east -- west navigation from the coast to the Great Lakes within US territory . The canal system thus gave New York a competitive advantage , helped New York City develop as an international trade center , and allowed Buffalo to grow from just 200 settlers in 1820 to more than 18,000 people by 1840 . The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest -- because of this vital connection and others to follow , such as the railroads , New York would become known as the `` Empire State '' or `` the great Empire State '' . Enlargements and improvements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derelict aqueduct over Nine Mile Creek north of Camillus , New York built in 1841 and abandoned c. 1918 ; one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal , it has since been restored . Problems developed but were quickly solved . Leaks developed along the entire length of the canal , but these were sealed using cement that hardened underwater ( hydraulic cement ) . Erosion on the clay bottom proved to be a problem and the speed was limited to 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) . The original design planned for an annual tonnage of 1.5 million tons ( 1.36 million metric tons ) , but this was exceeded immediately . An ambitious program to improve the canal began in 1834 . During this massive series of construction projects , known as the First Enlargement , the canal was widened from 40 feet ( 12 m ) to 70 feet ( 21 m ) and deepened from 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) to 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) . Locks were widened and / or rebuilt in new locations , and many new navigable aqueducts were constructed . The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches , resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal . The First Enlargement was completed in 1862 , with further minor enlargements in later decades . Today , the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the `` Improved Erie Canal '' or the `` Old Erie Canal '' , to distinguish it from the canal 's modern - day course . Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are sometimes referred to today as `` Clinton 's Ditch '' ( which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817 -- 1825 construction ) . Upstream view of the downstream lock at Lock 32 , Pittsford , New York . Additional feeder canals soon extended the Erie Canal into a system . These included the Cayuga - Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes , the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego , and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain . From 1833 to 1877 , the short Crooked Lake Canal connected Keuka Lake and Seneca Lake . The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in 1833 , and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system . The Chenango Canal in 1836 connected the Erie Canal at Utica to Binghamton and caused a business boom in the Chenango River valley . The Chenango and Chemung canals linked the Erie with the Susquehanna River system . The Black River Canal connected the Black River to the Erie Canal at Rome and remained in operation until the 1920s . The Genesee Valley Canal was run along the Genesee River to connect with the Allegheny River at Olean , but the Allegheny section , which would have connected to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers , was never built . The Genesee Valley Canal was later abandoned and became the route of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad . In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the `` Improvement of the Erie , the Oswego , the Champlain , and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals '' . In 1905 , construction of the Barge Canal began , which was completed in 1918 , at a cost of $96.7 million . Freight traffic reached a total of 5.2 million short tons ( 4.7 million metric tons ) by 1951 , before declining in the face of combined rail and truck competition . Competition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the `` Water Level Routes '' of the New York Central Railroad ( purple ) , West Shore Railroad ( red ) and Erie Canal ( blue ) . As the canal brought travelers to New York City , it took business away from other ports such as Philadelphia and Baltimore . Those cities and their states started projects to compete with the Erie Canal . In Pennsylvania , the Main Line of Public Works was a combined canal and railroad running west from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh on the Ohio River , opened in 1834 . In Maryland , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ran west to Wheeling , West Virginia , also on the Ohio River , and was completed in 1853 . Other competition was more direct . The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in 1837 , providing a bypass to the slowest part of the canal between Albany and Schenectady . Other railroads were soon chartered and built to continue the line west to Buffalo , and in 1842 a continuous line ( which later became the New York Central Railroad and its Auburn Road in 1853 ) was open the whole way to Buffalo . As the railroad served the same general route as the canal , but provided for faster travel , passengers soon switched to it . However , as late as 1852 , the canal carried thirteen times more freight tonnage than all the railroads in New York State combined ; it continued to compete well with the railroads through 1902 , when tolls were abolished . The New York , West Shore and Buffalo Railway was completed in 1884 , as a route running closely parallel to both the canal and the New York Central Railroad . However , it went bankrupt and was acquired the next year by the New York Central . Impact ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Packet dock in Syracuse , New York c. 1905 . Rochester , NY aqueduct circa 1890 The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of shipping between the Midwest and the Northeast , bringing much lower food costs to Eastern cities and allowing the East to economically ship machinery and manufactured goods to the Midwest . The canal also made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City , Buffalo , and New York State . Its impact went much further , increasing trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the West . The Erie Canal was an immediate success . Tolls collected on freight had already exceeded the state 's construction debt in its first year of official operation . By 1828 , import duties collected at the New York Customs House supported federal government operations and provided funds for all the expenses in Washington except the interest on the national debt . Additionally , New York state 's initial loan for the original canal had been paid by 1837 . Although it had been envisioned as primarily a commercial channel for freight boats , passengers also traveled on the canal 's packet boats . In 1825 more than forty thousand passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel . The canal 's steady flow of tourists , businessmen and settlers lent it to uses never imagined by its initial sponsors . Evangelical preachers made their circuits of the upstate region and the canal served as the last leg of the underground railroad ferrying runaway slaves to Buffalo near the Canada -- US border . Aspiring merchants found that tourists proved to double as reliable customers . Vendors moved from boat to boat peddling items such as books , watches and fruit while less scrupulous `` confidence men '' sold remedies for foot corns or passed off counterfeit bills . Tourists were carried along the `` northern tour '' , which ultimately led to the popular honeymoon destination Niagara Falls , just north of Buffalo . Consisting of a massive stone aqueduct which carried boats over incredible cascades , Little Falls was one of the most popular stops for American and foreign tourists -- as depicted in Scene 4 of William Dunlap 's play A Trip to Niagara , where he depicts the general preference of tourists to travel by canal so that they could see a combination of artificial and natural sites . Canal travel was , for many , an opportunity to take in the sublime and commune with nature . The play also reflects the less enthusiastic view of some seeing movement on the canal as tedious . New ethnic Irish communities formed in some towns along its route after completion , as Irish immigrants were a large portion of the construction labor force . Earth extracted from the canal was transported to the New York city area and used as landfill in New York and New Jersey . A plaque honoring the canal 's construction is located in Battery Park in southern Manhattan . Because so many immigrants traveled on the canal , many genealogists have sought copies of canal passenger lists . Apart from the years 1827 -- 1829 , canal boat operators were not required to record or report passenger names to the government , which , in this case , was the state of New York . Those passenger lists that were recorded survive today in the New York State Archives , and other sources of traveler information are sometimes available . The Canal also helped bind the still - new nation closer to Britain and Europe . British repeal of the Corn Law resulted in a huge increase in exports of Midwestern wheat to Britain . Trade between the United States and Canada also increased as a result of the Corn Law and a reciprocity ( free - trade ) agreement signed in 1854 ; much of this trade flowed along the Erie . Its success also prompted imitation : a rash of canal - building followed . Also , the many technical hurdles that had to be overcome made heroes of those whose innovations made the canal possible . This led to an increased public esteem for practical education . Chicago , among other Great Lakes cities , recognized the commercial importance of the canal to its economy , and two West Loop streets are named `` Canal '' and `` Clinton '' ( for canal proponent DeWitt Clinton ) . Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation of another New York National Historic Landmark , the Adirondack Park , in 1885 . Two `` low '' lift bridges in Lockport , New York July 2010 . Many notable authors wrote about the canal , including Herman Melville , Frances Trollope , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Mark Twain , Samuel Hopkins Adams and the Marquis de Lafayette , and many tales and songs were written about life on the canal . The popular song `` Low Bridge '' by Thomas S. Allen was written in 1905 to memorialize the canal 's early heyday , when barges were pulled by mules rather than engines . Sunday closing debate ( edit ) The New York State Legislature debated closing the locks of the Erie Canal on Sundays , when they convened in 1858 . However , George Jeremiah and Dwight Bacheller , two of the bill 's opponents , argued that the state had no right to stop canal traffic on the grounds that the Erie Canal and its tributaries had ceased to be wards of the state . The canal at its inception had been imagined as an extension of nature , an artificial river where there had been none . The canal succeeded by sharing more in common with lakes and seas than it had with public roads . Jeremiah and Bacheller argued , successfully , that just as it was unthinkable to halt oceangoing navigation on Sunday , it was so with the canal . 20th century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The modern Erie Canal has 34 locks , which are painted with the blue and gold colors of the New York State Canal System . In 1918 , the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal . This new canal replaced much of the original route , leaving many abandoned sections ( most notably between Syracuse and Rome ) . New digging and flood control technologies allowed engineers to canalize rivers that the original canal had sought to avoid , such as the Mohawk , Seneca , and Clyde rivers , and Oneida Lake . In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers ( particularly between Rochester and Buffalo ) , the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet ( 37 m ) wide and 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) deep . The expansion allowed barges up to 2,000 short tons ( 1,800 t ) to use the Canal . This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal , and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping . The new alignment began on the Hudson River at the border between Cohoes and Waterford , where it ran northwest with five locks ( the so - called `` Waterford Flight '' ) , running into the Mohawk River east of Crescent . The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world . This photo shows the Gateway Harbor in North Tonawanda , NY about 1000 feet from the present day western terminus of the Erie Canal where it connects to the Niagara River . While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome , the new canal ran through the river , which was straightened or widened where necessary . At Ilion , the new canal left the river for good , but continued to run on a new alignment parallel to both the river and the old canal to Rome . From Rome , the new route continued almost due west , merging with Fish Creek just east of its entry into Oneida Lake . From Oneida Lake , the new canal ran west along the Oneida River , with cutoffs to shorten the route . At Three Rivers the Oneida River turns northwest , and was deepened for the Oswego Canal to Lake Ontario . The new Erie Canal turned south there along the Seneca River , which turns west near Syracuse and continues west to a point in the Montezuma Marsh ( 43 ° 00 ′ 11 '' N 76 ° 43 ′ 52 '' W  /  43.00296 ° N 76.73115 ° W  / 43.00296 ; - 76.73115 ) . There the Cayuga and Seneca Canal continued south with the Seneca River , and the new Erie Canal again ran parallel to the old canal along the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment , in some places running along the Clyde River , and in some places replacing the old canal . At Pittsford , southeast of Rochester , the canal turned west to run around the south side of Rochester , rather than through downtown . The canal crosses the Genesee River at the Genesee Valley Park ( 43 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 33 '' W  /  43.1215 ° N 77.6425 ° W  / 43.1215 ; - 77.6425 ) , then rejoins the old path near North Gates . From there it was again roughly an upgrade to the original canal , running west to Lockport . This reach of 64.2 miles from Henrietta to Lockport is called `` the 60 ‐ mile level '' since there are no locks and the water level rises only two feet over the entire segment . Diversions from and to adjacent natural streams along the way are used to maintain the canal 's level . It runs southwest to Tonawanda , where the new alignment discharges into the Niagara River , which is navigable upstream to the New York Barge Canal 's Black Rock Lock and thence to the Canal 's original `` Western Terminus '' at Buffalo 's Inner Harbor . The growth of railroads and highways across the state , and the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway , caused commercial traffic on the canal to decline dramatically during the second half of the 20th century . New York State Canal system ( edit ) In 1992 , the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System ( including the Erie , Cayuga - Seneca , Oswego , and Champlain canals ) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation , a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority . The canal system is operated using money generated by Thruway tolls . 21st century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1990s , the canal system has been used primarily by recreational traffic , although a small but growing amount of cargo traffic still uses it . Today , the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor covers 524 miles ( 843 km ) of navigable water from Lake Champlain to the Capital Region and west to Buffalo . The area has a population of 2.7 million : about 75 % of Central and Western New York 's population lives within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the Erie Canal . The Erie Canal is open to small craft and some larger vessels from May through November each year . During winter , water is drained from parts of the canal for maintenance . The Champlain Canal , Lake Champlain , and the Chambly Canal , and Richelieu River in Canada form the Lakes to Locks Passage , making a tourist attraction of the former waterway linking eastern Canada to the Erie Canal . In 2006 recreational boating fees were eliminated to attract more visitors . Travel on the canal 's middle section ( particularly in the Mohawk Valley ) was severely hampered by flooding in late June and early July 2006 . Flood damage to the canal and its facilities was estimated as at least $15 million . There were some 42 commercial shipments on the canal in 2008 , compared to 15 such shipments in 2007 and more than 33,000 shipments in 1855 , the canal 's peak year . The new growth in commercial traffic is due to the rising cost of diesel fuel . Canal barges can carry a short ton of cargo 514 miles ( 827 km ) on one gallon of diesel fuel , while a gallon allows a train to haul the same amount of cargo 202 miles ( 325 km ) and a truck 59 miles ( 95 km ) . Canal barges can carry loads up to 3,000 short tons ( 2,700 long tons ) , and are used to transport objects that would be too large for road or rail shipment . Today , the system is served by several commercial towing companies . In 2012 , the New York State Canal System ( which consists of the Erie Canal and a few smaller canals ) was used to ship 42,000 tons of cargo . Erie Canal Aqueduct crossing the Genesee River in Rochester , New York . Broad Street now runs atop it . A proposed rewatering project of the Erie Canal Aqueduct to connect to a round lock on the Genesee River is under review . This revitalization project will also facilitate boating . On the Erie Canal Aqueduct looking north below Broad Street , downtown Rochester The Aqueduct is divided by the concrete support for the Broad Street Bridge above , in the former bed runs the former Rochester Subway A commercial tour boat locks through Baldwinsville 's Lock 24 . Aside from transportation , the canal 's waters are still utilized for other purposes such as irrigation for farmland , hydroelectricity , research , industry , and even drinking by numerous businesses , farms , factories and communities alongside its banks . Users of the canal system have an estimated total economic impact of $6.2 billion annually . Old Erie Canal ( edit ) The Old Erie Canal and its towpath at Kirkville , New York , within Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Sections of the old Erie Canal not used after 1918 are owned by New York State , or have been ceded to or purchased by counties or municipalities . Many stretches of the old canal have been filled in to create roads such as Erie Boulevard in Syracuse and Schenectady , and Broad Street and the Rochester Subway in Rochester . A 36 ‐ mile ( 58 km ) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt , New York , east of Syracuse , to just outside Rome , New York , is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park . In 1960 the Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site , a section of the canal in Montgomery County , was one of the first sites recognized as a National Historic Landmark . Some municipalities have preserved sections as town or county canal parks , or have plans to do so . Camillus Erie Canal Park preserves a 7 - mile ( 11 km ) stretch and has restored Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , built in 1841 as part of the First Enlargement of the canal . In some communities , the old canal has refilled with overgrowth and debris . Proposals have been made to rehydrate the old canal through downtown Rochester or Syracuse as a tourist attraction . In Syracuse , the location of the old canal is represented by a reflecting pool in downtown 's Clinton Square and the downtown hosts a canal barge and weigh lock structure , now dry . Buffalo 's Commercial Slip is the restored and re-watered segment of the canal which formed its `` Western Terminus '' . The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world , and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway . An Erie Canal Cruise company , based in Herkimer , operates from mid-May until mid-October with daily cruises . The cruise goes through the history of the canal and also takes passengers through Lock 18 . In 2004 , the administration of New York Governor George Pataki was criticized when officials of New York State Canal Corporation attempted to sell private development rights to large stretches of the Old Erie Canal to a single developer for $30,000 , far less than the land was worth on the open market . After an investigation by the Syracuse Post-Standard newspaper , the Pataki administration nullified the deal . Buffalo 's Erie Canal Commercial Slip in Spring 2008 . Records of the planning , design , construction , and administration of the Erie Canal are vast and can be found in the New York State Archives . Except for two years ( 1827 -- 1829 ) , the State of New York did not require canal boat operators to maintain or submit passenger lists . Parks and museums ( edit ) Parks and museums related to the old Erie Canal include ( listed from East to West ) : Day Peckinpaugh ship ; restoration and conversion to a floating museum was planned for completion in 2012 by the New York State Museum Watervliet Side Cut Locks , located at Watervliet and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 Enlarged Erie Canal Historic District ( Discontiguous ) , a national historic district located at Cohoes , New York listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 Enlarged Double Lock No. 23 , Old Erie Canal , Rotterdam Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site at Fort Hunter Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , DeWitt , NY Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , 36 - mile linear park from Rome to DeWitt Erie Canal Village , near Rome Canastota Canal Town Museum , Canastota Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum , near Chittenango Erie Canal Museum in downtown Syracuse Camillus Erie Canal Park in Camillus Jordan Canal Park in Jordan , town of Elbridge Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal , St. Johnsville Erie Canal Lock 52 Complex , a national historic district located at Port Byron and Mentz in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 Seneca River Crossing Canals Historic District , a national historic district located at Montezuma and Tyre in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 Centerport Aqueduct Park near Weedsport ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 Lock Berlin Park near Clyde Macedon Aqueduct Park near Palmyra Old Erie Canal Lock 60 Park in Macedon Perinton Park in Perinton near Fairport Genesee Valley Park in the city of Rochester Spencerport Depot & Canal Museum , Spencerport Niagara Escarpment `` Flight of Five '' locks at Lockport Erie Canal Discovery Center , 24 Church Street , Lockport ( Locks 34 and 35 ) Canalside Buffalo at the Canal 's `` Western Terminus '' Erie Canalway Trail ( edit ) Further information : New York State Canalway Trail Locks ( edit ) The modern single lock at the Niagara Escarpment The following list of locks is provided for the current canal , from east to west . There are a total of 36 ( 35 numbered ) locks on the Erie Canal . All locks on the New York State Canal System are single - chamber ; the dimensions are 328 feet ( 100 m ) long and 45 feet ( 13.7 m ) wide with a minimum 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) depth of water over the miter sills at the upstream gates upon lift . They can accommodate a vessel up to 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and 43.5 feet ( 13.3 m ) wide . Overall sidewall height will vary by lock , ranging between 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) and 61 feet ( 18.6 m ) depending on the lift and navigable stages . Lock E17 at Little Falls has the tallest sidewall height at 80 feet ( 24.4 m ) . Distance is based on position markers from an interactive canal map provided online by the New York State Canal Corporation and may not exactly match specifications on signs posted along the canal . Mean surface elevations are comprised from a combination of older canal profiles and history books as well as specifications on signs posted along the canal . The margin of error should normally be within 6 inches ( 15.2 cm ) . The Waterford Flight series of locks ( comprising Locks E2 through E6 ) is one of the steepest in the world , lifting boats 169 feet ( 52 m ) in less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . All surface elevations are approximate . Lock # Location Elevation ( upstream / west ) Elevation ( downstream / east ) Lift or Drop Distance to Next Lock ( upstream / west ) Troy Lock * Troy 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 1.3 ft ( 0.40 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E2 , 2.66 mi ( 4.28 km ) E2 Waterford 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 33.6 ft ( 10.2 m ) E3 , 0.46 mi ( 0.74 km ) E3 Waterford 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E4 , 0.51 mi ( 0.82 km ) E4 Waterford 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E5 , 0.27 mi ( 0.43 km ) E5 Waterford 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 33.3 ft ( 10.1 m ) E6 , 0.28 mi ( 0.45 km ) E6 Crescent 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 33.0 ft ( 10.1 m ) E7 , 10.92 mi ( 17.57 km ) E7 Vischer Ferry 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 27.0 ft ( 8.2 m ) E8 , 10.97 mi ( 17.65 km ) E8 Scotia 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E9 , 5.03 mi ( 8.10 km ) E9 Rotterdam 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E10 , 5.95 mi ( 9.58 km ) E10 Cranesville 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E11 , 4.27 mi ( 6.87 km ) E11 Amsterdam 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E12 , 4.23 mi ( 6.81 km ) E12 Tribes Hill 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E13 , 9.60 mi ( 15.45 km ) E13 Yosts 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E14 , 7.83 mi ( 12.60 km ) E14 Canajoharie 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E15 , 3.35 mi ( 5.39 km ) E15 Fort Plain 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E16 , 6.72 mi ( 10.81 km ) E16 St. Johnsville 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 20.5 ft ( 6.2 m ) E17 , 7.97 mi ( 12.83 km ) E17 Little Falls 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 40.5 ft ( 12.3 m ) E18 , 4.20 mi ( 6.76 km ) E18 Jacksonburg 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 20.0 ft ( 6.1 m ) E19 , 11.85 mi ( 19.07 km ) E19 Frankfort 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 21.0 ft ( 6.4 m ) E20 , 10.28 mi ( 16.54 km ) E20 Whitesboro 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E21 , 18.10 mi ( 29.13 km ) E21 New London 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) − 25.0 ft ( − 7.6 m ) E22 , 1.32 mi ( 2.12 km ) E22 New London 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) − 25.3 ft ( − 7.7 m ) E23 , 28.91 mi ( 46.53 km ) E23 Brewerton 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) − 7.1 ft ( − 2.2 m ) E24 , 18.77 mi ( 30.21 km ) E24 Baldwinsville 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E25 , 30.69 mi ( 49.39 km ) E25 Mays Point 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E26 , 5.83 mi ( 9.38 km ) E26 Clyde 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E27 , 12.05 mi ( 19.39 km ) E27 Lyons 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 12.5 ft ( 3.8 m ) E28A , 1.28 mi ( 2.06 km ) E28A Lyons 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 19.5 ft ( 5.9 m ) E28B , 3.98 mi ( 6.41 km ) E28B Newark 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E29 , 9.79 mi ( 15.76 km ) E29 Palmyra 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E30 , 2.98 mi ( 4.80 km ) E30 Macedon 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 16.4 ft ( 5.0 m ) E32 , 16.12 mi ( 25.94 km ) E32 Pittsford 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 25.1 ft ( 7.7 m ) E33 , 1.26 mi ( 2.03 km ) E33 Rochester 512.9 ft ( 156.3 m ) 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 25.4 ft ( 7.7 m ) E34 / 35 , 64.28 mi ( 103.45 km ) E34 Lockport 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 514.9 ft ( 156.9 m ) 24.6 ft ( 7.5 m ) E35 , adjacent to Lock E34 . E35 Lockport 564.0 ft ( 171.9 m ) 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 24.5 ft ( 7.5 m ) Black Rock Lock in Niagara River , 26.39 mi ( 42.47 km ) Black Rock Lock * Buffalo 570.6 ft ( 173.9 m ) 565.6 ft ( 172.4 m ) 5.0 ft ( 1.5 m ) Commercial Slip at Buffalo River , 3.89 mi ( 6.26 km ) * Denotes Federal managed locks . There is roughly a 2 - foot ( 0.6 m ) natural rise between locks E33 and E34 as well as a 1.5 - foot ( 0.5 m ) natural rise between Lock E35 and the Niagara River . Note : There is no Lock E1 or Lock E31 on the Erie Canal . The place of `` Lock E1 '' on the passage from the lower Hudson River to Lake Erie is taken by the Troy Federal Lock , located just north of Troy , New York , and is not part of the Erie Canal System proper . It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The Erie Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford , New York . Note : The Black Rock Lock is in the New York State Barge Canal , and allows passage beside the Niagara River to the Erie Canal 's `` Western Terminus '' at the Commercial Slip . Upstream and downstream water levels , as well as Black Rock Lock 's lift , vary with the naturally fluctuating levels of Lake Erie and the Niagara River . Although a portion of the Erie Canal through Buffalo has been filled in , travel by water is still possible , from the `` Commercial Slip '' , through Buffalo 's Inner Harbor and the Black Rock Lock , to Tonawanda , New York , Lockport , and eastward to Albany . The lock is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Oneida Lake lies between locks E22 and E23 , and has a mean surface elevation of 370 feet ( 112.8 m ) . Lake Erie has a mean surface elevation of 571 feet ( 174.1 m ) . See also ( edit ) Alfred Barrett `` Low Bridge '' , song written by Thomas S. Allen , also known as `` The Erie Canal Song '' Welland Canal -- opened in 1829 , alternate route from Lake Erie to the Atlantic via short canal to Lake Ontario Illinois and Michigan Canal , connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River Ohio and Erie Canal , connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River , and thus the Mississippi River List of canals in New York List of canals in the United States The Farmer Takes a Wife , a 1935 film in which Henry Fonda makes his screen debut as a man who works reluctantly on the Erie Canal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Locks on the Erie Canal '' . The Erie Canal . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` 200 Years Ago , Erie Canal Got Its Start as Just a ' Ditch ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . `` The Story of the New York State Canals '' ( PDF ) . New York State Engineer and Surveyor ( republished by New York State Canal Corporation ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Works of Man '' , Ronald W. Clark , ISBN 0 - 670 - 80483 - 5 ( 1985 ) 352 pages , Viking Penguin , Inc , NYC , NY , quotation page 87 : `` There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts , while a packhorse would ( sic , meaning ' could ' or ' can only ' ) carry only an eighth of a ton ( ( 1,250 long tons ( 1,270 t ) ) . On a soft road , a horse might be able to draw 5 / 8ths of a ton ( ( 0.6250 long tons ( 0.6350 t ) ) or 5X ) . But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway , then up to 30 tons ( ( 30 long tons ( 30 t ) or 60,000 pounds ( 27,000 kg ) ) or 240x ) could be drawn by the same horse . '' Jump up ^ The New York State Canal System , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Erie Canal Opens , This Day in History : October 26 , American HistoryChannel.com Jump up ^ Frank E. Sadowski Jr. , `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Using Clark 's Works of Man figures , a mule can draw 60,000 lbs but carry only 250 lbs , which need men to load and unload daily , have a need to carry grain as well ( parasitic weight ) , and for same tonnages , required far more men as a labor force , drastically increasing running costs . A 95 % reduction is probably conservative , 250 # / 30t is 0.4 % the expenses , so reduction to 5 % costs still indicates someone is taking a lot of profits . ^ Jump up to : `` Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Maag ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Hints of Comeback for Nation 's First Superhighway '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ The five east -- west crossings of the Appalachians are : Plains of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi ( around the bottom ) , the Cumberland Gap pass connecting North Carolina / Southern Virginia with Kentucky / Tennessee , the Cumberland Narrows pass connecting Cumberland , Maryland ( in Western Maryland ) and Northern Virginia with West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania via Brownsville , Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River or the Youghiogheny River valley ( both of the Ohio & Mississippi river system ) , the gaps of the Allegheny connecting the Susquehanna River Valley in central Pennsylvania with the Allegheny River valley ( and again the Ohio Country ) , and lastly , the Mohawk River water gap and valley tributary of the Hudson River , creating what later advertising would call the level water route westwards . Jump up ^ `` Railroad Travel Rates , 1800 -- 1930 '' . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` America 's River ; From Washington and Jefferson to the Army Corps of Engineers , everyone had grandiose plans to tame the Potomac . Fortunately for us , they all failed '' . The Washington Post , May 5 , 2002 ; p . W. 12 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Daniel Hovey . The American civil engineer : Origins and conflict . Technology Press , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Sheriff , Carol ( 1996 ) . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress 1817 -- 1862 . Hill & Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation , Peter L. Bernstein Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gerard Koeppel ( 2009 ) . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire . Da Capo Press , . pp. 212 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Andrew Kitzmann ( 2009 ) . Postcard History Series : Erie Canal . Arcadia Publishing . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Farley , Doug ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` ERIE CANAL DISCOVERY : The great embankment '' . Lockport Union - Sun & Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Genesee River Aqueduct '' . The Erie Canal . Monroe County Library System . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger ( May 1964 ) . `` Canals and Development : A Discussion of the Issues '' . American Economic Review . 54 ( 3 ) : 375 . Jump up ^ Boissoneault , Lorraine ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Thank the Erie Canal for Spreading People , Ideas and Germs Across America '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteford , Noble E. ( 1922 ) . History of the Barge Canal of New York State . J.B. Lyon Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 . Jump up ^ North , Douglas C. ( 1966 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 -- 1860 . New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Thomas ( 2016 ) . Fordham : A history of the Jesuit university of New York : 841 -- 2003 . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 9780823271511 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication of the Flight of Five Locks as a Civil Engineering Landmark ( 9 / 9 / 2012 ) '' . ASCE Rennselaer . American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) , RPI Chapter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : exploring New York 's great canals : a complete guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vt. : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Commercial Shipping on the New York State Canal System Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation , Report on Economic Benefits of Non ‐ Tourism Use of the NYS Canal System Jump up ^ National Park Service , National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Camillus Erie Canal Park , Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cycling the Erie Canal : A Guide to 400 Miles of Adventure and History Along the Erie Canalway Trail ( Revised ed . ) . Parks & Trails New York . 2015 . ISBN 9780974827735 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canal Records '' . New York State Archives . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation -- Canal Map , New York State Canals , Retrieved Jan. 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New York State Canal Corporation -- Frequently Asked Questions , Retrieved Jan. 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Erie Canal -- Locks , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal , History of the Barge Canal of New York State by Noble E. Whitford , 1921 , Chapter 23 , Retrieved Jan. 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilfred H. Schoff , The New York State Barge Canal , 1915 , American Geographical Society , Vol. 47 , No. 7 , p. 498 , Retrieved Jan. 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal -- Canal Profiles , Retrieved Jan. 6 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( November 2016 ) Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' , ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) Bernstein , Peter L. ( 2005 ) . Wedding of the waters : the Erie Canal and the making of a great nation ( 1st ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05233 - 8 . Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . The Story of the New York State Canals : Historical and Commercial Information ( PDF ) . New York State Canal Corporation . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Hecht , Roger W. ( 2003 ) . The Erie canal reader , 1790 - 1950 ( 1st ed . ) . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815607595 . Keene , Michael ( 2016 ) . The psychic highway : how the Erie Canal changed America . Fredericksburg , Virginia : Willow Manor Publishing . ISBN 9781939688323 . Kelly , Jack ( 2016 ) . Heaven 's Ditch : God , Gold , and Murder on the Erie Canal . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781137280091 . Koeppel , Gerard . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire , Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press , 2009 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81827 - 2 online review McGreevy , Patrick . Stairway to Empire : Lockport , the Erie Canal , and the Shaping of America ( Albany , New York : SUNY Press , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2527 - 6 online review Museum , Erie Canal ; Morganstein , Martin ; Cregg , Joan H. ( 2001 ) . Erie Canal . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Pub. Co . ISBN 0738508691 . Panagopoulos , Janie Lynn ( 1995 ) . Erie Trail West : a dream - quest adventure . Spring Lake , Michigan : River Road Publications . ISBN 0 - 938682 - 35 - 0 . Papp , John P . The Erie Canal Albany to Buffalo . Schenectady , New York : Historical Publications ( 1977 ) . Reisem , Richard O. ( 2000 ) . Erie Canal legacy : architectural treasures of the Empire State . Rochester , New York : Landmark Society of Western New York . ISBN 0964170663 . Shaw , Ronald E. Erie water west : a history of the Erie Canal , 1792 -- 1854 ( 1990 ) online edition Sheriff , Carol . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress , 1817 -- 1862 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 4 . Stack , Debbie Daino ; Cuomo , Captain Ronald S. Marquisee ; with a foreword by Andrew ( 2001 ) . The Erie Canal : Cruising America 's waterways . Manlius , New York : Media Artists Inc . ISBN 0970888600 . Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : exploring New York 's great canals : a complete guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vermont : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erie Canal . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erie Canal . Information and Boater 's Guide to the Erie Canal Canalway Trail Information Historical information ( with photos ) of the Erie Canal New York State Canal Corporation Site The Opening of the Erie Canal -- An Online Exhibition by CUNY The Canal Society of New York State Digging Clinton 's Ditch : The Impact of the Erie Canal on America 1807 -- 1860 Multimedia A Glimpse at Clinton 's Ditch , 1819 -- 1820 by Richard F. Palmer Guide to Canal Records in the New York State Archives The Erie Canal Mapping Project New York Heritage -- Working on the Erie Canal Photographs of the Erie Canal Relating to Fort Hunter , N.Y. Ca . 1910 ( finding aid ) at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . William Jaeger 's photography of the Canal remains Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . NY - 231 , `` Erie Canal Viaduct , Moyer Creek Crossing '' HABS No . NY - 6040 , `` Erie Canal Locks '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 6 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Schoharie Creek Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 11 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Lock Number 18 '' HAER No . NY - 12 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Upper Mohawk River Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 16 , `` Erie Canal , Yankee Hill Lock Number 28 '' HAER No . NY - 17 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Empire Lock Number 29 '' HAER No . NY - 152 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Oothout Culvert & Waste Weir '' HAER No . NY - 157 , `` Eagle 's Nest Creek Culvert '' HAER No . NY - 337 , `` Erie Canal ( Original ) , Locks 37 & 38 '' HAER No . 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Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point VIAF : 243584674 GND : 4309875 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erie_Canal&oldid=801218534 '' Categories : 1821 establishments in New York ( state ) Canals in New York ( state ) Erie Canal Geography of Buffalo , New York Historic American Buildings Survey in New York ( state ) Historic American Engineering Record in New York ( state ) Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Canals opened in 1825 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles lacking ISBNs Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 11 : 50 . 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1. Erie Canal specifications 2. History of the Erie Canal 3. Route of the Erie Canal 4. Enlargements and improvements of the Erie Canal 5. Impact of the Erie Canal

who qualifies for head of household on taxes

Head of Household - wikipedia Head of Household Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tax term . For other uses , see Big Brother ( US ) § Head of Household ( HoH ) . This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal Head of Household is a filing status for individual United States taxpayers . To use the Head of Household filing status , a taxpayer must : Be unmarried or considered unmarried at the end of the year Have paid more than half the cost of keeping up a home for the tax year ( either one 's own home or the home of a qualifying parent ) Usually have a qualifying person who lived with the head in the home for more than half of the tax year unless the qualifying person is a dependent parent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Advantages 2 Considered unmarried 3 Keeping up a home 4 Qualifying person 4.1 Qualifying relatives 4.2 Special rule for parents 5 References Advantages ( edit ) The taxpayer using the Head of Household filing status is entitled to use the Head of Household tax rates , which feature wider tax brackets . Also , the taxpayer is entitled to a larger standard deduction ( $9,300 for tax year 2016 ) than taxpayers using Single or Married Filing Separately ( $6,300 for 2016 ) . Considered unmarried ( edit ) A person who is married on the last day of the tax year generally must use either the Married Filing Jointly or Married Filing Separately filing status . The exception is a taxpayer who is considered unmarried for Head of Household filing purposes and actually qualifies as Head of Household . To be considered unmarried , a taxpayer must meet all the following tests : The taxpayer must file a separate return . The taxpayer paid more than half the cost of keeping up the home for the tax year . The taxpayer 's spouse must not have lived in the home at any time during the last six months of the year . The taxpayer 's home was the main home of his or her child , stepchild , or foster child for more than half the year . The taxpayer must be able to claim an exemption for the child . However , this test is still met if the only reason that the taxpayer can not claim the child 's exemption is that the noncustodial parent is claiming the exemption ( under a written release of exemption or a pre-1985 decree of divorce , decree of separate maintenance , or written separation agreement ) . A taxpayer may also be considered unmarried for head of household purposes if the spouse is a nonresident alien , and the taxpayer does not elect to treat the spouse as a resident alien . In that case , the taxpayer is still considered married for purposes of the earned income credit . Keeping up a home ( edit ) To qualify for Head of Household filing status , the taxpayer must have paid more than half the cost of keeping up a home for the year . Costs to consider include property taxes , mortgage interest , rent , utilities , repairs and maintenance , insurance , and food eaten in the home . Costs such as education , clothing , vacation , and transportation are not included in the cost of keeping up the homes . Qualifying person ( edit ) The following table determines who is a qualifying person for Head of Household filing status : If the person is a ... AND ... THEN that person is ... Qualifying child ( 1 ) is single a qualifying person , whether or not one can claim an exemption for that person . is married and the taxpayer can claim an exemption for that person a qualifying person . is married and the taxpayer can not claim an exemption for that person not a qualifying person . Qualifying relative who is a father or mother the taxpayer can claim an exemption for that person a qualifying person . the taxpayer can not claim an exemption for that person not a qualifying person . Qualifying relative other than a father or mother that person lived with the taxpayer for more than half the year and is related in one of the ways listed below , and the taxpayer can claim an exemption for that person a qualifying person . did not live with taxpayer for more than half the year not a qualifying person . is not related in one of the ways listed below and is a qualifying relative only because he or she lived with the taxpayer for the whole year as a member of the household not a qualifying person . the taxpayer can not claim an exemption for that person not a qualifying person . ( 1 ) Qualifying Child MUST meet all the tests . For Example a 25 - year - old full - time student does not qualify as a child but may qualify as a Qualifying Relative if the tests are met . See Table 5 Pub 501 ( 2012 ) . In this case you could not file as HOH . If the tests are met you could file as single or married filing separately and claim an exemption for the non qualified child . Qualifying relatives ( edit ) Other than a father or mother , the following types of relationships may qualify a dependent as a qualifying person for head of household purposes : Child , stepchild , foster child , or a descendant of any of them . ( A legally adopted child is considered a child . ) Brother , sister , half - brother , half - sister , stepbrother , stepsister . Grandparent or direct ancestor but not foster parent . Stepfather or stepmother . Son or daughter of the taxpayer 's brother or sister . Brother or sister of the taxpayer 's father or mother . Son - in - law , daughter - in - law , father - in - law , mother - in - law , brother - in - law , or sister - in - law . Any of these relationships that was established by marriage is not ended by death or divorce . Special rule for parents ( edit ) If the qualifying person is the taxpayer 's father or mother , the taxpayer may file as Head of Household even if the father or mother does not live with the taxpayer . However , the taxpayer must be able to claim the exemption for the father or mother . Also , the taxpayer must pay more than half the cost of keeping up a home that was the main home for the entire year for the father or mother . The taxpayer is considered keeping up the father or mother 's main home by paying more than half the cost of keeping the parent in a rest home for the elderly . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Benefits of the Head of Household Filing Status '' . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Head of Household ( HOH ) Filing Status '' . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ IRS publication 501 , page 9 Jump up ^ IRS publication 501 , page 16 Jump up ^ `` Filing Status - Head of Household '' . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_of_Household&oldid=802962793 '' Categories : Taxation in the United States Tax terms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Emiliàn e rumagnòl Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Head of Household filing status 2. Tax advantages of Head of Household 3. Qualifications for Head of Household status 4. Considered unmarried for tax purposes 5. Cost of keeping up a home for tax purposes

who sings the song hello darkness my old friend

The Sound of Silence - Wikipedia The Sound of Silence Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Sound of Silence ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Sound of Silence '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Simon & Garfunkel <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. and Sounds of Silence B - side `` We 've Got a Groovy Thing Goin ' '' Released Original recording : October 1964 Overdubbed version : September 13 , 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 10 , 1964 Columbia Studios , New York City June 15 , 1965 ( overdubbed version ) Genre Folk rock Length 3 : 05 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1964 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1965 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Paul Simon singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' ( 1973 ) Take Me to the Mardi Gras 1973 `` The Sound of Silence ( Live ) '' ( 1974 ) The Sound of Silence ( Live ) 1974 `` Gone at Last '' ( 1975 ) Gone at Last 1975 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Sounds of Silence track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1 ) `` Leaves That Are Green '' ( 2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Sound of Silence '' , originally `` The Sounds of Silence '' , is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel . The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964 . A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records , and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. . Released in October 1964 , the album was a commercial failure and led to the duo breaking apart , with Paul Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University . In the spring of 1965 , the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston , Massachusetts , and throughout Florida . The growing airplay led Tom Wilson , the song 's producer , to remix the track , overdubbing electric instrumentation . Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song 's remix until after its release . The single was released in September 1965 . The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1 , 1966 , leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album , which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song 's success . The song was a top - ten hit in multiple countries worldwide , among them Australia , Austria , West Germany , Japan and the Netherlands . Generally considered a classic folk rock song , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important '' in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . Originally titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' on the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits . <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Sound of Silence '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Paul Simon <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Paul Simon Songbook Released August 1965 Recorded June -- July 1965 Length 3 : 19 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Reginald Warburghton Stanley West Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origin and original recording 1.2 Remix 2 Chart performance 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Disturbed version 6.1 Accolades 6.2 Weekly charts 6.3 Year - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Origin and original Recording ( edit ) Paul Simon , the song 's composer , seen here in 1966 . Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s . Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s , their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college . In 1963 , they regrouped and began performing Simon 's original compositions locally in Queens . They billed themselves `` Kane & Garr '' , after old recording pseudonyms , and signed up for Gerde 's Folk City , a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances . In September 1963 , the duo performed three new songs , among them `` The Sound of Silence '' , getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson , who worked with Bob Dylan . Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition , where a performance of `` The Sound of Silence '' got the duo signed to Columbia . The song 's origin and basis remain unclear , with multiple answers coming forward over the years . Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination , as the song was released three months after the assassination . Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however , `` I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old '' , which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy , with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom , where he turned off the lights to better concentrate . `` The main thing about playing the guitar , though , was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream . And I was always happy doing that . I used to go off in the bathroom , because the bathroom had tiles , so it was a slight echo chamber . I 'd turn on the faucet so that water would run ( I like that sound , it 's very soothing to me ) and I 'd play . In the dark . ' Hello darkness , my old friend / I 've come to talk with you again ' . '' In a more recent interview , Simon was directly asked , `` How is a 21 year old person thinkin ' about the words in that song ? '' His reply was , `` I have no idea . '' According to Garfunkel , the song was first developed in November , but Simon took three months to perfect the lyrics , which he claims were entirely written on February 19 , 1964 . Garfunkel once summed up the song 's meaning as `` the inability of people to communicate with each other , not particularly internationally but especially emotionally , so what you see around you are people unable to love each other . '' To promote the release of their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the duo performed again at Folk City , as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café , which went over poorly . Dave Van Ronk , a folk singer , was at the performances , and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke . `` ' Sounds of Silence ' actually became a running joke : for a while there , it was only necessary to start singing ' Hello darkness , my old friend ... ' and everybody would crack up . '' Wednesday Morning , 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release , and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London , England . While there , he recorded a solo album , The Paul Simon Songbook ( 1965 ) , which features a rendition of the song , titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' . The original recording of the song is in D ♯ minor , using the chords D ♯ m , C ♯ , B and F ♯ . Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret , using the shapes for Am , G , F and C chords . The vocal span goes from C ♯ 4 to F ♯ 5 in the song . Remix ( edit ) The song 's heavy airplay in Cocoa Beach , Florida alerted Columbia to release the single . Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play `` The Sound of Silence '' in spring 1965 . A late - night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin `` The Sound of Silence '' overnight , where it found a college demographic . Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well , and the song made its way down the East Coast pretty much `` overnight '' , `` all the way to Cocoa Beach , Florida , where it caught the students coming down for spring break . '' A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists , and beach - goers only were interested in the artists behind `` The Sound of Silence '' . He phoned the home office in New York , alerting them of its appeal . An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia 's July 1965 convention in Miami , where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song 's airplay . Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio , with Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' and the Byrds ' `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' ( also a Dylan song ) charting high . Wilson listened to the song several times , considering it too soft for a wide release . Afterwards , he turned on the Byrds ' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which gave him the idea to remix the song , overdubbing rock instrumentation . He employed musicians Al Gorgoni ( and Vinnie Bell ) on guitar , Bob Bushnell on bass , and Bobby Gregg on drums . The tempo on the original recording was uneven , making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time . Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix , which was a common trait of the Byrds ' hits . The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations , and a commercial single release followed on September 13 , 1965 . The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson 's remix was because , although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time , the musical duo at that time was no longer a `` working entity '' . It was not uncommon at the time for producers to add instruments or vocals to previously existing recordings and re-release them as new entities . In the fall of 1965 , Simon was in Denmark , performing at small clubs , and picked up a copy of Billboard , as he had routinely done for several years . Upon seeing `` The Sounds of Silence '' in the Billboard Hot 100 , he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing . Several days later , Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single 's growing success . A copy of the 7 '' single arrived in the mail the next day , and according to friend Al Stewart , `` ( Paul ) was horrified when he first heard it ... ( when the ) rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie 's voices could catch up . '' Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix , feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single : `` It 's interesting , I suppose it might do something , It might sell , '' he told Wilson . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Sound of Silence '' first broke in Boston , where it became one of the top - selling singles in early November 1965 ; it spread to Miami and Washington , D.C. two weeks later , reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 . Throughout the month of January 1966 `` The Sound of Silence '' had a one - on - one battle with The Beatles ' `` We Can Work It Out '' for the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . The former was No. 1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and No. 2 for the intervening two weeks . The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8 , 15 , and 29 , and was No. 2 for the two weeks that `` The Sound of Silence '' was No. 1 . Overall , `` The Sound of Silence '' spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart . In the wake of the song 's success , Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia 's request . He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1 , a story he repeated in numerous interviews : I had come back to New York , and I was staying in my old room at my parents ' house . Artie was living at his parents ' house , too . I remember Artie and I were sitting there in my car one night , parked on a street in Queens , and the announcer ( on the radio ) said , `` Number one , Simon & Garfunkel . '' And Artie said to me , `` That Simon & Garfunkel , they must be having a great time . '' Because there we were on a street corner ( in my car in ) Queens , smoking a joint . We did n't know what to do with ourselves . For his part , Garfunkel had a different memory of the song 's success : We were in L.A. Our manager called us at the hotel we were staying at . We were both in the same room . We must have bunked in the same room in those days . I picked up the phone . He said , ' Well , congratulations . Next week you will go from five to one in Billboard . ' It was fun . I remember pulling open the curtains and letting the brilliant sun come into this very red room , and then ordering room service . That was good . '' Reception ( edit ) In 1999 , BMI named `` The Sound of Silence '' as the 18th most - performed song of the 20th century . In 2004 , it was ranked No. 157 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , one of the duo 's three songs on the list . The song is now considered `` the quintessential folk rock release '' . On March 21 , 2013 , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long - term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . In Popular culture ( edit ) When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate , they initially timed some scenes to this song , intending to substitute original music for the scenes . However , they eventually concluded that an adequate substitute could not be found and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack . This was an unusual decision for the time , as the song had charted over a year earlier and recycling established music for film was not commonly done . The song was parodied by The Simpsons ( as ' The Sound of Grampa ' ) in the closing credits of the episode `` Lady Bouvier 's Lover '' . With the practice of using well - known songs for films becoming commonplace , `` The Sound of Silence '' has since been used for other films , such as Kingpin ( 1996 ) , Old School ( 2003 ) , Bobby ( 2006 ) , Watchmen ( 2009 ) , and Trolls ( 2016 ) . In the German TV movie Ein Drilling Kommt Selten Allein the song was sung by grandparents to calm down crying triplets . It appeared on the fourth season of the television series Arrested Development in 2013 as a running gag of characters ' inner reflections . It was also used as part of the soundtrack of episode 4 of the 2017 documentary on the Vietnam War by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick The Rush song `` The Spirit of Radio '' ends with a satirical homage to the final lines of `` The Sound of Silence '' : `` For the words of the profits were written on the studio wall , concert hall , and echoes with the sounds of salesmen '' . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 -- 68 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Canada RPM West German Media Control Charts 9 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart Netherlands Singles Chart 10 New Zealand ( Listener ) Spanish Singles Chart 17 Swiss Singles Chart 94 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Cash Box Top 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` CC C '' ( ja ) by The Tigers ( ja ) Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number - one single September 9 -- 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Koi no Kisetsu '' ( ja ) by Pinky & Killers ( ja ) Preceded by `` Over and Over '' by The Dave Clark Five Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 1 , 1966 Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 22 , 1966 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Disturbed version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Sound of Silence '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Disturbed <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Immortalized Released December 7 , 2015 Format 12 '' digital download Genre Piano rock Length 4 : 08 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Kevin Churko <Th_colspan="2"> Disturbed singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) A cover version was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7 , 2015 . A music video was released on December 7 , 2015 . Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs and Mainstream Rock charts , and is their highest - charting song on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 42 . It is also their highest - charting single in Australia , peaking at number 4 . David Draiman sings it in the key of F # m . The chord progression is F # m , E , D , A . The first two verses are almost an octave lower than the original and jumped up an octave for the last three verses . His vocal span goes from E2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation . In April 2016 , Paul Simon endorsed the cover . Additionally , on April 1 , Simon sent lead vocalist Draiman an email praising Disturbed 's performance of the rendition on American talk show Conan . Simon wrote : `` Really powerful performance on Conan the other day . First time I 'd seen you do it live . Nice . Thanks . '' Draiman responded , `` Mr. Simon , I am honored beyond words . We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time . Your compliment means the world to me / us and we are eternally grateful . '' As of September 2017 , the single had sold over 1.5 million digital downloads and had been streamed over 54 million times , estimated Nielsen Music . The music video has over 353 million views on YouTube , while the live performance on Conan has over 75 million , making it the most watched video from the show . Accolades ( edit ) Region Year Publication Accolade Rank United States 2015 Loudwire 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 40 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 191 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 57 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Portugal ( AFP ) 44 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Hard Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,502,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dutch singer Boudewijn de Groot included a Dutch translation of the song ( `` Het geluid van stilte '' ) on his self - titled 1965 debut album . In 1966 , Spanish rock band Los Mustang recorded a Spanish - language cover of the song , entitled `` El Ritmo Del Silencio '' . Irish pop music trio The Bachelors recorded a cover version of the song in 1966 , and this earned the group their last top 10 hit in both Ireland ( # 9 ) and the UK ( # 3 ) . The original version by Simon & Garfunkel has never charted in either Ireland or the UK . In 1966 , South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekela 's Next Album . In 1967 , Jamaican reggae bands The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads recorded a cover of the song . Jazz singer Carmen McRae covered the song for her 1968 album of the same name . Mercy released a version of the song on their 1969 album , Love Can Make You Happy . Swedish singer Anni - Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish - language cover of the song , entitled `` En ton av tystnad '' , which was featured on her 1971 debut album , Frida . Serbian and former Yugoslav acoustic music duo Vlada i Bajka recorded a Serbian language version of the song , `` Zvuk tišine '' , released on a single in 1971 . Israeli duo The Parvarim recorded a Hebrew - language version on their 1972 LP The Parvarim Sing Simon & Garfunkel . The lyric was translated by Ehud Manor . Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of the song , released on a single in 1978 . French singer Gérard Lenorman in his 1981 album D'amour , featured a rewritten lyrics of this song , and he named it `` Chanson d'innocence '' . In 1986 , Stanley Jordan recorded an instrumental version on his Standards , Vol. 1 album . In the late 1980s , The Fools often covered `` The Sound of Silence '' at their live performances . One such performance was released on the band 's 1987 live album Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! . The album was re-released with more tracks in 1993 as Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! ( Again ) . American heavy metal band Heir Apparent covered `` The Sound of Silence '' 1989 album One Small Voice . In 1990 , Brazilian singers Leandro e Leonardo covered `` The Sound of Silence '' , re-written as the love song `` É Por Você que Canto '' ( `` It is For You That I Sing '' ) . This version has since been re-covered by other groups . In 1996 , Filipino singer Regine Velasquez interpolated the song as a `` Prologue '' and an `` Epilogue '' for her album Retro . In 1996 , Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini covered `` The Sound of Silence '' . In 1997 , South African metal band The Awakening covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their debut album Risen . Another version was recorded for their 2014 compilation album Anthology XV . In 1999 , Gregorian covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Masters of Chant . In 2000 , Atrocity covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their EP Sounds of Silence . In 2000 , Nevermore covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Dead Heart in a Dead World . In 2005 , Italian singer Andrea Parodi , together with American guitarist Al Di Meola , covered the song , writing new lyrics in Sardinian language and renaming it Deo ti Gheria Maria ( The Sound of Silence ) . This version is featured in his live album Midsummer Night in Sardinia . Italian classical singer Michéal Castaldo recorded an Italian version of this song on his 2010 album Aceto . In 2007 , rock duo Shaw Blades covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their second album , Influence . In 2007 , New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser , released a live cover version on the deluxe edition of her album Albertine . In 2008 , the band Ascension of the Watchers covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Numinosum . In 2009 , Bananarama covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their tenth album Viva as an iTunes bonus track . In 2010 , Polish singer Ania Dąbrowska covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album `` Ania Movie '' . In 2010 , Sharleen Spiteri covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album The Movie Songbook . In 2010 , Sufjan Stevens included lyrics from `` The Sound of Silence '' in his song `` All Delighted People '' from the album of the same name . In 2010 , the duo Peixoto & Maxado recorded a smooth ska version of `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album `` I Wanna Shoyu '' In 2011 , West Virginia - based rock band Bobaflex recorded `` The Sound of Silence '' for their album `` Hell in My Heart '' as track 15 . In 2011 , Phil and Tim Hanseroth covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on Brandi Carlile 's album Live at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony . In 2011 Kina Grannis covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on the deluxe edition of her album Stairwells . In 2011 , jazz guitarist Pat Metheny opened on his Grammy Award - winning solo cover album What It 's All About with `` The Sound of Silence '' . Two of Celtic Thunder 's principal singers Keith Harkin and Colm Keegan covered the song for their 2013 album Mythology . In 2013 , husband - wife duo Jenny & Tyler recorded the song as a part of their cover album For Freedom , the proceeds of which they designated for the International Justice Mission . In 2015 , Allison covered `` The Sound of Silence '' for the soundtrack in the 2015 French television series L'Emprise . The song charted on the official French Singles Chart , the SNEP . In 2015 , James Blake covered `` The Sound of Silence '' and released the track on his official YouTube channel . British musician Passenger regularly plays the song live following his own song `` Riding To New York '' . In 2016 , American Idol finalist Dalton Rapattoni covered the song on Top 5 night . A cover of this song was used on the TV series Timeless . In 2016 , the movie Trolls featured a cover in its entirety by Anna Kendrick . In 2017 , Jew in the City released a music video covering `` The Sound of Silence '' featuring The Maccabeats with visuals drawn from a reinterpretation of the lyrics , such as `` People talking without speaking '' and `` the people bowed and prayed / To the neon god they made , '' to refer to modern communications technology and mobile phone overuse . In February 2017 , Todd Hoffman from Gold Rush released his own cover version on social media recorded by Black Diamond Recording Studios . The cover version went viral later on in the year and as of January 2018 had received over 6 million views . In March 2017 , American a cappella artist Peter Hollens released a cover version on YouTube featuring Tim Foust of the band Home Free . As of February 2018 , the video has reached over 2 million views . In early 2017 a cover version featuring young Canadian singer Jadyn Rylee was released on the compilation album `` Your Songbook '' , a collection of tracks recorded by German drummer Sina . As of March 2018 the YouTube video of this cover had reached over 7.5 million views . In 2018 Jess & Matt covered the song on their album Songs from the Village . It featured Chris Isaak . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` What is Folk - Rock Music ? '' . ThoughtCo . About.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mastropolo , Frank ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` 51 Years Ago : Simon & Garfunkel Record Their First Classic , ' The Sounds of Silence ' '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel -- Simon And Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon - Interview - 7 / 6 / 1986 ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon chats about his youth . YouTube . April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( February 1984 ) . `` Playboy Interview '' ( PDF ) . Playboy . 31 ( 2 ) : 49 -- 51 , 162 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon opens up about hit songs ' inspiration . June 5 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Sound of Silence Chords ( ver 3 ) by Simon & Garfunkel @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in D Minor ( transposable ) `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Joe Bosso ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Art Garfunkel on his new greatest hits CD , The Singer '' . Music Radar . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Simons , David . Studio Stories . pp. 95 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Chris ( 1996 ) . `` Sound of Silence '' . The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel . Omnibus Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Simons , David ( 2004 ) . Studio Stories : How the Great New York Records Were Made . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 45 ) . Billboard . November 6 , 1965 : 14 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 47 ) . Billboard . November 20 , 1965 : 14 -- 15 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Charts Archives for 1965 and 1966 ^ Jump up to : Fornatale 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` '' BMI Top 100 Songs of the Century : 8 Million+ Performances `` '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , 1999 ( archive.org copy ) Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 2005 ) . `` Folk Rock '' . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Routledge . p. 408 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved '' . CFN13 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution . Penguin . pp. 360 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Sounds of Silence '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles , March 1 , 1966 Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 25 March 1966 Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Simon & Garfunkel : The Sounds of Silence '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 29 / 66 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1966 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1966 / Top 100 Songs of 1966 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1966 / Top 100 Pop Singles , December 24 , 1966 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Sounds of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Billboard ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Return with ' Immortalized ' - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Video Premiere : Disturbed 's Cover Version Of Simon & Garfunkel 's ' The Sound Of Silence ' '' . Blabbermouth . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Rock Digital Songs , Jan 2 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Silence - d Guitars : Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel 's ' Sound of Silence ' Hits Hot Rock Songs Top 10 , Thanks to ' Sad Affleck ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` THE SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS by Disturbed @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in F# Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0164135 `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon Endorses Disturbed 's ' Sound of Silence ' Cover '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Receive Paul Simon Approval for ' Sound of Silence ' '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` With ' The Sound of Silence , ' Disturbed Finds a Crossover Moment - Speakeasy - WSJ '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201648 into search . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 38 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 01 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles ( Week 22 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CHART WATCH # 385 '' . auspOp . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Disturbed in the field Interpret . Enter The Sound of Silence in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Disturbed in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select The Sound of Silence and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter The Sound of Silence in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ' Het geluid van stilte ' lyrics '' . Boudewijn de Groot homepage . Boudewijndegroot.nl . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Covers by Los Mustang '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads cover of Simon & Garfunkel 's The Sounds of Silence - WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ Mercy , Love Can Make You Happy Retrieved May 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vlada I Bajka : Cecilia / Zvuk Tišine ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dickies : silent night / sounds of silence 7 '' ( FLEX ! discography ) `` . Jump up ^ Leonardo . `` Leonardo : Discografia '' ( Flash ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Viva by Bananarama on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Peixoto & Maxado - Sounds of Silence ( Simon & Garfunkel ) '' ( Peixoto & Maxado ) `` . Jump up ^ `` '' Sound of Silence '' - Bobaflex official music video ( Bobaflex ) `` . `` YouTube '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Hell In My Heart - Bobaflex - Songs , Reviews , Credits - Allmusic '' . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lescharts.com Allisob ( FR - `` The Sound of Silence '' song page Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Recap : Contestants Sing Songs Picked by Fans , Top 5 is Revealed Billboard '' . March 17 , 2016 . Dalton Rapattoni was also voted through , and Idol fans selected `` Numb '' by Linkin Park for him to sing ( ... ) Rapattoni was up again , this time singing `` The Sound Of Silence '' by Simon & Garfunkel . Jump up ^ Josephs , Allison . `` Jew in the City Presents `` The Sound of Silence '' feat . The Maccabeats `` . Jew in the City . Jew in the City . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Bibliography Eliot , Marc ( 2010 ) . Paul Simon : A Life . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 43363 - 8 . Fornatale , Pete ( 2007 ) . Simon and Garfunkel 's Bookends . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 427 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lyrics of Disturbed cover at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Simon & Garfunkel <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Simon & Garfunkel singles <Td_colspan="2"> Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got A Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend With The Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Paul Simon songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography The Paul Simon Songbook `` I Am a Rock '' Paul Simon `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard '' `` Duncan '' There Goes Rhymin ' Simon `` Kodachrome '' `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' `` American Tune '' `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' `` The Sound of Silence '' Still Crazy After All These Years `` Gone at Last '' `` My Little Town '' `` 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover '' `` Still Crazy After All These Years '' Greatest Hits , Etc . `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' One - Trick Pony `` Stranded in a Limousine '' `` Late in the Evening '' `` One - Trick Pony '' `` Oh , Marion '' Hearts and Bones `` Allergies '' `` The Late Great Johnny Ace '' `` Think Too Much '' Graceland `` You Can Call Me Al '' `` Graceland '' `` The Boy in the Bubble '' `` Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes '' `` Under African Skies '' `` Homeless '' The Rhythm of the Saints `` The Obvious Child '' `` Proof '' `` Born at the Right Time '' You 're the One `` Old '' `` You 're the One '' Surprise `` Father and Daughter '' `` That 's Me '' `` Outrageous '' So Beautiful or So What `` Getting Ready for Christmas Day '' `` The Afterlife '' Featured singles `` Wonderful World '' `` The Blues '' `` The Boxer '' `` New York Is My Home '' Other songs `` Something So Right '' `` St. Judy 's Comet '' `` Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War '' `` Thelma '' <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Bachelors Studio albums The Bachelors and 16 Great Songs Songs `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Charmaine '' `` Far Away Places '' `` Diane '' `` I Believe '' `` Ramona '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Hello , Dolly ! '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` The Unicorn '' `` I 'll Walk with God '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Disturbed <Td_colspan="2"> David Draiman Dan Donegan Mike Wengren John Moyer Steve Kmak Studio albums The Sickness Believe Ten Thousand Fists Indestructible Asylum Immortalized Compilation albums The Lost Children EPs Live & Indestructible Singles `` Stupify '' `` Down with the Sickness '' `` Voices '' `` The Game '' `` Prayer '' `` Remember '' `` Liberate '' `` Guarded '' `` Stricken '' `` Just Stop '' `` Land of Confusion '' `` Ten Thousand Fists '' `` Inside the Fire '' `` Perfect Insanity '' `` Indestructible '' `` The Night '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Asylum '' `` The Animal '' `` Warrior '' `` Hell '' `` 3 '' `` The Vengeful One '' `` Immortalized '' `` The Light '' `` The Sound of Silence '' Video M.O.L. Indestructible in Germany Concert tours Music as a Weapon Indestructible Tour Asylum Tour Related articles Discography Maya Guitar Series Covered , A Revolution in Sound Queen of the Damned The Union Underground Adrenaline Mob Device Fight or Flight Art of Anarchy Stereo Satellite <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Disturbed Category : Disturbed Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Silence&oldid=832465513 '' Categories : 1965 songs 1965 singles 2016 singles Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs Mercy ( band ) songs Disturbed ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Oricon Weekly number - one singles CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Reprise Records singles John F. 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1. "The Sound of Silence" - Simon & Garfunkel's iconic song 2. Folk rock - Genre of the song 3. Chart success - No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 4. Remix - Overdubbed version of the song 5. Cultural significance - Added to the National Recording Registry

who plays red riding hood in once upon a time

Meghan Ory - wikipedia Meghan Ory Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Meghan Ory <Td_colspan="2"> Meghan Ory ( 1982 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Victoria , British Columbia , Canada Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Spouse ( s ) John Reardon ( m . 2008 ) Meghan Ory ( born August 20 , 1982 ) is a Canadian television and film actress . She is best known for her role as Red Riding Hood / Ruby on the ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time and also starred in the short - lived CBS drama Intelligence as Riley Neal . Ory currently stars in Hallmark family drama Chesapeake Shores as Abby O'Brien . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Ory was born in Victoria , British Columbia , and attended Royal Oak Middle School and then Claremont Secondary School . After receiving the Fine Arts Award for Acting from Royal Oak in 1996 , she began pursuing a career in acting . Career ( edit ) Her first professional acting role came in 1999 in the Fox Family Channel television movie , The Darklings , opposite Suzanne Somers and Timothy Busfield . A guest appearance on the television series The Crow : Stairway to Heaven followed , before she landed her first regular TV role on the Fox Family series Higher Ground in 2000 , along with Hayden Christensen and A.J. Cook . After appearing on the MTV series 2ge + her ( 2000 ) , Ory joined the cast of the Canadian television series Vampire High in 2001 . She continued working in television with guest appearances on The Outer Limits , Dark Angel , Glory Days , and Maybe It 's Me . She appeared in the TV movies , Lucky 7 and National Lampoon 's Thanksgiving Family Reunion in 2003 , as well as the TV series Smallville , Life As We Know It , and The Collector , and Family Reunion in 2004 . Also in 2004 , Ory made her feature film debut in Decoys , directed by Matthew Hastings , whom she had previously worked with on Higher Ground and Vampire High . In 2006 , Ory appeared in UPN series South Beach , and the Hallmark mini-series Merlin 's Apprentice , alongside Sam Neill and Miranda Richardson . She also appeared in the feature film John Tucker Must Die and the made - for - TV film Her Sister 's Keeper . In 2007 , Ory appeared in Blonde and Blonder with Pamela Anderson and Denise Richards , and the television film Nightmare . In 2008 , Ory appeared in the television series Flash Gordon episode `` Thicker Than Water '' . In 2009 , Ory appeared in the television series Knight Rider ( 2008 ) episode 17 ( Season 1 ) `` I love the Knight Life '' as Megan Connelly . She portrayed Claire Thompson in the horror - thriller film Dark House . She also appeared as a guest star of Canadian TV Series Sanctuary as Laura . In 2010 , Ory appeared in the Keystone Light beer commercial `` Rescue of Beer '' ... Beginning fall 2011 , Ory starred as Red Riding Hood / Ruby on the ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time . She was in most of the episodes of the first season and was promoted to the main cast in the second season of the series . She left the cast at the end of the second season , to focus on her new show Intelligence , but made guest appearances in three episodes during the third season . Ory also returned to the show during its fifth season for three episodes . In March 2013 , Ory was cast as the female lead opposite Josh Holloway in the CBS drama pilot Intelligence , which co-stars Marg Helgenberger . The show was cancelled after one season due to poor ratings . In the 2016 Hallmark original series Chesapeake Shores , she stars as a divorced career woman with two young children that returns to her hometown . Personal Life ( edit ) In 2008 , she married John Reardon , with whom she worked on Merlin 's Apprentice . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes Decoys Alex 2006 John Tucker Must Die Jill 2008 Blonde and Blonder Kit 2009 Dark House Claire Winner : Best Short Film Short film 2015 Dead Rising : Watchtower Crystal O'Rourke Digital film Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1999 Darklings , The The Darklings Jessie Everett Television film ( Fox Family Channel ) Crow : Stairway to Heaven , The The Crow : Stairway to Heaven Alice Romano Episode : `` The Road Not Taken '' 2000 Higher Ground Juliette Waybourne Main role , 22 episodes 2gether : The Series Heather Episode : `` Crying '' Hayley Wagner , Star Caitlin Curren Television film Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Danielle Hobson Episode : `` Abduction '' Maybe It 's Me Lauren Episode : `` The Cheerleader Episode '' Episode : `` The Halloween Episode '' 2001 -- 02 Vampire High Sherry Woods Main role , 26 episodes 2002 Maybe It 's Me Lauren Episode : `` The Lab Partner Episode '' Dark Angel Rachel Berrisford Episode : `` The Berrisford Agenda '' Glory Days Jade LaFayette / Ann Palmer Episode : `` The Lost Girls '' Just Cause Tracey Episode : `` The Last to Know '' 2003 Lucky 7 Janey Television film ( ABC Family ) National Lampoon 's Thanksgiving Family Reunion Allison Snider Television film ( TBS ) Smallville Megan Calder Episode : `` Hereafter '' Life as We Know It Greta Episode : `` Family Hard - ships '' 2004 -- 05 Collector , The The Collector Katie Shannon Conrad / Cora Episode : `` The Ice Skater '' Episode : `` The Cowboy '' 2006 South Beach Maggie Main role , 8 episodes Merlin 's Apprentice Brianna Television mini-series Her Sister 's Keeper Melissa Brennan Television film ( Lifetime ) 2007 Viva Laughlin Episode : `` 1.5 '' Nightmare Carla Television film Painkiller Jane Wanda Episode : `` Portraits of Lauren Gray '' Haunting of Sorority Row , The The Haunting of Sorority Row Amanda Television film ( Lifetime Movies ) 2008 Flash Gordon Sarre Episode : `` Thicker Than Water '' 2009 Knight Rider Dr. Megan Connelly Episode : `` I Love the Knight Life '' Sanctuary Laura S . Episode : `` Sleepers '' Psych Josie Episode : `` Viagra Falls '' 2011 True Justice Juliet Sanders Main role ( Season 1 ) , 13 episodes Supernatural Sally Episode : `` Adventures In Babysitting '' 2011 -- 16 Once Upon a Time Ruby / Red Riding Hood Recurring role ( Seasons 1 , 3 and 5 ) Main role ( Season 2 ) 46 Episodes 2014 Intelligence Riley Neal Main role , 13 episodes The Memory Book Chloe Television film ( Hallmark ) 2015 Debbie Macomber 's Dashing Through the Snow Ashley Harrison Television film ( Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ) 2016 -- present Chesapeake Shores Abby O'Brien 2016 NCIS : New Orleans Hannah Lee Episode : `` Overdrive '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meghan Ory '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vampire High bio Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pamela Anderson & Denise Richards Go BLONDE & BLONDER , Eclipse Magazine , October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AFM ' 09 : ' Puppet Master : Axis of Evil ' , ' Luster ' and ' Dark House ' '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Jump up ^ `` Fangoria FrightFest Winner Announced : Dark House ! '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ gibbysgarage ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Keith Stone KeyStone Beer Commercial 2010. mpg '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Meghan Ory to Return as Ruby in Season 5 '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Meghan Ory Of ' Once Upon A Time ' To Star In CBS Pilot ' Intelligence ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Ory on Hallmark Channel Chesapeake Shores , A Safe Place '' . www.hollywooddailystar.com . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meghan Ory . Meghan Ory on IMDb VIAF : 34732806 LCCN : no2011011733 ISNI : 0000 0001 1441 523X BNF : cb150117189 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghan_Ory&oldid=821330399 '' Categories : 1982 births Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Living people Actresses from Victoria , British Columbia 20th - century Canadian actresses 21st - century Canadian actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 20 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Meghan Ory - Canadian television and film actress 2. Red Riding Hood / Ruby - her role on Once Upon a Time 3. Chesapeake Shores - her current role in the Hallmark family drama 4. Career in acting - from her first role in The Darklings to her role in Intelligence 5. Personal life - married to John Reardon, whom she worked with on Merlin's Apprentice

who won the battle of bunker hill in june 1775

Battle of Bunker Hill - wikipedia Battle of Bunker Hill Jump to : navigation , search For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle , see Bunker Hill . <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Bunker Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Revolutionary War <Td_colspan="2"> Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 17 , 1775 Location Charlestown , Massachusetts 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W  /  42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W  / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Result Pyrrhic British victory Territorial changes British capture Charlestown Peninsula <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United Colonies Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Great Britain <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders William Prescott Israel Putnam Joseph Warren † John Stark William Howe Thomas Gage Sir Robert Pigot James Abercrombie † Henry Clinton Samuel Graves John Pitcairn † <Th_colspan="2"> Strength ~ 2,400 3,000 + <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 115 killed , 305 wounded , 30 captured ( 20 POWs died ) Total : 450 19 officers killed 62 officers wounded 207 soldiers killed 766 soldiers wounded Total : 1,054 The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17 , 1775 , during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown , Massachusetts , which was peripherally involved in the battle . It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops , though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed 's Hill . On June 13 , 1775 , the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city , which would give them control of Boston Harbor . In response , 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill . During the night , the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breed 's Hill , as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula . By daybreak of June 17 , the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them that day . Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties ; the third and final attack carried the redoubt after the defenders ran out of ammunition . The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill , leaving the British in control of the Peninsula . The battle was a tactical , though somewhat Pyrrhic victory for the British , as it proved to be a sobering experience for them , involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred , including a large number of officers . The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle . Subsequently , the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines . American casualties were comparatively much fewer , although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary , the final casualty of the battle . The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements , which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign , and arguably helped rather than hindered the American forces . Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent . The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 British planning 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Fortification of Breed 's Hill 3.2 British preparations 3.3 Colonists reinforce their positions 4 British assault 5 Aftermath 6 Political consequences 7 Analysis 7.1 Disposition of Colonial forces 7.2 Disposition of British forces 8 `` The whites of their eyes '' 9 Notable participants 10 Commemorations 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Geography 1775 map of the Boston area ( contains some inaccuracies ) Boston , situated on a peninsula , was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it , which were dominated by British warships . In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the colonial militia , a force of about 15,000 men had surrounded the town , and effectively besieged it . Under the command of Artemas Ward , they controlled the only land access to Boston itself ( the Roxbury Neck ) , but , lacking a navy , were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor . The British troops , a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage , occupied the city , and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea . In theory , they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely . However , the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills , which could be used to advantage . If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces , these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered . It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition , led by Henry Knox , later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area . The Charlestown Peninsula , lying to the north of Boston , started from a short , narrow isthmus ( known as the Charlestown Neck ) at its northwest , extending about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeastward into Boston Harbor . Bunker Hill , with an elevation of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , lay at the northern end of the peninsula . Breed 's Hill , at a height of 62 feet ( 19 m ) , was more southerly and nearer to Boston . The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula . At its closest approach , less than 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula , where Copp 's Hill was at about the same height as Breed 's Hill . While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown , General Gage , rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula , had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle , turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man 's land . The Battle of Bunker Hill , by Howard Pyle , 1897 British planning Throughout May , in response to orders from Gage requesting support , the British received reinforcements , until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men . On May 25 , three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . Gage began planning with them to break out of the city , finalizing a plan on June 12 . This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck , fortifying the Dorchester Heights , and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury . Once the southern flank had been secured , the Charlestown heights would be taken , and the forces in Cambridge driven away . The attack was set for June 18 . On June 13 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified , by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter , New Hampshire , that a New Hampshire gentleman `` of undoubted veracity '' had , while visiting Boston , overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown . On June 15 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected . General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula , specifically on Bunker Hill . Prelude to battle Fortification of Breed 's Hill Array of American forces for the Battle of Bunker Hill On the night of June 16 , colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston . This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott , Putnam ( the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton ) , James Frye , and Ebenezer Bridge . At first , Putnam , Prescott , and their engineer , Captain Richard Gridley , disagreed as to where they should locate their defense . Some work was performed on Bunker Hill , but Breed 's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible . Arguably against orders , they decided to build their primary redoubt there . Prescott and his men , using Gridley 's outline , began digging a square fortification about 130 feet ( 40 m ) on a side with ditches and earthen walls . The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high , with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls . The works on Breed 's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British . General Clinton , out on reconnaissance that night , was aware of them , and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight . British sentries were also aware of the activity , but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm . Then , in the early predawn , around 4 a.m. , a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification , and notified her captain . Lively opened fire , temporarily halting the colonists ' work . Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset , Admiral Samuel Graves awoke , irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered . He stopped it , only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning . He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor , as well as batteries atop Copp 's Hill in Boston , to fire on the colonial position , which had relatively little effect . The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt -- it could easily be flanked on either side . He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east , deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt . British preparations When the British generals met to discuss their options , General Clinton , who had urged an attack as early as possible , preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists ' retreat , reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants . However , he was outvoted by the other three generals . Howe , who was the senior officer present and would lead the assault , was of the opinion that the hill was `` open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried . '' General Burgoyne concurred , arguing that the `` untrained rabble '' would be no match for their `` trained troops '' . Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 <Td_colspan="2"> Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights When General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff , Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother - in - law Colonel Prescott . `` Will he fight ? '' asked Gage . `` ( A ) s to his men , I can not answer for them ; '' replied Willard , `` but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell . '' Prescott lived up to Willard 's word , but his men were not so resolute . When the colonists suffered their first casualty , Asa Pollard of Billerica , a young private killed by cannon fire , Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly , but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead , with several deserting shortly thereafter . It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade . General Howe was to lead the major assault , drive around the colonial left flank , and take them from the rear . Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt , and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force . It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe 's initial forces ( consisting of about 1,500 men ) to the eastern corner of the peninsula , known as Moulton 's Point . By 2 p.m. , Howe 's chosen force had landed . However , while crossing the river , Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill . Believing these to be reinforcements , he immediately sent a message to Gage , requesting additional troops . He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula , alerting the colonists to his intended course of action . The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements . The first British attack on Bunker Hill ; shaded areas are hills Colonists reinforce their positions Prescott , seeing the British preparations , called for reinforcements . Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren , the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety , and Seth Pomeroy , an aging Massachusetts militia leader . Both of these men held commissions of rank , but chose to serve as infantry . Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank , where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork , and topped it with fence rails and hay . They also constructed three small v - shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott 's breastwork . Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments , under Colonels John Stark and James Reed . Stark 's men , who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces ( and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of , had he pressed his attack sooner ) , took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position . When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north , they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water 's edge . Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it . Just prior to the action , further reinforcements arrived , including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer , Nixon , Woodbridge , Little , and Major Moore , as well as Callender 's company of artillery . Behind the colonial lines , confusion reigned . Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge , which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south . Others reached Bunker Hill , but then , uncertain about where to go from there , milled around . One commentator wrote of the scene that `` it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command . '' While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs , unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders . British assault The second British attack on Bunker Hill By 3 p.m. , the British reinforcements , which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines , had arrived , and the British were ready to march . Brigadier General Pigot 's force , gathering just south of Charlestown village , were taking casualties from sniper fire , and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers . Graves , who had planned for such a possibility , ordered incendiary shot fired into the village , and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town . The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting , as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle . Pigot , commanding the 5th , 38th , 43rd , 47th , and 52nd regiments , as well as Major Pitcairn 's Marines , were to feint an assault on the redoubt . However , they continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown , and Pigot , when he saw what happened to Howe 's advance , ordered a retreat . General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank , expecting an easy effort against Stark 's recently arrived troops . His light infantry were set along the narrow beach , in column , in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position . The grenadiers were deployed in the middle . They lined up four deep and several hundred across . As the regulars closed , John Simpson , a New Hampshire man , prematurely fired , drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars . When the regulars finally closed within range , both sides opened fire . The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars , using the fence to steady and aim their muskets , and benefit from a modicum of cover . With this devastating barrage of musket fire , the regulars retreated in disarray , and the militia held their ground . The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again . This time , Pigot was not to feint ; he was to assault the redoubt , possibly without the assistance of Howe 's force . Howe , instead of marching against Stark 's position along the beach , marched instead against Knowlton 's position along the rail fence . The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first . One British observer wrote , `` Most of our Grenadiers and Light - infantry , the moment of presenting themselves lost three - fourths , and many nine - tenths , of their men . Some had only eight or nine men a company left ... '' Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt , and again ordered a retreat . Meanwhile , in the rear of the colonial forces , confusion continued to reign . General Putnam tried , with only limited success , to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed 's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines . The third and final British attack on Bunker Hill The British rear was also in some disarray . Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas , and were being ferried back to Boston , and the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain . General Howe , deciding that he would try again , sent word to General Clinton in Boston for additional troops . Clinton , who had watched the first two attacks , sent about 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot , and then followed himself to help rally the troops . In addition to the new reserves , he also convinced about 200 of the wounded to form up for the third attack . During the interval between the second and third assaults , General Putnam continued trying to direct troops toward the action . Some companies , and leaderless groups of men , moved toward the action ; others retreated . John Chester , a Connecticut captain , seeing an entire company in retreat , ordered his company to aim muskets at that company to halt its retreat ; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield . The third assault , concentrated on the redoubt ( with only a feint on the colonists ' flank ) , was successful , although the colonists again poured musket fire into the British ranks , and it cost the life of Major Pitcairn . The defenders had run out of ammunition , reducing the battle to close combat . The British had the advantage once they entered the redoubt , as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets while most of the colonists were not . Colonel Prescott , one of the last colonists to leave the redoubt , parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre . It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed . The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence , led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton , which prevented the encirclement of the hill . Their disciplined retreat , described by Burgoyne as `` no flight ; it was even covered with bravery and military skill '' , was so effective that most of the wounded were saved ; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded . General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill ; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned . The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill . By 5 p.m. , the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge , and the British were in control of the peninsula . Aftermath The Bunker Hill Monument Ralph Farnham , one of the last survivors The British had taken the ground but at a great loss ; they had suffered 1,054 casualties ( 226 dead and 828 wounded ) , with a disproportionate number of these officers . The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war . General Clinton , echoing Pyrrhus of Epirus , remarked in his diary that `` A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America . '' British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers , a significant portion of the British officer corps in North America . Much of General Howe 's field staff was among the casualties . Major Pitcairn had been killed , and Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie fatally wounded . General Gage , in his report after the battle , reported the following officer casualties ( listing lieutenants and above by name ) : 1 lieutenant colonel killed 2 majors killed , 3 wounded 7 captains killed , 27 wounded 9 lieutenants killed , 32 wounded 15 sergeants killed , 42 wounded 1 drummer killed , 12 wounded The colonial losses were about 450 , of whom 140 were killed . Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal . Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle ; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck , the last person to be killed in the battle . He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery , Maine . A serious loss to the Patriot cause , however , was the death of Dr. Joseph Warren . He was the President of Massachusetts ' Provincial Congress , and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14 . His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill . Only thirty men were captured by the British , most of them with grievous wounds ; twenty died while held prisoner . The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools , as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula . Political consequences When news of the battle spread through the colonies , it was reported as a colonial loss , as the ground had been taken by the enemy , and significant casualties were incurred . George Washington , who was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army , received news of the battle while in New York City . The report , which included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate , gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict . We have ... learned one melancholy truth , which is , that the Americans , if they were equally well commanded , are full as good soldiers as ours . A British officer in Boston , after the battle The Massachusetts Committee of Safety , seeking to repeat the sort of propaganda victory it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord , commissioned a report of the battle to send to England . Their report , however , did not reach England before Gage 's official account arrived on July 20 . His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs , but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment , and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability . King George 's attitude toward the colonies hardened , and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress ' Olive Branch Petition , the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation . Sir James Adolphus Oughton , part of the Tory majority , wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies , `` the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will ( Crown control over them ) be produced , and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to . '' About a month after receiving Gage 's report the Proclamation of Rebellion would be issued in response ; this hardening of the British position would also lead to a hardening of previously weak support for the rebellion , especially in the southern colonies , in favor of independence . Gage 's report had a more direct effect on his own career . His dismissal from office was decided just three days after his report was received , although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775 . Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet , in which he repeated earlier warnings that `` a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people '' , that would require `` the hiring of foreign troops '' . Analysis Much has been written in the wake of this battle over how it was conducted . Both sides made strategic and tactical missteps which could have altered the outcome of the battle . While hindsight often gives a biased view , some things seem to be apparent after the battle that might reasonably have been within the reach of the command of the day . Years after the battle , and after Israel Putnam was dead , General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine , accusing General Putnam of inaction , cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle , which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war , various friends , family members and historians . People were shocked by the rancor of the attack , and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam , including such notables as John and Abigail Adams . Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn 's account `` abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination . '' The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself . He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes . He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President Monroe , but was rejected by the United States Senate ( which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice ) . Disposition of colonial forces A historic map of Bunker Hill featuring military notes The colonial forces , while nominally under the overall command of General Ward , with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field , often acted quite independently . This was evident in the opening stages of the battle , when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications . After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley , Colonel Prescott and his staff , apparently in contravention of orders , decided to fortify Breed 's Hill rather than Bunker Hill . The fortification of Breed 's Hill was more provocative ; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston . It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped , as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck . If the British had taken that step , they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties . While the front lines of the colonial forces were generally well managed , the scene behind them , especially once the action began , was significantly disorganized , due at least in part to a poor chain of command . Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward 's and Putnam 's authority , and some commanders also disobeyed orders , staying at Bunker Hill rather than joining in the defense on the third British assault . Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered . Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed , had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with either more men , or more supplies of ammunition and powder . Disposition of British forces The British leadership , for its part , acted slowly once the works on Breed 's Hill were spotted . It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault , roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire . This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended . Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter , when an encircling move ( gaining control of Charlestown Neck ) , would have given them a more resounding victory . ( This move would not have been without risks of its own , as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge . ) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic , believing that `` two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province '' . View of the Attack on Bunker 's Hill with the Burning of Charlestown , by Lodge Once in the field , Howe , rather than focusing on the redoubt , opted ( twice ) to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with a flanking maneuver against the colonial left . It was only with the third attack , when the flank attack was merely a feint , and the main force ( now also reinforced with additional reserves ) squarely targeted the redoubt , that the attack succeeded . Following the taking of the peninsula , the British arguably had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge . General Clinton proposed this to Howe ; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties , he declined the idea . The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision - maker , to his detriment ; in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island ( 1776 ) , he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington 's army into his hands , but again refused to act . Historian John Ferling maintains that had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula , cutting the Americans off from the mainland , he could have achieved a far less costly victory , but he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses , and also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort , opting for a frontal assault . `` The whites of their eyes '' The famous order `` Do n't fire until you see the whites of their eyes '' was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill . It is uncertain as to who said it there , since various histories , including eyewitness accounts , attribute it to Putnam , Stark , Prescott , or Gridley , and it may have been said first by one , and repeated by the others . It was also not an original statement . The idea dates originally to the general - king Gustavus Adolphus ( 1594 -- 1632 ) who gave standing orders to his musketeers : `` never to give fire , till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy 's eye '' . Gustavus Adolphus 's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated . It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham , when his troops defeated Montcalm 's army on September 13 , 1759 . The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27 , 1743 , where Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment , the Royal Scots Fusiliers , not to fire until they could `` see the white of their e'en . '' The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745 , and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great , and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with . Whether or not it was actually said in this battle , it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect , especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited . Notable participants According to the John Trumbull painting , this flag of New England was carried by the colonists during the battle . This flag , known as the Bunker Hill flag , is also associated with the battle . A significant number of notable people fought in this battle . Henry Dearborn and William Eustis , for example , went on to distinguished military and political careers ; both served in Congress , the Cabinet , and in diplomatic posts . Others , like John Brooks , Henry Burbeck , Christian Febiger , Thomas Knowlton , and John Stark , became well known for later actions in the war . Stark became known as the `` Hero of Bennington '' for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington . Free African - Americans also fought in the battle ; notable examples include Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , and Peter Salem . Another notable participant was Daniel Shays , who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays ' Rebellion . Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter : His Fifty Years of Exile , a novel by Herman Melville . Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia , served in Shays ' Rebellion , and became a congressman from New York . Lt. Col. Seth Read , who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill , went on to settle Geneva , New York and Erie , Pennsylvania , and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins . George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution , a.k.a. `` Old Ironsides '' , which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat . Commemorations John Trumbull 's painting , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill ( displayed in lede ) , was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren 's death , not as an actual pictorial recording of the event . The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer , John Small , among those who stormed the redoubt , yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him . He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull . Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle . The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet ( 67 m ) high on Breed 's Hill . On June 17 , 1825 , the fiftieth anniversary of the battle , the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster . ( When Lafayette died , he was buried next to his wife at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill , which his son Georges sprinkled over him . ) The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument . There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down . Bunker Hill clipper ship The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument , which is part of the Boston National Historical Park . A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated . In nearby Cambridge , a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription : `` Here assembled on the night of June 16 , 1775 , 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott . After prayer by President Langdon , they marched to Bunker Hill . '' See footnote for picture . ( Samuel Langdon , a Congregational minister , was Harvard 's 11th president . ) Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety , which had become the Patriots ' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge . These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard 's Littaeur Center , which is itself the west of Harvard 's huge Science Center . See footnote for map . Statue of William Prescott in Charlestown , Massachusetts Bunker Hill Day , observed every June 17 , is a legal holiday in Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( which includes the city of Boston ) , as well as Somerville in Middlesex County . Prospect Hill , site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck , is now located in Somerville , which was previously part of Charlestown . State institutions in Massachusetts ( such as public institutions of higher education ) located in Boston also celebrate the holiday . However , the state 's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day . On June 16 and 17 , 1875 , the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers , among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson . It was attended by dignitaries from across the country . Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975 . Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps . Issue of 1959 Issue of 1975 Issue of 1968 Issue of 1968 Left stamp depicts Battle of Bunker Hill battle flag and Monument Left - center , depicts John Trumbull 's painting of the battle Right - center depicts detail of Trumbull 's painting Right depicts image of Bunker Hill battle flag See also United States Army portal American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill Royal Welch Fusiliers USS Bunker Hill Notes Jump up ^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield which was currently listed for sale . References ^ Jump up to : Clinton , p. 19 . General Clinton 's remark is an echoing of Pyrrhus of Epirus 's original sentiment after the Battle of Heraclea , `` one more such victory and the cause is lost '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bunker Hill '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Although the British eventually won the battle , it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night - time fortification work . Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out . In a footnote on p. 136 , as well as on p. 190 , he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550 , but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began . Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000 . Furthermore , according to Frothingham p. 148 , additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed . Frothingham , p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 104 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 . Jump up ^ Borneman , Walter R. American Spring : Lexington , Concord , and the Road to Revolution , p. 350 , Little , Brown and Company , New York , Boston , London , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 22102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 85 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 85 -- 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ 18th century Boston was a peninsula . Primarily in the 19th century , much land around the peninsula was filled , giving the modern city its present geography . See the history of Boston for details . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 72 New Hampshire 1,200 , Rhode Island 1,000 , Connecticut 2,300 , Massachusetts 11,500 Jump up ^ Alden , p. 178 Jump up ^ Visitors to Boston , upon seeing the nearby hills , may conclude that they are too low . The hills were once higher , but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold : Revolutionary Hero . New York : New York University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 0 . OCLC 36343341 . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 91 has an historic map showing elevations . Jump up ^ French , p. 220 Jump up ^ French , p. 249 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 119 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ French , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 84 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 102 , 245 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 135 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 88 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 115 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 125 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 117 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Wood , p. 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Graydon , p. 424 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p 143 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 93 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 96 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 147 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 93 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 160 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 152 Jump up ^ Fusillers , Mark Urban p38 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 161 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 162 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 146 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 163 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 164 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 99 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 150 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 181 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 145 , 196 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 387 -- 389 lists the officer casualties by name , as well as this summary Jump up ^ Bardwell , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 150 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 96 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 213 Jump up ^ Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Cray , 2001 Jump up ^ Purcell , 2010 , pp. 164 - 168 Jump up ^ Ketchum , Richard M. The Battle for Bunker Hill , p. 178 , The Cresset Press , London , England , 1963 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Harold . Bunker Hill , Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2010 . ISBN - 10 : 1163174912 , Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 191 -- 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 131 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ French , pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 153 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ French , p. 277 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 148 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ Lewis , John E. , ed . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened . London : Robinson , 1998 . Print . P. 179 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 97 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joannis Schefferi , `` Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis '' ( 1671 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ R. Reilly , The Rest to Fortune : The Life of Major - General James Wolfe ( 1960 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 679 Jump up ^ Winsor , p. 85 Jump up ^ French , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Abbatt , p. 252 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 132,165 Jump up ^ Woodson , p. 204 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 260 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 95 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 257 Jump up ^ Melville Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Jump up ^ Buford , 1895 , Preface Jump up ^ Marvin , p. 425 , 436 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Coppers 1787 -- 1788 : Introduction '' . University of Notre Dame . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` e pluribus unum FAQ # 7 '' . www.treas.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , O. Keith ( 30 January 2002 ) . `` Individual Summary for COL . GEORGE CLAGHORN '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades ; however , Victory has been in dry dock since 1922 . `` HMS Victory Service Life '' . HMS Victory website . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunce , p. 336 Jump up ^ Hayward , p. 322 Jump up ^ Clary Jump up ^ MTA Bridges Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Museum Jump up ^ McKenna Jump up ^ https://picasaweb.google.com/115084101490686051189/DropBox?authkey=Gv1sRgCIb7-7uW5e244QE#5827876206844880834 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) Jump up ^ http://map.harvard.edu/mapserver/campusmap.htm Jump up ^ MA List of legal holidays Jump up ^ Somerville Environmental Services Guide Jump up ^ University of Massachusetts , Boston , observed holidays Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Day closings Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget , Outside Section 5 '' . July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See the Centennial Book for a complete description of the events . Jump up ^ Sesquicentennial celebration Jump up ^ New York Times , June 15 , 1975 Jump up ^ Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue Bibliography Major sources Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources . Brooks , Victor ( 1999 ) . The Boston Campaign . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 007 - 9 . OCLC 42581510 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston . Boston , MA : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1851 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Charles C. Little and James Brown . OCLC 2138693 . French , Allen ( 1911 ) . The Siege of Boston . New York : McMillan . OCLC 3927532 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . Decisive Day : The Battle of Bunker Hill . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41897 - 3 . OCLC 24147566 . ( Paperback : ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6099 - 5 ) Philbrick , Nathaniel . Bunker Hill : A City , a Siege , a Revolution ( New York : Viking , 2013 ) Minor sources Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources . Buford , Mary Hunter ( 1895 ) . Seth Read , Lieut. - Col. Continental Army ; Pioneer at Geneva , New York , 1787 , and at Erie , Penn. , June , 1795 . His Ancestors and Descendants . Boston , Mass . pp. 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format . Bunce , Oliver Bell ( 1870 ) . The romance of the revolution : being true stories of the adventures , romantic incidents , hairbreath escapes , and heroic exploits of the days of ' 76 . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates . OCLC 3714510 . Abbatt , William ( ed ) ( 1883 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries , volume 8 . A.S. Barnes . OCLC 1590082 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Alden , John R ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , William ( 1863 ) . The Scottish Nation : Or , The Surnames , Families , Literature , Honours , and Biographical History of the People of Scotland , volume 2 . Fullarton . OCLC 1290413 . Bardwell , John D ( 2005 ) . Old Kittery . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2476 - 4 . Clinton , Henry ( 1954 ) . Willcox , William B. , ed . The American Rebellion : Sir Henry Clinton 's Narrative of His Campaigns , 1775 -- 1782 . Yale University Press . OCLC 1305132 . Graydon , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Littell , John Stockton , ed . Memoirs of His Own Time : With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution . Philadelphia : Lindsay & Blakiston . OCLC 1557096 . Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind , The American Revolution and the War That Won it . Bloomsbury Press , New York , London . Hayward , John ( 1854 ) . A Gazetteer of the United States of America . self published . OCLC 68756962 . Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 . Melville , Herman ( 1855 ) . Israel Potter : his fifty years of exile . G. Routledge . OCLC 13065897 . Richards , Leonard L ( 2003 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . Scheer , George F ; Rankin , Hugh F ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80307 - 9 . Winsor , Justin ; Jewett , Clarence F ( 1882 ) . The Memorial History of Boston : Including Suffolk County , Massachusetts , 1630 -- 1880 , Volume 3 . James R. Osgood . OCLC 4952179 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2002 ) . The American Revolution : A History . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 . Woodson , Carter Godwin ; Logan , Rayford Whittingham ( 1917 ) . The Journal of Negro History , Volume 2 . Association for the Study of Negro Life and History . OCLC 1782257 . Cray , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill Refought : Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts , 1775 - 1825 ( PDF ) . Historical Journal of Massachusetts . `` Congressional bio of John Patterson '' . Biographical Directory of the United States . Commemorations Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources . `` Charles River Bridges '' . Massachusetts Turnpike Authority . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays '' . Massachusetts Secretary of State . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . `` Environmental Guide 2008 '' ( PDF ) . City of Somerville , Massachusetts . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . `` UMass Boston Holidays observed '' . University of Massachusetts , Boston . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . `` Bunker Hill Day Closings '' . Boston Globe . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Winsor , Justin ( 1875 ) . Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill . Boston , MA : Boston City Council . OCLC 2776599 . Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill , June 17 , 1925 . Boston , MA : City of Boston . 1925 . OCLC 235594934 . `` Bunker Hill Museum '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Clary , David ( 2007 ) . Adopted Son : Washington , Lafayette , and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution . New York City : Bantam Books . pp. 443 -- 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80435 - 5 . OCLC 70407848 . Kifner , John ( July 15 , 1975 ) . `` Not Unusual Occurrence : British Take Bunker Hill '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . ( ProQuest document number : 118450359 ) McKenna , Kathleen ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` On Bunker Hill , a boost in La Fayette profile '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Further reading Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . The real History of the American Revolution . Sterling Publishing Company , New York . Beck , Derek W. ( 2016 ) . The War Before Independence : 1775 - 1776 . Sourcebooks , Inc. , 480 pages Doyle , Peter ( 1998 ) . Bunker Hill . Charlottesville , VA : Providence Foundation . ISBN 1 - 887456 - 08 - 2 . OCLC 42421560 . Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1875 ) . Bunker Hill : the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged . Boston : Nichols and Hall . Elting , John R. ( 1975 ) . The Battle of Bunker 's Hill . Monmouth Beach , NJ : Phillip Freneau Press . ISBN 0 - 912480 - 11 - 4 . OCLC 2867199 . Ferling , John ( 2007 ) . Almost a Miracle . Oxford University Press . Fast , Howard ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : ibooks inc . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2384 - 4 . OCLC 248511443 . Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2008 ) . The American Revolution 100 . Source Books , Naperville , Illinois . O'Brien , Michael J. ( 1968 ) . The Irish at Bunker Hill : Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775 . Irish University Press . Ristow , W. Walter ( 1979 ) . Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Swett , S ( 1826 ) . History of Bunker Hill Battle , With a Plan , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Munroe and Francis . OCLC 3554078 . This book contains printings of both Gage 's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress . Commager , Henry Steele ; Morris , Richard B. ( 1958 ) . The Spirit of 76 . Harper & Row Publishers , New York , London . , eBook , Vol 2 External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bunker Hill . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bunker Hill . Boston National Historical Park official website Bunker Hill Museum website About the battle Library of Congress page about the battle Bunker Hill Web Exhibit of the Massachusetts Historical Society SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle The Battle of Bunker Hill : Now We Are at War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle BritishBattles.com description of the battle Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill `` Bunker Hill '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . About people in the battle Israel Putnam Website Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry , who fought at Bunker Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&oldid=804642923 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States History of Boston Charlestown , Boston Massachusetts in the American Revolution 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 1775 in Massachusetts History of the Royal Marines Military history of New England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 15 . 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1. Battle of Bunker Hill 2. American Revolutionary War 3. Siege of Boston 4. British victory 5. Pyrrhic victory

where does most chemical digestion and absorption of fats occur

Digestion - wikipedia Digestion Jump to : navigation , search For the industrial process , see anaerobic digestion . For the treatment of precipitates in analytical chemistry , see Precipitation ( chemistry ) § Digestion . <Th_colspan="2"> Digestive system <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Details Latin systema digestorium <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water - soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma . In certain organisms , these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream . Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down : mechanical and chemical digestion . The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes . In chemical digestion , enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use . In the human digestive system , food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication ( chewing ) , a form of mechanical digestion , and the wetting contact of saliva . Saliva , a liquid secreted by the salivary glands , contains salivary amylase , an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food ; the saliva also contains mucus , which lubricates the food , and hydrogen carbonate , which provides the ideal conditions of pH ( alkaline ) for amylase to work . After undergoing mastication and starch digestion , the food will be in the form of a small , round slurry mass called a bolus . It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion . Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin . As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall , mucus is secreted by the stomach , providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals . At the same time protein digestion is occurring , mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis , which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall . This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes . After some time ( typically 1 -- 2 hours in humans , 4 -- 6 hours in dogs , 3 -- 4 hours in house cats ) , the resulting thick liquid is called chyme . When the pyloric sphincter valve opens , chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine , in which digestion continues . When the chyme is fully digested , it is absorbed into the blood . 95 % of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine . Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon ( large intestine ) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9 . Some vitamins , such as biotin and vitamin K ( K MK7 ) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon . Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Digestive system 1.1 Secretion systems 1.1. 1 Channel transport system 1.1. 2 Molecular syringe 1.1. 3 Conjugation machinery 1.1. 4 Release of outer membrane vesicles 1.2 Gastrovascular cavity 1.3 Phagosome 1.4 Specialised organs and behaviours 1.4. 1 Beaks 1.4. 2 Tongue 1.4. 3 Teeth 1.4. 4 Crop 1.4. 5 Abomasum 1.4. 6 Specialised behaviours 1.5 In earthworms 2 Overview of vertebrate digestion 3 Human digestion process 3.1 Neural and biochemical control mechanisms 4 Breakdown into nutrients 4.1 Protein digestion 4.2 Fat digestion 4.3 Carbohydrate digestion 4.4 DNA and RNA digestion 5 Non-destructive digestion 6 Digestive hormones 7 Significance of pH 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Digestive system Digestive systems take many forms . There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion . External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history , and most fungi still rely on it . In this process , enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism , where they break down an organic material , and some of the products diffuse back to the organism . Animals have a tube ( gastrointestinal tract ) in which internal digestion occurs , which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured , and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled . Some organisms , including nearly all spiders , simply secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals ( e.g. , enzymes ) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent `` soup '' . In others , once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism , digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac - like structure , through a tube , or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient . Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. 1 - Donor cell produces pilus. 2 - Pilus attaches to recipient cell , bringing the two cells together . 3 - The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell . 4 - Both cells recircularize their plasmids , synthesize second strands , and reproduce pili ; both cells are now viable donors . Secretion systems Main article : Secretion § Secretion in Gram negative bacteria Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments . Channel transport system In a channel transupport system , several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria . It is a simple system , which consists of only three protein subunits : the ABC protein , membrane fusion protein ( MFP ) , and outer membrane protein ( OMP ) . This secretion system transports various molecules , from ions , drugs , to proteins of various sizes ( 20 -- 900 kDa ) . The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V , ( 10 kDa ) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa . Molecular syringe A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium ( e.g. certain types of Salmonella , Shigella , Yersinia ) can inject nutrients into protist cells . One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host 's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium . Conjugation machinery The conjugation machinery of some bacteria ( and archaeal flagella ) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins . It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host , which develops the crown gall ( tumor ) . The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system . The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case , wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation . Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells . Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines , which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources . Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors . The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria , which are in turn endosymbionts ( or parasites ) of the infected plant . The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative . Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system ( the tra , or transfer , operon ) from that for inter-kingdom transfer ( the vir , or virulence , operon ) . Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria . Release of outer membrane vesicles In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above , Gram - negative bacteria possess another method for release of material : the formation of outer membrane vesicles . Portions of the outer membrane pinch off , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials . Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors , some have immunomodulatory effects , and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells . While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions , the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective . Venus Flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula ) leaf Gastrovascular cavity The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body . Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity , which is lined with the gastrodermis , the internal layer of epithelium . This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus : waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth / anus , which can be described as an incomplete gut . In a plant such as the Venus Flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis , it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon , but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus in particular ) that are in short supply in its boggy , acidic habitat . Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica with ingested erythrocytes Phagosome A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis . The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle . A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested . Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process , forming phagolysosomes . In humans , Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells . Specialised organs and behaviours To aid in the digestion of their food animals evolved organs such as beaks , tongues , teeth , a crop , gizzard , and others . A Catalina Macaw 's seed - shearing beak Squid beak with ruler for size comparison Beaks Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird 's ecological niche . For example , macaws primarily eat seeds , nuts , and fruit , using their impressive beaks to open even the toughest seed . First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak , then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak . The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins . It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces . The beak is very robust , but does not contain any minerals , unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms , including marine species . The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid . Tongue Main article : Tongue The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing ( mastication ) and swallowing ( deglutition ) . It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva . The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane . The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing . The tongue is utilized to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis . The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin , and underlain by a plexus of veins . This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body . The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity , and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system , bypassing the gastrointestinal tract . Teeth Main article : Teeth Teeth ( singular tooth ) are small whitish structures found in the jaws ( or mouths ) of many vertebrates that are used to tear , scrape , milk and chew food . Teeth are not made of bone , but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness , such as enamel , dentine and cementum . Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception . This is the ability of sensation when chewing , for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth , such as a chipped plate mixed in food , our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it can not be chewed , so we stop trying . The shapes , sizes and numbers of types of animals ' teeth are related to their diets . For example , herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter , which is difficult to digest . Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat . Crop A crop , or croup , is a thin - walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion . In some birds it is an expanded , muscular pouch near the gullet or throat . In adult doves and pigeons , the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds . Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus . Rough illustration of a ruminant digestive system Abomasum Main article : Abomasum Herbivores have evolved cecums ( or an abomasum in the case of ruminants ) . Ruminants have a fore - stomach with four chambers . These are the rumen , reticulum , omasum , and abomasum . In the first two chambers , the rumen and the reticulum , the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material . Solids clump together to form the cud ( or bolus ) . The cud is then regurgitated , chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size . Fibre , especially cellulose and hemi - cellulose , is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids , acetic acid , propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers ( the reticulo - rumen ) by microbes : ( bacteria , protozoa , and fungi ) . In the omasum , water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream . The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants . It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach ( e.g. , those in humans or pigs ) , and digesta is processed here in much the same way . It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein , preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine . Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine , where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs . Microbes produced in the reticulo - rumen are also digested in the small intestine . A flesh fly `` blowing a bubble '' , possibly to concentrate its food by evaporating water Specialised behaviours Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop , referring to crop milk , a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation . Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents ( perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins ) . Other animals , such as rabbits and rodents , practise coprophagia behaviours -- eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food , especially in the case of roughage . Capybara , rabbits , hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do , for example , ruminants . Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut . Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately . They also produce normal droppings , which are not eaten . Young elephants , pandas , koalas , and hippos eat the faeces of their mother , probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation . When they are born , their intestines do not contain these bacteria ( they are completely sterile ) . Without them , they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components . In earthworms An earthworm 's digestive system consists of a mouth , pharynx , esophagus , crop , gizzard , and intestine . The mouth is surrounded by strong lips , which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass , leaves , and weeds , with bits of soil to help chew . The lips break the food down into smaller pieces . In the pharynx , the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage . The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay . Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed . The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt . When the churning is complete , the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste , which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter . By peristalsis , the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown . This releases carbohydrates , protein , fat , and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body . Overview of vertebrate digestion In most vertebrates , digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system , starting from ingestion of raw materials , most often other organisms . Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing . Digestion is separated into four steps : Ingestion : placing food into the mouth ( entry of food in the digestive system ) , Mechanical and chemical breakdown : mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water , acids , bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex molecules into simple structures , Absorption : of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis , active transport , and diffusion , and Egestion ( Excretion ) : Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation . Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis . Each step in digestion requires energy , and thus imposes an `` overhead charge '' on the energy made available from absorbed substances . Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle , behavior , and even physical structures . Examples may be seen in humans , who differ considerably from other hominids ( lack of hair , smaller jaws and musculature , different dentition , length of intestines , cooking , etc . ) . The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine . The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion . In mammals , preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach . Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed , and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches . The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes . Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract , and the process finishes with defecation . Human digestion process Main article : Human digestive system Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long . Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal , and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours . Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes . Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection . In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach . The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme . In the small intestine , the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile , pancreatic juice and intestinal juice . The intestinal walls are lined with villi , and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine . In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place . Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus . Neural and biochemical control mechanisms Different phases of digestion take place including : the cephalic phase , gastric phase , and intestinal phase . The cephalic phase occurs at the sight , thought and smell of food , which stimulate the cerebral cortex . Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata . After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine . Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40 % of maximum rate . Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal ( secretes acid ) and G cell ( secretes gastrin ) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin . The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours . It is stimulated by distension of the stomach , presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH . Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes . This activates the release of acetylcholine , which stimulates the release of more gastric juices . As protein enters the stomach , it binds to hydrogen ions , which raises the pH of the stomach . Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted . This triggers G cells to release gastrin , which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid . Gastric acid is about 0.5 % hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) , which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1 - 3 . Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine . The intestinal phase has two parts , the excitatory and the inhibitory . Partially digested food fills the duodenum . This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released . Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei , activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering , and inhibits local reflexes . Breakdown into nutrients This section needs expansion with : digestion of other substances . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2011 ) Protein digestion Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes , pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas , break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids . The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors , the zymogens . For example , trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen , which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin . Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides . Fat digestion Main article : Fatty acid metabolism § Dietary sources of fatty acids , their digestion , absorption , transport in the blood and storage Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides . However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine . The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids . Complete digestion of one molecule of fat ( a triglyceride ) results a mixture of fatty acids , mono - and di - glycerides , as well as some undigested triglycerides , but no free glycerol molecules . Carbohydrate digestion In humans , dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose , a polysaccharide . During digestion , bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase , resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose . This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose ( 2 glucose molecules ) that can be absorbed by the small intestine . Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts , glucose and galactose . Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine . Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk - based foods . This is commonly known as lactose intolerance . Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage ; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant , in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent . Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose , commonly known as table sugar , cane sugar , or beet sugar . Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine . DNA and RNA digestion DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease ( DNase and RNase ) from the pancreas . Non-destructive digestion Some nutrients are complex molecules ( for example vitamin B ) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups . To digest vitamin B non-destructively , haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes . After the B - haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum , pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor ( IF ) . These B - IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B - IF complexes in the blood . Digestive hormones Action of the major digestive hormones There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals . There are variations across the vertebrates , as for instance in birds . Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered . For instance , more connections to metabolic control ( largely the glucose - insulin system ) have been uncovered in recent years . Gastrin -- is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen ( an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin ) and hydrochloric acid . Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach . The secretion is inhibited by low pH . Secretin -- is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver . This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme . Cholecystokinin ( CCK ) -- is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder . This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme . Gastric inhibitory peptide ( GIP ) -- is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach . Another function is to induce insulin secretion . Motilin -- is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin . Significance of pH Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors . pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract . In the mouth , pharynx and esophagus , pH is typically about 6.8 , very weakly acidic . Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract . Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides . Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment . The stomach 's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it . This acidity confers two benefits : it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines , and provides non-specific immunity , damaging or eliminating various pathogens . In the small intestines , the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes . The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach , and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum , adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme , thus creating a neutral environment . The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5 . See also Digestive system of gastropods Digestive system of humpback whales Erepsin Gastroesophageal reflux disease Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors References ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . OCLC 32308337 . Jump up ^ Dusenbery , David B. ( 1996 ) . `` Life at Small Scale '' , pp. 113 - 115 . Scientific American Library , New York . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dusenbery , David B. ( 2009 ) . Living at Micro Scale , p. 280 . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03116 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wooldridge K ( editor ) ( 2009 ) . Bacterial Secreted Proteins : Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 42 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Salyers , A.A. & Whitt , D.D. ( 2002 ) . Bacterial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach , 2nd ed. , Washington , D.C. : ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 171 - X Jump up ^ Cascales E , Christie PJ ( 2003 ) . `` The versatile Type IV secretion systems '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 1 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 149 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro753 . PMC 3873781 . PMID 15035043 . Jump up ^ Christie PJ ; Atmakuri K ; Jabubowski S ; Krishnamoorthy V ; Cascales E. ( 2005 ) . `` Biogenesis , architecture , and function of bacterial Type IV secretion systems '' . Annu Rev Microbiol. 59 : 451 -- 485 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. micro. 58.030603. 123630 . PMC 3872966 . PMID 16153176 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , S.N. ; Das , J ( 1967 ) . `` Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell - wall material by Vibrio cholerae '' . Journal of General Microbiology. 49 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1099 / 00221287 - 49 - 1 - 1 . PMID 4168882 . Jump up ^ Kuehn , M.J. ; Kesty , N.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host - pathogen interaction '' . Genes & Development . 19 ( 22 ) : 2645 -- 55 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1299905 . PMID 16291643 . Jump up ^ McBroom , A.J. ; Kuehn , M.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram - negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response '' . Molecular Microbiology. 63 ( 2 ) : 545 -- 558 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2006. 05522. x . PMC 1868505 . PMID 17163978 . Jump up ^ Leege , Lissa . `` How does the Venus flytrap digest flies ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boettner , D.R. ; Huston , C.D. ; Linford , A.S. ; Buss , S.N. ; Houpt , E. ; Sherman , N.E. ; Petri , W.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Entamoeba histolytica Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes Involves PATMK , a Member of the Transmembrane Kinase Family '' . PLoS Pathogens. 4 ( 1 ) : e8 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 0040008 . PMC 2211552 . PMID 18208324 . Jump up ^ Miserez , A ; Li , Y ; Waite , H ; Zok , F ( 2007 ) . `` Jumbo squid beaks : Inspiration for design of robust organic composites '' . Acta Biomaterialia. 3 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. actbio. 2006.09. 004 . PMID 17113369 . Jump up ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) . `` The Alimentary Canal in Birds '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Levi , Wendell ( 1977 ) . The Pigeon . Sumter , S.C. : Levi Publishing Co , Inc . ISBN 0 - 85390 - 013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kong F , Singh RP ( June 2008 ) . `` Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach '' . J. Food Sci. 73 ( 5 ) : R67 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 3841.2008. 00766. x . PMID 18577009 . ^ Jump up to : Digestion of fats ( triacylglycerols ) Jump up ^ `` Genetics Home Reference '' . US National Library of Medicine . US National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nexo E , Hoffmann - Lücke E ( July 2011 ) . `` Holotranscobalamin , a marker of vitamin B - 12 status : analytical aspects and clinical utility '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94 ( 1 ) : 359S -- 365S . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 111.013458 . PMC 3127504 . PMID 21593496 . Jump up ^ Viola - Villegas N , Rabideau AE , Bartholomä M , Zubieta J , Doyle RP ( August 2009 ) . `` Targeting the cubilin receptor through the vitamin B ( 12 ) uptake pathway : cytotoxicity and mechanistic insight through fluorescent Re ( I ) delivery '' . J. Med . Chem. 52 ( 16 ) : 5253 -- 61 . doi : 10.1021 / jm900777v . PMID 19627091 . External links Human Physiology -- Digestion NIH guide to digestive system The Digestive System How does the Digestive System Work ? Library resources about Digestive system Resources in your library <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine <Td_colspan="2"> G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin <Td_colspan="2"> Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid GND : 4062676 - 3 NDL : 00572078 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digestion&oldid=815083739 '' Categories : Digestive system Metabolism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing more detailed references Articles to be expanded from August 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 17 : 40 . 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1. Digestion process 2. Mechanical and chemical digestion 3. Digestive system organs 4. Absorption of nutrients 5. Specialized behaviors in digestion

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List of Youth organizations - wikipedia List of Youth organizations `` Youth organization '' and `` youth organisation '' redirect here . For other uses , see Youth group ( disambiguation ) . `` Youth movement '' redirects here . For the Laotian political party , see Youth Movement ( Laos ) . Main article : Youth The following is a list of youth organizations . A youth organization is a type of organization with a focus upon providing activities and socialization for minors . In this list , most organizations are international unless noted otherwise . 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where did don bradman bat in the order

Don Bradman - Wikipedia Don Bradman Jump to : navigation , search `` Bradman '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bradman ( disambiguation ) . Sir Donald Bradman <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Full name Donald George Bradman ( 1908 - 08 - 27 ) 27 August 1908 Cootamundra , New South Wales , Australia 25 February 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 25 ) ( aged 92 ) Kensington Park , South Australia , Australia Nickname The Don , The Boy from Bowral , Braddles , the White Headley Height 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Batting Right - handed Bowling Right - arm leg break Role Batsman <Th_colspan="2"> International information National side Australia Test debut ( cap 124 ) 30 November 1928 v England Last Test 18 August 1948 v England <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Domestic team information Years Team 1927 -- 34 New South Wales 1935 -- 49 South Australia <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career statistics <Td_colspan="2"> Competition Tests FC Matches 52 234 Runs scored 6,996 28,067 Batting average 99.94 95.14 100s / 50s 29 / 13 117 / 69 Top score 334 452 * Balls bowled 160 2114 Wickets 36 Bowling average 36.00 37.97 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 1 / 8 3 / 35 Catches / stumpings 32 / -- 131 / 1 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Cricinfo , 4 December 2014 Sir Donald George Bradman , AC ( 27 August 1908 -- 25 February 2001 ) , often referred to as `` The Don '' , was an Australian cricketer , widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time . Bradman 's career Test batting average of 99.94 is often cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport . The story that the young Bradman practised alone with a cricket stump and a golf ball is part of Australian folklore . Bradman 's meteoric rise from bush cricket to the Australian Test team took just over two years . Before his 22nd birthday , he had set many records for top scoring , some of which still stand , and became Australia 's sporting idol at the height of the Great Depression . During a 20 - year playing career , Bradman consistently scored at a level that made him , in the words of former Australia captain Bill Woodfull , `` worth three batsmen to Australia '' . A controversial set of tactics , known as Bodyline , was specifically devised by the England team to curb his scoring . As a captain and administrator , Bradman was committed to attacking , entertaining cricket ; he drew spectators in record numbers . He hated the constant adulation , however , and it affected how he dealt with others . The focus of attention on his individual performances strained relationships with some teammates , administrators and journalists , who thought him aloof and wary . Following an enforced hiatus due to the Second World War , he made a dramatic comeback , captaining an Australian team known as `` The Invincibles '' on a record - breaking unbeaten tour of England . A complex , highly driven man , not given to close personal relationships , Bradman retained a pre-eminent position in the game by acting as an administrator , selector and writer for three decades following his retirement . Even after he became reclusive in his declining years his opinion was highly sought , and his status as a national icon was still recognised . More than 50 years after his retirement as a Test player , in 2001 , Prime Minister John Howard of Australia called him the `` greatest living Australian '' . Bradman 's image has appeared on postage stamps and coins , and a museum dedicated to his life was opened while he was still living . On the centenary of his birth , 27 August 2008 , the Royal Australian Mint issued a $5 commemorative gold coin with Bradman 's image . In 2009 , he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 1.1 Bush cricketer 1.2 First - class debut 2 Test career 2.1 1930 tour of England 2.2 Reluctant hero 2.3 Bodyline 2.4 Declining health and a brush with death 2.5 Internal politics and the Test captaincy 2.6 End of an era 2.7 Troubled war years 2.8 `` The ghost of a once great cricketer '' 2.9 Century of centuries and `` The Invincibles '' 3 After cricket 3.1 Administrative career 3.2 Later years and death 3.3 Legacy 4 Family life 5 Style 6 In popular culture 7 Statistical summary 7.1 Test match performance 7.2 First - class performance 7.3 Test records 7.4 Cricket context 7.5 World sport context 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early years Bradman 's birthplace at Cootamundra is now a museum . Donald George Bradman was the youngest son of George and Emily ( née Whatman ) Bradman , and was born on 27 August 1908 at Cootamundra , New South Wales ( NSW ) . He had a brother , Victor , and three sisters -- Islet , Lilian and Elizabeth May . One of his great - grandfathers was one of the first Italians to migrate to Australia in 1826 . Bradman 's parents lived in the hamlet of Yeo Yeo , near Stockinbingal . His mother Emily gave birth to him at the Cootamundra home of Granny Scholz , a midwife . That house is now the Bradman Birthplace Museum . Emily had hailed from Mittagong in the NSW Southern Highlands , and in 1911 , when Don Bradman was about two - and - a-half years old , his parents decided to relocate to Bowral , close to Mittagong , to be closer to Emily 's family and friends , as life at Yeo Yeo was proving difficult . Bradman practised batting incessantly during his youth . He invented his own solo cricket game , using a cricket stump for a bat , and a golf ball . A water tank , mounted on a curved brick stand , stood on a paved area behind the family home . When hit into the curved brick facing of the stand , the ball rebounded at high speed and varying angles -- and Bradman would attempt to hit it again . This form of practice developed his timing and reactions to a high degree . In more formal cricket , he hit his first century at the age of 12 , with an undefeated 115 playing for Bowral Public School against Mittagong High School . Bush cricketer During the 1920 -- 21 season , Bradman acted as scorer for the local Bowral team , captained by his uncle George Whatman . In October 1920 , he filled in when the team was one man short , scoring 37 not out and 29 not out on debut . During the season , Bradman 's father took him to the Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) to watch the fifth Ashes Test match . On that day , Bradman formed an ambition . `` I shall never be satisfied '' , he told his father , `` until I play on this ground '' . Bradman left school in 1922 and went to work for a local real estate agent who encouraged his sporting pursuits by giving him time off when necessary . He gave up cricket in favour of tennis for two years , but resumed playing cricket in 1925 -- 26 . Bradman in 1928 Bradman became a regular selection for the Bowral team ; several outstanding performances earned him the attention of the Sydney daily press . Competing on matting - over-concrete pitches , Bowral played other rural towns in the Berrima District competition . Against Wingello , a team that included the future Test bowler Bill O'Reilly , Bradman made 234 . In the competition final against Moss Vale , which extended over five consecutive Saturdays , Bradman scored 320 not out . During the following Australian winter ( 1926 ) , an ageing Australian team lost The Ashes in England , and a number of Test players retired . The New South Wales Cricket Association began a hunt for new talent . Mindful of Bradman 's big scores for Bowral , the association wrote to him , requesting his attendance at a practice session in Sydney . He was subsequently chosen for the `` Country Week '' tournaments at both cricket and tennis , to be played during separate weeks . His boss presented him with an ultimatum : he could have only one week away from work , and therefore had to choose between the two sports . He chose cricket . Bradman 's performances during Country Week resulted in an invitation to play grade cricket in Sydney for St George in the 1926 -- 27 season . He scored 110 on his debut , making his first century on a turf wicket . On 1 January 1927 , he turned out for the NSW second team . For the remainder of the season , Bradman travelled the 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) from Bowral to Sydney every Saturday to play for St George . First - class debut The next season continued the rapid rise of the `` Boy from Bowral '' . Selected to replace the unfit Archie Jackson in the NSW team , Bradman made his first - class debut at the Adelaide Oval , aged 19 . He secured the achievement of a hundred on debut , with an innings of 118 featuring what soon became his trademarks -- fast footwork , calm confidence and rapid scoring . In the final match of the season , he made his first century at the SCG , against the Sheffield Shield champions Victoria . Despite his potential , Bradman was not chosen for the Australian second team to tour New Zealand . Bradman decided that his chances for Test selection would be improved by moving to Sydney for the 1928 -- 29 season , when England were to tour in defence of the Ashes . Initially , he continued working in real estate , but later took a promotions job with the sporting goods retailer Mick Simmons Ltd . In the first match of the Sheffield Shield season , he scored a century in each innings against Queensland . He followed this with scores of 87 and 132 not out against the England touring team , and was rewarded with selection for the first Test , to be played at Brisbane . Test career Bradman is chaired off the ground by his opponents after scoring 452 . Playing in only his tenth first - class match , Bradman , nicknamed `` Braddles '' by his teammates , found his initial Test a harsh learning experience . Caught on a sticky wicket , Australia were all out for 66 in the second innings and lost by 675 runs ( still a Test record ) . Following scores of 18 and 1 , the selectors dropped Bradman to twelfth man for the Second Test . An injury to Bill Ponsford early in the match required Bradman to field as substitute while England amassed 636 , following their 863 runs in the First Test . RS Whitington wrote , `` ... he had scored only nineteen himself and these experiences appear to have provided him with food for thought '' . Recalled for the Third Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , Bradman scored 79 and 112 to become the youngest player to make a Test century , although the match was still lost . Another loss followed in the Fourth Test . Bradman reached 58 in the second innings and appeared set to guide the team to victory when he was run out . It was to be the only run out of his Test career . The losing margin was just 12 runs . Bradman with his Wm . Sykes bat , in the early 1930s . The `` Don Bradman Autograph '' bat is still manufactured today by Sykes ' successor company , Slazenger . The improving Australians did manage to win the Fifth and final Test . Bradman top - scored with 123 in the first innings , and was at the wicket in the second innings when his captain Jack Ryder hit the winning runs . Bradman completed the season with 1,690 first - class runs , averaging 93.88 , and his first multiple century in a Sheffield Shield match , 340 not out against Victoria , set a new ground record for the SCG . Bradman averaged 113.28 in 1929 -- 30 . In a trial match to select the team that would tour England , he was last man out in the first innings for 124 . As his team followed on , the skipper Bill Woodfull asked Bradman to keep the pads on and open the second innings . By the end of play , he was 205 not out , on his way to 225 . Against Queensland at the SCG , Bradman set a then world record for first - class cricket by scoring 452 not out ; he made his runs in only 415 minutes . Not long after the feat , he recalled : On 434 ... I had a curious intuition ... I seemed to sense that the ball would be a short - pitched one on the leg - stump , and I could almost feel myself getting ready to make my shot before the ball was delivered . Sure enough , it pitched exactly where I had anticipated , and , hooking it to the square - leg boundary , I established the only record upon which I had set my heart . Although he was an obvious selection to tour England , Bradman 's unorthodox style raised doubts that he could succeed on the slower English pitches . Percy Fender wrote : ... he will always be in the category of the brilliant , if unsound , ones . Promise there is in Bradman in plenty , though watching him does not inspire one with any confidence that he desires to take the only course which will lead him to a fulfilment of that promise . He makes a mistake , then makes it again and again ; he does not correct it , or look as if he were trying to do so . He seems to live for the exuberance of the moment . The encomiums were not confined to his batting gifts ; nor did the criticism extend to his character . `` Australia has unearthed a champion , '' said former Australian Test great Clem Hill , `` self - taught , with natural ability . But most important of all , with his heart in the right place . '' Selector Dick Jones weighed in with the observation that it was `` good to watch him talking to an old player , listening attentively to everything that is said and then replying with a modest ' thank you ' . '' 1930 tour of England England were favourites to win the 1930 Ashes series , and if the Australians were to exceed expectations , their young batsmen , Bradman and Jackson , needed to prosper . With his elegant batting technique , Jackson appeared the brighter prospect of the pair . However , Bradman began the tour with 236 at Worcester and went on to score 1,000 first - class runs by the end of May , the fifth player ( and first Australian ) to achieve this rare feat . In his first Test appearance in England , Bradman hit 131 in the second innings but England won the match . His batting reached a new level in the Second Test at Lord 's where he scored 254 as Australia won and levelled the series . Later in life , Bradman rated this the best innings of his career as , `` practically without exception every ball went where it was intended to go '' . Wisden noted his fast footwork and how he hit the ball `` all round the wicket with power and accuracy '' , as well as faultless concentration in keeping the ball on the ground . In terms of runs scored , this performance was soon surpassed . In the Third Test , at Headingley , Bradman scored a century before lunch on 11 July , the first day of the Test match to equal the performances of Victor Trumper and Charlie Macartney . In the afternoon , Bradman added another century between lunch and tea , before finishing the day on 309 not out . He remains the only Test player to pass 300 in one day 's play . His eventual score of 334 was a world - record , exceeding the previous mark of 325 by Andy Sandham . Bradman dominated the Australian innings ; the second - highest tally was 77 by Alan Kippax . Businessman Arthur Whitelaw later presented Bradman with a cheque for £ 1,000 in appreciation of his achievement . The match ended in anti-climax as poor weather prevented a result , as it also did in the Fourth Test . Bradman ( second from the right , middle row ) with the 1930 team In the deciding Test at The Oval , England made 405 . During an innings stretching over three days due to intermittent rain , Bradman made yet another multiple century , this time 232 , which helped give Australia a big lead of 290 runs . In a crucial partnership with Archie Jackson , Bradman battled through a difficult session when England fast bowler Harold Larwood bowled short on a pitch enlivened by the rain . Wisden gave this period of play only a passing mention : On the Wednesday morning the ball flew about a good deal , both batsmen frequently being hit on the body ... on more than one occasion each player cocked the ball up dangerously but always , as it happened , just wide of the fieldsmen . A number of English players and commentators noted Bradman 's discomfort in playing the short , rising delivery . The revelation came too late for this particular match , but was to have immense significance in the next Ashes series . Australia won the match by an innings and regained the Ashes . The victory made an impact in Australia . With the economy sliding toward depression and unemployment rapidly rising , the country found solace in sporting triumph . The story of a self - taught 22 - year - old from the bush who set a series of records against the old rival made Bradman a national hero . The statistics Bradman achieved on the tour , and in the Test matches in particular , broke records for the day and some have stood the test of time . In all , Bradman scored 974 runs at an average of 139.14 during the Test series , with four centuries , including two double hundreds and a triple . As of 2012 , no - one has matched or exceeded 974 runs or three double centuries in one Test series ; the record of 974 runs exceeds the second - best performance by 69 runs and was achieved in two fewer innings . Bradman 's first - class tally , 2,960 runs ( at an average of 98.66 with 10 centuries ) , was another enduring record : the most by any overseas batsman on a tour of England . On the tour , the dynamic nature of Bradman 's batting contrasted sharply with his quiet , solitary off - field demeanour . He was described as aloof from his teammates and he did not offer to buy them a round of drinks , let alone share the money given to him by Whitelaw . Bradman spent a lot of his free time alone , writing , as he had sold the rights to a book . On his return to Australia , Bradman was surprised by the intensity of his reception ; he became a `` reluctant hero '' . Mick Simmons wanted to cash in on their employee 's newly won fame . They asked Bradman to leave his teammates and attend official receptions they organised in Adelaide , Melbourne , Goulburn , his hometown Bowral and Sydney , where he received a brand new custom - built Chevrolet . At each stop , Bradman received a level of adulation that `` embarrassed '' him . This focus on individual accomplishment , in a team game , `` ... permanently damaged relationships with his contemporaries '' . Commenting on Australia 's victory , the team 's vice-captain Vic Richardson said , `` ... we could have played any team without Bradman , but we could not have played the blind school without Clarrie Grimmett '' . A modest Bradman can be heard in a 1930 recording saying `` I have always endeavoured to do my best for the side , and the few centuries that have come my way have been achieved in the hope of winning matches . My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia . '' Reluctant hero In 1930 -- 31 , against the first West Indian side to visit Australia , Bradman 's scoring was more sedate than in England -- although he did make 223 in 297 minutes in the Third Test at Brisbane and 152 in 154 minutes in the following Test at Melbourne . However , he scored quickly in a very successful sequence of innings against the South Africans in the Australian summer of 1931 -- 32 . For NSW against the tourists , he made 30 , 135 and 219 . In the Test matches , he scored 226 ( 277 minutes ) , 112 ( 155 minutes ) , 2 and 167 ( 183 minutes ) ; his 299 not out in the Fourth Test , at Adelaide , set a new record for the highest score in a Test in Australia . Australia won nine of the ten Tests played over the two series . At this point , Bradman had played 15 Test matches since the beginning of 1930 , scoring 2,227 runs at an average of 131 . He had played 18 innings , scoring 10 centuries , six of which had extended beyond 200 . His overall scoring rate was 42 runs per hour , with 856 ( or 38.5 % of his tally ) scored in boundaries . Significantly , he had not hit a six , which typified Bradman 's attitude : if he hit the ball along the ground , then it could not be caught . During this phase of his career , his youth and natural fitness allowed him to adopt a `` machine - like '' approach to batting . The South African fast bowler Sandy Bell described bowling to him as , `` heart - breaking ... with his sort of cynical grin , which rather reminds one of the Sphinx ... he never seems to perspire '' . Hundreds of onlookers gather as the Bradmans leave the church after their wedding ceremony in 1932 . Between these two seasons , Bradman seriously contemplated playing professional cricket in England with the Lancashire League club Accrington , a move that , according to the rules of the day , would have ended his Test career . A consortium of three Sydney businesses offered an alternative . They devised a two - year contract whereby Bradman wrote for Associated Newspapers , broadcast on Radio 2UE and promoted the menswear retailing chain FJ Palmer and Son . However , the contract increased Bradman 's dependence on his public profile , making it more difficult to maintain the privacy that he ardently desired . Bradman 's chaotic wedding to Jessie Menzies in April 1932 epitomised these new and unwelcome intrusions into his private life . The church `` was under siege all throughout the day ... uninvited guests stood on chairs and pews to get a better view '' ; police erected barriers that were broken down and many of those invited could not get a seat . Just weeks later , Bradman joined a private team organised by Arthur Mailey to tour the United States and Canada . He travelled with his wife , and the couple treated the trip as a honeymoon . Playing 51 games in 75 days , Bradman scored 3,779 runs at 102.1 , with 18 centuries . Although the standard of play was not high , the effects of the amount of cricket Bradman had played in the three previous years , together with the strains of his celebrity status , began to show on his return home . Bodyline See also : Bodyline `` As long as Australia has Bradman she will be invincible ... It is almost time to request a legal limit on the number of runs Bradman should be allowed to make . '' News Chronicle , London Within the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , which administered English cricket at the time , few voices were more influential than `` Plum '' Warner 's , who , when considering England 's response to Bradman , wrote that it `` must evolve a new type of bowler and develop fresh ideas and strange tactics to curb his almost uncanny skill '' . To that end , Warner orchestrated the appointment of Douglas Jardine as England captain in 1931 , as a prelude to Jardine leading the 1932 -- 33 tour to Australia , with Warner as team manager . Remembering that Bradman had struggled against bouncers during his 232 at The Oval in 1930 , Jardine decided to combine traditional leg theory with short - pitched bowling to combat Bradman . He settled on the Nottinghamshire fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce as the spearheads for his tactics . In support , the England selectors chose another three pacemen for the squad . The unusually high number of fast bowlers caused a lot of comment in both countries and roused Bradman 's own suspicions . Bradman had other problems to deal with at this time ; among these were bouts of illness from an undiagnosed malaise which had begun during the tour of North America , and that the Australian Board of Control had initially refused permission for him to write a column for the Sydney Sun . Bradman , who had signed a two - year contract with the newspaper , threatened to withdraw from cricket to honour his contract when the board denied him permission to write ; eventually , the paper released Bradman from the contract , in a victory for the board . In three first - class games against England before the Tests , Bradman averaged just 17.16 in 6 innings . Jardine decided to give the new tactics a trial in only one game , a fixture against an Australian XI at Melbourne . In this match , Bradman faced the leg theory and later warned local administrators that trouble was brewing if it continued . He withdrew from the First Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground amid rumours that he had suffered a nervous breakdown . Despite his absence , England employed what were already becoming known as the Bodyline tactics against the Australian batsmen and won an ill - tempered match . The famous duck : Bradman bowled by Bowes at the MCG , in front of a world record crowd assembled to see Bradman defeat Bodyline The public clamoured for the return of Bradman to defeat Bodyline : `` he was the batsman who could conquer this cankerous bowling ... ' Bradmania ' , amounting almost to religious fervour , demanded his return '' . Recovered from his indisposition , Bradman returned to the side in Alan Kippax 's position . A world record crowd of 63,993 at the MCG saw Bradman come to the crease on the first day of the Second Test with the score at 2 / 67 . A standing ovation ensued that delayed play for several minutes . Bradman anticipated receiving a bouncer as his first ball and , as the bowler delivered , he moved across his stumps to play the hook shot . The ball failed to rise and Bradman dragged it onto his stumps ; the first - ball duck was his first in a Test . The crowd fell into stunned silence as he walked off . However , Australia took a first innings lead in the match , and another record crowd on 2 January 1933 watched Bradman hit a counter-attacking second innings century . His unbeaten 103 ( from 146 balls ) in a team total of 191 helped set England a target of 251 to win . Bill O'Reilly and Bert Ironmonger bowled Australia to a series - levelling victory amid hopes that Bodyline was beaten . The Third Test at the Adelaide Oval proved pivotal . There were angry crowd scenes after the Australian captain Bill Woodfull and wicket - keeper Bert Oldfield were hit by bouncers . An apologetic Plum Warner entered the Australian dressing room and was rebuked by Woodfull . Woodfull 's remarks ( that `` ... there are two teams out there and only one of them is playing cricket '' ) were leaked to the press , and Warner and others attributed this to Australian opening batsman Jack Fingleton , however for many years ( even after Fingleton 's death ) a bitter war of accusation passed between Fingleton and Bradman as to who was the real source of the leak . In a cable to the MCC , the Australian Board of Control repeated the allegation of poor sportsmanship directed at Warner by Woodfull . With the support of the MCC , England continued with Bodyline despite Australian protests . The tourists won the last three Tests convincingly and regained the Ashes . Bradman caused controversy with his own tactics . Always seeking to score , and with the leg side packed with fielders , he often backed away and hit the ball into the vacant half of the outfield with unorthodox shots reminiscent of tennis or golf . This brought him 396 runs ( at 56.57 ) for the series and plaudits for attempting to find a solution to Bodyline , although his series average was just 57 % of his career mean . Jack Fingleton was in no doubt that Bradman 's game altered irrevocably as a consequence of Bodyline , writing : Bodyline was specially prepared , nurtured for and expended on him and , in consequence , his technique underwent a change quicker than might have been the case with the passage of time . Bodyline plucked something vibrant from his art . The constant glare of celebrity and the tribulations of the season forced Bradman to reappraise his life outside the game and to seek a career away from his cricketing fame . Harry Hodgetts , a South Australian delegate to the Board of Control , offered Bradman work as a stockbroker if he would relocate to Adelaide and captain South Australia ( SA ) . Unknown to the public , the SA Cricket Association ( SACA ) instigated Hodgetts ' approach and subsidised Bradman 's wage . Although his wife was hesitant about moving , Bradman eventually agreed to the deal in February 1934 . Declining health and a brush with death In his farewell season for NSW , Bradman averaged 132.44 , his best yet . He was appointed vice-captain for the 1934 tour of England . However , `` he was unwell for much of the ( English ) summer , and reports in newspapers hinted that he was suffering from heart trouble '' . Although he again started with a double century at Worcester , his famed concentration soon deserted him . Wisden wrote : ... there were many occasions on which he was out to wild strokes . Indeed at one period he created the impression that , to some extent , he had lost control of himself and went in to bat with an almost complete disregard for anything in the shape of a defensive stroke . Cigarette card distributed during the 1934 Ashes series At one stage , Bradman went 13 first - class innings without a century , the longest such spell of his career , prompting suggestions that Bodyline had eroded his confidence and altered his technique . After three Tests , the series was one -- one and Bradman had scored 133 runs in five innings . The Australians travelled to Sheffield and played a warm up game before the Fourth Test . Bradman started slowly and then , `` ... the old Bradman ( was ) back with us , in the twinkling of an eye , almost '' . He went on to make 140 , with the last 90 runs coming in just 45 minutes . On the opening day of the Fourth Test at Headingley ( Leeds ) , England were out for 200 , but Australia slumped to 3 / 39 , losing the third wicket from the last ball of the day . Listed to bat at number five , Bradman would start his innings the next day . That evening , Bradman declined an invitation to dinner from Neville Cardus , telling the journalist that he wanted an early night because the team needed him to make a double century the next day . Cardus pointed out that his previous innings on the ground was 334 , and the law of averages was against another such score . Bradman told Cardus , `` I do n't believe in the law of averages '' . In the event , Bradman batted all of the second day and into the third , putting on a then world record partnership of 388 with Bill Ponsford . When he was finally out for 304 ( 473 balls , 43 fours and 2 sixes ) , Australia had a lead of 350 runs , but rain prevented them from forcing a victory . The effort of the lengthy innings stretched Bradman 's reserves of energy , and he did not play again until the Fifth Test at The Oval , the match that would decide the Ashes . In the first innings at The Oval , Bradman and Ponsford recorded an even more massive partnership , this time 451 runs . It had taken them less than a month to break the record they had set at Headingley ; this new world record was to last 57 years . Bradman 's share of the stand was 244 from 271 balls , and the Australian total of 701 set up victory by 562 runs . For the fourth time in five series , the Ashes changed hands . England would not recover them again until after Bradman 's retirement . Seemingly restored to full health , Bradman blazed two centuries in the last two games of the tour . However , when he returned to London to prepare for the trip home , he experienced severe abdominal pain . It took a doctor more than 24 hours to diagnose acute appendicitis and a surgeon operated immediately . Bradman lost a lot of blood during the four - hour procedure and peritonitis set in . Penicillin and sulphonamides were still experimental treatments at this time ; peritonitis was usually a fatal condition . On 25 September , the hospital issued a statement that Bradman was struggling for his life and that blood donors were needed urgently . `` The effect of the announcement was little short of spectacular '' . The hospital could not deal with the number of donors , and closed its switchboard in the face of the avalanche of telephone calls generated by the news . Journalists were asked by their editors to prepare obituaries . Teammate Bill O'Reilly took a call from King George V 's secretary asking that the King be kept informed of the situation . Jessie Bradman started the month - long journey to London as soon as she received the news . En route , she heard a rumour that her husband had died . A telephone call clarified the situation and by the time she reached London , Bradman had begun a slow recovery . He followed medical advice to convalesce , taking several months to return to Australia and missing the 1934 -- 35 Australian season . Internal politics and the Test captaincy Bradman walking out to bat in the Third Test against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1937 . His 270 runs won the match for Australia and has been rated the greatest innings of all time . There was off - field intrigue in Australian cricket during the antipodean winter of 1935 . Australia , scheduled to make a tour of South Africa at the end of the year , needed to replace the retired Bill Woodfull as captain . The Board of Control wanted Bradman to lead the team , yet , on 8 August , the board announced Bradman 's withdrawal from the team due to a lack of fitness . Surprisingly , in the light of this announcement , Bradman led the South Australian team in a full programme of matches that season . The captaincy was given to Vic Richardson , Bradman 's predecessor as South Australian captain . Cricket author Chris Harte 's analysis of the situation is that a prior ( unspecified ) commercial agreement forced Bradman to remain in Australia . Harte attributed an ulterior motive to his relocation : the off - field behaviour of Richardson and other South Australian players had displeased the South Australia Cricket Association ( SACA ) , which was looking for new leadership . To help improve discipline , Bradman became a committeeman of the SACA , and a selector of the South Australian and Australian teams . He took his adopted state to its first Sheffield Shield title for 10 years , Bradman weighing in with personal contributions of 233 against Queensland and 357 against Victoria . He finished the season with 369 ( in 233 minutes ) , a South Australian record , made against Tasmania . The bowler who dismissed him , Reginald Townley , would later become leader of the Tasmanian Liberal Party . Australia defeated South Africa 4 -- 0 and senior players such as Bill O'Reilly were pointed in their comments about the enjoyment of playing under Richardson 's captaincy . A group of players who were openly hostile toward Bradman formed during the tour . For some , the prospect of playing under Bradman was daunting , as was the knowledge that he would additionally be sitting in judgement of their abilities in his role as a selector . To start the new season , the Test side played a `` Rest of Australia '' team , captained by Bradman , at Sydney in early October 1936 . The Test XI suffered a big defeat , due to Bradman 's 212 and a haul of 12 wickets taken by leg - spinner Frank Ward . Bradman let the members of the Test team know that despite their recent success , the team still required improvement . Shortly afterwards , Bradman 's first child was born on 28 October , but died the next day . He took time out of cricket for two weeks and on his return made 192 in three hours against Victoria in the last match before the beginning of the Ashes series . The Test selectors made five changes to the team who had played in the previous Test match . Significantly , Australia 's most successful bowler Clarrie Grimmett was replaced by Ward , one of four players making their debut . Bradman 's role in Grimmett 's omission from the team was controversial and it became a theme that dogged Bradman as Grimmett continued to be prolific in domestic cricket while his successors were ineffective -- he was regarded as having finished the veteran bowler 's Test career in a political purge . Bradman and England captain Gubby Allen toss at the start of the 1936 -- 37 Ashes series . The five Tests drew more than 950,000 spectators including a world record 350,534 to the Third Test at Melbourne . Australia fell to successive defeats in the opening two Tests , Bradman making two ducks in his four innings , and it seemed that the captaincy was affecting his form . The selectors made another four changes to the team for the Third Test at Melbourne . Bradman won the toss on New Year 's Day 1937 , but again failed with the bat , scoring just 13 . The Australians could not take advantage of a pitch that favoured batting , and finished the day at 6 / 181 . On the second day , rain dramatically altered the course of the game . With the sun drying the pitch ( in those days , covers could not be used during matches ) Bradman declared to get England in to bat while the pitch was `` sticky '' ; England also declared to get Australia back in , conceding a lead of 124 . Bradman countered by reversing his batting order to protect his run - makers while conditions improved . The ploy worked and Bradman went in at number seven . In an innings spread over three days , he battled influenza while scoring 270 off 375 balls , sharing a record partnership of 346 with Jack Fingleton , and Australia went on to victory . In 2001 , Wisden rated this performance as the best Test match innings of all time . The next Test , at the Adelaide Oval , was fairly even until Bradman played another patient second innings , making 212 from 395 balls . Australia levelled the series when the erratic left - arm spinner `` Chuck '' Fleetwood - Smith bowled Australia to victory . In the series - deciding Fifth Test , Bradman returned to a more aggressive style in top - scoring with 169 ( off 191 balls ) in Australia 's 604 and Australia won by an innings . Australia 's achievement of winning a Test series after outright losses in the first two matches has never been repeated in Test cricket . End of an era During the 1938 tour of England , Bradman played the most consistent cricket of his career . He needed to score heavily as England had a strengthened batting line - up , while the Australian bowling was over-reliant on O'Reilly . Grimmett was overlooked , but Jack Fingleton made the team , so the clique of anti-Bradman players remained . Playing 26 innings on tour , Bradman recorded 13 centuries ( a new Australian record ) and again made 1,000 first - class runs before the end of May , becoming the only player to do so twice . In scoring 2,429 runs , Bradman achieved the highest average ever recorded in an English season : 115.66 . Bradman ( left , with his vice-captain Stan McCabe ) walks out to bat at Perth , during a preliminary match to the 1938 tour of England . Bradman scored 102 . In the First Test , England amassed a big first innings score and looked likely to win , but Stan McCabe made 232 for Australia , a performance Bradman rated as the best he had ever seen . With Australia forced to follow - on , Bradman fought hard to ensure McCabe 's effort was not in vain , and he secured the draw with 144 not out . It was the slowest Test hundred of his career and he played a similar innings of 102 not out in the next Test as Australia struggled to another draw . Rain completely washed out the Third Test at Old Trafford . Australia 's opportunity came at Headingley , a Test described by Bradman as the best he ever played in . England batted first and made 223 . During the Australian innings , Bradman backed himself by opting to bat on in poor light conditions , reasoning that Australia could score more runs in bad light on a good wicket than on a rain affected wicket in good light , when he had the option to go off . He scored 103 out of a total of 242 and the gamble paid off , as it meant there was sufficient time to push for victory when an England collapse left them a target of only 107 to win . Australia slumped to 4 / 61 , with Bradman out for 16 . An approaching storm threatened to wash the game out , but the poor weather held off and Australia managed to secure the win , a victory that retained the Ashes . For the only time in his life , the tension of the occasion got to Bradman and he could not watch the closing stages of play , a reflection of the pressure that he felt all tour : he described the captaincy as `` exhausting '' and said he `` found it difficult to keep going '' . The euphoria of securing the Ashes preceded Australia 's heaviest defeat . At The Oval , England amassed a world record of 7 / 903 and their opening batsman Len Hutton scored an individual world record , by making 364 . In an attempt to relieve the burden on his bowlers , Bradman took a rare turn at bowling . During his third over , he fractured his ankle and teammates carried him from the ground . With Bradman injured and Fingleton unable to bat because of a leg muscle strain , Australia were thrashed by an innings and 579 runs , which remains the largest margin in Test cricket history . Unfit to complete the tour , Bradman left the team in the hands of vice-captain Stan McCabe . At this point , Bradman felt that the burden of captaincy would prevent him from touring England again , although he did not make his doubts public . Despite the pressure of captaincy , Bradman 's batting form remained supreme . An experienced , mature player now commonly called `` The Don '' had replaced the blitzing style of his early days as the `` Boy from Bowral '' . In 1938 -- 39 , he led South Australia to the Sheffield Shield and made a century in six consecutive innings to equal CB Fry 's world record . Bradman totalled 21 first - class centuries in 34 innings , from the beginning of the 1938 tour of England ( including preliminary games in Australia ) until early 1939 . The next season , Bradman made an abortive bid to join the Victoria state side . The Melbourne Cricket Club advertised the position of club secretary and he was led to believe that if he applied , he would get the job . The position , which had been held by Hugh Trumble until his death in August 1938 , was one of the most prestigious jobs in Australian cricket . The annual salary of £ 1,000 would make Bradman financially secure while allowing him to retain a connection with the game . On 18 January 1939 , the club 's committee , on the casting vote of the chairman , chose former Test batsman Vernon Ransford over Bradman . The 1939 -- 40 season was Bradman 's most productive ever for SA : 1,448 runs at an average of 144.8 . He made three double centuries , including 251 not out against NSW , the innings that he rated the best he ever played in the Sheffield Shield , as he tamed Bill O'Reilly at the height of his form . However , it was the end of an era . The outbreak of World War Two led to the indefinite postponement of all cricket tours , and the suspension of the Sheffield Shield competition . Troubled War years Bradman 's high backlift and lengthy forward stride were characteristic . Bradman joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) on 28 June 1940 and was passed fit for air crew duty . The RAAF had more recruits than it could equip and train and Bradman spent four months in Adelaide before the Governor - General of Australia , Lord Gowrie , persuaded Bradman to transfer to the army , a move that was criticised as a safer option for him . Given the rank of Lieutenant , he was posted to the Army School of Physical Training at Frankston , Victoria , to act as a divisional supervisor of physical training . The exertion of the job aggravated his chronic muscular problems , diagnosed as fibrositis . Surprisingly , in light of his batting prowess , a routine army test revealed that Bradman had poor eyesight . Invalided out of service in June 1941 , Bradman spent months recuperating , unable even to shave himself or comb his hair due to the extent of the muscular pain he suffered . He resumed stockbroking during 1942 . In his biography of Bradman , Charles Williams expounded the theory that the physical problems were psychosomatic , induced by stress and possibly depression ; Bradman read the book 's manuscript and did not disagree . Had any cricket been played at this time , he would not have been available . Although he found some relief in 1945 when referred to the Melbourne masseur Ern Saunders , Bradman permanently lost the feeling in the thumb and index finger of his ( dominant ) right hand . In June 1945 , Bradman faced a financial crisis when the firm of Harry Hodgetts collapsed due to fraud and embezzlement . Bradman moved quickly to set up his own business , utilising Hodgetts ' client list and his old office in Grenfell Street , Adelaide . The fallout led to a prison term for Hodgetts , and left a stigma attached to Bradman 's name in the city 's business community for many years . However , the SA Cricket Association had no hesitation in appointing Bradman as their delegate to the Board of Control in place of Hodgetts . Now working alongside some of the men he had battled in the 1930s , Bradman quickly became a leading light in the administration of the game . With the resumption of international cricket , he was once more appointed a Test selector , and played a major role in planning for post-war cricket . `` The ghost of a once great cricketer '' Bradman and Barnes leave the field for an adjournment as both head towards 234 . In 1945 -- 46 , Bradman suffered regular bouts of fibrositis while coming to terms with increased administrative duties and the establishment of his business . He played for South Australia in two matches to help with the re-establishment of first - class cricket and later described his batting as `` painstaking '' . Batting against the Australian Services cricket team , Bradman scored 112 in less than two hours , yet Dick Whitington ( playing for the Services ) wrote , `` I have seen today the ghost of a once great cricketer '' . Bradman declined a tour of New Zealand and spent the winter of 1946 wondering whether he had played his last match . `` With the English team due to arrive for the 1946 -- 47 Ashes series , the media and the public were anxious to know if Bradman would lead Australia . '' His doctor recommended against a return to the game . Encouraged by his wife , Bradman agreed to play in lead - up fixtures to the Test series . After hitting two centuries , Bradman made himself available for the First Test at The Gabba . Controversy emerged on the first day of the First Test at Brisbane . After compiling an uneasy 28 runs , Bradman hit a ball to the gully fieldsman , Jack Ikin . `` An appeal for a catch was denied in the umpire 's contentious ruling that it was a bump ball '' . At the end of the over , England captain Wally Hammond spoke with Bradman and criticised him for not `` walking '' ; `` from then on the series was a cricketing war just when most people desired peace '' , Whitington wrote . Bradman regained his finest pre-war form in making 187 , followed by 234 during the Second Test at Sydney ( Sid Barnes also scored 234 during the innings , many in a still standing 405 run 5th Wicket partnership with Bradman . Barnes later recalled that he purposely got out on 234 because `` it would n't be right for someone to make more runs than Bradman '' ) . Australia won both matches by an innings . Jack Fingleton speculated that had the decision at Brisbane gone against him , Bradman would have retired , such were his fitness problems . In the remainder of the series , Bradman made three half - centuries in six innings , but was unable to make another century ; nevertheless , his team won handsomely , 3 -- 0 . He was the leading batsman on either side , with an average of 97.14 . Nearly 850,000 spectators watched the Tests , which helped lift public spirits after the war . Century of centuries and `` the Invincibles '' Main article : Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 See also : Australian cricket team in England in 1948 and 1948 Ashes series India made its first tour of Australia in the 1947 -- 48 season . On 15 November , Bradman made 172 against them for an Australian XI at Sydney , his 100th first - class century . The first non-Englishman to achieve the milestone , Bradman remains the only Australian to have done so . In five Tests , he scored 715 runs ( at 178.75 average ) . His last double century ( 201 ) came at Adelaide , and he scored a century in each innings of the Melbourne Test . On the eve of the Fifth Test , he announced that the match would be his last in Australia , although he would tour England as a farewell . Australia had assembled one of the great teams of cricket history . Bradman made it known that he wanted to go through the tour unbeaten , a feat never before accomplished . English spectators were drawn to the matches knowing that it would be their last opportunity to see Bradman in action . RC Robertson - Glasgow observed of Bradman that : Next to Mr. Winston Churchill , he was the most celebrated man in England during the summer of 1948 . His appearances throughout the country were like one continuous farewell matinée . At last his batting showed human fallibility . Often , especially at the start of the innings , he played where the ball was n't , and spectators rubbed their eyes . Despite his waning powers , Bradman compiled 11 centuries on the tour , amassing 2,428 runs ( average 89.92 ) . His highest score of the tour ( 187 ) came against Essex , when Australia compiled a world record of 721 runs in a day . In the Tests , he scored a century at Trent Bridge , but the performance most like his pre-war exploits came in the Fourth Test at Headingley . England declared on the last morning of the game , setting Australia a world record 404 runs to win in only 345 minutes on a heavily worn wicket . In partnership with Arthur Morris ( 182 ) , Bradman reeled off 173 not out and the match was won with 15 minutes to spare . The journalist Ray Robinson called the victory `` the ' finest ever ' in its conquest of seemingly insuperable odds '' . In the final Test at The Oval , Bradman walked out to bat in Australia 's first innings . He received a standing ovation from the crowd and three cheers from the opposition . His Test batting average stood at 101.39 . Facing the wrist - spin of Eric Hollies , Bradman pushed forward to the second ball that he faced , was deceived by a googly , and bowled between bat and pad for a duck . An England batting collapse resulted in an innings defeat , denying Bradman the opportunity to bat again and so his career average finished at 99.94 ; if he had scored just four runs in his last innings , it would have been 100 . A story developed over the years that claimed Bradman missed the ball because of tears in his eyes , a claim Bradman denied for the rest of his life . The Australian team won the Ashes 4 -- 0 , completed the tour unbeaten , and entered history as `` The Invincibles '' . Just as Bradman 's legend grew , rather than diminished , over the years , so too has the reputation of the 1948 team . For Bradman , it was the most personally fulfilling period of his playing days , as the divisiveness of the 1930s had passed . He wrote : Knowing the personnel , I was confident that here at last was the great opportunity which I had longed for . A team of cricketers whose respect and loyalty were unquestioned , who would regard me in a fatherly sense and listen to my advice , follow my guidance and not question my handling of affairs ... there are no longer any fears that they will query the wisdom of what you do . The result is a sense of freedom to give full reign to your own creative ability and personal judgment . With Bradman now retired from professional cricket , RC Robertson - Glasgow wrote of the English reaction `` ... a miracle has been removed from among us . So must ancient Italy have felt when she heard of the death of Hannibal '' . After cricket After his return to Australia , Bradman played in his own Testimonial match at Melbourne , scoring his 117th and last century , and receiving £ 9,342 in proceeds . In the 1949 New Year Honours , he was appointed Knight Bachelor for his services to the game , becoming the only Australian cricketer ever to be knighted . He commented that he `` would have preferred to remain just Mister '' . The following year he published a memoir , Farewell to Cricket . Bradman accepted offers from the Daily Mail to travel with , and write about , the 1953 and 1956 Australian teams in England . The Art of Cricket , his final book published in 1958 , is an instructional manual . Bradman retired from his stockbroking business in June 1954 , depending on the `` comfortable '' income earned as a board member of 16 publicly listed companies . His highest profile affiliation was with Argo Investments Limited , where he was chairman for a number of years . Charles Williams commented that , `` ( b ) usiness was excluded on medical grounds , ( so ) the only sensible alternative was a career in the administration of the game which he loved and to which he had given most of his active life '' . Bradman was honoured at a number of cricket grounds , notably when his portrait was hung in the Long Room at Lord 's ; until Shane Warne 's portrait was added in 2005 , Bradman was one of just three Australians to be honoured in this way . Bradman inaugurated a `` Bradman Stand '' at the Sydney Cricket Ground in January 1974 ; the Adelaide Oval also opened a Bradman Stand in 1990 , which housed new media and corporate facilities . The Oval 's Bradman Stand was demolished in 2013 as the stadium underwent an extensive re-development . Later in 1974 , he attended a Lord 's Taverners function in London where he experienced heart problems , which forced him to limit his public appearances to select occasions only . With his wife , Bradman returned to Bowral in 1976 , where the new cricket ground was named in his honour . He gave the keynote speech at the historic Centenary Test at Melbourne in 1977 . On 16 June 1979 , the Australian government awarded Bradman the nation 's second - highest civilian honour at that time , Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) , `` in recognition of service to the sport of cricket and cricket administration '' . In 1980 , he resigned from the ACB , to lead a more secluded life . Administrative career See also : Controversies involving Don Bradman In addition to acting as one of South Australia 's delegates to the Board of Control from 1945 to 1980 , Bradman was a committee member of the SACA between 1935 and 1986 . It is estimated that he attended 1,713 SACA meetings during this half century of service . Aside from two years in the early 1950s , he filled a selector 's berth for the Test team between 1936 and 1971 . Cricket saw an increase in defensive play during the 1950s . As a selector , Bradman favoured attacking , positive cricketers who entertained the paying public . He formed an alliance with Australian captain Richie Benaud , seeking more attractive play , with some success . He served two high - profile periods as chairman of the board of Control , in 1960 -- 63 and 1969 -- 72 . During the first , he dealt with the growing prevalence of illegal bowling actions in the game , a problem that he adjudged `` the most complex I have known in cricket , because it is not a matter of fact but of opinion '' . The major controversy of his second stint was a proposed tour of Australia by South Africa in 1971 -- 72 . On Bradman 's recommendation , the series was cancelled . Cricket journalist Michael Coward said of Bradman as an administrator : Bradman was more than a cricket player nonpareil . He was ... an astute and progressive administrator ; an expansive thinker , philosopher and writer on the game . Indeed , in some respects , he was as powerful , persuasive and influential a figure off the ground as he was on it . In the late 1970s , Bradman played an important role during the World Series Cricket schism as a member of a special Australian Cricket Board committee formed to handle the crisis . He was criticised for not airing an opinion , but he dealt with World Series Cricket far more pragmatically than other administrators . Richie Benaud described Bradman as `` a brilliant administrator and businessman '' , warning that he was not to be underestimated . As Australian captain , Ian Chappell fought with Bradman over the issue of player remuneration in the early 1970s and has suggested that Bradman was parsimonious : I ... thought to myself , ' Ian , did you just ask Bradman to fill your wallet with money ? ' Bradman 's harangue confirmed my suspicions that the players were going to have a hard time extracting more money from the ACB . Later years and death After his wife 's death in 1997 , Bradman suffered `` a discernible and not unexpected wilting of spirit '' . The next year , on his 90th birthday , he hosted a meeting with his two favourite modern players , Shane Warne and Sachin Tendulkar , but he was not seen in his familiar place at the Adelaide Oval again . Hospitalised with pneumonia in December 2000 , he returned home in the New Year and died there on 25 February 2001 , aged 92 . A memorial service to mark Bradman 's life was held on 25 March 2001 at St Peter 's Anglican Cathedral , Adelaide . The service was attended by a host of former and current Test cricketers , as well as Australia 's then prime minister , John Howard , leader of the opposition Kim Beazley and former prime minister Bob Hawke . Eulogies were given by Richie Benaud and Governor - General Sir William Deane . The service was broadcast live on ABC Television to a viewing audience of 1.45 million . A private service for family and friends was earlier held at the Centennial Park Cemetery in the suburb of Pasadena , with many people lining both Greenhill and Goodwood Roads to pay their respects as his funeral motorcade passed by . Legacy Cricket writer David Frith summed up the paradox of the continuing fascination with Bradman : As the years passed , with no lessening of his reclusiveness , so his public stature continued to grow , until the sense of reverence and unquestioning worship left many of his contemporaries scratching their heads in wondering admiration . As early as 1939 , Bradman had a Royal Navy ship named after him . Built as a fishing trawler in 1936 , the HMS Bradman was taken over by the Admiralty in 1939 , but was sunk by German aircraft the following year . In the 1963 edition of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , Bradman was selected by Neville Cardus as one the Six Giants of the Wisden Century . This was a special commemorative selection requested by Wisden for its 100th edition . The other five players chosen were : Sydney Barnes , W.G. Grace , Jack Hobbs , Tom Richardson and Victor Trumper . On 10 December 1985 , Bradman was the first of 120 inaugural inductees into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame . He spoke of his philosophy for considering the stature of athletes : When considering the stature of an athlete or for that matter any person , I set great store in certain qualities which I believe to be essential in addition to skill . They are that the person conducts his or her life with dignity , with integrity , courage , and perhaps most of all , with modesty . These virtues are totally compatible with pride , ambition , and competitiveness . Although modest about his own abilities and generous in his praise of other cricketers , Bradman was fully aware of the talents he possessed as a player ; there is some evidence that he sought to influence his legacy . During the 1980s and 1990s , Bradman carefully selected the people to whom he gave interviews , assisting Michael Page , Roland Perry and Charles Williams , who all produced biographical works about him . Bradman also agreed to an extensive interview for ABC radio , broadcast as Bradman : The Don Declares in eight 55 - minute episodes during 1988 . The Bradman Stand ( named in 1990 ) at the Adelaide Oval The most significant of these legacy projects was the Bradman Museum , opened in 1989 at the Bradman Oval in Bowral . This organisation was reformed in 1993 as a non-profit charitable Trust , called the Bradman Foundation . In 2010 , it was expanded and rebranded as the International Cricket Hall of Fame . When the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame was created in Melbourne in 1996 , Bradman was made one of its 10 inaugural members . In 2000 , Bradman was selected by cricket experts as one of five Wisden Cricketers of the Century . Each of the 100 members of the panel were able to select five cricketers : all 100 voted for Bradman . The ICC Cricket Hall of Fame inducted him on 19 November 2009 . Bradman 's life and achievements were recognised in Australia with two notable issues . Three years before he died , he became the first living Australian to be featured on an Australian postage stamp . After his death , the Australian Government produced a 20 - cent coin to commemorate his life . Family life Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family , to be closer to school in Bowral . The couple married at St Paul 's Anglican Church at Burwood , Sydney on 30 April 1932 . During their 65 - year marriage , Jessie was `` shrewd , reliable , selfless , and above all , uncomplicated ... she was the perfect foil to his concentrated , and occasionally mercurial character '' . Bradman paid tribute to his wife numerous times , once saying succinctly , `` I would never have achieved what I achieved without Jessie '' . The Bradmans lived in the same modest , suburban house in Holden Street , Kensington Park in Adelaide for all but the first three years of their married life . They experienced personal tragedy in raising their children : their first - born son died as an infant in 1936 , their second son , John ( born in 1939 ) contracted polio , and their daughter , Shirley , born in 1941 , had cerebral palsy from birth . His family name proved a burden for John Bradman ; he legally changed his last name to Bradsen in 1972 . Although claims were made that he became estranged from his father , it was more a matter of `` the pair inhabit ( ing ) different worlds '' . After the cricketer 's death , a collection of personal letters written by Bradman to his close friend Rohan Rivett between 1953 and 1977 was released and gave researchers new insights into Bradman 's family life , including the strain between father and son . Bradman 's reclusiveness in later life is partly attributable to the ongoing health problems of his wife , particularly following the open - heart surgery Jessie underwent in her 60s . Lady Bradman died in 1997 , aged 88 , from cancer . This had a dispiriting effect on Bradman , but the relationship with his son improved , to the extent that John resolved to change his name back to Bradman . Since his father 's death , John Bradman has become the spokesperson for the family and has been involved in defending the Bradman legacy in a number of disputes . The relationship between Bradman and his wider family is less clear , although nine months after Bradman 's death , his nephew Paul Bradman criticised him as a `` snob '' and a `` loner '' who forgot his connections in Bowral and who failed to attend the funerals of Paul 's mother and father . Style Main article : Don Bradman 's batting technique Bradman hooks English left - arm fast bowler Bill Voce during the 1936 -- 37 series . The position of Bradman 's left foot in relation to the stumps is an example of how he used the crease when batting . Bradman 's early development was shaped by the high bounce of the ball on matting - over-concrete pitches . He favoured `` horizontal - bat '' shots ( such as the hook , pull and cut ) to deal with the bounce and devised a unique grip on the bat handle that would accommodate these strokes without compromising his ability to defend . Employing a side - on stance at the wicket , Bradman kept perfectly still as the bowler ran in . His backswing had a `` crooked '' look that troubled his early critics , but he resisted entreaties to change . His backswing kept his hands in close to the body , leaving him perfectly balanced and able to change his stroke mid-swing , if need be . Another telling factor was the decisiveness of Bradman 's footwork . He `` used the crease '' by either coming metres down the wicket to drive , or playing so far back that his feet ended up level with the stumps when playing the cut , hook or pull . Bradman 's game evolved with experience . He temporarily adapted his technique during the Bodyline series , deliberately moving around the crease in an attempt to score from the short - pitched deliveries . At his peak , in the mid-1930s , he had the ability to switch between a defensive and attacking approach as the occasion demanded . After the Second World War , he adjusted to bat within the limitations set by his age , becoming a steady `` accumulator '' of runs . However , Bradman never truly mastered batting on sticky wickets . Wisden commented , `` ( i ) f there really is a blemish on his amazing record it is ... the absence of a significant innings on one of those ' sticky dogs ' of old '' . In popular Culture Main article : Don Bradman in popular culture Bradman statue outside the Adelaide Oval Bradman 's name has become an archetypal name for outstanding excellence , both within cricket and in the wider world . The term Bradmanesque has been coined and is used both within and without cricketing circles . Steve Waugh described Sri Lankan Muttiah Muralitharan as `` the Don Bradman of bowling '' , while John Howard , former Prime Minister of Australia , was called `` the Don Bradman of politics '' by his Liberal Party colleague Joe Hockey . Bradman has been the subject of more biographies than any other Australian , apart from the bushranger Ned Kelly . Bradman himself wrote four books : Don Bradman 's Book -- The Story of My Cricketing Life with Hints on Batting , Bowling and Fielding ( 1930 ) , My Cricketing Life ( 1938 ) , Farewell to Cricket ( 1950 ) and The Art of Cricket ( 1958 ) . The story of the Bodyline series was retold in a 1984 television mini-series , with Gary Sweet portraying Bradman . Bradman is immortalised in three popular songs from different eras , `` Our Don Bradman '' ( 1930s , by Jack O'Hagan ) , `` Bradman '' ( 1980s , by Paul Kelly ) , and `` Sir Don '' , ( a tribute by John Williamson performed at Bradman 's memorial service ) . Bradman recorded several songs accompanying himself and others on piano in the early 1930s , including `` Every Day Is A Rainbow Day For Me '' . In 2000 , the Australian Government made it illegal for the names of corporations to suggest a link to `` Sir Donald Bradman '' , if such a link does not in fact exist . Other entities with similar protection are the Australian and foreign governments , Saint Mary MacKillop , the Royal Family and the Returned and Services League of Australia . Statistical summary Test match performance A graph of Bradman 's Test career batting performances . The red bars indicate his innings , and the blue line the average of his 10 most recent innings . The blue dots indicate innings in which Bradman finished not out . <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> Batting <Th_colspan="4"> Bowling Opposition Matches Runs Average High Score 100 / 50 Runs Wickets Average Best ( Inns ) England 37 5028 89.78 334 19 / 12 51 51.00 1 / 23 India 5 715 178.75 201 4 / 1 0 -- -- South Africa 5 806 201.50 299 * 4 / 0 0 -- -- West Indies 5 447 74.50 223 2 / 0 15 15.00 1 / 8 Overall 52 6996 99.94 334 29 / 13 72 36.00 1 / 8 First - class performance Innings Not Out Highest Aggregate Average 100s 100s / inns Ashes Tests 63 7 334 5,028 89.78 19 30.2 % All Tests 80 10 334 6,996 99.94 29 36.3 % Sheffield Shield 96 15 452 * 8,926 110.19 36 37.5 % All First Class 338 43 452 * 28,067 95.14 117 34.6 % Grade 93 17 303 6,598 86.80 28 30.1 % All Second Class 331 64 320 * 22,664 84.80 94 28.4 % Grand Total 669 107 452 * 50,731 90.27 211 31.5 % <Td_colspan="8"> Statistics from Bradman Museum . Test records See also : List of international cricket centuries by Don Bradman Bradman still holds the following significant records for Test match cricket : Highest career batting average ( minimum 20 innings ) : 99.94 Highest series batting average ( minimum 4 - Test series ) : 201.50 ( 1931 -- 32 ) ; also second - highest : 178.75 ( 1947 -- 48 ) Highest Test batting rating : 961 . Highest ratio of centuries per innings played : 36.25 % ( 29 centuries from 80 innings ) Highest ratio of double centuries per innings played : 15.0 % ( 12 double centuries from 80 innings ) Highest 5th wicket partnership : 405 ( with Sid Barnes , 1946 -- 47 ) Highest score by a number 7 batsman : 270 ( 1936 -- 37 ) Most runs against one opponent : 5,028 ( v England ) Most runs in one series : 974 ( 1930 ) Most times of scoring a century in a single session of play : 6 ( 1 pre lunch , 2 lunch - tea , 3 tea - stumps ) Most runs in one day 's play : 309 ( 1930 ) Most double centuries : 12 Most double centuries in a series : 3 ( 1930 ) Most triple centuries : 2 ( equal with Chris Gayle , Brian Lara and Virender Sehwag ) Most consecutive matches in which he made a century : 6 ( the last three Tests in 1936 -- 37 , and the first three Tests in 1938 ) Fewest matches required to reach 1000 ( 7 matches ) , 2000 ( 15 matches ) , 3000 ( 23 matches ) , 4000 ( 31 matches ) , 5000 ( 36 matches ) and 6000 ( 45 matches ) Test runs . Fewest innings required to reach 2000 ( 22 innings ) , 3000 ( 33 innings ) , 4000 ( 48 innings ) , 5000 ( 56 innings ) and 6000 ( 68 innings ) Test runs . First batsman in Test history to score 2 triple centuries . First and only batsman to have remained unbeaten on 299 in a Test innings . First batsman to score a Test triple century ( 304 ) at number 5 position ; this remains the second highest Test score for any number 5 batsman . Cricket context Completed Test career batting averages Don Bradman ( AUS ) 99.94 Adam Voges ( AUS ) 61.87 Graeme Pollock ( RSA ) 60.97 George Headley ( WI ) 60.83 Herbert Sutcliffe ( ENG ) 60.73 Eddie Paynter ( ENG ) 59.23 Ken Barrington ( ENG ) 58.67 Everton Weekes ( WI ) 58.61 Wally Hammond ( ENG ) 58.45 Garfield Sobers ( WI ) 57.78 <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Cricinfo Qualification : 20 completed innings , career completed . Bradman 's Test batting average of 99.94 has become one of cricket 's most famous , iconic statistics . No other player who has played more than 20 Test match innings has finished their career with a Test average of more than 62 . Bradman scored centuries at a rate better than one every three innings -- in 80 Test innings , Bradman scored 29 centuries . Only 11 players have since surpassed his total , all at a much slower rate : the next fastest player to reach 29 centuries , Sachin Tendulkar , required nearly twice as long ( 148 innings ) to do so . In addition , Bradman converted 41 % of his centuries into double centuries : his total of 12 Test double hundreds -- comprising 15 % of his innings -- remains the most achieved by any Test batsman and was accumulated faster than any other total . For comparison , the next highest totals of Test double hundreds are Kumar Sangakkara 's 11 in 223 innings ( 4.9 % ) , Brian Lara 's 9 in 232 innings ( 3.9 % ) , and Wally Hammond 's 7 in 140 innings ( 5 % ) ; the next highest rate of scoring Test double centuries was achieved by Vinod Kambli , whose 21 innings included 2 double centuries ( 9.5 % ) . World sport context Wisden hailed Bradman as , `` the greatest phenomenon in the history of cricket , indeed in the history of all ball games '' . Statistician Charles Davis analysed the statistics for several prominent sportsmen by comparing the number of standard deviations that they stand above the mean for their sport . The top performers in his selected sports are : Athlete Sport Statistic Standard deviations Bradman Cricket Batting average 4.4 Pelé Association football Goals per game 3.7 Ty Cobb Baseball Batting average 3.6 Jack Nicklaus Golf Major titles 3.5 Michael Jordan Basketball Points per game 3.4 The statistics show that `` no other athlete dominates an international sport to the extent that Bradman does cricket '' . In order to post a similarly dominant career statistic as Bradman , a baseball batter would need a career batting average of . 392 , while a basketball player would need to score an average of 43.0 points per game . The respective records are . 366 and 30.1 . When Bradman died , Time allocated a space in its `` Milestones '' column for an obituary : ... Australian icon considered by many to be the pre-eminent sportsman of all time ... One of Australia 's most beloved heroes , he was revered abroad as well . When Nelson Mandela was released after 27 years in prison , his first question to an Australian visitor was , `` Is Sir Donald Bradman still alive ? '' Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Obituaries -- Sir Donald Bradman '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 27 February 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Donald Bradman player profile '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . Sir Donald Bradman of Australia was , beyond any argument , the greatest batsman who ever lived and the greatest cricketer of the 20th century . Only WG Grace , in the formative years of the game , even remotely matched his status as a player . ^ Jump up to : Hutchins , Brett ( 2002 ) . Don Bradman : Challenging the Myth . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82384 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Assembly of ACT '' . Hansard. 28 February 2001 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sports Factor ( transcript ) '' . ABC Radio . 2 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McGilvray ( 1986 ) , pp 20 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Swanton , E.W. ( 2002 ) . `` A Personal Recollection '' . Wisden . Retrieved 3 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Haigh , Gideon ( 2002 ) . `` Beyond the Legend '' . Wisden . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Don celebrated on commemorative $5 coin '' . Abc.net.au. 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald George Bradman '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman 's Italian heritage revealed '' . Adelaidenow.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ VisitNSW . Retrieved 25 June 2014 Jump up ^ The Bradman Trail Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 25 June 2014 Jump up ^ A stump is considerably narrower than a bat ; the diameter of a golf ball is similarly smaller than that of a cricket ball . Jump up ^ `` The Boy in Bowral ( 1911 -- 1924 ) '' . Bradman Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bradman Foundation : Biography '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Bradman Museum . Retrieved on 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Perry ( 1995 ) , p 24 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Michael ( 1984 ) . `` Bradman Digital Library : Essay by Michael Page '' . Pan Macmillan Australia Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Page ( 1983 ) , pp 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , pp 300 -- 302 . Jump up ^ `` St George District Cricket Club '' ( PDF ) . St George District Cricket Club Inc . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1981 ) , p 138 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 25 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test Australia v England , match report '' . Wisden. 1930 . Retrieved 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitington ( 1974 ) , p 142 . Jump up ^ Whitington ( 1974 ) , p 147 . This record was broken in the next Test when Australia 's Archie Jackson hit 164 on debut at Adelaide . Jump up ^ `` 4th Test Australia v England , match report '' . Wisden. 1930 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) . See appendix . ^ Jump up to : Robertson - Glasgow , R.C. ( 1949 ) . `` A Miracle Has Been Removed From Among Us '' . Wisden . Retrieved 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 29 . Jump up ^ `` Most running in a first class innings '' . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Haigh 2008 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Page ( 1983 ) , p 49 . Jump up ^ `` Notes by the Editor '' . Wisden. 1931 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bremner , Charles ; Robertson , David ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` Forgotten genius '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Page ( 1983 ) , p 361 . ^ Jump up to : Haigh , Gideon . `` Bradman 's best : Speed without haste , risk without recklessness '' . Inside Edge . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Second Test match : England v Australia 1930 '' . Wisden. 1931 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hundred before lunch '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in a day '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 12 April 2004 ) . `` The progression of the record -- The highest score in Test cricket '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 336 . Whitelaw gave each of the other Australian players an ashtray . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Test Match : England v Australia 1930 '' . Wisden. 1931 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Steen , Rob ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` The coming of ' Our Don ' '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Donald Bradman ( 1908 -- 2001 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Test Matches -- Most runs in a series '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . The Bradman Foundation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 327 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bradman in ' The 1930 Australian XI : Winners of the Ashes ' on australianscreen online '' . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Cashman et al. ( 1996 ) , p 573 . Jump up ^ `` South African team in Australia and New Zealand 1931 -- 32 '' . Wisden. 1933 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches : Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . The record was beaten by Bob Cowper , who scored 307 in 1965 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : `` DG Bradman -- Test matches -- Batting analysis '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Donald Bradman '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 22 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 78 -- 81 . Jump up ^ View The Australians in Toronto ( featuring Sir Donald Bradman ) online on YouTube Jump up ^ `` When the Don met the Babe '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Harte ( 1993 ) , p 327 . The rules of English billiards were changed to limit the prodigious breaks of Australian Walter Lindrum . Jump up ^ Frith ( 2002 ) , pp 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 60 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` Bodyline quotes '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Whitington ( 1974 ) , p 170 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test Australia v England , match report '' . Wisden. 1934 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Roebuck , Peter ( 11 February 2004 ) . `` Bodyline consumed two nations '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 99 . Jump up ^ Fingleton ( 1949 ) , p 198 . Jump up ^ Haigh , Gideon ( August 2008 ) . `` Sir Donald Bradman at 100 '' . The Monthly . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , pp 352 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ `` Call back the medics '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Southerton , S.J. ( 1935 ) . `` The Australian team in England , 1934 '' . Wisden . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Player Oracle Reveals Results , DG Bradman '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 131 . Jump up ^ `` Ponsford , Bradman and the spin triplets '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosenwater ( 1978 ) , p 229 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test matches -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The previous mark had been 323 , set in 1912 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Test England v Australia , match report '' . Wisden. 1935 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test England v Australia , match report '' . Wisden. 1935 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 136 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : O'Reilly ( 1985 ) , p 139 . ^ Jump up to : Bradman ( 1950 ) , pp 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Richardson -- player profile '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Richardson 's record in 14 Tests was 622 runs at 24.88 . Against South Africa , he made 84 runs in 5 innings . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 360 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 352 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly ( 1985 ) , pp 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , p 148 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 369 . Jump up ^ `` Clarrie Grimmett player profile '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1st Test : Australia v England at Brisbane , Dec 4 -- 9 , 1936 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test Scorecard , 18 -- 22 December 1936 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` 20 great Ashes moments No4 : Don Bradman records Wisden 's best innings , 1937 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test Australia v England , match report '' . Wisden. 1938 . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Laxman , Kumble in Wisden 's top ten list '' . Cricinfo. 26 July 2001 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes -- 4th Test Australia v England '' . Wisden. 1937 . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test Australia v England , match report '' . Wisden. 1938 . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Winning a series after coming from behind '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wilfrid , Brookes ( 1939 ) . `` The Australian team in England 1938 '' . Wisden . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Kidd , Patrick ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` The hunt for 1,000 '' . The Times . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes , 1938 , 1st Test '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test , 24 -- 28 June 1938 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third Test match : England v Australia 1938 '' . Wisden. 1938 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bradman ( 1950 ) , pp 115 -- 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Test England v Australia , match report '' . Wisden. 1939 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Test England v Australia , match report '' . Wisden. 1939 . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 12 April 2004 ) . `` The highest score in Test cricket '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 108 . Jump up ^ `` Largest margin of victory ( by an innings ) '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 5 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Football in the Age of Instability ( transcript ) '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 4 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds in consecutive innings '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunstan ( 1988 ) , p 172 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 182 -- 183 . `` Nevertheless , the Secretaryship of the Melbourne Cricket Club was , and indeed , still is one of the most attractive jobs in the world of Australian cricket ... '' Jump up ^ Coleman ( 1993 ) pp 425 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 120 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , pp 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 187 . Jump up ^ Page ( 1983 ) , p 266 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 61 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 122 . Jump up ^ Boock , Richard ( 24 November 2001 ) . `` Cricket : ' The Don ' accused of underarm tactics in financial scandal '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Brett . Don Bradman : Challenging the Myth . pp. 155 -- 156 . The question within Adelaide business circles ever since has been whether Bradman , who was second in charge of the firm and Hodgetts ' friend , had prior knowledge of the impending collapse . ( These ) ... dubious circumstances ... led to resentment towards Bradman among ... the Adelaide Exchange that is said to still linger today . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1992 ) , pp 392 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Page ( 1983 ) , pp 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 125 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 337 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) pp 205 -- 206 . `` It was all the more obvious that , on any analysis , the only figure of stature who could lead Australia back into the post-War cricket era was ' the little feller ' , the ' sick man of Adelaide ' , the wartime invalid now nearing forty . It is little wonder that all Australia wanted to know precisely what he was proposing to do . '' Jump up ^ `` History from the maker '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 126 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test Australia v England match report '' . Wisden. 1948 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitington ( 1974 ) , p 190 . Jump up ^ Fingleton ( 1949 ) , p 22 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 139 . Jump up ^ `` Australian XI v Indians at Sydney '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First - class matches : Most hundreds in a career '' . Records . Cricinfo . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Bradman scored 117 centuries . At 14 May 2008 , the closest Australians to the 100 - century mark are Darren Lehmann and Justin Langer with 82 . The other non-English players to score 100 centuries -- Viv Richards , Zaheer Abbas and Glenn Turner -- started their first - class cricket careers after Bradman had retired from all forms of cricket . Jump up ^ `` Bradman and the Indian connection '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical essay by Michael Page '' . State Library South Australia . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Benaud rates Ponting 's team alongside the Invincibles '' . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Australians in England , 1948 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Page ( 1983 ) , p 312 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Test Match : England v Australia 1948 '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Chris . `` On This Day : Donald Bradman makes the ' greatest ever innings ' '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 26 August 2008 ) . `` ' Untouchable ' Bradman hits yet another century '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin ( 2005 ) , p 108 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 5th Test : England v Australia at The Oval , Aug 14 -- 18 , 1948 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin ( 2005 ) , p 109 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` Memorable ducks '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting greats -- Australia reveres and treasures its sporting heroes '' . Australian Government -- Culture and Recreation Portal . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . The 1948 Australian cricket team captained by Don Bradman , for example , became known as ' The Invincibles ' for their unbeaten eight - month tour of England . This team is one of Australia 's most cherished sporting legends . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 152 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1981 ) , p 153 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom : `` No. 38493 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 1948 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` It 's an Honour : Knight Bachelor '' . Itsanhonour.gov.au. 1 January 1949 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman Foundation Australia '' . Bradman.com.au . Archived from the original on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ Perry ( 1995 ) , p 569 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 251 . Jump up ^ The following sources are , respectively , a Miller obituary from 2004 , which lists Trumper and Bradman and a further piece from 2005 , when Warne 's portrait was added . Mike Atherton , the author of the second piece , curiously overlooks Trumper 's portrait ; other articles of the same period do similarly . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 12 October 2004 ) . `` Obituary : Keith Miller '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Atherton , Michael ( 12 June 2005 ) . `` Warne : still the incomparable master of spin bowler 's craft '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SCGT -- History '' . Sydney Cricket & Sports Ground Trust . Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibbs ( 2001 ) , p 102 . Jump up ^ Selvey , Mike ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` Ashes : Adelaide Oval is breaking new ground so hold on to your hard hat '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , p 271 . Jump up ^ `` SACA -- History '' . South Australian Cricket Association . Archived from the original on 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 16 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman Foundation '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's an Honour : AC '' . Itsanhonour.gov.au. 11 June 1979 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 658 . Jump up ^ Cashman ( 1996 ) , p 58 . Jump up ^ `` Background : The 1960 -- 61 West Indies tour of Australia '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Australia : History '' . Cricket Australia . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Page ( 1983 ) , pp 350 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 15 . Jump up ^ Harte ( 1993 ) , p 587 . Jump up ^ Haigh ( 1993 ) , p 106 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Ian ; Mallett , Ashley ( 2007 ) . Chappelli Speaks Out . Allen & Unwin . p. 150 . ISBN 1 - 74175 - 036 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frith ( 2002 ) , p 429 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman never missed a Tendulkar innings in last five years '' . Cricinfo. 16 August 2001 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Oval '' . The Bradman Trail . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradman dies at 92 . BBC News . Retrieved on 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Hutchins ( 2002 ) , p 4 . Jump up ^ Frith ( 2002 ) , p 427 . Jump up ^ Haigh , Gideon ( 2008 ) . Inside Out : Writings on Cricket Culture . Melbourne University Publishing . pp. 122 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 85553 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Bradman ( FY 189 ) '' . Uboat.net . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Six Giants of the Wisden Century Neville Cardus , Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , 1963 . Retrieved on 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sport Australia Hall of Fame History `` '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) at sahof.org.au Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , p 274 . ^ Jump up to : Eason ( 2004 ) , p 16 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 65 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 73 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 67 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Cricket Hall of Fame -- Inductees '' . Melbourne Cricket Ground . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 '' . Wisden. 2000 . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Hindustan Times . 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Australia Post Australian Legends '' . Australia Post . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman coin among best in the world '' . Royal Australian Mint. 22 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1996 ) , pp 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 55 . Jump up ^ `` The Bradman Trail '' . The Bradman Trail . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Question : What were the difficulties faced in Sir Donald Bradmans life ? '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Baum , Greg ( 21 October 2004 ) . `` Just a few tears as Miller 's tale celebrated '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Death of Sir Donald Bradman '' . Parliament of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 56 . Jump up ^ Wallace , ( 2004 ) , Chapter 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman dies at 92 '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2001 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Heath ; O'Rourke , Jim ; Dasey , Daniel ( 12 November 2000 ) . `` I 'm sorry Sir Don , it was n't cricket ; Bradman letters auction ' betrayal ' brings apology to Australian icon '' . Herald Sun . Sydney . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( 8 January 2000 ) . `` The Don 's son takes back family name ; A Bradman Once Again '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Feeling pretty average ? Slam down a Bradman '' . smh.com.au. 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM -- Son warns of against Bradman worship '' . ABC . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 57 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell to the Don '' . Time . 5 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 20 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 88 . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1981 ) , p 139 . Jump up ^ Bradman ( 1950 ) , p 74 . Jump up ^ Fingleton ( 1949 ) , pp 209 -- 211 . Jump up ^ https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bradmanesque Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=35omDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT187&lpg=PT187&dq=what+does+bradmanesque+mean&source=bl&ots=hGblGVqqWl&sig=8sXlh0hcx4ZSe5kI_y0uNEsiQZo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdnYzjgbnYAhXIA8AKHRwVARc4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=what%20does%20bradmanesque%20mean&f=false Jump up ^ `` Market in Bradmanesque form '' . www.capitalmarket.co.in. 7 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Perrin , Andrew ( 4 October 2004 ) . `` Asia 's Heroes -- Muttiah Muralitharan '' . Time . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Howard the Bradman of politics : Hockey '' . ABC News . 13 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Eason ( 2004 ) , p 184 . Jump up ^ Crook , Frank ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` Real life drama on TV '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Our Don Bradman ( music ) : a snappy fox trot song / by Jack O'Hagan '' . Music Australia . National Library of Australia . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman '' . Under the Sun . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greats attend Bradman tribute '' . BBC Sport. 25 March 2001 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dimensions transcript of interview with Kamahl '' . Australia Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporations Amendment Regulations 2000 ( No 8 ) '' . Corporations Regulations 2001 . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporations Regulations 2001 '' . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statsguru -- DG Bradman -- Test matches -- Batting analysis '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statsguru -- DG Bradman -- Test Bowling -- Bowling analysis '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bradman 's Career Statistics '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Test matches : Highest career batting average '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reliance ICC Best - Ever Test Championship Rating '' . Reliance ICC Rankings . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Players Batting 30 Innings with 10 % Centuries '' . Howstat . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most double hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Highest partnership for the fifth wicket '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Most runs in an innings ( by batting position ) '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs against West Indies , and most wickets against anyone '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Most runs in a series '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Current Test Records still held by D.G. Bradman '' . Bradman Museum . Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Most runs in a day '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches : Most double hundreds in a series '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Test matches -- Batting records - 300 runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Test matches -- Hundreds in consecutive matches '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest to 2000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest to 3000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest to 4000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest to 5000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fastest to 6000 Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Not out on 99,199 and 299 '' . cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Highest test scores at each batting position '' . cricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` Highest frequency of hundreds and fiver - fors '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Will ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` Ali ? Laver ? Best ? No , the Williams sisters '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , John ( 27 February 2001 ) . `` Sir Donald Bradman , 92 , Cricket Legend , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Kathleen ; et al. ( 4 March 2001 ) . `` Milestones '' . Time . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . References Baldwin , Mark ( 2005 ) : The Ashes ' Strangest Moments : Extraordinary But True Tales from Over a Century of the Ashes , Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 863 - 2 . Bradman , Don ( 1950 ) : Farewell to Cricket , 1988 Pavilion Library reprint . ISBN 1 - 85145 - 225 - 7 . Cashman , Richard et al. -- editors ( 1996 ) : The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 553575 - 8 . Coleman , Robert ( 1993 ) : Seasons in the Sun : the Story of the Victorian Cricket Association , Hargreen Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 949905 - 59 - 3 . Davis , Charles ( 2000 ) : The Best Of the Best : A New Look at the Great Cricketers and Changing Times , ABC Books . ISBN 0 - 7333 - 0899 - 6 . Dunstan , Keith ( 1988 , rev . ed . ) : The Paddock That Grew , Hutchinson Australia . ISBN 0 - 09 - 169170 - 2 . Eason , Alan ( 2004 ) : The A-Z of Bradman , ABC Books . ISBN 0 - 7333 - 1517 - 8 . Fingleton , Jack ( 1949 ) : Brightly Fades the Don , 1985 Pavilion Library reprint . ISBN 0 - 907516 - 69 - 6 . Frith , David ( 2002 ) : Bodyline Autopsy , ABC Books . ISBN 0 - 7333 - 1321 - 3 . Gibbs , Barry ( 2001 ) : My Cricket Journey , Wakefield Press . ISBN 1 - 86254 - 569 - 3 . Harte , Chris ( 1993 ) : A History of Australian Cricket , Andre Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 233 - 98825 - 4 . Haigh , Gideon . `` Sir Donald Bradman at 100 . '' The Monthly , August 2008 . Haigh , Gideon ( 1993 ) : The Cricket War -- the Inside Story of Kerry Packer 's World Series Cricket , Text Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 86372 - 027 - 8 . Hutchins , Brett ( 2002 ) : Don Bradman : Challenging the Myth , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82384 - 6 . O'Reilly , Bill ( 1985 ) : Tiger -- 60 Years of Cricket , William Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217477 - 4 . McGilvray , Alan & Tasker , Norman ( 1985 ) : The Game Is Not the Same , ABC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 52738 - 7 . Page , Michael ( 1983 ) : Bradman -- The Illustrated Biography , Macmillan Australia . ISBN 0 - 333 - 35619 - 5 . Perry , Roland ( 1995 ) : The Don -- A Biography of Sir Donald Bradman , Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7329 - 0827 - 2 . Robinson , Ray ( 1981 rev . ed . ) : On Top Down Under , Cassell Australia . ISBN 0 - 7269 - 7381 - 5 . Rosenwater , Irving ( 1978 ) : Sir Donald Bradman -- A Biography , Batsford . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 0664 - X . Wallace , Christine ( 2004 ) : The Private Don , Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 158 - 1 . Whitington , RS ( 1974 ) : The Book of Australian Test Cricket 1877 -- 1974 , Wren Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85885 - 197 - 0 . Williams , Charles ( 1996 ) : Bradman : An Australian Hero , 2001 Abacus reprint . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11475 - 7 . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack : various editions , accessed via ESPN Cricinfo External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donald Bradman . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Donald Bradman Cricket portal Don Bradman at ESPNcricinfo Don Bradman at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) Bradman Museum and Bradman Oval Bradman Digital Library -- State Library of South Australia The Bradman Trail Don Bradman on Picture Australia Interview with Bradman 1930 Don Bradman -- TV documentary -- Australian Broadcasting Corporation Some images of Don Bradman , including some showing Don Bradman 's batting technique Listen to a young Don Bradman speaking after the 1930 Ashes tour on australianscreen online <Th_colspan="3"> Sporting positions Preceded by Vic Richardson Bill Brown Australian Test cricket captain 1936 / 7 -- 1938 1946 / 7 -- 1948 Succeeded by Bill Brown Lindsay Hassett Preceded by Bill Dowling Bob Parish Chairman of the Australian Cricket Board 1960 -- 1963 1969 -- 1972 Succeeded by Ewart Macmillan Tim Caldwell <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by Andy Sandham World record -- Highest individual score in Test cricket 334 vs England at Leeds , 1930 Succeeded by Wally Hammond Preceded by Bill Ponsford Highest individual score in first - class cricket 452 not out New South Wales v Queensland at Sydney 1929 -- 30 Succeeded by Hanif Mohammad <Th_colspan="2"> Australia Test cricket captains <Td_colspan="2"> 1876 / 77 -- 1878 / 79 : D. Gregory 1880 -- 1884 ; 1884 / 85 ; 1890 : Murdoch 1884 / 85 : Horan 1884 / 85 : Massie 1884 / 85 ; 1891 / 92 -- 1893 ; 1894 / 95 : Blackham 1886 : Scott 1886 / 87 -- 1888 : McDonnell 1894 / 95 : Giffen 1896 -- 1897 / 98 : Trott 1899 -- 1905 : Darling 1901 / 02 : Trumble 1903 / 04 -- 1909 : Noble 1910 / 11 -- 1911 / 12 : Hill 1912 : S. Gregory 1920 / 21 -- 1921 : Armstrong 1921 / 22 -- 1926 : Collins 1926 : Bardsley 1928 / 29 : Ryder 1930 -- 1934 : Woodfull 1935 / 36 : Richardson 1936 / 37 -- 1948 : Bradman 1945 / 46 : Brown 1949 / 50 -- 1953 : Hassett 1951 / 52 ; 1954 / 55 : Morris 1954 / 55 -- 1956 / 57 : Johnson 1956 / 57 : Lindwall 1957 / 58 : Craig 1958 / 59 -- 1962 / 63 ; 1963 / 64 : Benaud 1961 : Harvey 1963 / 64 -- 1977 / 78 : Simpson 1965 / 66 : Booth 1967 / 68 ; 1968 -- 1970 / 71 : Lawry 1968 : Jarman 1971 / 71 ; 1972 -- 1975 : I. Chappell 1975 / 76 -- 1982 / 83 : G. Chappell 1978 / 79 : Yallop 1978 / 79 ; 1979 / 80 -- 1983 / 84 ; 1984 / 85 : Hughes 1984 / 85 -- 1993 / 94 : Border 1994 / 95 -- 1998 / 99 : Taylor 1998 / 99 -- 2003 / 04 : Waugh 2000 / 01 ; 2001 ; 2004 ; 2004 / 05 : Gilchrist 2003 / 04 -- 2004 ; 2004 / 05 ; 2004 / 05 -- 2010 / 11 : Ponting 2010 / 11 ; 2011 -- 2015 : Clarke 2012 / 13 : Watson 2014 / 15 ; 2015 - present : Smith <Td_colspan="2"> Italics denote deputised captaincy <Th_colspan="3"> Australia squad -- The Invincibles <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Sid Barnes ( details ) 2 Don Bradman ( details ) ( c ) 3 Bill Brown ( details ) 4 Ron Hamence ( details ) 5 Neil Harvey ( details ) 6 Lindsay Hassett ( details ) ( vc ) 7 Ian Johnson ( details ) 8 Bill Johnston ( details ) 9 Ray Lindwall ( details ) 10 Sam Loxton ( details ) 11 Colin McCool ( details ) 12 Keith Miller ( details ) 13 Arthur Morris ( details ) 14 Doug Ring ( details ) 15 Ron Saggers ( details ) ( wk ) 16 Don Tallon ( details ) ( wk ) 17 Ernie Toshack ( details ) Coach : Keith Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> Tests : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th <Th_colspan="2"> Australian Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Blackham Spofforth Trumper Grimmett Bradman O'Reilly Miller Lindwall Lillee Armstrong Harvey Border Woodfull Morris G Chappell McCabe I Chappell Hassett Trumble Davidson Hill R Marsh Simpson Noble Macartney Benaud Giffen S Waugh Lawry McKenzie Taylor Walters Warne McGrath Turner M Waugh Ryder Gilchrist Grout Thomson Boon Hayden O'Neill Ponting Women Clark Wilson Rolton <Th_colspan="3"> Australia squad -- Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Bill Ponsford 2 Arthur Morris 3 Don Bradman ( c ) 4 Greg Chappell 5 Neil Harvey 6 Keith Miller ( vc ) 7 Ian Healy ( wk ) 8 Ray Lindwall 9 Shane Warne 10 Dennis Lillee 11 Bill O'Reilly 12 Allan Border ( 12th ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wisden Cricketers of the Century Wisden Cricketers of the Century Bradman Warne Sobers Hobbs Richards <Th_colspan="2"> Six Giants of the Wisden Century Six Giants Barnes Bradman Grace Hobbs Richardson Trumper <Th_colspan="2"> Wisden All - Time World Test XI <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Jack Hobbs 2 . W.G. Grace 3 . Don Bradman ( c ) 4 . Sachin Tendulkar 5 . Viv Richards 6 . Garry Sobers <Td_colspan="2"> 7 . Alan Knott ( wk ) 8 . Wasim Akram 9 . Shane Warne 10 . Malcolm Marshall 11 . Sydney Barnes <Th_colspan="2"> ICC Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Barnes Bedi Bedser Benaud Border Botham Boycott Bradman G. Chappell I. Chappell Compton Cowdrey Dev Gavaskar Gibbs Gooch Gower Grace Graveney Greenidge Hadlee Hammond Harvey Headley Hobbs Hutton Kanhai Khan Knott Laker Larwood Lillee Lindwall Lloyd Marsh Marshall May Miandad Miller Mohammad O'Reilly Pollock Rhodes B. Richards V. Richards Roberts Sobers Statham Trueman Underwood Walcott Weekes Woolley Worrell Grimmett Sutcliffe Trumper Akram Waugh Barrington Garner Walsh Ambrose Davidson Spofforth Lara McGrath Gilchrist Warne Younis Simpson Crowe Hall Kumble Lohmann Morris Muralitharan Women Heyhoe - Flint Bakewell Clark Wilson Hockley Rolton <Th_colspan="2"> Batsmen who have scored 100 first - class centuries <Td_colspan="2"> Hobbs ( 199 ) Hendren ( 170 ) Hammond ( 167 ) Mead ( 153 ) Boycott ( 151 ) Sutcliffe ( 149 ) Woolley ( 145 ) Hick ( 136 ) Hutton ( 129 ) Gooch ( 128 ) Grace ( 126 ) Compton ( 123 ) Graveney ( 122 ) Bradman ( 117 ) Richards ( 114 ) Ramprakash ( 114 ) Abbas ( 108 ) Sandham ( 107 ) Cowdrey ( 107 ) Hayward ( 104 ) Turner ( 103 ) Edrich ( 103 ) Ames ( 102 ) Tyldesley ( 102 ) Amiss ( 102 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman ( 99.94 ) Steve Smith ( 63.55 ) Adam Voges ( 61.87 ) Greg Chappell ( 53.86 ) Ricky Ponting ( 51.85 ) Jack Ryder ( 51.62 ) Michael Hussey ( 51.52 ) Steve Waugh ( 51.06 ) Matthew Hayden ( 50.73 ) Allan Border ( 50.56 ) England Herbert Sutcliffe ( 60.73 ) Eddie Paynter ( 59.23 ) Ken Barrington ( 58.67 ) Wally Hammond ( 58.45 ) Jack Hobbs ( 56.94 ) Len Hutton ( 56.67 ) Ernest Tyldesley ( 55.00 ) Joe Root ( 52.45 ) Denis Compton ( 50.06 ) India Vinod Kambli ( 54.20 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 53.78 ) Virat Kohli ( 53.75 ) Cheteshwar Pujara ( 52.96 ) Rahul Dravid ( 52.31 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 51.12 ) New Zealand Kane Williamson ( 50.62 ) Pakistan Javed Miandad ( 52.57 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 52.29 ) Younis Khan ( 52.05 ) South Africa Graeme Pollock ( 60.97 ) Jacques Kallis ( 55.37 ) Dudley Nourse ( 53.81 ) AB de Villiers ( 50.47 ) Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara ( 57.40 ) West Indies George Headley ( 60.83 ) Everton Weekes ( 58.61 ) Garfield Sobers ( 57.78 ) Clyde Walcott ( 56.68 ) Charlie Davis ( 54.20 ) Brian Lara ( 52.88 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 51.37 ) Viv Richards ( 50.23 ) Zimbabwe Andy Flower ( 51.54 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Minimum 20 innings . Currently active players are listed in italics . <Th_colspan="2"> Australian first - class cricket season leading run - scorers ( 1900 -- 01 to 1949 -- 50 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1900 -- 01 : Hill 1901 -- 02 : Hill 1902 -- 03 : Duff 1903 -- 04 : Trumper 1904 -- 05 : Armstrong 1905 -- 06 : Mackay 1906 -- 07 : Hopkins 1907 -- 08 : Hardstaff 1908 -- 09 : Ransford 1909 -- 10 : Kortlang 1910 -- 11 : Faulkner 1911 -- 12 : Rhodes 1912 -- 13 : Trumper 1913 -- 14 : Macartney 1914 -- 15 : Ryder 1915 -- 16 : -- 1916 -- 17 : -- 1917 -- 18 : no games played 1918 -- 19 : Armstrong 1919 -- 20 : Park 1920 -- 21 : Hendren 1921 -- 22 : O'Keeffe 1922 -- 23 : Chapman 1923 -- 24 : Ponsford 1924 -- 25 : Sutcliffe 1925 -- 26 : Richardson 1926 -- 27 : Ponsford 1927 -- 28 : Ponsford 1928 -- 29 : Bradman 1929 -- 30 : Bradman 1930 -- 31 : Bradman 1931 -- 32 : Bradman 1932 -- 33 : Sutcliffe 1933 -- 34 : Bradman 1934 -- 35 : Fingleton 1935 -- 36 : Bradman 1936 -- 37 : Bradman 1937 -- 38 : Bradman 1938 -- 39 : Brown 1939 -- 40 : Bradman 1940 -- 41 : S. Barnes 1941 -- 42 : Raymer 1942 -- 43 : -- 1943 -- 44 : -- 1944 -- 45 : -- 1945 -- 46 : S. Barnes 1946 -- 47 : Compton 1947 -- 48 : Bradman 1948 -- 49 : Morris <Td_colspan="2"> Leading run - scorers : 1850 -- 51 to 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 to 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 to 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 onwards Leading wicket - takers : 1850 -- 51 to 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 to 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 to 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 onwards VIAF : 6281817 LCCN : n82099849 ISNI : 0000 0000 6334 1946 SNAC : w6nk6hdf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Bradman&oldid=826608611 '' Categories : Donald Bradman 1908 births 2001 deaths Australia national cricket team selectors Australia Test cricketers Australian Anglicans Australian cricket administrators Australia Test cricket captains Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees Australian cricketers Australian Knights Bachelor Australian memoirists Australian people of English descent Australian people of Italian descent Burials in South Australia Companions of the Order of Australia Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods Cricketers from New South Wales Deaths from pneumonia Infectious disease deaths in South Australia International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees New South Wales cricketers People from Bowral South Australia cricketers Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees St George cricketers The Invincibles ( cricket ) Wisden Cricketers of the Century Wisden Cricketers of the Year Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World People from Cootamundra Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Winaray 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 01 : 59 . 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1. Sir Donald Bradman 2. Greatest batsman of all time 3. Test career and records 4. Bodyline controversy 5. Legacy and national icon

first king of the southern kingdom of israel

Kings of Judah - wikipedia Kings of Judah Jump to : navigation , search The genealogy of the kings of Judah , along with the kings of Israel . Rulers of Judah Saul David Solomon Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah J ( eh ) oash Amaziah Uzziah / Azariah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah / Jehoiachin Zedekiah The Kings of Judah were the monarchs who ruled over the ancient Kingdom of Judah . According to the biblical account , this kingdom was founded after the death of Saul , when the tribe of Judah elevated David to rule over it . After seven years , David became king of a reunited Kingdom of Israel . However , in about 930 BCE the united kingdom split , with ten of the twelve Tribes of Israel rejecting Solomon 's son Rehoboam as their king . The tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam , and re-formed the Kingdom of Judah , while the other entity continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel , or just Israel . The capital of the Kingdom of Judah was Jerusalem . All of the kings of Judah lived and died in Judah except for Ahaziah ( who died at Megiddo in Israel ) , Jehoahaz ( who died a prisoner in Egypt ) and Jeconiah and Zedekiah who were deported as part of the Babylonian captivity . Judah was conquered in 587 or 586 BC , by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nebuzaradan , captain of Nebuchadnezzar 's body - guard . With the deportation of the elite and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple , the demise of the Kingdom of Judah was complete . The Davidic dynasty began when the tribe of Judah made David its king , following the death of Saul . The Davidic line continued when David became king of the reunited Kingdom of Israel . When the united kingdom split , the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to the Davidic line . Following the exile of Judah , the Davidic line was respected by the exiles in Babylon , who regarded the exilarchs as kings - in - exile . More complete biographies of the Kings of Judah than that of the Hebrew Bible were written by Iddo the Seer and in the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah , both of which are mentioned in the Bible . However , both of these works have been lost . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Kings 1.1 House of David 2 Chronology 2.1 Co-regency 2.2 Synchronism to fall of Judah 2.3 Synchronism to Gregorian dating 3 Coronation ritual 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of Kings ( edit ) Most modern historians follow either the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele , or the newer chronologies of Gershon Galil and Kenneth Kitchen , all of which are shown below . All dates are BCE . Common / Biblical name Albright Thiele Galil Kitchen Regnal Name and style Notes <Td_colspan="7"> House of David ( edit ) David Reigned over Judah for 7 years in Hebron , then Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 33 years ; 40 years in total . 1000 -- 962 1010 -- 970 1010 -- 970 דוד בן - ישי מלך ישראל David ben Yishai , Melekh Yisra'el Death : natural causes Solomon Reigned over Israel & Judah in Jerusalem for 40 years . 962 -- 922 970 -- 931 971 -- 931 שלמה בן - דוד מלך ישראל Shelomoh ben David , Melekh Yisra'el Death : natural causes Son of David by Bathsheba , his rights of succession were disputed by his older half - brother Adonijah Rehoboam Reigned for 17 years . 922 -- 915 931 -- 913 931 -- 914 931 -- 915 רחבעם בן - שלמה מלך יהודה Rehav'am ben Shlomoh , Melekh Yehudah Death : natural causes Abijah Reigned for 3 years . 915 -- 913 913 -- 911 914 -- 911 915 -- 912 אבים בן - רחבעם מלך יהודה ' Aviyam ben Rehav'am , Melekh Yehudah Death : natural causes Asa Reigned for 41 years . 913 -- 873 911 -- 870 911 -- 870 912 -- 871 אסא בן - אבים מלך יהודה ' Asa ben ' Aviyam , Melekh Yehudah Death : severe foot disease Jehoshaphat Reigned for 25 years . 873 -- 849 870 -- 848 870 -- 845 871 -- 849 יהושפט בן - אסא מלך יהודה Yehoshafat ben ' Asa , Melekh Yahudah Death : natural causes Jehoram Reigned for 8 years . 849 -- 842 848 -- 841 851 -- 843 849 -- 842 יהורם בן - יהושפט מלך יהודה Yehoram ben Yehoshafat , Melekh Yahudah Death : severe stomach disease Ahaziah Reigned for 1 year . 842 -- 842 841 -- 841 843 -- 842 842 -- 841 אחזיהו בן - יהורם מלך יהודה ' Ahazyahu ben Yehoram , Melekh Yehudah Death : killed by Jehu , who usurped the throne of Israel Athaliah ( Queen ) Reigned for 6 years . 842 -- 837 841 -- 835 842 -- 835 841 -- 835 עתליה בת - עמרי מלכת יהודה ' Atalyah bat ' Omri , Malkat Yehudah Death : killed by the troops assigned by Jehoiada the Priest to protect Joash . Queen Mother , widow of Jehoram and mother of Ahaziah Jehoash ( Joash ) Reigned for 40 years . 837 -- 800 835 -- 796 842 -- 802 841 -- 796 יהואש בן - אחזיהו מלך יהודה Yehoash ben ' Ahazyahu , Melekh Yehudah Death : killed by his officials namely : Zabad , son of Shimeath , an Ammonite Woman , and Jehozabad , son of Shimrith , a Moabite Woman . Amaziah Reigned for 29 years . 800 -- 783 796 -- 767 805 -- 776 796 -- 776 אמציה בן - יהואש מלך יהודה ' Amatzyah ben Yehoash , Melekh Yehudah Death : killed in Lachish by the men sent by his officials who conspired against him . Uzziah ( Azariah ) Reigned for 52 years . 783 -- 742 767 -- 740 788 -- 736 776 -- 736 עזיה בן - אמציה מלך יהודה ' Uziyah ben ' Amatzyah , Melekh Yehudah עזריה בן - אמציה מלך יהודה ' Azaryah ben ' Amatzyah , Melekh Yehudah Death : Tzaraath George Syncellus wrote that the First Olympiad took place in Uzziah 's 48th regnal year . Jotham Reigned for 16 years . 742 -- 735 740 -- 732 758 -- 742 750 -- 735 / 30 יותם בן - עזיה מלך יהודה Yotam ben ' Uziyah , Melekh Yehudah Death : natural causes Ahaz Reigned for 16 years . 735 -- 715 732 -- 716 742 -- 726 735 / 31 -- 715 אחז בן - יותם מלך יהודה ' Ahaz ben Yotam , Melekh Yehudah Death : natural causes The Assyrian king Tiglath - Pileser III records he received tribute from Ahaz ; compare 2 Kings 16 : 7 - 9 Hezekiah Reigned for 29 years . 715 -- 687 716 -- 687 726 -- 697 715 -- 687 חזקיה בן - אחז מלך יהודה Hizqiyah ben ' Ahaz , Melekh Yehudah Death : Natural Causes Contemporary with Sennacherib of Assyria and Merodach - Baladan of Babylon . Manasseh Reigned for 55 years . 687 -- 642 687 -- 643 697 -- 642 687 -- 642 מנשה בן - חזקיה מלך יהודה Menasheh ben Hizqiyah , Melekh Yehudah Death : natural causes Mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary of Esarhaddon Amon Reigned for 2 years . 642 -- 640 643 -- 641 642 -- 640 642 -- 640 אמון בן - מנשה מלך יהודה ' Amon ben Menasheh , Melekh Yehudah Death : killed by his officials , who were killed later on by the people of Judah . Josiah Reigned for 31 years . 640 -- 609 641 -- 609 640 -- 609 640 -- 609 יאשיהו בן - אמון מלך יהודה Yo'shiyahu ben ' Amon , Melekh Yehudah Death : shot by archers during the battle against Neco of Egypt . He died upon his arrival on Jerusalem . Jehoahaz Reigned for 3 months . 609 609 609 609 יהואחז בן - יאשיהו מלך יהודה Yeho'ahaz ben Yo'shiyahu , Melekh Yehudah Death : Neco , king of Egypt , dethroned him and was replaced by his brother , Eliakim . Carried off to Egypt , where he died . Jehoiakim Reigned for 11 years . 609 -- 598 609 -- 598 609 -- 598 609 -- 598 יהויקים בן - יאשיהו מלך יהודה Yehoyaqim ben Yo'shiyahu , Melekh Yehudah Death : Natural Causes The Battle of Carchemish occurred in the fourth year of his reign ( Jeremiah 46 : 2 ) Jehoiachin ( Jeconiah ) Reigned for 3 months & 10 days . 598 598 598 -- 597 598 -- 597 יהויכין בן - יהויקים מלך יהודה Yehoyakhin ben Yehoyaqim , Melekh Yehudah יכניהו בן - יהויקים מלך יהודה Yekhonyahu ben Yehoyaqim , Melekh Yehudah Death : King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon sent for him and brought him to Babylon , where he lived and died . Jerusalem was captured by the Babylonians and Jehoiachin deposed on 16 March , 597 BCE . Called Jeconiah in Jeremiah and Esther Zedekiah Reigned for 11 years . 597 -- 587 597 -- 586 597 -- 586 597 -- 586 צדקיהו בן - יאשיהו מלך יהודה Tzidqiyahu ben Yo'shiyahu , Melekh Yehudah Death : In prison . His reign saw the second rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar ( 588 -- 586 BC ) . Jerusalem was captured after a lengthy siege , the temple burnt , Zedekiah blinded and taken into exile , and Judah reduced to a province . A footnote in the Amplified Bible regarding Jeremiah 36 : 3 disputes that King Jehoiakim died of natural causes , asserting that the king rebelled against Babylon several years after these events ( II Kings 24 : 1 ) and was attacked by numerous bands from various nations subject to Babylon ( II Kings 24 : 2 ) , concluding that he came to a violent death and a disgraceful burial as foretold by Jeremiah ( Jer. 22 : 13 -- 19 ) . Chronology ( edit ) The breakup of the united Kingdom of Solomon There has been considerable academic debate about the actual dates of reigns of the Judahite kings . Scholars have endeavored to synchronize the chronology of events referred to in the Bible with those derived from other external sources . These scholarly disagreements are reflected in the table above , which contains scholarly attempts to date the reigns of Judahite monarchs in terms of the Gregorian calendar . Biblical scholars have noted the apparent inconsistencies in the chronology of the kings of Judah and Israel based on the biblical sources . Some have also pointed out the difficulties of cross-synchronising that dating with those of the other cultures of the area . Some have attempted to give as much historical weight as possible to the biblical sources , while others discount their reliability as historic sources , some even denying any historical value to the biblical sources at all . Using the information in Kings and Chronicles , Edwin Thiele calculated the dates of the reigns of the kings of Judah from the division of the kingdom , which he calculates to have been in 931 -- 930 BCE . Thiele noticed that for the first seven kings of Israel ( ignoring Zimri 's seven - day reign ) , the synchronisms to Judean kings fell progressively behind by one year for each king . Thiele saw this as evidence that the northern kingdom was measuring the years by a non-accession system ( first partial year of reign was counted as year one ) , whereas the southern kingdom was using the accession method ( it was counted as year zero ) . He also concluded that the calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months , that of Judah starting in Tishri ( in the fall ) and that of Israel in Nisan ( in the spring ) . This is the conclusion from cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms which often allows the narrowing of the beginning and / or ending dates of a king within a six - month period , identifying the difference as due to the calendar starting date . Once these were understood , the various reign lengths and cross-synchronisms for these kings was determined , and the sum of reigns for both kingdoms produced 931 / 930 BCE for the division of the kingdom when working backwards from the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC . Thiele showed that for the reign of Jehoram , Judah adopted Israel 's non-accession method of counting the years of reign , meaning that the first partial year of the king 's reign was counted as his first full year , in contrast to the `` accession '' method previously in use , whereby the first partial year was counted as year `` zero '' , and `` year one '' was assigned to the first full year of reign . Thiele attributed this change to the rapprochement between Judah and Israel , whereby Jehoshaphat , Jehoram 's father , united with Ahab at the battle of Ramoth - Gilead , and chose a daughter for his son from the house of Ahab ( 1 Kings 22 : 1 - 38 , 2 Kings 8 : 18 ) . This convention was followed in Judah for the next three monarchs : Ahaziah , Athaliah , and Jehoash , returning to Judah 's original accession reckoning in the time of Amaziah . These changes can be inferred by comparison of the textual data in the Bible ; however , the biblical texts do not explicitly state whether the reckoning was by accession or non-accession counting , nor do they indicate explicitly when a change was made in the method . Thiele 's reckoning has been criticized as arbitrary in its assignment of accession and non-accession dating systems . The official records of Tiglath - Pileser III show that he switched ( arbitrarily ) to non-accession reckoning for his reign , in contrast with the accession method used for previous kings of Assyria . Tiglath - Pileser left no record for modern historians to indicate which dating method he used , nor whether he was switching from the method used by his predecessors ; this is instead determined by comparison of the relevant texts by Assyriologists , the same as Thiele did for the regnal data of Judah and Israel . Co-regency ( edit ) Additional potential confusion arises from periods of co-regency when a son 's reign may begin prior to the end of his father 's reign . In those situations , years of reign are specified in terms of both the father and of the son . At times , the period of co-regency is clearly indicated , while in others it must be inferred from the source material . As an example of the reasoning that finds inconsistencies in calculations when coregencies are a priori ruled out , 2 Kings 18 : 10 dates the fall of Samaria ( the Northern Kingdom ) to the 6th year of Hezekiah 's reign . William F. Albright dated the fall of the Kingdom of Israel to 721 BC , whereas E.R. Thiele calculated the date as 723 BC . If Abright 's or Thiele 's dating are correct , then Hezekiah 's reign would begin in either 729 or 727 BCE . On the other hand , 18 : 13 states that Sennacherib invaded Judah in the 14th year of Hezekiah 's reign . Assyrian records date this invasion to 701 BC , and Hezekiah 's reign would therefore begin in 716 / 715 BC . This dating would be confirmed by the account of Hezekiah 's illness in chapter 20 , which immediately follows Sennacherib 's departure ( 2 Kings 20 ) . This would date his illness to Hezekiah 's 14th year , which is confirmed by Isaiah 's statement ( 2 Kings 18 : 5 ) that he would live fifteen more years ( 29 − 15 = 14 ) . These problems are all addressed by scholars who make reference to the ancient Near Eastern practice of coregency . Following the approach of Wellhausen , another set of calculations shows it is probable that Hezekiah did not ascend the throne before 722 BCE . By Albright 's calculations , Jehu 's initial year was 842 BC ; and between it and Samaria 's destruction the Books of Kings give the total number of the years the kings of Israel ruled as 143 7 / 12 , while for the kings of Judah the number is 165 . This discrepancy , amounting in the case of Judah to 45 years ( 165 − 120 ) , has been accounted for in various ways ; each of those positions must allow for Hezekiah 's first six years to have fallen before 722 BCE . ( However , Hezekiah beginning to reign before 722 BCE is consistent with a co-regency of Ahaz and Hezekiah from 729 BC . ) Nor is it clearly known how old Hezekiah was when called to the throne ; although 2 Kings 18 : 2 states that he was twenty - five years of age , his father died at the age of thirty - six ( 2 Kings 16 : 2 ) and it is not likely that Ahaz had a son at the age of eleven . Hezekiah 's son Manasseh ascended the throne twenty - nine years later , at the age of twelve . This places his birth in the seventeenth year of his father 's reign , suggesting Hezekiah 's age as forty - two , if he was twenty - five at his ascension . It is more probable that Ahaz was twenty - one or twenty - five when Hezekiah was born ( suggesting an error in the text ) , and that the latter was thirty - two at the birth of his son and successor , Manasseh . Since Albright and Friedman , several scholars have explained these dating problems on the basis of a co-regency between Hezekiah and his father Ahaz between 729 and 716 / 715 BCE . Assyriologists and Egyptologists recognize that co-regency was practiced in both Assyria and Egypt . After noting that co-regencies were used sporadically in the northern kingdom ( Israel ) , Nadav Na'aman writes , In the kingdom of Judah , on the other hand , the nomination of a co-regent was the common procedure , beginning from David who , before his death , elevated his son Solomon to the throne ... When taking into account the permanent nature of the co-regency in Judah from the time of Joash , one may dare to conclude that dating the co-regencies accurately is indeed the key for solving the problems of biblical chronology in the eighth century B.C. '' Among the numerous scholars who have recognized the co-regency between Ahaz and Hezekiah are Kenneth Kitchen , Leslie McFall and Jack Finegan . McFall , in his 1991 article , argues that if 729 BCE ( that is , the Judean regnal year beginning in Tishri of 729 ) is taken as the start of the Ahaz / Hezekiah co-regency , and 716 / 715 BCE as the date of the death of Ahaz , then all the extensive chronological data for Hezekiah and his contemporaries in the late eighth century BCE are in harmony . Further , McFall found that no textual emendations are required among the numerous dates , reign lengths , and synchronisms given in the Bible for this period . In contrast , those who do not accept the Ancient Near Eastern principle of co-regencies require multiple emendations of the biblical text , and there is no general agreement on which texts should be emended , nor is there any consensus among these scholars on the resultant chronology for the eighth century BCE . This is in contrast with the general consensus among those who accept the biblical and near Eastern practice of co-regencies that Hezekiah was installed as co-regent with his father Ahaz in 729 BC , and the synchronisms of 2 Kings 18 must be measured from that date , whereas the synchronisms with Sennacherib are measured from the sole reign starting in 716 / 715 BCE . The two synchronisms to Hoshea of Israel in 2 Kings 18 are then in agreement with the dates of Hoshea 's reign that can be determined from Assyrian sources , as is the date of Samaria 's fall as stated in 2 Kings 18 : 10 . An analogous situation of two ways of measurement , both equally valid , is encountered in the dates given for Jehoram of Israel , whose first year is synchronized to the 18th year of the sole reign of Jehoshaphat of Judah in 2 Kings 3 : 1 ( 853 / 852 BC ) , but his reign is also reckoned according to another method as starting in the second year of the coregency of Jehoshaphat and his son Jehoram of Judah ( 2 Kings 1 : 17 ) ; both methods refer to the same calendar year . Scholars who accept the principle of co-regencies note that abundant evidence for their use is found in the biblical material itself . The agreement of scholarship built on these principles with both biblical and secular texts was such that the Thiele / McFall chronology was accepted as the best chronology for the kingdom period in Jack Finegan 's encyclopedic Handbook of Biblical Chronology . Synchronism to fall of Judah ( edit ) The Babylonian Chronicles give 2 Adar ( 16 March ) , 597 BC , as the date that Nebuchadnezzar first captured Jerusalem , thus putting an end to the reign of Jehoaichin . Zedekiah 's installation as king by Nebuchadnezzar can thus be dated to the early spring of 597 BC . Historically , there has been considerable controversy over the date when Jerusalem was captured the second time and Zedekiah 's reign came to an end . There is no dispute about the month , the summer month of Tammuz ( Jeremiah 52 : 6 ) . However , regarding the year , Albright preferred 587 BCE and Thiele advocated 586 BC , and this division among scholars has persisted until the present time . If Zedekiah 's years are by accession counting , whereby the year he came to the throne was considered his `` zero '' year and his first full regnal year , 597 / 596 , was counted as year one , Zedekiah 's eleventh year , the year the city fell , would be 587 / 586 . Since Judean regnal years were measured from Tishri in the fall , this would place the end of his reign and the capture of the city in the summer of 586 BCE . Accession counting was the rule for most , but not all , of the kings of Judah , whereas `` non-accession '' counting was the rule for most , but not all , of the kings of Israel . The publication of the Babylonian Chronicles in 1956 , however , gave evidence that the years of Zedekiah were measured in a non-accession sense . This reckoning makes 598 / 597 BC , the year Zedekiah was installed by Nebuchadnezzar according to Judah 's Tishri - based calendar , to be year `` one '' , so that the fall of Jerusalem in his eleventh year would have been 588 / 587 BC , i.e. in the summer of 587 BCE . The Bablyonian Chronicles fairly precisely date the capture of Jehoiachin and the start of Zedekiah 's reign , and they also give the accession year of Nebuchadnezzar 's successor Amel - Marduk ( Evil Merodach ) as 562 / 561 BC , which was the 37th year of Jehoiachin 's captivity according to 2 Kings 25 : 27 . These Babylonian records related to Jehoiachin 's reign are consistent with the fall of the city in 587 but not in 586 , vindicating Albright 's reckoning . Synchronism to Gregorian dating ( edit ) Further potential confusion arises from the convention of dating reigns of the Israelite kings in reference to the Gregorian calendar . Years in the Gregorian calendar commence on 1 January , whereas year numbers for dating biblical events start on 1 Tishri of the Hebrew calendar , with an unfixed starting point during September -- October on the Gregorian calendar . Accordingly , an event which takes place after 1 Tishri , for example , in November and December on the Gregorian calendar , would fall in the following year in the Hebrew calendar used for biblical dating . Coronation ritual ( edit ) A detailed account of a coronation in ancient Judah is found in 2 Kings 11 : 12 and 2 Chronicles 23 : 11 , in which the seven - year - old Jehoash is crowned in a coup against the usurper Athaliah . This ceremony took place in the doorway of the Temple in Jerusalem . The king was led to `` his pillar '' , where a crown was placed upon his head , and `` the testimony '' given to him , after which he was anointed at the hands of the high priest and his sons . Afterwards , the people `` clapped their hands '' and shouted `` God save the King '' as trumpets blew , music played , and singers offered hymns of praise . These elements were adopted in various forms into European coronation rituals after their conversion to Christianity many centuries later . Christian coronation rites continue to borrow from this example . See also ( edit ) Book : Kings of Judah Chronicles of the Kings of Judah Chronology of the Bible History of ancient Israel and Judah Kingdom of Israel ( united monarchy ) Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) Kingdom of Judah Kings of Israel and Judah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hans M. Barstad ( 2008 ) . History and the Hebrew Bible : Studies in Ancient Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography . Mohr Siebeck . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 149809 - 1 . Jump up ^ 2 Kings 25 : 8 - 21 Jump up ^ As to the Babylonian captivity deporting a minority of the Judahite population , see : Klaus - Peter Adam ; Mark Leuchter ( 2010 ) . Klaus - Peter Adam ; Mark Leuchter , eds . `` Preface '' , Soundings in Kings : Perspectives and Methods in Contemporary Scholarship . Fortress Press . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 1263 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Edwin Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings , ( 1st ed. ; New York : Macmillan , 1951 ; 2d ed. ; Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1965 ; 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3825 - X , 9780825438257 Jump up ^ On the Reliability of the Old Testament ( 2003 ) by Kenneth Kitchen . Grand Rapids and Cambridge : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4960 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah 52 : 11 Jump up ^ Thiele , Mysterious Numbers , 58 . Jump up ^ Hayim Tadmor , The Inscriptions of Tiglath - Pileser III , King of Assyria ( Jerusalem : Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities , 1994 ) 232 , n. 3 . Jump up ^ Edwin R. Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings ( 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) pp. 134 , 217 . Jump up ^ Leslie McFall , `` A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles , '' Bibliotheca Sacra 148 ( 1991 ) p. 33 . ( Link ) Jump up ^ William J. Murnane , Ancient Egyptian Coregencies ( Chicago : The Oriental Institute , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ J.D. Douglas , ed. , New Bible Dictionary ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans , 1965 ) p. 1160 . Jump up ^ Nadav Na'aman , `` Historical and Chronological Notes on the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the Eighth Century B.C. '' Vetus Testamentum 36 ( 1986 ) p. 91 . Jump up ^ See Kitchen 's chronology in New Bible Dictionary p. 220 . Jump up ^ Leslie McFall , `` Translation Guide '' p. 42 . Jump up ^ Jack Finegan , Handbook of Biblical Chronology ( rev . ed. ; Peabody MA : Hendrickson , 1998 ) p. 246 . Jump up ^ Leslie McFall , `` Translation Guide '' pp. 4 - 45 ( Link ) . Jump up ^ Thiele , Mysterious Numbers chapter 3 , `` Coregencies and Rival Reigns . '' Jump up ^ Jack Finegan , Handbook of Biblical Chronology p. 246 . Jump up ^ D.J. Wiseman , Chronicles of Chaldean Kings in the British Museum ( London : Trustees of the British Museum , 1956 ) 73 . Jump up ^ Leslie McFall , `` A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles , '' Bibliotheca Sacra 148 ( 1991 ) 45. ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Judah and Israel Ancient Jewish History : The Kings of Israel The Jewish Virtual Library provides a chart of the Kings of Judah and Israel , with academic dates <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Rulers of Israel and Judah <Td_colspan="2"> Davidic line Kings of Israel and Judah Kings of Judah Hasmonean and Herodian rulers Tribes of Israel The Twelve Spies Abimelech United monarchy Saul Ish - bosheth David Solomon Israel ( northern kingdom ) Jeroboam I Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Tibni Omri Ahab Ahaziah Jehoram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam II Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea Judah ( southern kingdom ) Rehoboam Abijam Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Jehoash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah Zedekiah Hasmonean dynasty Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Herodian dynasty Herod the Great Archelaus Antipas Philip the Tetrarch Salome I Agrippa Herod of Chalcis Agrippa II Bar Kokhba revolt Simon bar Kokhba See also List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate a disputed reign or non-royal title Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_of_Judah&oldid=834478353 '' Categories : Kings of ancient Israel Kings of ancient Judah Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Frysk 한국어 ქართული მარგალური Nederlands Українська اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 03 . 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1. Kings of Judah 2. Kingdom of Judah 3. Davidic dynasty 4. Chronology of Judahite kings 5. Co-regency in Judah

where is dense fibrous connective tissue found on a long bone

Dense connective tissue - Wikipedia Dense connective tissue Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dense connective tissue <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin textus connectivus compactus Code TH H2. 00.03. 1.00003 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Dense connective tissue , also called dense fibrous tissue , is a type of connective tissue with fibers as its main matrix element . The fibers are mainly composed of type I collagen . Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts , fiber - forming cells , that generate the fibers . Dense connective tissue forms strong , rope - like structures such as tendons and ligaments . Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones ; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints . Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons . Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin ( dermis ) , where it is arranged in sheets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Classification ( edit ) It is often divided into `` Dense regular connective tissue '' and `` Dense irregular connective tissue '' . See also ( edit ) Loose connective tissue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Histology '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine N. ( 2009 ) . Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology - 10th ed . San Francisco , Ca. : Pearson Education . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 69598 - 4 . Jump up ^ Strum , Judy M. ; Gartner , Leslie P. ; Hiatt , James L. ( 2007 ) . Cell biology and Histology . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 83 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 8577 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : TermsCells&Tissues / connective / dense / dense1 - Comparative Organology at University of California , Davis - `` Connective tissue , dense ( LM , Low ) '' Histology at cytochemistry.net Overview at downstate.edu <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Classification Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone This anatomy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dense_connective_tissue&oldid=799642804 '' Categories : Connective tissue Anatomy stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Dense connective tissue 2. Fibers as main matrix element 3. Type I collagen 4. Tendons and ligaments 5. Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue

what are the national archives in washington dc

National Archives building - wikipedia National Archives building Jump to : navigation , search For the museum in Indonesia , see National Archives Building , Jakarta . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Archives Building <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Historic district Contributing property <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The National Archives building Constitution Avenue façade <Td_colspan="2"> Location Constitution Avenue between 7th Street and 9th Street , NW Nearest city Washington , D.C. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 34 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 23 '' W  /  38.89278 ° N 77.02306 ° W  / 38.89278 ; - 77.02306 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 34 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 23 '' W  /  38.89278 ° N 77.02306 ° W  / 38.89278 ; - 77.02306 Built 1933 - 1935 Architect John Russell Pope Architectural style Classical Revival Part of Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site ( # 66000865 ) NRHP reference # 71001004 Added to NRHP May 27 , 1971 The National Archives Building , known informally as Archives I , is the original headquarters of the National Archives and Records Administration . It is located north of the National Mall at 700 Pennsylvania Avenue , Northwest , Washington , D.C. . The Rotunda entrance is on Constitution Avenue , while the research entrance is on Pennsylvania Avenue . A second larger facility , known as `` Archives II '' ( or simply as `` A2 '' ) , is located in College Park , Maryland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Exhibits 2 History 2.1 Before the National Archives Building 2.2 Planning stages 2.3 Breaking ground 2.4 Construction 2.5 Completion 2.6 Reencasement and renovation 2.7 Timeline 3 Warren Commission 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Exhibits ( edit ) Archives of the United States of America Close up of the National Archives Building facade It holds the original copies of the three main formative documents of the United States and its government : the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . It also hosts an original version of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I. These are displayed to the public in the main chamber of the National Archives , which is called the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom . The National Archives Building also exhibits other important American historical documents such as the Articles of Confederation , the Louisiana Purchase Treaty , the Emancipation Proclamation , and collections of photography and other historically and culturally significant American artifacts . Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom , there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish . Photography is not permitted in the National Archives Museum . Photography with natural light is permitted in research rooms . History ( edit ) Before the National Archives building ( edit ) From its founding , the U.S. federal government has documented its policies and decisions , but for almost 150 years it had virtually no method or place to safeguard historically important records . During those years , officials occasionally decried federal neglect , or too often , fires destroyed important documents , reinforcing the need for an archives . By the end of the 19th century , a few architects had even submitted plans to the government for an archives or a hall of records . By the early 20th century an organized effort aimed at creating the National Archives began , but not until 1926 did Congress finally approve the National Archives Building . Planning stages ( edit ) That year , Congress authorized construction of the National Archives Building as part of a massive public buildings program designed to beautify the center of Washington , DC , and provide office space for the growing federal bureaucracy . This program led to the design and construction of buildings within the Federal Triangle . Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon gave the responsibility for designing the Triangle grouping to a Board of Architectural Consultants . Louis A. Simon , the Supervisory Architect of the Treasury Department , drafted a preliminary design for the Archives , placing it along Pennsylvania Avenue between 9th and 10th Streets , NW . In late 1927 , preliminary drawings of the individual Triangle buildings were incorporated into a formal presentation of the entire project . The drawings became the basis for a three - dimensional scale model that was publicly unveiled in April 1929 . The next month , after examining the model , the Commission of Fine Arts was highly critical of Simon 's design for an archives . Commissioners suggested that the noted architect John Russell Pope be added to the Board of Architectural Consultants and that he design the National Archives . Pope was asked to join when the death of a board member created a vacancy . Pope 's architectural vision transformed both the location and design of the National Archives Building . He successfully proposed relocating the Archives to the block between Seventh and Eighth Streets , a site he believed demanded a monumental building such as the National Archives . In place of Simon 's design , Pope 's National Archives was to be a neoclassical temple befitting an institution dedicated to American history . Breaking ground ( edit ) Ground was broken for the National Archives on September 5 , 1931 , by the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury , Ferry K. Heath . By the time President Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone of the building in February 1933 , significant problems had arisen . Because the massive structure was to be constructed above an underground stream , 8,575 piles had been driven into the unstable soil , before pouring a huge concrete bowl as a foundation . Another difficulty arose over the choice of building materials . Both limestone and granite were authorized as acceptable , but construction began during the darkest days of the Great Depression , and suppliers of each material lobbied fiercely to have the government use their stone . Ultimately , as in the other Federal Triangle buildings , limestone was used for the exterior superstructure and granite for the base . Construction ( edit ) Constructing the National Archives was a mammoth task . Not only was the building the most ornate structure on the Federal Triangle , but it also called for installation of specialized air - handling systems and filters , reinforced flooring , and thousands of feet of shelving to meet the building 's archival storage requirements . The building 's exterior took more than 4 years to finish and required a host of workers ranging from sculptors and model makers to air - conditioning contractors and structural - steel workers . Completion ( edit ) Guardiaship , a 1935 sculpture by James Earle Fraser , exhibited outside the NARA In November 1935 , 120 National Archives staff members moved into their uncompleted building . Most of the exterior work was complete , but many stack areas , where records would be stored , had no shelving for incoming records . Work also continued on the Rotunda and other public spaces . More significantly , earlier estimates about the need for future stack space proved to be quite insufficient . Almost as soon as Pope 's original design was complete , a project to fill the Archives ' interior courtyard began , doubling storage space from 374,000 square feet to more than 757,000 square feet . John Russell Pope 's vision of the Archives as a temple of history has been preserved through maintenance and periodic restoration work on the building since the mid-1930s . Over the years , however , more records filled the building and even the courtyard expansion proved to be inadequate . By the late 1960s , the building reached its storage capacity of 900,000 cubic feet and the agency began renting large amounts of storage and administrative space . The 1993 completion of a second National Archives building in College Park , Maryland , added 1.8 million square feet to the National Archives , providing the nation with the most modern archives facility in the world . Reencasement and renovation ( edit ) The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the Bill of Rights have been displayed to the public in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building since 1952 . That year National Bureau of Standards placed the documents into hermetically sealed encasements filled with inert helium gas , which the Bureau believed would preserve the Charters well into the next century . Since the 1952 installation , National Archives conservators have conducted regular visual inspections of the encased documents . Since 1987 , these inspections have been greatly enhanced through the use of an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California . In an electronic inspection of the documents in 1995 , conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights . Glass experts from Libby - Owens - Ford ( the original manufacturer of the encasement glass ) and the Corning Glass Museum determined that the case glass components were showing signs of deterioration . Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be reencased within seven years ( by 2002 ) to ensure the continued safety and preservation of the documents . In July 2001 , the Charters were taken off display in the Rotunda to be removed from their deteriorating cases . National Archives conservators removed the documents from their cases and analyzed their condition . Appropriate conservation measures were taken on each document and they have been installed in the new encasements , returning to public display in September 2003 . Timeline ( edit ) Congress authorized construction in 1926 . Ground was broken on September 5 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone in February 1933 . First opened in 1935 . Completed in 1937 . A renovation was completed in late 2004 . Public display space expanded from 12,000 to more than 19,000 square feet in 2013 . Warren Commission ( edit ) Investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the Warren Commission met formally for the first time on December 5 , 1963 in a hearing room on the second floor of the National Archives Building . Gallery ( edit ) National Archives Building at night National Archives Building , June 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ The National Archives in Washington , DC Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . Archivesfoundation.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Visit the National Archives Museum '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions - Visiting and Using the National Archives '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : History of the National Archives Building ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the National Archives Building , Washington , DC '' . archives.gov . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Progressive Engineer : Feature - National Archives Building Renovation Jump up ^ National Archives Building Renovation - Grunley Construction Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Expansion at the National Archives Means More Focus on Human Rights '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Commission Meets '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . UPI . December 6 , 1964 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Archives and Records Administration . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Archives Building , Washington , D.C. . 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1. National Archives Building 2. Charters of Freedom 3. Historical documents 4. John Russell Pope 5. Renovation and reencasement

who played the detective on the orient express

Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Murder on the Orient Express <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Kenneth Branagh Produced by Ridley Scott Mark Gordon Simon Kinberg Kenneth Branagh Judy Hofflund Michael Schaefer Screenplay by Michael Green Based on Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie Starring Kenneth Branagh Penélope Cruz Willem Dafoe Judi Dench Johnny Depp Josh Gad Derek Jacobi Leslie Odom Jr . Michelle Pfeiffer Daisy Ridley Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Mick Audsley Production companies Kinberg Genre The Mark Gordon Company Scott Free Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) ( Royal Albert Hall ) November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) ( United Kingdom ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Malta Language English Budget $55 million Box office $351.8 million Murder on the Orient Express is a 2017 mystery drama film directed by Kenneth Branagh with a screenplay by Michael Green , based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie . The film stars Branagh as Hercule Poirot , with Penélope Cruz , Willem Dafoe , Judi Dench , Johnny Depp , Josh Gad , Derek Jacobi , Leslie Odom Jr. , Michelle Pfeiffer , and Daisy Ridley in supporting roles . The film is the fourth screen adaptation of Christie 's novel , following the 1974 film , a 2001 TV film version , and a 2010 episode of the television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot . The plot follows Poirot , a world - renowned detective , as he seeks to solve a murder on the famous trans - European train in the 1930s . Principal photography began in November 2016 in the United Kingdom ; it is one of the few productions in recent decades to have used 65mm film cameras . Murder on the Orient Express had its world premiere on November 2 , 2017 at Royal Albert Hall in London , and was released in theatres in the United Kingdom on November 3 , 2017 , and in the United States on November 10 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed over $351 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , with praise for the cast 's performances and the production value , but some criticism for not adding anything new to previous adaptations . A sequel , titled Death on the Nile , is scheduled for a release on December 20 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1934 , famous Belgian detective Hercule Poirot solves a theft at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . The obsessive - compulsive -- who seeks balance in life , and considers his case - solving ability to see a lie amid truth to be a curse -- wants to rest in Istanbul , but must return to London for another case . His friend Bouc , director of the Simplon - route Orient Express service , arranges a bunk for him aboard the train . Unscrupulous businessman Edward Ratchett offers to hire Poirot as his bodyguard during the three - day journey , having received threatening letters from an unknown party , but Poirot refuses . That night , Poirot hears strange noises coming from Ratchett 's compartment , and later sees someone in a red kimono running down the hallway . An avalanche derails the train 's engine , stranding the passengers . The next morning , Poirot discovers Ratchett was murdered during the night after having been stabbed a dozen times . Poirot and Bouc investigate the other passengers as repairs begin . Evidence indicates that Ratchett was murdered by one person , and Caroline Hubbard , a fellow passenger , claims that a man had been in her compartment in the night . Poirot discovers a partially burned note connecting Ratchett to the kidnapping of Daisy Armstrong , a child who was abducted from her bedroom and held for ransom . Though the family paid the ransom , Daisy was murdered nonetheless . Ratchett 's true identity is revealed : he was John Cassetti , Daisy 's kidnapper and murderer . The shock of her death caused her mother Sonia to die after giving premature birth to a stillborn baby ; her father , Colonel John Armstrong , then committed suicide . The family 's nursemaid Susanne was wrongly suspected of complicity , leading to her being arrested and subsequent suicide in police custody , only to be found innocent afterward . More evidence is found , including a bloodstained handkerchief , and , in Mrs. Hubbard 's compartment , the button of a conductor 's uniform . The uniform is later found , as is the red kimono -- in Poirot 's own suitcase . Hubbard is suddenly stabbed in the back ; she survives but can not identify the culprit . Poirot discovers many of the passengers have direct connections to the Armstrong family and uncovers their hidden pasts . While interviewing governess Mary Debenham , Poirot is shot in the shoulder by Doctor John Arbuthnot , who claims responsibility for the murder , but Bouc stops him from killing Poirot . Poirot realizes that Arbuthnot -- a medical doctor and former army sniper -- never meant to kill him . Poirot confronts the suspects outside the train , offering two theories of how Cassetti died . The first is simple but does not meet all of the facts : A murderer disguised as a conductor boarded the train at a previous stop , murdered Cassetti , and fled at the stop as the train left . The second is more complex : with every single suspect connected to the Armstrongs , Susanne , or her trial in some way , they all had a motive against Cassetti . Poirot predicts that they acted together . Hubbard is revealed to be Linda Arden , a former stage actress and aspiring director , and Sonia Armstrong 's mother . Hubbard confirms the latter , admitting that she planned the murder and had recruited everyone else to help her . All the other passengers and the Conductor , Pierre Michel ( Susanne 's brother ) , took turns stabbing Cassetti . Mary wore the kimono , and Arbuthnot stabbed Hubbard without endangering her life , to convince Poirot of a lone killer . Poirot challenges the passengers and Michel to shoot him with a confiscated gun since he is the only one who can expose their plot ; Bouc can lie , but Poirot , obsessed with truth and balance , can not . Hubbard grabs the gun and tries to kill herself , but it is not loaded ; Poirot wanted to see how the suspects would react . With the train back on track , Poirot concludes that justice is impossible in this case , as Cassetti deserved death ; for the first time , Poirot will have to live with a lie and imbalance . He presents the lone killer theory to the Yugoslavian police , allowing the others to leave on the train . As he disembarks , a British Army messenger asks him to investigate a death on the Nile . Poirot accepts the case . Cast ( edit ) Tom Bateman as Bouc Kenneth Branagh as Hercule Poirot Penélope Cruz as Pilar Estravados Willem Dafoe as Gerhard Hardman Judi Dench as Princess Dragomiroff Johnny Depp as Edward Ratchett Josh Gad as Hector MacQueen Derek Jacobi as Edward Henry Masterman Leslie Odom Jr. as Dr. Arbuthnot Michelle Pfeiffer as Caroline Hubbard Daisy Ridley as Miss Mary Debenham Marwan Kenzari as Pierre Michel Olivia Colman as Hildegarde Schmidt Lucy Boynton as Countess Elena Andrenyi Manuel Garcia - Rulfo as Biniamino Marquez Sergei Polunin as Count Rudolph Andrenyi Production ( edit ) 20th Century Fox announced the project in December 2013 . Michael Green wrote the screenplay for a new film adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express . On June 16 , 2015 , it was reported Fox was in talks with Kenneth Branagh to direct . On November 20 , 2015 , it was announced that Branagh would both direct the film and star in the role of detective Hercule Poirot . He later said that he `` enjoyed finding the sort of obsessive - compulsive in ( Poirot ) rather than the dandy . '' Principal photography on the film began on November 22 , 2016 , in the United Kingdom , and concluded in May 2017 . It used some of the same 65mm film cameras as Christopher Nolan 's Dunkirk , which Branagh had acted in shortly before the production . The two were among the very few to be shot on 65mm film since Branagh 's Hamlet in 1996 , and the only ones released in 2017 . While in post-production , Branagh `` was Skyped in from thousands of miles away '' to watch Pfeiffer record an original song called `` Never Forget '' for the film 's finale . `` As soon as we added it on to the end of the film , it joined seamlessly and gave a moment of reflection and consideration that the film needed and wanted , '' said Branagh . Release ( edit ) A first look at the film and cast was released on May 3 , 2017 , in an exclusive article by Entertainment Weekly . Murder on the Orient Express was released in the United Kingdom on November 3 , 2017 and in the United States on November 10 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film was released on Digital HD on February 20 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , DVD and Blu - ray on February 27 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express grossed $102.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $249 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $351.8 million , against a production budget of $55 million . In the United States and Canada , Murder on the Orient Express was released alongside Daddy 's Home 2 , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,341 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $10.9 million on its first day , including $1.6 million from Thursday night previews at 2,775 theaters . It ended up grossing $28.7 million , finishing third at the box office , behind holdover Thor : Ragnarok , and Daddy 's Home 2 . 51 % of the film 's opening weekend audience was over the age of 35 . In its second weekend , the film took in $13.8 million ( a drop of 51.9 % ) , finishing fifth , behind Justice League , Wonder , Thor : Ragnarok and Daddy 's Home 2 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 57 % , based on 241 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Stylish production and an all - star ensemble keep this Murder on the Orient Express from running off the rails , even if it never quite builds up to its classic predecessor 's illustrious head of steam . '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , calling it `` a lushly old - fashioned adaptation wrapped in a veritable turducken of pearls , monocles , and international movie stars . '' Blake Goble of Consequence of Sound said , `` Handsomely staged , exceptionally well - cast , and reasonably faithful , Branagh has revived Murder on the Orient Express in a highly pleasing fashion . '' Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting gave the film three and a half skulls and said , `` For those looking for an involving murder mystery that is respectful of its source material and filled with an all - star cast , look no further than Murder on the Orient Express . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider gave the film a B − , calling it a `` handsomely crafted production , '' albeit one that `` falls apart at the climax of the film . '' Josephine Livingstone of The New Republic praised the film 's `` stylized gorgeousness , '' but wrote that Branagh 's change of `` Poirot 's fussiness ... into obsessive compulsive tendencies '' was `` less distinct and , ultimately , less interesting '' . On the negative side , Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post was impressed by the cast , but ultimately felt `` Agatha Christie 's whodunit has no steam . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone found that there were many dull moments and that the film was a needless remake . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two and a half stars , and stated that he felt it focused too much on Poirot to the detriment of the other characters , adding , `` Never let it be said the director misses an opportunity to place his star front and center , unfortunately relegating just about everyone else in the obligatory International All - Star Cast to a paper - thin character with one or at most two defining personality traits . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club rated the film a C+ and complained that Branagh 's `` erratic direction -- more interested in cut glass and overhead shots than in suspicions and uncertainties -- bungles both the perfect puzzle logic of the crime and its devious solution . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic said the film was `` visually sumptuous yet otherwise inert '' and summed up , `` Murder on the Orient Express is not a bad movie per se , merely one that feels self - indulgent and thoroughly unnecessary . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Alliance of Women Film Journalists January 9 , 2018 Remake or Sequel That Should n't Have Been Made Murder on the Orient Express Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film Jim Clay Nominated Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Alexandra Byrne Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Production Design Jim Clay and Rebecca Alleway Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Make - up and Hairstyling Murder on the Orient Express Nominated Houston Film Critics Society December 12 , 2017 Best Original Song `` Never Forget '' Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Alexandra Byrne Runner - up London Film Critics Circle January 28 , 2017 British / Irish Actress of the Year Judi Dench ( also for Victoria & Abdul ) Nominated Phoenix Critics Circle December 15 , 2017 Best Mystery or Thriller Film Murder on the Orient Express Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Original Score Patrick Doyle Nominated Best Costume Design Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Production Design Jim Clay Nominated Satellite Awards February 11 , 2018 Best Costume Design Alexandra Byrne Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Thriller Film Murder on the Orient Express Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Production Design Jim Clay and Rebecca Alleway Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Drama Murder on the Orient Express Nominated Choice Drama Actor Leslie Odom Jr . Nominated Choice Drama Actress Daisy Ridley Nominated Sequel ( edit ) In 2015 , Christie 's great - grandson James Prichard , Chairman of Agatha Christie Ltd. , expressed enthusiasm for sequels , citing the positive collaboration with Branagh and the production team . In May 2017 , Branagh expressed interest in further installments if the film were successful . On November 20 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox announced that a sequel , based on the 1937 novel Death on the Nile , was in active development , with Michael Green , screenwriter of the first film , returning to write the screenplay . Branagh will again be both director and star . In an interview with Associated Press in December 2017 , Branagh discussed developing an adaptation of Death on the Nile with the possibility of even more films to follow , potentially creating a new `` cinematic universe '' of Poirot films : `` I think there are possibilities , are n't there ? With 66 books and short stories and plays , she -- and she often brings people together in her own books actually , so innately -- she enjoyed that , '' he says . `` You feel as though there is a world -- just like with Dickens , there 's a complete world that she 's created -- certain kinds of characters who live in her world -- that I think has real possibilities . '' In February 2018 , Fox scheduled Death on the Nile for release on November 8 , 2019 with Branagh officially signed on to direct and star . However , in June 2018 , the film was pushed back to December 20 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Murder on the Orient Express ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Murder on the Orient Express ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` All - Star ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Cast Assembles in London '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Jump up ^ RYOT Studios ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Murder On The Orient Express world premiere red carpet '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Remaking ' Murder on the Orient Express ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh in Talks to Direct Agatha Christie 's ' Murder on the Orient Express ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh to Direct , Star in ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Remake '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McEvers , Kelly . `` Kenneth Branagh On His Meticulous Master Detective Role In ' Murder On The Orient Express ' '' . All Things Considered ( Interview ) . NPR . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Murder on the Orient Express starts filming '' . The Knowledge . Media Business Insight . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Murder on the Orient Express sets up UK shoot '' . KFTV . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh on Finding the Perfect Mustache for ' Murder on the Orient Express ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wooding , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh and Patrick Doyle talk Murder on the Orient Express music '' . Film Doctor . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Exclusive First Look at Murder on the Orient Express '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Drama Gets 2017 Oscar Season Release '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks On With $10.8 M Tuesday ; Will Continue To Strike Lightning In Second Weekend With $60 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Higher Than ' The Orient Express ' In A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Early Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Murder on the Orient Express Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Murder on the Orient Express is a lushly old - fashioned whodunit : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goble , Blake ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Murder on the Orient Express '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ( Review ) ' Murder on the Orient Express ' is a Lovely Ode to Old - Fashioned Murder Mysteries '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Review : A Good Yarn That Frays at the End '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Josephine ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Murder on the Orient Express Is a Spectacular Massacre of a Classic '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Matthew ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Murder On The Orient Express ' Pulls Into The Reboot Station . All Aboard ! Or Not '' . HuffPost . Oath . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Review : Whodunnit Redo Is Fast Train to Nowhere '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Others sent to back of train in Branagh 's ' Murder on Orient Express ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` A perfect mystery jumps the rails in the star - studded Murder On The Orient Express '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Murder on the Orient Express Is a Ride Worth Skipping '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shape of Water ' Leads Critics ' Choice Film Nominations '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meechan , Lauren ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 winners : The Shape of Water and Big Little Lies sweep board '' . Daily Express . Express Newspapers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Communications . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Las Vegas Film Critics Society ( LVFCS ) Winners '' . Next Best Picture . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` '' Three Billboards '' Leads London Critics ' Circle Film Award Nominations `` . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tangcay , Jazz ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Phoenix Critics Circle Announce Their Nominations '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PFCS 2017 Award Winners '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Star Kenneth Branagh Wants to Make More Poirot Movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Sequel in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Ryan ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Branagh teases return of old friends in ' Death on the Nile ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Pushes Back ' Alita ' and ' The Predator ' ; Dates ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Sequel '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox Sets Dates For Untitled James Mangold Ferrari Project , Kenneth Branagh 's ' Death On The Nile ' External links ( edit ) Official website Murder on the Orient Express on IMDb Murder on the Orient Express at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot Characters Hercule Poirot Arthur Hastings James Harold Japp Ariadne Oliver Colonel Race Books Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles ( 1920 ) The Murder on the Links ( 1923 ) The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) The Big Four ( 1927 ) The Mystery of the Blue Train ( 1928 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1933 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) Three Act Tragedy ( 1934 ) Death in the Clouds ( 1935 ) The A.B.C. Murders ( 1936 ) Murder in Mesopotamia ( 1936 ) Cards on the Table ( 1936 ) Dumb Witness ( 1937 ) Death on the Nile ( 1937 ) Appointment with Death ( 1938 ) Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( 1938 ) Sad Cypress ( 1940 ) One , Two , Buckle My Shoe ( 1940 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1941 ) Five Little Pigs ( 1942 ) The Hollow ( 1946 ) Taken at the Flood ( 1948 ) Mrs McGinty 's Dead ( 1952 ) After the Funeral ( 1953 ) Hickory Dickory Dock ( 1955 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1956 ) Cat Among the Pigeons ( 1959 ) The Clocks ( 1963 ) Third Girl ( 1966 ) Hallowe'en Party ( 1969 ) Elephants Can Remember ( 1972 ) Curtain ( 1975 ) The Monogram Murders ( 2014 ) Closed Casket ( 2016 ) Short story collections Poirot Investigates ( 1924 ) Murder in the Mews ( 1937 ) The Regatta Mystery ( 1939 ) The Labours of Hercules ( 1947 ) The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories ( 1948 ) Three Blind Mice and Other Stories ( 1950 ) The Under Dog and Other Stories ( 1951 ) The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding ( 1960 ) Double Sin and Other Stories ( 1961 ) Poirot 's Early Cases ( 1974 ) Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories ( 1991 ) The Harlequin Tea Set ( 1997 ) While the Light Lasts and Other Stories ( 1997 ) Film adaptations Alibi ( 1931 ) Black Coffee ( 1931 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1934 ) The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Death on the Nile ( 1978 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Appointment with Death ( 1988 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Plays Alibi ( 1928 ) Black Coffee ( 1930 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Wasp 's Nest ( 1937 ) The Yellow Iris ( 1937 , radio ) Television adaptations Thirteen at Dinner ( 1985 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1986 ) Murder in Three Acts ( 1986 ) Murder by the Book ( 1986 ) Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1989 -- 2013 ) episodes Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Video games Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2006 ) Agatha Christie : Death on the Nile ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( 2009 ) See also Black Coffee Orient Express ( board game ) Miss Marple Agatha Christie 's fictional universe <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Kenneth Branagh Feature Films Henry V ( 1989 ) Dead Again ( 1991 ) Peter 's Friends ( 1992 ) Much Ado About Nothing ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet ( 1996 ) Love 's Labour 's Lost ( 2000 ) As You Like It ( 2006 ) The Magic Flute ( 2006 ) Sleuth ( 2007 ) Thor ( 2011 ) Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Artemis Fowl ( 2019 ) Short Films Swan Song ( 1992 ) Listening ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(2017_film)&oldid=856444361 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s crime drama films 2010s mystery films British films British crime drama films British mystery films American films American crime drama films American mystery films Detective films Films based on Hercule Poirot books Films set in 1934 Films set on the Orient Express Films shot in London Films set in London Films based on British novels Films based on crime novels Films about murder Films directed by Kenneth Branagh Films produced by Simon Kinberg Films scored by Patrick Doyle Scott Free Productions films 20th Century Fox films Films set in Yugoslavia Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 07 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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1. Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film) 2. Kenneth Branagh 3. Agatha Christie 4. Mystery drama film 5. Sequel: Death on the Nile

who plays dr rhodes father on chicago med

List of Chicago Med characters - wikipedia List of Chicago Med characters This is a list of fictional characters in the television series Chicago Med , the third spin - off in the Chicago franchise . The article deals with the series ' main , recurring , and minor characters . Contents 1 Main 1.1 Dr. Will Halstead 1.2 Dr. Natalie Manning 1.3 April Sexton 1.4 Dr. Sarah Reese 1.5 Dr. Connor Rhodes 1.6 Dr. Ethan Choi 1.7 Sharon Goodwin 1.8 Dr. Daniel Charles 1.9 Maggie Lockwood 1.10 Dr. Ava Bekker 2 Recurring 2.1 Family members 2.2 Gaffney Chicago Medical Center staff and personnel 3 Crossover characters 3.1 Chicago P.D. 3.2 Chicago Fire 4 References Main ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Occupation <Th_colspan="4"> Seasons Will Halstead Nick Gehlfuss Emergency Medicine Doctor <Td_colspan="4"> Main April Sexton Yaya DaCosta Nurse <Td_colspan="4"> Main Natalie Manning Torrey DeVitto Pediatric Emergency Medicine Doctor <Td_colspan="4"> Main Sarah Reese Rachel DiPillo Psychiatry Resident <Td_colspan="3"> Main Guest Connor Rhodes Colin Donnell Trauma / Cardiothoracic Surgeon <Td_colspan="4"> Main Ethan Choi Brian Tee Lieutenant Commander , USNR ; Emergency Room Chief Resident <Td_colspan="4"> Main Sharon Goodwin S. Epatha Merkerson Chief of Services <Td_colspan="4"> Main Daniel Charles Oliver Platt Chief of Psychiatry <Td_colspan="4"> Main Maggie Lockwood Marlyne Barrett Charge Nurse <Td_colspan="4"> Main Ava Bekker Norma Kuhling Cardiothoracic Surgeon Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Notes Jump up ^ Season 1 , episodes 14 -- 18 ; episodes 1 -- 13 recurring Dr. Will Halstead ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Will Halstead First appearance CPD : `` Say Her Real Name '' ( episode 2.17 ) CF : `` I Am the Apocolypse '' ( episode 3.19 ) CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Nick Gehlfuss <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name William Halstead Gender Male Family Patrick `` Pat '' Halstead ( father ) ( deceased ) Unnamed mother ( deceased ) Jay Halstead ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Nina Shore ( ex-girlfriend ) Natalie Manning ( fiancée ) Portrayed by Nick Gehlfuss Dr. Will Halstead is an attending in the Emergency Department . He was first introduced to the Chicago franchise in the Chicago P.D. episode `` Say Her Real Name '' as Detective Jay Halstead 's estranged brother who drops by to visit in a two - episode arc . The character moved to Med after being introduced in the show 's backdoor pilot on Chicago Fire and Gehlfuss was made a regular cast member when the characters at Chicago Medical Center who appeared in both Fire and P.D. were given their own spin - off . Dr. Halstead was initially written as a plastic surgeon who left his private practice ( or was implied in P.D. to have been `` kicked out '' ) in New York City and returned home to Chicago . After the backdoor pilot of Chicago Med , he decided to switch specialties to emergency medicine . When Med first premiered , he was Chief Resident . As of season 2 he has been an attending . He is characterized as a competent and compassionate doctor who tries to do what he thinks is best for his patient but his single - minded stubbornness has sometimes clouded his judgment . Charge Nurse Maggie Lockwood once described him as `` a slightly anal , overly stubborn , rule breaking , control freak '' . In season 1 Dr. Halstead clashes a number of times with Dr. Connor Rhodes , a trauma surgery fellow , and Sharon Goodwin , the chief administrator , over hospital practices and policies . He particularly disliked Dr. Rhodes as he felt the latter was an entitled `` rich kid '' from the more affluent northern suburbs . They eventually call an unspoken truce by the end of the season as they developed a mutual professional respect for one another . During the episode `` Choices '' he finds himself in hot water after ignoring a patient 's DNR and faces a lawsuit as a result . He also earns the ire of attending Dr. Kendra Perrington in the episode `` Inheritance '' for overriding her at the request of the patient 's brother , who was his former schoolmate , only to find out that she was on the hiring committee . This put his job prospects in jeopardy as he was in the last year of his residency . In the season 1 finale he receives a letter of offer for an attending position in the ED , much to his relief . For much of early season 2 , he stresses out over his finances as he still had to pay off his student loans and sizeable malpractice insurance ( due to his malpractice suit from the episode `` Clarity '' ) . He initially sees final year medical student Jeff Clarke as a rival for Natalie 's affections but develops a friendship with Clarke and often encourages him . During the first season , Dr. Halstead had feelings for the pediatric emergency medicine fellow , Dr. Natalie Manning , who was then pregnant with her late husband 's baby . It caused some awkwardness as her mother - in - law ( portrayed by actress Annie Potts ) was extremely protective and initially viewed him with suspicion . He eventually decided to move on and starts dating pathologist , Nina Shore ( portrayed by Patti Murin , the real - life wife of Gehlfuss ' co-star Colin Donnell ) . They move in together in the season 2 episode `` Free Will '' . They break up in final of season 2 because he still has feelings for Dr. Manning . In the first episode of season 3 `` Nothing To Fear '' , she returns from a three - month sabbatical and tells him she also has feelings for him too and they became a couple . In season 4 they prepare for their wedding but Dr. Halstead finds himself in a difficult position when a neighborhood friend he made a house call to turns out to be federally listed criminal wanted by both the CPD and FBI . His brother convinces him to continue making the house calls in order to feed information to the joint CPD - FBI task force . When he was first introduced on P.D. , it was implied that he and Jay had not seen each other for some time . Jay still has some lingering bitterness over the fact that Will was not around when their late mother was ill ( she died of cancer ) . Despite this , they remain close and look out for one another . The brothers had a difficult relationship with their late father Pat as he disapproved of both his sons ' occupations . The Halsteads are from a working class Irish Catholic background , as implied by Will 's statements about growing up in Canaryville , a historically Irish neighborhood in the South Side of Chicago , and being an altar boy in his youth . Will attended De La Salle Institute , where he excelled academically but was also bullied by the more popular students . It is likely that he and his brother were ostracized for coming from a lower socioeconomic background as Jay has also made a reference to being ostracized by his more affluent counterparts at private school . Dr. Halstead plays the guitar and performed at weddings to pay his way through medical school . It was a reference to actor Nick Gehlfuss 's days as a busker in New York City when he first entered the acting industry . He is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox like his father . Dr. Natalie Manning ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Natalie Manning First appearance CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Torrey DeVitto <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Lou Conte ( father ) Carol Conte ( mother ) Helen Manning ( mother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Jeff Manning ( deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Jeff Clarke ( ex-boyfriend ) Will Halstead ( boyfriend ) Children Owen Manning ( son ) Portrayed by Torrey DeVitto Dr. Natalie Manning ( neé Conte ) is a pediatrician originally from Seattle who is doing a fellowship in emergency medicine . Natalie was widowed when her husband , Jeff , a soldier , was killed in Afghanistan and gave birth to their son , Owen . She is revealed to be a skilled violinist , as seen in season 1 episode `` Fallback '' and season 2 episode `` Brother 's Keeper '' . In season 1 , Natalie is portrayed as a caring doctor who sometimes becomes overly emotionally connected to her young patients . She is also grieving for her late husband and gently dissuades Dr. Halstead 's romantic advances asking to remain friends . In the first episode of the third season `` Nothing To Fear '' , Natalie returns from a three - month sabbatical and tells Will she has feelings for him and they became a couple . April Sexton ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> April Sexton First appearance CF : `` Forgive You Anything '' ( episode 3.17 ) CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Yaya DaCosta <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Noah Sexton ( brother ) Significant other ( s ) Tate Jenkins ( ex-fiancé ) Ethan Choi ( boyfriend ) Portrayed by Yaya DaCosta April Sexton is a nurse in the Emergency Department . She was first introduced in Chicago Fire as a friend of Lieutenant Kelly Severide . April 's parents were immigrants from Brazil . Their original family name was Suassuna but they anglicized it to `` Sexton '' as it was easier to pronounce . She attended high school with Severide and they share a close friendship . He had been going through a rebellious phase in high school after being abandoned by his father and the Sextons often invited him to their house out of concern . April is courted by an ex-pro football player , Tate Jenkins ( Daren J. Powell ) whom she meets when Tate brings his young son into the ED . She is initially skeptical and views Tate as a `` player , '' but after getting to know each other , she develops a trust in him and they move in together . He proposes to her in the episode `` Inherent Bias '' . In season 2 , April is infected with Tuberculosis from a needle stick in the ED and has to deal with the ramifications in her personal and professional life . In the season 2 fall finale , it was revealed she that she is pregnant . However , the treatment for her tuberculosis put her in a difficult position as the medication was potentially harmful to the fetus . She refused to have an abortion due to her Catholic faith . In the season 2 finale , `` Love Hurts '' the doctors celebrate Noah Sexton 's ( April 's younger brother ) graduation party after he graduated medical school . April walks away from the party noticing that Noah is having a lot of fun . She walks over to a bridge and overlooks the water . Ethan Choi walks over to her and kisses her as to which she lets him . In season 3 , Choi and April began a relationship in which they hide it from the ED . A nurse grows suspicion on them asking her questions to which April simply ignores and exaggerates . Later on , opening up about her relationship to the ED . The two often clash in the ED about medical judgements over their patients , but continue to be much supportive over another . Dr. Sarah Reese ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sarah Reese First appearance CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance CM : `` Be My Better Half '' ( episode 4.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Rachel DiPillo <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Robert Haywood ( father ) Significant other ( s ) Joey Thomas ( ex-boyfriend ) Portrayed by Rachel DiPillo Dr. Sarah Reese is a recent medical school graduate and psychiatry resident . The character was not introduced in the backdoor pilot on Chicago Fire . In season 1 she was a final year medical student still undecided about which specialty to choose . During her rotation in the ED she decided against emergency medicine after a patient she had diagnosed chose to go against medical advice , leaving her discouraged . She chose pathology but soon realized that she did not want to spend the rest of her training in a lab without any contact with patients and even fainted from the stress . However , as her match was legally binding it meant that she would be left without a job if she rejected Chicago Med 's offer . She worked as a barista until Head of Psychiatry Dr. Charles offered her a spot in his department . She discovers that she enjoys interacting with patients and learning about the psychological side of medicine , although it leads her to subconsciously `` shrink '' her own colleagues , much to the nurses ' amusement . Season 2 sees the character undergo further development as a full - fledged doctor and resident . At times she has let her emotions get in the way and Dr. Charles has had to step in to caution her . She has difficulty dealing with death and the experience of having to call time of death gets to her . During a night shift she had to make the call three times in a row , leading to her breaking down into tears at the end of the shift . Her mother is a litigation attorney who is implied to be a career woman who loves her but is emotionally distant from her . During the season 1 finale , her mother does not attend her graduation from medical school but sends her money . She is main cast from season one until season four and appears for the final time in the season four premiere `` Be My Better Half '' , after she found out that Doctor Charles discovered that her father was suspected to be a serial killer , causing a fallout between them . She decided to leave Chicago Med and joined Baylor as she said she could no longer trust Dr. Charles when he kept his investigation of her father a secret from her . Dr. Connor Rhodes ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Connor Rhodes First appearance CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Colin Donnell <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Family Cornelius Rhodes ( father ) Elisabeth Rhodes ( mother ) ( deceased ) Claire Rhodes ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Sam Zanetti ( ex-girlfriend ) Robin Charles ( ex-girlfriend ) Portrayed by Colin Donnell Dr. Connor Rhodes is a cardiothoracic surgery fellow . The character was not introduced in the backdoor pilot aired on Chicago Fire , as Colin Donnell only joined the cast as a series regular when Chicago Med was picked up . Dr. Rhodes attended Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara in Mexico and spent a year in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia following his residency . He was initially a trauma surgery fellowship but switched to cardiothoracic surgery under Dr. Downey 's mentorship . Since Dr. Downey 's death he has been mentored by Dr. Latham , with whom he has a difficult relationship . Dr. Rhodes comes from a wealthy background and was written as a `` local boy '' who left Chicago to escape his family before returning many years later . His background was a source of embarrassment and he tried to hide it from his colleagues in the ED for some time , although they came to accept him as one of them and would good - naturdly tease him whenever his name appears in a lifestyle magazine . His relationship with his family is complicated and it deteriorated further after his mother 's suicide . His father was against his choosing medicine over the family business and would repeatedly undermine and discourage him to the point where father and son are no longer on speaking terms . In the episode `` Natural History '' his sister Claire resorts to calling him at work and then confronting him in person to call him out on abandoning her in his attempt to get away from their father years ago . At the end of the episode he reluctantly visits her at the family business to take her to dinner , much to her delight . He was in a relationship with attending Dr. Samantha `` Sam '' Zanetti but they break up in the episode `` Saint '' . He meets epidemiologist Dr. Robin Charles at the hospital cafeteria and they become friends , although it causes some awkwardness once he realizes that she is Dr. Daniel Charles ' daughter . They are now in a relationship and cohabiting . In `` Ties That Bind '' , Robin breaks up with Rhodes by leaving a letter on the table with the intent of him reading the letter . He confronted Dr. Charles on the break up unannounced and vowed that he will find her to make the relationship work . In Season 3 , Rhodes often clashes with Dr. Ava Bekker , a doctor from Africa who Dr. Latham assigned to work with . The two have different medical judgements , often making it hard for the both of them to get along with . In `` Folie à Deux '' Rhodes comes into the ED with a woman ( later implying that he had a one night stand ) A nurse looks into her medical insurance and notices it 's under a man name . The woman replies by saying that that 's her husband . Dr. Bekker asks her if they should contact him but she says no . The woman laters says that she 's been cheating on her husband a lot . The husband arrives later without his knowledge of his wife and Dr. Rhodes 's one night stand and thanks him for caring for his wife . Dr. Rhodes and Ava are in a room discussing about earlier and thank each other . The two end up kissing as the episode ends . In `` Born This Way '' , Rhodes is in the kitchen making breakfast as Ava puts on her clothes ( implying that they had a one night stand ) Dr. Ethan Choi ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ethan Choi First appearance CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Brian Tee <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Family Emily Choi ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Dr. Vicky Glass ( ex-girlfriend ) April Sexton ( girlfriend ) Portrayed by Brian Tee Dr. Ethan Choi is a resident in the Emergency Department and a former active duty United States Navy officer . Like Dr. Rhodes , the character was not in the backdoor pilot and only introduced when Chicago Med was picked up . He is generally reserved and reticent , which Dr. Charles attributes to his military background . His aloof and detached exterior sometimes intimidates the medical students and junior residents under him but he has shown to be sympathetic and supportive with them , as well as his other coworkers and the CFD paramedics . He is of Korean descent ( like actor Brian Tee ) and once implied that he has been subjected to racism during his childhood as he grew up in a neighborhood where there were `` not many families with the last name Choi '' . Dr. Choi is well - regarded by his colleagues in the ED . Beginning in season 2 he takes over Dr. Halstead as Chief Resident and has a forgettable first day , much to everyone 's amusement as they were used to seeing him calm and in control . He initially tries to run his own system but quickly realizes that Maggie and the nurses were actually the ones in charge . Despite his rocky start he has returned to his usual dependable self . A second generation Navy veteran , Dr. Choi switched to the reserves to begin his residency and is revealed to be suffering from PTSD . He had been coping despite suffering from insomnia and nightmares and initially resisted treatment as he was still functional at work . Eventually he seeks proper treatment after breaking down in Dr. Charles ' office but used his work as an excuse to put off subsequent counselling sessions . After a series of emotional near - breakdowns and a heated confrontation with a patient 's father , he sticks to counselling and joins a support group at the VA . He adopts a parrot who refuses to fly due to trauma from being cooped up in a hoarder 's house for months and verbally abused and volunteers at the zoo as part of his therapy . He has only ever discussed his military service with fellow veterans , as seen in the Chicago P.D. episode `` Forty - Caliber Bread Crumb '' , in which he has drinks with former Army Rangers and combat veterans Detective Jay Halstead ( Dr. Halstead 's brother ) and CPD tech analyst Greg `` Mouse '' Gurwitch at Molly 's . Despite his cool and collected demeanor it is apparent that he has been deeply affected by the horrors he witnessed overseas as well as in the ED . He has a notebook in which he writes down the name , date and time of death and description of every patient who has died on his watch . He lived with his girlfriend Dr. Vicky Glass ( Cynthia Addai - Robinson ) , who works at the nearby VA hospital and is a fellow Navy veteran . She is one of the few people he has confided in about his PTSD . Sharon Goodwin ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Sharon Goodwin First appearance CF : `` I Am the Apocolypse '' ( episode 3.19 ) CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by S. Epatha Merkerson <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Sharon McGee Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Bert Goodwin ( ex-husband ) Portrayed by S. Epatha Merkerson Sharon Goodwin ( née McGee ) , RN , MPH , MBA is the Chief of Services and oversees the day - to - day operations of Gaffney Chicago Medical Center . A former OR nurse , she is generally the final authority when it comes to medico - legal issues , professional ethics and , when necessary , disciplining . Sharon was happily married to Bert . He had been trying to persuade her to retire and entice her with exotic locations to travel to . In the episode `` Intervention '' they celebrated their 32nd wedding anniversary . However , Bert leaves her in the season 1 finale . The first several episodes of season 2 sees her dealing with the emotional fallout and clearing out his belongings from their house . In the episode `` Extreme Measures '' she initiates divorce proceedings and tells the attorney that she and her husband were past reconciliation . Her first love had been photojournalist Reggie Dixon when she was an eighteen - year - old high school graduate but she chose to attend college rather than travel the world with him on his assignments . Bert did not appear on - screen until he brought his new lady - friend to the hospital in the season 2 episode , `` Ctrl Alt '' . Dr. Daniel Charles ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Daniel Charles First appearance CF : `` I Am the Apocolypse '' ( episode 3.19 ) CPD : `` Actual Physical Violence '' ( episode 3.03 ) CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Oliver Platt <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Spouse ( s ) 3 ex-wives Children Robin Charles ( daughter ) Anna Charles ( daughter ) Portrayed by Oliver Platt Dr. Daniel Charles is the Chief of Psychiatry at Chicago Med . Outside of psychiatry , he is sometimes called in to help with difficult patients or speak to family members . The character has also crossed over to Chicago P.D. whenever Voight 's team are dealing with a suspect or victim suffering from a psychiatric disorder which renders them dangerous and unpredictable . He has also been mentioned several times as the `` shrink '' Voight prefers to send his detectives to when they need counselling . A well - respected veteran psychiatrist at Chicago Med , Dr. Charles combines his human touch with instinct and intuition to diagnose patients . The ED physicians would turn to him for a second opinion . Occasionally he has had to call out doctors in the ED on becoming too personally involved or invested in patients . He has been married and divorced at least three times . His third wife is from Spain . One of his daughters Robin works at Chicago Med as an epidemiologist and is in a relationship with Dr. Rhodes . In the season 2 finale , he is shot after a patient waited a long time to be seen and did n't get the care he needed . Maggie Lockwood ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Maggie Lockwood First appearance CM : `` Derailed '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Marlyne Barrett <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Denise Lockwood ( sister ) Portrayed by Marlyne Barrett Maggie Lockwood is the charge nurse of the Emergency Department and runs a tight shift with a firm hand and a quick - witted sense of humor . She has no qualms about calling out the doctors when needed and they generally defer to her for guidance during a chaotic shift ( `` Bagdad '' mode ) . Underneath her no - nonsense exterior , Maggie is compassionate and protective of her nurses and the other doctors and staff on her shift , often looking out for them as well . In season 1 she and April made sure the then - pregnant Dr. Manning did not overwork and was her `` birthing partner '' . She also looks out for rookie resident Dr. Reese and frequently reminds her to `` go home '' or `` get some sleep '' . The doctors sometimes use her as a `` sounding board '' and vent to her after a difficult shift . In the episode `` Natural History '' , it is revealed that she comes from a large and close - knit extended family and has a sister , Denise who was assigned male at birth , had gender confirmation surgery and moved to Dallas , Texas . Dr. Ava Bekker ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ava Bekker First appearance CM : `` Love Hurts '' ( episode 2.23 ) Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Norma Kuhling <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Occupation Cardiothoracic surgeon Portrayed by Norma Kuhling Dr. Ava Bekker is a cardiothoracic surgeon from South Africa with whom and Dr. Rhodes begin to butt heads on professional boundaries . Recurring ( edit ) Family members ( edit ) Noah Sexton ( Roland Buck III ) is an emergency medicine resident and younger brother of April . It is implied in a conversation Severide had with April that Noah is the `` golden boy '' of the family who got to go to medical school with his sister 's financial assistance despite April being the more academically inclined of the siblings . He has a torrid start to his rotation at Chicago Med and is quickly intimidated after following the residents on shift at the Emergency Department . He resorts to using Reese 's ideas to earn Dr. Choi 's favor but she finds out about it and gives him a cold shoulder . Cornelius Rhodes ( D.W. Moffett ) is the father of Dr. Connor Rhodes . He runs the family business Dolen Rhodes , a high - end department store started by his father . His wife Elizabeth died at some point before the pilot . As the only son and heir to the family fortune , Connor was expected to follow his father into the family business but eschews it for medicine . Elizabeth 's death and Connor 's choice to go into medicine lead to a bitter estrangement between father and son . Claire Rhodes ( Christina Brucato ) is the sister of Connor . Helen Manning ( Annie Potts ) is the mother - in - law of Dr. Natalie Manning . Emily Choi ( Arden Cho ) is the sister of Dr. Ethan Choi . Unlike her brother , Emily is much more free - spirited but her reckless behavior has landed her into trouble with alcohol and drugs . Dr. Choi clashes with his girlfriend April over how to deal with Emily . In season 4 she starts dating Bernard Kim ( C.S. Lee ) , a much older man whom she had met at her AA meeting . Robert Haywood ( Michael Gill ) is a professor and the father of Dr. Sarah Reese . Patrick `` Pat '' Halstead ( Louis Herthum ) is the late father of Dr. Will Halstead and Detective Jay Halstead . He first appeared in the Season 2 episode `` Generation Gap '' when Jay calls Will from their childhood house about Pat 's heart condition . Pat was later sent for open heart surgery at the end of the episode . According to the brothers , Pat disapproved of their career choices , leading to their estrangement for many years . Will finally reconciled with him at the end of `` Generation Gap '' . Pat died in the crossover episode `` When to Let Go '' of complications caused by smoke inhalation from the fire . Gaffney Chicago medical Center staff and personnel ( edit ) Recurring Dr. Samuel Abrams ( Brennan Brown ) is an attending neurosurgeon . He is called in when a patient admitted into the ED requires neuro - surgery or consult and is known for his blunt , pessimistic outlook . Dr. Samantha `` Sam '' Zanetti ( Julie Berman ) is an attending trauma surgeon . She befriended Dr. Rhodes , a trauma surgery fellow , and they started dating . However they break up as his fellowship was consuming more of his time and she tells him that she would not make him choose between her or his mentor Dr. Downey . Dr. Kendra Perrington ( Karen Aldridge ) is an attending and critical care specialist . She was one of several characters who moved over to Chicago Med after appearing on Chicago Fire as a recurring character . Joey Thomas ( Peter Mark Kendall ) is a lab tech in pathology ( `` the basement '' ) and boyfriend of Dr. Sarah Reese . He initially convinces her to go into pathology and was disappointed when she changes her mind . They initially stop seeing each other for a while as they had nothing in common to talk about . They rekindle their relationship after Dr. Reese realizes that she should make the first move to get to know Joey 's interests outside of work . Jeff Clarke ( Jeff Hephner ) is a medical student currently on rotation at Chicago Med . He was previously in the United States Marine Corps and then a Lieutenant in the Chicago Fire Department . An injury on the job forced him to change careers and he went back to school . At some point during his military service he met and befriended Dr. Manning 's husband , who was also named Jeff . The character was reintroduced in a brief scene during the season 1 finale where he reveals that he is now divorced his wife Lisa . Dr. Nina Shore ( Patti Murin ) is a pathologist and the ex-girlfriend of Dr. Will Halstead . Dr. Isidore Latham ( Ato Essandoh ) is the new cardiothoracic surgeon brought in to replace the late Dr. Downey . He bluntly tells Dr. Rhodes at their very first meeting that the latter was not his first choice fellow and only obliged after being told to do so by the board . A devout practicing Orthodox Jew , he does not work on the Sabbath except in a medical emergency . Dr. Rhodes intensely disliked him for his bluntness and seemingly lack of tact but those characteristics are eventually explained by the fact that he was on the autism spectrum . However he appears to aware of the fact that his lack of social skills was the result of autism and seeks Dr. Charles ' expert opinion on how to improve his social skills . He later reluctantly confides in Dr. Rhodes about his autism and the latter softens his approach and would take over `` PR duties '' ( e.g. negotiating roster duties with scrub nurses ) when necessary . Dr. Stanley Stohl ( Eddie Jemison ) is the Chief of Emergency Medicine who earned the nickname `` The Troll '' from the ED staff for his sarcastic tone and bluntness . Dr. Jason Wheeler ( Jurgen Hooper ) is an emergency medicine resident introduced in the season 2 premiere . He had a drinking problem , which was picked up on by several of his colleagues . In the episode `` Monday Mourning '' he commits suicide by walking off the roof of the hospital . Dr. Leah Bardovi ( Shiri Aljadeff ) is a new cardiothoracic resident working alongside Drs . Rhodes and Latham . Nurse Doris ( Lorena Diaz ) is an ED Nurse Nurse Dina ( Amanda Marcheschi ) is an ICU Nurse Dr. Maia Frisch ( Emma Duncan ) is a pediatric cardiologist in the hospital Crossover characters ( edit ) Chicago P.D. ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago P.D. characters Detective Erin Lindsay ( Sophia Bush ) is a Chicago Police Department detective from the Intelligence Unit , based at the 21st District . Detective Jay Halstead ( Jesse Lee Soffer ) is a fellow CPD detective and colleague of Erin Lindsay in the Intelligence Unit . He is also the brother of Dr. Will Halstead . The character generally appears on the show as part of an investigation into a patient . The brothers are close but had drifted apart as Jay still had some lingering bitterness over the fact that Will was not around when their mother was dying of cancer . A former Army Ranger , Jay is also friends Dr. Choi , having bonded over their shared combat experiences . Will once expressed regret that he was not around when Jay came home from his deployment and was in dire need of familial support . Chicago Fire ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Fire characters Paramedic in Charge Sylvie Brett ( Kara Killmer ) is a paramedic from Ambulance 61 based out of Firehouse 51 . As a first responder she often crosses paths with the staff in the Emergency Department . Paramedic Allen Chout ( Alex Weisman ) is a paramedic in the CFD . He was previously at Ambulance 61 on temporary duty to cover for the lack of manpower . Firefighter / Paramedic Gabriela Dawson ( Monica Raymund ) a paramedic on Ambulance 61 and previously a firefighter on Truck 81 who leaves Chicago to go to Puerto Rio for relief work References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Get Back to Even '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 18 . April 1 , 2015 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Milioulis , Chiara ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Who To Watch : : Nick Gehlfuss '' . Splash . tronc . ^ Jump up to : `` Win Loss '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 29 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Derailed '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 1 . November 17 , 2015 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Chicago Med ' Star Breaks Down Will 's Big Decision , Fall Finale Surprise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choices '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 9 . February 9 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Free Will '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 8 . November 10 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Generation Gap '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Us '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 13 . April 5 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Inheritance '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 15 . April 26 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` A Dead Kid , a Notebook and a Lot of Maybes '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 4 , 2015 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Inherent Bias '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 3 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarity '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 10 . February 16 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Hearts '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 14 . April 19 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Graveyard Shift '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 11 . January 19 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' Alum Colin Donnell Joins ' Chicago Med ' as New Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` iNO '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 2 . November 24 , 2015 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Saint '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 7 . January 26 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Mistaken '' . Chicago Med . Season 1 . Episode 4 . December 8 , 2015 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncharted Territory '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 9 . January 5 , 2017 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` One Chicago Performer of the Week : Brian Tee '' . onechicagocenter.com . January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Med : Where We Left Off and What 's Next '' . TV Guide . September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forty - Caliber Bread Crumb '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 17 . March 2 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Lesson Learned '' . Chicago Med . Season 2 . Episode 18 . March 30 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` How Chicago Med Will Tackle Dr. Latham 's Fascinating Backstory '' . TV Guide . October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Med : One Character Makes a Tragic Decision '' . TV Guide . March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actual Physical Violence '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 14 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Chicago Justice <Td_colspan="2"> Peter Stone See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chicago_Med_characters&oldid=866123293 '' Categories : Chicago characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 11 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Chicago Med characters 2. Main characters in Chicago Med 3. Dr. Will Halstead 4. Dr. Natalie Manning 5. Dr. Connor Rhodes

when did the 70 mph limit come in

Road speed limits in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Road speed limits in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Speed limit sign on a single - carriageway road indicating a speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) Road speed limits in the United Kingdom are used to define the maximum legal speed ( which may be variable ) for vehicles using public roads in the UK , and are one of the measures available to attempt to control traffic speeds . The speed limit in each location is indicated on a nearby traffic sign or by the presence of street lighting . Signs show speed limits in miles per hour ( mph ) or use the national speed limit ( NSL ) symbol . The speed limit is 70 mph ( 112km / h ) on motorways , 70 mph ( 112km / h ) on dual carriageways , 60 mph ( 96km / h ) on single carriageways and 30 mph ( 48km / h ) in areas with street lighting ( restricted roads ) . These limits may be reduced by roadside signs and apply to cars , motorcycles , car - derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight ( MLW ) , and to motorhomes or motor caravans not more than 3.05 tonnes maximum unladen weight . Other classes of vehicles are subject to lower limits on some roads . Speed limits in the UK are used to define maximum desirable traffic speeds for the purposes of road safety ( to reduce the number of road casualties ) , to reduce negative environmental impacts of traffic , to increase fuel use efficiency and to satisfy local community wishes . Enforcement of UK road speed limits was traditionally done using police ' speed traps ' set up and operated by the police who now increasingly use speed guns , automated in - vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras . Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters . Ever since they have been introduced , speed limits have been controversial . They have either been opposed or supported from various sources ; including motoring advocacy groups , anti-motoring groups and others who either consider them to be irrelevant , set too low or set too high . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current regulations 1.1 National speed limits 1.2 Speed limiters 2 Types of speed limit 2.1 Fixed speed limits 2.2 Variable speed limits 2.3 Minimum speed limits 3 Justification 3.1 Safety 3.2 Environmental and accessibility 4 Effectiveness 4.1 20 mph speed limits and zones 4.1. 1 20 mph speed limits 4.1. 2 20 mph zones 4.1. 3 Shared space 4.2 The introduction of the 70 mph speed limit 5 Enforcement 6 Advocacy 7 History 7.1 Early years 7.2 World War II 7.3 1945 -- 1969 7.4 1973 oil crisis 7.5 1977 -- present 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Current regulations ( edit ) National speed limits ( edit ) NSL sign on a single - track road implying a speed limit of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) or 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) depending on vehicle type Default maximum speed limits apply to all roads where no specific lower numeric speed limit is already in force . The default speed limit is known as the national speed limit ( NSL ) . The NSLs vary by road type and for vehicle types . National speed limits by vehicle type and road type Restricted road Single - track road Single carriageway Dual carriageway Motorway Cars and motorcycles ( including car - derived vans up to 2 tonnes max laden weight ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) Vehicles towing caravans or trailers inc cars , motorcycles , goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Buses , coaches , minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( in England and Wales ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( in Scotland , except A9 Perth to Inverness ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( on A9 Perth to Inverness ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) n / a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) n / a Speed limiters ( edit ) Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means . Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds . New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows : Buses and coaches , including Minibuses : 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) HGVs : 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) or 85 km / h ( 53 mph ) depending on class . Mopeds : 45 km / h ( 28 mph ) Some other vehicles , especially light commercial or service vehicles , may be voluntarily fitted with limiters by their owners ( either private businesspeople or company fleets ) , generally set at 90 , 97 , 100 , 110 or 113 km / h ( 56 , 60 , 62 , 68 or 70 mph ) , though some ultralight citybound service vehicles may be limited to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) or less . In all cases , a warning sticker must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle and , technically speaking at least , they are not allowed to use the outermost lane of a motorway with 3 or more running lanes . Types of speed limit ( edit ) Fixed speed limits ( edit ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) sign on a dual - carriageway road Speed limit road signs are used to inform road users where speed limits other than the applicable national speed limit apply . For some types of vehicles , on some types of road , speed limits lower than the signed limit apply . Numeric speed limit exceptions by vehicle type and road type Signed Vehicle type <Th_colspan="3"> Speed limit if other than signed Single carriageway Dual carriageway Motorway 20 - 50 ( special cases only ) 60 Any Vehicle under 7.5 tonnes towing caravans or trailers ; buses , coaches and minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 Buses , coaches and minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW ( modern vehicles also have speed limiters which limit speed further - see below ) n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Cars , motorcycles and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW and towing caravans or trailers n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) * a small , decreasing number of single - carriageway motorways do exist , both technical / `` secret '' and overtly signed , but they are almost universally either subject to a signed limit below 70 mph , or too short for any but the most powerful vehicles to exceed 60 mph for any significant distance . Variable speed limits ( edit ) An advisory maximum speed sign . Variable speed limits are used on some major traffic roads . These can be changed in response to weather , traffic levels , time of day or for other reasons with the currently applicable speed limit is displayed using an electronic road sign . Signs with the speed shown in a red circle are compulsory , signs where the speed is not within a red circle are advisory and exceeding these speeds while driving safely within the applicable national speed limit is not in itself an offence . Variable speed limits were introduced on some congested major routes as an element of controlled motorway techniques to improve traffic flows for given prevailing conditions . Part - time variable speed limits may also be used outside schools . Minimum speed limits ( edit ) Rarely , minimum speed limits are used , such as through the Mersey Tunnels , to maintain free flow and safe passage through otherwise hazardous or enclosed areas . Circular blue signs with white numbers indicate the start of these limits , and similar signs with a red diagonal line indicate their end . Contrary to popular belief , there is no minimum speed limit on motorways , although certain classes of slow vehicles ( as well as those of any class that can not maintain 25 mph on the level whilst unladen ) are prohibited on safety grounds and drivers are expected to not cause unnecessary obstruction by driving unusually slowly . Justification ( edit ) According to the government , speed limits are used to help achieve appropriate traffic speeds for safety , and environmental and accessibility reasons . The Department for Transport state that `` speed limits play a fundamental role '' in the effective management of traffic speeds in relation to the safety of both drivers and all other road users . Safety ( edit ) See also : Reported Road Casualties Great Britain and Road Traffic Safety The 30 mph ( 48km / h ) speed limit in built - up areas was introduced in 1930 in response to high casualty levels . The 70 mph ( 112km / h ) limit on previously unrestricted roads was introduced in 1965 following a number of serious motorway accidents in fog earlier the same year . The Department for Transport believes that effective speed management involves many components but that speed limits play a ' fundamental role ' and are ' a key source of information to road users ' particularly as an indicator of the nature and risks posed by that road to both themselves and other motorised and non-motorised road users . The Parliamentary Select Committee for Transport Safety published a report entitled ' The Ending the Scandal of Complacency ' in 2007 which highlighted how casualty levels rise with increasing speed and recommended reducing speed limits on streets with high pedestrian populations and on dangerous rural roads . The report highlights that when two cars crash at 60 mph a driver there is a 90 % chance of death which falls to 65 % at 50 mph . While recommending 20 mph speed zones the committee noted that these zones ' should not rely on heavy - handed enforcement measures ' . The World Health Organisation published a report in 2004 highlighting that a total of 22 % of all ' injury mortality ' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002 and that the speed of vehicles was ' at the core of the problem Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 -- 19 years of age ( 260,000 children die a year , 10 million are injured ) . In 2008 14 % of collisions reported to the police had a speed related contributory factor ( either `` exceeding the speed limit '' or `` travelling too fast for conditions '' ) reported rising to 24 % for fatal accidents and 25 % of all road deaths . `` Exceeding the speed limit '' was reported as a contributory factor in 5 % of collisions and 14 % of fatal collisions . `` Travelling too fast for conditions '' ( but within the prevailing speed limit ) was recorded as one of the contributory factors in a further 8 % of all collisions ( and 9 % of all fatal , 9 % of all serious and 8 % of all slight accidents ) , The UK government publishes Reported Road Casualties Great Britain ( RRCGB ) each year , based on road traffic casualties data ( STATS19 ) reported to the police , which has been collected since 1949 , and with additional data going back to 1926 . The highest number of road fatalities recorded in a single year in GB was 9,196 in 1941 . The highest number of fatalities during peacetime was 7,985 for 1966 , following the introduction of the national 70 mph speed limit in 1965 and the year before the legal drink drive limit and the associated Breathalyzer laws were introduced . The 2009 edition also summarised the characteristics of speed related fatal collisions as typically occurring on unclassified rural 60 mph speed limit roads , the driver being a male under the age of 30 , with the collision types being head - on , lost control or cornering and the cause being loss of control whilst cornering or overtaking and the contributory factors being excess or inappropriate speed , loss of control , aggressive , careless or reckless behaviour or in a hurry . Environmental and accessibility ( edit ) Speed limits are also used where reduced vehicle speeds are desired to help reduce vehicle emissions and traffic noise , and to improve the accessibility conditions for more vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists and to reduce the perceived traffic risk for local people . During the 1973 oil crisis a temporary maximum national speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) was introduced on all roads , including motorways to reduce fuel consumption , which was later progressively raised on Motorways ( to 70 mph ) and dual carriageways ( to 60 mph ) , before a final change to single and dual carriageway non-motorway roads that produced the current NSL situation . Effectiveness ( edit ) Parliament estimates that `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 % of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits '' . DfT guidance makes it clear that setting speed limits in isolation , or setting ones that are `` unrealistically low '' may be ineffective and lead to disrespect for the speed limit . Bath and North East Somerset Council say that speed limits on their own do not necessarily reduce traffic speeds and should be supported by enforcement to target `` irresponsible drivers '' or traffic calming . 20 mph speed limits and zones ( edit ) The Department for Transport encourages the use of either ' 20 mph speed limits ' or ' 20 mph speed limit zones ' in urban situations where vulnerable road users are at particular risk . In 1998 the TRL reported that signed 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limits only reduced traffic speeds by about 1 mph and delivered no discernible reduction in accident numbers but that 20 mph zones achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph with child pedestrian accident reductions of 70 % and child cyclist accident reductions of 48 % . The report noted that the cost of wide area traffic calming was prohibitive . 20 mph speed limits ( edit ) 20 mph speed limits are based on signage alone and are used where 85th percentile speeds are already below 24 mph . A report published in 2010 by the Department for Transport regarding Portsmouth City Council 's 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limit on 410 km ( 250 mi ) of the city 's 438 km ( 272 mi ) of roads found a small ( 1.3 mph ) reduction in traffic speed and a small 8 % increase in the number of serious accidents -- neither of which were statistically significant -- and a 21 % reduction in the number of accidents . There was a 6 % increase in the numbers killed or seriously injured ( KSI ) -- also not statistically significant due to the small numbers involved -- and a 22 % reduction in the total number of road casualties . 20 mph zones ( edit ) road sign used to mark the start of a 20 mph zone In places where 20 mph speeds are desired but where excessive speeds ( 85th percentile speed of 24 mph or above ) occur , 20 mph zones are recommended . These have to use traffic calming measures to reduce speeds to below 20 mph . In 1992 David Harding - Price a parish councillor in Barrow - Upon - Humber proposed a 20 mph speed limit outside the local school . This was rejected by the council . By August 2002 , Kingston upon Hull had introduced 112 20 - mph zones and 190 km of roads subject to a 20 mph limit covering 26 % of the city 's streets which they described as contributing to `` dramatic reductions in road casualties '' . Total collisions were reduced by 56 % , Killed & seriously injured collisions down 90 % , child casualties collisions down 64 % and all pedestrian collisions down 54 % and child pedestrian collisions down 74 % . A report published in 2008 estimated that following the introduction of 20 mph zones in London , a reduction of casualties by 45 % and KSI by 57 % occurred . Shared space ( edit ) Research carried out for the Department for Transport , to provide supporting evidence for Local Transport Note 1 / 11 on shared space , showed that in all of the ten shared space sites that were studied , that although they all had speed limits of 30 mph , that the average speeds on them was around 20 mph . The introduction of the 70 mph speed limit ( edit ) In 1966 , at the end of the 4 - month trial of a blanket 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit on previously unrestricted roads and motorways , speed checks on the M6 in Cheshire suggested that although cars were actually being driven about 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) faster , they were still usually travelling at speeds below the new limit . The crash rate was lower on the M6 in Staffordshire ( the better weather was noted too ) and continued to fall on the M5 in Worcestershire as it had before the new limit was imposed , and there was no change in the crash rate on the M6 in Cheshire or on the M1 in Northamptonshire . Enforcement ( edit ) Main article : Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Speed limit enforcement is used to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limits . Methods used include Fixed speed cameras , Average speed cameras and also police operated LIDAR speed guns and older radar speed guns . In addition Vehicle activated sign and Community Speed Watch groups also encourage compliance . For lower speed limits , physical Traffic Calming is normally required . Fixed speed cameras are controversial with various advocacy groups supporting and opposing their use . The Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved `` virtually complete compliance '' on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras , and across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations their KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % . Advocacy ( edit ) Since they have been introduced various groups have campaigned on the subject who either consider them to be irrelevant , set too low or set too high . Advocacy groups include Association of British Drivers , The Automobile Association , Living Streets ( The Pedestrians ' Association ) , RAC Foundation , RoadPeace , Royal Automobile Club ( originally the Automobile Club ) , Twenty is Plenty ( 20 's Plenty for Us ) , Safe Speed and others . History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) The first speed limits in the United Kingdom were set by a series of restrictive Locomotive Acts ( in 1861 , 1865 and 1878 ) . The 1861 Act introduced a 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) limit ( powered passenger vehicles were then termed `` light locomotives '' ) . The 1865 ' Red Flag Act ' reduced the speed limit to 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) in the country and 2 mph ( 3 km / h ) in towns and required a man with a red flag or lantern to walk 60 yards ( 50 m ) ahead of each vehicle , and warn horse riders and horse drawn traffic of the approach of a self - propelled machine . The 1878 Act removed the need for the flag and reduced the distance of the escort to 20 yards ( 20 m ) . Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts , including Harry J. Lawson of the Daimler Company the most restrictive parts of the acts were lifted by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 . which raised the speed limit to 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) and removed the need for the escort . A celebratory run from London to Brighton was held soon after the act was passed and has been commemorated each year since 1927 by the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run . 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) repeater sign as used to remind drivers of the speed limit on a road without street lighting . On built - up roads with street lighting , the lights themselves serve as the 30 mph reminder and repeater signs are prohibited . The speed limit for motor cars was raised to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) by the Motor Car Act 1903 which stood until 1 January 1931 when all speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 . Lord Buckmaster 's opinion at the time was that the speed limit was removed because `` the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt '' . Between 1930 and 1935 the number of annual road fatalities dropped from 7,305 to 6,502 . The same act also introduced a 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limits for UK coach services , UK bus services and most HGVs . Buses were not necessarily fitted with Speedometers at this stage . A ' Road traffic ( speedometer ) bill ' was debated in 1933 relating only to vehicles to which current speed limits applied . The Road Traffic Act 1934 , created by Leslie Hore - Belisha , the then Minister of Transport , introduced a speed limit of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in built - up areas for cars and motorcycles which came into effect on 18 March 1935 . The definition of a built - up area was based on the presence of street lighting , which had previously been mandated by the Public Health Act 1875 . The re-introduction of a speed limit for cars was in response to concern at increased road casualties . The number of fatalities had increased to 7,343 deaths , half of the deaths were pedestrians and of three - quarters of these occurred in built - up areas . Between 1935 and 1940 the number of annual road fatalities increased from 6,502 to 8,609 . Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937 . World War II ( edit ) A 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) night - time speed limit for built - up areas was introduced in 1940 as an attempt to halt the increase in the number of road casualties occurring during the World War II blackouts . Following the introduction of blackouts fatalities rose on speed - limited roads from 289 in March 1939 to 325 in March 1940 . For October 1940 the total number of deaths during daylight ( when the speed limit did n't apply ) fell , in relation to those for October 1939 , from 511 to 462 , whereas the figures for the black - out hours ( when the speed limit did apply ) rose from 501 to 684 . The highest number of deaths in any one year in the UK occurred the following year ( 9,196 people in 1941 ) . 1945 -- 1969 ( edit ) On 1 October 1956 , the 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limit for built - up areas became permanent under the Road Traffic Act 1956 . The speed limit , introduced on a trial basis in 1935 , had relied on being renewed by Parliament each year . The maximum speed limit for goods vehicles was raised from 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) to 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in 1957 . In addition , around 1958 some 30 mph roads had the limit raised to 40 mph to improve transit times , an early example being on Croydon Road in Mitcham , Surrey , saving , it was estimated , 33 seconds in journey time across Mitcham common . Following a series of serious motorway multiple crashes in the fog in 1965 , Tom Fraser , the then Minister of Transport , following consultations in early November with the police and with the National Road Safety Advisory Council ( NRSAC ) , concluded that the crashes were caused by vehicles travelling too fast for the prevailing conditions . The NRSAC advised that a 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) motorway speed limit should be imposed on motorway stretches affected by fog and that a general speed limit of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) should be experimentally applied for the winter months . On 25 November 1965 the government announced that a temporary 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limit would be applied to sections of motorway ( there were 350 miles ( 560 km ) of it at that time ) affected by fog , ice or snow and that a general maximum speed limit of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) would be applied to all otherwise unrestricted roads , including motorways , for a trial period of four months starting just before Christmas . The four - month trial 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit on 100,000 miles ( 160,000 km ) of previously unrestricted roads and motorways was introduced at noon on 22 December 1965 . Also on that day , the power for the police to apply advisory speed limits of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) to motorways affected by bad weather was also introduced . The advisory limit was activated by the use of flashing amber lights placed at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) intervals along the motorways . In April 1966 Barbara Castle , the new Minister of Transport , decided to extend the experimental 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) limit for a further two months to allow the Road Research Laboratory ( RRL ) time to collect data as there was still no conclusive evidence of its effectiveness . In May 1966 Barbara Castle extended the experimental period by a further fifteen months to 3 September 1967 as `` the case is not proven '' but there were signs of crash rate reduction . In July 1966 the speed limit for `` public service vehicles '' ( notably buses ) was raised from 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . During 1966 , the highest number of fatalities during peacetime at 7,985 deaths , was recorded . In July 1967 , Castle announced that 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) was to become the permanent maximum speed limit for all roads and motorways . She had accepted RRL evidence that the speed limit had reduced the number of casualties on motorways . She ruled out minimum speed limits for motorways which would also reduce the danger of slow traffic as being too difficult to enforce and likely to increase congestion off the motorways . The two major motoring organisations at the time , The Automobile Association and the R.A.C. welcomed the maximum speed limits for all - purpose roads , but the R.A.C. would have preferred more flexibility for motorways . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents suggested that a lower speed limit would be more appropriate for all - purpose roads and the Pedestrian 's Association for Road Safety condemned the new limits as being too high , preferring 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) limits for all roads . Castle 's decision and acceptance of the RRL research at face value was controversial . Peter Walker 's motion in Parliament to annul the speed limit on motorways was negatived . 1973 oil crisis ( edit ) Due to the 1973 oil crisis , a temporary maximum national speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) for all roads , including motorways , was introduced on 8 December 1973 . The 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) limit was restored on motorways in March 1974 and on all other roads on 8 May 1974 . As an initiative to reduce energy consumption , the national speed limits for otherwise unrestricted single - carriageway and dual - carriageway roads were temporarily reduced to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) respectively ( motorway speed limits were left unchanged at 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ) from 14 December 1974 . In November 1976 the temporary speed limits were extended at least until the end of May 1977 . In April 1977 , the government announced that the national speed limits for single - carriageway roads was to be increased to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) and that the 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit was to be restored on dual - carriageways on 1 June 1977 . 1977 -- present ( edit ) A speed limiter requirement for mopeds was introduced in 1977 , with the speed cap being progressively redefined from 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) , to 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) , back up to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and finally to 45 km / h ( 28 mph ) in the late 2000s . The 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit was made permanent in 1978 . The Road Traffic Regulation Act , which was passed in 1984 , includes legislation relating to speed limits . Part VI of the Act defines the default speed limit for ' regularly ' - lit roads , gives local authorities powers to create ' speed limit orders ' , and exempts emergency vehicles from speed limits ; the Act also defines speeding offences . The first 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limits for residential areas were introduced in 1991 and then speed limiters for buses and coaches set at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) and also for HGVs set at 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) in 1994 . It was made easier for local authorities to introduce a 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) limit in 1999 . In March 2009 the Government consulted on reducing speed limits on rural roads ( on which 52 % of fatalities had occurred in the previous year ) to 50 mph . It explained that ' crashes were more likely on rural parts of the road network , upon most of which the national speed limit of 60 mph applies ' . The Conservative opposition party and the AA were both opposed . The president of the AA said that speed limits that are too low can result in a greater number of accidents and that a `` blanket reduction of speed limits would not make roads safer , given that many accidents on rural roads involved only one car '' . In February 2010 the Department for Transport undertook a consultation to set a 65 mph speed limit for all buses , minibuses and coaches with more than eight passenger seats . These proposals were not taken up . In April 2015 the speed limit for Heavy Goods Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes was increased from 40 to 50 mph on single carriageways and from 50 mph to 60 mph on dual carriageways in England and Wales , but not Scotland . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 181 `` Speed limiter settings lowered to 65 mph for new buses and coaches and to 56 mph for HGVs . '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 179 `` Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed '' Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 34 fig 2.1 Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 76 Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 41 `` Fourteen per cent of accidents had a speed related contributory factor reported , either exceeding the speed limit or travelling too fast for conditions . This increased to 24 % for fatal accidents , accounting for 25 % of all road deaths . '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 45 `` Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 % of all accidents . However , the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident . It was reported in 14 % of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities , 15 % of all deaths ... The factor travelling too fast for conditions was a contributory factor in 8 % of accidents . Again , the proportion of accidents where it was reported rose with the severity of the accident and 9 % of fatal resulting in 224 fatalities , 10 % of all deaths ( Excluding accidents and casualties in accidents which had exceeding the speed limit reported as a contributory factor ) '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 `` The highest record road death figure was 9,196 in 1941 '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 table 2 Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2010 ) , pdf p. 91 , table 7a Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 `` The highest record road death figure was 9,196 in 1941 '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 179 `` 60 and 70 mph speed limits are made permanent '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 180 `` First 20mph zones introduced '' References ( edit ) Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section Department for Transport ( 2009 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Department for Transport ( 2010 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2009 Annual Report '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) . `` World report on road traffic injury prevention '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Other references for article Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits '' . GOV.UK . UK Government . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 124 : Speed Limits '' . The Official Highway Code . TSO. 2007 . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 552814 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-29708280 Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO SPEED LIMITER REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Light signals controlling traffic '' ( PDF ) . Direct Gov . Jump up ^ `` Variable Speed Limits '' . UK government . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Tunnel Byelaws '' ( PDF ) . Mersey Tunnels . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic signs '' ( PDF ) . Highway Code . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limits - how they are set '' . UK government . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Speed limits are an important part of achieving appropriate speeds on the road and are adopted for safety , environmental and accessibility reasons . ^ Jump up to : `` DfT Circular 1 / 06 , new guidance on setting local speed limits '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Effective speed management involves many components designed to work together to encourage , help and require road users to adopt appropriate and safe speeds . Speed limits play a fundamental role . They are a key source of information to road users , particularly as an indicator of the nature and risks posed by that road to both themselves and other motorised and non-motorised road users . Speed limits should , therefore , be evidence - led , self - explaining and seek to reinforce people 's assessment of what is a safe speed to travel . They should also encourage self - compliance and not be seen by drivers as being a target speed at which to drive in all circumstances . ^ Jump up to : `` Road accidents '' . Hansard. 1934 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . I presume that my hon. and gallant Friend refers to the weekly records of persons killed or injured in road accidents which have been obtained since the middle of March . I regret that the most recent returns have shown an increase in the number of accidents , but while I do not wish to detract from the seriousness of the situation it must be borne in mind , in comparing the figures for successive weeks , that there is now a seasonal increase in the amount of traffic on the roads combined with an increase in the number of new registrations . ^ Jump up to : `` 70 M.P.H. Limit For Four Months '' . The Times . 1965 - 11 - 25 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Ending the Scandal of Complacency : Road Safety beyond 2010 : Further Government Response to the Committee 's Eleventh Report of Session 2007 -- 08 '' ( PDF ) . PACT . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . The proposals in our consultation document aimed at achieving lower speeds in streets with high pedestrian populations and on the more dangerous rural single carriageways with poor casualty records , for example , are based on problems which we have identified in the system ( p. 4 ) ... For example , in a head - on collision in which two cars crashed at 60 mph a driver has a 90 % chance of dying . This is reduced to 65 % at 50 mph . That is why we are making sure that highway authorities have the accurate risk information and the support they need to alter speed limits and zones where this is the right thing to do . Jump up ^ `` UN raises child accidents alarm '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Road Casualties Great Britain : 2006 - Annual Report '' . Department for Transport . p. 92 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roads - Speed Limits '' . Bath & North East Somerset Council . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . It is recognised that speed limits on their own do not necessarily reduce the speed of vehicles , particularly if they are set at a level substantially below that at which the majority of drivers would choose to drive . Therefore , lower speed limits do not necessarily result in lower speeds . To effect this , the character of the road needs to be altered . Measures other than signing are required if speeds are to be reduced to a level where drivers understand and accept the need for the limit . Police enforcement can then target those irresponsible drivers . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving over 50 mph banned from tonight '' . The Times . 1973 - 12 - 07 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report - Introduction '' . Parliament . The problem is that : `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits Jump up ^ DfT Circular 01 / 2006 : Setting Local Speed Limits ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . 2006 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Indeed , if a speed limit is set in isolation , or is unrealistically low , it is likely to be ineffective and lead to disrespect for the speed limit . As well as requiring significant , and avoidable , enforcement costs , this may also result in substantial numbers of drivers continuing to travel at unacceptable speeds , thus increasing the risk of collisions and injuries . ^ Jump up to : DfT Circular 01 / 2006 Setting Local Speed Limits ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ TRL363 Urban speed management methods ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions : Road Accidents '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 2003 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 ( TRL Report 363 ) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs . Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales . However , the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 % reduction in child pedestrian accidents and a 48 % reduction in child cyclist accidents . Jump up ^ Atkins ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . Interim Evaluation of the Implementation of 20 mph Speed Limits in Portsmouth : Final Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` 20 mph speed limits and zones - Traffic Advisory Leaflet 9 / 99 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum by Kingston upon Hull City Council ( RTS 152 ) '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` London Road Safety Unit : Safety Research Report No. 2 - Review of 20 mph Zones in London Boroughs '' ( PDF ) . allowing for background changes in KSI casualty frequencies , the installation of 20 mph zones has reduced the frequency of road user casualties within the zones by about 45 % and reduced the frequency of fatal or serious ( KSI ) casualties by about 57 % . Jump up ^ `` 2.16 '' . Local Transport Note 1 / 11 : Shared Space ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . October 2011 . p. 14 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M6 Radar Shows Faster Family Driving '' . The Times . 1967 - 04 - 27 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties '' . BMJ . However , owing to the highly controversial nature of the debate about speed cameras in high income countries , we would expect any published negative studies to be highly publicised . Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras '' . Icons of England . Speed cameras are highly controversial and attacks on them regularly make the news . Jump up ^ `` Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT '' . A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city Jump up ^ `` Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % Jump up ^ `` MVRUS - Legislation : A summary of important legislation '' . UK Department of the Environment . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Highways and Locomotives ( Amendment ) Act 1878 section 29 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . shall precede by at least twenty yards the locomotive on foot Jump up ^ `` The early years of the automobile in Britain '' . Dailmer . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Meanwhile British Motor Syndicate began a public relations campaign to lobby for the repeal of the `` Highways and Locomotive Act '' , still the main obstacle to the introduction of the car in Britain ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . London to Brighton Veteran Car Run 2010 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Motoring Law '' . The Times . 1930 - 12 - 01 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . It is sufficient to say that the reason why the speed limit was abolished was not that anybody thought the abolition would tend to the greater security of foot passengers , but that the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt Jump up ^ `` Road traffic Act 1930 '' ( PDF ) . opsi . p. 102 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . My Lords , the Motion that stands in my name is directed to secure that motor vehicles that are now under statutory restriction as to the pace at which they are permitted to travel should be compelled to carry a trustworthy speedometer so that the driver of the vehicle may know when he is exceeding the limit . Jump up ^ `` ROAD TRAFFIC ( SPEEDOMETER ) BILL . '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit To - Day '' . The Times . 1935 - 03 - 18 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` DfT Circular 01 / 2006 : Setting Local Speed Limits '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` History - Government and Public Health '' . BBC Bitesize . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How the Thirties saw Britain fall in love with the car ... and become a nation of road hogs '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety History 1922 - 1937 '' . RoadSafetyUK . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Pensioner booked for speeding ... in a 1923 Model T Ford that does n't even have a speedo '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit in Black - Out '' . The Times . 1940 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` More Deaths on the Road : Disappointing Result of Speed Limit '' . The Times . 1940 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Death - Rate on the Roads : 1,146 Persons Killed Last Month . '' . The Times . 1940 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` New road rules next week '' . The Times . 1956 - 09 - 28 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Grahame Boyes ( May 2004 ) . `` The British Road Haulage Industry since 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society . Railway & Canal Historical Society : 514 -- 524 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Croydon Road , Mitcham , 40mph speed limit signs '' . Merton Memories Photographic Archive. 20 March 1958 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saving motorists from themselves '' . The Times . 1965 - 11 - 11 . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Drivers Stay Within 70 M.P.H. Limit '' . The Times . 1965 - 12 - 23 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` More Experience Needed '' . The Times . 1966 - 04 - 07 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` 70 M.P.H. limit for another 15 months '' . The Times . 1966 - 05 - 18 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Safer by bus ? '' . Autocar . Vol. 127 ( nbr 3744 ) . 16 November 1967 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` 60 M.P.H. limit for some roads ? '' . The Times . 1967 - 07 - 13 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Effectiveness of 70 mph limit '' . The Times . 1967 - 11 - 07 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` 50 mph limit to end '' . The Times . 1974 - 05 - 07 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Slower driving '' . The Times . 1974 - 12 - 13 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh look at 50 mph - 60 mph speed limits '' . The Times . 1976 - 11 - 18 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limits will be raised from June 1 '' . The Times . 1977 - 04 - 07 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Speed : Know your limits '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , part IV : Speed Limits ; accessed 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ A road 's speed limit is 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) if the road 's street lights are `` ( not placed ) more than 200 yards apart '' in England and Wales or `` not more than 185 metres '' in Scotland ; a local authority can choose whether or not a ' restricted road ' remains as such ( for a road within the aforementioned street lighting requirements ) -- cf . Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , section 82 : What roads are restricted roads . Jump up ^ Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , section 89 : Speeding offences generally ; accessed 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Advisory Leaflet 9 / 99 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . June 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sadie ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Rural speed limits may be reduced to 50mph '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` DfT releases consultation on simplification of speed limit rules for buses , coaches and heavy goods '' . CIHT. 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to bus and coach speed limits proposed '' . Coach Broker . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New higher speed limits for lorries in England and Wales '' . highwaycodeuk.co.uk . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . 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how was the french society organised during monarchy

Estates of the realm - wikipedia Estates of the realm Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that The Estates be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . This article is about the medieval European concept of social hierarchy . For the modern concept of partitioning the government , see Separation of powers . A 13th century French representation of the tripartite social order of the middle ages -- Oratores : `` those who pray '' , Bellatores : `` those who fight '' , and Laboratores : `` those who work '' . The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time . The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social immobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social immobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some number of ennoblements was necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests , monks , and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Further information : Parliament of the United Kingdom Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility ( Lords Temporal ) in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . <Th_colspan="2"> Social class Status <Td_colspan="2"> Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By demographic <Td_colspan="2"> By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> By country or region <Td_colspan="2"> United States <Td_colspan="2"> Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=838380668 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Feudalism Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 16 : 59 . 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1. Estates of the realm 2. Social hierarchy 3. French Ancien Régime 4. Three estates 5. Separation of powers

things in harry potter that start with j

List of Harry Potter characters - wikipedia List of Harry Potter characters This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 June 2018 . This is a list of characters in the Harry Potter series . They are all characters who have appeared in a Harry Potter - related book by J.K. Rowling . <Th_colspan="6"> Contents Sorted by surname : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z No or unknown surname : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z <Td_colspan="2"> External links Characters by surname ( edit ) Hannah Abbott -- Hufflepuff student in Harry Potter 's year , prefect of Hufflepuff house in fifth year , member of Dumbledore 's Army . Ludo Bagman -- Head of the Department of Magical Games and Sports within the Ministry of Magic . Bathilda Bagshot -- author of A History of Magic , great aunt of Gellert Grindelwald , killed by Voldemort . Katie Bell -- Gryffindor student one year above Harry Potter ; Chaser on the Gryffindor Quidditch team . Cuthbert Binns -- ghost , History of Magic professor . Phineas Nigellus Black -- great - great - grandfather of Sirius Black and former headmaster of Hogwarts , whose painting hangs in the office and helps out the current headmaster . Sirius Black -- Harry Potter 's godfather , a member of the Order of the Phoenix and prisoner on the run . Killed by Bellatrix Lestrange in the Order of the Phoenix . Amelia Bones -- Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , aunt of Susan Bones , killed by Voldemort . Susan Bones -- Hufflepuff student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Terry Boot -- Ravenclaw student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Lavender Brown -- Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army , briefly Ron Weasley 's first girlfriend Millicent Bulstrode -- Slytherin student in Harry 's year , a member of Umbridge 's Inquisitorial Squad . Charity Burbage -- Professor of Muggle Studies at Hogwarts during Harry 's time at school , later killed by Voldemort . Frank Bryce -- Muggle gardener for the Riddle family , killed by Voldemort . Alecto Carrow -- sister of Amycus Carrow , Death Eater and professor of Muggle Studies for one year , Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts under Severus Snape . Amycus Carrow -- brother of Alecto Carrow , Death Eater and professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts for one year and Deputy Headmaster of Hogwarts under Severus Snape . Reginald Cattermole -- employee of the Magical Maintenance Department for the Ministry of Magic , impersonated by Ron Weasley . Mary Cattermole -- Muggle - born wife of Reginald Cattermole , saved by Harry Potter from the Muggle - born Registration Commission . Cho Chang -- Ravenclaw student one year above Harry , Quidditch Seeker , member of Dumbledore 's Army and Harry 's first love interest . Penelope Clearwater -- Ravenclaw prefect and girlfriend of Percy Weasley . Mrs. Cole -- Matron of the orphanage where Tom Marvolo Riddle lived . Michael Corner -- Ravenclaw student in Harry 's year , member of Dumbledore 's Army , Ginny Weasley 's first boyfriend . Vincent Crabbe , Sr. -- Death Eater , father of Vincent Crabbe . Vincent Crabbe -- Slytherin student in Harry 's year , son of Death Eater , Slytherin Quidditch team Beater , a member of the Inquisitorial Squad , a friend of Draco Malfoy , killed by his own spell in the Battle of Hogwarts . Colin Creevey -- Muggle - born Gryffindor student one year below Harry , brother of Dennis Creevey , member of Dumbledore 's Army , killed during the Battle of Hogwarts , after sneaking away from the younger evacuated students in the seventh book . Dennis Creevey -- Muggle - born Gryffindor student three years below Harry , brother of Colin Creevey , and member of Dumbledore 's Army . Dirk Cresswell -- Muggle - born Head of the Goblin Liaison Office , went on the run in Deathly Hallows with fellow muggle - born Ted Tonks , Dean Thomas and goblins Gornuk and Griphook , killed while on the run . Bartemius ( Barty ) Crouch , Sr. -- Head of the Department of International Magical Cooperation , killed by his son Barty Crouch Jr , Transfigurated into a bone before being buried . Bartemius ( Barty ) Crouch , Jr . -- Death Eater , credited with facilitating the return of Lord Voldemort , received a Dementor 's Kiss , used Polyjuice Potion to impersonate Alastor Moody . Roger Davies -- Ravenclaw student who was Captain and Chaser on the Ravenclaw Quidditch team . Went to Yule Ball with Fleur Delacour . Dawlish -- an Auror . Fleur Delacour -- French student who participated in the Triwizard Tournament representing Beauxbatons , later married Bill Weasley . Gabrielle Delacour -- younger sister of Fleur Delacour , saved by Harry in the Triwizard Tournament . Dedalus Diggle -- member of the Order of the Phoenix who took the Dursleys into hiding . Amos Diggory -- works for the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures , father of Cedric Diggory . Cedric Diggory -- Hufflepuff student two years above Harry , school prefect , Quidditch Seeker and captain , co-winner of the Triwizard Tournament . Elphias Doge -- School friend of Albus Dumbledore . Antonin Dolohov -- Death Eater who killed Fabian Prewett , Gideon Prewett , and Remus Lupin . Aberforth Dumbledore -- Brother of Albus and Ariana Dumbledore , owner of the Hog 's Head . Albus Dumbledore -- Hogwarts Headmaster in Harry Potter 's time , Transfiguration professor in Tom Riddle 's time , founder of the Order of the Phoenix . Dudley Dursley -- Muggle son of Vernon Dursley and Petunia Evans , first cousin of Harry Potter . Marjorie ( Marge ) Dursley -- Muggle sister of Vernon Dursley . Petunia Dursley ( née Evans ) -- Harry 's aunt , the sister of his mother Lily . Married to Vernon Dursley and mother of Dudley Dursley . Vernon Dursley -- Harry Potter 's muggle uncle , married to his aunt Petunia and father of Dudley Dursley . Marietta Edgecombe -- Ravenclaw student one year above Harry , member of Dumbledore 's Army 's and also betrays Dumbledore 's Army to Dolores Umbridge . Arabella Figg -- Squib neighbour of the Dursleys ' , member of the Order of the Phoenix . Argus Filch -- Squib caretaker of Hogwarts . Justin Finch - Fletchley -- Muggle - born Hufflepuff student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Seamus Finnigan -- Irish Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army , best friend of Dean Thomas . Marcus Flint -- Slytherin sixth year Quidditch captain . Mundungus Fletcher -- Common thief and shifty member of the Order of the Phoenix . Filius Flitwick -- Charms professor at Hogwarts and Head of Ravenclaw . Florean Fortescue -- Ice cream vendor at Diagon Alley , supplied free ice creams to Harry , kidnapped and killed by Death Eaters . Cornelius Fudge -- Minister for Magic in the first five books , sacked when he denied Lord Voldemort 's return for a year . Marvolo Gaunt -- Pure - blood Father of Merope and Morfin Gaunt , grandfather of Tom Marvolo Riddle , killed by Voldemort . Merope Gaunt -- The mother of Tom Marvolo Riddle / Lord Voldemort , died after childbirth . Morfin Gaunt -- Son of Marvolo Gaunt , brother of Merope Gaunt , uncle of Tom Marvolo Riddle , framed by his nephew for Muggle killings , died in Azkaban . Anthony Goldstein -- Ravenclaw student in Harry 's year , member of Dumbledore 's Army . Goyle Sr -- Death Eater , father of Gregory Goyle . Gregory Goyle -- Large Slytherin student in Harry 's year , Slytherin Quidditch Beater , a member of the Inquisitorial Squad . Hermione Granger -- Muggle - born Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , one of Harry 's best friends , founder of Dumbledore 's Army and S.P.E.W. , Gryffindor Prefect . Gregorovitch -- highly regarded East European wand - maker . Fenrir Greyback -- Werewolf working for the Death Eaters . Gellert Grindelwald -- Dark Wizard , jailed since Albus Dumbledore defeated him in the 1940s , killed by Voldemort . Wilhelmina Grubbly - Plank -- Substitute Care of Magical Creatures professor during Harry 's fourth and fifth years . Godric Gryffindor -- founder of Gryffindor , owned and enchanted the Sorting Hat . Rubeus Hagrid -- Half - giant Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts , Care of Magical Creatures professor starting from Harry 's third year , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Once a Hogwarts student , Hagrid was expelled in his third year . Rolanda Hooch -- Hogwarts flying instructor , Quidditch referee . Mafalda Hopkirk -- Witch who works in the Ministry of Magic , impersonated by Hermione Granger in Deathly Hallows . J ( edit ) Angelina Johnson -- Gryffindor student two years above Harry , Quidditch Chaser and later captain . Lee Jordan -- Gryffindor student two years above Harry , Hogwarts Quidditch commentator , good friend of Fred and George Weasley at Hogwarts . Bertha Jorkins -- witch from the Ministry of Magic who was murdered by Voldemort . Igor Karkaroff -- Reformed Death Eater , Headmaster of Durmstrang . Viktor Krum -- Bulgarian Quidditch seeker and Durmstrang student who participated in the Triwizard Tournament , dated Hermione for several months . Silvanus Kettleburn - Care of Magical Creature teacher until Harry 's third year . Bellatrix Lestrange ( née Black ) -- Cousin of Sirius Black , Death Eater who tortured Frank and Alice Longbottom into insanity , killed by Molly Weasley during the Battle of Hogwarts . Rabastan Lestrange -- Death Eater , brother of Rodolphus Lestrange . Rodolphus Lestrange -- Death Eater , brother of Rabastan Lestrange , husband of Bellatrix Lestrange . Gilderoy Lockhart -- Fraudulent celebrity author , Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , lost his memory after a memory charm backfired and lived in St. Mungo 's afterwards . Alice Longbottom -- Wife of Frank Longbottom , mother of Neville Longbottom , member of the original Order of the Phoenix , Auror , tortured into insanity by Bellatrix Lestrange along with her husband . Augusta Longbottom -- Mother of Frank Longbottom and grandmother of Neville Longbottom . Frank Longbottom -- Father of Neville Longbottom , a member of the original Order of the Phoenix , Auror , tortured into insanity by Bellatrix Lestrange along with his wife . Neville Longbottom -- Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Luna Lovegood -- Ravenclaw student one year below Harry , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Xenophilius Lovegood -- Father of Luna Lovegood , and editor of The Quibbler . Remus Lupin -- Gryffindor student before Harry 's time , a friend of James Potter , werewolf , Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts in Harry 's third year , member of the Order of the Phoenix , killed in the Battle of Hogwarts . Walden Macnair -- The Committee of Disposal of Dangerous Creatures ' executioner , also a Death Eater , injured badly and possibly killed by Hagrid during the Battle of Hogwarts after being slammed into a wall . Draco Malfoy -- Slytherin student in Harry 's year , Slytherin Quidditch Seeker , school prefect , member of the Inquisitorial Squad . Lucius Malfoy -- Draco Malfoy 's father , an influential Death - Eater , and , early in the series , governor of Hogwarts . Narcissa Malfoy ( née Black ) -- Lucius Malfoy 's wife and Draco Malfoy 's mother , sister of Bellatrix Lestrange and Andromeda Tonks . Madam Malkin -- Clothes shop owner at Diagon Alley . Griselda Marchbanks -- Governor of the Wizarding Examinations Authority which ran the O.W.L , N.E.W.T. , and W.O.M.B.A.T. exams , Wizengamot elder . Olympe Maxime -- Half - giantess , Headmistress of Beauxbatons . Ernie Macmillan -- Hufflepuff student in Harry 's year , school prefect , member of Dumbledore 's Army . Minerva McGonagall -- Hogwarts Transfiguration professor , Head of Gryffindor House , Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Cormac McLaggen -- Gryffindor student one year above Harry Potter , in love with Hermione Granger member of the Slug Club and went with Hermione to the Slug Club Christmas Party . Graham Montague -- Slytherin student who played Chaser on the Slytherin Quidditch Team , got trapped in a Vanishing Cabinet for 6 months . Alastor ( Mad - Eye ) Moody -- Retired Auror , member of the Order of the Phoenix , impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr. in ' The Goblet of Fire ' , killed by Voldemort . Theodore Nott -- A Slytherin student in the same year as Harry Potter . Theodore Nott is one of the few students who can see Thestrals , suggesting that he has witnessed a death at some point . His father is a Death Eater and described as an elderly widower . O ( edit ) Bob Ogden -- Wizard in the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , led the Magical Law Enforcement Squad in the 1920s . He went to the Gaunts ' home after Morfin Gaunt used magic in front of a muggle and subsequently turned the Gaunts over to the Wizengamot . Garrick Ollivander -- Wandmaker , owner of the Ollivanders shop , kidnapped by the Malfoys for several months and later released by Harry , Ron , and Hermione . Pansy Parkinson -- Slytherin student in Harry 's year , school prefect , a member of the Inquisitorial Squad , Draco Malfoy 's girlfriend for some time . Padma Patil -- Ravenclaw student in Harry 's year , identical twin sister of Gryffindor Parvati Patil , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Parvati Patil -- Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , identical twin sister of Ravenclaw Padma Patil , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Peter Pettigrew -- Former school friend of James Potter , Sirius Black and Remus Lupin . Betrays James and Lily Potter . Death Eater , an unregistered animagus , Pettigrew is first introduced as a rat known as Scabbers . He was later strangled to death by his own metal hand after his loyalty towards Voldemort briefly wavered when Harry confronted him about saving Pettigrew 's life . Antioch Peverell -- Original owner of The Elder Wand in The Tale of the Three Brothers . Cadmus Peverell -- Original owner of The Resurrection Stone in The Tale of the Three Brothers . Ignotus Peverell -- Original owner of The Invisibility Cloak in The Tale of the Three Brothers . Irma Pince -- Hogwarts librarian . Sturgis Podmore -- Member of the Order of the Phoenix , imprisoned in Azkaban . Poppy Pomfrey -- Hogwarts school nurse . Harry Potter -- The main character of the series , orphaned son of James Potter and Lily Evans and student at Hogwarts . James Potter -- Harry Potter 's father , a member of the Order of the Phoenix , murdered by Lord Voldemort before the series begins . Lily Potter ( née Evans ) -- Harry Potter 's mother , a member of the Order of the Phoenix , murdered by Lord Voldemort before the series begins . Q ( edit ) Quirinus Quirrell -- Defence Against the Dark Arts professor in Harry 's first year , possessed by Lord Voldemort , and was killed in Philosopher 's Stone . Helena Ravenclaw / The Grey Lady -- Daughter of Rowena Ravenclaw , stole her mother 's diadem and hid it , killed by the Bloody Baron and became Ravenclaw 's house ghost . Rowena Ravenclaw -- Founder of Ravenclaw , mother of Helena Ravenclaw . Tom Marvolo Riddle -- see Lord Voldemort . Demelza Robins -- a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , sorted into Gryffindor House . She was a Chaser for the Gryffindor Quidditch team , and was noted to be particularly skilled at dodging Bludgers . Augustus Rookwood -- Death Eater , spy working in the Department of Mysteries . Thorfinn Rowle -- Death Eater . Albert Runcorn -- was a Ministry of Magic employee of high rank during the administration under Pius Thicknesse . His chief function was as an investigator of alleged Muggle - borns . Newt Scamander -- Magizoologist and author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . Was a Hufflepuff and great with making cures for different sicknesses . Rufus Scrimgeour -- Head of the Auror Office , replaces Cornelius Fudge as Minister for Magic , killed by Death Eaters . Kingsley Shacklebolt -- Auror , replaces Pius Thicknesse as Minister for Magic , member of the Order of the Phoenix . Stan Shunpike -- Conductor of the Knight Bus , later jailed in Azkaban on suspicions of being a Death Eater . Aurora Sinistra -- Professor and member of the Astronomy Department at Hogwarts . Rita Skeeter -- Reporter for the Daily Prophet , author of The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore , unregistered animagus . Horace Slughorn -- Former Potions professor at Hogwarts and Head of Slytherin House who taught Tom Marvolo Riddle and returns to Hogwarts in Harry 's sixth year . Salazar Slytherin - Founder of Slytherin , creator of the Chamber of Secrets . Hepzibah Smith -- Elderly , wealthy antique collector , descendant of Helga Hufflepuff , murdered and robbed by Tom Marvolo Riddle . Zacharias Smith -- Hufflepuff student , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Severus Snape -- Hogwarts , Potions and later Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Head of Slytherin House , a member of both the Death Eaters and the Order of the Phoenix to spy for Dumbledore . Alicia Spinnet -- Chaser on the Gryffindor Quidditch team , two years above Harry Potter at Hogwarts . Member of Dumbledore 's Army . Pomona Sprout -- Hogwarts Herbology professor , Head of Hufflepuff house . Pius Thicknesse -- Minister for Magic while under the Imperius Curse , later replaced by Kingsley Shacklebolt . Dean Thomas -- Gryffindor student in Harry 's year , a member of Dumbledore 's Army , briefly Ginny Weasley 's boyfriend , Gryffindor Quidditch Chaser . Andromeda Tonks ( née Black ) -- Sister of Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy , disowned by her family for marrying Muggle - born Ted Tonks , mother of Nymphadora Tonks . Nymphadora Tonks -- Daughter of Ted and Andromeda Tonks , Auror and member of the Order of the Phoenix . She marries Remus Lupin , and becomes the mother of Teddy Lupin . Ted Tonks -- Muggle - born husband of Andromeda and father of Nymphadora Tonks . Travers -- was a wizard and a Death Eater . Escaped from Azkaban after Lord Voldemort 's return . Sybill Trelawney -- Hogwarts Divination professor , predicted the prophecy that prompted Lord Voldemort to go after the Potters . Wilkie Twycross -- The apparition instructor in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . U ( edit ) Dolores Jane Umbridge -- Senior Undersecretary to the Minister for Magic , Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Hogwarts High Inquisitor , Headmistress of Hogwarts , who enthusiastically joins in the persecution of half - bloods under Voldemort . V ( edit ) Emmeline Vance -- a member of the party that brings Harry to Grimmauld Place , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Described as `` A stately looking witch in an emerald green shawl '' . Romilda Vane -- Hogwarts student who tried to romance Harry with Chocolate Cauldrons containing a love potion from Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes . Septima Vector -- Arithmancy professor at Hogwarts . Lord Voldemort ( Born Tom Riddle ) -- the villain of the series , the murderer of Harry Potter 's parents and many others in his quest for immortality and absolute power . Myrtle Warren / Moaning Myrtle -- Muggle - born Ravenclaw student during Tom Marvolo Riddle 's time at Hogwarts , killed by the Basilisk in a girl 's bathroom , which she continues to haunt . Arthur Weasley -- Muggle - obsessed Ministry of Magic employee . Husband of Molly Weasley , father of Bill , Charlie , Percy , Fred , George , Ron , and Ginny Weasley , member of the Order of the Phoenix . Bill Weasley -- Oldest son of Arthur and Molly Weasley , Gringotts employee , marries Fleur Delacour . Charlie Weasley -- Second son of Arthur and Molly Weasley , and a member of the Order of the Phoenix , works with dragons in Romania . Fred Weasley -- Son of Arthur and Molly Weasley and identical twin brother of George Weasley , a member of Dumbledore 's Army , Gryffindor Quidditch Beater , co-owner of Weasleys ' Wizard Wheezes , killed in an explosion caused by Augustus Rookwood in the Battle of Hogwarts . George Weasley -- Son of Arthur and Molly Weasley and identical twin brother of Fred Weasley , member of Dumbledore 's Army , Gryffindor Quidditch Beater , co-owner of Weasleys ' Wizard Wheezes . Ginny Weasley -- Only daughter and youngest child of Arthur and Molly Weasley , Gryffindor student one year below Harry , Gryffindor Quidditch Seeker and Chaser , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Harry Potters wife . Molly Weasley ( née Prewett ) -- Wife of Arthur Weasley , mother of Bill , Charlie , Percy , Fred , George , Ron and Ginny Weasley , a member of the Order of the Phoenix . Percy Weasley -- Third son of Arthur and Molly Weasley , Gryffindor prefect and Head Boy then Ministry of Magic employee , long estranged from his family before joining them against the Death Eaters in Deathly Hallows . Ron Weasley -- Best friends with Harry Potter and Hermione Granger , youngest Son of Arthur and Molly Weasley , Gryffindor Quidditch Keeper , school prefect , a member of Dumbledore 's Army . Oliver Wood -- Hogwarts student , Gryffindor Quidditch Keeper and captain . Y ( edit ) Corban Yaxley -- Death Eater , Head of Magical Law Enforcement under Voldemort 's regime . Z ( edit ) Blaise Zabini -- Slytherin student in Harry 's year , friends with Draco Malfoy . Characters with no or unknown surname ( edit ) Aragog -- Giant spider raised by Rubeus Hagrid , lived in the Forbidden Forest . Bane -- Centaur , not very wizard - friendly . Beedle the Bard -- Author of several Wizarding fairy tales , including The Tale of the Three Brothers . The Bloody Baron -- Slytherin House ghost , suitor and killer of Helena Ravenclaw , killed himself in remorse . Bogrod -- Goblin , Bank teller at Gringotts Wizarding Bank . Put under the Imperius curse when Harry , Ron , and Hermione broke into Gringotts . Buckbeak ( a.k.a. Witherwings ) -- Hippogriff belonging at various times to Rubeus Hagrid , Sirius Black and Harry Potter . Sir Cadogan -- Armoured and somewhat mad knight occupying a painting in Hogwarts . Crookshanks -- Intelligent cat belonging to Hermione Granger . Dobby -- House - elf originally belonging to the Malfoy family , which Harry helps set free in Chamber of Secrets . He becomes the only paid house - elf at Hogwarts . Errol -- Owl belonging to the Weasley family . Fang -- Boarhound belonging to Rubeus Hagrid . The Fat Friar -- Hufflepuff House ghost . The Fat Lady -- Witch in the painting that conceals the entrance to the Gryffindor common room . Fawkes -- Phoenix belonging to Albus Dumbledore , saved Harry Potter from Basilisk in the Chamber of Secrets . Firenze -- Centaur , professor of Divination at Hogwarts . Fluffy -- Three - headed dog belonging to Rubeus Hagrid , protector of the Philosopher 's Stone . Gornuk -- A goblin like Griphook who worked at Gringotts and later teamed up with Griphook , Dean Thomas , Ted Tonks , and Dirk Cresswell to hide away during Deathly Hallows . Grawp -- Giant , half - brother of Rubeus Hagrid . Griphook -- Goblin , works at Gringotts Bank which he helps Harry and his friends steal the cup from within the Lestrange vault . Hedwig -- Harry Potter 's pet owl . Hokey -- House - elf belonging to Hepzibah Smith . Kreacher -- House - elf belonging to the Black family , and later Harry Potter . Though at first preferring to serve the pureblood line ( including Regulus Black , Narcissa Malfoy , Bellatrix Lestrange , and Draco Malfoy ) , he eventually likes serving under Harry as he treats him better . Magorian -- Centaur . Great Aunt Muriel -- Great aunt of the Weasley children . Nagini -- Lord Voldemort 's giant pet snake , which does his bidding . She is one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Nearly Headless Nick -- Sir Nicholas de Mimsy - Porpington , the Gryffindor House ghost . Norbert / Norberta -- Dragon belonging to Rubeus Hagrid , later secretly moved to the Dragon Reserve in Romania by friends of Charlie Weasley . Peeves -- Hogwarts poltergeist , a mischievous magical being . Pigwidgeon ( `` Pig '' ) -- Named by Ginny Weasley , a tiny mischievous owl belonging to Ron Weasley . Madam Rosmerta -- Proprietor of the Three Broomsticks in Hogsmeade . Ronan -- Centaur living in the Forbidden Forest . Scabbers -- Ron Weasley 's pet rat in the first three stories . He is revealed at the end of Prisoner of Azkaban to be a wizard in animal form : Peter Pettigrew . Scabior -- Snatcher who captures Harry Potter , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in Deathly Hallows . Travers -- was a wizard and a Death Eater who escaped from Azkaban after Lord Voldemort 's return . Trevor -- The toad belonging to Neville Longbottom that always gets lost . Winky -- A female house elf who belonged to Bartemius Crouch Sr. until he sacked her , then worked in the Hogwarts kitchen . External links ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Wizards and Witches A to Z from the Harry Potter Lexicon ( fansite ) J.K. Rowling ... A Day in the Life documentary from ITV <Th_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter series by J.K. 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how did the compromise of the german code affect the outcome of world war ii if at all

Air warfare of World war II - wikipedia Air warfare of World war II Jump to : navigation , search The B - 29 was the very long range U.S. strategic bomber used to carpet bomb Japan . It was the largest aircraft to take part in the war . It is the only aircraft in history to have ever used a nuclear weapon in combat . The air warfare of World War II was a major component in all theatres and , together with Anti-aircraft warfare , consumed a large fraction of the industrial output of the major powers . Germany and Japan depended on air forces that were closely integrated with land and naval forces ; they downplayed the advantage of fleets of strategic bombers , and were late in appreciating the need to defend against Allied strategic bombing . By contrast , Britain and the United States took an approach that greatly emphasised strategic bombing , and to a lesser degree , tactical control of the battlefield by air , and adequate air defences . They both built a strategic force of large , long - range bombers that could carry the air war to the enemy 's homeland . Simultaneously , they built tactical air forces that could win air superiority over the battlefields , thereby giving vital assistance to ground troops . They both built a powerful naval - air component based on aircraft carriers , as did Japan ; these played the central role in the war at sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-war planning 2 Air forces 2.1 Germany : The Luftwaffe 2.2 Britain : The Royal Air Force 2.3 Soviet Union : Soviet Air Force 2.4 United States : Army Air Forces 3 Doctrine and technology 3.1 Aircrew training 3.2 Logistics 3.2. 1 Airfield construction 3.3 Tactical 3.3. 1 Air supremacy 3.3. 2 Close air support 3.3. 3 Pioneering use of precision - guided munitions 4 German bombers and missiles 4.1 Failure of German secret weapons 5 Pacific air war 5.1 China , 1937 -- 1944 5.2 Japanese air war 1941 -- 42 5.3 1942 5.3. 1 Coral Sea and Midway 5.3. 2 Guadalcanal 5.4 1943 -- 45 5.5 Strategic bombing of Japan 5.5. 1 Kamikaze 5.5. 2 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6 Europe , 1939 -- 1941 6.1 Invasion of Poland 6.2 France and the Low Countries ; Dunkirk 6.3 Battle of Britain 6.4 Invasion of the Soviet Union 7 North Africa 1942 -- 43 7.1 Operations against Allied convoys 8 1943 8.1 British technical advances 8.2 Mediterranean theatre 9 1944 -- 45 9.1 Destroying the Luftwaffe , 1944 9.2 Normandy 9.3 Battle of the Bulge 9.4 Strategic operations 9.5 Destroying Germany 's oil and transportation 9.6 Effect of the strategic bombing 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 By country 13.1. 1 United States 13.1. 2 Great Britain 13.1. 3 Germany 13.1. 4 Japan 13.1. 5 USSR 13.2 Airmen 13.3 Commanders 13.3. 1 Air Commanders : American 13.3. 2 HAP Arnold and Stimson 13.3. 3 Air Commanders : Other 13.4 Technology : Jets , Rockets , Radar , Proximity Fuze 13.5 Tactical aircraft , weapons , tactics & combat 13.6 Strategic bombing 13.6. 1 Atomic bomb & surrender of Japan 13.6. 2 Ethics & civilians 13.6. 3 Strategic bombing : doctrine 13.6. 4 Strategic bombing : aircraft and target 14 External links Pre-war planning ( edit ) Before 1939 , all sides operated under largely theoretical models of air warfare . Italian theorist Giulio Douhet in the 1920s summarised the faith that airmen during and after World War I developed in the efficacy of strategic bombing . Many said it alone could win wars , as `` the bomber will always get through '' . The Americans were confident that the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bomber could reach targets , protected by its own weapons , and bomb , using the Norden bombsight , with `` pickle barrel '' accuracy . Japanese aviation pioneers felt that they had developed the finest naval aviators in the world . Air forces ( edit ) Germany : the Luftwaffe ( edit ) Main article : Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe was the German Air Force . The pride of Nazi Germany under its leader Hermann Göring , it learned new combat techniques in the Spanish Civil War and was seen by Adolf Hitler as the decisive strategic weapon he needed . Its advanced technology and rapid growth led to exaggerated fears in the 1930s that helped to persuade the British and French into appeasement . In the war the Luftwaffe performed well in 1939 -- 41 , as its Stuka dive bombers terrified enemy infantry units . But the Luftwaffe was poorly coordinated with overall German strategy , and never ramped up to the size and scope needed in a total war , partly due to a lack of military aircraft production infrastructure for both completed airframes and powerplants when compared to either the Soviet Union or the United States . The Luftwaffe was deficient in radar technology except for their usable UHF and later VHF band airborne intercept radar designs such as the Lichtenstein and Neptun radar systems for their night fighters . The Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter did not enter service until July 1944 , and the lightweight Heinkel He 162 appeared only during the last months of the air war in Europe . The Luftwaffe could not deal with the faster P - 51 Mustang escort fighters after 1943 , or Britain 's increasingly lethal defensive fighter screen after the Battle of Britain . When the Luftwaffe 's fuel supply ran dry in 1944 due to the oil campaign of World War II , it was reduced to anti-aircraft flak roles , and many of its men were sent to infantry units . By 1944 it operated 39,000 flak batteries staffed with a million people in uniform , both men and women . The Luftwaffe lacked the bomber forces for strategic bombing , because it did not think such bombing was worthwhile , especially following the June 3 , 1936 , death of General Walther Wever , the prime proponent of a strategic bomber force for the Luftwaffe . They did attempt some strategic bombing in the east with the problematic Heinkel He 177 A. Their one success was destroying an airbase at Poltava Air Base , Ukraine during the Allied Operation Frantic , which housed 43 new B - 17 bombers and a million tons of aviation fuel . Introduction of turbojet - powered combat aircraft , mostly with the Messerschmitt Me 262 twin - jet fighter , the Heinkel He 162 light jet fighter and the Arado Ar 234 reconnaissance - bomber was pioneered by the Luftwaffe , but the delayed period ( 1944 -- 45 ) of their introduction -- much of which was due to the lengthy development time for both the BMW 003 and Junkers Jumo 004 jet engine designs -- as well as the failure to produce usable examples of their two long - developed higher - power aviation engines , the Junkers Jumo 222 multibank 24 - cylinder piston engine of some 2,500 hp , and the advanced Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet of nearly 2,800 lb. of thrust , each of which were meant to power many advanced German airframe design proposals in the last years of the war -- meant that they were introduced `` too little , too late '' , as so many other advanced German aircraft designs ( and indeed , many other German military weapon systems ) had been during the later war years . Although Germany 's allies , especially Italy and Finland , had air forces of their own , there was very little coordination with them . Not until very late in the war did Germany share its aircraft and alternative fuel blueprints and technology with its ally Japan , resulting in the Nakajima Kikka jet fighter and the Mitsubishi Shusui rocket fighter , respectively based on the Me 262A and Me 163B -- both of which , similarly , came far too late for Japan to improve its defensive aircraft systems , or to make alternative fuels and lubricants . Britain : the Royal air Force ( edit ) Main article : History of the Royal Air Force The British had their own very well - developed theory of strategic bombing , and built the long - range bombers to implement it . Once it became clear that Germany was a threat , the RAF started on a large expansion , with many airfields being set up and the number of squadrons increased . From 42 squadrons with 800 aircraft in 1934 , the RAF had reached 157 squadrons and 3,700 aircraft by 1939 . They combined the newly developed radar with communications centres to direct their fighter defences . Their medium bombers were capable of reaching the German industrial centre of the Ruhr , and larger bombers were under development . The RAF underwent rapid expansion following the outbreak of war against Germany in 1939 . This included the training in other Commonwealth nations ( particularly Canada ) of half of British and Commonwealth aircrews , some 167,000 men in all . It was the second largest in Europe . The RAF also integrated Polish and other airmen who had escaped from Hitler 's Europe . In Europe , the RAF was in operational control of Commonwealth aircrews and Commonwealth squadrons although these retained some degree of independence ( such as the formation of No. 6 Group RCAF to put Canadian squadrons together in a nationally identifiable unit ) . The RAF had three major combat commands based in the United Kingdom : RAF Fighter Command charged with defence of the UK , RAF Bomber Command ( formed 1936 ) which operated the bombers that would be offensive against the enemy , and RAF Coastal Command which was to protect Allied shipping and attack enemy shipping . The Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm operated land - based fighters in defence of naval establishments and carrier - based aircraft . Later in the war the RAF 's fighter force was divided into two Air Defence of Great Britain ( ADGB ) for protecting the UK and the Second Tactical Air Force for ground offensive support in the North West Europe campaign . Bomber Command participated in two areas of attack -- the strategic bombing campaign against German war production , and the less well known mining of coastal waters off Germany ( known as Gardening ) to contain its naval operations and prevent the U-boats from freely operating against Allied shipping . In order to attack German industry by night the RAF developed navigational aids , tactics to overwhelm the German defences control system , tactics directly against German night - fighter forces , target marking techniques , many electronic aids in defence and attack , and supporting electronic warfare aircraft . The production of heavy aircraft competed with resources for the Army and the Navy , and it was a source of disagreement as to whether the effort could be more profitably expended elsewhere . Increasingly heavy losses during the latter part of 1943 due to the reorganized Luftwaffe night fighter system ( Wilde Sau tactics ) , and Sir Arthur Harris ' costly attempts to destroy Berlin in the winter of 1943 / 44 , led to serious doubts as to whether Bomber Command was being used to its fullest potential . In early 1944 the UK air arm was put under Eisenhower 's direct control where it played a vital role in preparing the way for the Overlord Invasion . Soviet Union : Soviet air Force ( edit ) Main articles : Soviet Air Forces § World War II , and Eastern Front ( World War II ) By the end of the war , Soviet annual aircraft production had risen sharply with annual Soviet production peaking at 40,000 aircraft in 1944 . Some 157,000 aircraft were produced , of which 126,000 were combat types for the Voyenno - Vozdushnye Sily or VVS ( as the Soviet Union named their air arm ) , while the others were transports and trainers . The critical importance of the ground attack role in defending the Soviet Union from the Axis ' Operation Barbarossa through to the final defeat of Nazi Germany with the Battle of Berlin resulted in the Soviet military aviation industry creating more examples of the Ilyushin Il - 2 Shturmovik during the war than any other military aircraft design in aviation history , with just over 36,000 examples produced . During the war the Soviets employed 7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets , with a density that sometimes reached 100 -- 150 tons / sq kilometer . United States : Army air forces ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Air Forces Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator , Admiral Ernest King , with a mandate for an aviation - oriented war in the Pacific . FDR allowed King to build up land - based naval and Marine aviation , and seize control of the long - range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic . Roosevelt basically agreed with Robert A. Lovett , the civilian Assistant Secretary of War for Air , who argued , `` While I do n't go so far as to claim that air power alone will win the war , I do claim the war will not be won without it . '' Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall rejected calls for complete independence for the Air Corps , because the land forces generals and the Navy were vehemently opposed . In the compromise that was reached it was understood that after the war , the aviators would get their independence . Meanwhile , the Air Corps became the Army Air Forces ( AAF ) in June , 1941 , combining all their personnel and units under a single commanding general , an airman . In 1942 the Army reorganized into three equal components , one of which was the AAF , which then had almost complete freedom in terms of internal administration . Thus the AAF set up its own medical service independent of the Surgeon General , its own WAC units , and its own logistics system . It had full control over the design and procurement of airplanes and related electronic gear and ordnance . Its purchasing agents controlled 15 % of the nation 's Gross National Product . Together with naval aviation , it recruited the best young men in the nation . General Henry H. Arnold headed the AAF . One of the first military men to fly , and the youngest colonel in World War I , he selected for the most important combat commands men who were ten years younger than their Army counterparts , including Ira Eaker ( b . 1896 ) , Jimmy Doolittle ( b . 1896 ) , Hoyt Vandenberg ( b . 1899 ) , Elwood `` Pete '' Queseda ( b . 1904 ) , and , youngest of them all , Curtis LeMay ( b . 1906 ) . Although a West Pointer himself , Arnold did not automatically turn to Academy men for top positions . Since he operated independent of theatre commanders , Arnold could and did move his generals around , and speedily removed underachievers . Aware of the need for engineering expertise , Arnold went outside the military and formed close liaisons with top engineers like rocket specialist Theodore von Karmen at Caltech . Arnold was given seats on the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the US - British Combined Chiefs of Staff . Arnold , however , was officially Deputy Chief of ( Army ) Staff , so on committees he deferred to his boss , General Marshall . Thus Marshall made all the basic strategic decisions , which were worked out by his `` War Plans Division '' ( WPD , later renamed the Operations Division ) . WPD 's section leaders were infantrymen or engineers , with a handful of aviators in token positions . The AAF had a newly created planning division , whose advice was largely ignored by WPD . Airmen were also underrepresented in the planning divisions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Combined Chiefs . Aviators were largely shut out of the decision - making and planning process because they lacked seniority in a highly rank - conscious system . The freeze intensified demands for independence , and fueled a spirit of `` proving '' the superiority of air power doctrine . Because of the young , pragmatic leadership at top , and the universal glamor accorded aviators , morale in the AAF was strikingly higher than anywhere else ( except perhaps Navy aviation ) . The AAF provided extensive technical training , promoted officers and enlisted faster , provided comfortable barracks and good food , and was safe , with an American government - sponsored pilot training program in place as far back as 1938 , that did work in concert when necessary with the British Commonwealth 's similar program within North America . The only dangerous jobs were voluntary ones as crew of fighters and bombers -- or involuntary ones at jungle bases in the Southwest Pacific . Marshall , an infantryman uninterested in aviation before 1939 , became a partial convert to air power and allowed the aviators more autonomy . He authorized vast spending on planes , and insisted that American forces had to have air supremacy before taking the offensive . However , he repeatedly overruled Arnold by agreeing with Roosevelt 's requests in 1941 -- 42 to send half of the new light bombers and fighters to the British and Soviets , thereby delaying the buildup of American air power . The Army 's major theatre commands were given to infantrymen Douglas MacArthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower . Neither had paid much attention to aviation before the war . However the air power advocate Jimmy Doolittle succeeded Eaker as 8th Air Force commander at the start of 1944 . Doolittle instituted a critical change in strategic fighter tactics and the 8th Air Force bomber raids faced less and less Luftwaffe defensive fighter opposition for the rest of the war . Offensive counter-air , to clear the way for strategic bombers and an eventually decisive cross-channel invasion , was a strategic mission led by escort fighters partnered with heavy bombers . The tactical mission , however , was the province of fighter - bombers , assisted by light and medium bombers . American theatre commanders became air power enthusiasts , and built their strategies around the need for tactical air supremacy . MacArthur had been badly defeated in the Philippines in 1941 -- 42 primarily because the Japanese controlled the sky . His planes were outnumbered and outclassed , his airfields shot up , his radar destroyed , his supply lines cut . His infantry never had a chance . MacArthur vowed never again . His island hopping campaign was based on the strategy of isolating Japanese strongholds while leaping past them . Each leap was determined by the range of his air force , and the first task on securing an objective was to build an airfield to prepare for the next leap . Eisenhower 's deputy at SHAEF was Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder who had been commander of the Allied Mediterranean Air Command when Eisenhower was in charge of Allied operations in the Mediterranean . Doctrine and technology ( edit ) The Allies won battlefield air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943 , and in Europe in 1944 . That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront , but not the enemy 's . It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased , and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower . There was a specific campaign , within the overall strategic offensive , for suppression of enemy air defences , or , specifically , Luftwaffe fighters . Aircrew training ( edit ) While the Japanese began the war with a superb set of naval aviators , trained at the Misty Lagoon experimental air station , their practice , perhaps from the warrior tradition , was to keep the pilots in action until they died . The U.S. position , at least for naval aviation , was a strict rotation between sea deployments and shore duty , the latter including training replacements , personal training , and participating in doctrinal development . The U.S. strategic bombing campaign against Europe did this in principle , but relatively few crews survived the 25 missions of a rotation . On December 27 , 1938 , the United States had initiated the Civilian Pilot Training Program to vastly increase the number of ostensibly `` civilian '' American pilots , but this program also had the eventual effect of providing a large flight - ready force of trained pilots for future military action if the need arose . Other countries had other variants . In some countries , it seemed to be a matter of personal choice if one stayed in combat or helped build the next generation . Even where there was a policy of using skills outside combat , some individuals , e.g. Guy Gibson VC insisted on returning to combat after a year . Both Gibson 's successors at 617 Squadron were ordered off `` ops '' permanently -- Leonard Cheshire VC after 102 operations , `` Willie '' Tait ( DSO & 3 Bars ) after 101 -- reflecting the strain of prolonged operations . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( and related schemes ) as well as training British crew in North America contributed large numbers of aircrew from outside the UK to the forces under RAF operational control . While RAF Bomber Command let individuals form teams naturally and bomber aircrew were generally hetereogenous in origins , the Canadian government pushed for its aircrew to be organised in one Group for greater recognition -- No. 6 Group RCAF . Logistics ( edit ) Airfield construction ( edit ) Arnold correctly anticipated that the U.S. would have to build forward airfields in inhospitable places . Working closely with the Army Corps of Engineers , he created Aviation Engineer Battalions that by 1945 included 118,000 men . Runways , hangars , radar stations , power generators , barracks , gasoline storage tanks and ordnance dumps had to be built hurriedly on tiny coral islands , mud flats , featureless deserts , dense jungles , or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire . The heavy construction gear had to be imported , along with the engineers , blueprints , steel - mesh landing mats , prefabricated hangars , aviation fuel , bombs and ammunition , and all necessary supplies . As soon as one project was finished the battalion would load up its gear and move forward to the next challenge , while headquarters inked in a new airfield on the maps . The engineers opened an entirely new airfield in North Africa every other day for seven straight months . Once when heavy rains along the coast reduced the capacity of old airfields , two companies of Airborne Engineers loaded miniaturized gear into 56 transports , flew a thousand miles to a dry Sahara location , started blasting away , and were ready for the first B - 17 24 hours later . Often engineers had to repair and use a captured enemy airfield . The German fields were well - built all - weather operations . Some of the Japanese island bases , built before the war , had excellent airfields . Most new Japanese installations in the Pacific were ramshackle affairs with poor siting , poor drainage , scant protection , and narrow , bumpy runways . Engineering was a low priority for the offense - minded Japanese , who chronically lacked adequate equipment and imagination . On a few islands , local commanders did improve aircraft shelters and general survivability , as they correctly perceived the danger of coming raids or invasions . In the same theatre the United States Navy 's own `` construction battalions '' , collectively named the `` Seabees '' from the CB acronym adopted on the date of their formation in March 1942 , would build over a hundred military airstrips and a significant degree of the military support infrastructure supplying the Pacific `` island - hopping '' campaign of the Allies during the Pacific war through 1945 , as well as elsewhere in the world during the war years . Tactical ( edit ) Tactical air power involves gaining control of the airspace over the battlefield , directly supporting ground units ( as by attacks on enemy tanks and artillery ) , and attacking enemy supply lines , and airfields . Typically , fighter planes are used to gain air supremacy , and light bombers are used for support missions . Air supremacy ( edit ) Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of 609 Squadron , flown by Flight Lieutenant JHG McArthur , hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter . Tactical air doctrine stated that the primary mission was to turn tactical superiority into complete air supremacy -- to totally defeat the enemy air force and obtain control of its air space . This could be done directly through dogfights , and raids on airfields and radar stations , or indirectly by destroying aircraft factories and fuel supplies . Anti-aircraft artillery ( called `` ack - ack '' by the British , `` flak '' by the Germans , and `` Archie '' by the World War I USAAS ) could also play a role , but it was downgraded by most airmen . The Allies won air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943 , and in Europe in 1944 . That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront , but not the enemy 's . It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased , and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower . This was the basic Allied strategy , and it worked . One of the most effective demonstrations of air supremacy by the Western Allies over Europe occurred in early 1944 , when Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle , who took command of the US 8th Air Force in January 1944 , would only a few months later `` release '' the building force of P - 51 Mustangs from their intended mission to closely escort the 8th Air Force 's heavy bombers , after getting help from British aviators in selecting the best available aircraft type ( s ) for the task . The USAAF 's Mustang squadrons were now tasked to fly well ahead of the bombers ' combat box defensive formations by some 75 -- 100 miles ( 120 -- 160 km ) to basically clear the skies , in the manner of a sizable `` fighter sweep '' air supremacy mission , of any defensive presence over the Third Reich of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdgeschwader single - seat fighter wings . This important change of strategy also coincidentally doomed both the twin - engined Zerstörer heavy fighters and their replacement , heavily armed Focke - Wulf Fw 190A Sturmbock forces used as bomber destroyers , each in their turn . This change in American fighter tactics began to have its most immediate effect with the loss of more and more of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdflieger fighter pilot personnel , and fewer bomber losses to the Luftwaffe as 1944 wore on . Air superiority depended on having the fastest , most maneuverable fighters , in sufficient quantity , based on well - supplied airfields , within range . The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) , when its fast Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives . The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II . Once total air supremacy in a theatre was gained the second mission was interdiction of the flow of enemy supplies and reinforcements in a zone five to fifty miles behind the front . Whatever moved had to be exposed to air strikes , or else confined to moonless nights . ( Radar was not good enough for nighttime tactical operations against ground targets . ) A large fraction of tactical air power focused on this mission . Close air support ( edit ) The third and lowest priority ( from the AAF viewpoint ) mission was `` close air support '' or direct assistance to ground units on the battlefront which consisted of bombing targets identified by ground forces , and strafing exposed infantry . Airmen disliked the mission because it subordinated the air war to the ground war ; furthermore , slit trenches , camouflage , and flak guns usually reduced the effectiveness of close air support . `` Operation Cobra '' in July , 1944 , targeted a critical strip of 3,000 acres ( 1,214 ha ) of German strength that held up the US breakthrough out of Normandy . General Omar Bradley , his ground forces stymied , placed his bets on air power . 1,500 heavies , 380 medium bombers and 550 fighter bombers dropped 4,000 tons of high explosives . Bradley was horrified when 77 planes dropped their payloads short of the intended target : `` The ground belched , shook and spewed dirt to the sky . Scores of our troops were hit , their bodies flung from slit trenches . Doughboys were dazed and frightened ... A bomb landed squarely on McNair in a slit trench and threw his body sixty feet and mangled it beyond recognition except for the three stars on his collar . '' The Germans were stunned senseless , with tanks overturned , telephone wires severed , commanders missing , and a third of their combat troops killed or wounded . The defence line broke ; J. Lawton Collins rushed his VII Corps forward ; the Germans retreated in a rout ; the Battle of France was won ; air power seemed invincible . However , the sight of a senior colleague killed by error was unnerving , and after the completion of operation Cobra , Army generals were so reluctant to risk `` friendly fire '' casualties that they often passed over excellent attack opportunities that would be possible only with air support . Infantrymen , on the other hand , were ecstatic about the effectiveness of close air support : `` Air strikes on the way ; we watch from a top window as P - 47s dip in and out of clouds through suddenly erupting strings of Christmas - tree lights ( flak ) , before one speck turns over and drops toward earth in the damnest sight of the Second World War , the dive - bomber attack , the speck snarling , screaming , dropping faster than a stone until it 's clearly doomed to smash into the earth , then , past the limits of belief , an impossible flattening beyond houses and trees , an upward arch that makes the eyes hurt , and , as the speck hurtles away , WHOOM , the earth erupts five hundred feet up in swirling black smoke . More specks snarl , dive , scream , two squadrons , eight of them , leaving congealing , combining , whirling pillars of black smoke , lifting trees , houses , vehicles , and , we devoutly hope , bits of Germans . We yell and pound each other 's backs . Gods from the clouds ; this is how you do it ! You do n't attack painfully across frozen plains , you simply drop in on the enemy and blow them out of existence . '' Some forces , especially the United States Marine Corps , emphasised the air - ground team . The airmen , in this approach , also are infantrymen who understand the needs and perspective of the ground forces . There was much more joint air - ground training , and a given air unit might have a long - term relationship with a given ground unit , improving their mutual communications . In North - West Europe , the Allies used the `` taxi - rank '' ( or `` Cab - rank '' ) system for supporting the ground assault . Fighter - bombers , such as the Hawker Typhoon or P - 47 Thunderbolt , armed with cannon , bombs and rockets would be in the air at 10,000 ft over the battlefield . When support was required it could be quickly summoned by a ground observer . While often too inaccurate against armoured vehicles , rockets had a psychological effect on troops and were effective against the supply - carrying trucks used to support German tanks . Pioneering use of precision - guided munitions ( edit ) Main articles : Azon , Fritz X , and Henschel Hs 293 A museum - displayed German Fritz - X armored PGM An American Bat anti-ship glide bomb , with its development team Rear view of an Azon MCLOS - guided bomb , showing details Both the Luftwaffe and USAAF pioneered the use of what would come to be known as precision - guided munitions during World War II . The Luftwaffe was the first to use such weapons in their pioneering use of the unpowered Fritz X armor - piercing anti-ship ordnance on September 9 , 1943 , against the Italian battleship Roma , with III. Gruppe / KG 100 's Dornier Do 217 medium bombers achieving two hits , exploding her powder magazines in sinking her . Both the Fritz X and the unarmored , rocket - boosted Henschel Hs 293 guided glide bomb were used successfully against Allied shipping during the Allied invasion of Italy following Italy 's capitulation to the Allies earlier in September 1943 , with both weapons using the same combination of a joystick - equipped Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl MCLOS radio guidance transmitter in a deploying aircraft , with the corresponding FuG 230 Straßburg receiver in the ordnance for guidance . The United States Army Air Forces had come up with the Azon guided bomb , converted from a regular 453 kg ( 1,000 lb . ) high explosive bomb with a special set of MCLOS - controlled vertical tailfins controlling the lateral path to the target . Missions were flown in both Western Europe in the summer and autumn of 1944 , and in the China - Burma - India theatre in early 1945 , with two separate B - 24 Liberator squadrons , one in each theatre , having some limited success with the device . The U.S. Navy 's Bat unpowered anti-ship ordnance was based around the same half - ton HE bomb as the Azon , but with the same bomb contained within a much more aerodynamic airframe , and used a fully autonomous onboard radar guidance system to control its flightpath , rather than an external source of control for the Azon . German bombers and missiles ( edit ) Main articles : Ural bomber , Schnellbomber , Heinkel He 177 , Bomber B , and Amerika Bomber Britain and the United States built large quantities of four - engined long - range heavy bombers ; Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union did not . The decision was made in 1933 by the German general staff , the technical staff , and the aviation industry that there was a lack of sufficient labor , capital , and raw materials . A top - level Luftwaffe general , Walther Wever , had tried to make some form of strategic bombing capability a priority for the newly formed Luftwaffe through 1935 and into 1936 , but his untimely death in June 1936 ended any hopes of developing such a force of long - range `` heavies '' possible , as his Ural bomber program for such four - engined aircraft , comparable to what the United States was already pioneering , literally died with him . During the war Hitler was insistent on bombers having tactical capability , which at the time meant dive bombing , a maneuver then impossible for any heavy bomber . His aircraft had limited effect on Britain for a variety of reasons , but low payload was among them . Lacking a doctrine of strategic bombing , neither the RLM or the Luftwaffe ever ordered any suitable quantities of an appropriate heavy bomber from the German aviation industry , having only the Heinkel He 177 A Greif available for such duties , a design plagued with many technical problems , including an unending series of engine fires , with just under 1,200 examples ever being built . Early in the war , the Luftwaffe had excellent tactical aviation , but when it faced Britain 's integrated air defence system , the medium bombers actually designed , produced and deployed to combat -- meant to include the Schnellbomber high - speed mediums , and their intended heavier warload successors , the Bomber B design competition competitors -- did not have the numbers or bomb load to do major damage of the sort the RAF and USAAF inflicted on German cities . Failure of German secret weapons ( edit ) Hitler believed that new high - technology `` secret weapons '' would give Germany a strategic bombing capability and turn the war around . The first of 9,300 V - 1 flying bombs hit London in mid - June , 1944 , and together with 1,300 V - 2 rockets caused 8,000 civilian deaths and 23,000 injuries . Although they did not seriously undercut British morale or munitions production , they bothered the British government a great deal -- Germany now had its own unanswered weapons system . Using proximity fuzes , British anti-aircraft artillery gunners learned how to shoot down the 400 mph V - 1s ; nothing could stop the supersonic V - 2s . The British government , in near panic , demanded that upwards of 40 % of bomber sorties be targeted against the launch sites , and got its way in `` Operation CROSSBOW . '' The attacks were futile , and the diversion represented a major success for Hitler . Every raid against a V - 1 or V - 2 launch site was one less raid against the Third Reich . On the whole , however , the secret weapons were still another case of too little too late . The Luftwaffe ran the V - 1 program , which used a jet engine , but it diverted scarce engineering talent and manufacturing capacity that were urgently needed to improve German radar , air defence , and jet fighters . The German Army ran the V - 2 program . The rockets were a technological triumph , and bothered the British leadership even more than the V - 1s . But they were so inaccurate they rarely could hit militarily significant targets . Pacific air war ( edit ) Dec 1941 -- March 1942 Japan did not have a separate air force . Its aviation units were integrated into the Army and Navy , which were not well coordinated with each other . Japanese military aircraft production during World War II produced 76,000 warplanes , of which 30,000 were fighters and 15,000 were light bombers . China , 1937 -- 1944 ( edit ) Japan launched a full - scale war in China in 1937 and soon controlled the major cities and the seacoast . The U.S. sent help through Burma , and after 1942 flew in supplies over `` The Hump '' ( the Himalaya Mountains ) from India . In 1940 -- 41 , well before Pearl Harbor , the United States decided on an aggressive air campaign against Japan using Chinese bases and American pilots wearing Chinese uniforms . The United States created , funded , and provided crews and equipment for the `` Flying Tigers '' , a nominally Chinese Air Force composed almost entirely of Americans , led by General Claire Lee Chennault . The Flying Tigers racked up a strong record of tactical attacks on the Japanese Air Force . Chennault called for strategic bombing against Japanese cities , using American bombers based in China . The plan was approved by Roosevelt and top policy makers in Washington , and equipment was on the way in December 1941 . It proved to be futile . American strategic bombing of Japan from Chinese bases began in 1944 , using B - 29s under the command of General Curtis Lemay , but the distances and the logistics made an effective campaign impossible . Japanese air war 1941 -- 42 ( edit ) Washington tried to deter Japanese entry into the war by threatening the firebombing of Japanese cities using B - 17 strategic bombers based in the Philippines . The US sent too little too late , as the Japanese easily overwhelmed the American `` Far Eastern Air Force '' the day after Pearl Harbor . Japanese naval air power proved unexpectedly powerful , sinking the American battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , then raging widely across the Pacific and Indian oceans to defeat elements of the British , American , Dutch , and Australian forces . Land - based airpower , coordinated efficiently with land forces , enabled Japan to overrun Malaya , Singapore , and the Philippines by spring 1942 . The Doolittle Raid used 16 B - 25 bombers ( taking off from aircraft carriers ) to bomb Tokyo in April 1942 . Little physical damage was done , but the episode shocked and stunned the Japanese people and leadership . 1942 ( edit ) Japanese warplanes bombing the Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Java during the Battle of Java Sea At the Battle of the Java Sea , February 27 , 1942 , the Japanese Navy destroyed the main ABDA ( American , British , Dutch , and Australian ) naval force . The Netherlands East Indies campaign resulted in the surrender of Allied forces on Java . Meanwhile , Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in South - East Asia and began attacking Australia , with a major raid on Darwin , February 19 . A raid by a powerful Japanese Navy aircraft carrier force into the Indian Ocean resulted in the Battle of Ceylon and sinking of the only British carrier , HMS Hermes in the theatre as well as 2 cruisers and other ships effectively driving the British fleet out of the Indian Ocean and paving the way for Japanese conquest of Burma and a drive towards India . The Japanese seemed unstoppable . However , the Doolittle Raid caused an uproar in the Japanese Army and Navy commands -- they had both lost face in letting the Emperor be threatened . As a consequence , the Army relocated overseas fighter groups to Japan , groups needed elsewhere . Even more significantly , the Naval command believed it had to extend its eastern defence perimeter , and they focused on Midway as the next base . Coral sea and Midway ( edit ) By mid-1942 , the Japanese Combined Fleet found itself holding a vast area , even though it lacked the aircraft carriers , aircraft , and aircrew to defend it , and the freighters , tankers , and destroyers necessary to sustain it . Moreover , Fleet doctrine was incompetent to execute the proposed `` barrier '' defence . Instead , they decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific . In the Battle of the Coral Sea , fought between May 4 -- 8 , 1942 off the coast of Australia , the opposing fleets never saw one another ; it was an air exchange . While the Americans had greater losses and arguably a tactical loss , they gained a strategic victory , as Japan cancelled a planned offensive . In the Battle of Midway , the Japanese split their fleet , sending much of their force and a feint toward Alaska . The Americans realized Alaska was not the main target , and desperately concentrated its resources to defend Midway . Japan had 272 warplanes operating from four carriers ; the U.S. had 348 of which 115 were AAF land - based and the rest flew from three carriers . In an extraordinarily close battle , the Japanese suddenly lost their four main aircraft carriers , and were forced to return home . They never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific . Guadalcanal ( edit ) Main article : Guadalcanal Campaign The Japanese had built a major air base at on the island of Rabaul , but had difficulty keeping it supplied . American naval and Marine aviation made Rabaul a frequent bombing target . Cactus Air Force warplanes on Henderson Field , Guadalcanal in October , 1942 A Japanese airfield was spotted under construction at Guadalcanal . The Americans made an amphibious landing in August 1942 to seize it , sent in the Cactus Air Force and started to reverse the tide of Japanese conquests . As a result , Japanese and Allied forces both occupied various parts of Guadalcanal . Over the following six months , both sides fed resources into an escalating battle of attrition on the island , at sea , and in the sky , with eventual victory going to the Americans in February 1943 . It was a campaign the Japanese could ill afford . A majority of Japanese aircraft from the entire South Pacific area was drained into the Japanese defence of Guadalcanal . Japanese logistics , as happened time and again , failed ; only 20 % of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there . 1943 -- 45 ( edit ) After 1942 , the United States made a massive effort to build up its aviation forces in the Pacific , and began island - hopping to push its airfields closer and closer to Tokyo . Meanwhile , the Japanese were unable to upgrade their aircraft , and they fell further and further behind in numbers of aircraft carriers . The forward island bases were very hard to supply -- often only submarines could get through -- and the Japanese forces worked without replacements or rest , and often with inadequate food and medicine . Their morale and performance steadily declined . Starvation became an issue in many bases . The American airmen were well fed and well supplied , but they were not rotated and faced increasingly severe stress that caused their performance to deteriorate . They flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe , and although rest time in Australia was scheduled , there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer back to the states . Coupled with the monotonous , hot , sickly environment , the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers . After a few months , epidemics of combat fatigue would drastically reduce the efficiency of units . The men who had been at jungle airfields longest , the flight surgeons reported , were in the worst shape : Many have chronic dysentery or other disease , and almost all show chronic fatigue states ... They appear listless , unkempt , careless , and apathetic with almost masklike facial expression . Speech is slow , thought content is poor , they complain of chronic headaches , insomnia , memory defect , feel forgotten , worry about themselves , are afraid of new assignments , have no sense of responsibility , and are hopeless about the future . Strategic bombing of Japan ( edit ) Main article : Air raids on Japan The flammability of Japan 's large cities , and the concentration of munitions production there , made strategic bombing the preferred strategy of the Americans . The first efforts were made from bases in China . Massive efforts ( costing $4.5 billion ) to establish B - 29 bases there had failed when in 1944 the Japanese Army simply moved overland and captured them . The Marianas ( especially the islands of Saipan and Tinian ) , captured in June 1944 , gave a close , secure base for the very - long - range B - 29 . The `` Superfortress '' ( the B - 29 ) represented the highest achievement of traditional ( pre-jet ) aeronautics . Its four 2,200 horsepower Wright R - 3350 supercharged engines could lift four tons of bombs 3,500 miles at 33,000 feet ( high above Japanese flak or fighters ) . Computerized fire - control mechanisms made its 13 guns exceptionally lethal against fighters . However , the systematic raids that began in June 1944 , were unsatisfactory , because the AAF had learned too much in Europe ; it overemphasised self - defence . Arnold , in personal charge of the campaign ( bypassing the theatre commanders ) brought in a new leader , General Curtis LeMay . In early 1945 , LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics : remove the machine guns and gunners , fly in low at night . ( Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet ; it could now be replaced with more bombs . ) The Japanese radar , fighter , and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers . Fires raged through the cities , and millions of civilians fled to the mountains . Tokyo was hit repeatedly and first suffered a serious blow with the Operation Meetinghouse raid on the night of March 9 / 10 1945 , a conflagration that destroyed nearly 270,000 buildings over a 16 square mile ( 41 km2 ) area , killing at least 83,000 , and estimated by some to be the single most destructive bombing raid in military history . On June 5 , 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B - 29s ; Japanese opposition was fierce , as 11 B - 29s went down and 176 were damaged . Osaka , where one - sixth of the Empire 's munitions were made , was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B - 29s . A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles , including 135,000 houses ; 4,000 died . The Japanese local officials reported : Although damage to big factories was slight , approximately one - fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories , which operated hand - in - hand with the big factories , were completely destroyed by fire ... Moreover , owing to the rising fear of air attacks , workers in general were reluctant to work in the factories , and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50 percent . The Japanese army , which was not based in the cities , was largely undamaged by the raids . The Army was short of food and gasoline , but , as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved , it was capable of ferocious resistance . The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a satisfactory peace , the Kamikaze . Kamikaze ( edit ) In late 1944 , the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic , the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships . Kamikaze means divine winds . The attacks began in October 1944 and continued to the end of the war . Most of the aircraft used in kamikaze attacks were converted obsolete fighters and dive - bombers . The quality of construction was very poor , and many crashed during training or before reaching targets . Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate ; they were not Kamikazes , and they returned to base for another mission . The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training ; however most were well educated and intensely committed to the Emperor . A `` Judy '' in a suicide dive against USS Essex . The dive brakes are extended and the port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and smoke November 25 , 1944 . Kamikaze attacks were highly effective at the Battle of Okinawa in spring 1945 . During the three - month battle , 4000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more , killing 4,900 sailors in the American 5th Fleet . Destroyers and destroyer escorts , doing radar picket duty , were hit hard , as the inexperienced pilots dived at the first American ship they spotted instead of waiting to get at the big carriers . Task Force 58 analyzed the Japanese technique at Okinawa in April , 1945 : `` Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination . These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude , dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage . They tailed our friendlies home , used decoy planes , and came in at any altitude or on the water . '' The Americans decided their best defence against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground , or else in the air long before they approached the fleet . The Navy called for more fighters , and more warning . The carriers replaced a fourth of their light bombers with Marine fighters ; back home the training of fighter pilots was stepped up . More combat air patrols circling the big ships , more radar picket ships ( which themselves became prime targets ) , and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies eventually worked . Japan suspended Kamikaze attacks in May , 1945 , because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks in case the Allied forces tried to invade their home islands . The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes , and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip , the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further . Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target , the proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing , and would eventually see the introduction of a purpose - built , air - launched rocket - powered suicide aircraft design in small numbers to accomplish such missions against U.S. Navy ships . Japan 's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945 . Toward the end of the war , the Japanese press encouraged civilians to emulate the kamikaze pilots who willingly gave their lives to stop American naval forces . Civilians were told that the reward for such behavior was enshrinement as a warrior - god and spiritual protection in the afterlife . Expecting increased resistance , including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded , the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war , hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary . Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The air attacks on Japan had crippled her ability to wage war but the Japanese had not surrendered . On July 26 , 1945 , United States President Harry S. Truman , United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Chairman of the Chinese Nationalist Government Chiang Kai - shek issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference . This ultimatum stated if Japan did not surrender , she would face `` prompt and utter destruction . '' The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum ( Mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) , and vowed to continue resisting an anticipated Allied invasion of Japan . On August 6 , 1945 , the `` Little Boy '' enriched uranium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima , followed on August 9 by the detonation of the `` Fat Man '' plutonium core atomic bomb over Nagasaki . Both cities were destroyed with enormous loss of life and psychological shock . On August 15 , Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan , stating : `` Moreover , the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb , the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable , taking the toll of many innocent lives . Should We continue to fight , it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are We to save the millions of Our subjects ; or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors ? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers . '' Europe , 1939 -- 1941 ( edit ) The Luftwaffe gained significant combat experience in the Spanish Civil War , where it was used to provide close air support for infantry units . The success of the Luftwaffe 's Ju - 87 Stuka dive bombers in the blitzkriegs that shattered Poland in 1939 and France in 1940 , gave Berlin inordinate confidence in its air force . Military professionals could not ignore the effectiveness of the Stuka , but also observed that France and Poland had minimal effective air defence . Outside Britain , the idea of an integrated air defence system had not emerged ; most militaries had a conflict between the advocates of anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft for defence , not recognizing that they could be complementary , when under a common system of command and control ; a system that had a common operational picture of the battle in progress . Invasion of Poland ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Poland Luftwaffe aircraft closely supported the advance of the Army mechanized units , most notably with dive bombers , but also with light observation aircraft , such as Fieseler Storch , that rapidly corrected the aim of artillery , and gave commanders a literal overview of the battle . Allied analysts noted that Poland lacked an effective air defence , and was trying to protect too large an area . France and the low countries ; Dunkirk ( edit ) German air - ground coordination was also evident in the 1940 German campaign in the Low Countries and France . The continental air defences were not well organized . The Germans deployed among others the tri-motor Ju 52 transport for airborne troops in the attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 . The first large - scale air attack with paratroops in history subsequently occurred during the Battle for The Hague . No fewer than 295 Ju 52s were lost in that venture and in other parts of the country , due to varying circumstances , among which were accurate and effective Dutch anti-aircraft defences and German mistakes in using soggy airfields not able to support the heavy aircraft . Thus , almost an entire year 's production was lost in the Netherlands . These losses were never surpassed in any air battle in history . The lack of sufficient numbers of aircraft most probably heavily influenced the decision not to invade England following the Battle of Britain . In total , the Nazis lost over 2,000 planes in the continuous air war over the Netherlands . This high number can also be attributed to the main Allied air lanes into Germany , that led directly over the Netherlands . Altogether , over 5,000 aircraft were lost over the Netherlands ( Allied and Nazi ) , and over 20,000 crew lost their lives in these mishaps . Most of these crew were buried locally , so that the Netherlands has some 600 places where Allied and Nazi airmen are buried . This makes the country the densest burial place for air crew in all of Europe . Losses over the Netherlands 1939 -- 1945 Allied -- Nazi Fighters 1,273 -- 1,175 Bombers 2,164 -- 454 Sea planes ; recce 88 -- 85 Transports 132 -- 286 * TOTAL ( incl . misc . ) 3,667 -- 2,017 ( total 5.684 ) . ( * : 274 of these on May 10 , 1940 ) While German aircraft inflicted heavy losses at the Battle of Dunkirk , and soldiers awaiting evacuation , while under attack , bitterly asked `` Where was the Royal Air Force ? '' , the RAF had been operating more effectively than other air defences in the field , meeting the German attacks before they reached the battlefield . Battle of Britain ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Britain and Aircraft of the Battle of Britain Air superiority or supremacy was a prerequisite to Operation Sea Lion , the planned German invasion of Britain . The Luftwaffe 's primary task was intended to be the destruction of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . The warplanes on both sides were comparable . Germany had more planes , but they used much of their fuel getting to Britain , and so had more limited time for combat . Hawker Hurricane , workhorse of the British defence in the Battle of Britain A formation of Heinkel He 111 medium bombers , the most numerous German bomber of the Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe used 1300 medium bombers guarded by 900 fighters ; they made 1500 sorties a day from bases in France , Belgium and Norway . The Germans realized their Ju - 87 Stukas and Heinkel He 111s were too vulnerable to modern British fighters . The RAF had 650 fighters , with more coming out of the factories every day . Three main fighter types were involved in the battle -- the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 E , and the British Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire . The Hurricane accounted for most of the British kills throughout the battle because it made up the majority of the RAF fighter force -- however , its kill - loss ratio was inferior to that of its counterpart the Spitfire . Of the three aircraft , the Hurricane was designed much earlier and was generally considered the least capable . Despite the high numbers of Hurricanes in the RAF at that time , the Spitfire became synonymous with the Battle of Britain and was somewhat of a symbol of resistance in the minds of the British public through the battle . The Bf 109E subtype 's short combat radius of 330 km ( 205 mi ) -- due to limited fuel capacity as designed -- prevented it from adequately `` escorting '' the Kampfgeschwader wings ' medium bombers over England , limiting it to only some ten minutes of air combat over the UK before it had to be on its way back to northern France for a safe return -- this serious deficiency was not corrected until after the major air battles over England , through September 1940 , had concluded . The Royal Air Force also had at its disposal a complex and integrated network of reporting stations and operations rooms incorporating the new innovation of Radar . Known as the Dowding system ( after Hugh Dowding , the commander of RAF fighter command during the battle and the man who ordered its implementation ) , it was the first integrated Air Defence System and is often credited with giving the RAF the ability to effectively counter German raids without the need for regular patrols by fighter aircraft , increasing the efficiency with which the RAF fighter force could operate . As such , the Dowding system is also often credited with a significant role in the overall outcome of the battle , and comparisons with the air warfare that occurred over France in the spring and early summer of 1940 , in which there was no such system and in which the allied air forces were comprehensively defeated , seem to support this . At first the Germans focused on RAF airfields and radar stations . However , when the RAF bomber forces ( quite separate from the fighter forces ) attacked Berlin , Hitler swore revenge and diverted the Luftwaffe to attacks on London . Using limited resources to attack civilians instead of airfields and radar proved a major mistake as the civilians being hit were far less critical than the airfields and radar stations that were now ignored . London was not a factory city and British aircraft production was not impeded ; indeed it went up . The last German daylight raid came on September 30 ; the Luftwaffe realized it was taking unacceptable losses and broke off the attack ; occasional blitz raids hit London and other cities from time . In all some 43,000 civilians were killed . The Luftwaffe lost 1,887 planes , the British , 1,547 . The British victory resulted from a better system that provided more concentration , better utilization of radar , and better ground control . Invasion of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Air Forces § World War II Operation Barbarossa opened in June 1941 , with striking initial German successes . In the air , many of the Soviets ' aircraft were inferior , while the disparity in pilot quality may have been even greater . The purges of military leadership during the Great Terror heavily impacted command and control in all services . At the outbreak of the war VVS ( Soviet Airforce ) had just been purged of most of its top officers and was unready , Stalin in 1939 -- 41 vetoed efforts to prepare for a war with Germany , which he believed could not happen . By 1945 Soviet annual aircraft production outstripped that of the German Reich ; 157,000 aircraft were produced . In the first few days of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 , the Luftwaffe destroyed 2000 Soviet aircraft , most of them on the ground , at a loss of only 35 aircraft . The main weakness accounting for the heavy large aircraft losses in 1941 was the lack of experienced generals , pilots and ground support crews , the destruction of many aircraft on the runways due to command failure to disperse them , and the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht ground troops , forcing the Soviet pilots on the defensive during Operation Barbarossa , while being confronted with more modern German aircraft . The Soviets relied heavily on Ilyushin Il - 2 Shturmovik ground assault aircraft -- the single most - produced military aircraft design of all time with some 36,183 examples produced , and the Yakovlev Yak - 1 fighter , the beginning of a family of fighters from Alexander S. Yakovlev 's design bureau in its many variants during the war years with just over 34,500 Yak - 1 , Yak - 3 , Yak - 7 and Yak - 9 aircraft produced in total ; each of which became the most produced aircraft series of all time in their respective classes , together accounting for about half the strength of the VVS for most of the Great Patriotic War . The Yak - 1 was a modern 1940 design and had more room for development , unlike the relatively mature design of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 , itself dating from 1935 . The Yak - 9 brought the VVS to parity with the Luftwaffe , eventually allowing it to gain the upper hand over the Luftwaffe until in 1944 , when many Luftwaffe pilots were deliberately avoiding combat . Chief Marshal of Aviation Alexander Novikov led the VVS from 1942 to the end of the war , and was credited with introducing several new innovations and weapons systems . For the last year of the war German military and civilians retreating towards Berlin were hounded by constant strafing and light bombing . In one strategic operation the Yassy - Kishinev Strategic Offensive , the 5th and 17th Air Armies and the Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation aircraft achieved a 3.3 : 1 superiority in aircraft over the Luftflotte 4 and the Royal Romanian Air Force , allowing almost complete freedom from air harassment for the ground troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts . The Luftwaffe operated from bases in Norway against the convoys to the Soviet Union . Long - range reconnaissance aircraft , circling the convoys out of their anti-aircraft artillery range , guided in attack aircraft , submarines , and surface ships . North Africa 1942 -- 43 ( edit ) See also : Operation Torch and Tunisia Campaign The Anglo - American invasion of Vichy French controlled north - west Africa was under command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower . in November , 1942 , at a time when the Luftwaffe was still strong . Air operations were split -- one force under US control and the other under British control . One of Eisenhower 's corps commanders , General Lloyd Fredendall , used his planes as a `` combat air patrol '' that circled endlessly over his front lines ready to defend against Luftwaffe attackers . Like most infantrymen , Fredendall assumed that all assets should be used to assist the ground forces . More concerned with defence than attack , Fredendall was soon replaced by George Patton . Likewise the Luftwaffe made the mistake of dividing up its air assets , and failed to gain control of the air or to cut Allied supplies . The RAF in North Africa , under General Arthur Tedder , concentrated its air power and defeated the Luftwaffe . The RAF had an excellent training program ( using bases in Canada ) , maintained very high aircrew morale , and inculcated a fighting spirit . Senior officers monitored battles by radar , and directed planes by radio to where they were most needed . The RAF 's success convinced Eisenhower that its system maximized the effectiveness of tactical air power . The point was that air power had to be consolidated at the highest level , and had to operate almost autonomously . Brigade , division and corps commanders lost control of air assets ( except for a few unarmed little `` grasshoppers ; '' observation aircraft that reported the fall of artillery shells so the gunners could correct their aim ) . With one airman in overall charge , air assets could be concentrated for maximum offensive capability , not frittered away in ineffective `` penny packets . '' Eisenhower -- a tanker in 1918 who had theorized on the best way to concentrate armor -- recognized the analogy . Split up among infantry in supporting roles tanks were wasted ; concentrated in a powerful force they could dictate the terms of battle . The fundamental assumption of air power doctrine was that the air war was just as important as the ground war . Indeed , the main function of the sea and ground forces , insisted the air enthusiasts , was to seize forward air bases . Field Manual 100 -- 20 , issued in July 1943 , became the airman 's bible for the rest of the war , and taught the doctrine of equality of air and land warfare . The idea of combined arms operations ( air , land , sea ) strongly appealed to Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur . Eisenhower invaded only after he was certain of air supremacy , and he made the establishment of forward air bases his first priority . MacArthur 's leaps reflected the same doctrine . In each theatre the senior ground command post had an attached air command post . Requests from the front lines went all the way to the top , where the air commander decided whether to act , when and how . This slowed down response time -- it might take 48 hours to arrange a strike -- and involved rejecting numerous requests from the infantry for a little help here , or a little intervention there . Operations against Allied convoys ( edit ) German air reconnaissance against North Atlantic and Russian convoys increased , with CAM fighters still the main defence . The Luftwaffe 's first major attack on the convoys began on 25 April 1942 when the 34 - ship convoy PQJ6 was attacked . PQ17 to Murmansk started with 36 ships ; only two made it through when the Admiralty , falsely thinking Germany was attacking with a battleship , ordered the convoy , and its escort , to scatter . There was no battleship , but the Luftwaffe sank one cruiser , one destroyer , two patrol boats ( 4 , 000 tons ) , and 22 merchant ships ( 139,216 tons ) . Nevertheless , most convoys did get through . 1943 ( edit ) In some areas , such as the most intense part of the Battle of the Atlantic , the Germans enjoyed fleeting success . Grueling operations wasted the Luftwaffe away on the eastern front after 1942 . In early 1943 the Allied strategic bombers were directed against U-boat pens , which were easy to reach and which represented a major strategic threat to Allied logistics . However , the pens were very solidly built -- it took 7,000 flying hours to destroy one sub there , about the same effort that it took to destroy one - third of Cologne . Japan was also still recovering from Midway . It kept producing planes but made few innovations and the quality of its new pilots deteriorated steadily . Gasoline shortages limited the training and usage of the air forces . British technical advances ( edit ) Building on their lead in radar and their experience with the Battle of the Beams , RAF Bomber Command developed a variety of devices to enable precision strategic bombing . Gee and Oboe were beam - riding blind bombing aids , while H2S was the first airborne ground - scanning radar system -- enabling improved navigation to a target and bombing at night and through cloud if necessary . These could be used in conjunction with Pathfinder bombers to guarantee accurate strikes on targets in all weathers . The de Havilland Mosquito bomber was beginning to be delivered in late 1942 , combining a useful bomb load with speed to evade German fighters , it was used to harass German air defences as well as challenging strikes such as that on a Gestapo headquarters or prisons as in Operation Jericho The RAF also developed the use of `` earthquake bombs '' to attack huge structures thought to be invulnerable to conventional bombing . Creating the largest bomb used in WW2 and a specialist squadron to deliver it , a number of critical German infrastructure assets were destroyed , such as the Möhne and Edersee Dams . The use of developments such as these contributed greatly to the success of the air bombing strategy during the remainder of the war . Mediterranean theatre ( edit ) In the Mediterranean , the Luftwaffe tried to stop the invasions of Sicily and Italy with tactical bombing . They failed because the Allied air forces systematically destroyed most of their air fields . The Germans ferociously opposed the American landing at Anzio in February , 1944 , but the Luftwaffe was outnumbered 5 to 1 and outclassed in equipment and skill that it inflicted little damage . Italian air space belonged to the Allies , and the Luftwaffe 's strategic capability was nil . The Luftwaffe threw everything it had against the Salerno beachhead , but was outgunned ten to one , and then lost the vital airfields at Foggia . Foggia became the major base of the 15th Air Force . Its 2,000 heavy bombers hit Germany from the south while the 4,000 heavies of the 8th Air Force used bases in Britain , along with 1,300 RAF heavies . While bad weather in the north often cancelled raids , sunny Italian skies allowed for more action . After that the Luftwaffe had only one success in Italy , a raid on the American port at Bari , in December 1943 . Only 30 out of 100 bombers got through , but one hit an ammunition ship which was secretly carrying a stock of mustard gas for retaliatory use should the Germans initiate the use of gas . Clouds of American mustard gas caused over 2,000 Allied and civilian casualties . 1944 -- 45 ( edit ) In early 1944 , the Allies continued to bomb Germany , while carefully attacking targets in France that could interfere with the invasion , planned for June . Destroying the Luftwaffe , 1944 ( edit ) In late 1943 the AAF suddenly realized the need to revise its basic doctrine : strategic bombing against a technologically sophisticated enemy like Germany was impossible without air supremacy . ( The B - 29 did not need escorts against Japan to the extent that the B - 17s and the B - 24s needed them over Germany . However , there were B - 29 losses due to Japanese fighter defences . This necessitated the invasion of Iwo Jima by U.S. Marines which became the forward base for P - 51 Mustangs which could then escort the B - 29s to Japan . ) General Arnold replaced Ira Eaker with Carl Spaatz and , most critically , Maj. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle , who fully appreciated the new reality . They provided fighter escorts all the way into Germany and back , and cleverly used B - 17s as bait for Luftwaffe planes , which the escorts then shot down . Doolittle 's slogan was `` The First Duty of 8th AF Fighters is to Destroy German Fighters . '' , one aspect of modern `` Offensive Counter-Air '' ( OCA ) . In one `` Big Week '' in February , 1944 , American bombers protected by hundreds of fighters , flew 3,800 sorties dropping 10,000 tons of high explosives on the main German aircraft and ball - bearing factories . The US suffered 2,600 casualties , with a loss of 137 bombers and 21 fighters . Ball bearing production was unaffected , as Nazi munitions boss Albert Speer repaired the damage in a few weeks ; he even managed to double aircraft production . Sensing the danger , Speer began dispersing production into numerous small , hidden factories . Bf 110 built to shoot down heavy Allied bombers by day , but mostly achieved success as a repurposed night fighter with Lichtenstein radar fitted . An Fw 190A arming - up with a BR 21 unguided rocket projectile By 1944 the Allies had overwhelming advantages . The Luftwaffe would have to come out and attack or see its planes destroyed at the factory . Before getting at the bombers , ideally with the twin - engined Zerstörer heavy fighters meant for such tasks , the Germans had to confront the more numerous American fighters . The heavily armed Messerschmitt Bf 110 could kill a bomber , particularly those armed with a quartet each of the BR 21 large - calibre air - to - air unguided rockets , but its slower speed made it easy prey for Thunderbolts and Mustangs . The big , slow twin - engine Junkers Ju 88 C , used for bomber destroyer duties in 1942 - 3 as the American heavy bomber offensive got under way in August 1942 , was dangerous because it could stand further off and fire its autocannon armament into the tight B - 17 formations , sometimes with the specialized Ju 88P heavy - calibre Bordkanone armed bomber destroyers attacking ; but they too were hunted down . The same fate also faced single - engined fighters carrying pairs of the BR 21 rockets each ; and the later - used , heavily autocannon - armed Sturmbock bomber destroyer models of the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A-8 that replaced the twin - engined `` destroyers '' . Germany 's severe shortage of aviation fuel had sharply curtailed the training of new pilots , and most of the instructors had been themselves sent into battle . Rookie pilots were rushed into combat after only 160 flying hours in training compared to 400 hours for the AAF , 360 for the RAF and 120 for the Japanese . The low quality German pilots of this late stage in the war never had a chance against more numerous , better trained Allied pilots . The Germans began losing one thousand planes a month on the western front ( and another 400 on the eastern front ) . Realizing that the best way to defeat the Luftwaffe was not to stick close to the bombers but to aggressively seek out the enemy , by March 1944 Doolittle had ordered the Mustangs to `` go hunting for Jerries . Flush them out in the air and beat them up on the ground on the way home . '' , as Mustangs were now ordered to fly in massive `` fighter sweeps '' well ahead of the American combat box heavy bomber formations , as a determined form of air supremacy effort , clearing the skies well ahead of the bombers of any presence of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdflieger fighter pilots . By early 1944 , with the Zerstörergeschwader - flown heavy Bf 110G and Me 410A Hornisse twin - engined fighters being decimated by the Mustangs whenever they appeared , direct attack against the bombers was carried out instead by the Luftwaffe 's so - named Gefechtsverband formations with heavily armed Fw 190As being escorted by Bf 109Gs as high - altitude escorts for the autocannon - armed 190As when flying against the USAAF 's combat box formations . However , Doolittle 's new air supremacy strategy fatally disabled virtually any and all of the Luftwaffe 's defensive efforts throughout 1944 . On one occasion German air controllers identified a large force of approaching B - 17s , and sent all the Luftwaffe 's 750 fighters to attack . The bogeys were all Mustangs flying well ahead of the American bombers ' combat boxes , which shot down 98 interceptors while losing 11 . The actual B - 17s were well behind the Mustangs , and completed their mission without a loss . In February , 1944 , the Luftwaffe lost 33 % of its frontline fighters and 18 % of its pilots ; the next month it lost 56 % of its fighters and 22 % of the pilots . April was just as bad , 43 % and 20 % , and May was worst of all , at 50 % and 25 % . German factories continued to produce many new planes , and inexperienced new pilots did report for duty ; but their life expectancy was down to a few combat sorties . Increasingly the Luftwaffe went into hiding ; with losses down to 1 % per mission , the bombers now got through . By April , 1944 , Luftwaffe tactical air power had vanished , and Eisenhower decided he could go ahead with the invasion of Normandy . He guaranteed the invaders that `` if you see fighting aircraft over you , they will be ours . '' Normandy ( edit ) As the Luftwaffe disintegrated in 1944 , escorting became less necessary and fighters were increasingly assigned to tactical ground - attack missions , along with the medium bombers . To avoid the lethal fast - firing German quadruple 20mm flak guns , pilots came in fast and low ( under enemy radar ) , made a quick run , then disappeared before the gunners could respond . The main missions were to keep the Luftwaffe suppressed by shooting up airstrips , and to interdict the movement of munitions , oil and troops by attacking at railway bridges and tunnels , oil tank farms , canal barges , trucks and moving trains . Occasionally a choice target was discovered through intelligence . Three days after D - Day , Ultra intelligence pinpointed the location of Panzer Group West headquarters . A quick raid by British aircraft destroyed its radio gear and killed many key officers , ruining the Germans ' ability to coordinate a panzer counterattack against the beachheads . On D - Day itself , Allied aircraft flew 14,000 sorties , while the Luftwaffe managed a mere 260 , mostly in defence of its own battered airfields . In the two weeks after D - Day , the Luftwaffe lost 600 of the 800 planes it kept in France . From April through August , 1944 , both the AAF 's and the RAF 's strategic bombers were placed under Eisenhower 's direction , where they were used tactically to support the invasion . Airmen protested vigorously against this subordination of the air war to the land campaign , but Eisenhower forced the issue and used the bombers to simultaneously strangle Germany 's supply system , burn out its oil refineries , and destroy its warplanes . With this accomplished , Eisenhower relinquished control of the bombers in September . In Europe in summer 1944 the AAF started operating out of bases in France . It had about 1,300 light bomber crews and 4,500 fighter pilots . They claimed destruction of 86,000 railroad cars , 9,000 locomotives , 68,000 trucks , and 6,000 tanks and armored artillery pieces . P - 47 Thunderbolts alone dropped 120,000 tons of bombs and thousands of tanks of napalm , fired 135 million bullets and 60,000 rockets , and claimed 3,916 enemy planes destroyed . Beyond the destruction itself , the appearance of unopposed Allied fighter - bombers ruined morale , as privates and generals alike dived for the ditches . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel , for example , was seriously wounded in July , 1944 , when he dared to ride around France in the daytime . The commander of the elite 2nd Panzer Division fulminated : `` They have complete mastery of the air . They bomb and strafe every movement , even single vehicles and individuals . They reconnoiter our area constantly and direct their artillery fire ... The feeling of helplessness against enemy aircraft has a paralyzing effect , and during the bombing barrage the effect on inexperienced troops is literally ' soul - shattering . ' '' Battle of the Bulge ( edit ) At the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 , the Allies were caught by surprise by a large scale German offensive . In the first days bad weather grounded all planes . When the skies cleared , 52,000 AAF and 12,000 RAF sorties against German positions and supply lines immediately doomed Hitler 's last offensive . General George Patton said the cooperation of XIX TAC Air Force was `` the best example of the combined use of air and ground troops that I ever witnessed . '' Strategic operations ( edit ) An around - the - clock campaign attacked Germany , with British bombers at night and U.S. aircraft during the day . The aircraft , tactics , and doctrines were different ; there is argument how complementary they were in achieving strategic effect . The Luftwaffe reached maximum size of 1.9 million airmen in 1942 . Grueling operations wasted it away on the Eastern Front after 1942 . It lost most of its fighter aircraft to Mustangs in 1944 while trying to defend against massive American and British air raids , and many of the men were sent to the infantry . The Luftwaffe in 1944 -- 45 concentrated on anti-aircraft defences , especially the flak batteries that surrounded all major German cities and war plants . They consumed a large fraction of all German munitions production in the last year of the war . The flak units employed hundreds of thousands of women , who engaged in combat against the Allied bombers . The jet - powered German Messerschmitt Me - 262 Schwalbe far outclassed the best allied piston engined fighters on an individual basis . However , its protracted development history ( including such factors as , a substantial cutback in funding jet engine research during the critical 1941 -- 42 development period , Germany 's lack of access to certain exotic raw materials necessary to produce durable jet engines , allied strategic bombing of jet engine production lines , and Hitler personally ordering design modifications to make the aircraft functional as a fighter - bomber ) ensured that the Me - 262 was delayed and produced too late and in too small numbers to stem the Allied tide . The Germans also developed air - to - surface missiles ( Fritz X , Hs 293 , ) surface - to - air missiles ( Wasserfall , ) cruise missiles ( V - 1 ) and ballistic missiles ( V - 2 , ) and other advanced technologies of air warfare , to little strategic effect . Captured examples of these weapons , and especially of their designers , contributed to Allied and Soviet military technologies of the Cold War , and also of the space race . Destroying Germany 's oil and transportation ( edit ) See also : Oil Campaign of World War II and Transport Plan Besides knocking out the Luftwaffe , the second most striking achievement of the strategic bombing campaign was the destruction of the German oil supply . Oil was essential for U-boats and tanks , while very high quality aviation gasoline was essential for piston engined aircraft . Germany had few wells , and depended on imports from Russia ( before 1941 ) and Nazi ally Romania , and on synthetic oil plants that used chemical processes to turn coal into oil . Heedless of the risk of Allied bombing , the Germans had carelessly concentrated 80 % of synthetic oil production in just 20 plants . These became a top priority for the AAF and RAF in 1944 , and were targets for 210,000 tons of bombs . The oil plants were very hard to hit , but also hard to repair . As graph # 1 shows , the bombings dried up the oil supply in the summer of 1944 . An extreme oil emergency followed , which grew worse month by month . The third notable achievement of the bombing campaign was the degradation of the German transportation system -- its railroads and canals ( there was little road traffic . ) In the two months before and after D - Day , American B - 24 Liberators , B - 17 Flying Fortresses and British heavy bombers such as the Lancasters hammered away at the French railroad system . Underground Resistance fighters sabotaged some 350 locomotives and 15,000 freight cars every month . Critical bridges and tunnels were cut by bombing or sabotage . Berlin responded by sending in 60,000 German railway workers , but even they took two or three days to reopen a line after heavy raids on switching yards . The system deteriorated quickly , and it proved incapable of carrying reinforcements and supplies to oppose the Normandy invasion . To that extent the assignment of strategic bombers to the tactical job of interdiction was successful . When Bomber Command hit German cities , it inevitably hit some railroad yards . The AAF made railroad yards a high priority , and gave considerable attention as well to bridges , moving trains , ferries , and other choke points . The `` transportation policy '' of targeting the railroad system came in for intense debate among Allied strategists . It was argued that enemy had the densest and best operated railway system in the world , and one with a great deal of slack . The Nazis systematically looted rolling stock from conquered nations , so they always had plenty of locomotives and freight cars . Furthermore , most traffic was `` civilian , '' and urgent troop train traffic would always get through . The critics exaggerated the resilience of the German system . As wave after wave of bombers blasted away , repairs took longer and longer . Delays became longer and more frustrating . The troop trains usually got through , but the `` civilian '' traffic that did not get through comprised food , uniforms , medical equipment , horses , fodder , tanks , fuel , howitzers , flak shells and machine guns for the front lines , and coal , steel , spare parts , subassemblies , and critical components for munitions factories . By January , 1945 , the transportation system was cracking in dozens of places , and front - line units had more luck trying to capture Allied weapons than waiting for fresh supplies of their own . Effect of the strategic bombing ( edit ) Play media US Air Force photographs the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945 Germany and Japan were burned out and lost the war in large part because of strategic bombing . Targeting became more accurate in 1944 , but the solution to inaccurate bombs was using more of them . The AAF dropped 3.5 million bombs ( 500,000 tons ) against Japan , and 8 million ( 1.6 million tons ) against Germany . The RAF expended about the same tonnage against Germany . US Navy and Marine bombs against Japan are not included , nor are the two atomic bombs . Typical bomb damage in Hamburg , Germany 1945 The cost of the US tactical and strategic air war against Germany was 18,400 aircraft lost in combat , 51,000 dead , 30,000 POWs , and 13,000 wounded . Against Japan , the AAF lost 4,500 planes , 16,000 dead , 6,000 POWs , and 5,000 wounded ; Marine Aviation lost 1,600 killed , 1,100 wounded . Naval aviation lost several thousand dead . One fourth of the German war economy was neutralized because of direct bomb damage , the resulting delays , shortages and roundabout solutions , and the spending on anti-aircraft , civil defence , repair , and removal of factories to safer locations . The raids were so large and often repeated that in city after city , the repair system broke down . The bombing prevented the full mobilization of German economic potential . Planning minister Albert Speer and his staff were effective in improvising solutions and work - arounds , but their challenge became more difficult every week as one backup system after another broke down . By March 1945 , most of Germany 's factories , railroads , and telephones had stopped working ; troops , tanks , trains , and trucks were immobilized . About 25,000 civilians died at Dresden Feb. 13 -- 14 , where a firestorm erupted . Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities . Results of the Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo Joseph Goebbels , Hitler 's propaganda minister , was disconsolate when his beautiful ministry buildings were totally burned out : `` The air war has now turned into a crazy orgy . We are totally defenceless against it . The Reich will gradually be turned into a complete desert . '' The Dresden raid was to be dwarfed by what was to hit Japan starting less than a month later -- as initiated by General Curtis E. LeMay , a series of firebombing raids , launched with the first attack by some 334 American B - 29 Superfortress heavy bombers on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , burned out some 16 square miles ( 41 km . ) of the capital city of Japan and turned out to be the single most destructive bombing raid in all of aviation history , even greater in initial loss of life ( at 100,000 lives lost at minimum , and up to 1.5 million people homeless ) than the August 6 & 9 atomic raids , each taken as single events . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Battle of Britain Battle of the Atlantic Military production during World War II Strategic bombing during World War II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The British and American jets were in the development stage when the war ended . Jump up ^ Jet engines ran on cheap kerosene , and rockets used plain alcohol ; the railroad system used coal , which was in abundant supply . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` World War II , air war '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution / Share - Alike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Air warfare of World War II '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . Jump up ^ R.J. Overy , The Air War : 1939 -- 1945 ( 1980 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Shiner , John F. ( January -- February 1986 ) , `` Reflections on Douhet : the classic approach '' , Air University Review Jump up ^ Stephen Lee McFarland , America 's pursuit of precision bombing , 1910 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) p 68 Jump up ^ Williamson Murray , Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. 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The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Craven and Cate , The Army Air Forces in World War II : v. 2 . Europe : Torch to Pointblank ( 1949 ) pp 205 -- 6 Jump up ^ Max Hastings , The Second World War : A World in Flames ( 2004 ) p 131 Jump up ^ Manfred Griehl , Fighters Over Russia ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Webster & Franklin , 4 : 24 Jump up ^ George Southern , Poisonous inferno : World War II tragedy at Bari Harbour ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Craven & Cate , 3 : 43 -- 6 Jump up ^ Horst Boog , ed . Germany and the Second World War : Volume VII : The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 -- 1944 / 5 ( 2006 ) pp 159 -- 256 Jump up ^ Murray , Strategy for Defeat p 308 -- 9 Jump up ^ Stephen L. McFarland and Wesley Phillips Newton , To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 2006 ) p. 160 Jump up ^ Craven and Cate 3 : 664 Jump up ^ McFarland and Newton , To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 2006 ) p. 239 Jump up ^ Murray , Luftwaffe 183 , 207 , 211 ; Craven & Cate , 3 : 47 Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 3 : 227 , 235 Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 3 : 272 Jump up ^ British Air Ministry , Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1948 ) Jump up ^ Edward B. Westermann , Flak : German Anti-Aircraft defences , 1914 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) pp 257 -- 84 Jump up ^ Overy , Air War p 121 Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , `` Women in Combat : The World War Two Experience in the United States , Great Britain , Germany , and the Soviet Union , '' Journal of Military History ( April 1993 ) , 57 : 301 -- 323 online Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won ( 1997 ) pp 2 , 20 Jump up ^ Office of Statistical Control , Army Air Forces Statistical Digest : World War II ( 1945 ) table 34 online Jump up ^ R.J. Overy , The Air War : 1939 -- 1945 ( 1980 ) p 122 -- 25 Jump up ^ Albert Speer , Inside the Third Reich : Memoirs ( 1970 ) pp 278 -- 91 Jump up ^ Mark Clodfelter , Beneficial Bombing : The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power , 1917 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) pp. 148 , 174 , 178 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 -- 1945 ( 2014 ) pp 306 -- 7 Jump up ^ Hugh Trevor - Roper , ed . Final entries , 1945 : the diaries of Joseph Goebbels ( 1978 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . www.wired.com . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Boog , Horst , ed . The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War : An International Comparison ( 1992 ) Overy , Richard J. The Air War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1981 ) , Murray , Williamson . Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) , `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , online edition Golberg , Alfred ed . A History of the United States Air Force , 1907 -- 1957 ( 1957 ) Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) Further reading ( edit ) Based on Citizendium bibliography Ehlers , Robert S. Jr . The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) Werrell , Kenneth P . `` The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II : Costs and Accomplishments , '' Journal of American History 73 ( 1986 ) 702 -- 713 in JSTOR By country ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Futtrel , Robert Frank . Ideas , Concepts , Doctrines : Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force , 1907 -- 1960 ( 1989 ) influential overview online edition Official Guide to the Army Air Forces ( 1944 ) , reprinted as AAF : A Directory , Almanac and Chronicle of Achievement ( 1988 ) Great Britain ( edit ) Fisher , David E , A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar , and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain ( 2005 ) Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain ( 1989 ) 480 pp Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality ( 2001 ) 192 pages Richards , Dennis , et al. Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 : The Fight at Odds -- Vol. 1 ( HMSO 1953 ) , official history ; vol 3 online edition Terraine , John . A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1969 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wood , Derek , and Derek D. Dempster . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930 -- 40 ( 1975 ) Germany ( edit ) British Air Ministry . Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1948 , reprint 1969 ) , excellent official history ; reprint has introduction by H.A. Probert , who was not the author Fritzsche , Peter . `` Machine Dreams : Airmindedness and the Reinvention of Germany . '' American Historical Review , 98 ( June 1993 ) : 685 -- 710 . Air warfare was seen as a growing threat to Germany , and it became a means of national mobilization and redemption . Nazi Germany believed that air warfare would allow the country to rebuild itself in a racial compact . During World War II , air warfare became a means for rejuvenating authority domestically and increasing imperial influence abroad . Galland , Adolf . The First and the Last : German Fighter Forces in World War II ( 1955 ) Murray , Williamson . Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) , standard history `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Overy , Richard . Goering ( 1984 ) Wagner , Ray and Nowarra , Heinz . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York : Doubleday ( 1971 ) Wilt , Alan F. ( Alan F. Wilt ) War from the Top : German and British Military Decision Making During World War II ( 1990 ) Overy R.J. `` The German Pre-War Aircraft Production Plans : November 1936 -- April 1939 , '' The English Historical Review Vol. 90 , No. 357 ( Oct. , 1975 ) , pp. 778 -- 797 in JSTOR Japan ( edit ) Coox , Alvin D . `` The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Air Forces , '' in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 84 -- 97 . Inoguchi , Rikihei and Tadashi Nakajima , The Divine Wind : Japan 's Kamikaze Force in World War II ( 1958 ) Ussr ( edit ) Bhuvasorakul , Jessica Leigh . `` Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women 's Air Regiments During World War II . '' ( 2004 ) . online Gordon , Yefim . Soviet Air Power in World War 2 ( 2008 ) Hardesty , Von . `` Out of the Blue : The Forgotten Story of the Soviet Air Force in World War II . '' Historically Speaking ( 2012 ) 13 # 4 pp : 23 -- 25 . historiography Hardesty , Von , and V. Hardesty . Red Phoenix : The Rise of Soviet Air Power , 1941 -- 1945 ( Smithsonian Institution Press , 1982 ) Kipp , Jacob W. `` Barbarossa , Soviet covering forces and the initial period of war : Military history and AirLand battle . '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 1988 ) 1 # 2 pp : 188 -- 212 . Sterrett , James . Soviet Air Force Theory , 1918 -- 1945 ( Routledge , 2007 ) Wagner , Ray , ed . Soviet Air Force in World War II : The Official History ( 1973 ) Whiting , Kenneth R. `` Soviet Air Power in World War II , '' in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 98 -- 127 Airmen ( edit ) Bhuvasorakul , Jessica Leigh . `` Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women 's Air Regiments During World War II . '' ( 2004 ) . online Byrd , Martha . Chennault : Giving Wings to the Tiger ( 1987 ) 451 pp. , the standard biography Ford , Daniel . Flying Tigers : Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group ( 1991 ) . Caine , Philip D. American Pilots in the RAF : The WWII Eagle Squadrons ( 1993 ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes ; vol 7 . Services Around the World ( including medical , engineering , WAC ) online edition Davis , Benjamin O. Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , American : An Autobiography. ( 1991 ) , prominent black flier Dunn , William R. Fighter Pilot : The First American Ace of World War II ( 1982 ) Francis , Charles E. , and Adolph Caso . The Tuskegee Airmen : The Men Who Changed a Nation ( 1997 ) online excerpt ; African American airmen who fought in Europe Francis , Martin . The Flyer : British Culture and the Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) , culture and ideology of flying Freeman , Roger . The American Airman in Europe ( 1992 ) Freeman , Roger . The British Airman ( 1989 ) Hawkins , Ian ed . B - 17s Over Berlin : Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group ( H ) ( 1990 ) Link , Mae Mills and Hubert A. Coleman . Medical Support of the Army Air Forces in World War II ( GPO , 1955 ) McGovern , James R. Black Eagle : General Daniel `` Chappie '' James , Jr. ( 1985 ) , leading black pilot . Miller , Donald L. Masters of the Air : America 's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany ( 2006 ) excerpt Morrison , Wilbur H. Point of No Return : The Story of the 20th Air Force ( 1979 ) Nanney , James S. Army Air Forces Medical Services in World War II ( 1998 ) online edition Newby , Leroy W. Target Ploesti : View from a Bombsight ( 1983 ) Nichol , John . Tail - End Charlies : The Last Battles of the Bomber War , 1944 -- 45 ( 2006 ) Osur , Alan M. Blacks in the Army Air Forces during World War II : The Problem of Race Relations ( 1986 ) online edition Commanders ( edit ) Air commanders : American ( edit ) Byrd , Martha. Chennault : Giving Wings to the Tiger ( 1987 ) 451 pp . Davis , Richard G. Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe ( 1993 ) Frisbee , John L. ed . Makers of the United States Air Force ( USAF , 1987 ) , short biographies Kenney , George C. General Kenney Reports : A Personal History of the Pacific War ( 1949 ) , primary source Leary , William ed . We Shall Return ! MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1988 ) LeMay , Curtis . Mission with LeMay ( 1965 ) , autobiography , primary source Meilinger , Phillip S. Hoyt S. Vandenberg : The Life of a General ( 1989 ) Mets , David R. Master of Airpower : General Carl A. Spaatz ( 1988 ) Hap Arnold and stimson ( edit ) Arnold , Henry H. Global Mission ( 1949 ) , autobiography . Bonnett , John . `` Jekyll and Hyde : Henry L. Stimson , Mentalite , and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan . '' War in History 1997 4 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 212 . ISSN 0968 - 3445 Fulltext : Ebsco Coffey , Thomas . Hap : General of the Air Force Henry Arnold ( 1982 ) Davis , Richard G. HAP : Henry H. Arnold , Military Aviator ( 1997 ) 38 pp online edition Huston , John W . `` The Wartime Leadership of ' Hap ' Arnold . '' In Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 168 -- 85 . Huston , John W. , American Airpower Comes of Age : Gen Henry H. Arnold 's World War II Diaries , ( 2002 ) , primary source ; `` vol. 1 online '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Larrabee , Eric . Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 1987 ) , chapters on Arnold and LeMay . Malloy , Sean L. Atomic Tragedy : Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan ( 2008 ) Air Commanders : Other ( edit ) Messenger , Charles . Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . Goering ( 1984 ) Technology : jets , rockets , radar , proximity fuze ( edit ) Baumann , Ansbert . `` Evakuierung des Wissens . Die Verlagerung luftkriegsrelevanter Forschungsinstitute nach Oberschwaben 1943 -- 1945 . '' Zeitschrift für württembergische Landesgeschichte , 67 ( 2008 ) : 461 -- 496 . Baxter , James Phinney . Scientists Against Time ( 1946 ) Brown , Louis . A Radar History of World War II : Technical and Military Imperatives ( 1999 ) online excerpt Constant II , Edward W . The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution ( 1980 ) Longmate , Norman . Hitler 's Rockets : The Story of the V - 2s ( 1985 ) . Moye , William T. `` Developing the Proximity Fuze , and Its Legacy ( 2003 ) online version Neufeld , Michael J. `` Hitler , the V - 2 , and the Battle for Priority , 1939 -- 1943 . '' The Journal of Military History , 57 ( July 1993 ) : 5 -- 38 . in JSTOR Neufeld , Michael J. The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era ( 1995 ) Swords , Seán S. Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar ( 1986 ) Tactical aircraft , weapons , tactics & combat ( edit ) Batchelor , John and Bryan Cooper . Fighter : A History of Fighter Aircraft ( 1973 ) Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ed . Close Air Support ( 1990 ) GPO Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes online edition Francillon , R. J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War ( 1970 ) Gruen , Adam L. Preemptive defence : Allied Air Power Versus Hitler 's V - Weapons , 1943 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) online edition Hallion , Richard P. D Day 1944 : Air Power Over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond ( 1998 ) online edition Hallion , Richard P. Strike From the Sky : The History of Battlefield Air Attack , 1911 -- 1945 ( 1989 ) Hogg , I.V. Anti-Aircraft : A History of Air Defence ( 1978 ) Jane 's Fighting Aircraft of World War II ( 1989 ) Lundstrom , John B . The First Team : Pacific Naval Air Combat From Pearl Harbor to Midway ( 1984 ) McFarland , Stephen L. and Wesley Phillips Newton . To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 1991 ) Mikesh , Robert C. Broken Wings of the Samurai : the Destruction of the Japanese Airforce ( 1993 ) Mixon , Franklin G. `` Estimating Learning Curves in Economics : Evidence from Aerial Combat over the Third Reich . '' KYKLOS 46 ( Fall 1993 ) 411 -- 19 . Germans learned faster ( if they survived ) Mortensen . Daniel R. ed . Airpower and Ground Armies : Essays on the Evolution of Anglo - American Air Doctrine , 1940 -- 1943 , ( 1998 ) `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Okumiya , Masatake and Jiro Horikoshi , with Martin Caidin , Zero ! ( 1956 ) Schlaifer , Robert . Development of Aircraft Engines ( 1950 ) Sherrod , Robert . History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1952 ) Spire , David N. Air Power for Patton 's Army : The 19th Tactical Air Command in the Second World War ( 2002 ) online edition Warnock , A. Timothy . Air Power versus U-boats : Confronting Hitler 's Submarine Menace in the European theatre ( 1999 ) online edition Werrell , Kenneth P. Archie , Flak , AAA , and SAM : A Short Operational History of Ground - Based Air defence ( GPO 1988 ) `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Strategic bombing ( edit ) Atomic bomb & surrender of Japan ( edit ) Allen , Thomas B. and Norman Polmar . Code - Name Downfall : The Secret Plan to Invade Japan - And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb ( 1995 ) Bernstein , Barton . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking About Tactical Nuclear Weapons , '' International Security ( Spring 1991 ) 149 -- 173 in JSTOR Bernstein , Barton F. `` The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered . '' Foreign Affairs , 74 ( Jan -- Feb 1995 ) 135 -- 52 . Feis , Herbert . Japan Subdued : The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific ( 1961 ) Gordin , Michael D. Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War ( 2007 ) 209 pages excerpt and text search Holley , I.B. ed . Hiroshima After Forty Years ( 1992 ) Jones , Vincent C. Manhattan : The Army and the Bomb ( GPO , 1985 ) , official construction history Libby , Justin . `` The Search for a Negotiated Peace : Japanese Diplomats Attempt to Surrender Japan Prior to the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . '' World Affairs , 156 ( Summer 1993 ) : 35 -- 45 . Miles , Rufus E. Jr . `` Hiroshima : The Strange Myth of a Half Million American Lives Saved '' International Security 10 ( Fall 1985 ) : 121 -- 40 . Pape , Robert A. `` Why Japan Surrendered . '' International Security 18 ( Fall 1993 ) : 154 -- 201 in JSTOR Rhodes , Richard . The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1986 ) , good overview excerpt and text search Rotter , Andrew J. Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Skates , John . The Invasion of Japan ( 1994 ) , excellent military history of the greatest non-battle of all time VanderMuelen , Jacob . `` Planning for V-J Day by the U.S. Army Air Forces and the Atomic Bomb Controversy . '' Journal of Strategic Studies 16 ( June 1993 ) , 227 -- 39 . AAF did not expect quick surrender ; bomb was military use Walker , J. Samuel . `` The Decision to Drop the Bomb : A Historiographical Update , '' Diplomatic History 14 ( 1990 ) 97 -- 114 . Especially useful . Walker , J. Samuel . Prompt and Utter Destruction : Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan ( 2004 ) online excerpt Ethics & civilians ( edit ) Childers , Thomas . `` ' Facilis descensus averni est ' : The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering , '' Central European History Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( 2005 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 in JSTOR Crane , Conrad C. Bombs , Cities and Civilians : American Airpower Strategy in World War II ( 1993 ) Crane , Conrad C. `` Evolution of U.S. Strategic Bombing of Urban Areas , '' Historian 50 ( Nov 1987 ) 14 -- 39 , defends AAF Davis , Richard G. `` Operation ' Thunderclap ' : The US Army Air Forces and the Bombing of Berlin . '' Journal of Strategic Studies ( March 1991 ) 14 : 90 -- 111 . Garrett , Stephen A. , Ethics and Airpower in World War II : The British Bombing of German Cities ( 1993 ) Havens , Thomas R.H. Valley of Darkness : The Japanese People and World War Two ( 1978 ) Hopkins , George F. `` Bombing and the American Conscience During World War II , '' The Historian 28 ( May 1966 ) : 451 -- 73 Lammers , Stephen E. `` William Temple and the bombing of Germany : an Exploration in the Just War Tradition . '' The Journal of Religious Ethics , 19 ( Spring 1991 ) : 71 -- 93 . Explains how the Archbishop of Canterbury justified strategic bombing . Markusen , Eric , and David Kopf . The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing : Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century ( 1995 ) Overy , Richard . The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 -- 1945 ( 2014 ) covers strategic bombing by and upon all major countries excerpt and text search Schaffer , Ronald . `` American Military Ethics in World War II : The Bombing of German Civilians , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1980 ) 318 -- 34 in JSTOR Schaffer , Ronald . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II ( 1985 ) Spaight , J. M. Air Power and War Rights ( 1947 ) , legal Speer , Alfred . Inside the Third Reich ( 1970 ) , memoir of top Nazi economic planner Walzer , Michael . Just and Unjust Wars : A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations ( 1977 ) , philosophical approach Strategic bombing : doctrine ( edit ) Boog , Horst . ed . The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War ( 1992 ) Clodfelter , Mark . `` Aiming to Break Will : America 's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications , '' Journal of Strategic Studies , June 2010 , Vol. 33 Issue 3 , pp 401 -- 435 Davis , Richard G. `` Bombing Strategy Shifts , 1944 -- 45 , '' Air Power History 39 ( 1989 ) 33 -- 45 Griffith , Charles . The quest Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II ( 1999 ) online edition Hansell , Jr. , Haywood S. Air Plan That Defeated Hitler ( 1980 ) online version Kennett , Lee B. A History of Strategic Bombing ( 1982 ) Koch , H.W. `` The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany : the Early Phase , May -- September 1940 . '' The Historical Journal , 34 ( March 1991 ) pp 117 -- 41 . online at JSTOR Levine , Alan J. The Strategic Bombing of Germany , 1940 -- 1945 ( 1992 ) online edition MacIsaac , David . Strategic Bombing in World War Two ( 1976 ) McFarland , Stephen L. `` The Evolution of the American Strategic Fighter in Europe , 1942 -- 44 , '' Journal of Strategic Studies 10 ( 1987 ) 189 -- 208 Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy . Richard . `` The Means to Victory : Bombs and Bombing '' in Overy , Why the Allies Won ( 1995 ) , pp 101 -- 33 Sherry , Michael . The Rise of American Air Power : The Creation of Armageddon ( 1987 ) , important study 1930s -- 1960s Smith , Malcolm . `` The Allied Air Offensive , '' Journal of Strategic Studies 13 ( Mar 1990 ) 67 -- 83 Sterrett , James . Soviet Air Force Theory , 1918 -- 1945 ( Routledge , 2007 ) Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1968 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wells , Mark K. Courage and air warfare : the Allied aircrew experience in the Second World War ( 1995 ) Werrell , Kenneth P . `` The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II : Costs and Accomplishments , '' Journal of American History 73 ( 1986 ) 702 -- 713 ; good place to start . in JSTOR Werrell , Kenneth P. Death From the Heavens : A History of Strategic Bombing ( 2009 ) Strategic bombing : aircraft and target ( edit ) Beck , Earl R. Under the Bombs : The German Home Front , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1986 ) Berger , Carl . B - 29 : The Superfortress ( 1970 ) Bond , Horatio , ed . Fire and the Air War ( 1974 ) Boog , Horst , ed . Germany and the Second World War : Volume VII : The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 -- 1944 / 5 ( Oxford UP , 2006 ) , 928pp official German history vol 7 excerpt and text search ; online edition Charman , T.C. The German Home Front , 1939 -- 45 ( 1989 ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes online edition Cross , Robin . The Bombers : The Illustrated Story of Offensive Strategy and Tactics in the Twentieth Century ( 1987 ) Daniels , Gordon ed . A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( 1981 ) Davis , Richard G. Bombing the European Axis Powers : A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2006 ) `` online edition '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Edoin , Hoito . The Night Tokyo Burned : The Incendiary Campaign against Japan ( 1988 ) , Japanese viewpoint Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) , says AAF was more effective than RAF Hastings , Max . Bomber Command ( 1979 ) Haulman , Daniel L. Hitting Home : The Air Offensive Against Japan , ( 1998 ) online edition Hecks , Karl . Bombing 1939 -- 45 : The Air Offensive Against Land Targets in World War Two ( 1990 ) Jablonsky , Edward . Flying Fortress ( 1965 ) Jane 's Fighting Aircraft of World War II ( 1989 ) , reprint of 1945 edition Johnsen , Frederick A. B - 17 Flying Fortress : The Symbol of Second World War Air Power ( 2000 ) excerpt MacIsaac , David , ed . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( 10 v , 1976 ) reprints of some reports Madej , Victor . ed . German war economy : the motorization myth ( 1984 ) ( based on v. 64a , 77 , and 113 of the U.S. Strategic Bombing reports on oil and chemical industry . ) Madej , Victor . ed . The War machine : German weapons and manpower , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) Middlebrook , Martin . The Schweinfurt - Regensburg Mission : American Raids on 17 August 1943 ( 1983 ) Mierzejewski , Alfred C. The Collapse of the German War Economy , 1944 -- 1945 : Allied Air Power and the German National Railway ( 1988 ) Pape , Robert A. Punishment and Denial : The Coercive Use of Air Power ( 1995 ) Ralph , William W. `` Improvised Destruction : Arnold , LeMay , and the Firebombing of Japan , '' War in History , Vol. 13 , No. 4 , 495 -- 522 ( 2006 ) online at Sage Read , Anthony , and David Fisher . The Fall of Berlin ( 1993 ) Searle , Thomas R. `` ' It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers ' : The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945 '' The Journal of Military History , Vol. 66 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2002 ) , pp. 103 -- 133 in JSTOR United States Strategic Bombing Survey . The Campaigns of the Pacific War . ( 1946 ) Online edition United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report : ( European War ) ( 1945 ) online edition key primary source United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report : ( Pacific War ) ( 1946 ) online edition key primary source Westermann , Edward B. Flak : German Anti-Aircraft defences , 1914 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) External links ( edit ) Air Force official histories ( mostly pamphlets ) `` The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia '' compiled by Kent G. Budge , 4000 short articles <Th_colspan="2"> History of aviation Chronological Early flying machines Pioneer era World War I Between the World Wars World War II Post-World War II Digital Age Topic histories Aerodynamics Ballooning ( military ) Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) ( combat ( UCAVs ) ) Other topics Claims to the first powered flight Air warfare of World War II Jet Age <Th_colspan="2"> World War II <Td_colspan="2"> Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - 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Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_warfare_of_World_War_II&oldid=813779236 '' Categories : Aerial operations and battles of World War II Aviation in World War II Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - 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1. Air warfare in World War II 2. Strategic bombing 3. Luftwaffe and Royal Air Force 4. Pacific air war 5. Soviet Air Force and United States Army Air Forces

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( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> I Can See Your Voice Also known as 너의 목소리 가 보여 Genre Music Show Talent show Created by Lee Seon - young Developed by Mnet Presented by Leeteuk Yoo Se - yoon Kim Jong - kook Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of seasons No. of episodes Season 1 : 12 Season 2 : 14 Season 3 : 12 Season 4 : 19 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Lee Seon - young Production company ( s ) CJ E&M Signal Entertainment Group Distributor CJ E&M Endemol Shine Group ( International ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Mnet , tvN First shown in South Korea Original release Season 1 : February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) -- May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) Season 2 : October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) -- January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) Season 3 : June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) -- September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Season 4 : March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) -- July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) I Can See Your Voice ( Hangul : 너의 목소리 가 보여 ; RR : Neo-eui Moksori - ga Bo - yeo ) is a South Korean music show by Mnet . A reality show platform which offers talented singers the chance to make their dreams of stardom a reality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Format 2.1 Overview 2.2 Round & clues 2.2. 1 Old formats 2.2. 2 Current format 3 Host 3.1 Current 3.2 Former 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 5 International versions 6 References Summary ( edit ) `` I Can See Your Voice '' is a program with the premise that there are a number of people in a group , some of whom can sing and some who ca n't . Professional singers will then look only at hints and the outward appearance of these people to guess the person who can sing well . If someone who ca n't sing well gets chosen , they will earn a prize of 5,000,000 Won ; if the one who can sing gets chosen , they will be able to sing a duet with the singer and release it as a digital single . Format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The program will invite one guest artist in each episode . The guest must attempt to guess whether the contestant is a skilled vocalist or a tone - deaf contestant without hearing them sing . The guest , with the help and advice of the Tone - deaf Detective Team , will eliminate 1 - 2 contestants in each round . Eliminated contestants will then reveal their singing ability . If the last person standing is a skilled vocalist , he / she will receive a chance to release a song with the guest . But if he / she is a tone - deaf person , he / she will win 5 million won . Round & clues ( edit ) Old formats ( edit ) Season 1 : Episode 1 , 2 ( show ) Note : This is the format for episodes 1 and 2 . After that , rounds 2 and 3 were combined . First Clue : Singer 's Visual Differentiate the skilled vocalists and tone - deaf participants just by looking at their appearances and visual while singing . Second Clue : Singer 's Voice This will be the time for the participants to introduce themselves using their own voice . Skilled vocalist will only tell the truth while those who are tone deaf will mix lies in their stories . Third Clue : Singer 's Lip - sync A skilled vocalists will lip - sync to their own songs while a tone - deaf person will lip - sync to someone else 's singing that has a similar voice tone . Last Clue : Final Truth Identify the skilled vocalists and tone - deaf participants within 100 seconds through one true statement . Tone - deaf participants can lie with their answers Season 1 : Episodes 3 -- 11 ( show ) Note : This format starts in episode 3 , it is used until the end of Season 1 . First Clue : Singer 's Visual Differentiate the skilled vocalists and tone - deaf participants just by looking at their appearances and singing visual . This round will show a muted video of each contestant 's singing and will only reveal 0.3 seconds of their singing voice . Also in this round , the participants are not allowed to speak . Second Clue : Singer 's Lip - sync Identify the skilled vocalists who are lip syncing to their own voice and the tone - deaf participants who are lip syncing to someone else 's voice that have their similar voice tone . Before they perform lip - sync , the participants will introduce themselves first and tell their stories . Final Clue : Singer 's Truth Through a 100 seconds question and answer , differentiate the skilled vocalists who only tell the truth and the tone - deaf participants who mix lies in their stories . Seasons 2 , 3 ( show ) Participants do not speak until the final reveal . First Clue : Singer 's Visual Differentiate the skilled vocalists and tone - deaf participants just by looking at their appearances and singing visual . This round will show a muted video of each contestant 's singing and will only reveal 0.3 seconds of their singing voice . In Season 3 , the 0.3 second reveal of their singing voice is omitted Second Clue : Singer 's Lip - sync Identify the skilled vocalists who are lip syncing to their own voice and the tone - deaf participants who are lip syncing to someone else 's voice that have their similar voice tone . Final Clue : Singer 's Proof The participants will provide proofs of participants ' singing ability , ie certificates , video , etc . The skilled vocalist had their own evidences , while tone - deaf 's had their evidences fabricated . Guests will then have 100 seconds to discuss with the Tone Deaf Detectives before making the final decision . Current format ( edit ) Season 4 On each episode of season 4 , there are only six participants instead of seven or eight in other seasons . Participants do not speak until the final reveal . First Clue : Singer 's Visual Two identities are introduced in advance for each contestants . If he / she 's skilled - vocalist , his / her real identity is on the left , And if he / she 's tone - deaf , his / her real identity is on the right . One contestant must be eliminated in this round . Second Clue : Singer 's Lip - sync In this round , the contestant and the lip - sync substitute appears together . They both lip - sync to the same song but only one is the owner of the lip - sync . Final Clue : Singer 's Proof Three randomly selected people ( from the tone deaf investigators or the hosts ) will have to defend their assigned contestant after hearing their contestant 's singing voice and / or seeing their evidence . Even if the contestant is tone deaf , the tone deaf investigator or host must defend them to the end . And If the contestant that eliminated is tone deaf in Final Clue , he / she that defend their assigned contestant will take a punishment by a hit of wind to the face . Host ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Yoo Se - yoon ( Season 1 -- present ) Leeteuk ( Season 1 -- present ) Kim Jong - kook ( Season 4 ) Former ( edit ) Kim Bum - soo ( Season 1 -- 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) List of episodes ( Season 1 ) ( show ) Episode ( Broadcast Date ) Guest Tone - deaf Detective Team <Th_colspan="2"> Participants ( In their Respective Numbers ) Winner Episode 1 ( 26 February 2015 ) Kim Bum - soo Note : Kim is also the host of the show . Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Ahn Yeong - mi , Kang Yong - suk , Jae - kyung ( Rainbow ) , Prof. Jo Dong - Uk , Kim Min - Jeong Lovely Voice : No. 2 Park Min Seo No. 4 Kim In Seob No. 7 Im Jejin No. 9 Im Baul Loud Voice : No. 1 Lee Seuna No. 3 Park Jun - Im No. 5 Kim Seong Gun No. 6 Kang Byeong Kon No. 8 Park Ji - eun 1st Winner ( show ) Park Ji - eun ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 2 ( 5 March 2015 ) Park Jung Hyun Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Ahn Yeong - mi , Yoon Seong - ho , Hyun - young ( Rainbow ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Hwang Chi - yeul No. 3 Kim Eun - bi No. 6 Lee Ye - dam No. 7 Bang Se - jin Tone - deaf : No. 2 Cha Gun - jae No. 4 Lee Seong - min No. 5 Lee Myeong - jin No. 8 Choi Beom - yeol 2nd Winner ( show ) Cha Gun - jae ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 3 ( 12 March 2015 ) Yoon Min - soo Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Ahn Yeong - mi , Yoon Seong - ho , Shin Ah - yeong , Choi Gook , Min - woo ( ZE : A ) , Ben Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Yoon Ji Eun No. 4 Park Ho Yong No. 5 Bang Seong - woo Tone - deaf : No. 1 Amon Martin No. 3 Park Cheol Hon No. 6 Yang Seong Hoon No. 7 Ha Jeong Hyun No. 8 Kim Ha Yi 3rd Winner ( show ) Park Ho Yong ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 4 ( 19 March 2015 ) Kim Tae - woo Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Ahn Yeong - mi , Yoon Seong - ho , Shin Ah - yeong , Hee - cheol ( ZE : A ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Im Hae - Chang No. 4 Na Tae - joo No. 6 Seo Sang - hyeon No. 7 Kim Dong - gyun Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kang Yi - seul No. 3 Jo Seong - beom No. 5 Yoon Yeong - shin 4th Winner ( show ) Kim Dong Gyun ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 5 ( 26 March 2015 ) Baek Ji - young Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Jang Dong - min , Il - hoon ( BTOB ) , Lee Yeong - jin , Lee Sang - jun , Song Yu - bin , Bae Ji - hyeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Song Woo - seok No. 4 Kim Gi - wook No. 5 Park Seong - yoon No. 7 Lee Jin - hee Tone - deaf : No. 1 Oh Yeong - ju No. 3 Im Dong - hyeok No. 6 Park Won - jong 5th Winner ( show ) Im Dong - hyeok ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 6 ( 26 March 2015 ) Kim Yeon - woo Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Jang Dong - min , Ben , Hwang Chi - yeol , Lee Yeon - doo , Yoo Sang - moo , Eddy Kim , Jeong Ga - eun Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Go Seung - hyeong No. 5 Lee Yong Mun No. 7 Jeong Hyeon - mo Tone - deaf : No. 1 Jang Jikwang No. 2 Lee Seul Gi No. 4 Kang Min No. 6 Park Se Jun 6th Winner ( show ) Lee Seul Gi ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 7 ( 9 April 2015 ) Lee Changmin & Jo Kwon of 2AM Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Yoon Seong - ho , Hwang Chi - yeol , Lee Yeon - doo , Yoo Sang - moo , MIIII , Jeong Ga - eun Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Jo Byung Jun No. 3 Hwang Woo Lim No. 6 Lee Jin Hwang No. 7 Jeong Hyun Ung Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Yoo Rim No. 4 Park Jeong Hun No. 5 Heo Yun 7th Winner ( show ) No. 2 Kim Yoo Rim ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 8 ( 16 April 2015 ) Jang Yun - jeong Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Jang Dong - min , Kim Na - young , Ben , Hwang Chi - yeol , Hwang Yun - hui , Yoon Seong - ho , James ( Royal Pirates ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kwon Jun Yeon No. 3 Jeong Jin - myeong & Jeong Jin - wook No. 4 Kim Young Chul No. 6 Won Ji Hye Tone - deaf : No. 2 Lee Ah - hyun No. 5 Ahn Je Hyun No. 7 Lee Jae Hyuk 8th Winner ( show ) Lee Ah - hyun ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 9 ( 23 April 2015 ) Kang Kyun - sung & Jeon Woo - sung of Noel ( band ) Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Kim Na - young , Ben , Hwang Chi - yeol , Yang Sang Guk , Yoon Seong - ho , Hong Kyung Jun , James ( Royal Pirates ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Kwon Min Jae No. 4 Hong Seok Joon No. 5 Ahn Seul Gi No. 7 Seo Min Chul Tone - deaf : No. 1 Ah Yeon No. 3 Lee Seung Hee No. 6 Kim Ki Yeol 9th Winner ( show ) Ahn Seul Gi ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 10 ( 30 April 2015 ) Jung Jae - yong & Lee Ha - neul of DJ DOC Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Ben , Hwang Chi - yeol , Yoo Sang - moo , Lee Guk - joo , Yoon Seong - ho , Son Seung - yeon , Kim In - seok Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kim Ha Eun No. 3 Kim Seong Li No. 4 Hong Ji Myeong No. 7 Lee Ahn Tone - deaf : No. 2 Yeon Ji Hoon No. 5 Park Min Ki No. 6 Kim Ga yeon 10th Winner ( show ) Park Min Ki ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 11 ( 7 May 2015 ) Ailee Julian , Kim Sang - hyeok , Jang Dong - min , Yoon Seong - ho , Bae Ji - hyeon , Il - hoon ( BTOB ) , Hyun - young Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kwon Mi Hee No. 5 Kim Jung Won No. 6 Kim Min - seon No. 7 Jo Sung Mo Tone - deaf : No. 2 Mok Young Soo No. 3 Kim So Hee No. 4 Kim Sung Ho 11th Winner ( show ) Kim Min - seon ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 12 ( 14 May 2015 ) Note : The final episode is subtitled `` Star Wars '' , where 10 former show contestants are separated into 2 teams . For each round a member is chosen for a showdown . After each round voting is done through 100 audience members , and the votes are accumulated for the final winner . None Black Star Team Team Leader : Yoo Se - yoon Julian , Yoo Sang - moo , Ben Gold Star Team : Team Leader : Kim Bum - soo Kim Sang - hyeok , Yoon Seong - ho Black Star Team : Round 1 : Bang Se - jin ( episode 2 , skilled vocalist ) Round 2 : Hwang Chi - yeol ( episode 2 , skilled vocalist ) Round 3 : Park Ji - eun ( episode 1 winner ; tone - deaf ) Round 4 : Kwon Min - je ( episode 9 , skilled vocalist ) Round 5 : Lee Jin - hee ( episode 5 , skilled vocalist ) Gold Star Team : Round 1 : Go Seung - hyeong ( episode 6 , skilled vocalist ) Round 2 : Jeong Jin - myeong & Jeong Jin - wook ( episode 8 , skilled vocalists ) Round 3 : Jeong Hyeon - mo ( episode 6 , skilled vocalist ) Round 4 : Bang Seong - woo ( episode 3 , skilled vocalist ) Round 5 : Cha Gun - jae ( episode 2 winner ; tone - deaf ) Final Winner ( show ) Black Star Team ( 322 points ) Season 2 ( edit ) List of episodes ( Season 2 ) ( show ) Episode ( Broadcast Date ) Guest Tone - deaf Detective Team <Th_colspan="2"> Participants ( In their Respective Numbers ) Winner Episode 1 ( 22 October 2015 ) Shin Seung - hun Julian , Kim Sang - hyuk , Yoon Seong - ho , Jang Do - yeon , Heejun Han , Seo Yu - ri , Lee Sang - min , Jang Dong - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Jung Ji - woo No. 4 Kim Min - seok No. 5 Kim Cheong - il No. 6 Park Ji - hyeok Tone - deaf : No. 2 Lee Yeong - hoon No. 3 Lee Su - Dam No. 7 Choi Seon - ah No. 8 Oh Se - jung 1st Winner ( show ) Choi Seon - ah ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 2 ( 29 October 2015 ) Im Chang - jung Julian , Kim Sang - hyuk , Kim Sae - rom , Yulhee ( Laboum ) , Ben , Yoon Seong - ho , Jang Do - yeon , Heejun Han , Lee Sang - min , Yoo Sang - moo Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Shin Seo - woo No. 3 Han Yeo - wool No. 6 Lee Sang - hun Tone - deaf : No. 2 Heo Yeong - hyeon No. 4 Joel No. 5 Choi Noo - ri No. 7 Jeong He - won 2nd Winner ( show ) Han Yeo - wool ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 3 ( 5 November 2015 ) Insooni Park Hwi - soon , Gong Seo - young , Chunji ( Teen Top ) , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Park Na - rae , Jeong Ga - eun Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Hong Ui - seon No. 5 Han Su - ji No. 7 Kim Young - hoo Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Ye - seul No. 3 Jo Joon - beom No. 4 Jo Young - myung No. 6 Ryu Moo - hyung 3rd Winner ( show ) Jo Joon - beom ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 4 ( 12 November 2015 ) K. Will Kim Sang - hyuk , Heejun Han , Ben , Park Hwi - soon , Kim Hyo - jin , Lee Sang - min , Ahn Hye - kyung Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kim Dong - ha No. 2 Park Su - ho No. 3 Chu Hwa - jeong No. 4 Shin Hyun - woo No. 7 Kim Gyu - rim Tone - deaf : No. 5 Shin Min - gyu No. 6 Lee Seung - gyu 4th Winner ( show ) Kim Dong - ha ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 5 ( 19 November 2015 ) Dynamic Duo Yulhee ( Laboum ) , Park Hwi - soon , Kisum , Ben , Kim Sang - hyuk , Shinsadong Tiger , Lee Sang - min , Hong Hyun - hee Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Lee Il - song No. 3 Kim Gi - tae No. 4 Cha Min - soo No. 5 Jung Goo - han No. 6 Jo Ha - yool Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Ja - young No. 7 Moon Sung - joon 5th Winner ( show ) Jung Goo - han ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 6 ( 26 November 2015 ) Hwanhee Heejun Han , Yoo Sung Eun , Park Hwi - soon , Gong Seo - young , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shinsadong Tiger , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kwon Hyuk - joon No. 2 Choi Young - kwan No. 3 Lee Su - jeong No. 5 Kim Kwan - ho Tone - deaf : No. 4 Jang Byeom - hoon No. 6 Kim Hye - jung No. 7 Seo Jung - hyun 6th Winner ( show ) Kim Hye - jung ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 7 ( 3 December 2015 ) Kim Jo Han Heejun Han , Choi Hee , Park Hwi - soon , Ben , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shinsadong Tiger , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Park Won - Il No. 3 Gu Hye - yeon No. 4 Song Min - gon No. 6 Kim Yong - jin No. 7 Shin Joo - ro Tone - deaf : No. 1 Shin Jae - won No. 5 Jung Hyun - wook 7th Winner ( show ) Jung Hyun - wook ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 8 ( 10 December 2015 ) Brown Eyed Girls Kim Beom - soo , Ahn Hye - kyung , Park Hwi - soon , Ben , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shinsadong Tiger , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Park Jin - young No. 2 Yoo Kyung - mo No. 4 Lee Gun No. 5 Moon Su - jin Tone - deaf : No. 3 Oh Da - yeon No. 6 Kim Hwa - young No. 7 Lee Ga - ram 8th Winner ( show ) Lee Ga - ram ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 9 ( 17 December 2015 ) Wheesung Gong Seo - young , Heejun Han , Park Hwi - soon , Ben , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Hong Yoon - hwa , Shorry ( Mighty Mouth ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Im Dong - Woo No. 3 Park Sol - Yi No. 4 Park Jun - Yeong No. 6 Son Woong Tone - deaf : No. 2 Jo Min - Jae No. 5 Park Eui - Chan No. 7 Lee Dae - Hyeok 9th Winner ( show ) Im Dong - Woo ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 10 ( 24 December 2015 ) Gummy Heejun Han , Park Hwi - soon , Son Seung - yeon , Choi Hee , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Kim Yoo - Ri No. 4 Park Hyeon - Seong No. 5 Park Chang - Soo No. 7 Lee Yoon - A Tone - deaf : No. 1 Lim Hoo - Jeong No. 2 Park Seong - Reok No. 6 Yoon Ii - na 10th Winner ( show ) Park Seong Reok ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 11 ( 31 December 2015 ) Jo Sung - mo Kim Sang - hyuk , Park Joon - soo , Jang Su - won , Ben , Lee Sang - min , Kim Na - young , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Seol Ha - Yun No. 3 Park Min - Gu No. 5 Chae Bo - Hoon No. 6 Lee Gyu - Ra Tone - deaf : No. 2 Yu Byeong - Do No. 4 Park Yu - Jin No. 7 Yoon Gi - Hun 11th Winner ( show ) Yu Byeong - Do ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 12 ( 7 January 2016 ) Shin Hye - sung Park Hwi - soon , Jang Su - won , Brian ( Fly to the Sky ) , Kim Il - joong , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Hong Jin - kyung , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kim Yun - Bae No. 4 Hong I - Sak No. 6 Lee Ye - Eun No. 7 Jung Hyeon - Uk Tone - deaf : No. 2 Lee Won - Mi No. 3 Lee Seung - Hwan No. 5 Oh Du - Seok 12th Winner ( show ) Oh Du - Seok ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 13 ( 14 January 2016 ) Yoon Jong - shin Jang Dong - min , Kim Ji - min , Park Hwi - soon , Kim Hyo - jin , Kim Na - young , Yoon Tae - jin , Jang Su - won , Jo Jung - chi , Oh Hyun - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Park Da - Hye No. 4 Kim Seong - Bae No. 5 Lee Seung - Gyu No. 7 Hwang Seok - Bin Tone - deaf : No. 1 Min Dong - Seong No. 2 Park Jae - Hyung No. 6 Lee Tae - Hyung 13th Winner ( show ) Hwang Seok - Bin ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 14 ( 21 January 2016 ) Note : Season Finale Lee Jae - hoon Heejun Han , Park Hwi - soon , Ben , Kim Il - joong , Maeng Seung - ji , Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Lee Ha - neul ( DJ Doc ) , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Min Dae - Hong No. 3 Lee Won - Tam No. 5 Jeon Sang - Gun No. 6 Kim Joo - Young No. 7 Lee Sang - Ho Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Seon - Woo No. 4 Park Min - Young 14th Winner ( show ) Lee Won - Tam ( Skilled Vocalist ) Season 3 ( edit ) List of episodes ( Season 3 ) ( show ) Episode ( Broadcast Date ) Guest Tone - deaf Detective Team <Th_colspan="2"> Participants ( In their Respective Numbers ) Winner Episode 1 ( 30 June 2016 ) J.Y. Park Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Jang Do - yeon , Junior ( GOT7 ) , Han Hee - jun , Yeeun ( Wonder Girls ) , Bae Yoon - jeong Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Bae Jimi No. 2 Kwon Hyuk - jun No. 6 Kim Jun - hui No. 7 Mio Tone - deaf : No. 3 James No. 4 Heo Ju - hui No. 5 Kang Ju - won 1st Winner ( show ) Kwon Hyuk - jun ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 2 ( 7 July 2016 ) Choi Min - soo Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , DinDin , Jang Do - yeon , Han Hee - jun , Lee Chang - min , Lee Hyun , Stephanie Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Kim Jin - yeob No. 3 Kim Chuk - bok No. 5 Jung Sori Tone - deaf : No. 1 Lee Ju - hui No. 4 Park Ji - nam No. 6 Park Hyang - rok No. 7 Kang Sang - yeong 2nd Winner ( show ) No. 2 Episode 3 ( 14 July 2016 ) Wonder Girls Kim Sang - hyuk , Kim Heung - gook , Lee Sang - min , Jang Do - yeon , Kim Il - joong , James , Lee Ji - hye , Park Joon - soo , Han Hee - jun Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Lime No. 2 Hwang Tae - ik No. 3 Cajun No. 5 Hila Halevi No. 7 Uangel Voice Tone - deaf : No. 4 Kim Min - jung No. 6 Jang Seung - cheol 3rd Winner ( show ) No. 6 Episode 4 ( 21 July 2016 ) Kim Yoon - ah Kim Sang - hyuk , Kim Heung - gook , Lee Sang - min , Kim Jin - yeop , Stephanie , Han Hee - jun , Hanhae , Kim Hyo - jin , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Park Geon - Woo No. 4 Han Eun - bi No. 6 Leegul No. 7 Lee Jae - won Tone - deaf : No. 2 Lee Jong - Eun No. 3 Jo Jun - Hwee No. 5 Jo Hyun - Jin 4th Winner ( show ) No. 6 Episode 5 ( 28 July 2016 ) Jung Joon - young Block B ( Park Kyung , Taeil ) , Kim Hyo - jin , Jeong In - yeong , Han Hee - jun , DinDin , Juniel , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kim Jong - Wook No. 3 Yoon Jong - Hoon No. 5 Bang Seok - Won No. 6 Lee Sun - bin No. 7 Lee Kyung - Hwan Tone - deaf : No. 2 Lu Je - Song No. 4 Choi Seol - Hwa 5th Winner ( show ) No. 4 Episode 6 ( 4 August 2016 ) Jessi Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Kim Heung - gook , Bae Yoon - jeong , Jang Do - yeon , Choi Hee , Han Hee - jun , Jeong In - yeong , Shin Bo - ra , Kim Ji - ah Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Yoon Yong - Bin No. 3 A-Kor's main vocalist Ahn Ji - Young No. 5 Kim Jun - Su No. 7 Lee Chang - Hyun Tone - deaf : No. 2 Park Jun - Seok No. 4 Yang Yong - Woong No. 6 Gwiyomi 's song composer Ahn Jun - Min 6th Winner ( show ) No 2 Episode 7 ( 11 August 2016 ) Yoon Sang Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Space Cowboy , Jang Do - yeon , Han Hee - jun , Don Spike , Park Gyu - ri , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Lee In - Woo No. 3 Min Yo - Han No. 6 Seo Bo - Seong No. 7 Jeong Young - Woon Tone - deaf : No. 1 Kim Sei - Eun No. 4 Kim Yeong - Sul & Lee San - Nam No. 5 Hong Dong - Woo 7th Winner ( show ) No 2 Episode 8 ( 18 August 2016 ) John Park Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Kim So - hee , Don Spike , Han Hee - jun , Jang Do - yeon , Kang Yoo - mi , DinDin Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Choi Junseob / Joseph Busto No. 4 Moon Haneul No. 6 Im Dae - heon & Lee Min ( 2.30 AM ) Tone - deaf : No. 1 Kim Yeong - jong No. 2 Shin Dawon No. 5 Kim Joohyun No. 7 Jang Hyungmin 8th Winner ( show ) No. 3 Episode 9 ( 25 August 2016 ) Nichkhun , Wooyoung and Jun. K of 2PM Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Park Ji - yoon , Kim Heung - gook , Jang Do - yeon , Han Hee - jun , Yein ( Melody Day ) , Sleepy ( Untouchable ) , MC DingDong , Ben Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Han Jin - woo & Park Won - ho ( 3PM ) No. 2 Park Yeong - woo No. 3 Lee Jiae No. 5 Sherry Tone - deaf : No. 4 Yoo Jungwoo No. 6 Marines No. 7 Jung Doyoung 9th Winner ( show ) No 4 Episode 10 ( 1 September 2016 ) Kim Tae - woo and Son Hoyoung of g.o.d Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Park Ji - yoon , DinDin , Jang Do - yeon , Han Hee - jun , Ben , JoosuC , KIXS ( DMTN ) , Kim So - hee , Kim Ji - min Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Hong Bonyoung No. 3 Soul Star No. 4 Chu Junho No. 5 Goo Jeonghyun No. 7 g.o.d boys Tone - deaf : No. 1 Jung Young No. 6 Lee Do - hee 10th Winner ( show ) No. 5 Episode 11 ( 8 September 2016 ) Lim Na - young , Kim Chung - ha , Zhou Jieqiong , Kim So - hye , Choi Yoo - jung , Kim Do - yeon and Jeon So - mi of I.O.I Jang Do - yeon , Jun . K ( 2PM ) , Park Joon - hyung , Lee Sang - min , Kim Sang - hyuk , Han Hee - jun , Ben , Lee Soo - min ( C.I.V.A ) , Kim So - hee ( C.I.V.A ) , Yoon Chae - kyung ( C.I.V.A ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 . Jung Si - hyuk No. 3 Lee Jung - suk No. 6 Yang Joong - eun No. 7 Maytree Tone - deaf : No. 2 Model Kim Jin - hwan & Shin Sung - hyuk No. 4 Yang Injoon No. 5 Lee Haera 11th Winner ( show ) No. 7 Episode 12 ( 15 September 2016 ) Davichi Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Park Joon - hyung , Jang Do - yeon , Han Hee - jun , Jeong In - yeong , Kangnam , DinDin , Ben Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Rude Paper 's vocalist ; Koonta No. 3 Code V No. 4 Lee Seok - woo No. 5 Shin Ye - ji Tone - deaf : No. 2 ThreeVichi No. 6 Hong Seong - won No. 7 Gukak Girl Group 12th Winner ( show ) No. 7 Season 4 ( edit ) List of episodes ( Season 4 ) ( hide ) Episode ( Broadcast Date ) Guest Tone - deaf Detective Team <Th_colspan="2"> Participants ( In their Respective Numbers ) Winner Episode 1 ( March 2 , 2017 ) Kim Jong - kook Note : Kim is also the host of the show . Kim Sang - hyuk , Turbo ( Kim Jeong - nam , Mikey ) , Chae Yeon , Chun Myung - hoon , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Heo Young - ji , Solbin ( Laboum ) , Jang Do - yeon , Kim Na - young Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Lee Sung - jin No. 3 Adria Costa No. 4 Hwang Hyun - joon No. 5 Jeup Tone - deaf : No. 1 Choi Byung - hwa No. 6 Hyun Gyu - bi 1st Winner ( show ) Hyun Gyu - bi ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 2 ( March 9 , 2017 ) Haha & Skull Kim Sang - hyuk , Kim Jeong - nam ( Turbo ) , Chun Myung - hoon , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Solbin ( Laboum ) , Jang Do - yeon , Ji Sang - ryeol , Kim Chung - ha ( I.O.I ) , Zizo Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Kim Da - woon No. 3 Kim Kyung - hyun No. 4 Park Ye - ni Tone - deaf : No. 2 Maria No. 5 Tak Hong - joo No. 6 Rabbi 2nd Winner ( show ) Rabbi ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 3 ( March 16 , 2017 ) Koyote Kim Sang - hyuk , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Solbin ( Laboum ) , Park Mi - sun , Noh Yoo - min , Park Hwi - soon , Kim So - hee ( C.I.V.A / I.B.I ) , Shin Hyun - woo Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Kim Young - nam No. 4 Jung Jae - min No. 5 Kim Min - kyu No. 6 Naomi Tone - deaf : No. 1 Han Geon No. 3 Choi Ah - reum 3rd Winner ( show ) Han Geon ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 4 ( March 23 , 2017 ) Got7 ( except Jackson ) Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Jeon So - mi ( I.O.I ) , Seol Ha - yoon , Zizo Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Choi Jin - ho No. 5 Dreamgirls No. 6 Shim Gyoo - hyuk & Lee Dong - hoon Tone - deaf : No. 1 Baek Seung - yeol No. 2 DJ Han Min No. 4 Won Yoo - bin 4th Winner ( show ) Shim Gyoo - hyuk & Lee Dong - hoon ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 5 ( March 30 , 2017 ) Lyn Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Jeon So - mi ( I.O.I ) , JeA ( Brown Eyed Girls ) , Danji Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Han So - ah No. 2 Kim Dal - woo No. 3 Louis Choi No. 4 Jeon Ha - young Tone - deaf : No. 5 Yoo Seung - hoon No. 6 Jo Yoon - jeong 5th Winner ( show ) Jeon Ha - young ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 6 ( April 6 , 2017 ) Roy Kim Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Shin Bo - ra , Kim Jae - woo , Joo Woo - jae , Hyojung ( Oh My Girl ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Shin Ho - rim No. 4 Bang Hyun - ah No. 5 Han Je - won No. 6 Kim Jae - eun Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Dan - yool No. 3 Romin Khazai 6th Winner ( show ) Kim Dan - yool ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 7 ( April 13 , 2017 ) Tony An and Kangta of H.O.T. Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Chun Myung - hoon , Hong Seok - cheon , J - Min , Yoo Jae - hwan , Sumin ( Awe5omeBaby ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Jim Turner No. 4 Oh Dong - won No. 5 Park Joon - hee No. 6 Kim Ye - rin Tone - deaf : No. 1 Jo Joon - young No. 3 Yoo Ga - yeon & Han Hye - young 7th Winner ( show ) Yoo Ga - yeon & Han Hye - young ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 8 ( April 20 , 2017 ) Super Junior ( Heechul , Yesung , Shindong ) Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Jang Do - yeon , Sam Okyere , Ben , Cao Lu ( Fiestar ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Jang Hyun - gi No. 5 Lee Ha - rin No. 6 EXP EDITION Tone - deaf : No. 1 Joe Song No. 2 Lee So - min No. 4 Kim Hyun - soo 8th Winner ( show ) Joe Song ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 9 ( April 27 , 2017 ) EXID ( except Solji ) Kim Sang - hyuk , Kim Jong - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Shinsadong Tiger , Jang Dong - min , Jang Do - yeon , Han Heejun , Yezi ( Fiestar ) , Solbin ( Laboum ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Ryoo Gi - haeng No. 3 In Seon - gyo No. 5 Jeon Ye - kyung No. 6 Im Seo - jin & Kim Ye - hoon Tone - deaf : No. 2 Kim Hee - soo No. 4 Choi Sung - hoon 9th Winner ( show ) Kim Hee - soo ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 10 ( May 4 , 2017 ) HIGHLIGHT ( except Gikwang ) Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Moon Se - yoon , Jang Do - yeon , Cao Lu ( Fiestar ) , Niel ( Teen Top ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Jeong Sa - gang & Lee Eun - sung No. 3 Park Sung - yeon No. 4 Jeon Tae - ho No. 5 Seo Seok - jin , Jung Sung - cheol & Lee Seung - yoo Tone - deaf : No. 1 Kim Ji - soo No. 6 Kim Ba - wool 10th Winner ( show ) Jeong Sa - gang & Lee Eun - sung ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 11 ( May 11 , 2017 ) Roo'ra Kim Sang - hyuk , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Hong Rok - gi , Sung Dae - hyun , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Kim So - hee ( I.B.I ) , Nayoung ( PRISTIN ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Seo Chae - woo No. 3 Lee Eun - joo No. 5 Seo Hang No. 6 Lee Ji - hye Tone - deaf : No. 2 Jang Hyung - woo No. 4 Kim Yoon - ah 11th Winner ( show ) Lee Ji - hye ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 12 ( May 18 , 2017 ) Kim Won - jun Kim Sang - hyuk , Choi Holley , Lee Sang - min , Kim Jin , Boom , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Ryeon Jin No. 2 Lee Sung - shin No. 3 Gantolga Hishigduren No. 4 Kim Nam - ho No. 6 Eddy Oh Tone - deaf : No. 5 Jeon Ga - young & Lee Eun - bi 12th Winner ( show ) Kim Nam - ho ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 13 ( May 25 , 2017 ) TWICE Kim Sang - hyuk , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Lee Sang - min , Boom , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Jo Kwon , Jae Park ( Day6 ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 Kim Hyo - young No. 3 Park Da - eun No. 6 Hong Nam - hwa , Ahn Sung - hyun & Kim Dong - young Tone - deaf : No. 1 Shi Min - seom No. 4 Lee Hee - joon No. 5 Gabriel 13th Winner ( show ) Hong Nam - hwa , Ahn Sung - hyun & Kim Dong - young ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 14 ( June 1 , 2017 ) Kim Kyung - ho Kim Sang - hyuk , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Hong Rok - gi , Lee Sang - min , Sung Dae - hyun , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Hwang Bo - mi Skilled Vocalist : No. 2 SunBee No. 3 Oh Sang - eun No. 5 Kim Geon Tone - deaf : No. 1 Lee Jeong - bin No. 4 Yang Joon - hyuk No. 6 Jin Bo - ra 14th Winner ( show ) Kim Geon ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 15 ( June 8 , 2017 ) F.T. Island Kim Sang - hyuk , Lee Sang - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Kangnam , Solbin ( Laboum ) , Rowoon ( SF9 ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 3 Kim Dong - hee No. 4 Park Tae - jeong No. 6 Kim Na - hyun Tone - deaf : No. 1 Lee Min - young No. 2 Moon Kyung - tak No. 5 Bae Sung - woo 15th Winner ( show ) Bae Sung - woo ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 16 ( June 15 , 2017 ) Hwang Chi - yeul Kim Sang - hyuk , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Lee Sang - min , Chae Yeon , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Kangnam Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Lee Woong - yeol No. 2 Maeng Ji - na No. 3 Kim Yeon - dae No. 5 Im Shin - taek Tone - deaf : No. 4 Lee Hee - won No. 6 Ahn Ye - won 16th Winner ( show ) Kim Yeon - dae ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 17 ( June 22 , 2017 ) Yoon Do - hyun Kim Sang - hyuk , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Lee Sang - min , Kim Jeong - geun , Jeong Ga - eun , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , G2 Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Park Min - joo No. 2 Park Jin - hoon No. 5 Ahn Joong - jae No. 6 이 푸른 산하 & Seo Ji - woo Tone - deaf : No. 3 Son Hae - ri No. 4 Beom Sang - gil 17th Winner ( show ) Park Min - joo ( Skilled Vocalist ) Episode 18 ( June 29 , 2017 ) CLON Kim Sang - hyuk , Park Mi - kyung , Joon Park ( g.o.d ) , Hong Rok - gi , Lee Sang - min , Shindong ( Super Junior ) , Jang Do - yeon , Kim So - hee ( I.B.I ) Skilled Vocalist : No. 1 Lee Hee - joo No. 2 Heo Sung - jeong No. 3 Yeom Yoo - ri Tone - deaf : No. 4 Kim Mi - ok No. 5 Heo Wan - young & Nam San No. 6 Monk Neung - in & Son Jin - young & Kim Min - gyu 18th Winner ( show ) Heo Wan - young & Nam San ( Tone - deaf ) Episode 19 ( July 6 , 2017 ) ( Special and Final Episode of Season 4 ) Top 5 Various Genres & Performances Top 5 Revisited Stars Naul Chronology ( Generation ) Top 5 Wrong Eliminations Top 8 Legend Participants <Th_colspan="5"> Special Rankings and Highlights No. 1 -- Lee Yoon - ah ( Season 2 Episode 10 ) No. 2 -- Jung Jae - min ( Season 4 Episode 3 ) No. 3 -- Kim Joon - soo ( Season 3 Episode 6 ) No. 4 -- Goo Hyun - mo ( Uangel Voice , Season 3 Episode 3 ) No. 5 -- Maytree ( Season 3 Episode 11 ) No. 1 -- Park Joon - young ( Season 2 Episode 9 ) No. 2 -- Kim Kyung - hyun ( Season 4 Episode 2 ) No. 3 -- Soul Star ( Season 3 Episode 10 ) No. 4 -- Kim Yong - jin ( Season 2 Episode 7 ) No. 5 -- Koonta ( Season 3 Episode 12 ) 1st -- Bang Sung - woo ( Season 1 Episode 3 ) 2nd -- Kwon Min - je ( Season 1 Episode 9 ) 3rd -- Kim Min - seok ( Season 2 Episode 1 ) 4th -- Shin Hyun - woo ( Season 2 Episode 4 ) 7th -- Park Young - woo ( Season 3 Episode 9 ) 8th -- Oh Dong - won ( Season 4 Episode 7 ) No. 1 -- Lee Sun - bin ( Season 3 Episode 5 ) No. 2 -- Kim Min - kyu ( Season 4 Episode 3 ) No. 3 -- Im Shin - taek ( Season 4 Episode 16 ) No. 4 -- Bang Se - jin ( Season 1 Episode 2 ) No. 5 -- Kim Ye - rin ( Season 4 Episode 7 ) No. 1 -- Hwang Chi - yeul ( Season 1 Episode 2 ) No. 2 -- Jeon Sang - geun ( Season 2 Episode 14 ) No. 3 -- Kim Cheong - il ( Season 2 Episode 1 ) No. 4 -- Choi Jin - ho ( Season 4 Episode 4 ) No. 5 -- Moon Ha - neul ( Season 3 Episode 8 ) No. 6 -- Kim Joon - hwi ( Season 3 Episode 1 ) & Kim Ki - tae ( Season 2 Episode 5 ) No. 7 -- Jeon Tae - ho ( Season 4 Episode 10 ) No. 8 -- Lee Woong - yeol ( Season 4 Episode 16 ) <Th_colspan="5"> Special Stages Lee Yoon - ah -- `` As You Live '' ( 살다 보면 , Cha Ji - yeon ; Musical Seopyeonje OST ) Kim Kyung - hyun & Park Joon - young -- `` Tears from the Edge of Sky '' ( 하늘 끝 에서 흘린 눈물 , Juniper ) & `` Do n't Cry '' ( The Cross ) None Kim Ye - rin & Kim Min - gyu -- `` All for You '' ( Seo In - guk & Jung Eun - ji ) Lee Woong - yeol & Kim Joon - hwi -- `` That 's Only My World '' ( 그것만 이 내 세상 , Deulgukhwa ) Choi Jin - ho & Lee Gyu - ra ( Season 2 Episode 11 ) -- `` Falling Slowly '' ( Glen Hansard & Markéta Irglová ) International versions ( edit ) South Korea China Bulgaria Indonesia Thailand Malaysia Philippines Russia Ukraine Portugal Spain Vietnam I Can See Your Voice around the world . South Korea originated in blue . Due to the show 's wide success and popularity , they have own its international versions : Currently airing Upcoming season Ceased to air Country Local Name Host Channel Premiere / Air dates Bulgaria Пееш или лъжеш Peesh ili lyjesh ( You Sing or Lie ) Maria Ignatova , Nencho Balabanov Nova TV Season 1 : November 3 , 2016 -- December 25 , 2016 China Kan Jian Ni De Sheng Yin 看见 你 的 声音 Li Hao , Xue Zhiqian , Shen Ling , Mickey Huang Jiangsu TV Season 1 : March 27 , 2016 -- June 12 , 2016 Indonesia I Can See Your Voice Indonesia Raffi Ahmad , Indra Herlambang MNCTV Season 1 : August 29 , 2016 -- November 21 , 2016 Season 2 : January 30 , 2017 -- May 15 , 2017 Special : May 27 , 2017 -- July 1 , 2017 Malaysia I Can See Your Voice Malaysia ( Mandarin Version 看见 你 的 声音 Wind Lee , Natalie Ng Xiao Yu , Yin Yin 8TV Season 1 : August 20 , 2017 -- present Philippines I Can See Your Voice Luis Manzano ABS - CBN Season 1 : September 16 , 2017 -- present Thailand I Can See Your Voice Thailand นัก ร้อง ซ่อน แอบ Somkiat Chanporm , Kan Kantathavorn Workpoint TV Season 1 : January 13 , 2016 -- August 9 , 2017 Season 2 : August 16 , 2017 -- present Vietnam Giọng Ải Giọng Ai - Hidden Voices MC Đại Nghĩa , Trấn Thành , Thu Trang , Trường Giang , Ốc Thanh Vân HTV7 Season 1 : November 5 , 2016 -- March 4 , 2017 Season 2 : TBA Russia Я вижу свой голос Ya vizhu svoy golos TBA TBA 2018 Portugal Eu posso ver sua voz TBA TBA 2018 Ukraine Я можу бачити ваш голос Ya mozhu bachyty vash holos TBA TBA 2018 Spain Puedo ver tu voz TBA TBA 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mnet Will Launch a New Music Program , `` I Can See Your Voice '' . Soompi . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ 파격 스포 ! 이특 ′ 무섭다 ... ′ 미친 반전 , 너 목보 의 실체 ! 너의 목소리 가 보여 스페셜 영상 . Mnet on YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 22 . ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ Super Junior 's Leeteuk and Yoo Se Yoon Trick Viewers in `` I Can See Your Voice '' Teaser . Soompi . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ 김범수 , 음치 와 듀엣 ! ? 너의 목소리 가 보여 1 화 . Mnet on YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 26 . ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ 두명 의 윤민수 가 부르는 ′ 술 이야 ′ 너의 목소리 가 보여 3 화 . Mnet on YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ 김태우 와 前 일본 아이돌 이 만나 ' 하고 싶은 말 ' 너의 목소리 가 보여 4 화 . Mnet on YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 19 . ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ 광저우 모델 의 ′ 노래 가 늘었 어 ′ 너의 목소리 가 보여 11 화 . Mnet on YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07 . ( in Korean ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Your_Voice&oldid=801418082 '' Categories : South Korean variety television programmes Mnet ( TV channel ) television programmes Television series by Signal Entertainment Group Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български 한국어 Português Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 15 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. I Can See Your Voice 2. South Korean music show 3. Talent show 4. Singing competition 5. Tone-deaf contestants

where was alexander and the terrible horrible filmed

Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( film ) - wikipedia Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Miguel Arteta Produced by Shawn Levy Dan Levine Lisa Henson Screenplay by Rob Lieber Based on Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day by Judith Viorst Starring Ed Oxenbould Steve Carell Jennifer Garner Dylan Minnette Kerris Dorsey Bella Thorne Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Terry Stacey Edited by Pamela Martin Production company Walt Disney Pictures 21 Laps Entertainment Jim Henson Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 81 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $101.4 million Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day is a 2014 American family film directed by Miguel Arteta from a screenplay written by Rob Lieber . The film stars Steve Carell , Jennifer Garner , and Ed Oxenbould , and is loosely based on Judith Viorst 's 1972 children 's book of the same name . Co-produced by Shawn Levy and Lisa Henson for Walt Disney Pictures through their respective production companies , 21 Laps Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company , the film was released in North America on October 10 , 2014 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , but was a success at the box office , grossing $101.4 million worldwide against a $28 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The film follows the exploits of Alexander Cooper ( Ed Oxenbould ) , an ordinary 12 - year - old boy , and his `` terrible , horrible , no good , very bad day . '' He is left out by his family ; his older brother , Anthony ( Dylan Minnette ) , his older sister , Emily ( Kerris Dorsey ) , his mother , Kelly ( Jennifer Garner ) , his father , Ben ( Steve Carell ) , and his baby brother , Trevor ( Elise / Zoey Vargas ) , living in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of California . Anthony is trying to earn his driver 's license so he can drive his bitter girlfriend , Celia to the prom , Emily is rehearsing for the title role in her school play , Kelly is working for a publication company that is publishing a new children 's book which will promote her to vice president of the company , and Ben , who has been unemployed for seven months , has landed a job interview as a game designer for a video game company . That same morning , Alexander attends school where he experiences another series of mishaps , such as accidentally setting fire to his crush , Becky Gibson 's , notebook as well as finding out that his friends , including Becky , and even his best friend , Paul , will all be attending the birthday party of Philip Parker ( Lincoln Melcher ) instead of his , due to Philip 's expensive party entertainment and popularity . That night , Alexander puts a candle on a sundae and wishes that everyone in his family would experience what he is going through . The next morning , Alexander wakes up to find his family in disarray and chaos erupts ; his parents have overslept , Emily has a cold , and Anthony has found out that he and Celia broke up . The battery in Kelly 's car is dead , and Ben has to take Trevor with him to the interview after dropping Kelly off at work . At school , Paul gives Alexander good news : Philip 's birthday party is canceled ( as Philip has the chicken pox ) , so the kids ( including Becky and Paul ) that were originally going to attend Philip 's party will attend Alexander 's party instead , much to Alexander 's delight . Alexander calls his father , asking him to plan a party for him . Kelly is informed of an embarrassing typo in the book they are publicizing ( `` dump '' instead of `` jump '' ) and needs to stop Dick Van Dyke from reading it at a public reading later . Ben takes Trevor along to the office interview and meets Greg ( Donald Glover ) who seems impressed at his credentials , although they decide to hold another meeting after Trevor ingests a non-toxic highlighter . Meanwhile , at school , Anthony finds out that Celia has gotten back together with him . Feeling excited about what happened , Anthony jumps up and hits a banner , not knowing that it 's connected to two trophy cases , which fall and smash . Because of this , Anthony is suspended from school . Kelly manages to arrive at Dick Van Dyke 's reading , but she is too late in trying to warn him about the book 's typo . He reads it with the inappropriate material , humiliating himself , scaring the kids and almost getting Kelly arrested . Meanwhile , Ben purchases cough syrup for Emily 's symptoms and takes Anthony to the Department of Motor Vehicles , where his driving examiner intentionally distracts him by convincing him to pick up his cell phone , causing him to destroy several parking meters and damage the family minivan , and ultimately fail his driving exam . They all go to Emily 's play , which is inadvertently sabotaged by her impaired behavior because of her getting excessively drunk after overdosing on the cough syrup . Afterwards , the game design firm calls Ben and asks him to meet them at Nagamaki , a Japanese hibachi restaurant , for another meeting . The family , joined by Celia , goes to the restaurant in their badly damaged minivan , where Ben accidentally sets his shirt on fire at the grill , embarrassing him to the employers . The whole family consoles him , admitting that they will overcome whatever else the day has in store for them . Alexander states , `` You just got ta have the bad days so you can love the good days even more '' , and Anthony suddenly decides not to go to the prom with Celia , stating that his family is more important , and they break up completely . The family returns home and discovers that Ben had hired a rental animal service to recreate an Australian petting zoo for Alexander 's birthday party . A crocodile and kangaroo , however , have escaped from their cage . They then decide to pitch in to try and salvage the day by helping host it . Ben and Kelly receive good news : he got hired for the game design job , and she has been informed that the celebrity reading went viral and has created publicity for the book . Reunited , Ben then brings out the cake , with Alexander wishing for more days like the one they shared together . Cast ( edit ) Ed Oxenbould as Alexander Cooper , Trevor , Emily and Anthony 's brother and Ben and Kelly 's son Steve Carell as Benjamin `` Ben '' Cooper , Emily , Trevor , Anthony and Alexander 's father and Kelly 's husband Jennifer Garner as Kelly Cooper , Emily , Trevor , Anthony and Alexander 's mother and Ben 's wife Dylan Minnette as Anthony Cooper , Emily , Trevor and Alexander 's older brother and Ben and Kelly 's son Kerris Dorsey as Emily Cooper , Anthony 's younger sister , Trevor and Alexander 's older sister and Ben and Kelly 's daughter Elise / Zoey Vargas as Trevor Cooper , Emily , Anthony and Alexander 's baby brother and Ben and Kelly 's son Bella Thorne as Celia , Anthony 's bitter girlfriend Sidney Fullmer as Rebecca `` Becky '' Gibson , Alexander 's crush Megan Mullally as Nina , Kelly 's boss Toni Trucks as Steph Donald Glover as Greg Joel Johnstone as Logan Jennifer Coolidge as Ms. Joan Suggs , Anthony 's driving instructor Samantha Logan as Heather Dick Van Dyke as Himself Thunder From Down Under as Themselves Mekai Curtis as Paul , Alexander 's best friend Lincoln Melcher as Phillip Parker Mary Mouser as Audrey Gibson Reese Hartwig as Elliott Gibson Martha Hackett as Mrs. Julie Gibson Burn Gorman as Mr. Marc Brand Eric Edelstein as Mr. Steven Tonucci Production ( edit ) In 2011 , 20th Century Fox had plans to make a live - action film adaptation of the book . Written by Rob Lieber , the film was set to be directed by Lisa Cholodenko ( who also made an earlier draft of the screenplay ) , and produced by Shawn Levy with Dan Levine for Levy 's 21 Laps and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company . Steve Carell joined in April 2012 , to star as Ben , Alexander 's father . In October 2012 , the project was picked up by Walt Disney Pictures , after Fox was reportedly `` uncomfortable with the budget . '' By February 2013 , Cholodenko had left the project , and a month later , it was reported that Miguel Arteta was in talks with Disney to replace Cholodenko . In April 2013 , Jennifer Garner was in talks to play Alexander 's mother . In June 2013 , Disney set the release date for October 10 , 2014 , and confirmed that Carell and Garner were cast as Alexander 's parents . The same month , Disney announced the casting of Ed Oxenbould as Alexander . In July 2013 , Bella Thorne was cast in the film as Alexander 's older brother 's girlfriend . Joel Johnstone , Megan Mullally and Jennifer Coolidge joined the cast a month later . Principal photography began on August 19 , 2013 . The film was entirely shot in the Los Angeles area , including the cities of Pasadena and Arcadia , the San Fernando Valley , and Melody Ranch in Newhall . Filming lasted through October 2013 . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 6 , 2014 . Home media ( edit ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu - ray on February 10 , 2015 . The film debuted at the top of the home video chart in its first week . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day grossed $67 million in North America , and $34.4 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $101.4 million . In North America , the film earned $5.2 million on its opening day and $18.3 million in its opening weekend , placing third behind Gone Girl and Dracula Untold . In its second weekend , the film dropped to number four , grossing an additional $11.4 million . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number seven , grossing $7.1 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number eight , grossing $6.5 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 60 % , based on 110 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` Affably pleasant without ever trying to be anything more , Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day is a fine -- albeit forgettable -- family diversion . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day could have been a lot more horrible and no good than it is . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` It 's Arteta 's ease with generating that slight sense of social awkwardness that makes `` Alexander '' a cut above the usual live - action family comedy . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a negative review , saying `` These characters should have to suffer twice as many embarrassments if they want to earn all those adjectives in the title . '' Sherilyn Connelly of The Village Voice gave the film a negative review , saying `` Everything that can go wrong does , and while it has its moments , Miguel Arteta 's comedy relies too much on gender - shaming and emasculation jokes . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Can a series of irritating events make a movie ? Yes , but an irritating one : Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` The movie is so over-the - top that it makes little narrative sense , but it 's often successful in its naked pursuit of belly laughs . '' Katie Rife of The A.V. Club gave the film a B , saying `` Alexander is a watchable , affable , pretty good , well - done kids ' movie buoyed by a humorous script and talented cast . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` It turns out the film is not terrible or horrible or very bad . No good ? Not that , either . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` It may have the year 's longest title , but Alexander 's movie is not terrible , horrible , or even half bad . In fact , Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day is a pleasant , entertaining way to spend just under 90 minutes , particularly if accompanied by children . '' Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Even the bathroom humor is forgivable when the end result is a crowd - pleasing comedy and a surprisingly entertaining treat for the whole family . '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day , a Disney film , stretches the book thinner than pizza dough and feels about as nutritious . Still , its intentions are good and so is its cast , particularly Ed Oxenbould , a bright - eyed , expressive 13 - year - old making his screen debut as Alexander Cooper . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Director Miguel Arteta , whose previous work is a mixed bag of television and film , gets almost everything right here , including bringing together a solid cast . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day is the latest example of a wonderful children 's book turned into a mediocre movie . This kind of thing happens so frequently -- exceptions like Where the Wild Things Are and , arguably , Shrek prove the rule upheld by every recent big - screen Dr. Seuss adaptation -- that you could almost believe that there is malice involved . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times called the film `` Not so terribly horrible . Not so terribly terrific either . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film a positive review , saying `` What the filmmakers come up with is a modestly likable mix of zany and gently warmhearted , even if they overdo both elements at times . '' David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` It 's a film where you start chuckling as soon as someone says something like , `` I just want everything to be perfect tonight . '' Adam Graham of The Detroit News gave the film a B - , saying `` Alexander wo n't change your day , but it 's not terrible , horrible , no good or very bad , either . '' Calvin Wilson of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film a three out of four stars , saying `` Arteta keeps the action speeding along while eliciting spot - on performances . Carell is at his discombobulated best , and Garner anchors the proceedings with aplomb . '' Lindsey Bahr gave the film a B , saying `` Alexander is pleasantly devoid of the vulgarity and too - current pop culture references that are the default mode for many contemporary live - action kids ' pics , and its earnest celebration of family gives the movie a comforting throwback vibe . '' Bruce Ingram of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two and half stars out of four , saying `` Disney 's bland comedy Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day might have been a little more entertaining if it had been a little more , terrible , horrible , no good and so forth . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News two out of five stars , saying `` Just another loud , boy - centric comedy aimed at ' tweens . The movie turns a slight children 's book -- in this case , Judith Viorst 's 1972 fave , from which it takes mainly the title -- into a charmless mishmash . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( Music from the Motion Picture ) <Th_colspan="2"> EP by Various artists Released October 7 , 2014 Genre Pop Label Walt Disney On April 1 , 2014 , Christophe Beck was hired to score the film . Walt Disney Records released the EP soundtrack album on October 7 , 2014 . The album features songs from the film , and new tracks by various artists , like The Vamps , Kerris and Justine Dorsey , The Narwhals , Charles William and IDK & The Whatevs . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Hurricane '' The Vamps 3 : 17 2 . `` Best Worst Day Ever '' Kerris Dorsey and Justine Dorsey 3 : 35 3 . `` We Are the Ones ( Own the World ) '' Charles William 3 : 08 4 . `` Surf Surf Do n't Drown '' The Narwhals 3 : 27 5 . `` Perfect World '' IDK and The Whatevs 3 : 06 6 . `` Suite from Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' Christophe Beck 3 : 20 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Full Cast Revealed for Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . ComingSoon.net . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( PG ) '' . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Dracula Untold ' Tops ' Gone Girl ' With $8.9 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Newsroom ' Actor Joins ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Trailer , News , Videos , and Reviews '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Coolidge , Megan Mullally Join ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trailer for Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Cholodenko in talks for Fox 's Alexander '' . Variety . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flemink , Mike ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Steve Carell Circling Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Puts In Turnaround Steve Carell - Starrer Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Lisa Cholodenko Exits ' Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Miguel Arteta Will Helm Disney 's ' Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' With Steve Carell '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flemink , Mike ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Garner Joining Steve Carell In ' Alexander And The No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More Disney Release Dates : Two New Marvel Pics , ' Alexander ' , ' Hundred - Foot Journey ' , ' Into The Woods ' , ' Planes ' Sequel Slotted '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Finds Title Character Of ' Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Star Joins ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 8 / 26 / 13 : Kevin Costner Wraps ' Black and White ' As Star & Co-Producer ... ' The Expendables 3 ′ Starts '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) Movie '' . Movieinsider.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Casting Talent Search ... '' FeatureFilmCasting.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carell , Jennifer Garner and ' Alexander ' Stars Celebrate ' Love Letter to Family ' at L.A. Premiere '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tops Home Video Sales Charts With ' Alexander , ' ' 101 Dalmatians ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Gone Girl ' Nabs $26.8 M , ' Dracula Untold ' Bites $23.5 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Box Office : ' Gone Girl ' Cements Week 2 Crown , Next Faces Pitt 's ' Fury ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 10 - 12 , 2014 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 17 - 19 , 2014 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 24 - 26 , 2014 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 31 - November 2 , 2014 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . metacritic.com . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , Very Bad , No Good Day ' review : Pretty good , actually '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander ... Very Bad Day ' Review : Steve Carell Steers This Blandly Sweet , Chaos - Deficient Family Comedy ( Video ) - TheWrap '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everything Goes Wrong in Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' is awfully mediocre '' . New York Post . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Laughs help lift ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Alexander And The Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day is actually pretty good Movie Review The A.V. Club '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Alexander and ... Very Bad Day ' not too bad '' . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bad Day ' has a snappy silver lining '' . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' movie review : A comedic romp that everyone can enjoy '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' review : Not so bad after all '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander 's Terrible etc . Day is good family fun : review '' . thestar.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' No Good , Very Bad Day , ' With Steve Carell '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Alexander 's ' day is n't so terrible , film is n't so great - LA Times '' . latimes.com . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' is a pretty good time - Movies - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , etc . ' : Add gooey to the list '' . Philly.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day '' `` . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Having a bad day ? Just be glad you 're not ' Alexander ' '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Review - Movie Reviews and News - EW.com '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible ... Day ' : Not quite good , not quite bad '' . Chicago Entertainment - Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck to Score ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( film ) Official website at Disney.com Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day on IMDb Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day at Box Office Mojo Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day at Rotten Tomatoes Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> The Jim Henson Company Henson family Jim Henson Jane Henson Lisa Henson Cheryl Henson Brian Henson John Henson Heather Henson Major works <Td_colspan="2"> The Muppets † Sesame Street ‡ TV series Fraggle Rock ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Fraggle Rock : The Animated Series ( 1987 -- 1988 ) The Storyteller ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) The Ghost of Faffner Hall ( 1989 ) Jim Henson 's Mother Goose Stories ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Dog City ( 1992 -- 1994 ) CityKids ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Secret Life of Toys ( 1994 ) Jim Henson 's Animal Show ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Aliens in the Family ( 1996 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Bear in the Big Blue House † ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Brats of the Lost Nebula ( 1998 ) Farscape ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Construction Site ( 1999 ) Family Rules ( 1999 ) Mopatop 's Shop ( 1999 -- 2005 ) The Fearing Mind ( 2000 ) The Hoobs ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola ( 2001 ) Animal Jam ( 2003 ) Bambaloo ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Five Minutes More ( 2006 ) Pajanimals ( 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Me and My Monsters ( 2010 -- 2011 ) That Puppet Game Show ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Doozers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Hi Opie ! ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Word Party ( 2016 -- present ) Splash and Bubbles ( 2016 -- present ) Dot. ( 2016 -- present ) Julie 's Greenroom ( 2017 ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( 2019 ) TV specials The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas ( 1977 ) The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) Monster Maker ( 1989 ) The Song of the Cloud Forest ( 1989 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Theatrical films The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Buddy ( 1997 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Good Boy ! ( 2003 ) Five Children and It ( 2004 ) MirrorMask ( 2005 ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Other projects Time Piece ( 1965 , short film ) The Cube ( 1969 , teleplay ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 , miniseries ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 , miniseries ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 , miniseries ) The Sam Plenty Cavalcade of Action Show Plus Singing ! ( 2008 , web series ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 , DTV film ) Oscar 's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures ( 2015 , web series ) Turkey Hollow ( 2015 , TV film ) Henson Alternative Puppet Up ! ( 2006 -- present ) Late Night Liars ( 2010 ) Simian Undercover Detective Squad ( 2011 ) Neil 's Puppet Dreams ( 2012 -- 2013 ) No , You Shut Up ! ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Good Morning Today ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Happytime Murders ( 2018 ) Divisions Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Henson Recording Studios Jim Henson Home Entertainment Jim Henson Pictures Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Television Related Jim Henson Company Lot Jim Henson Foundation HIT Entertainment <Td_colspan="2"> † Sold to The Walt Disney Company in 2004 , ‡ Muppet characters only ; sold to Sesame Workshop in 2000 <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Miguel Arteta <Td_colspan="2"> Star Maps ( 1997 ) Chuck & Buck ( 2000 ) The Good Girl ( 2002 ) Youth in Revolt ( 2009 ) Cedar Rapids ( 2011 ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) Beatriz at Dinner ( 2017 ) Duck Butter ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_and_the_Terrible,_Horrible,_No_Good,_Very_Bad_Day_(film)&oldid=856186039 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 21 Laps Entertainment films The Jim Henson Company films Walt Disney Pictures films American films American children 's comedy films Films scored by Christophe Beck Films about siblings Films about families Films about wish fulfillment Films based on children 's books Films directed by Miguel Arteta Films set in California Films set in schools Films shot in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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1. Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (film) 2. Plot summary 3. Cast and production 4. Box office and critical response 5. Soundtrack

who won the tour de france last year

List of Tour de France general classification winners - wikipedia List of Tour de France general classification winners Jump to : navigation , search Miguel Indurain , who won five consecutive Tours from 1991 to 1995 . Main article : General classification in the Tour de France The Tour de France is an annual road bicycle race held over 23 days in July . Established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , the Tour is the most well - known and prestigious of cycling 's three `` Grand Tours '' ; the others are the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España . The race usually covers approximately 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) , passing through France and neighbouring countries such as Belgium . The race is broken into day - long stages . Individual finishing times for each stage are totalled to determine the overall winner at the end of the race . The course changes every year , but has always finished in Paris ; since 1975 it has finished along the Champs - Élysées . The rider with the lowest aggregate time at the end of each day wears the yellow jersey , representing the leader of the general classification . There are other jerseys as well : the green jersey , worn by the leader of the points classification ; the polka dot jersey , worn by the leader of the mountains classification ; and the white jersey , worn by the leader of the young rider classification . Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain , have won the most Tours with five each . Lance Armstrong was the winner of seven consecutive Tours between 1999 and 2005 , but he was stripped of these titles in October 2012 by the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) after it emerged that he had used performance - enhancing drugs . Indurain is the only man to win five consecutive Tours . Henri Cornet is the youngest winner ; he won in 1904 , just short of his 20th birthday . Firmin Lambot is the oldest winner , having been 36 years , 4 months old when he won in 1922 . French cyclists have won the most Tours ; 21 cyclists have won 36 Tours among them . Belgian cyclists are second with 18 victories , and Spanish riders are third with 12 wins . The most recent winner is Chris Froome of Team Sky , who won the 2017 Tour , his third in succession , and fourth in total . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Multiple winners 2.2 By nationality 3 Footnotes 4 Notes and references 5 Bibliography 6 See also History ( edit ) The Tour de France was established in 1903 by newspaper L'Auto , in an attempt to increase its sales . The first race was won by Frenchman Maurice Garin . He won again the next year , but was disqualified after allegations that he had been transported by car or rail arose . Henri Cornet became the winner after the dispute was settled ; he is the youngest to win the Tour . Following the scandals in 1904 , the scoring system was changed from being time - based to a points - based system , in which the cyclist who has the fewest points at the end of the race is victorious . This system lasted until 1912 , when the time - based system was re-introduced . French cyclists were successful in the early Tours ; the first non-Frenchman to win the Tour was François Faber of Luxembourg , who won in 1909 . Belgian riders were more successful before and after the First World War ( which suspended the Tour from 1915 to 1918 ) . In the 1920s , trade teams dominated the Tour ; cyclists such as Nicolas Frantz won the Tour with the Alcyon team . However , when Alcyon cyclist Maurice De Waele won the Tour in 1929 while ill , the organisers decided to introduce national teams the following year , to stop team tactics from undermining the race . Because of the Second World War , the Tour de France was suspended from 1940 to 1946 . The yellow jersey ( French : Maillot jaune ) , worn by the leader of the general classification After the Second World War , no one dominated the Tour until Louison Bobet , who won three consecutive Tours from 1953 to 1955 -- he was the first person to achieve this feat . This was bettered by the French cyclist Jacques Anquetil , who won four successive Tours from 1961 to 1964 . Anquetil , who also won in 1957 , became the first to win five Tours . Anquetil 's five victories were matched when Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx won four successive Tours from 1969 to 1972 and the 1974 Tour . Merckx is the only person to have won the general , points and king of the mountains classifications in the same Tour . He achieved this in 1969 , when he won his first Tour . Merckx looked to be heading for a record sixth Tour victory in 1975 , but Bernard Thévenet beat him , becoming the first French winner in seven years . Thévenet won again in 1977 ; however , he was eclipsed in following years by fellow Frenchman Bernard Hinault , who won consecutive Tours in 1978 and 1979 . Hinault won the Tour at his first attempt in 1978 ; becoming one of 11 cyclists ( including Anquetil , Merckx , Hugo Koblet and Fausto Coppi ) managed to do so . In 1980 , Hinault was going for a third consecutive win , but had to pull out because of tendinitis , and the Tour was won by Joop Zoetemelk . Hinault returned in 1981 and won that race as well as the one after that . Hinault sat out the Tour in 1983 , and another Frenchman -- Laurent Fignon -- achieved victory . Fignon won again the following year , beating Hinault ; Hinault recovered in 1985 to win his fifth Tour . American Greg LeMond became the first non-European to win the Tour in 1986 . LeMond missed out in 1987 and 1988 , but returned in 1989 to win the Tour by finishing eight seconds ahead of Laurent Fignon , the smallest winning margin in the Tour 's history . LeMond also won in 1990 . In 1991 , Spaniard Miguel Indurain won his first Tour . Indurain came to dominate the Tour , winning four more Tours consecutively -- making him the first person to win five consecutive Tours . He tried to win a record - high sixth Tour in 1996 , but was beaten by Bjarne Riis , who later admitted to using Erythropoietin . Jan Ullrich and Marco Pantani won in 1997 and 1998 , respectively ; however , Pantani 's victory was overshadowed by doping scandals . The 1999 Tour saw the first victory of Lance Armstrong , which was followed by six more , for a total of seven consecutive victories . He was stripped of his titles in October 2012 , when it emerged he had used performance - enhancing drugs throughout much of his career , including the Tour de France victories . Floyd Landis won the Tour in 2006 , but was later stripped of his title , after a drug - control test demonstrated the presence of a skewed testosterone / epitestosterone ratio . Óscar Pereiro was subsequently awarded the victory . Alberto Contador won the 2007 Tour with the Discovery Channel . The 2007 Tour was also marred by doping scandals , thus Contador was unable to defend his title in 2008 , as his Astana team was banned for its part . Fellow Spaniard Carlos Sastre of Team CSC won . Contador and Astana returned in 2009 to regain the title . He won the Tour again in 2010 , but was later stripped of his title after he was found guilty of doping . Runner - up Andy Schleck was awarded the victory . Cadel Evans became the first Australian to win the Tour in 2011 . The following year , Bradley Wiggins became the first British cyclist to win the Tour . Chris Froome became the second successive British winner in 2013 , which was the 100th edition of the race . He could not defend his title the following year , as he crashed out in stage 5 , with Vincenzo Nibali winning his first Tour . Froome regained the title in 2015 and then successfully defended it in 2016 , the first rider in over 20 years to do so . He then backed it up with a third consecutive win in 2017 . Winners ( edit ) Key Winner won points classification in the same year * Winner won mountains classification in the same year # Winner won young rider classification in the same year Winner won points and mountains classification in the same year The `` Year '' column refers to the year the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The `` Distance '' column refers to the distance over which the race was held . The `` Margin '' column refers to the margin of time or points by which the winner defeated the runner - up . The `` Stage wins '' column refers to the number of stage wins the winner had during the race . Tour de France general classification winners Year Country Cyclist Sponsor / Team Distance Time / Points Margin Stage wins Stages in lead 1903 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin La Française 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 094 ! 94h 33 ' 14 '' 24921 ! + 2h 59 ' 21 '' 6 1904 France Garin , Maurice Maurice Garin Cornet , Henri Henri Cornet Conte 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) 096 ! 96h 05 ' 55 '' 21614 ! + 2h 16 ' 14 '' 1905 France Trousselier , Louis Louis Trousselier Peugeot -- Wolber 2,994 km ( 1,860 mi ) 35 26 5 10 1906 France Pottier , René René Pottier Peugeot -- Wolber 4,637 km ( 2,881 mi ) 31 8 5 12 1907 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,488 km ( 2,789 mi ) 47 19 5 1908 France Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton Peugeot -- Wolber 4,497 km ( 2,794 mi ) 36 32 5 13 1909 Luxembourg Faber , François François Faber Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 37 20 6 13 1910 France Lapize , Octave Octave Lapize Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,734 km ( 2,942 mi ) 63 1911 France Garrigou , Gustave Gustave Garrigou Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,343 km ( 3,320 mi ) 43 18 13 1912 Belgium Defraye , Odile Odile Defraye Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,289 km ( 3,286 mi ) 49 59 13 1913 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,287 km ( 3,285 mi ) 197 ! 197h 54 ' 00 '' 00837 ! + 8 ' 37 '' 8 1914 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys Peugeot -- Wolber 5,380 km ( 3,340 mi ) 200 ! 200h 28 ' 48 '' 00150 ! + 1 ' 50 '' 15 1915 <Th_colspan="8"> World War I 1916 1917 1918 1919 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot La Sportive 5,560 km ( 3,450 mi ) 231 ! 231h 07 ' 15 '' 14254 ! + 1h 42 ' 54 '' 1920 Belgium Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys La Sportive 5,503 km ( 3,419 mi ) 228 ! 228h 36 ' 13 '' 05721 ! + 57 ' 21 '' 14 1921 Belgium Scieur , Léon Léon Scieur La Sportive 5,485 km ( 3,408 mi ) 221 ! 221h 50 ' 26 '' 01836 ! + 18 ' 36 '' 14 1922 Belgium Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot Peugeot -- Wolber 5,375 km ( 3,340 mi ) 222 ! 222h 08 ' 06 '' 04115 ! + 41 ' 15 '' 0 1923 France Pélissier , Henri Henri Pélissier Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,386 km ( 3,347 mi ) 222 ! 222h 15 ' 30 '' 03041 ! + 30 ' 41 '' 6 1924 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto 5,425 km ( 3,371 mi ) 226 ! 226h 18 ' 21 '' 03536 ! + 35 ' 36 '' 15 1925 Italy Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,440 km ( 3,380 mi ) 219 ! 219h 10 ' 18 '' 05420 ! + 54 ' 20 '' 13 1926 Belgium Buysse , Lucien Lucien Buysse Automoto -- Hutchinson 5,745 km ( 3,570 mi ) 238 ! 238h 44 ' 25 '' 12225 ! + 1h 22 ' 25 '' 8 1927 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,398 km ( 3,354 mi ) 198 ! 198h 16 ' 42 '' 14841 ! + 1h 48 ' 41 '' 14 1928 Luxembourg Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,476 km ( 3,403 mi ) 192 ! 192h 48 ' 58 '' 05007 ! + 50 ' 07 '' 5 22 1929 Belgium De Waele , Maurice Maurice De Waele Alcyon -- Dunlop 5,286 km ( 3,285 mi ) 186 ! 186h 39 ' 15 '' 04423 ! + 44 ' 23 '' 16 1930 France Leducq , André André Leducq Alcyon -- Dunlop 4,822 km ( 2,996 mi ) 172 ! 172h 12 ' 16 '' 01413 ! + 14 ' 13 '' 13 1931 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 5,091 km ( 3,163 mi ) 177 ! 177h 10 ' 03 '' 01256 ! + 12 ' 56 '' 16 1932 France Leducq , André André Leducq France 4,479 km ( 2,783 mi ) 154 ! 154h 11 ' 49 '' 02403 ! + 24 ' 03 '' 6 19 1933 France Speicher , Georges Georges Speicher France 4,395 km ( 2,731 mi ) 147 ! 147h 51 ' 37 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 12 1934 France Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne France 4,470 km ( 2,780 mi ) 147 ! 147h 13 ' 58 '' 02731 ! + 27 ' 31 '' 22 1935 Belgium Maes , Romain Romain Maes Belgium 4,338 km ( 2,696 mi ) 141 ! 141h 23 ' 00 '' 01752 ! + 17 ' 52 '' 21 1936 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes Belgium 4,442 km ( 2,760 mi ) 142 ! 142h 47 ' 32 '' 02655 ! + 26 ' 55 '' 14 1937 France Lapébie , Roger Roger Lapébie France 4,415 km ( 2,743 mi ) 138 ! 138h 58 ' 31 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 1938 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,694 km ( 2,917 mi ) 148 ! 148h 29 ' 12 '' 01827 ! + 18 ' 27 '' 8 1939 Belgium Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes * Belgium 4,224 km ( 2,625 mi ) 132 ! 132h 03 ' 17 '' 03038 ! + 30 ' 38 '' 1940 <Th_colspan="8"> World War II 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 France Robic , Jean Jean Robic France 4,642 km ( 2,884 mi ) 148 ! 148h 11 ' 25 '' 00358 ! + 3 ' 58 '' 1948 Italy Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali * Italy 4,922 km ( 3,058 mi ) 147 ! 147h 10 ' 36 '' 02616 ! + 26 ' 16 '' 7 9 1949 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,808 km ( 2,988 mi ) 149 ! 149h 40 ' 49 '' 01055 ! + 10 ' 55 '' 5 1950 Switzerland Kübler , Ferdinand Ferdinand Kübler Switzerland 4,773 km ( 2,966 mi ) 145 ! 145h 36 ' 56 '' 00930 ! + 9 ' 30 '' 11 1951 Switzerland Koblet , Hugo Hugo Koblet Switzerland 4,690 km ( 2,910 mi ) 142 ! 142h 20 ' 14 '' 02200 ! + 22 ' 00 '' 5 11 1952 Italy Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi * Italy 4,898 km ( 3,043 mi ) 151 ! 151h 57 ' 20 '' 02817 ! + 28 ' 17 '' 5 14 1953 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,476 km ( 2,781 mi ) 129 ! 129h 23 ' 25 '' 01418 ! + 14 ' 18 '' 5 1954 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,656 km ( 2,893 mi ) 140 ! 140h 06 ' 05 '' 01549 ! + 15 ' 49 '' 14 1955 France Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet France 4,495 km ( 2,793 mi ) 130 ! 130h 29 ' 26 '' 00453 ! + 4 ' 53 '' 6 1956 France Walkowiak , Roger Roger Walkowiak France 4,498 km ( 2,795 mi ) 124 ! 124h 01 ' 16 '' 00125 ! + 1 ' 25 '' 0 8 1957 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,669 km ( 2,901 mi ) 135 ! 135h 44 ' 42 '' 01456 ! + 14 ' 56 '' 15 1958 Luxembourg Gaul , Charly Charly Gaul Luxembourg 4,319 km ( 2,684 mi ) 116 ! 116h 59 ' 05 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 1959 Spain Bahamontes , Federico Federico Bahamontes * Spain 4,358 km ( 2,708 mi ) 123 ! 123h 46 ' 45 '' 00401 ! + 4 ' 01 '' 6 1960 Italy Nencini , Gastone Gastone Nencini Italy 4,173 km ( 2,593 mi ) 112 ! 112h 08 ' 42 '' 00502 ! + 5 ' 02 '' 0 14 1961 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil France 4,397 km ( 2,732 mi ) 122 ! 122h 01 ' 33 '' 01214 ! + 12 ' 14 '' 21 1962 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Helyett -- Hutchinson 4,274 km ( 2,656 mi ) 114 ! 114h 31 ' 54 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 1963 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- R. Geminiani 4,138 km ( 2,571 mi ) 113 ! 113h 30 ' 05 '' 00335 ! + 3 ' 35 '' 5 1964 France Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil Saint - Raphaël -- Gitane -- Dunlop 4,504 km ( 2,799 mi ) 127 ! 127h 09 ' 44 '' 00055 ! + 55 '' 6 1965 Italy Gimondi , Felice Felice Gimondi Salvarani 4,188 km ( 2,602 mi ) 116 ! 116h 42 ' 06 '' 00240 ! + 2 ' 40 '' 18 1966 France Aimar , Lucien Lucien Aimar Ford France -- Hutchinson 4,329 km ( 2,690 mi ) 117 ! 117h 34 ' 21 '' 00107 ! + 1 ' 07 '' 0 6 1967 France Pingeon , Roger Roger Pingeon Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,779 km ( 2,970 mi ) 136 ! 136h 53 ' 50 '' 00340 ! + 3 ' 40 '' 17 1968 Netherlands Janssen , Jan Jan Janssen Pelforth -- Sauvage -- Lejeune 4,492 km ( 2,791 mi ) 133 ! 133h 49 ' 42 '' 00038 ! + 38 '' 1969 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Faema 4,117 km ( 2,558 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 02 '' 01754 ! + 17 ' 54 '' 6 18 1970 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx * Faemino -- Faema 4,254 km ( 2,643 mi ) 119 ! 119h 31 ' 49 '' 01241 ! + 12 ' 41 '' 8 20 1971 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,608 km ( 2,242 mi ) 096 ! 96h 45 ' 14 '' 00951 ! + 9 ' 51 '' 17 1972 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 3,846 km ( 2,390 mi ) 108 ! 108h 17 ' 18 '' 01041 ! + 10 ' 41 '' 6 15 1973 Spain Ocaña , Luis Luis Ocaña Bic 4,090 km ( 2,540 mi ) 122 ! 122h 25 ' 34 '' 01551 ! + 15 ' 51 '' 6 14 Belgium Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx Molteni 4,098 km ( 2,546 mi ) 116 ! 116h 16 ' 58 '' 00804 ! + 8 ' 04 '' 8 18 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- BP -- Michelin 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) 114 ! 114h 35 ' 31 '' 00247 ! + 2 ' 47 '' 8 1976 Belgium Van Impe , Lucien Lucien Van Impe Gitane -- Campagnolo 4,017 km ( 2,496 mi ) 116 ! 116h 22 ' 23 '' 00414 ! + 4 ' 14 '' 12 1977 France Thevenet Bernard Thévenet Peugeot -- Esso -- Michelin 4,096 km ( 2,545 mi ) 115 ! 115h 38 ' 30 '' 00048 ! + 48 '' 8 1978 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane -- Campagnolo 3,908 km ( 2,428 mi ) 108 ! 108h 18 ' 00 '' 00356 ! + 3 ' 56 '' 1979 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Gitane 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 103 ! 103h 06 ' 50 '' 01307 ! + 13 ' 07 '' 7 17 1980 Netherlands Zoetemelk , Joop Joop Zoetemelk TI -- Raleigh -- Creda 3,842 km ( 2,387 mi ) 109 ! 109h 19 ' 14 '' 00655 ! + 6 ' 55 '' 10 1981 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,753 km ( 2,332 mi ) 096 ! 96h 19 ' 38 '' 01434 ! + 14 ' 34 '' 5 18 1982 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault Renault -- Elf -- Gitane 3,507 km ( 2,179 mi ) 092 ! 92h 08 ' 46 '' 00621 ! + 6 ' 21 '' 12 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 3,809 km ( 2,367 mi ) 105 ! 105h 07 ' 52 '' 00404 ! + 4 ' 04 '' 6 1984 France Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon Renault -- Elf 4,021 km ( 2,499 mi ) 112 ! 112h 03 ' 40 '' 01032 ! + 10 ' 32 '' 5 7 1985 France Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault La Vie Claire 4,109 km ( 2,553 mi ) 113 ! 113h 24 ' 23 '' 00142 ! + 1 ' 42 '' 16 1986 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond La Vie Claire 4,094 km ( 2,544 mi ) 110 ! 110h 35 ' 19 '' 00310 ! + 3 ' 10 '' 7 Ireland Roche , Stephen Stephen Roche Carrera Jeans -- Vagabond 4,231 km ( 2,629 mi ) 115 ! 115h 27 ' 42 '' 00040 ! + 40 '' 1988 Spain Delgado , Pedro Pedro Delgado Reynolds 3,286 km ( 2,042 mi ) 084 ! 84h 27 ' 53 '' 00713 ! + 7 ' 13 '' 11 1989 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond AD Renting -- W - Cup -- Bottecchia 3,285 km ( 2,041 mi ) 087 ! 87h 38 ' 35 '' 00008 ! + 8 '' 8 1990 United States LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond Z -- Tomasso 3,504 km ( 2,177 mi ) 090 ! 90h 43 ' 20 '' 00216 ! + 2 ' 16 '' 0 1991 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,914 km ( 2,432 mi ) 101 ! 101h 01 ' 20 '' 00336 ! + 3 ' 36 '' 10 1992 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,983 km ( 2,475 mi ) 100 ! 100h 49 ' 30 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 10 1993 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 09 '' 00459 ! + 4 ' 59 '' 14 1994 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,978 km ( 2,472 mi ) 103 ! 103h 38 ' 38 '' 00539 ! + 5 ' 39 '' 13 1995 Spain Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain Banesto 3,635 km ( 2,259 mi ) 092 ! 92h 44 ' 59 '' 00435 ! + 4 ' 35 '' 13 Denmark Riis , Bjarne Bjarne Riis Team Telekom 3,765 km ( 2,339 mi ) 095 ! 95h 57 ' 16 '' 00141 ! + 1 ' 41 '' 13 1997 Germany Ullrich , Jan Jan Ullrich Team Telekom 3,950 km ( 2,450 mi ) 100 ! 100h 30 ' 35 '' 00909 ! + 9 ' 09 '' 12 1998 Italy Pantani , Marco Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno -- Bianchi 3,875 km ( 2,408 mi ) 092 ! 92h 49 ' 46 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 7 1999 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,687 km ( 2,291 mi ) 091 ! 91h 32 ' 16 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 15 2000 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,662 km ( 2,275 mi ) 092 ! 92h 33 ' 08 '' 00602 ! + 6 ' 02 '' 12 2001 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,458 km ( 2,149 mi ) 086 ! 86h 17 ' 28 '' 00644 ! + 6 ' 44 '' 8 2002 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,272 km ( 2,033 mi ) 082 ! 82h 05 ' 12 '' 00717 ! + 7 ' 17 '' 11 2003 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,427 km ( 2,129 mi ) 083 ! 83h 41 ' 12 '' 00101 ! + 1 ' 01 '' 13 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong U.S. Postal Service 3,391 km ( 2,107 mi ) 083 ! 83h 36 ' 02 '' 00619 ! + 6 ' 19 '' 5 7 2005 United States Armstrong , Lance Lance Armstrong Discovery Channel 3,593 km ( 2,233 mi ) 086 ! 86h 15 ' 02 '' 00440 ! + 4 ' 40 '' 17 2006 Spain Landis , Floyd Floyd Landis Pereiro , Óscar Óscar Pereiro Caisse d'Epargne -- Illes Balears 3,657 km ( 2,272 mi ) 089 ! 89h 40 ' 27 '' 00032 ! + 32 '' 0 8 2007 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Discovery Channel 3,570 km ( 2,220 mi ) 091 ! 91h 00 ' 26 '' 00023 ! + 23 '' 2008 Spain Sastre , Carlos Carlos Sastre * Team CSC 3,559 km ( 2,211 mi ) 087 ! 87h 52 ' 52 '' 00058 ! + 58 '' 5 2009 Spain Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Astana 3,459 km ( 2,149 mi ) 085 ! 85h 48 ' 35 '' 00411 ! + 4 ' 11 '' 7 Luxembourg Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador Schleck , Andy Andy Schleck Team Saxo Bank 3,642 km ( 2,263 mi ) 091 ! 91h 59 ' 27 '' 00122 ! + 1 ' 22 '' 12 2011 Australia Evans , Cadel Cadel Evans BMC Racing Team 3,430 km ( 2,130 mi ) 086 ! 86h 12 ' 22 '' 00134 ! + 1 ' 34 '' 2012 Great Britain Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Team Sky 3,496 km ( 2,172 mi ) 087 ! 87h 34 ' 47 '' 00321 ! + 3 ' 21 '' 14 2013 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,404 km ( 2,115 mi ) 083 ! 83h 56 ' 20 '' 00420 ! + 4 ' 20 '' 14 2014 Italy Nibali , Vincenzo Vincenzo Nibali Astana 3,660.5 km ( 2,274.5 mi ) 089 ! 89h 59 ' 06 '' 00737 ! + 7 ' 37 '' 19 2015 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome * Team Sky 3,360.3 km ( 2,088.0 mi ) 084 ! 84h 46 ' 14 '' 00112 ! + 1 ' 12 '' 16 2016 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,529 km ( 2,193 mi ) 089 ! 89h 04 ' 48 '' 00405 ! + 4 ' 05 '' 14 2017 Great Britain Froome , Chris Chris Froome Team Sky 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) 086 ! 86h 20 ' 55 '' 00054 ! + 54 '' 0 15 Multiple winners ( edit ) The following riders have won the Tour de France on 2 or more occasions . Since the retirement of twice winner Alberto Contador in 2017 , the only active rider on the list as of that year is Chris Froome , currently with 4 wins . Contador had originally won three Tours , but was stripped of one following an anti-doping violation . Lance Armstrong was removed from the head of the list after having all seven of his Tour victories stripped when he was found guilty of repeated doping offences . Had his tainted Tour victories been reallocated ( as were the victories of Floyd Landis and Contador ) to the second placed rider in each race , Jan Ullrich would have joined the list with 4 Tour wins . However , the race organisers ASO have decided not to reallocate the titles won in those years , in recognition of the historic doping problem in the sport at that time - Ullrich himself having been banned for a doping violation . Ullrich , therefore , has a single Tour victory to his name . Multiple winners of the Tour de France general classification Cyclist Total Years Anquetil , Jacques Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 5 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Merckx , Eddy Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 5 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Hinault , Bernard Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 5 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Indurain , Miguel Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Froome , Chris Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Thys , Philippe Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Bobet , Louison Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 LeMond , Greg Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Petit - Breton , Lucien Lucien Petit - Breton ( FRA ) 1907 , 1908 Lambot , Firmin Firmin Lambot ( BEL ) 1919 , 1922 Bottecchia , Ottavio Ottavio Bottecchia ( ITA ) 1924 , 1925 Frantz , Nicolas Nicolas Frantz ( LUX ) 1927 , 1928 Leducq , André André Leducq ( FRA ) 1930 , 1932 Magne , Antonin Antonin Magne ( FRA ) 1931 , 1934 Maes , Sylvère Sylvère Maes ( BEL ) 1936 , 1939 Bartali , Gino Gino Bartali ( ITA ) 1938 , 1948 Coppi , Fausto Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 , 1952 Thévenet , Bernard Bernard Thévenet ( FRA ) 1975 , 1977 Fignon , Laurent Laurent Fignon ( FRA ) 1983 , 1984 Contador , Alberto Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2007 , 2009 By nationality ( edit ) Tour de France general classification winners by nationality Country No. of winning cyclists No. of wins France 23 36 Belgium 10 18 Spain 7 12 Italy 7 10 Luxembourg 5 Great Britain 5 United States Netherlands Switzerland Denmark Germany Ireland Australia Footnotes ( edit ) A. Bjarne Riis has admitted to doping during the 1996 Tour de France . The organizers of the Tour de France have stated that they no longer consider him to be the winner , although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win . Jan Ullrich was placed second on the podium in Paris . B. Lance Armstrong was declared winner of seven consecutive Tours from 1999 to 2005 . However , in October 2012 he was stripped of all titles by the UCI due to the use of performance - enhancing drugs . The Tour director Christian Prudhomme had previously declared that if this happened , there would be no alternate winners for those years , but this has not yet been made official . C. Floyd Landis was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2006 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for performance - enhancing drugs during stage 17 of the race . The United States Anti-Doping Agency found him guilty of using synthetic testosterone during the race and stripped him of his title on 20 September 2007 . D. Alberto Contador was the winner at the podium ceremony in Paris on the last day of the 2010 Tour , but subsequently was found to have tested positive for the prohibited substance Clenbuterol on a rest day . The Court of Arbitration for Sport found him guilty of using clenbuterol during the race and stripped him of his title on 6 February 2012 . E. Henri Cornet was declared the winner after the disqualification of Maurice Garin for cheating . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ FAQ . Union Cycliste Internationale . Archived from the original on 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Tour de France : 1903 - 2003 . Routledge . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5362 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC Sport. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Scholiansky , Christopher ( 6 July 2009 ) . `` Will He ? Wo n't He ? Can Armstrong Win Tour de France ? '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stats '' . Tour de France . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Paul ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 : Chris Froome wins yellow jersey for the fourth time '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 -- 1914 : Pioneers and ' assassins ' '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 -- 1939 : Adapt to survive '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 1956 : Post-war rivalries '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 1966 : Anquetil 5 -- 0 Poulidor '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 -- 1977 : Tragedy before a Cannibal 's feast '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 1984 : The Badger 's golden era '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 19 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Armijo , Vic ( 1999 ) . The complete idiot 's guide to cycling . Alpha Books . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 862929 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 1990 : American , Irishman and Spaniard '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 1995 : Big Mig 's masterclass '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Duff , Alex ( 25 May 2007 ) . `` Riis , Tour de France Champ , Says He Took Banned Drugs '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 2000 : Doping and the great recovery '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overall standings 2002 '' . BBC Sport. 28 July 2002 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong seals seventh Tour win '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 5 August 2006 ) . `` Backup Sample on Landis is positive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sastre wins Tour de France crown '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Cavendish wins historic green jersey '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Wiggins wins Tour de France for Team Sky '' . BBC Sport. 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome wins 100th edition of race '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Vincenzo Nibali completes race victory '' . BBC Sport. 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2016 : Chris Froome completes third race victory '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tour takes Riis off winners list '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The UCI recognises USADA decision in Armstrong case '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Pereiro winner of the 2006 Tour de France '' . Union Cycliste Internationale. 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CAS sanctions Contador with two year ban in clenbutorol case '' . Cyclingnews.com . Future plc. 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2016 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . `` Tour de France '' ( in French ) . Mèmoire du Cyclisme . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of Tour de France secondary classification winners Yellow jersey statistics List of Grand Tour general classification winners <Th_colspan="2"> Tour de France general classification winners 1903 -- 1919 1903 : Maurice Garin 1904 : Henri Cornet 1905 : Louis Trousselier 1906 : René Pottier 1907 -- 08 : Lucien Petit - Breton 1909 : François Faber 1910 : Octave Lapize 1911 : Gustave Garrigou 1912 : Odile Defraye 1913 -- 14 : Philippe Thys 1915 -- 18 : World War I 1919 : Firmin Lambot 1920 -- 1939 1920 : Philippe Thys 1921 : Léon Scieur 1922 : Firmin Lambot 1923 : Henri Pélissier 1924 -- 25 : Ottavio Bottecchia 1926 : Lucien Buysse 1927 -- 28 : Nicolas Frantz 1929 : Maurice De Waele 1930 : André Leducq 1931 : Antonin Magne 1932 : André Leducq 1933 : Georges Speicher 1934 : Antonin Magne 1935 : Romain Maes 1936 : Sylvère Maes 1937 : Roger Lapébie 1938 : Gino Bartali 1939 : Sylvère Maes 1940 -- 1959 1940 -- 46 : World War II 1947 : Jean Robic 1948 : Gino Bartali 1949 : Fausto Coppi 1950 : Ferdinand Kübler 1951 : Hugo Koblet 1952 : Fausto Coppi 1953 -- 55 : Louison Bobet 1956 : Roger Walkowiak 1957 : Jacques Anquetil 1958 : Charly Gaul 1959 : Federico Bahamontes 1960 -- 1979 1960 : Gastone Nencini 1961 -- 64 : Jacques Anquetil 1965 : Felice Gimondi 1966 : Lucien Aimar 1967 : Roger Pingeon 1968 : Jan Janssen 1969 -- 72 : Eddy Merckx 1973 : Luis Ocaña 1974 : Eddy Merckx 1975 : Bernard Thévenet 1976 : Lucien Van Impe 1977 : Bernard Thévenet 1978 -- 79 : Bernard Hinault 1980 -- 1998 1980 : Joop Zoetemelk 1981 -- 82 : Bernard Hinault 1983 -- 84 : Laurent Fignon 1985 : Bernard Hinault 1986 : Greg LeMond 1987 : Stephen Roche 1988 : Pedro Delgado 1989 -- 90 : Greg LeMond 1991 -- 95 : Miguel Indurain 1996 : Bjarne Riis 1997 : Jan Ullrich 1998 : Marco Pantani 2006 -- present 1999 -- 2005 : results voided because of doping 2006 : Óscar Pereiro 2007 : Alberto Contador 2008 : Carlos Sastre 2009 : Alberto Contador 2010 : Andy Schleck 2011 : Cadel Evans 2012 : Bradley Wiggins 2013 : Chris Froome 2014 : Vincenzo Nibali 2015 -- 2017 : Chris Froome <Th_colspan="2"> Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current <Td_colspan="2"> General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de l'Avenir <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tour_de_France_general_classification_winners&oldid=802502260 '' Categories : Tour de France classifications and awards Tour de France winners Lists of cyclists Tour de France - related lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles containing French - language text Articles with hCards CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Føroyskt Français Hrvatski Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 29 . 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1. Tour de France general classification winners 2. History of the Tour de France 3. Multiple winners of the Tour de France 4. Nationalities of Tour de France winners 5. Recent winners of the Tour de France

what was the decision of gitlow v new york

Gitlow v. New York - wikipedia Gitlow v. New York Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Gitlow v. New York <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Argued April 12 , 1923 Reargued November 23 , 1923 Decided June 8 , 1925 Full case name Benjamin Gitlow v. People of the State of New York Citations 268 U.S. 652 ( more ) 45 S. Ct. 625 ; 69 L. Ed . 1138 ; 1925 U.S. LEXIS 598 Prior history Defendant convicted , Supreme Court of New York County , 2 - 5 - 20 ; affirmed , 195 A.D. 773 ( N.Y. Sup. Ct. App. Div. 1921 ) ; affirmed , 136 N.E. 317 ( N.Y. 1923 ) Subsequent history None <Th_colspan="2"> Holding <Td_colspan="2"> The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from infringing free speech , but the defendant was properly convicted under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law because he disseminated newspapers that advocated the violent overthrow of the government . <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership <Td_colspan="2"> Chief Justice William H. Taft Associate Justices Oliver W. Holmes Jr . Willis Van Devanter James C. McReynolds Louis Brandeis George Sutherland Pierce Butler Edward T. Sanford Harlan F. Stone <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions Majority Sanford , joined by Taft , Van Devanter , McReynolds , Sutherland , Butler , Stone Dissent Holmes , joined by Brandeis <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amends . I , XIV ; N.Y. Penal Law § § 160 , 161 Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment -- specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press -- to the governments of the individual states . It was one of a series of Supreme Court cases that defined the scope of the First Amendment 's protection of free speech and established the standard to which a state or the federal government would be held when it criminalized speech or writing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Incorporation 2 Free speech 2.1 Aftermath 3 Footnotes 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Following the Red Scare of 1919 -- 20 , a variety of leftists , either anarchists , sympathizers with the Bolshevik Revolution , labor activists , or members of a communist or socialist party , were convicted for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 on the basis of their writings or statements . Benjamin Gitlow , a member of the Socialist Party of America , who had served in the New York State Assembly , was charged with criminal anarchy under New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902 for publishing in July 1919 a document called `` Left Wing Manifesto '' in The Revolutionary Age , a newspaper for which he served as business manager . His trial lasted from January 22 to February 5 , 1920 . His defense contended that the Manifesto represented historical analysis rather than advocacy . He was convicted on February 11 and sentenced to 5 to 10 years in prison . He served more than two years at Sing Sing prison before his motion to appeal was granted and he was released on bail . State courts of appeal upheld his conviction . New York 's Criminal Anarchy Law was passed in 1902 following the assassination of President William McKinley by an anarchist in Buffalo , New York , in September 1901 . Gitlow was the first major First Amendment case that the American Civil Liberties Union argued before the Supreme Court . The Court had to consider whether it could review a challenge to a state law on the basis that it violated the federal constitution . If it determined that such a challenge lay within the scope of its authority , then it had to review the application of the law to the case at hand , the specific violation of the statute . It upheld Gitlow 's conviction 7 -- 2 , with Brandeis and Holmes dissenting . Incorporation ( edit ) The Supreme Court previously held , in Barron v. Baltimore , 32 U.S. 243 ( 1833 ) , that the Constitution 's Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government , that states were free to enforce statutes that restricted the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights , and that the federal courts could not interfere with the enforcement of such statutes . Gitlow v. New York partly reversed that precedent and began a trend toward its nearly complete reversal . The Supreme Court now holds that almost every provision of the Bill of Rights applies to both the federal government and the states . The Supreme Court relied on the `` due process clause '' of the Fourteenth Amendment , which prohibits a state from depriving `` any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law . '' The Court stated that `` For present purposes we may and do assume that '' the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of the press were `` among the fundamental personal rights and ' liberties ' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states '' . The Court used the doctrine first enunciated in Gitlow in other cases , such as De Jonge v. Oregon , 299 U.S. 353 ( 1937 ) , Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 ( 1949 ) , and Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) , to extend the reach of the Bill of Rights . Constitutional scholars refer to this as the `` incorporation doctrine , '' meaning that the Supreme Court has identified rights specified in the Bill of Rights and incorporated them into the liberties covered by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Recently , the Supreme Court , see , McDonald v. Chicago , found the 2nd Amendment Right to `` ... keep and bear arms , '' for lawful purposes such as self - defense both a fundamental and individual right of all law - abiding Citizens over 21 years of age and of sound mind as self - defense is the `` central component '' of the 2nd Amendment , and these Rights are `` fully applicable '' in all of the 50 States . Free speech ( edit ) The Court upheld Gitlow 's conviction on the basis that the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue , which made it a crime to advocate the duty , need , or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence . Justice Edward Terry Sanford 's majority opinion attempted to define more clearly the `` clear and present danger '' test developed a few years earlier in Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) . He embraced `` the bad tendency test '' found in Shaffer v. United States , 255 F. 886 ( 1919 ) , which held that a `` State may punish utterances endangering the foundations of government and threatening its overthrow by unlawful means '' because such speech clearly `` present ( s ) a sufficient danger to the public peace and to the security of the State . '' According to Sanford , a `` single revolutionary spark may kindle a fire that , smoldering for a time , may burst into a sweeping and destructive conflagration . '' He said the Manifesto contained `` the language of direct incitement '' and was not `` the expression of philosophical abstraction . '' In his dissent , Holmes , the author of Schenck 's clear and present danger test , wrote that he believed it was still the appropriate test to employ in judging the limits of freedom of expression . Joined by Brandeis , he argued that Gitlow presented no present danger because only a small minority of people shared the views presented in the manifesto and because it directed an uprising at some `` indefinite time in the future . '' He responded to Sanford 's kindling metaphor that `` eloquence may set fire to reason , but , whatever may be thought of the redundant discourse before us , it had no chance of starting a present conflagration . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On November 9 , 1925 , Gitlow surrendered to New York Authorities for transportation back to Sing Sing Prison to finish his sentence . On December 11 , 1925 , New York Gov. Al Smith pardoned him , saying that while Gitlow had been `` properly and legally convicted '' , he needed to consider `` whether or not he has been sufficiently punished for a political crime . '' He concluded that `` no additional punishment would act as a deterrent to those who would preach an erroneous doctrine of Government . '' Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : New York Times : `` Gitlow Goes Back to Serve his Term , '' November 10 , 1925 , accessed June 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Whipple , Leon ( 1927 ) . The Story of Civil Liberty in the United States . New York : Vanguard Press . p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` The Successes of the American Civil Liberties Union '' . ACLU. 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gitlow Loses Fight in Highest Court to Annul Anarchy Law '' . New York Times . 9 June 1925 . Jump up ^ `` Gitlow is Pardoned by Governor Smith as Punished Enough '' . New York Times . 12 December 1925 . Further reading ( edit ) Heberle , Klaus H. ( May 1972 ) . `` From Gitlow to Near : Judicial `` Amendment '' by Absent - Minded Incrementalism `` . Journal of Politics . 34 ( 2 ) : 458 -- 483 . JSTOR 2129363 . External links ( edit ) Text of Gitlow v. New York , 268 U.S. 652 ( 1925 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar First Amendment Library entry for Gitlow v. New York Exploring Constitutional Conflicts : Clear and Present Danger <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Free Exercise Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( under consideration ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) <Td_colspan="2"> Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Smith v. California ( 1959 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) People v. Freeman ( Cal. 1988 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of the press <Td_colspan="2"> Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n , Inc. v. Bresler ( 1970 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications , Inc. v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps - Howard Broadcasting Co. ( 1977 ) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Freedom of association <Td_colspan="2"> Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gitlow_v._New_York&oldid=832084249 '' Categories : 1925 in United States case law Incorporation case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Free Speech Clause case law American Civil Liberties Union litigation Legal history of New York ( state ) Socialist Party of America United States Supreme Court cases of the Taft Court Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 18 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Gitlow v. New York 2. First Amendment 3. Free speech 4. Fourteenth Amendment 5. Criminal Anarchy Law

who is paid the highest salary in the world

Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also List of professional sports leagues by revenue References Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=823457052 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 10 : 54 . 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1. Forbes list of highest-paid athletes 2. World's highest-paid athletes 3. Cristiano Ronaldo's earnings 4. LeBron James' endorsements 5. Tiger Woods' salary and winnings

whatever happened to the cast of the donna reed show

The Donna Reed show - wikipedia The Donna Reed show <Th_colspan="2"> The Donna Reed Show <Td_colspan="2"> First season title screen Genre Sitcom Starring Donna Reed Carl Betz Shelley Fabares Paul Petersen Patty Petersen Theme music composer John Seely Opening theme `` Happy Days '' Composer ( s ) Irving Friedman William Loose Stu Phillips Hans J. Salter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 275 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Tony Owen William S. Roberts Cinematography Gert Andersen Editor ( s ) Richard Fantl Robert B. Hoover Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Screen Gems Todon Distributor Colex Enterprises Columbia Pictures Television Columbia TriStar Television Distribution Sony Pictures Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release September 24 , 1958 ( 1958 - 09 - 24 ) -- March 19 , 1966 ( 1966 - 03 - 19 ) The Donna Reed Show is an American sitcom starring Donna Reed as the middle - class housewife Donna Stone . Carl Betz co-stars as her pediatrician husband Dr. Alex Stone , and Shelley Fabares and Paul Petersen as their teenage children , Mary and Jeff . The show originally aired on ABC from September 24 , 1958 to March 19 , 1966 . When Fabares left the show in 1963 , Petersen 's younger sister , Patty Petersen , joined the cast as adopted daughter Trisha . Patty Petersen had first appeared in the episode `` A Way of Her Own '' , on January 31 , 1963 . Janet Landgard was a series regular from 1963 - 1965 as Karen Holmby . Bob Crane and Ann McCrea appeared in the last seasons as Dr. Dave Kelsey and his wife , Midge , friends of the Stones , and Darryl Richard became a near regular in thirty - two episodes as Smitty , Jeff 's best buddy . The show featured a variety of celebrity guests including Esther Williams as a famous dress designer , baseball superstars Don Drysdale and Willie Mays as themselves , teen heartthrob James Darren as a pop singer with the measles , canine superstar Lassie , and young Jay North of CBS 's Dennis the Menace . The series was created by William S. Roberts and developed by Reed and her then husband , producer Tony Owen . Episodes revolved around typical family problems of the period such as firing a clumsy housekeeper , throwing a retirement bash for a colleague , and finding quality time away from the children . Then - daring themes such as women 's rights and freedom of the press were occasionally explored . The show had an uncertain start in the ratings and was almost cancelled , but fared better when it was moved from Wednesday to Thursday nights . In the show 's middle seasons , Fabares sang what became a # 1 teen pop hit `` Johnny Angel '' , and Petersen had above average success with the song `` My Dad '' , also introduced during the course of the series . The Donna Reed Show was one of television 's top 25 shows in 1963 - 1964 . Reed was repeatedly nominated for Emmy Awards between 1959 and 1962 , and won a Golden Globe as Best Female TV Star in 1963 . She eventually grew tired of the workaday grind involved in the program , and it was cancelled in 1966 after 275 episodes . The series was sponsored by Campbell Soup Company , with Johnson & Johnson as the principal alternate sponsor ( succeeded in the fall of 1963 by The Singer Company ) . Following first - run , the show entered daytime reruns on ABC and then syndication on Nick at Nite and TV Land for several years . It is currently shown on Decades ( TV network ) . The first five seasons have been released on DVD . This show was the first TV family sitcom to feature the mother as the center of the show . Reed 's character , Donna Stone , is a loving mother and wife , but also a strong woman , an active participant in her community , a woman with feelings and a sense of humor . According to many of Reed 's friends and family , Reed shared many similarities to the character that she portrayed on screen , implying that the fictional Donna Stone was a near - identical copy of Reed herself . In a 2008 interview , Paul Petersen ( Jeff Stone ) stated , The Donna Reed Show depicts a better time and place . It has a sort of level of intelligence and professionalism that is sadly lacking in current entertainment products . The messages it sent out were positive and uplifting . The folks you saw were likable , the family was fun , the situations were familiar to people . It provided 22 - and - a-half - minutes of moral instructions and advice on how to deal with the little dilemmas of life . Jeff and Mary and their friends had all the same problems that real kids in high school did . Petersen continued , That 's what the show was really about , the importance of family . That 's where life 's lessons are transmitted , generation to generation . There 's a certain way in which these are transmitted , with love and affection . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Characters and cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Secondary 3.3 Guest stars 4 Syndication 5 DVD releases 6 Awards and nominations 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Episodes revolve around the lightweight and humorous sorts of situations and problems a middle - class family experienced in the late 1950s and the early 1960s set in fictional Hilldale , state never mentioned . Donna , for example , would sometimes find herself swamped with the demands of community theatricals and charity drives ; Mary had problems juggling boyfriends and finding dresses to wear to one party or another ; and Jeff was often caught in situations appropriate to his age and gender such as joining a secret boys ' club , avoiding love - smitten classmates , or bidding at auction on an old football uniform . Alex was the family 's Rock of Gibraltar , but often found himself in situations that tested his patience : in one episode , Donna volunteered him as the judge of a baby contest , and , in another episode , Mary insisted her gawky , geeky boyfriend was the spitting image of her father . Very occasionally eccentric relatives would descend on the Stones to complicate the household situation . When Mary left for college in the middle seasons , a runaway orphan named Trisha was adopted by the family . In the last seasons , Jeff would spend much time with best buddy Smitty , and Donna and Alex would find best friends in Dave Kelsey , Alex 's professional colleague , and his wife Midge . While mainly concerned with various household and family affairs , the show sometimes addressed edgier issues such as women 's rights ( `` Just a Housewife '' and `` All Women Are Dangerous '' ) freedom of the press ( `` The Editorial '' ) , and in the final season drug addiction was seriously addressed ( `` The Big League Shock '' ) . Production ( edit ) From the 1958 first season ( L-R ) : Donna Reed as Donna Stone , Carl Betz as Dr. Alex Stone , Paul Petersen as Jeff Stone , and Shelley Fabares as Mary Stone David Tucker writes in The Women Who Made Television Funny that most family sitcoms of the 1950s such as Father Knows Best , The Life of Riley , and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet focus on the father figure with the mother as `` adjunct '' . He points out however that The Donna Reed Show `` established the primacy of the mother on the domestic front '' and notes that Mother Knows Better was even briefly considered as the show 's title . Though The Donna Reed Show did sometimes use recycled Father Knows Best scripts that had been slightly altered , such as character name changes . The series was created by William Roberts and developed by Reed and her then husband , producer Tony Owen ( the production company `` Todon '' is an amalgamation of their first names . ) Roberts intended the show to respectfully picture the many demanding roles a stay - at - home woman was expected to master - wife , mom , companion , housekeeper , cook , laundress , seamstress , PTA officer , choir singer , scout leader , etc. - all the while being `` effervescent , immaculate , and pretty . '' Reed stated , `` We started breaking rules right and left . We had a female lead , for one thing , a strong , healthy woman . We had a story line told from a woman 's point of view that was n't soap opera . '' In addition , Reed described her show , accordingly : `` I would call The Donna Reed Show a realistic picture of small town life - with an often humorous twist . Our plots revolve around the most important thing in America -- a loving family . '' In its first year on the struggling ABC network , the show was up against Milton Berle 's popular Texaco Star Theater and Reed ratings were low . ABC nearly cancelled the show , but it was renewed and ratings improved when the show was moved from Wednesday to Thursday nights . The series flourished for the next seven years , but made television 's top 25 only in 1963 - 1964 . In a 1964 interview , Reed said , `` We have proved on our show that the public really does want to see a healthy woman , not a girl , not a neurotic , not a sexpot ... I am so fed up with immature ' sex ' and stories about kooky , amoral , sick women . '' The opening credits showed Reed coming down the stairs to answer the telephone . She hands the receiver to Alex , then goes to the front door to hand the children their bag lunches and schoolbooks as they leave for school . Alex then leaves , kissing his wife good - bye . On some opening themes , he forgets to kiss Donna good - bye , but returns as she closes the door to give her a quick kiss . She closes the door and smiles happily . A late series variant showed Donna departing after her husband , possibly for shopping , church or community matters , or some other concern . Reed brought personal friends Esther Williams , Jimmy Hawkins , and Buster Keaton to the program in guest spots . On February 1 , 1962 , Fabares debuted her single `` Johnny Angel '' in the episode `` Donna 's Prima Donna '' . It rose to # 1 and sold over a million copies . Petersen introduced his single `` My Dad '' eight months later on October 25 , 1962 . It peaked at # 6 . Reed with Patty Petersen , who played Trisha , 1963 . By 1962 Reed felt the writers were running out of fresh ideas and had exhausted plot devices . She also wanted to spend more time with her family and was worn out from producing nearly 30 episodes a year . To coincide with Fabares 's plans to leave at the end of season 5 ( 1962 - 1963 ) , Reed and her husband decided to end the show . Since the series was still very popular ABC offered Reed a more lucrative contract with an extension of three seasons , to which she agreed . Their new contract called for fewer episodes and other incentives to allow Reed more personal time . Beginning in Season 6 there was a reduction in the number of episodes produced , and work hours were shortened to please Reed . In season 5 , ( 1963 ) Mary departed for college , reducing Fabares 's appearances , something which continued yearly with her role becoming a minor character . Fabares left the full - time cast to pursue opportunities in films . She eventually returned seven times for guest appearances ( Season 6 episodes 8 , 11 , 14 - Season 7 episodes 5 , 15 , 30 & Season 8 episode 13 ) . Following Fabares 's departure , Petersen 's real - life sister Patty Petersen joined the show as Trisha , a runaway orphan eventually adopted by the Stones . The program achieved its highest Nielsen ratings in Season 6 , reaching # 16 after Fabares ' departure . A possible reason for higher ratings was the addition of new characters , Ann McCrea and disc jockey - turned actor Bob Crane as the Stones ' neighbors , Midge and Dave Kelsey . This not only provided both Donna and Alex with best friends , but co-conspirators , as well . So popular were their roles that by the fall of 1964 , both McCrea and Crane began receiving billing in the opening credits of the program . Crane left the series in 1965 to star in the CBS sitcom Hogan 's Heroes . As a result , he was written out of the show although his character continued to be referred to and McCrea 's character remained with the program . Also , towards the end of the series , actor Darryl Richard was regularly featured as Jeff Stone 's best friend , Morton `` Smitty '' Smith . Richard first appeared in 1962 and `` Smitty '' became a major character after Season 6 . In the spring of 1966 , Reed had grown tired of the weekly grind and wanted to retire . The program was rated # 89 during its final season . After 275 episodes and eight seasons on ABC , The Donna Reed Show ended its prime - time run . Reed expressed no interest in taking on another series , declined television guest appearances , and shunned films because she thought their depictions of women vapid . She did express interest in a television reunion for the Stone family at one point , but the concept was discarded after Carl Betz 's death in 1978 . Tucker writes that women libbers of the 1970s targeted the Donna Stone character as an unrealistic portrait of a modern woman and a stereotype of the impossibly perfect wife and mother . He believes that Reed `` gave motherhood a tinge of glamour it usually lacked on TV '' . Characters and cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Donna Stone ( Donna Reed ) is the idealized middle class housewife to Alex , and the mother of Mary and Jeff . She grew up on a farm and became a nurse . She sometimes works as a nurse on the show . Donna was married to Alex when she was 18 and the couple live in fictional Hilldale . She participates in community activities such as charity campaigns and amateur theatricals . Like several television wives and mothers of the 1950s , she inexplicably wears heels , pearls , and chic frocks to do the housework . ( Note : In one episode , it is revealed that Donna Stone 's maiden name , like Donna Reed , is Donna Belle Mullenger and she is also from Denison , Iowa . ) Alex Stone ( Carl Betz ) is a pediatrician . Like most television couples of the 1950s , Alex and Donna sleep in twin beds . The two show a physical affection for each other slightly more intense than other television couples of the period . Mary Stone ( Shelley Fabares ) is 14 `` almost fifteen '' and a freshman in high school when the show opens . She has a few boyfriends during the course of the show with Jimmy Hawkins as Scotty being a regular . Mary plays the piano like a professional and studies ballet . She leaves the show to attend college . Jeff Stone ( Paul Petersen ) is `` almost twelve '' when the show opens . He is a typical American boy ; he plays sports , likes to eat , and teases his older sister . Jeff is a complex character : he champions the underdog at school but cheats at board games . Atypical for the fictional children in 1960s sitcoms , Jeff and Mary often get away with `` talking back '' to their parents . Trisha ( Patty Petersen ) is a runaway orphan about the age of six whom the Stones adopt after Mary leaves for college . She remained for the duration of the program . Secondary ( edit ) Bob Crane as Dr. Dave Kelsey with Donna and Alex Stone Jack Kelk and Susan Dorn Dr. Dave Kelsey ( Bob Crane ) and his wife Midge ( Ann McCrea ) are friends of the Stones . Dave , Alex 's colleague , appeared for the first time on March 14 , 1963 in the episode `` The Two Doctor Stones '' . Dave continued on the series until 1965 ; Midge appeared from 1963 -- 1966 . Crane 's character was written out of the show at the end of season 7 when he was cast in the CBS series , Hogan 's Heroes . McCrea remained with the show until its conclusion . David Barker ( Charles Herbert ) - a young military school student who the Reeds look after in many episodes . David is very disobedient and troubled in the beginning but the Reed family soon grow to love and reform him . Uncle Bo ( Jack Kelk ) is Dr. Boland , Alex 's bachelor colleague and friend in the first season . Morton `` Smitty '' Smith ( Darryl Richard ) is Jeff 's best friend and first appeared on the show in 1962 . Zachary Blake ( Stephen Pearson ) is Jeff 's friend in the early seasons . Herbie Bailey ( Tommy Ivo ) is Mary 's fairly regular boyfriend . Scotty ( Jimmy Hawkins ) is another of Mary 's boyfriends . He appeared in two first season episodes as her boyfriend ' George Haskell ' . Hawkins ' character returned to the show in season 3 as ' Scotty ' , one of Mary 's dates ( for seasons 3 - 4 ) then as ' Jerry ' for seasons 7 & 8 ( his last appearance was in December , 1965 ) . Hawkins became one of the few actors or regular cast on any show who appeared as 3 different characters . Roger ( Jan Stine ) is Mary 's boyfriend in several third season episodes . Angie ( Candy Moore ) is Jeff 's girlfriend in several fourth season episodes . Moore returned to the program during season 8 as Jeff 's ' new ' girlfriend Bernice / Bebe , in episodes 3 , 12 , 16 , & 19 . Moore had just finished 3 seasons playing Lucille Ball 's teenaged daughter Chris on The Lucy Show . Moore was written out after season 3 ( 1965 ) . Moore had acted on the program from 1962 - 1965 . ' The Lucy Show ' was her last acting assignment as a major character on a regular network program . Babs ( Melinda Plowman ) is Mary 's first season best girlfriend . Mr. and Mrs. Wilgus ( Howard McNear and Kathleen Freeman ) are busybody Stone neighbors in season one . Lydia Langley ( Mary Shipp ) is Donna 's snobbish acquaintance in the early seasons . Guest stars ( edit ) James Darren and Shelley Fabares The Donna Reed Show featured several celebrity guest stars appearing as themselves during its eight - year run . Baseball player Don Drysdale appeared in four episodes while Willie Mays appeared in three episodes and Leo Durocher once . Musician Harry James and singers Tony Martin and Lesley Gore appeared as themselves . Gore was featured in the series ' finale , `` By - Line -- Jeff Stone '' , on March 19 , 1966 . Lassie and film director George Sidney appear as themselves in the 1961 episode `` The Stones Go To Hollywood '' . The episode plugged Sidney 's then current feature film , Pepe , in which Reed made a cameo appearance . Silent film comedian Buster Keaton guest starred in two episodes , `` A Very Merry Christmas '' ( December 24 , 1958 ) as Charlie , a hospital janitor who brings gifts to the children 's ward , and `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't '' ( 1965 ) . Child actor Charles Herbert also had a recurring guest role in four episodes as David Barker , a runaway child whom the Stones assist . In the 1960 crossover episode `` Donna Decorates '' , Jay North appeared with his Dennis the Menace co-star , Joseph Kearns as Mr. George Wilson . Esther Williams guest starred as Molly , a fashion designer and friend of Donna 's who is herself about to marry a doctor in `` The Career Woman '' ( 1960 ) . In real life , Williams and Reed had been close friends since the early 1940s , when they were rising MGM contract stars . Several actors guest starred numerous times in different roles including Richard Deacon , Gale Gordon , Harvey Korman , Miyoshi Umeki , Doodles Weaver , and Dick Wilson . As Fabares co-starred in the Mickey Mouse Club serial Annette before the Donna Reed Show , four other Annette co-stars ( Deacon , Cheryl Holdridge , Doreen Tracey & Mary Wickes ) would also make respective guest appearances on this show . Other notable guest stars include : Lee Aaker Jack Albertson John Astin Raymond Bailey Bobby Buntrock Bobby Burgess Harry Cheshire Dabney Coleman Richard Conte Ellen Corby Johnny Crawford Kim Darby Stuart Erwin Tiger Fafara Jamie Farr Florida Friebus Harold Gould George Hamilton Arte Johnson DeForest Kelley Ted Knight Sheila James Kuehl Charles Lane Cloris Leachman Gigi Perreau Marion Ross William Schallert Hal Smith James Stacy Tisha Sterling Olive Sturgess Stephen Talbot Marlo Thomas Mary Treen Jesse White William Windom Estelle Winwood Will Wright Syndication ( edit ) The series was originally syndicated by Screen Gems , and , later , Columbia Pictures Television and Sony Pictures Television . In 2008 , Sony lost the full rights to the estates of Donna Reed and Tony Owen , and as a result the series is now rarely seen on television , although reruns aired on Nick at Nite from 1985 through 1994 and on TV Land from 2002 through 2004 . MeTV began airing reruns of the show ( seasons 1 through 5 ) starting in September 2011 . As at 2018 , the first five seasons of the show are available on Prime Video in Canada . DVD releases ( edit ) For a limited time in 2004 , General Mills offered a DVD of two episodes inside boxes of Total cereal and Oatmeal Crisp . Virgil Films and Entertainment ( under license from the estates of Donna Reed and Tony Owen ) released the first three seasons of the show on DVD in Region 1 . Virgil also released a four - episode `` best of '' DVD on April 13 , 2010 . On December 17 , 2010 , it was announced that MPI Home Video had acquired the rights to release seasons 4 and 5 of The Donna Reed Show . Season 4 was subsequently released on December 20 , 2011 and Season 5 was released on December 4 , 2012 . On September 30 , 2014 , MPI Home Video re-released the first season on DVD . Season 2 was re-released on March 24 , 2015 . Season 3 was re-released on June 30 , 2015 . Season Ep # Release Date Season 1 37 October 28 , 2008 September 30 , 2014 ( re-release ) Season 2 38 July 28 , 2009 March 24 , 2015 ( re-release ) Season 3 38 December 1 , 2009 June 30 , 2015 ( re-release ) Season 4 39 December 20 , 2011 Season 5 34 December 4 , 2012 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Recipient 1959 Emmy Awards Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Continuing Character ) in a Comedy Series Donna Reed 1960 Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead or Support ) Donna Reed 1961 Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead ) Donna Reed 1962 Nominated Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead ) Donna Reed 1963 Golden Globe Award Won Best TV Star -- Female Donna Reed Young Artist Awards Won Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Shelley Fabares Won Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Paul Petersen TV Land Award Nominated Favorite Teen Dream -- Female Shelley Fabares In popular culture ( edit ) In Gilmore Girls season 1 episode 14 `` That Damn Donna Reed '' , Rory and her boyfriend Dean have a disagreement about women 's roles after watching an episode of the show . The episode involved Reed 's character making a ton of food . Later , Rory dresses up in a dress like Donna Reed and serves Dean a steak dinner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donna Reed Org Jump up ^ Leibman , Nina Clare ( 1995 ) . Living Room Lectures : The Fifties Family in Film and Television . University of Texas Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74684 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Glenn Garvin , `` Life was better in ' Donna Reed ' world , cast member Paul Petersen says '' , Catholic Online . December 10 , 2008 ( Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , David C. The women who made television funny : ten stars of 1950s sitcoms . McFarland . pp. 109ff . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Call The Donna Reed Show ' Situation Comedy ' '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits : The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard 's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present . Billboard Books . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fultz , Jay ( 1998 ) . In Search of Donna Reed . University of Iowa Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 625 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` Site News -- Sony , General Mills serve TV - on - DVD for Breakfast : King Of Queens , Barney Miller , Mad About You , & Donna Reed '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show -- Box Front Art Changes on Virgil 's ' Family Favorites ' DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show - MPI Home Video Picks Up DVD Rights to the 4th and 5th Seasons '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show - ' Season 5 ' Announced by MPI : Date , Cost , Box Art , More ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MPI Home Video is Preparing to Re-Release ' Season 1 ' on DVD Archived December 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MPI Sets a Finalized Date for their ' Season 2 ' Re-Release Archived December 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ MPI Home Video to Re-Release ' Season 3 ' this Summer Archived March 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Donna Reed Show . The Donna Reed Show on IMDb The Donna Reed Show at TV.com The Donna Reed Show at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Donna_Reed_Show&oldid=856148071 '' Categories : 1958 American television series debuts 1966 American television series endings 1950s American sitcoms 1960s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 06 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Donna Reed Show 2. American sitcom 3. Donna Reed 4. Family sitcom 5. 1950s and 1960s television

what does the suffix ic mean in croatian

Slavic name suffixes - wikipedia Slavic name suffixes This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Slavic name suffix is a common way of forming patronymics , family names , and pet names in the Slavic languages ( also called the Slavonic languages ) . Many , if not most , Slavic last names are formed by adding possessive and other suffixes to given names and other words . Most Slavic surnames have suffixes which are found in varying degrees over the different nations . Some surnames are not formed in this way , including names of non-Slavic origin . Note : the following list does not take regional spelling variations into account . - ov / - ev ( - ova / - eva ) : Russia , Bulgaria , Republic of Macedonia , Serbia ( especially frequent in Vojvodina ) , Croatia ( rare ) ( sometimes as - iv in Ukraine ) and Czechoslovakia ( feminine forms only ) ; this has been adopted by many non-Slavic peoples of Central Asia who are or have been under Russian rule , such as the Tatars , Chechens , Kyrgyz , Uzbeks , Kazakhs , etc . Note that - ev is the soft form of - ov , found after palatalized consonants or sibilants . The suffix - off comes from the French transliteration of - ov , based on the Muscovite pronunciation . - sky ( - ska ) , - ski ( - ska ) , - skiy ( - skaya ) : Poland , Ukraine , Russia , Czech Republic ( - ský ( - ská ) ) , Slovakia ( - ský / - sky ( - ská / - ska ) ) , Bulgaria , Republic of Macedonia , Serbia ( especially in Vojvodina ) , Croatia . Note that these first two can be combined : - ovsky ( - ovska ) , - owski ( - owska ) , - ovskiy ( - ovskaya ) : Republic of Macedonia , Belarus , Bulgaria , Czech Republic , Poland , Russia , Slovakia , Ukraine , Serbia , Croatia . - ić - vić - ović - ič - vič - ovič - ich , - vich , - vych , - ovich , - owicz / - ewicz : Serbia , Croatia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia , Belarus , Poland , Slovakia , Ukraine , Russia , Republic of Macedonia ( rare ) , occasionally Bulgaria . Yugoslav ex. : Petrović , means Petar 's son . In Russia , where patronyms are used , a person may have two - ( ov ) ich names in a row ; first the patronym , then the family name ( see Shostakovich ) . - in ( - ina ) : Russia , Serbia ( especially in Vojvodina ) , Bulgaria , Republic of Macedonia ( rare ) - ko : Ukraine , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Belarus , also in Russia - nko , - enko : of Ukrainian origin in Ukraine , Belarus , also in Russia - enkov ( - enkova ) : of Ukrainian origin in Ukraine , Belarus , also common in Russia and Bulgaria . - ak / - ek / - ik ( - akova / - ekova / - ikova ) : Czech Republic , Slovakia , Poland , Belarus , Ukraine , Slovenia , Croatia , Serbia , very rarely in Bulgaria . - uk , - yuk : Ukraine - chuk : Ukraine , Belarus ; in Poland as - czyk - ac / - ec : Slovenia and Croatia ( both versions ) , Serbia ( only - ac ) , Czech Republic and Slovakia ( only - ec ) , Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine ( as ец , - ets ) . An example using an occupation is kovač , koval or kowal , which means blacksmith . It is the root of the names Kovačević , Kovačić , Kowalski , Kowalchuk , Kowalczyk , Kovalenko , Kovalyov , and Kovalev . All mean `` descendant of a blacksmith '' . The given name Petr or Petro ( equivalent to Peter ) can become Petrov , Petriv , Petriw , Petrovsky , Petrovich , and Petric . All mean `` descendant of Peter '' . This is similar to the use of `` - son '' or `` - sen '' in Germanic languages . In East Slavic languages ( Belarusian , Russian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian ) the same system of name suffixes can be used to express several meanings . One of the most common is the patronymic . Instead of a secondary `` middle '' given name , people identify themselves with their given and family name and patronymic , a name based on their father 's given name . If a man gives his full name as Boris Vladimirovich Kuznetsov , then his father 's name must have been Vladimir : Vladimirovich in this case literally means `` Vladimir 's son '' . Similarly , many suffixes can be attached to express affection or informality ( in linguistics , called a diminutive ) . For example , calling a boy named Ivan `` Ivanko '' or Yuri `` Yurko '' expresses that he is familiar to you . This is the same as referring to Robert to `` Rob , '' `` Bob '' and `` Bobby '' ; and William to `` Bill '' , `` Will '' and `` Willy '' . See also ( edit ) Look up Appendix : Slavic surnames in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Belarusian name Bosnian name Bulgarian names Croatian name Czech names Polish names Russian names Serbian names Slovak name Ukrainian name Slavic names External links ( edit ) `` Slavic Name Endings '' by Dan Bavolack , Kathleen Dorsam , and Stephen F. Payer `` Russian Culture - More Russian Names '' by Sergey Feduleyev `` Russian names '' by Nikolai V. Shokhirev Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavic_name_suffixes&oldid=854759610 '' Categories : Name suffixes Slavic culture Slavic - language surnames Slavic - language names Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Slavic name suffixes 2. Formation of Slavic surnames 3. Patronyms and family names in Slavic languages 4. Regional variations in Slavic surnames 5. Affectionate and informal name suffixes in Slavic languages

who won the formula 1 race in germany

German Grand Prix - wikipedia German Grand Prix This article is about the Formula One race . For other uses , see German Grand Prix ( disambiguation ) . German Grand Prix <Td_colspan="2"> Hockenheimring ( 2002 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Race information Number of times held 77 First held 1926 Most wins ( drivers ) / Rudolf Caracciola ( 6 ) Most wins ( constructors ) Ferrari ( 22 ) Circuit length 4.574 km ( 2.842 mi ) Race length 306.458 km ( 190.424 mi ) Laps 67 <Th_colspan="2"> Last race ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pole position <Td_colspan="2"> Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 1 : 11.212 <Th_colspan="2"> Podium <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . L. Hamilton Mercedes 1 : 32 : 29.845 2 . V. Bottas Mercedes + 4.535 3 . K. Räikkönen Ferrari + 6.732 <Th_colspan="2"> Fastest lap <Td_colspan="2"> Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 1 : 15.545 <Th_colspan="2"> The German Grand Prix ( German : Großer Preis von Deutschland ) is a biennial automobile race that has been held most years since 1926 , with 75 races having been held . The race has been held at just three different venues throughout its life ; the Nürburgring in Rhineland - Palatinate , Hockenheimring in Baden - Württemberg and on odd occasion AVUS near Berlin . The race continued to be known as the German Grand Prix , even through the era when the race was held in West Germany . Because West Germany was prevented from taking part in international events in the immediate post-war period , the German Grand Prix only became part of the Formula One World Championship in 1951 . It was designated the European Grand Prix four times between 1954 and 1974 , when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe . It has been organised by AvD ( Automobile Club of Germany ) since 1926 . The well - known ADAC hosts many other races , including a second German F1 race at the Nürburgring from 1995 until 2006 under the title of the European Grand Prix ( except for 1997 and 1998 where it was run as the Luxembourg Grand Prix ) . From 2007 to 2014 , there has been only one Grand Prix in Germany , held alternately at the Hockenheimring and the Nürburgring ; in 2007 , there was no German Grand Prix , instead it was named the 2007 European Grand Prix and held at the Nürburgring , but in subsequent years , the event has been called the German Grand Prix ( with the European Grand Prix being held at the Valencia Street Circuit ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Pre-war 1.2. 1 AVUS 1.2. 2 Nürburgring 1.3 Post-war 1.3. 1 Nürburgring and the World Championship 1.3. 2 Hockenheim 1.3. 3 Alternating venues 1.3. 4 Biennial race at Hockenheim 2 Sponsors 3 Winners of the German Grand Prix 3.1 Repeat winners ( drivers ) 3.2 Repeat winners ( constructors ) 3.3 By year 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Bibliography History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) In 1907 , Germany staged the first of the Kaiserpreis races at the 73 - mile ( 118 km ) Taunus public road circuit , just outside Frankfurt . Entries were limited to touring cars with engines of less than eight litres . The race itself was a tragedy ; a driver and his co-driver were killed 19 miles into the lap and the Taunus circuit was never used again . There was a medical team there , but it took them two and a half hours to get to the site of the accident , of which driver Otto Göbel was badly injured and his co-driver Ludwig Faber , who was pinned under their Adler was already dead . Göbel died of his injuries in hospital later on . Italy 's Felice Nazzaro won the race in a Fiat . Like the Prinz - Heinrich - Fahrt , which was held from 1908 to 1911 , it was a precursor to the German Grand Prix . Pre-war ( edit ) AVUS ( edit ) Rudolf Caracciola and his mechanic Eugen Salzer celebrate victory at the first ever German Grand Prix in 1926 . The first national event in German Grand Prix motor racing was held at the AVUS ( Automobil Verkehrs und Übungs - Straße ( Automobile Traffic and Practice Road ) ) race circuit in southwestern Berlin in 1926 as a sports car race . The AVUS circuit was made up of two 6 - mile straights combined with two left - hand hairpins at each end . The first race at AVUS , in heavy rain , was won by Germany 's native son , Rudolf Caracciola in a Mercedes - Benz . The event was marred by Adolf Rosenberger 's crash into one of the marshals ' huts , killing three people . The AVUS circuit was considered extremely dangerous even back then - so the event was moved . The German Grand Prix became an official event in 1929 . Although it was raced on in the non-championship AVUS - Rennen in the 1930s which saw some of the fastest road races ever held , the Grand Prix would not return to AVUS until 1959 for a one - off appearance . Nürburgring ( edit ) The Grand Prix moved to the new , 28.3 km ( 17.6 mi ) Nürburgring , located in the Eifel Mountain region in western Germany about 70 miles ( 112 km ) from Frankfurt and Cologne . It was inaugurated on 18 June 1927 with the annual race , the ADAC Eifelrennen . This was a huge , incredibly challenging racing circuit that sped and twisted through forests of the Eifel Mountains , and had over 1000 feet ( 300 m ) of elevation change and many spots where the cars visibly left the ground , such as the Flugplatz , Brunnchen and Pflanzgarten sections . There were two more races on the Gesamtstrecke ( Combined circuit ) combined course , which were both sportscar races , where German pre-war great Rudolf Caracciola would win his second of six German Grands Prix . The 1930 and 1933 races were cancelled due to economic reasons . In 1931 , the event began to use only the 14.2 - mile ( 22.8 km ) Nordschleife ( North Loop ) , and this would continue onwards throughout the century . Caracciola would win the 1931 and 1932 events in a Mercedes and an Alfa Romeo respectively . Starting in 1934 , there were often several races each year with the so - called `` Silver Arrows '' Grand Prix cars in Germany , e.g. the Eifelrennen , the AVUS race and several hillclimbs . Yet it was only the Grand Prix at the Nürburgring that was the national Grande Epreuve , which counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1939 . The 1935 event was considered to be one of the greatest motorsports victories of all time . Italian legend Tazio Nuvolari , driving a hopelessly outdated and underpowered Alfa Romeo against state - of - the - art Mercedes and Auto Unions drove a very hard race in appalling conditions . After a dreadful start , he was able to pass a number of cars , particularly while some of the German cars pitted . But after a botched pit stop that cost him six minutes , he drove on the limit , made up that time and was second by the start of the last lap ; 35 seconds behind leader Manfred von Brauchitsch in a Mercedes . Von Brauchitsch had ruined his tyres by pushing very hard in the dreadful conditions and Nuvolari was able to catch the German and take victory in front of the stunned German High Command and 350,000 spectators . The small 42 - year - old Italian ended up finishing in front of eight running Silver Arrows . Second placed Hans Stuck was two minutes behind Nuvolari . Bernd Rosemeyer racing a Auto Union Typ C in 1937 , he finished third . The 1936 race was won by German driver Bernd Rosemeyer , driving an Auto Union , who also won the Eifelrennen event at the Nordschleife in spectacular style , earning the nickname `` Fog Master '' . The 1937 race saw Carraciola win again in a Mercedes and Auto Union driver Ernst Von Delius die after a crash near the Antonius Bridge on the main straight . Von Delius hit the back of Briton Richard Seaman 's Mercedes at 250 km / h ( 154 mph ) and he went flying through a bush and into a field . The car then ended up as a wreck on the side of the road next to the main straight . Von Delius suffered a broken leg and other injuries . He was expected to make a full recovery ; but died the following night of thrombosis and other complications . Seaman crashed into a kilometre post and suffered minor injuries ; but he survived . The Briton would come back to the Nürburgring to win the 1938 race , also in a Mercedes , which was to be his only championship Grand Prix victory . In 1939 a new track was built near Dresden , called the Deutschlandring , which was intended to host the 1940 German Grand Prix . However , because of the outbreak of World War II , the race was never run and the circuit never utilised for competition . In the same year , Caracciola took his sixth German Grand Prix victory . Soon afterwards Germany was at war and the Grand Prix did not return to international status until 1951 . Post-war ( edit ) Nürburgring and the World Championship ( edit ) Juan Manuel Fangio won the European Grand Prix at the Ring in 1954 in a Mercedes - Benz W196 . After World War II , Germany had been separated into Eastern and Western territories , and West Germany was banned from international sporting events until 1951 . A non-championship Formula 2 race was won by Alberto Ascari in 1950 at the Nürburgring . The German Grand Prix was included as part of the new Formula One championship in its second season . The Nordschleife was to be the mainstay of West Germany 's premier motor racing event for the next quarter of a century , and was to be known as the toughest and most technically challenging circuit on the F1 calendar . The expanse of the circuit allowed an average of 375,000 spectators each year to watch the very popular event . The 1951 race was one where Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio led for 14 laps ; but he had to refuel his Alfa and he only had third and fourth gears left . While in the pits , he was overtaken by Ascari in a Ferrari and went on to finish second behind the Italian . Fangio won for the first time in 1954 in a Mercedes ; the first time a factory Mercedes Grand Prix car had been taken part in 15 years . He won driving the new open - wheeled W196 , built at Fangio 's request . This event also saw the death of Argentine driver Onofre Marimón in a Maserati 250F during practice . Due to lack of knowledge of the circuit , crucial to doing well at the Nürburgring , he failed to negotiate a tricky bend near the Adenauer Bridge . He went off the road , ploughed through a hedge and down a steep slope , and the car sheared off a tree and tumbled down the slope . Once it came to a stop , Marimón was pinned underneath the 670 kg ( 1,480 lb ) 250F ; which effectively crushed his body . The hapless Argentine 's injuries were bad enough to kill him a few minutes after the incident . His compatriot Fangio went to check the wreckage of the Maserati ; he found it in fourth gear of four ; this corner was normally taken in an F1 car in third gear . This proved the accident to be unfortunately of driver error . The 1955 event was cancelled in the aftermath of the Le Mans disaster ; all auto racing in Germany ( and much of Europe ) was banned until the tracks could be upgraded . Fangio would win the next two events . The 1957 event saw a number of changes . It included a Formula 2 race which was run concurrently alongside the Formula One cars . The track had been resurfaced and the concrete road surface ( which was in very bad shape ) which made up the pit straight , the Sudkurve and the straight behind the pits was taken out and replaced with tarmac . The 1957 event is , like Nuvolari 's 1935 victory , one of the greatest motorsports victories of all time . Fangio led for the beginning of the race in front of two Ferraris driven by Britons Mike Hawthorn and Peter Collins . Fangio planned to refuel during mid-distance ; and he did . The pit stop was expected to take 30 seconds . It was a botched one and it took 1 minute and 18 seconds . Fangio was now nearly a minute behind Hawthorn and Collins . He began a charge where he made up several seconds on each lap . He tore huge chunks out of the lap record , breaking it nine times . On the 21st lap ( the second - to - last lap ) he passed Collins behind the pits , then Hawthorn late into the same lap . The 46 - year - old Argentine won the race ( his 24th and final F1 victory ) and his fifth and final championship . 1958 saw the distance shortened to 18 laps ; Briton Tony Brooks won . Collins crashed into a ditch at the Pflanzgarten next to the track , was thrown out of his car and hit a tree head first . He received severe head injuries and eventually died in a hospital near the circuit . 1959 saw the race go to the ultra-fast AVUS circuit in Berlin . This was the only Formula One race that took place there and was won by Brooks in a Ferrari . The AVUS circuit was now made up of two 2.5 - mile straights , a tight left - handed hairpin at one end and a huge 43 ° brick banking constructed in 1937 on the other end , which was known as `` The Wall of Death '' . The straights could only go as far as 2.5 miles because if they went any further , the circuit would cross into East Germany . Frenchman and prominent Formula One driver Jean Behra was killed during a support sportscar race driving a Porsche . He lost control and the Porsche went up and flew off the banking there , which had no safety wall or barrier of any kind . Behra was thrown 300 feet from his car and his head struck a flagpole ; killing him instantly . Behra had been fired by Ferrari after an altercation in a restaurant with the Scuderia 's manager shortly before his death . In 1962 , Graham Hill won the race on his way to the World Championship . 1960 was a one - off Formula 2 race held on the smaller 4.7 - mile ( 7.7 km ) Sudschleife ( South Loop ) section of the Nürburgring . This race was given the title German Grand Prix because the German national car club ( ADAC ) , the organizers of the race , had made the decision to run the race as a Formula 2 race at the Sudschleife because of complaints by some of the drivers ( even by Stirling Moss , a champion of a certain amount of danger in motor racing ) of the extreme danger , speed and even blandness of the AVUS track - which , as described above , had a very uncomplicated layout . In an indication of the rather cavalier attitude towards safety in motor racing in those days , the drivers felt the risk of AVUS was not worth it , they then refused to race there and the Formula 1 race was cancelled . For the rest of the 1960s saw nine Formula One events take place at the Nordschleife . The 1961 event was won by Briton Stirling Moss driving a privately entered Lotus . Moss was able to hold off the two powerful and faster Ferraris of American Phil Hill and German Wolfgang Von Trips . A clever tyre choice and skilful driving in wet weather conditions helped Moss to finish 16 seconds in front of Von Trips . The 1964 event saw Dutch gentleman driver Carel Godin de Beaufort die during practice after he went off at Bergwerk corner . His orange Porsche went through bushes , down an embankment and then hit a tree . He died from his injuries in a hospital near the circuit . Briton John Surtees won for the second year in a row from Jim Clark . In 1965 Clark won , his seventh Formula One victory of that season and won his second Drivers ' Championship in a Lotus . 1966 saw changeable weather conditions and a battle between Australian Jack Brabham and Surtees with Brabham taking victory . Briton John Taylor was killed after he hit the back of Belgian Jacky Ickx 's Formula 2 Matra MS5 near the bridge at Quddlebacher and Flugplatz . Taylor crashed and his Brabham BT11 caught fire . He received severe burns , from which he succumbed to a month later . Jackie Stewart in a Matra MS10 on his way to a dominant victory in 1968 In 1967 a chicane was added before the pits but the cars were already matching 1965 lap times . 1968 event was yet the scene of another great victory . This event took place in heavy rain and fog . Briton Jackie Stewart won the race by more than four minutes from Graham Hill ; he was 30 seconds ahead of the second placed Hill by the end of the first lap . Stewart held the lead amid a driving rainstorm and thick fog . Jacky Ickx won in 1969 driving a Brabham . The Belgian had made a bad start , clawed back through the field and after a long battle with Stewart , Ickx took the lead from Stewart on Lap 5 . The Scot fell back with gearbox problems , leaving the Belgian in a dominant position . Stewart was able to hold on to second place . German driver Gerhard Mitter was killed during practice driving a BMW 269 Formula 2 car after his rear suspension failed and the car went straight on at the downhill section near the very fast Schwedenkreuz bend . This was the fifth Formula One - related fatality at the 14.2 - mile German circuit in 15 years , the most out of all the circuits yet used for the championship . 1970 however was to start the demise of the Nordschleife for international motor racing . After the death of Piers Courage at the Dutch Grand Prix a few months previously , the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association had a meeting at a hotel in London . Despite considerable pressure from outside parties they voted not to race at the notorious German circuit unless significant changes were made to the track safety conditions of the Nürburgring . Speeds of Formula One cars had increased dramatically as had the technology - the cars were lapping the ' Ring more than 2 minutes faster than they had in 1951 , and it had become clear that the Nürburgring , which was essentially a rough , unprotected road that went through forests and valleys situated in an expansive mountain range , was too dangerous and outdated for Grand Prix racing . The changes demanded by the drivers were refused by the circuit owners and organizers and could not possibly be made in time for the 1970 event , forcing a hasty switch to the fast Hockenheimring , which had already been upgraded with safety features . The race itself proved to be an exciting one , as it was won by Austrian Jochen Rindt , resisting a charging Ickx in a Ferrari . Emerson Fittipaldi in 1971 , the year the race returned to the Nürburgring . 1971 saw the race return to a modified Nürburgring . It was made smoother , straighter and was fitted with Armco barriers and run - off areas wherever possible . But with the layout being virtually the same as before , the circuit retained much of the character that led Stewart to call it `` The Green Hell . '' It was less dangerous than it had been before , but the ' Ring was still by far the most technically challenging circuit on the F1 calendar . It was still dangerously rough and narrow in many areas , and even though some of the worst jumps and windy straights ( particularly at Brunnchen and the Antonius Bridge ) had been smoothed over or made straight , there were still some big jumps on the track , particularly at Flugplatz and Pflanzgarten . Also , there were still some parts of the track that did not have Armco , but more of this was added through the years . The first event on the rebuilt Nordschleife saw Stewart win from his teammate François Cevert . The 1972 event saw Jacky Ickx dominate in his Ferrari and Stewart crashed on the last lap after tangling with Swiss Clay Regazzoni . The 1973 race was dominated by Tyrrell teammates Stewart and Cevert ; and it was to be the 27th and last victory of Stewart 's illustrious career . 1974 saw New Zealander Howden Ganley crash heavily at Hatzenbach , seriously injuring the Kiwi . Ganley had already crashed heavily at the Nürburgring the year before and he decided to end his F1 career after his 1974 accident . The race saw Regazzoni win after Austrian Niki Lauda ( who had crashed and had broken his wrist at the previous year 's German Grand Prix ) and South African Jody Scheckter tangled on the first lap ; Lauda was out but Scheckter went on to finish second . Briton and multiple motorcycle world champion Mike Hailwood crashed heavily in a McLaren at Pflanzgarten and broke his leg , his auto racing career was effectively ended by this crash . 1975 saw Lauda become the only driver ever to lap the old Nürburgring in under seven minutes ; the Austrian lapped the monstrous circuit in his Ferrari in 6 minutes , 58.6 seconds at an average speed of 122 mph ( 196 km / h ) , which was good enough for pole position . But like so many years gone by , the weekend saw yet another serious accident . Briton Ian Ashley crashed his Williams FW during practice at Pflanzgarten and he was seriously injured ; he did not race in Formula One again for at least two years . Argentine Carlos Reutemann took victory after keeping the lead for five remaining laps while Lauda had a puncture after leading for the first nine laps . Briton Tom Pryce ran as high as second after starting 17th in an under - funded Shadow , but he finished fourth after very hot fuel began to leak into his cockpit . Frenchman Jacques Laffite and Lauda passed Pryce . Laffite finished second which was a milestone for Briton Frank Williams 's struggling team ; it was the English Williams 's first real taste of success in Formula One . Pryce received a medal for his efforts . The 1975 Grand Prix was the fastest race ever run on the old Nürburgring ; Lauda 's teammate Clay Regazzoni posted the fastest lap at 7 : 06.4 - which was to be the lap record of the old circuit . Over the years , the Nürburgring was modified several times at the behest of the drivers . However , the 1976 event was one that was to go down in history . Lauda , the reigning world champion , was dissatisfied with the safety arrangements of the mammoth circuit and attempted to organise a boycott the race during a meeting at the third race of the season in Long Beach , California in the United States . Formula One in the 1970s was the beginning towards a safer kind of motor racing and the Nürburgring was considered to be something of an anachronism at that time . However , by its very nature , the Nürburgring was almost impossible to be made safe in its old configuration . It did not have enough marshals and medical support to ensure the circuit 's safety - it needed five to six times the marshals and medical staff that a typical F1 race needed at the time , but Huschke von Hanstein and the German organizers were unwilling to provide them - it was extremely expensive ; and the spectators viewing the race in the countryside would get into the track for free . In addition to the considerable expense of providing adequate support to the drivers , its geography made the modifications demanded by both the drivers and FIA also prohibitively expensive . There were several parts that were nearly inaccessible to the marshals - there were a number of places where run - off areas could not be built because they were not flat enough , there were parts that were too narrow because there was a cliff face on one side and a drop - off on another , etc . However , the Nürburgring 's organizers had a three - year contract with Formula One starting with the 1974 race which included making the track safer . Lauda was outvoted by other drivers because most of them felt that they should complete the contract so as to avoid any legal difficulties ; the 1976 race was the last race on that contract . Although the contract included making the circuit safer over those years ( and the organizers did that ) it had already been decided that the 1976 race would be the last race at the Nordschleife . In addition to safety issues , the increasing commercialisation of Formula One was a factor as well . The extraordinary length of the Nordschleife made it all but impossible for any broadcasting organisation to effectively cover a race there . Niki Lauda , pictured here during practice , crashed at the 1976 race , suffering life - threatening burns . As the 1976 race started parts of the circuit were wet and other parts were dry and bathed in sunlight , another classic problem of the Nürburgring . After pitting to change from wet to dry tyres at the end of the first lap , Lauda came out again , far behind the leader , West German Jochen Mass . While pushing hard to make up time on the second lap , Lauda crashed at the fast left hand kink before Bergwerk corner over six miles ( 10.8 km ) into the lap , one of the more inaccessible parts of the circuit . Going through the corner , Lauda lost control of his Ferrari when its rear suspension failed . The car crashed into a grass embankment and burst into flames . During the impact , Lauda 's helmet was wrenched from his head , and his burning Ferrari was hit by the cars of Brett Lunger , Arturo Merzario and Harald Ertl . Lunger pulled Lauda out of the burning wreckage instead of the ill - equipped track marshals , who only arrived at the scene well after the impact . The resilient Austrian was standing and talking to other drivers right after the accident and his injuries were initially not expected to be serious . However , he had been severely burned and had been breathing in toxic fumes , which damaged his circulatory system . He later lapsed into a coma and nearly died , putting him out of action for six weeks . The event was red - flagged and restarted ; long - time Grand Prix driver Chris Amon elected not to take the restart . This was the last Grand Prix the unlucky New Zealander drove in . Englishman James Hunt won this race , which turned out to be crucial for his championship chances that year . After 49 years of hosting the German Grand Prix the old Nürburgring never hosted a Grand Prix again , and the race returned to Hockenheim . Hockenheim ( edit ) The fast , flat Hockenheim circuit near Heidelberg almost played sole host to the German Grand Prix for the next 30 years . The 1977 event was won by Lauda , but was also notable when local driver Hans Heyer competed in the race despite failing to qualify . The 1979 event was one where Swiss Clay Regazzoni in his Williams attempted to chase down his teammate , Australian Alan Jones , but to no avail . 1980 was won by Frenchman Jacques Laffite in a Ligier , but it was overshadowed by Patrick Depailler 's fatal accident at the Ostkurve ( which in those days , had no chicane and was flat - out ) in testing for Alfa Romeo a few days before the race weekend . The 1981 event saw a tremendous battle between Jones and rising star Alain Prost in a Renault , with Jones passing Prost in the stadium due to interference by Prost 's backmarker teammate Rene Arnoux . The race was won by Brazilian Nelson Piquet after Jones pitted with problems with his Williams . The 1982 race saw changes to the circuit ; most notably a chicane to the ultra-fast Ost - Kurve . It also saw the end of Frenchman Didier Pironi 's career ; he had an appalling crash in the pouring rain during qualifying . After he hit the back of Prost 's Renault , Pironi was launched skyward and then rolled for some time until coming to a stop . Pironi , who was leading the championship at the time , had such serious leg injuries that FIA doctor Sid Watkins nearly had to amputate Pironi 's legs in order to get him out of the wrecked Ferrari . The way Formula One cars were designed at the time was in such a way that the drivers sat so far forward in the cockpit that their legs and feet were way in front of the front axle , leaving those human body parts dangerously exposed . They were only protected by only the chassis structure and the aluminium bodywork . During the race , Piquet physically attacked Chliean driver Eliseo Salazar after Salazar punted off the irate Brazilian at the new Ostkurve chicane while leading the race . Patrick Tambay won his first race for Ferrari . The 1984 race saw Prost ( now driving a McLaren ) win and Toleman rookie Ayrton Senna drive very hard at the front of the field during the beginning of the race . Michele Alboreto took victory at the one - off return to the new Nürburgring in 1985 . 1985 saw a one - off return to the new 2.8 - mile ( 4.5 km ) Nürburgring Grand Prix circuit , which had been built upon the site of the old Nordschliefe and hosted the European Grand Prix the year before . It was a race where a number of drivers battled for the lead ; it was won by Italian Michele Alboreto . The international motorsports governing body at the time , FISA , had instituted a policy of long - term contracts for one circuit per Grand Prix . The choice for the German Grand Prix was between the new Nürburgring and Hockenheim . It was the latter that was chosen and it stayed there for the next 20 years . The 1986 event was one where a number of the leaders ran on fumes at the very end ; top three drivers Piquet , Senna and Prost were all running out of fuel and although Brazilians Piquet and Senna finished 1 - 2 , Prost finished sixth after his car was completely drained of fuel . The 1988 race was run in wet conditions ; these conditions were particularly treacherous at Hockenheim because the circuit ran through a forest and the thick moisture from the rain tended to hang in the air because of the trees that surrounded the track . Even when it was not raining , the track still did not dry . Senna ( now driving a McLaren ) took advantage of his skill in the wet to win over his teammate Prost . The 1989 race was near the height Prost and Senna 's famous rivalry and this race was one where the two McLaren teammates drove on their absolute limits throughout the entire race . Prost 's gearbox malfunctioned and lost use of sixth gear on the second to last lap and Senna passed him to take the victory . Senna won the next year 's race as well from Italian Alessandro Nannini . The 1992 race saw further changes to the Ostkurve after a crash that Érik Comas had there in 1991 ; it was turned into a more complex chicane rather than simple left - right chicane with a tyre wall in the middle . 1994 saw a further change to the third chicane to make it slower in the aftermath of the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix . The arrival of Michael Schumacher ( pictured here in 1997 ) at the top of Grand Prix racing saw a rise in popularity for the sport in Germany . He would win the race four times . 1995 saw German Michael Schumacher win , he was the first German to win his home race since Rudolf Caracciola in 1939 . Formula One interest in Germany had peaked during the emergence of Schumacher. 1997 saw an exceptional win by Austrian Gerhard Berger . But the 2000 race was to play host to a number of problems . During the race , a disgruntled ex-Mercedes employee went onto the circuit during the race and disrupted the proceedings ; and Jean Alesi had a huge accident at the third chicane and suffered dizziness for three days . And on the far side of the circuit ( where the Ost - Kurve was ) it was dry , but in the stadium section and the pits , it was pouring with rain . Rubens Barrichello won the race from 17th on the grid , which was his first Formula One victory . 2001 saw a huge accident at the start between Brazilian Luciano Burti in a Prost and Schumacher in a Ferrari ; this race was won by Michael 's brother Ralf in a BMW - powered Williams . 2002 saw the Hockenheimring dramatically shortened and the layout altered . The forest straights were removed and more corners were added to increase the technical challenge of the circuit . The circuit went from 4.2 to 2.7 miles long . Michael Schumacher won in that year . 2003 was the year Colombian Juan Pablo Montoya won for Williams - BMW , it was the second German GP victory in three years for engines of the Bavarian car maker . That year also saw the last appearance of the British Arrows team , who had been involved in Formula One since 1978 . 2004 saw Schumacher continue his domination of that season by winning the German Grand Prix and Spaniard Fernando Alonso won the following year in a Renault after his main rival Kimi Räikkönen suffered a hydraulics failure and retired . 2006 saw Renault 's experimental mass damper system deemed legal by the race stewards but it was banned by the FIA . Renault did not use the system for the race and it proved to be their downfall as Schumacher won his home race in a Ferrari . Alternating venues ( edit ) In 2006 it was announced that from 2007 until 2010 , the German Grand Prix would be shared between the Nürburgring GP circuit ( former home of the European and Luxembourg Grands Prix ) and the Hockenheimring . The former would hold the races in 2007 and 2009 and the latter in 2008 and 2010 . However , the name for the 2007 Grand Prix was later changed . While it was originally intended to be the German Grand Prix , owing to a dispute with Hockenheim over the naming rights of the race , the race was eventually held under the title `` Großer Preis von Europa '' ( European Grand Prix ) . By 2009 , the circuits appeared to have resolved their disputes as the Nürburgring race was held under the German Grand Prix title . Fernando Alonso won in 2010 under controversial circumstances . The 2010 GP , held in Hockenheim , at one stage appeared to be in jeopardy as the track owners , the city and the state of Baden - Württemberg , were not willing any more to lose money due to the high licensing costs imposed by F1 management . In addition , talks with Bernie Ecclestone were hampered by his Hitler quotes . If the track had been relieved from being the venue , the owners were intending to returning the track back to its former layout . However , on 30 September 2009 , it was announced that the circuit had agreed a deal which would keep it on the calendar until 2018 , under a new deal which saw the circuit management and FOA sharing the financial burden of hosting the event . This race saw Ferrari violate the `` no team orders '' rule , Brazilian Felipe Massa let his teammate , Spaniard Fernando Alonso ( who was better placed in the championship ) on to victory . This alternating pattern has continued , with Hockenheim hosting the race in even years , and the Nürburgring hosting the race in odd years until 2013 . Biennial race at Hockenheim ( edit ) The Nürburgring went through a change of ownership during 2014 , but the new owners were unable to sign an agreement to continue hosting the race in odd - numbered years . The Hockenheimring was n't able to host the 2015 or 2017 events either and both races were cancelled altogether . Thus the race became a biennial event , returning to the calendar in 2016 and 2018 at Hockenheim . Sponsors ( edit ) 1987 -- 2006 : Großer Mobil 1 Preis von Deutschland 2008 -- 2014 : Großer Preis Santander von Deutschland 2018 : Emirates Großer Preis von Deutschland Winners of the German Grand Prix ( edit ) Repeat winners ( drivers ) ( edit ) Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season . A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship . A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship . Number of wins Driver Achieved 6 / Rudolf Caracciola 1926 , 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1937 , 1939 Michael Schumacher 1995 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 Lewis Hamilton 2008 , 2011 , 2016 , 2018 Alberto Ascari 1950 , 1951 , 1952 Juan Manuel Fangio 1954 , 1956 , 1957 Jackie Stewart 1968 , 1971 , 1973 Nelson Piquet 1981 , 1986 , 1987 Ayrton Senna 1988 , 1989 , 1990 Fernando Alonso 2005 , 2010 , 2012 Tony Brooks 1958 , 1959 John Surtees 1963 , 1964 Jacky Ickx 1969 , 1972 Nigel Mansell 1991 , 1992 Alain Prost 1984 , 1993 Gerhard Berger 1994 , 1997 Repeat winners ( constructors ) ( edit ) Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season . A pink background indicates an event which was not part of a structured championship . A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship . # of wins Constructor Years won 22 Ferrari 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1964 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1994 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2012 11 / / Mercedes 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1931 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1954 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 9 Williams 1979 , 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 8 McLaren 1976 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1998 , 2008 , 2011 Brabham 1966 , 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1981 Lotus 1961 , 1965 , 1970 , 1978 Alfa Romeo 1932 , 1935 / Auto Union 1934 , 1936 Tyrrell 1971 , 1973 / Benetton 1995 , 1997 Red Bull 2009 , 2013 By year ( edit ) The new Hockenheimring used in 2002 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2018 The new Nürburgring GP - Strecke used in 2009 , 2011 and 2013 The original Nürburgring GP - Strecke , used in 1985 Old Hockenheimring , ( albeit some changes ) used in 1970 and 1977 -- 2001 Nürburgring Nordschleife ( plus the addition of a chicane before the pits ) , used from 1967 -- 1976 Nürburgring Sudschleife , used for a Formula 2 race in 1960 Nürburgring Nordschleife , used in 1931 -- 1966 Nürburgring Gesamtstrecke ( combined circuit , 28.3 km ( 17.6 mi ) long ) used in 1927 -- 1929 AVUS Berlin , used in 1926 ( 19 km ) and 1959 ( 8 km ) A map of the locations of the German Grand Prix A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship . A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship . Year Driver Constructor Location Report 2018 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Hockenheimring Report 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> Not held 2016 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Hockenheimring Report 2015 <Td_colspan="4"> Not held 2014 Nico Rosberg Mercedes Hockenheimring Report 2013 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Nürburgring GP - Strecke Report 2012 Fernando Alonso Ferrari Hockenheimring Report 2011 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Nürburgring GP - Strecke Report Fernando Alonso Ferrari Hockenheimring Report 2009 Mark Webber Red Bull - Renault Nürburgring GP - Strecke Report 2008 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Hockenheimring Report 2007 <Td_colspan="4"> Cancelled ( replaced by 2007 European Grand Prix ) 2006 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Hockenheimring Report 2005 Fernando Alonso Renault Report Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 2003 Juan Pablo Montoya Williams - BMW Report 2002 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 2001 Ralf Schumacher Williams - BMW Report 2000 Rubens Barrichello Ferrari Report 1999 Eddie Irvine Ferrari Report 1998 Mika Häkkinen McLaren - Mercedes Report 1997 Gerhard Berger Benetton - Renault Report Damon Hill Williams - Renault Report 1995 Michael Schumacher Benetton - Renault Report 1994 Gerhard Berger Ferrari Report 1993 Alain Prost Williams - Renault Report 1992 Nigel Mansell Williams - Renault Report 1991 Nigel Mansell Williams - Renault Report 1990 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda Report 1989 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda Report 1988 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda Report Nelson Piquet Williams - Honda Report 1986 Nelson Piquet Williams - Honda Report 1985 Michele Alboreto Ferrari Nürburgring GP - Strecke Report 1984 Alain Prost McLaren - TAG Hockenheimring Report René Arnoux Ferrari Report 1982 Patrick Tambay Ferrari Report 1981 Nelson Piquet Brabham - Ford Report 1980 Jacques Laffite Ligier - Ford Report 1979 Alan Jones Williams - Ford Report 1978 Mario Andretti Lotus - Ford Report 1977 Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 1976 James Hunt McLaren - Ford Nürburgring Nordschleife Report Carlos Reutemann Brabham - Ford Report Clay Regazzoni Ferrari Report 1973 Jackie Stewart Tyrrell - Ford Report 1972 Jacky Ickx Ferrari Report 1971 Jackie Stewart Tyrrell - Ford Report 1970 Jochen Rindt Lotus - Ford Hockenheimring Report 1969 Jacky Ickx Brabham - Ford Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1968 Jackie Stewart Matra - Ford Report 1967 Denny Hulme Brabham - Repco Report 1966 Jack Brabham Brabham - Repco Report 1965 Jim Clark Lotus - Climax Report 1964 John Surtees Ferrari Report 1963 John Surtees Ferrari Report 1962 Graham Hill BRM Report 1961 Stirling Moss Lotus - Climax Report 1960 Joakim Bonnier Porsche Nürburgring Südschleife Report 1959 Tony Brooks Ferrari AVUS Berlin Report 1958 Tony Brooks Vanwall Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1957 Juan Manuel Fangio Maserati Report 1956 Juan Manuel Fangio Ferrari Report 1955 <Td_colspan="4"> Not held 1954 Juan Manuel Fangio Mercedes Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1953 Giuseppe Farina Ferrari Report 1952 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Report 1951 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Report 1950 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1949 -- 1941 <Td_colspan="4"> Not held 1940 <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled ( Deutschlandring ) 1939 Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1938 Richard Seaman Mercedes Report 1937 Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes Report 1936 Bernd Rosemeyer Auto Union Report 1935 Tazio Nuvolari Alfa Romeo Report 1934 Hans Stuck Auto Union Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1933 <Td_colspan="4"> Cancelled 1932 Rudolf Caracciola Alfa Romeo Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1931 Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes Nürburgring Nordschleife Report 1930 <Td_colspan="4"> Cancelled 1929 Louis Chiron Bugatti Nürburgring Gesamtstrecke Report 1928 Rudolf Caracciola Christian Werner Mercedes Report 1927 Otto Merz Mercedes Report 1926 Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes AVUS Berlin Report References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 Grosser Preis von Deutschland 2018 '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ The Motorsport Memorial Team , [email protected] . `` Car and truck fatalities by circuit '' . Motorsport Memorial . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Keith Collantine ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` F1 circuits history part 4 : 1958 - 60 F1 Fanatic '' . F1fanatic.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The Motorsport Memorial Team , [email protected] . `` Motorsport Memorial '' . Motorsport Memorial . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F1 - 1973 Nürburgring Nordschleife - 1of2 '' . YouTube . 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ AVUS Jump up ^ `` Grand Prix cancelled - The Nostalgia Forum - The AUTOSPORT Forums '' . Forums.autosport.com . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 5 live - Double Take , Niki Lauda gives his verdict on Ron Howard 's film Rush '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brands Hatch & Paul Ricard FAQ - Atlas F1 Special Project '' . Atlasf1.autosport.com . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Official FIA press release . `` 2007 FIA Formula One championship circuit and lap information , published on February 14 , 2007 '' . Official FIA press release . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nürburgring '' . Official Homepage of the Nürburgring . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ TopNews ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` F1 at Hockenheim secured until 2018 '' . topnews.in . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` German GP uncertainty to return for 2017 race '' . grandprix.com. 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nürburgring in the dark over German GP plans '' . GpUpdate.net. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hockenheim rules out hosting German GP '' . GP Update . GP Update. 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany dropped from 2015 calendar '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hockenheim says ' nothing fixed ' for 2015 '' . GPUpdate.net . JHED Media BV. 15 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German Grand Prix F1 race coming back to Hockenheim in 2016 '' . Autoweek. 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIA confirms 2016 calendar '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 2 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Benetton held a British license in 1995 and then an Italian license in 1997 , the year of its last victory in Germany Bibliography ( edit ) Födisch , Jörg - Thomas ; Völker , Bernhard ; Behrndt , Michael ( 2008 ) . Der grosse Preis von Deutschland : alle Rennen seit 1926 ( in German ) . Königswinter : Heel . ISBN 9783868520439 . Reuss , Eberhard ( 1997 ) . Grand Prix : 70 Jahre Grosser Preis von Deutschland ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Motorbuch Verlag . ISBN 3613018365 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Grand Prix . <Th_colspan="2"> Formula One Grands Prix 2018 season Australian Bahrain Chinese Azerbaijan Spanish Monaco Canadian French Austrian British German Hungarian Belgian Italian Singapore Russian Japanese United States Mexican Brazilian Abu Dhabi Former Argentine Caesars Palace Dallas Detroit Dutch European Indian Indianapolis 500 Korean Luxembourg Malaysian Moroccan Pacific Pescara Portuguese San Marino South African Swedish Swiss Turkish United States West Proposed America Vietnam Miami Coordinates : 49 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 8 ° 34 ′ 48 '' E  /  49.332 ° N 8.580 ° E  / 49.332 ; 8.580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Grand_Prix&oldid=855974640 '' Categories : Pre-World Championship Grands Prix Formula One Grands Prix German Grand Prix National Grands Prix Recurring sporting events established in 1926 1926 establishments in Germany Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2009 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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1. German Grand Prix 2. Hockenheimring 3. Nürburgring 4. Formula One race 5. Racing circuit

what were they whistling in the breakfast club

Colonel Bogey March - wikipedia Colonel Bogey March For the 1948 film , see Colonel Bogey ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Colonel Bogey March <Td_colspan="2"> March by F.J. Ricketts Composed 1914 ( 1914 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> Performed by the United States Navy Band file help <Td_colspan="2"> The `` Colonel Bogey March '' is a British march that was composed in 1914 by Lieutenant F.J. Ricketts ( 1881 -- 1945 ) ( pen name Kenneth J. Alford ) , a British Army bandmaster who later became the director of music for the Royal Marines at Plymouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legacy 3 The Bridge on the River Kwai 4 Jewel Thief ( 1967 ) 5 References History ( edit ) Since service personnel were , at that time , not encouraged to have professional lives outside the armed forces , British Army bandmaster F.J. Ricketts published `` Colonel Bogey '' and his other compositions under the pseudonym Kenneth Alford . Supposedly , the tune was inspired by a military man and golfer who whistled a characteristic two - note phrase ( a descending minor third interval ( Play ( help info ) ) instead of shouting `` Fore ! '' It is this descending interval that begins each line of the melody . The name `` Colonel Bogey '' began in the later 19th century as the imaginary `` standard opponent '' of the Colonel Bogey scoring system , and by Edwardian times the Colonel had been adopted by the golfing world as the presiding spirit of the course . Edwardian golfers on both sides of the Atlantic often played matches against `` Colonel Bogey '' . Bogey is now a golfing term meaning `` one over par '' . Legacy ( edit ) The sheet music was a million - seller , and the march was recorded many times . At the start of World War II , `` Colonel Bogey '' became part of the British way of life when the tune was set to a popular song : `` Hitler Has Only Got One Ball '' ( originally `` Göring Has Only Got One Ball '' after the Luftwaffe leader suffered a grievous groin injury , but later reworded to suit the popular taste ) , with the tune becoming an unofficial national anthem to rudeness . `` Colonel Bogey '' was used as a march - past by the 10th and 50th Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force , the latter perpetuated today by The King 's Own Calgary Regiment ( RCAC ) of the Canadian Forces , who claim `` Colonel Bogey '' as their authorised march - past in quick time . The Colonel Bogey March melody was used for a song of The Women 's Army Corps , a branch of the U.S. Army from 1943 until its absorption into the regular Army in 1978 . The lyrics written by Major Dorothy E. Nielsen ( USAR ) were this : `` Duty is calling you and me , we have a date with destiny , ready , the WACs are ready , their pulse is steady a world to set free . Service , we 're in it heart and soul , victory is our only goal , we love our country 's honor and we 'll defend it against any foe . '' In 1951 , during the first computer conference held in Australia , this song was the first music played by a computer , by CSIRAC , a computer developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . The march has been used in German commercials for Underberg digestif bitter since the 1970s , and has become a classic jingle there . A parody titled `` Comet '' is a humorous song about the ill effects of consuming the cleaning product of the same name . The Bridge on the River Kwai ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2018 ) English composer Malcolm Arnold added a counter-march , which he titled `` The River Kwai March , '' for the 1957 dramatic film The Bridge on the River Kwai , set during World War II . The two marches were recorded together by Mitch Miller as `` March from the River Kwai -- Colonel Bogey '' . Consequently , the `` Colonel Bogey March '' is often miscredited as `` River Kwai March '' . While Arnold did use `` Colonel Bogey '' in his score for the film , it was only the first theme and a bit of the second theme of `` Colonel Bogey '' , whistled unaccompanied by the British prisoners several times as they marched into the prison camp . Since the film depicted prisoners of war held under inhumane conditions by the Japanese , Canadian officials were embarrassed in May 1980 , when a military band played `` Colonel Bogey '' during a visit to Ottawa by Japanese prime minister Masayoshi Ōhira . Jewel Thief ( 1967 ) ( edit ) S.D. Burman used this composition in the 1967 Hindi spy thriller heist film Jewel Thief . The opening lines of Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechaara draw inspiration from the marching song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gene Phillips ( 2006 ) . `` Beyond the Epic : The Life and Films of David Lean '' . p. 306 . University Press of Kentucky . Jump up ^ The Royal Cornwall Gazette of 10 March 1892 reports the results of the Royal Cornwall Golf Club Ladies vs `` Colonel '' Bogey Jump up ^ Many references to the Colonel in the press include a letter from a `` golf widow '' to The Times of 3 June 1914 . Jump up ^ Toronto ; Globe 25 October 1904 p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Minor British Institutions : Colonel Bogey '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 December 2012 Jump up ^ Pegler , Martin , Soldiers ' Songs and Slang of the Great War , Osprey Publishing , 2014 , ISBN 9781427804150 , page 242 . Jump up ^ `` Duty -- Army WAC Song '' , Women 's Army Corps Veterans ' Association website . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CSIRAC -- Australia 's first computer - CSIROpedia '' . CSIROpedia. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Christoph Schulte ( 2 March 2011 ) . `` Underberg : Eine Portion Wohlbefinden '' . Falstaff Magazin -- Weine , Restaurants . Jump up ^ `` Rheinberg : Underberg - Marsch nun als Weihnachts - Jingle '' . RP Online . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Ann - Marie ( 2003 ) . The Way the Crow Flies . HarperCollins . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 058637 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 6 May 1980 ) . `` Our band hit sour note for Japan 's prime minister '' . Montreal Gazette . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 9 Jewel Thief : Top 100 Bollywood Albums - Film Companion '' . Film Companion. 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Retrospect : The best of SD Burman - Part 2 Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2015 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Library resources about Colonel Bogey March Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonel Bogey March . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Bogey_March&oldid=850905082 '' Categories : 1914 compositions British military marches Number - one singles in Germany Songs about the military Songs of World War I Songs with music by Kenneth J. Alford Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 19 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Colonel Bogey March 2. F.J. Ricketts 3. British military march 4. The Bridge on the River Kwai 5. Jewel Thief film

where are the clowns send in the clowns lyrics

Send in the Clowns - wikipedia Send in the Clowns Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Stephen Sondheim . For other uses , see Send In the Clowns ( disambiguation ) . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( September 2017 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music , an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Smiles of a Summer Night . It is a ballad from Act Two , in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life . Among other things , she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik , who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage proposals she had rejected . Meeting him after so long , she realizes she is in love with him and finally ready to marry him , but now it is he who rejects her : he is in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman . Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation , but he declines , citing his dedication to his bride . Reacting to his rejection , Desirée sings this song . The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée 's offer . Sondheim wrote the song specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée on Broadway . The song is structured with four verses and a bridge , and uses a complex compound meter . It became Sondheim 's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins ' version charted in 1975 and 1977 . Subsequently , numerous other artists recorded the song , and it has become a jazz standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning of title 2 Context 3 Score 3.1 History 3.2 Lyrics 3.3 Meter and key 4 Styles 5 Popular success 6 Other versions and parodies 7 References 8 External links Meaning of title ( edit ) The `` clowns '' in the title do not refer to circus clowns . Instead , they symbolize fools , as Sondheim explained in a 1990 interview : I get a lot of letters over the years asking what the title means and what the song 's about ; I never thought it would be in any way esoteric . I wanted to use theatrical imagery in the song , because she 's an actress , but it 's not supposed to be a circus ( ... ) ( I ) t 's a theater reference meaning `` if the show is n't going well , let 's send in the clowns '' ; in other words , `` let 's do the jokes . '' I always want to know , when I 'm writing a song , what the end is going to be , so `` Send in the Clowns '' did n't settle in until I got the notion , `` Do n't bother , they 're here '' , which means that `` We are the fools . '' In a 2008 interview , Sondheim further clarified : As I think of it now , the song could have been called `` Send in the Fools '' . I knew I was writing a song in which Desirée is saying , `` are n't we foolish '' or `` are n't we fools ? '' Well , a synonym for fools is clowns , but `` Send in the Fools '' does n't have the same ring to it . Context ( edit ) Main article : A Little Night Music Judi Dench , who performed the role of Desirée in London , commented on the context of the song during an interview with Alan Titchmarsh . The play is `` a dark play about people who , at the beginning , are with wrong partners and in the end it is hopefully going to become right , and she ( Desirée ) mistimes her life in a way and realizes when she re-meets the man she had an affair with and had a child by ( though he does not know that ) , that she loves him and he is the man she wants . '' Some years before the play begins , Desirée was a young , attractive actress , whose passions were the theater and romance . She lived her life dramatically , flitting from man to man . Fredrik was one of her many lovers and fell deeply in love with Desirée , but she declined to marry him . The play implies that when they parted Desirée may have been pregnant with his child . A few months before the play begins , Fredrik married a beautiful young woman who at 18 years old was much younger than he . In Act One , Fredrik meets Desirée again , and is introduced to her daughter , a precocious adolescent suggestively named Fredrika . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he is now married to a young woman he loves very much , but that she is still a virgin , continuing to refuse to have sex with him . Desirée and Fredrik then make love . Act Two begins days later , and Desirée realizes that she truly loves Fredrik . She tells Fredrik that he needs to be rescued from his marriage , and she proposes to him . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he has been swept off the ground and is `` in the air '' in love with his beautiful , young wife , and apologizes for having misled her . Desirée remains sitting on the bed ; depending on the production , Fredrik walks across the room or stays seated on the bed next to her . Desirée -- feeling both intense sadness and anger , at herself , her life and her choices -- sings `` Send in the Clowns '' . She is , in effect , using the song `` to cover over a moment when something has gone wrong on stage . Midway through the second Act she has deviated from her usual script by suggesting to Fredrik the possibility of being together seriously and permanently , and , having been rejected , she falters as a show - person , finds herself bereft of the capacity to improvise and wittily cover . If Desirée could perform at this moment -- revert to the innuendos , one - liners and blithe self - referential humour that constitutes her normal character -- all would be well . She can not , and what follows is an exemplary manifestation of Sondheim 's musico - dramatic complexity , his inclination to write music that performs drama . That is , what needs to be covered over ( by the clowns sung about in the song ) is the very intensity , ragged emotion and utter vulnerability that comes forward through the music and singing itself , a display protracted to six minutes , wrought with exposed silences , a shocked Fredrik sitting so uncomfortably before Desirée while something much too real emerges in a realm where he -- and his audience -- felt assured of performance . '' Not long thereafter , Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , so he is free to accept Desirée 's proposal , and the song is reprised as a coda . Score ( edit ) History ( edit ) Sondheim wrote the lyrics and music over a two - day period during rehearsals for the play 's Broadway debut , specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée . According to Sondheim , `` Glynis had a lovely , crystal voice , but sustaining notes was not her thing . I wanted to write short phrases , so I wrote a song full of questions '' and the song 's melody is within a small music range : We hired Glynis Johns to play the lead , though she had a nice little silvery voice . But I 'd put all the vocal weight of the show on the other characters because we needed somebody who was glamorous , charming and could play light comedy , and pretty , and to find that in combination with a good voice is very unlikely , but she had all the right qualities and a nice little voice . So I did n't write much for her and I did n't write anything in the second act . And the big scene between her and her ex-lover , I had started on a song for him because it 's his scene . And Hal Prince , who directed it , said he thought that the second act needed a song for her , and this was the scene to do it in . And so he directed the scene in such a way that even though the dramatic thrust comes from the man 's monologue , and she just sits there and reacts , he directed it so you could feel the weight going to her reaction rather than his action . And I went down and saw it and it seemed very clear what was needed , and so that made it very easy to write . And then I wrote it for her voice , because she could n't sustain notes . Was n't that kind of singing voice . So I knew I had to write things in short phrases , and that led to questions , and so again , I would n't have written a song so quickly if I had n't known the actress ... I wrote most of it one night and finished part of the second chorus , and I 'd gotten the ending ... ( T ) he whole thing was done in two days . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are written in four verses and a bridge and sung by Desirée . As Sondheim explains , Desirée experiences both deep regret and furious anger : `` Send in the Clowns '' was never meant to be a soaring ballad ; it 's a song of regret . And it 's a song of a lady who is too upset and too angry to speak -- meaning to sing for a very long time . She is furious , but she does n't want to make a scene in front of Fredrik because she recognizes that his obsession with his 18 - year - old wife is unbreakable . So she gives up ; so it 's a song of regret and anger , and therefore fits in with short - breathed phrases . Meter and key ( edit ) The song was originally performed in the key of D flat major . The song uses an unusual and complex meter , which alternates between 12 / 8 and 9 / 8 . These are two complex compound meters that evoke the sense of a waltz used throughout the score of the show . Sondheim tells the story : When I worked with Leonard Bernstein on West Side Story , one of the things I learned from him was not always necessarily to think in terms of 2 - , 4 - and 8 - bar phrases . I was already liberated enough before I met him not to be sticking to 32 - bar songs , but I tend to think square . I tend to think ... it 's probably because I was brought up on mid-19th and late - 19th Century music , and you know it 's fairly square ; there are not an awful lot of meter changes . You often will shorten or lengthen a bar for rhythmic purposes and for energy , but ... when you switch in the middle ( of a song ) , particularly when it 's a modest song , when you 're not writing an aria , you know ... ( I mean , ) if you 're writing something like Sweeney Todd , where people sing at great length , you expect switches of meter , because it helps variety . But in a little 36 - or 40 - bar song , to switch meters around is almost perverse , because the song does n't get a chance to establish its own rhythm . But the problem is , what would you do ? : Would you go , `` Is n't it rich ? ( two , three ) Are we a pair ? ( two , three ) Me here at last on the ground ( three ) , you in mid-air . '' Lenny ( Bernstein ) taught me to think in terms of , `` Do you really need the extra beat ( after ' ground ' ) or not . '' Just because you 've got four bars of four , if you come across a bar that does n't need the extra beat , then put a bar of three in . So ... the 9 ( beat bars ) and 12 ( beat bars ) that alternate in that song were not so much consciously arrived at as they were by the emotionality of the lyric . Styles ( edit ) `` Send in the Clowns '' is performed in two completely different styles : dramatic and lyric . The dramatic style is the theatrical performance by Desirée , and this style emphasizes Desirée 's feelings of anger and regret , and the dramatic style acts as a cohesive part of the play . The lyric style is the concert performance , and this style emphasizes the sweetness of the melody and the poetry of the lyrics . Most performances are in concert , so they emphasize the beauty of the melody and lyrics . Sondheim teaches both dramatic and lyric performers several important elements for an accurate rendition : The dramatic performer must take on the character of Desirée : a woman who finally realizes that she has misspent her youth on the shallow life . She is both angry and sad , and both must be seen in the performance . Two important examples are the contrast between the lines , `` Quick , send in the clowns '' and `` Well , maybe next year . '' Sondheim teaches that the former should be steeped in self - loathing , while the latter should emphasize regret . Thus , the former is clipped , with a break between `` quick '' and `` send , '' while the latter `` well '' is held pensively . Sondheim himself apologizes for flaws in his composition . For example , in the line , `` Well , maybe next year , '' the melodic emphasis is on the word year but the dramatic emphasis must be on the word next : The word `` next '' is important : `` Maybe next year '' as opposed to `` this year '' . ( Desirée means , ) `` All right , I 've screwed it up this year . Maybe next year I 'll do something right in my life . '' So ( it 's ) `` well , maybe next year '' even though it is n't accented in the music . This is a place where the lyric and the music are n't as apposite as they might be , because the important word is `` next '' , and yet the accented word is `` year '' . That 's my fault , but ( something the performer must ) overcome . Another example arises from Sondheim 's roots as a speaker of American rather than British English : The line `` Do n't you love farce ? '' features two juxtaposed labiodental fricative sounds ( the former ( v ) voiced , the latter ( f ) devoiced ) . American concert and stage performers will often fail to `` breathe '' and / or `` voice '' between the two fricatives , leading audiences familiar with British slang to hear `` Do n't you love arse ? , '' misinterpreting the lyric or at the least perceiving an unintended double entendre . Sondheim agrees that `` ( i ) t 's an awkward moment in the lyric , but that v and that f should be separated . '' In the line of the fourth verse , `` I thought that you 'd want what I want . Sorry , my dear , '' the performer must communicate the connection between the `` want '' and the `` sorry '' . Similarly , Sondheim insists that performers separately enunciate the adjacent t 's in the line , `` There ought to be clowns . '' Popular success ( edit ) The musical , with the song , debuted on Broadway in 1973 . The song became popular with theater audiences but had not become a pop hit . Sondheim explained how the song became a hit : First of all , it was n't a hit for two years . I mean , the first person to sing it was Bobby Short , who happened to see the show in Boston , and it was exactly his kind of song : He 's a cabaret entertainer . And then my memory is that Judy Collins picked it up , but she recorded it in England ; Sinatra heard it and recorded it . And between the two of them , they made it a hit . Frank Sinatra recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' in 1973 for his comeback album Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back , which attained gold status . Gordon Jenkins arranged the song . It was also released as a single , with `` Let Me Try Again '' on side B . Two years later , in 1975 , Judy Collins recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' and included it on her album Judith . The song was released as a single , which soon became a major pop hit . It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975 , reaching Number 36 . Then , in 1977 , the song again reached the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for 16 weeks and reached Number 19 . At the Grammy Awards of 1976 , the Judy Collins performance of the song was named `` Song of the Year '' . After Sinatra and Collins recorded the song , it was recorded by Bing Crosby ( for his album That 's What Life Is All About ) , Kenny Rogers , Lou Rawls and many others . In 1985 , Sondheim added a verse for Barbra Streisand to use in her concert performances and recording , which was featured on The Broadway Album . In 1986 , her version became a Number 25 Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary hit . The song has become a jazz standard with performances by Count Basie , Sarah Vaughan , the Stan Kenton Orchestra and many others . The song appears on over 900 records by hundreds of performers in a wide variety of arrangements . Other versions and parodies ( edit ) In 1993 , Krusty the Clown ( played by Dan Castellaneta ) performs the song on he Simpsons episode `` Krusty Gets Kancelled '' . It includes some altered lyrics : `` Send in those soulful and doleful , schmaltz - by - the - bowlful clowns '' . This version was later included on the soundtrack album Songs in the Key of Springfield . Stars of the Lid recorded a version called `` Do n't Bother They 're Here '' for their 2007 album And Their Refinement of the Decline . A snippet of `` Send In the Clowns '' appears as part of the song `` The Electric Co . '' on the U2 release Under A Blood Red Sky . However , the band did not have the appropriate licensing and did not pay the required royalties and were fined $50,000 ( US ) and had to make sure any further pressings of the release removed the snippet . The song figures prominently in a plotline in the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope in October 1988 , when villain Max Dubujax plants a bomb in a music box that plays the tune . Before he dies from a gunshot wound , he tells his ex-wife Siobhan Ryan , the intended victim , about `` losing my timing so late in my career '' . The bomb detonates in November 1988 , killing Siobhan 's husband Joe Novak . Tichina Arnold sings a version of the song that is used throughout the storyline . Comedian Will Ferrell performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on 2 August 2010 . The song is performed on an episode of the US sitcom Newhart , leading the dim - witted character of George Utley ( Tom Poston ) to say , `` I never realized what that song was really about ! It 's about clowns , and when to send them in . '' In December 2010 , Stephen Colbert wrote and performed an `` extended ending '' to `` Send in the Clowns '' to composer Stephen Sondheim when he appeared on Colbert 's program , The Colbert Report . `` Where are the clowns ? / I booked them for eight / Oh wait that 's them on the phone / Saying they 're late / Traffic was bad / The tunnel 's a mess / All twelve of them came in one car / They lost my address / You just ca n't trust clowns / That 's why they 're called clowns . '' In 2011 , Paul Harper adapted the lyrics as a parody of bad English usage for Glam Jam , A West End Show , entitled `` Send in the Nouns '' . The song is featured in the film Starsky & Hutch during the duo 's undercover mission at a bat mitzvah . Madonna opened both her ' Tears Of a Clown ' concerts in 2015 with her own rendition of the song . in the October 1976 issue of MAD Magazine ( issue # 186 ) the song is parodied as ' Send In The Crew ' in the parody musical ' Keep On Trekkin ' : The MAD Star Trek Musical ' , with the lyrics of the song ( for the main cast members ) being a reflection that the cast has to come back to be on a Star Trek TV show ( Leonard Nimoy as Spock : `` Is n't it strange / After eight years / Him ( meaning William Shatner ) playing Captain again / Me with my ears / Send in the crew '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Synopsis '' mtishows.com , accessed April 16 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : An Interview with Stephen Sondheim ( Video Interview ) . Broadcast live from the New York City Opera during the production of A Little Night Music , in either 1990 or 1993 , when Sally Ann Howes opened the opera season : Live from Lincoln Center . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow , Mel ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Send In the Sondheim ; City Opera Revives ' Night Music , ' as Composer Dotes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ An Interview of Dame Judi Dench by Alan Titchmarsh ( Video Interview ) . BBC . 1996 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Graham ( June 2014 ) . `` Sondheim 's A Little Night Music : Reconciling the Comic and the Sublime '' . Studies in Musical Theatre . 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 157 . doi : 10.1386 / smt. 8.2. 143_1 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Achievement ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Sondheim '' ( Video Interview ) . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim : A Little Night Music - Music on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Google . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 2 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 1 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . Asylum Records . 1975 . Archived from the original ( Album ) on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1975 - 08 - 30 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1977 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Grammy Award Winner , Song of the Year '' . Send in the Clowns , written by Stephen Sondheim , performed by Judy Collins . 1975 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' ( Search Results ) . Send in the Clowns . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand in Concert ( Video Concert ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . Send in the Clowns , by Barbra Streisand. 1986 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Matt McGee and Aaron Sams . `` U2 : U2faqs.com - History FAQ - Three to Under a Blood Red Sky '' . U2faqs.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim interview by Steven Colbert '' , Comedy Central , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sondheim.com Sondheim Guide to the Play Sondheim Review Notes to the Play Upcoming Performances of the Play Guide to Musical Theater for the Play Send in the Clowns Lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night Adaptations A Little Night Music ( 1973 musical ) A Little Night Music ( 1977 film ) A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 film ) Songs `` Send in the Clowns '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_In_the_Clowns&oldid=828456466 '' Categories : Songs from musicals 1970s jazz standards Barbra Streisand songs Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Grammy Award for Song of the Year Judy Collins songs Frank Sinatra songs 1973 songs 1975 singles 1977 singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 17 : 26 . 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1. "Send in the Clowns" song 2. Stephen Sondheim 3. A Little Night Music 4. Desirée's love and regret 5. Popularity and various versions of the song

proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers part k journal of multi-body dynamics

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part K - Wikipedia Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part K Jump to : navigation , search Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part K : Journal of Multi-body Dynamics <Td_colspan="2"> ISO 4 abbreviation Proc. Inst . Mech . Eng . K Discipline Mechanical engineering , vehicle dynamics Language English Edited by Homer Rahnejat <Th_colspan="2"> Publication details Publisher Sage Publications ( United Kingdom ) Publication history 1999 -- present Frequency Quarterly Impact factor ( 2013 ) 0.415 <Th_colspan="2"> Indexing ISSN 1464 - 4193 ( print ) 2041 - 3068 ( web ) sn99038394 OCLC no . 137348448 <Th_colspan="2"> Links <Td_colspan="2"> Journal homepage Online access Online archive The Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part K : Journal of Multi-body Dynamics is a quarterly peer - reviewed scientific journal that covers mechanical design and dynamic analysis of multi-body systems . The journal was established in 1999 and is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers . Abstracting and indexing ( edit ) The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded . According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2013 impact factor is 0.415 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMechE publications page . IMechE . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Part K : Journal of Multi-body Dynamics '' . 2013 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Institution of Mechanical Engineers Competitions Formula Student Journals Part A : Journal of Power and Energy Part B : Journal of Engineering Manufacture Part C : Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Part E : Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering Part F : Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit Part G : Journal of Aerospace Engineering Part H : Journal of Engineering in Medicine Part I : Journal of Systems and Control Engineering Part J : Journal of Engineering Tribology Part K : Journal of Multi-body Dynamics Part L : Journal of Materials : Design and Applications Part M : Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment Part N : Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems Part O : Journal of Risk and Reliability Part P : Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology Awards Engineering Heritage Awards James Watt International Gold Medal People Charles Beyer George Stephenson Related Institute of Marine Engineering , Science and Technology Institution of Railway Signal Engineers This engineering - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_of_the_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers,_Part_K&oldid=814492229 '' Categories : Engineering journals English - language journals Institution of Mechanical Engineers academic journals Quarterly journals Publications established in 1999 SAGE Publications academic journals Engineering stubs Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with outdated impact factors from 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 03 : 54 . About Wikipedia

1. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 2. Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 3. Mechanical engineering 4. Vehicle dynamics 5. Impact factor

the life and times of shawn carter vol 2

Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life - wikipedia Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life <Th_colspan="2"> Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Jay - Z Released September 29 , 1998 Recorded December 1997 -- August 1998 Genre Hip hop Length 61 : 43 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Producer Shawn Carter ( exec . ) Damon Dash ( also exec . ) Kareem `` Biggs '' Burke ( exec . ) Irv Gotti Kid Capri J - Runnah Jermaine Dupri Lil ' Rob Mahogany Mark 45 King Premier Erick Sermon Stevie J Swizz Beatz Timbaland Darold `` POP '' Trotter <Th_colspan="2"> Jay - Z chronology <Td_colspan="2"> In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 ( 1997 ) Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life ( 1998 ) Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life <Td_colspan="2"> `` Can I Get A ... '' Released : August 22 , 1998 `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' Released : October 17 , 1998 `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' Released : November 9 , 1998 `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' Released : April 24 , 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life is the third studio album by American rapper Jay - Z . It was released on September 29 , 1998 , by Roc - A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings . It went on to become his most commercially successful album , selling over 5 million copies in the United States . In the liner notes of the album , Jay - Z gives his thoughts on various tracks . The lyrics to the fast - paced `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' are also included . Contents 1 Background 2 Production 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Sample credits 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Singles 7.3 End of decade charts 8 Certifications 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Speaking in December 1998 to noted UK urban writer Pete Lewis of the award - winning Blues & Soul , Jay described the background to the album 's lyrical themes : `` Primarily I see myself as so much more than a rapper . I really believe I 'm the voice for a lot of people who do n't have that microphone or who ca n't rap . So I wanted to represent and tell the story of everybody who 's been through what I 've been through , or knows somebody that has . I also wanted to speak about our lifestyle to people who -- though they may live , say , in the suburbs and not be part of that world -- still want to know about it and understand it . '' Production ( edit ) Several tracks in this feature a rougher sound than the glossier Bad Boy production on In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 , most notably the three tracks produced by Ruff Ryders beatmaker Swizz Beatz . With the exception of Stevie J on `` Ride or Die , '' Bad Boy producers play no role in Vol. 2 , though Jay - Z enlisted Timbaland , Jermaine Dupri , and Irv Gotti for a more pop - oriented sound on three of the albums ' singles . This would also be Jay - Z 's last album to feature his mentor Big Jaz . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Christgau 's Consumer Guide Encyclopedia of Popular Music IGN 8.3 / 10 Los Angeles Times Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide The Source 4.5 / 5 In a contemporary review for Playboy , Robert Christgau deemed Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life a progression from its predecessor , featuring more noticeable beats that would appeal to listeners other than just hip hop aesthetes . He highlighted the title track 's `` audacious Annie sample '' and the production of Swizz Beatz , who he believed took influence from postminimalist composers such Steve Reich and Philip Glass . `` And whatever Jay - Z 's moral values '' , Christgau wrote , `` the man knows how to put words together and say them real fast . '' He later gave it a three - star honorable mention in his Consumer Guide book , indicating `` an enjoyable effort that consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure '' . In The A.V. Club , Nathan Rabin said the record was `` an uneven if worthwhile '' album whose best songs `` strip gangsta rap of its superthug bravado and replace it with a more nuanced understanding of the human emotions behind the gangsta facade '' . Q called it `` the epitome of mainstream hip hop '' at the time . Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life was later ranked number 46 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 100 greatest albums from the 1990s . Commercial performance ( edit ) Vol. 2 ... became Jay - Z 's first album to debut at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , selling over 350,000 copies in its first week . It is Jay - Z 's best selling album as of 2013 and was certified 5x Platinum by the RIAA in 2000 . By 2013 , the album had sold 5,400,000 copies in the United States . The album won Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards . Though he won the nomination he boycotted the ceremony , citing what he sees as the Grammys ' continuing disrespect of hip hop because they were not going to broadcast the rap nominations . He told MTV , `` I am boycotting the Grammys because too many major rap artists continue to be overlooked . Rappers deserve more attention from the Grammy committee and from the whole world . If it 's got a gun everybody knows about it ; but if we go on a world tour , no one knows . '' Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro -- Hand It Down '' ( featuring Memphis Bleek ) Shawn Carter Christopher Martin Malik Cox DJ Premier 2 : 56 2 . `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' Carter Mark James Charles Strouse Martin Charnin Mark 45 King 3 : 58 3 . `` If I Should Die '' ( featuring Da Ranjahz ) Carter Kasseem Dean Malcolm Byer Nigel Leguerre Swizz Beatz 4 : 55 4 . `` Ride or Die '' Carter Steven Jordan Stevie J 4 : 48 5 . `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' ( featuring Big Jaz ) Carter Jonathan Burks Timothy Mosley Timbaland 3 : 53 6 . `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' ( featuring DMX ) Carter Earl Simmons Dean Swizz Beatz 4 : 46 7 . `` A Week Ago '' ( featuring Too $ hort ) Carter Todd Shaw Jerald Stoute Ernie Isley Marvin Isley O'Kelly Isley Ronald Isley Rudolph Isley Christopher Jasper J - Runnah 5 : 00 8 . `` Coming of Age ( Da Sequel ) '' ( featuring Memphis Bleek ) Carter Dean Swizz Beatz 4 : 21 9 . `` Can I Get A ... '' ( featuring Amil and Ja Rule ) Carter Irving Lorenzo Jeffrey Atkins Robert Mays Irv Gotti Lil Rob 5 : 09 10 . `` Paper Chase '' ( featuring Foxy Brown ) Carter Mosley Timbaland 4 : 34 11 . `` Reservoir Dogs '' ( featuring The LOX , Beanie Sigel and Sauce Money ) Carter Erick Sermon Jason Phillips David Styles Sean Jacobs Dwight Grant Todd Gaither Isaac Hayes Sermon Darold `` POP '' Trotter Rockwilder 5 : 19 12 . `` It 's Like That '' ( featuring Kid Capri ) Carter Frank Friedman David Love Kid Capri 3 : 45 <Th_colspan="5"> show Bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 13 . `` It 's Alright '' ( featuring Memphis Bleek ) Carter Damon Dash Imsomie Leeper David Byrne Brian Eno Chris Frantz Martina Weynmouth Jerry Harrison Dash Mahogany 4 : 01 14 . `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' ( featuring Jermaine Dupri ) Jermaine Dupri Carter Steve Arrington Charles Carter Buddy Hank Roger Parker Dupri 4 : 13 Notes -- co-producer -- uncredited co-producer `` If I Should Die '' features additional vocals by Wais and Half Dead . `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' features additional vocals by Amil . `` It 's Like That '' features additional vocals by Liz . Sample credits ( edit ) Intro ( Hand It Down ) `` Are You Man Enough '' by The Four Tops Contains lyrics from `` Coming of Age '' by Jay - Z feat . Memphis Bleek Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) `` It 's The Hard Knock Life '' from Annie Money , Cash , Hoes `` Theme of Thief '' from Tohru Nakabayashi & Y . `` Dolphin '' Takada ( from the Golden Axe soundtrack ) A Week Ago `` Ballad for the Fallen Soldier '' by The Isley Brothers Reservoir Dogs `` Theme from Shaft '' by Isaac Hayes `` 24 - Carat Black ( Theme ) '' by 24 Carat Black `` Know How '' by Young MC It 's Like That `` Beggar 's Song '' by Wet Willie It 's Alright `` The Hall of Mirrors '' by Kraftwerk `` Once In a Lifetime '' by Talking Heads Money Ai n't a Thang `` Weak at the Knees '' by Steve Arrington Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canadian Albums Chart 20 German Albums Chart 76 U.S. Billboard 200 U.S. Billboard Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums Singles ( edit ) Year Song Billboard Hot 100 Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks Hot Rap Singles 1998 `` Can I Get A ... '' 19 6 22 `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' 15 10 1999 `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' 116 36 19 `` Jigga What , Jigga Who '' 84 23 19 End of decade charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard 200 62 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one albums of 1998 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1998 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Pete . Jay Z : A B&S classic interview December 1998 , Blues & Soul Jump up ^ Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life at AllMusic ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 2000 ) . Christgau 's Consumer Guide : Albums of the ' 90s . Macmillan . pp. xvi , 149 . ISBN 0312245602 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Jay - Z '' . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0857125958 . Jump up ^ `` Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life -- IGN '' . Music.ign.com . November 11 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( 1998 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Jay Z Offers Intense Tales of ' Life ' and the Street -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review '' . Q. December 2000 . p. 144 . Jump up ^ The New Rolling Stone Album Guide -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Vol. 2 , Hard Knock Life ( CD ) by Jay Z ( Artist ) '' . Tower.com. 1998 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( November 1998 ) . `` Beck , Jay Z '' . Playboy . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 2002 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Jay - Z : Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life Music MusicalWork Review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Albums of the Nineties '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Randy ( October 14 , 1998 ) . `` Jay Z 's New Hard Knock Life Has A Golden Week '' . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Selling Rap Albums of All Time18 . Jay Z Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life ( 1998 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums Chart - November 14 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` German Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 - October 17 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums - October 17 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- JAY Z -- Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- JAY Z -- Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- JAY Z -- Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Samplin ' Annie at Vibe Jay Z interview at Blues & Soul Cipha Sounds interview at Complex <Th_colspan="2"> Jay - Z <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Videos Songs Films Awards and nominations Studio albums Reasonable Doubt In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter The Dynasty : Roc La Familia The Blueprint The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse The Black Album Kingdom Come American Gangster The Blueprint 3 Magna Carta Holy Grail 4 : 44 Collaborations albums The Best of Both Worlds ( with R. Kelly ) Unfinished Business ( with R. Kelly ) Collision Course ( with Linkin Park ) Watch the Throne ( with Kanye West ) Everything Is Love ( with Jay - Z as The Carters ) Live albums MTV Unplugged Live in Brooklyn Compilation albums Chapter One : Greatest Hits Blueprint 2.1 Bring It On : The Best of Jay - Z Greatest Hits Jay - Z : The Hits Collection , Volume One Concert tours Blueprint Lounge Tour Best of Both Worlds Tour American Gangster Live Heart of the City Tour Projekt Revolution 2008 Europe Jay - Z & Ciara Live Jay - Z Fall Tour The Home & Home Tour U2 360 ° Tour Watch the Throne Tour Legends of the Summer Magna Carter World Tour On the Run Tour 4 : 44 Tour On the Run II Tour Related articles Roc - A-Fella Records Rocawear Roc Nation StarRoc Takeover Roc Nation 40 / 40 Club Beyoncé Kanye West Rihanna Linkin Park The Grey Album Jaydiohead Fade to Black Live Nation Entertainment NBA 2K13 Brooklyn Nets Made in America Festival Made in America Project Panther Bidco <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Best Rap Album 1996 -- 2000 Poverty 's Paradise -- Naughty by Nature ( 1996 ) The Score -- Fugees ( 1997 ) No Way Out -- Puff Daddy and the Family ( 1998 ) Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life -- Jay - Z ( 1999 ) The Slim Shady LP -- Eminem ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 The Marshall Mathers LP -- Eminem ( 2001 ) Stankonia -- Outkast ( 2002 ) The Eminem Show -- Eminem ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) The College Dropout -- Kanye West ( 2005 ) Late Registration -- Kanye West ( 2006 ) Release Therapy -- Ludacris ( 2007 ) Graduation -- Kanye West ( 2008 ) Tha Carter III -- Lil Wayne ( 2009 ) Relapse -- Eminem ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Recovery -- Eminem ( 2011 ) My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy -- Kanye West ( 2012 ) Take Care -- Drake ( 2013 ) The Heist -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ( 2014 ) The Marshall Mathers LP 2 -- Eminem ( 2015 ) To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar ( 2016 ) Coloring Book -- Chance the Rapper ( 2017 ) Damn -- Kendrick Lamar ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vol._2..._Hard_Knock_Life&oldid=852144061 '' Categories : Jay - Z albums 1998 albums Albums produced by The 45 King Albums produced by DJ Premier Albums produced by Erick Sermon Albums produced by Rockwilder Albums produced by Swizz Beatz Albums produced by Timbaland Albums produced by Irv Gotti Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri Def Jam Recordings albums Grammy Award for Best Rap Album Roc - A-Fella Records albums Sequel albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from June 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Polski Português Suomi Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 23 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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1. Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life 2. Jay-Z 3. Hip hop 4. Commercial success 5. Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

who are the final couples in dancing with the stars

Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinzki ( 2005 - 2016 ) Phil Heyes Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States No. of seasons 25 No. of episodes 422 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On May 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for season 26 . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel ( edit ) The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for season 25 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline ( edit ) Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member <Td_colspan="25"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tom Bergeron <Td_colspan="25"> Lisa Canning <Td_colspan="24"> Samantha Harris <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="16"> Brooke Burke - Charvet <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Erin Andrews <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="8"> Carrie Ann Inaba <Td_colspan="25"> Bruno Tonioli <Td_colspan="25"> Len Goodman <Td_colspan="20"> <Td_colspan="4"> Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Harold Wheeler <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="8"> Ray Chew <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="8"> Couples ( edit ) See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 286 celebrities have appeared in the 25 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season ( show ) Professional dancer <Th_colspan="25"> Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Alan Bersten <Td_colspan="24"> N / A Debbie Gibson Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Allison Holker <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne <Td_colspan="23"> N / A Anna Demidova <Td_colspan="8"> N / A Michael Irvin <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Gary Busey <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Artem Chigvintsev <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Buzz Aldrin <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Brian Fortuna <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Shandi Finnessey <Td_colspan="21"> N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley <Td_colspan="24"> N / A Chelsie Hightower <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves <Td_colspan="10"> N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens Corky Ballas <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Cloris Leachman <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Florence Henderson <Td_colspan="14"> N / A Damian Whitewood <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Pamela Anderson <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Derek Hough <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Dmitry Chaplin <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Holly Madison Mýa <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Petra Nemcova <Td_colspan="13"> N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner <Td_colspan="11"> N / A Geraldo Rivera <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Elena Grinenko <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler <Td_colspan="21"> N / A Emma Slater <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Fabian Sanchez <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Marlee Matlin <Td_colspan="19"> N / A Gleb Savchenko <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Lisa Vanderpump <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Henry Byalikov <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Diana Nyad <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Inna Brayer <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Ted McGinley <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Jenna Johnson <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Jake T. Austin <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Jesse DeSoto <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Shanna Moakler <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Karina Smirnoff <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Barrett Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Keo Motsepe <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Kym Johnson - Herjavec <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Robert Herjavec <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Lindsay Arnold <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Victor Ortiz <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Priscilla Presley <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Sabrina Bryan <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Paula Deen <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Meryl Davis <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey Mark Ballas <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Lindsey Stirling Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Peta Murgatroyd <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey Sasha Farber <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Sharna Burgess <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Tristan MacManus <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Tyne Stecklein <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Bill Nye <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen Witney Carson <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Dance troupe and musicians ( edit ) In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 25 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Sasha Farber , Jenna Johnson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Sharna Burgess , Dasha Chesnokova , Emma Slater , Henry Byalikov , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Witney Carson , Julz Tocker , Lindsay Arnold , Gleb Savchenko , Artem Chigvintsev , Alan Bersten , Brittany Cherry , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Kiril Kulish , and Keo Motsepe . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner <Th_colspan="15"> ( show ) Troupe members Dancers <Th_colspan="14"> Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Artur Adamski <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brandon Armstrong <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lindsay Arnold <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Alan Bersten <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Sharna Burgess <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Henry Byalikov <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Witney Carson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> Dasha Chesnokova <Td_colspan="13"> Brittany Cherry <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Artem Chigvintsev <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Oksana Dmytrenko <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> Hayley Erbert <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> Sasha Farber <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Shannon Holtzapffel <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Dennis Jauch <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jenna Johnson <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kiril Kulish <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Tristan MacManus <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> Keo Motsepe <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Peta Murgatroyd <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kiki Nyemchek <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> Sonny Fredie Pedersen <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Gleb Savchenko <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Emma Slater <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Britt Stewart <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> Julz Tocker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> Nicole Volynets <Td_colspan="13"> Ted Volynets <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="12"> For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On Feb 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview ( edit ) Season <Th_colspan="2"> Number of Duration dates <Th_colspan="3"> Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez * & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher * & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson * Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 52 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure ( edit ) In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 and 24 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information ( edit ) Payment ( edit ) On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals ( edit ) The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance ( edit ) Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes ( edit ) 100th episode ( edit ) The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode ( edit ) In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode ( edit ) The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode ( edit ) The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special ( edit ) On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes ( edit ) In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired March 20 , 2017 . Records ( edit ) Average ( edit ) This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 42 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores ( edit ) This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Shawn Johnson danced her Paso doble / Tango fusion dance with Mark Ballas instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . Nastia Liukin danced her Jive and Quickstep with Sasha Farber instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores ( edit ) 46 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 12 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko , Sasha Farber 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe Merchandise ( edit ) Cardio dance dvds ( edit ) A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book ( edit ) A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs ( edit ) The 1st Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . In January 2018 , ABC said that DWTS Jr is still in the works but it did n't develop as quickly they hoped it would . So instead , the all - athletes edition aired in its place . But ABC said DWTS Jr will still happen at some point down the line . On November 21 , 2017 , ABC announced a special 4 - week all athletes edition of Dancing with the Stars , set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and is set to be considered more of a mini-season / spin - off than a regular season . The format will feature 10 athletes from all corners of the sports world paired with the show 's professional ballroom dancers for a chance at the Mirrorball . Bergeron and Andrews will return as Hosts , with Bergeron confirming on Twitter that the Athletes edition will start airing in Late April . On January 8 , 2018 , ABC announced that the All Athletes Edition would premiere on April 30 , 2018 . Tours ( edit ) An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2015 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , `` Dancing with the Stars Live ! : Dance All Night '' was announced . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A fourth tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and began on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina , performing 71 shows and ending in Los Angeles . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , ' Dancing with the Stars ' is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8 June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) 13.5 July 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 06 ) 22.4 2004 -- 05 6 < 17 Thursday / Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 January 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) N / A February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 2005 -- 06 7 18.6 Tuesday / Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 20 September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) N / A November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 20.7 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 20 March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) N / A May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 5 20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) N / A November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) N / A 2007 -- 08 19.58 6 21 March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 20.90 May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 20.12 2007 -- 08 21.67 7 21 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 21.12 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) 20.58 2008 -- 09 19.76 8 21 March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 22.82 May 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) 20.12 2008 -- 09 19.76 9 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 17.79 November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) 19.29 2009 -- 10 19.72 10 19 March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 24.19 May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 18.40 2009 -- 10 19.72 11 20 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 20.99 November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 24.14 2010 -- 11 21.92 12 19 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 22.65 May 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 21.42 2010 -- 11 21.92 13 20 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 19.03 November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 19.45 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 14 20 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 18.79 May 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) 17.79 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 15 19 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 14.11 November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 16.73 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 16 20 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 17.06 May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 12.20 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 17 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12 September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 16.04 November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 14.75 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 18 11 March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 15.44 May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 15.07 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 19 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 13.64 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 15.98 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 20 14 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 14.16 May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 13.49 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 21 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 14 September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13.13 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 13.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 22 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 12.46 May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 10.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 23 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 12.19 November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 10.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 24 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 12.09 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 8.91 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 25 12 September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 10.71 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 9.20 2017 -- 18 19 11.23 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( edit ) ( show ) Category Nominee ( s ) Result <Td_colspan="3"> 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich <Td_colspan="3"> 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel <Td_colspan="3"> 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas <Td_colspan="3"> 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won <Td_colspan="3"> 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won <Td_colspan="3"> 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade <Td_colspan="3"> 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( edit ) ( show ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result <Td_colspan="4"> People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur <Td_colspan="4"> Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen <Td_colspan="4"> Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated <Td_colspan="4"> Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also ( edit ) Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars , The Bachelor Renewed by ABC for 2017 - 2018 Season '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place Fox News '' . Fox News . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s - The TV IV '' . tviv.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings Give Me My Remote '' . www.givememyremote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . Media Decoder Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17 : Dancing is Back '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox Gleeful As Idol , Glee Top Dancing , NCIS , Mentalist Finales '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2010 ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' kills , but ' Lone Star ' is D.O.A '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two / a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike / Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' / ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' / ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. 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1. Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) 2. Reality competition 3. Celebrity paired with professional dancer 4. Judges' points and audience votes 5. Cast, hosts, and judging panel

who won the ncaa basketball championship last year

List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions Jump to : navigation , search The University of California , Los Angeles ( trophy room pictured ) has won the Men 's Division I Basketball Championship a record 11 times . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , or NCAA Tournament , is a single - elimination tournament for men 's college basketball teams in the United States . It determines the champion of Division I , the top level of play in the NCAA , and the media often describes the winner as the national champion of college basketball . The NCAA Tournament has been held annually since 1939 , and its field grew from eight teams in the beginning to sixty - five teams by 2001 ; as of 2011 , sixty - eight teams take part in the tournament . Teams can gain invitations by winning a conference championship or receiving an at - large bid from a 10 - person committee . The semifinals of the tournament are known as the Final Four and are held in a different city each year , along with the championship game ; Indianapolis , the city where the NCAA is based , will host the Final Four every five years until 2040 . Each winning university receives a rectangular , gold - plated trophy made of wood . The first NCAA Tournament was organized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Oregon won the inaugural tournament , defeating Ohio State 46 -- 33 in the first championship game . Before the 1941 tournament , control of the event was given to the NCAA . In the early years of the tournament , it was considered less important than the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) , a New York City - based event . Teams were able to compete in both events in the same year , and three of those that did so -- Utah in 1944 , Kentucky in 1949 , and City College of New York ( CCNY ) in 1950 -- won the NCAA Tournament . The 1949 -- 50 CCNY team won both tournaments ( defeating Bradley in both finals ) , and is the only college basketball team to accomplish this feat . By the mid-1950s , the NCAA Tournament became the more prestigious of the two events , and in 1971 the NCAA barred universities from playing in other tournaments , such as the NIT , if they were invited to the NCAA Tournament . The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) has been the most successful college in the NCAA Tournament , winning 11 national titles . Ten of those championships came during a 12 - year stretch from 1964 to 1975 . UCLA also holds the record for the most consecutive championships , winning seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . Kentucky has the second-most titles , with eight . North Carolina is third with six championships , while Duke and Indiana follow with five each . North Carolina is the most recent champion , having defeated Gonzaga in the final of the 2017 tournament . Among head coaches , John Wooden is the all - time leader with 10 championships ; he coached UCLA during their period of success in the 1960s and 1970s . Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski is second all - time with five titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championship games 2 Multiple champions 3 Champions by conference status 3.1 Champions by conference at the time of tournaments 3.2 Championships by current conference membership 4 Championships by state 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Championship games ( edit ) Legend for `` Championship games '' table below Indicator Meaning * Game was decided in an overtime period Game was decided in a third overtime period Score Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game , when available Year Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament Championship games , by year , showing winners and losers , final scores and venues Year Winning team Winning head coach Score Losing team Losing head coach Venue City Ref . 1939 Oregon Hobson , Howard Howard Hobson 046.3 ! 46 -- 33 Ohio State Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois 1940 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 060.3 ! 60 -- 42 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1941 Wisconsin Foster , Bud Bud Foster 039 ! 39 -- 34 Washington State Friel , Jack Jack Friel Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1942 Stanford Dean , Everett Everett Dean 053.2 ! 53 -- 38 Dartmouth Cowles , O.B. O.B. Cowles Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1943 Wyoming Shelton , Everett Everett Shelton 046.2 ! 46 -- 34 Georgetown Ripley , Elmer Elmer Ripley Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1944 Utah Peterson , Vadal Vadal Peterson 042 ! 42 -- 40 * Dartmouth Brown , Earl Earl Brown Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1945 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 049 ! 49 -- 45 NYU Cann , Howard Howard Cann Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1946 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 043 ! 43 -- 40 North Carolina Carnevale , Ben Ben Carnevale Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1947 Holy Cross Julian , Doggie Doggie Julian 058.1 ! 58 -- 47 Oklahoma Drake , Bruce Bruce Drake Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1948 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 058.2 ! 58 -- 42 Baylor Henderson , Bill Bill Henderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1949 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 046.1 ! 46 -- 36 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1950 CCNY Holman , Nat Nat Holman 071.2 ! 71 -- 68 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1951 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 068.3 ! 68 -- 58 Kansas State Gardner , Jack Jack Gardner Williams Arena Minneapolis , Minnesota 1952 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen 080.3 ! 80 -- 63 St. John 's McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1953 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 069 ! 69 -- 68 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1954 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler 092.2 ! 92 -- 76 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1955 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 077.3 ! 77 -- 63 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1956 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 083.2 ! 83 -- 71 Iowa O'Connor , Bucky Bucky O'Connor McGaw Hall Evanston , Illinois 1957 North Carolina McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire 054.1 ! 54 -- 53 Kansas Harp , Dick Dick Harp Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1958 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 084.3 ! 84 -- 72 Seattle Castellani , John John Castellani Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1959 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell 071.1 ! 71 -- 70 West Virginia Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1960 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor 075.4 ! 75 -- 55 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell Cow Palace Daly City , California 1961 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 070 ! 70 -- 65 * Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1962 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 071.4 ! 71 -- 59 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1963 Loyola Chicago Ireland , George George Ireland 060.1 ! 60 -- 58 * Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1964 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 098 ! 98 -- 83 Duke Bubas , Vic Vic Bubas Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1965 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 091 ! 91 -- 80 Michigan Strack , Dave Dave Strack Memorial Coliseum Portland , Oregon 1966 Texas Western Haskins , Don Don Haskins 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1967 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 079 ! 79 -- 64 Dayton Donoher , Don Don Donoher Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1968 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 078.2 ! 78 -- 55 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1969 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.3 ! 92 -- 72 Purdue King , George George King Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1970 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 080.2 ! 80 -- 69 Jacksonville Williams , Joe Joe Williams Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1971 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 068.2 ! 68 -- 62 Villanova Kraft , Jack Jack Kraft Astrodome Houston , Texas 1972 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 081.2 ! 81 -- 76 Florida State Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham Memorial Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1973 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 087 ! 87 -- 66 Memphis State Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri North Carolina State Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 076.3 ! 76 -- 64 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro , North Carolina UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.1 ! 92 -- 85 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California 1976 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 086 ! 86 -- 68 Michigan Orr , Johnny Johnny Orr Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1977 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire 067 ! 67 -- 59 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia 1978 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall 094 ! 94 -- 88 Duke Foster , Bill Bill Foster The Checkerdome St. Louis , Missouri 1979 Michigan State Heathcote , Jud Jud Heathcote 075.3 ! 75 -- 64 Indiana State Hodges , Bill Bill Hodges Special Events Center Salt Lake City , Utah 1980 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 059 ! 59 -- 54 UCLA Brown , Larry Larry Brown Market Square Arena Indianapolis , Indiana 1981 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 063.2 ! 63 -- 50 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1982 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 063.1 ! 63 -- 62 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana North Carolina State Valvano , Jim Jim Valvano 054.2 ! 54 -- 52 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis University Arena Albuquerque , New Mexico 1984 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1985 Villanova Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 066 ! 66 -- 64 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky 1986 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 072.1 ! 72 -- 69 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 074 ! 74 -- 73 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Kansas Brown , Larry Larry Brown 083.1 ! 83 -- 79 Oklahoma Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri 1989 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher 080.1 ! 80 -- 79 * Seton Hall Carlesimo , P.J. P.J. Carlesimo Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1990 UNLV Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 103 ! 103 -- 73 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado 1991 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1992 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 071.5 ! 71 -- 51 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1993 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 077.2 ! 77 -- 71 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1994 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson 076.1 ! 76 -- 72 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 UCLA Harrick , Jim Jim Harrick 089.1 ! 89 -- 78 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson Kingdome Seattle , Washington Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 076.2 ! 76 -- 67 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey 1997 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson 084.1 ! 84 -- 79 * Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1998 Kentucky Smith , Tubby Tubby Smith 078.1 ! 78 -- 69 Utah Majerus , Rick Rick Majerus Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 1999 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Tropicana Field St. Petersburg , Florida 2000 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo 089.2 ! 89 -- 76 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2001 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 082.3 ! 82 -- 72 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 2002 Maryland Williams , Gary Gary Williams 064 ! 64 -- 52 Indiana Davis , Mike Mike Davis Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2003 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 081.1 ! 81 -- 78 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 082.2 ! 82 -- 73 Georgia Tech Hewitt , Paul Paul Hewitt Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2005 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 075.1 ! 75 -- 70 Illinois Weber , Bruce Bruce Weber Edward Jones Dome St. Louis , Missouri 2006 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 073 ! 73 -- 57 UCLA Howland , Ben Ben Howland RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2007 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Ohio State Matta , Thad Thad Matta Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2008 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self 075.2 ! 75 -- 68 * Memphis Calipari , John John Calipari Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2009 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 089.3 ! 89 -- 72 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 061 ! 61 -- 59 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2011 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 053.1 ! 53 -- 41 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2012 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari 067.1 ! 67 -- 59 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 2013 Louisville Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 082.1 ! 82 -- 76 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2014 Connecticut Ollie , Kevin Kevin Ollie 060.2 ! 60 -- 54 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2015 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 068.1 ! 68 -- 63 Wisconsin Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas 2017 North Carolina Roy Williams 071.3 ! 71 -- 65 Gonzaga Mark Few University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona Multiple champions ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana Connecticut Kansas Louisville San Francisco Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Teams that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Louisville 1980 , 1986 , 2013 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 North Carolina State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Villanova 1985 , 2016 Coaches that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won Wooden , John John Wooden 10 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 1999 , 2004 , 2011 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Williams , Roy Roy Williams 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 1980 , 1986 Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 2006 , 2007 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 1945 , 1946 Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 1961 , 1962 McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 1940 , 1953 Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 1996 , 2013 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 1982 , 1993 Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 1955 , 1956 Champions by conference status ( edit ) Champions by conference at the time of tournaments ( edit ) Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference ( 1915 -- current ) 15 1939 , 1942 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- current ) 14 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference ( 1932 -- current ) 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference ( 1896 -- current ) 10 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 Big East Conference ! Big East Conference ( 1979 -- current ) 8 1984 , 1985 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Independents 6 1944 , 1947 , 1954 , 1963 , 1966 , 1977 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference ( 1907 -- current ) 1945 , 1946 , 1961 , 1962 Big Eight Conference ! Big 8 Conference ( 1907 -- 1996 ) 1952 , 1988 Metro Conference ! Metro Conference ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 1980 , 1986 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference ( 1952 -- current ) 1955 , 1956 American Athletic Conference ! American Athletic Conference ( 2014 -- current ) 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference ( 1994 -- current ) 2008 Big West Conference ! Big West Conference ( 1969 -- current ) 1990 Metropolitan New York Conference ! Metropolitan New York Conference ( 1933 -- 1963 ) 1950 Mountain States Conference ! Mountain States Conference ( 1938 -- 1962 ) 1943 Championships by current conference membership ( edit ) Championships by current conference membership Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference 17 1957 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference 16 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference 11 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 , 2002 American Athletic Conference 6 1961 , 1962 , 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference 5 1945 , 1946 , 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Big East Conference 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 2016 Mountain West Conference ! Mountain West Conference 1943 , 1990 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference 1955 , 1956 Atlantic 10 Conference ! Atlantic 10 Conference 1954 City University of New York Athletic Conference ! City University of New York Athletic Conference 1950 Conference USA ! Conference USA 1966 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference 1963 Patriot League ! Patriot League 1947 Championships by state ( edit ) Championships by state State Wins Years won California 15 1942 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 North Carolina 13 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Kentucky 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 , 2013 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Ohio 1960 , 1961 , 1962 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Michigan 1979 , 1989 , 2000 Pennsylvania 1954 , 1985 , 2016 Oklahoma 1945 , 1946 Wisconsin 1941 , 1977 New York 1950 , 2003 Florida 2006 , 2007 Oregon 1939 Wyoming 1943 Utah 1944 Massachusetts 1947 Illinois 1963 Texas 1966 Washington , D.C. 1984 Nevada 1990 Arkansas 1994 Arizona 1997 Maryland 2002 See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship records Helms Athletic Foundation national champions Notes ( edit ) The result was later stricken from the NCAA record books after it was discovered that the team had committed a rules violation . 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Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` North Carolina defeats Gonzaga for redemption in national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 -- 42 Stanford Cardinal Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . Random House . 2009 . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Bruce ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` UA basketball : Simon says 1997 champs were NCAA trendsetters '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topics : ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament '' ( Click on History ) . ESPN . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steve ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Crowning Moments in the Queen City : National Champions Not Always ACC Champions ( 1991 -- 1993 ) '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Wildcats hitting their stride when it counts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Viv ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Usually Elite , A.C.C. Receives a Harsh Lesson in Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 is the year of ACC redemption , starring UNC and Clemson '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 48 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 -- 51 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 58 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Kentucky 's run to title , much like the season , was all about Kentucky '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Men 's Basketball History '' . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A history of the Big East '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big East Conference '' . Big East Conference . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` 44 fun , fascinating facts about the 2016 Final Four '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 -- 44 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 47 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 -- 64 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Milbert , Neil ( January 11 , 2000 ) . `` Marquette 's Man On The Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 -- 45 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 -- 46 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 61 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition : Past Champions '' . University of Louisville . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luhm , Steve ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` West Coast Conference about to become well - known in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . Big 12 Conference . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 City College of New York Beavers Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 -- 43 Mountain States Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Coast Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Orange '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Utes '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bearcats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Huskies '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Jayhawks '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big East Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marquette Golden Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . 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Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1939 Oregon 1940 Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 Oklahoma A&M 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Kentucky 1950 CCNY 1951 Kentucky 1952 Kansas 1953 Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 San Francisco 1957 North Carolina 1958 Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Ohio State 1961 Cincinnati 1962 Cincinnati 1963 Loyola ( IL ) 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1966 Texas Western 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA NC State UCLA 1976 Indiana 1977 Marquette 1978 Kentucky 1979 Michigan State 1980 Louisville 1981 Indiana 1982 North Carolina NC State 1984 Georgetown 1985 Villanova 1986 Louisville Indiana 1988 Kansas 1989 Michigan 1990 UNLV 1991 Duke 1992 Duke 1993 North Carolina 1994 Arkansas 1995 UCLA Kentucky 1997 Arizona 1998 Kentucky 1999 Connecticut 2000 Michigan State 2001 Duke 2002 Maryland 2003 Syracuse Connecticut 2005 North Carolina 2006 Florida 2007 Florida 2008 Kansas 2009 North Carolina Duke 2011 Connecticut 2012 Kentucky 2013 Louisville 2014 Connecticut 2015 Duke 2016 Villanova 2017 North Carolina <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Structure Selection process Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Venues Venues Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_champions&oldid=803788255 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 04 . 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1. NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship 2. UCLA's record 11 championships 3. Final Four and championship game 4. Multiple champions in NCAA history 5. Winning coaches and their championship records

who is the current agriculture minister of india

Ministry of Agriculture & farmers Welfare - Wikipedia Ministry of Agriculture & farmers Welfare Jump to : navigation , search Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( India ) <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of India <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Jurisdiction Republic of India Headquarters Krishi Bhawan Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road New Delhi Annual budget ₹ 41,855 crore ( US $6.4 billion ) ( 2017 - 18 est . ) Ministers responsible Radha Mohan Singh , Minister of Agriculture Gajendra Singh Shekhawat , Minister of State Parsottambhai Rupala , Minister of State Krishna Raj , Minister of State Website agriculture.gov.in The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( formerly Ministry of Agriculture ) , a branch of the Government of India , is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws related to agriculture in India . The three broad areas of scope for the Ministry are agriculture , food processing and co-operation . The agriculture ministry is headed by Minister of Agriculture Radha Mohan Singh . Gajendra Singh Shekhawat , Krishna Raj and Parsottambhai Rupala are the Ministers of State . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origins 3 Structure & Departments 4 Programs 5 Reports & Statistics 6 List of Ministers of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Portals Background ( edit ) Agriculture is the principal source of livelihood for more than half population of India . Agriculture provides the bulk of wage goods required by non-agriculture sectors and most of the raw materials for the industries sector . India is a largely agrarian economy - with 52.1 % of the population estimated to directly or indirectly employed in agriculture and allied sectors in 2009 - 10 . The combined efforts of Central Government , State Governments and the farming community have succeeded in achieving record production of 244.78 million tonnes of foodgrains during 2010 - 11 . This record production has been achieved through effective transfer of newly developed crop production technologies to farmers under various crop development schemes , such as the Agriculture MMP , which is run under the direction of the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation . Other causes behind record production include remunerative prices for various crops through enhanced minimum support prices . Agriculture in India is of significance because of this as well as a history of food shortages and a growing population . Origins ( edit ) Department of Revenue and Agriculture and Commerce was set up in June 1871 to deal with all the agricultural matters in India . Until this ministry was established , matters related to agriculture were within the portfolio of the Home Department . In 1881 , Department of Revenue & Agriculture was set up to deal with combined portfolios of education , health , agriculture , revenue . However , In 1947 , Department of Agriculture was redesignated as Ministry of Agriculture . Structure & departments ( edit ) The Ministry of Agriculture and farmers Welfare consists of the following three Departments . Department of Agriculture , Co-operation and Farmers Welfare . This Department 's responsibilities are assigned to it in the Government of India ( Allocation of Business ) Rules , 1961 as amended time to time . Co-operation in this context refers largely to promote farmer co-operative movements . The Agriculture MMP is another program run by this depart that aims to replicate the agricultural e-governance projects being carried in different states at a national level and through a variety of media . Department of Agriculture Research and Education . This Department 's responsibilities are basic and operation research , technology development , improving linkages between various organisations and state governments across the country . In addition , this Department manages the Indian Council of Agricultural Research . Department of Animal Husbandry , Dairying and Fisheries . This Department 's primary responsibilities are to increase the productivity of livestock and aquaculture . The administrative head of the Ministry are the Secretaries of the three departments . Programs ( edit ) A leading program of the Ministry is the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana , which was launched in 2007 on the recommendations of the National Development Council of India . This program sought to improve the overall state of agriculture in India by providing stronger planning , better co-ordination and greater funding to improve productivity and overall output . The total budget for this program in 2009 - 10 was just over INR 38,000 crore . Reports & Statistics ( edit ) The Ministry publishes an annual report titled `` Agricultural Statistics At a Glance '' . This gives a detailed picture of the state of the India 's agriculture including demographics of the agrarian sector , crop production ( including state-wise and crop-wise break - ups ) , rural economic indicators such as credit , etc . The latest report has been published for 2014 . List of Ministers of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ( edit ) Ministers of Agriculture ( India ) Name Portrait <Th_colspan="2"> Term of office <Th_colspan="2"> Political Party Prime Minister Reference Rajendra Prasad 1946 1947 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru Jairamdas Daulatram 1948 1952 Panjabrao Deshmukh 1952 1962 Swaran Singh 1963 1964 Chidambaram Subramaniam 1964 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Jagjivan Ram 1967 1970 Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram 1977 Parkash Singh Badal 24 March 1977 20 June 1977 Shiromani Akali Dal Morarji Desai Surjit Singh Barnala 1977 1979 Rao Birendra Singh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi Buta Singh 1984 12 May 1986 Rajiv Gandhi Gurdial Singh Dhillon 12 May 1986 14 February 1988 Bhajan Lal Chaudhary Devi Lal 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal V.P. Singh Balram Jakhar 1991 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao Suraj Bhan 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda 1 June 1996 10 July 1996 Janata Dal H.D. Deve Gowda Chaturanan Mishra 10 July 1996 19 March 1998 Communist Party of India H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Nitish Kumar 22 November 1999 3 March 2000 Janata Dal ( United ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Nitish Kumar 27 May 2000 21 July 2001 Janata Dal ( United ) Ajit Singh 22 July 2001 24 May 2003 Rashtriya Lok Dal Rajnath Singh 2003 Bharatiya Janata Party Sharad Pawar 23 May 2004 26 May 2014 Nationalist Congress Party Manmohan Singh Radha Mohan Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party Narendra Modi See also ( edit ) Agricultural insurance in India National Portal of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/stat3a.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://agriculture.gov.in/# Jump up ^ Economic Survey 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ `` About DAC '' Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Department of Agriculture and Cooperation , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India '' , Retrieved 2015 - 4 - 24 ^ Jump up to : `` Organisational History of the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090605093532/http://india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/ministry_agriculture.php . Archived from the original on 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110903184137/http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http%3A%2F%2Fagricoop.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110903185227/http://www.india.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.nic.in%2F . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091004045204/http://dahd.nic.in/index2.htm . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` : : : Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana : : : '' . rkvy.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Economics And Statistics , Ministry Of Agriculture , Government Of India '' . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' . External link in title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ( 2 ) ( RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : J ) Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . 47.132 . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . 47.132 . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . 47.132 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha '' . 47.132 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile '' . loksabha.nic.in . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official biographical sketch on Lok Sabha website '' . 47.132 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Bhajan Lal , Shri '' . 47.132 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . 47.132 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha '' . 47.132 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` nk '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha '' . 47.132 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Devegowda , Shri H.D. '' 47.132 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Official biographical sketch on Lok Sabha website Archived 1 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Official biographical sketch on Lok Sabha website '' . 47.132 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official biographical sketch on Lok Sabha website '' . 47.132 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Department of Agriculture , Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Directory of Ministry of Agriculture websites India Council of Agriculture Research ( ICAR ) Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices Plant Quarantine Organisation of India National Seeds Corporation Limited Krishi India Expo Portals ( edit ) Soil Health Card Portal Fertilizer Quality Control System ( FQCS ) Participatory Guarantee System <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Government ministries of India <Td_colspan="2"> President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home <Th_colspan="2"> Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Agriculture_%26_Farmers_Welfare&oldid=835963634 '' Categories : Agriculture ministries Government ministries of India Ministry of Agriculture ( India ) 1948 establishments in India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with duplicate reference names Use dmy dates from January 2013 Use Indian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 20 : 53 . 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1. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 2. Agriculture in India 3. Government of India 4. Agricultural programs and initiatives 5. Livelihood and economy in agriculture

ornamental architectural openwork in the upper part of some gothic window

Tracery - wikipedia Tracery Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2013 ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rose window of Strasbourg Cathedral , showing the open tracery screen . In architecture , tracery is the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window . The term probably derives from the ' tracing floors ' on which the complex patterns of late Gothic windows were laid out . There are two main types , plate tracery and the later bar tracery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plate tracery 2 Bar tracery 3 Blind and open tracery 4 Tracery patterns and the phases of Gothic 5 Tracing floors and épures 6 See also 7 References and sources Plate tracery ( edit ) Plate tracery in the nave aisle windows of Soissons Cathedral ( c. 1200 ) . The earliest form of window tracery , typical of Gothic architecture prior to the early 13th century , is known as plate tracery because the individual lights ( the glazed openings in the window ) have the appearance of being cut out of a flat plate of masonry . Romanesque church windows were normally quite small , somewhat taller than wide and with a simple round - headed ( ' segmental ' ) arch at the top . From around the 1140s , the pointed - arch Gothic window ( employed by Abbot Suger for the redesign of the choir at St Denis ) started to take over . As the buttressing systems of early Gothic architecture reduced the structural need for broad expanses of thick walls , window openings grew progressively larger and instead of having just one very large window per bay division ( which would create problems with supporting the glass ) , the typical early - Gothic ' twin lancet plus oculus ' form of plate tracery developed . This consists of two ( sometimes three ) tall thin lights topped with pointed arches , with a round or trefoil opening placed above them , often contained within a blind arch which gives the whole assemblage a pointed lancet shape ( see the example from Soissons Cathedral , right ) . With this type of design , the spandrels ( i.e. the spaces between the tops of the lancet windows and the oculus ) are just blank wall . The practicalities of building window tracery in this way severely limited the complexity of designs that could be produced and although plate tracery designs evolved over the course of the 12th and early 13th centuries , in practice , the only real variation was in the number and size of lancets and in the trefoils , quatrefoils and oculi used to fill the spaces above them . The rose windows of early - and high - Gothic cathedrals , such as the example in the north transept of Laon Cathedral ( 1170 's ) or the west facade at Chartres ( c. 1210 ) , also employed plate tracery . This greatly limited the overall amount of light admitted to the interior by these windows , as well as restricting the complexity of patterns that could be created . Bar tracery ( edit ) Bar tracery in the clerestory windows at Reims Cathedral ( 1230s ) . Note the cross section through a mullion shown within the left lancet . The earliest bar tracery designs were made for the aisle windows at Reims around 1215 . The Reims windows still used the same ' two lancets plus oculus ' pattern ( as in the Soissons example above ) but now the glass panels were held between narrow stone mullions made up of carefully shaped lengths of masonry ( fitted together with mortar and metal pins ) quite distinct from the wall surrounding them . These mullions were much more slender than the corresponding elements in plate tracery windows and crucially , the previously solid wall areas such as the spandrels could also now be glazed , greatly increasing the amount of light admitted . The cross-section of each mullion or tracery bar was important both for the structural integrity of the window and for the visual effect . As can be seen in Viollet - le - Duc 's diagram ( right ) there was normally a roll - moulding on both the inside and outside of the windows , which made the mullions appear even more slender than they actually were . The shoulder marked ' B ' on the diagram is the glazing slot , into which the metal frame ( armature ) of the window glass is mounted . Unlike with plate tracery , where each stone had to be individually shaped , the elements of bar tracery could be mass - produced to standard templates in the mason 's yard - work that could continue even when it was too cold for lime mortar to set . The technical aspects of the windows at Reims clearly fascinated Villard de Honnecourt , who visited the construction site , probably in the 1220s , and made a detailed sketch of the various templates , using a key to show how they fitted into the different parts of the window ( the templates are in the lower half of folio 32 recto ; the symbols besides the templates match similar ones on the detailed drawing of the Reims elevations on the facing page , folio 31 verso ) . Blind and open tracery ( edit ) As bar tracery opened the way for more complex patterns , masons started applying those same patterns to other surfaces as well as the actual window openings . When used on an otherwise solid walls , such motifs are known as blind tracery , a decorative effect first applied on the west facade of the church of St Nicaise at Reims ( 1230 's ) . Conversely , tracery was also constructed as openwork screens , which could either match the window tracery behind them ( e.g. the Basilica of Saint Urbain , Troyes ) or create a visual counterpoint to it , as on the exterior of the west facade of Strasbourg Cathedral . Open tracery in particular was a key feature of the later phases of Rayonnant Gothic . Tracery patterns and the phases of Gothic ( edit ) Most 19th - century histories of Gothic architectural style used a series of rather arbitrary categories based on the supposed evolution of the dominant patterns of window tracery . Such teleological models are now regarded as oversimplistic and are generally shunned by art historians , although they live on in the popular literature . In terms of the overall development of Gothic architecture , the crucial development was not so much the use of any particular tracery patterns but the transition from plate - to bar - tracery , which was what made the Rayonnant and subsequent styles possible . Tracing floors and épures ( edit ) As the complexity of tracery increased , so did the need for masons to draw out their designs in advance , either as a way of experimenting with patterns or as a way of communicating their designs to other craftsmen or to their patrons . Because of the cost and size limitations of parchment sheets , such designs would normally be drawn by incising onto a whitewashed board or a conveniently placed section of flat wall . In the latter case , the wall would be prepared with a thin layer of plaster , which would show the design more clearly . Tracery in a window of Ely Cathedral . A number of churches and cathedrals still show the faint remains of these tracings ( or épures as they are known in France ) , from where the mason 's compass points scratched through the plaster and into the masonry below . ( Examples include some experimental 14th century window tracery patterns at the eastern end of the south wall inside the Galillee porch of Ely Cathedral , or the extensive series of tracings on the flat aisle roofs of Clermont - Ferrand Cathedral . ) A number of major building sites ( including Westminster Abbey , Wells Cathedral and York Minster ) originally had dedicated tracery chambers , where the architects could prepare their designs in relative comfort . The availability of a large flat floor surface meant that designs could be drawn life - size and the individual elements of bar tracery laid out on the plan to test their goodness of fit , before hoisting them up the scaffolding for installation in the actual window openings . This also meant that masons could carry on working through the winter season , when building work would normally grind to a halt . The tracing floors themselves were covered with plaster of paris , which could be relaid and smoothed down after each set of designs were finished with . The 14th - century tracing house at York ( also known as the Mason 's Loft ) survives to this day on the upper storey of the corridor leading to the Chapter House , the complex web of lines and curves scratched into the floor serving as witnesses to the countless different designs that were worked out in there . The high - quality carpentry and the inclusion of a garderobe and fireplace in the York tracing house also give an indication of the rising status of the architect around the 14th century . See also ( edit ) Foil ( architecture ) Gothic Architecture Rose window Rosette ( design ) Three hares References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Tracery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary - etymological details for ' Tracery ' Jump up ^ Honour , H. and J. Fleming , ( 2009 ) A World History of Art . 7th edn . London : Laurence King Publishing , p. 948 . ISBN 9781856695848 Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tracery . Bony , Jean ( 1983 ) . French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries . University of California Press . Wilson , Christopher ( 1990 ) . The Gothic Cathedral . London . Eespecially 120ff . Frankl , Paul ; Crossley , Paul ( 2000 ) . Gothic Architecture . Yale University Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracery&oldid=788343607 '' Categories : Ornaments Windows Gothic architecture Church architecture Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 22 : 34 . 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1. Tracery in architecture 2. Plate tracery and bar tracery 3. Gothic window design 4. Tracery patterns in Gothic architecture 5. Tracing floors and épures in tracery design

what was the main cause of bacon's rebellion

Bacon 's rebellion - wikipedia Bacon 's rebellion Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bacon 's Rebellion <Td_colspan="2"> The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle , c. 1905 . Date 1676 Location Jamestown , Colony of Virginia Goals Change in Virginia 's Indian - Frontier policy Methods Demonstrations , vigilantes <Th_colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Common indentured servants and African slaves Sir William Berkeley , Royal Colonial Governor appointed by the Virginia Company <Th_colspan="2"> Lead figures <Td_colspan="2"> Nathaniel Bacon William Berkeley <Th_colspan="2"> Number <Td_colspan="2"> 200 300 <Th_colspan="2"> Arrests , etc <Td_colspan="2"> Deaths : 24 hanged Bacon 's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley . The colony 's dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier , along with other challenges including leaving Bacon out of his inner circle , refusing to allow Bacon to be a part of his fur trade with the Indians , and Doeg American Indian attacks , helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley , who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety . A thousand Virginians of all classes and races rose up in arms against Berkeley , attacking Indians , chasing Berkeley from Jamestown , Virginia , and ultimately torching the capital . The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the loyalists . Government forces from England arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be once more under direct royal control . It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part . A similar uprising in Maryland took place later that year . The alliance between indentured servants and Africans ( most enslaved until death or freed ) , united by their bond - servitude , disturbed the ruling class , who responded by hardening the racial caste of slavery in an attempt to divide the two races from subsequent united uprisings with the passage of the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 . While the farmers did not succeed in their initial goal of driving the Indians from Virginia , the rebellion did result in Berkeley being recalled to England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motives 2 Rebellion 3 Backlash 4 Historiography 5 Use of scopolamine 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Motives ( edit ) The immediate cause of the rebellion was Governor William Berkeley 's refusal to retaliate for a series of Native American attacks on frontier settlements . In addition , many colonists wished to attack and claim American Indian frontier land westward , but they were denied permission by Gov. Berkeley . Modern historians have suggested the rebellion may have been a power play by Bacon against Berkeley and his favoritism towards certain members of court . Bacon 's financial backers included men of wealth from outside Berkeley 's circle of influence . Historian Peter Thompson argues that Bacon 's motivation was a personal vendetta between him and Berkeley . However , Bacon 's followers used the rebellion as an effort to gain government recognition of the shared interests among all social classes of the colony in protecting the `` commonalty '' and advancing its welfare . Rebellion ( edit ) When Sir William Berkeley refused to retaliate against the Native Americans , farmers gathered around at the report of a new raiding party . Nathaniel Bacon arrived with a quantity of brandy ; after it was distributed , he was elected leader . Against Berkeley 's orders , the group struck south until they came to the Occaneechi tribe . After getting the Occaneechi to attack the Susquehannock , Bacon and his men followed by killing most of the men , women , and children at the village . Upon their return , they discovered that Berkeley had called for new elections to the Burgesses in order to better facilitate the American Indian problem . Governor Berkeley baring his breast for Bacon to shoot after refusing him a commission ( 1895 engraving ) The recomposed House of Burgesses enacted a number of sweeping reforms ( known as Bacon 's Laws ) . ( Bacon was not serving his duty in the House ; rather , he was at his plantation miles away . ) It limited the powers of the governor and restored suffrage rights to landless freemen . After passage of these laws , Bacon arrived with 500 followers in Jamestown to demand a commission to lead militia against the Native Americans . The governor , however , refused to yield to the pressure . When Bacon had his men take aim at Berkeley , he responded by `` baring his breast '' to Bacon and told Bacon to shoot him . Seeing that the Governor would not be moved , Bacon then had his men take aim at the assembled burgesses , who quickly granted Bacon his commission . Bacon had earlier been promised a commission before he retired to his estate if he could only be on `` good '' behavior for two weeks . While Bacon was at Jamestown with his small army , eight colonists were killed on the frontier in Henrico County ( from where he marched ) due to a lack of manpower on the frontier . On July 30 , 1676 , Bacon and his army issued the `` Declaration of the People of Virginia '' . The declaration criticized Berkeley 's administration in detail . It leveled several accusations against Berkeley : that `` upon spacious pretense of public works ( he ) raised great unjust taxes upon the commonality '' ; advancing favorites to high public offices ; monopolizing the beaver trade with the American Indians ; being pro-Native American . 19th - century engraving depicting the burning of Jamestown After months of conflict , Bacon 's forces , numbering 300 - 500 men , moved to Jamestown . They burned the colonial capital to the ground on September 19 , 1676 . Outnumbered , Berkeley retreated across the river . Before an English naval squadron led by Thomas Larimore could arrive to aid Berkeley and his forces , Bacon died from dysentery on October 26 , 1676 . John Ingram took over leadership of the rebellion , but many followers drifted away . The rebellion did not last long after that . Berkeley launched a series of successful amphibious attacks across the Chesapeake Bay and defeated the rebels . His forces defeated the small pockets of insurgents spread across the Tidewater . Thomas Grantham , a captain of a ship cruising the York River , used cunning and force to disarm the rebels . He tricked his way into the garrison of the rebellion , and promised to pardon everyone involved once they got back onto the ship . However , once they were safely ensconced in the hold , he trained the ship 's guns on them , and disarmed the rebellion . Through various other tactics , the other rebel garrisons were likewise overcome . Backlash ( edit ) Ruins of Jamestown ( 1878 engraving ) The 71 - year - old governor Berkeley returned to the burned capital and a looted home at the end of January 1677 . His wife described Green Spring in a letter to her cousin : `` It looked like one of those the boys pull down at Shrovetide , and was almost as much to repair as if it had been new to build , and no sign that ever there had been a fence around it ... '' Bacon 's wealthy landowning followers returned their loyalty to the Virginia Government after Bacon 's death . Governor Berkeley returned to power . He seized the property of several rebels for the colony and executed 23 men by hanging , including the former governor of the Albemarle Sound colony , William Drummond . After an investigative committee returned its report to King Charles II , Berkeley was relieved of the governorship , and recalled to England . `` The fear of civil war among whites frightened Virginia 's ruling elite , who took steps to consolidate power and improve their image : for example , restoration of property qualifications for voting , reducing taxes and adoption of a more aggressive American Indian policy . '' Charles II was reported to have commented , `` That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father . '' No record of the king 's comments have been found ; the origin of the story appears to have been colonial myth that arose at least 30 years after the events . Indentured servants both black and white joined the frontier rebellion . Seeing them united in a cause alarmed the ruling class , historians believe the rebellion hastened the hardening of racial lines associated with slavery , as a way for planters and the colony to control some of the poor . Historiography ( edit ) Historians question whether the rebellion by Bacon against Berkeley in 1676 had any lasting contemporary significance for the more - successful revolution a century later . The most idolizing portrait of Bacon is found in Torchbearer of the Revolution by Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker , `` one of the worst books on Virginia that a reputable scholarly historian ever published . '' The central area of debate in this era was Bacon 's controversial character and complex disposition . Nothing better illustrates this than Wilcomb Washburn 's The Governor and the Rebel . Rather than singing Bacon 's praises and chastizing Berkeley 's tyranny , Washburn found the roots of the rebellion in the colonists ' intolerable demand to `` authorize the slaughter and dispossession of the innocent as well as the guilty . '' More nuanced approaches on Berkeley 's supposed tyranny or mismanagement entertained specialist historians throughout the middle of the century , leading to a diversification of factors responsible for Virginia 's contemporary instability . Wesley Frank Craven in the 1968 publication The Colonies in Transition argues that his greatest failings took place during the revolt , near the end of his life . Bernard Bailyn pushed the novel thesis that it was a question of access to resources , a failure to fully transplant Old World society to New . Edmund S. Morgan 's classic 1975 American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia connected the calamity of Bacon 's Rebellion , namely the potential for lower - class revolt , with the colony 's transition over to slavery : `` ... But for those with eyes to see , there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion . Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class . Virginians did not immediately grasp it . It would sink in as time went on. ... '' James Rice 's 2012 narrative Tales from a Revolution : Bacon 's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America , whose emphasis on Bacon 's flaws echoes The Governor and the Rebel , integrates the rebellion into a larger story emphasizing the actions of multiple Native Americans , as well as placing it in the context of English politics ; in this telling , the climax of Bacon 's Rebellion comes with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 / 89 . Use of scopolamine ( edit ) It is reported by Robert Beverley , in his 1705 book on the history of Virginia , that some British soldiers who had been dispatched to Jamestown to quell Bacon 's rebellion gathered and ate leaves of Datura stramonium , and spent eleven days acting in bizarre and foolish ways before recovering . This led to the plant being known as Jamestown weed , and later jimsonweed . See also ( edit ) Cockacoeske , Pamunkey Chief Queen Ann ( Pamunkey chief ) Bacon 's Castle Jamestown Weed -- a name for Datura stramonium that has its origins in a psychedelic incident that occurred during Bacon 's Rebellion Culpeper 's Rebellion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bacon 's Rebellion '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1995 ) . 1676 : The End of American Independence . Syracuse University Press . pp. 87 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0361 - 0 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1995 ) . 1676 : The End of American Independence . Syracuse University Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0361 - 0 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Foner , Give Me Liberty ! : An American History ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2009 ) , p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Bacon 's Rebellion '' , Africans in America , Part 1 , PBS , accessed 25 Mar 2009 Jump up ^ `` Green Spring Plantation '' . Historic Jamestowne , National Park Service . Retrieved 25 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Thompson , `` The Thief , the Householder , and the Commons : Languages of Class in Seventeenth - Century Virginia , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2006 ) 63 # 2 pp 253 - 280 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Berry , Francis Moryson , and Herbert Jefferys , `` A True Narrative of the Rise , Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia , Most Humbly an Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners , Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony '' , Ed. by Charles Andrews , in Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690 , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1915 , pp. 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Susan P. Castillo ; Ivy Schweitzer ( 2001 ) . The literatures of colonial America . Blackwell Publishing . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21125 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Berry , Francis Moryson , and Herbert Jefferys , `` A True Narrative of the Rise , Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia , Most Humbly an Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners , Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony . '' Ed. by Charles Andrews , in Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690 , ( Charles Scribner 's Sons : New York , 1915 ) , 116 . Jump up ^ Edward Channing ; Eva G. Moore ( 1908 ) . A history of the United States . Macmillan . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1995 ) . 1676 : The End of American Independence . Syracuse NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815603610 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bragdon Kathleen J. , The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast , Columbia University Press , 2005 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Narratives of the Insurrections , 1675 -- 1690 , ed . Charles McLean Andrews , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1915 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 1997 ) . A People 's History Of The United States . New York , NY : The New York Press . p. 281 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 724 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Green Spring Plantation '' . Historic Jamestowne . Retrieved 25 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Waldrup , Carole Chandler , Colonial Women : 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation , McFarland , 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Geiter , Mary K. , William Arthur Speck , Colonial America : From Jamestown to Yorktown , Macmillan , 2002 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon G. , Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography , Lewis historical publishing company , 1915 , Vol . I p. 226 Jump up ^ Fiske , John , Old Virginia and Her Neighbours , Houghton , Mifflin and Co. , 1902 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Washburn , The Governor and the Rebel , p. 139 Jump up ^ Cooper , William J , Liberty and Slavery : Southern Politics to 1860 , Univ of South Carolina Press , 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Rice , James D. Tales from a Revolution : Bacon 's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America . Oxford University Press ( Oxford : 2012 . ) Print . Pg. 204 . Jump up ^ Washburn , The Governor and the Rebel , p. 163 Jump up ^ Craven , Wesley Frank . The Colonies in Transition : 1669 - 1713 . Harper & Row , Publishers ( New York : 1968 . ) Print . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Bernard , `` Politics and Social Structure in Virginia . '' Seventeenth - Century America , pp. 90 - 108 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund S. American Slavery , American Freedom : The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc . ( New York : 1975 . ) 270 . Jump up ^ Rice , James D. Tales from a Revolution : Bacon 's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America . Oxford University Press ( Oxford : 2012 . ) Print . Jump up ^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman ( 2012 ) . The Atlantic in World History . Oxford UP . pp. 89 -- 90 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Theodore W . The Invention of the White Race , Vol. 2 : The Origins of Racial Oppression in Anglo - America . London : Verso ( 1997 ) . Billings , Warren M. `` The Causes of Bacon 's Rebellion : Some Suggestions , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , 1970 , Vol. 78 Issue 4 , pp. 409 -- 435 Cave , Alfred A. `` Lethal Encounters : Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia '' ( University of Nebraska Press , 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4834 - 2 pp. 147 -- 165 Cullen , Joseph P. `` Bacon 's Rebellion , '' American History Illustrated , Dec 1968 , Vol. 3 Issue 8 , p. 4 ff . Rice , James D. `` Bacon 's Rebellion in Indian Country , '' Journal of American History , vol. 101 , no . 3 ( Dec. 2014 ) , pp. 726 -- 750 . Tarter , Brent . `` Bacon 's Rebellion , the Grievances of the People , and the Political Culture of Seventeenth - Century Virginia , '' Virginia Magazine of History & Biography ( 2011 ) 119 # 1 pp 1 -- 41 . Thompson , Peter . `` The Thief , the Householder , and the Commons : Languages of Class in Seventeenth - Century Virginia , '' William & Mary Quarterly ( 2006 ) 63 # 2 pp 253 -- 280 in JSTOR Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1995 ) . 1676 , the end of American independence . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0361 - 0 . Wertenbaker , Thomas Jefferson . Torchbearer of the Revolution : The Story of Bacon 's Rebellion and its Leader ( Princeton University Press , 1940 ) Washburn , Wilcomb E. The Governor and the Rebel : A History of Bacon 's Rebellion in Virginia ( University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1957 ) Wiseman , Samuel . Book of Record : The Official Account of Bacon 's Rebellion in Virginia , 1676 -- 1677 ( 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Bacon 's Rebellion at Wikimedia Commons Online books , and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Bacon 's Rebellion Bacon 's Rebellion at Encyclopedia Virginia bacon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacon%27s_Rebellion&oldid=802385036 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1676 1676 in the Thirteen Colonies Rebellions in the United States Colonial Virginia Military history of the Thirteen Colonies Colonial American and Indian wars Native American history of Virginia 17th - century rebellions 1676 in Virginia Jamestown , Virginia Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 58 . 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1. Bacon's Rebellion 2. Governor William Berkeley 3. Virginia settlers 4. Native American attacks 5. Indentured servants and African slaves

can i use straight talk minutes on my tracfone

TracFone Wireless - Wikipedia TracFone Wireless `` Net10 '' redirects here . For the indoor American football tournament , see Arena Football League . TracFone Wireless , Inc . <Td_colspan="2"> Type Subsidiary Industry Telecommunications Predecessor Topp Telecom , Inc . Founded Miami , Florida , United States ( 1996 ( 1996 ) ) Headquarters Miami , Florida , United States Number of locations 90,000 retail locations Area served United States ( incl . Hawaii , Alaska , and Puerto Rico ) Services Prepaid mobile virtual network operator Number of employees 400 + ( 2008 ) Parent América Móvil ( 98.2 % ) Others ( 1.8 % ) Website www.tracfonewireless.com <Td_colspan="2"> Footnotes / references TracFone Wireless , Inc. is a prepaid mobile virtual network operator in the United States , Puerto Rico , and the US Virgin Islands . TracFone Wireless is a subsidiary of Mexico 's largest telecommunications company América Móvil , and offers products and services under multiple brands which include TracFone , NET10 Wireless , Total Wireless , Straight Talk , SafeLink Wireless , Telcel América , SIMPLE Mobile , Page Plus Cellular , GoSmart Mobile , and Walmart Family Mobile . TracFone Wireless operates as a mobile virtual network operator ( MVNO ) , holding agreements with the United States ' largest wireless network operators to provide service using their networks , including Verizon Wireless , AT&T Mobility , T - Mobile US , Sprint Corporation , and U.S. Cellular . TracFone Wireless had 25.668 million subscribers in 2015 . Contents 1 History 2 TracFone Family Brands 2.1 TracFone 2.2 NET10 Wireless 2.3 SafeLink Wireless 2.4 Straight Talk 2.5 Total Wireless 2.6 SIMPLE Mobile 2.7 Telcel América 2.8 Page Plus Cellular 2.9 GoSmart Mobile 2.10 Walmart Family Mobile 3 International long distance 4 Company operations 5 Class actions 5.1 Misleading `` Unlimited '' plan claims by Straight Talk , Net10 Wireless , Simple Mobile , And Telcel America - 2015 5.2 Roaming and repair issues - 2007 6 Networks and coverage 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) TracFone was established in 1996 as Topp Telecom Inc. , a prepaid mobile phone company , in Miami , Florida . In February 1999 , Topp received a major infusion of capital from Teléfonos de México ( NYSE : TMX ) , a.k.a. TelMex , Mexico 's largest telephone company . TelMex paid $57.5 million for a 55 percent controlling interest in the company . In 2000 , TelMex spun off their mobile unit , creating América Móvil , of which Topp Telecom became a subsidiary . In November 2000 , Topp Telecom Inc. changed its name to TracFone Wireless Inc . In May 2012 , TracFone 's parent company , América Móvil , announced it had reached an agreement to acquire rival MVNO Simple Mobile . The deal was completed in June 2012 . In 2013 , TracFone unveiled a tweaked logo . Later that year , TracFone also introduced Android phones ( 4 models ) , all CDMA . In May 2013 , América Móvil purchased Page Plus Cellular for an undisclosed amount . On January 6 , 2014 , regulatory approval was received and Page Plus Cellular joined other América Móvil subsidiaries like TracFone . At the time of sale , Page Plus Cellular had 1.4 million subscribers . TracFone Family brands ( edit ) TracFone provides ten brands of service : TracFone Wireless , NET10 Wireless , Total Wireless , Safelink Wireless , Straight Talk , Telcel América , SIMPLE Mobile , Page Plus Cellular , GoSmart Mobile , and Walmart Family Mobile . These brands differ not only in their logos and prepaid minute rates but their underlying networks options : TracFone ( edit ) The Nokia 5125 , a model commonly used by TracFone in early 2000 . Until late 2013 , TracFone service was limited to TracFone - branded handsets ( all TracFone handsets are pre-programmed by the manufacturer ; therefore , the handset is locked including its latest GSM models ) . Other unlocked GSM handsets would not accept TracFone SIM cards , because Tracfone SIM cards were locked to the handset to which they were programmed . Additionally , on most handsets , some features like USB and Bluetooth have been modified by the manufacturer to prevent direct transfer of user files . In December 2013 , TracFone unveiled `` Bring your own phone , '' which allows customers to use a Verizon Certified CDMA phone on the TracFone network . Since June 2015 , Tracfone has also allowed compatible or unlocked GSM phones to be used on the Tracfone network through the Bring Your Own Device program . The TracFone - branded service allows a customer to buy airtime units to use on selected phones by Alcatel , Huawei , Kyocera , LG , Motorola , Nokia , Samsung , Unimax , and ZTE among others . Which handset the user purchases decides what type of network the service uses and thus the coverage map . Phone models utilizing the Verizon or Sprint CDMA network have the letter C in the model name , while phones using the AT&T or T - Mobile GSM network have the letter G . Tracfone minutes ( known as `` units '' ) are purchased in blocks that vary in price with the quantity of minutes being purchased . Text messages and mobile web access are measured in fractions of units : sending or receiving a text message deducts 0.3 units from the user 's account ( some TracFone models , like the Motorola EX124G , deduct 0.5 units from the user 's account to send or receive a text message , which also existed on older phones ) ; each minute of mobile Web access deducts 0.5 units , rounded up to the next whole minute . Though earlier TracFone models charged double ( 2.0 units per minute ) for roaming outside the user 's home phone area , the current phones all offer the `` single rate '' plan , which charges the same 1.0 unit - per - minute rate regardless of location . Tracfones have expiration dates ; purchasing more airtime typically adds 90 days of service , with a 365 - day extension package available . For smartphones , card values ( except service days ) are tripled and minutes , text messages , and internet data are tracked discretely ( e.g a 60 - minute card will add 180 minutes , 180 text messages , and 180 megabytes of 3G / LTE data usage ) . Tracfone typically offers new service promotions each month . These promotions consist of Free Bonus Minutes in the form of Tracfone promo codes and are able to be used by Safe Link users as well . The most popular Tracfone promotions are Triple Minutes for Life Phones , Double Minutes for Life Cards , and Promo Codes for Free Bonus Minutes . Free texting is capable with certain Tracfone GSM handsets that are Wi - Fi equipped also . NET10 Wireless ( edit ) NET10 Wireless is a related offering , using both GSM and CDMA phones which support voicemail and text messaging at a minimum . Some models also offer Bluetooth , camera , handsfree speaker , qwerty keyboard , and wireless web . The `` 10 '' in NET10 signifies that each voice minute costs ten cents ( five cents for text messages ) , with no additional fees . NET10 's slogan is No Bills , No Contracts , No Evil . Both airtime cards and auto - pay plans called `` Easy Minutes '' are available . Time can be added using the phone itself ( `` Rapid Refill '' ) , at the company 's website , or using the Customer Care Center . Minutes from one month carry over to the next , as long as service remains active . NET10 Wireless offers business plans and international calling , and number portability is advertised on their site as being available . A $50 a month unlimited use plan is also available , this service provides unlimited SMS , phone calls ( not including International Long Distance Calls , for this type of calls there is an Unlimited Monthly Plan or $65 ) unlimited MMS ( within the United States ) for only one month to the customer 's account . The customer can add more than one Unlimited card and this / these plan ( s ) are added to the `` Phone 's Reserve '' and is charged on the phone in a monthly basis ( when the cell phone has run out of service days ) automatically . Android phones made by LG and Samsung are available through NET10 Wireless , and can be used with their $50 Unlimited plan . NET10 Wireless also has the ' mini SIM cards ' for unlocked iPhones with the $50 Unlimited Monthly plan . In December 2012 , NET10 Wireless began offering `` Family Plans '' , offering the first line for $50 / month , reducing each additional lines ( up to 4 ) with a discount of $5 . They also entered into a title sponsorship agreement with the Arena Football League . NET10 Wireless also allows customers to bring AT&T , T - Mobile , Sprint , Verizon , or unlocked GSM phones to NET10 by buying a SIM card or activation kit and air time from the company . This program does not work with Blackberry and branded Straight Talk , SafeLink , TracFone , Total Wireless , and NET10 phones . SafeLink Wireless ( edit ) SafeLink Wireless provides a free cell phone and a limited number of voice minutes each month for eligible low - income families ( one per family ) who do not use Lifeline services offered by any other phone or wireless company . It is funded through the Universal Service Fund , but is only operational in a limited number of states . It is similar to the Lifeline and LinkUp government subsidized service for home telephones . Applications for service may be done via their web page , or by having them fax or mail an application form . No choice of phone handset is provided by the application process . Additional minutes over the free monthly benefit may be purchased . As of May 2011 , Safelink Wireless had almost 4,000,000 subscribers , the largest Lifeline cell phone provider in the United States . The Safe Link Wireless provides two kind of services , according to the previous customer 's choice : 350 MINUTES TALK and UNLIMITED TEXT 500 MB 4G DATA Note : The 500 MB Monthly Plan does not Carry - over the MB on the next month , i.e. , if the SafeLink customer does not use all of his / her MB 's in first month , in the second month he / she will lose those remaining MB 's being renewed by the next 500 MB monthly data . Safe Link does offer optional Tracfone Airtime Card Compatibility and Promotions for Free Bonus Minutes . These options allow Safe Link users to add more minutes anytime and for use after their allotted plan expires for the month . Straight Talk ( edit ) Straight Talk is another operator , through a partnership between TracFone and Walmart , offering several different rate plans ; a $30 limited plan , $35 , $45 , and $55 30 - day unlimited plans and a $60 unlimited international calling plan . Discounts are available for purchasing multiple months of the unlimited plan . Straight Talk is a Mobile Virtual Network operator ( MVNO ) offering both CDMA and GSM support . The CDMA network uses Verizon 's or Sprint 's CDMA 1xRTT wireless networks and the GSM side makes use of either T - Mobile 's or AT&T 's GSM networks . The $30 limited ( `` All You Need '' ) plan provides 1500 minutes , unlimited texts , free 411 calls , 100 MB of data for a service period of 30 days . This plan is exclusive to basic phones , and is not compatible with 3G or 4G LTE smartphones . The $35 unlimited plan provides unlimited talk , texts , 2GB at 3G or 4G LTE speeds ; data beyond that is transmitted at 64 kbit / s speeds . The $45 unlimited plan provides unlimited talk , texts , 10GB at 3G or 4G LTE speeds ( LTE handset required ) ; data beyond that is transmitted at 64 kbit / s speeds . The $55 unlimited plan provides unlimited talk , texts , and data at high speeds ( 3G or 4G LTE where available ) . The plan does not include any tethering ( mobile hotspot ) , while video streams at a resolution of 480p or lower . Also , Straight Talk customers ' speeds will be prioritized behind customers on the network it uses during times of congestion ( i.e. A Verizon Straight Talk will be slowed before a Verizon Post Paid Beyond Unlimited customer ) . Straight Talk is currently exclusive to Walmart stores through of a joint - venture program between the two companies . Phones and service can also be purchased directly from Straight Talk via its website , StraightTalk.com or by telephone , bypassing WalMart . Straight Talk offers a variety of prepaid , no contract , phones on their website for use with their plans . Straight Talk also allows customers to bring AT&T , T - Mobile , Sprint , Verizon , or unlocked GSM phones to Straight Talk by buying a SIM card or activation kit and air time from the company . This program does not work with branded Straight Talk , SafeLink , TracFone , Total Wireless , and NET10 phones . Straight Talk is now selling Straight Talk branded iPhones including the iPhone 4 , iPhone 4S , iPhone 5 , iPhone 5S , iPhone 5C , and iPhone 6 available online and at Walmart . Other phone brands also include Alcatel , LG , Huawei , Samsung and ZTE . Total Wireless ( edit ) Total Wireless is a Mobile Virtual Network operator ( MVNO ) that uses Verizon 's CDMA and LTE networks . Before early 2017 , Total Wireless products were only sold at Walmart . They are now sold at other major retail stores such as Target and Dollar General as well as independent dealers and TracFone Exclusive Retailers . They offer several different rate plans starting at $25 / month , and all plans include unlimited talk minutes and texting . Data is also available on plans starting at $35 / month for 5GB of data . Multi-line `` family '' plans are available as well . Before May 2016 , only 3G phones were sold and supported by Total Wireless . In May 2016 , Total Wireless gained support for Verizon 's 4G LTE network , and started selling phones with that support on its own website ( as well as Walmart 's website . ) SIMPLE Mobile ( edit ) Main article : Simple Mobile America Movil , TracFone 's parent company , acquired SIMPLE Mobile in June 2012 and has since been incorporated with its operations alongside TracFone 's . Simple Mobile ( stylized SIMPLE Mobile ) is a prepaid mobile network operator which was founded in November 2009 and is headquartered in Irvine , California , in the United States and functionning as T - Mobile US MVNO . It became a subsidiary of America Móvil ( parent of TracFone Wireless Inc . ) after it was acquired in June 2012 . On February 16 of 2011 SIMPLE Mobile celebrated their one millionth activation . Simple Mobile has activated more than 2.5 million subscribers since they opened in November 2009 . The initial plans offered prepaid month - to - month wireless services including unlimited texting , voice , and capped data . In June 2010 the company began to advertise unlimited data on their prepaid monthly plans . According to SIMPLE Mobile customer service representatives , they are unable to submit IMEI numbers to the global stolen phones database or comply with law enforcement subpoenas to track stolen phones or those belonging to abduction victims , missing persons at risk or dangerous fugitives . Simple Mobile is an MVNO on T - Mobile 's Network . This means that all information is stored on T - Mobile 's servers . A law enforcement professional would need to give the subpoena / court order to the Law Enforcement Relations Group . They will be able to process the subpoena . This applies to all MVNOs since their hosted carrier supports all the network and backend . Simple Mobile should refer the parties direct to their host entity T - Mobile US . Telcel América ( edit ) Telcel América is a wireless service from TracFone that is mainly targeted for Hispanic consumers , primarily the Mexican community living in the United States . Telcel América offers seven monthly plans , both including Unlimited nationwide - minutes , Unlimited SMS , MMS messaging , and Web browsing , Telcel América also offers an international calling plan for call to `` over 1,000 destinations '' . Some plans offer roaming in Mexico at no extra charge . Telcel América 's current GSM phones are compatible with Mexico 's Telcel wireless network and services . Telcel America also permits customers that have an unlocked GSM or compatible T - mobile phone to use the Telcel America Network . Telcel América is a brand of TracFone Inc. in the United States , while Telcel in Mexico is a fully owned subsidiary of TracFone 's parent company , América Móvil . Both companies are owned by the Mexican businessman Carlos Slim . Page Plus Cellular ( edit ) Main article : Page Plus Cellular Page Plus Cellular was established in 1993 by Abdul Yassine , as Page Plus Communications , selling pager services in the Toledo , Ohio area . In August 1998 the company was renamed Page Plus Cellular and launched services in Ohio and Michigan , followed by a nationwide launch in 2000 . Page Plus was originally headquartered in Holland , Ohio , and owned by Abdul Yassine . In May 2013 , Mexican telecommunications company América Móvil purchased Page Plus Cellular for an undisclosed amount . As of January 6 , 2014 , regulatory approval was received and Page Plus Cellular has joined other América Móvil subsidiaries like TracFone . At the time of sale , Page Plus Cellular had 1.4 million subscribers . Page Plus Cellular offers both pay - as - you - go and no - contract monthly plans . Both monthly and pay - as - you - go customers add voice minutes , data and text messages to their account by purchasing refill cards . GoSmart Mobile ( edit ) GoSmart Mobile was a T - Mobile US subsidiary service that launched in beta on December 7 , 2012 , and became officially available nationwide on February 19 , 2013 . GoSmart offers no - contract SIM wireless services . GoSmart Mobile sources its services to dealers who work as independent contractors under their own company name . Such sellers are known as `` Authorized Dealers '' with either physical or online stores . TracFone Wireless acquired GoSmart , along with Walmart Family Mobile , from T - Mobile US in September 2016 . Walmart Family Mobile ( edit ) Walmart Family Mobile offers no - contract prepaid plans . GoSmart , along with Walmart Family Mobile , were purchased by TracFone from T - Mobile in September 2016 . International long Distance ( edit ) In keeping with its marketing to immigrant communities , TracFone provides international calling options to all its customers . A toll - free number in the US is dialed to make phone calls to at least some telephones ( not including cellphones ) in over fifty countries . The International Neighbors plan allows TracFone customers to obtain up to three local telephone numbers in any of several Canadian or Mexican cities . These are forwarded to the TracFone customer in the United States at the standard rates . Company operations ( edit ) TracFone 's logistics are managed by BrightPoint . Class actions ( edit ) Misleading `` unlimited '' plan claims by Straight Talk , NET10 Wireless , SIMPLE Mobile , and Telcel América - 2015 ( edit ) The Federal Trade Commission reported that `` TracFone 's limits on ' unlimited ' data led to $40 million in consumer refunds '' as result of a lawsuit the FTC brought . Roaming and repair issues - 2007 ( edit ) On February 9 , 2007 , a preliminary settlement in a class - action lawsuit against TracFone was carried out by Jeanette Wagner , and approved in the Boone ( County ) Circuit Court in Kentucky . The complainants alleged that Tracfone misled consumers by charging a roaming rate in their home calling area ( they were charged for 2 units per minute , not the usual 1 unit per minute ) , and that it refused to extend their prepaid service time during handset repairs . Tracfone gave each of their customers an extra 20 units of airtime . Networks and coverage ( edit ) TracFone Wireless uses the networks of major wireless providers to offer service , the coverage of which varies by the provider for each device . Retail boxes indicate the network with a code printed in the lower right corner on the back of the box . Network Box code Technology LTE since AT&T GSM - A GSM September 2013 T - Mobile GSM - T GSM March 2014 Sprint CDMA - S CDMA May 2013 Verizon CDMA - V CDMA December 2014 On TracFones with SIM cards , the carrier can be identified in the same manner as any other SIM - based phone , by interpreting the SIM number . On T - Mobile phones , the first line of the SIM number will end in `` SIMT5 '' , on AT&T / Cingular , the first line will end in `` SIMC4 '' , on Claro phones , the first line will end in `` SIMCL7 '' . See also ( edit ) Prepaid mobile service operators in U.S. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . TracFone Wireless , . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Company Prepares Prepaid Cell - Phone Invasion '' . South Florida Business Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FCC approves TracFone acquiring Page Plus Cellular '' , Prepaid Mobile Phone Reviews , 2014 - 01 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Available Phones '' . NET10.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Saabedra , Humberto ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tracfone Quietly Cancels LG Optimus 2X Launch '' . PhoneNews . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TracFone Wireless Launches SafeLink Wireless to Aid Nearly 500,000 Low - Income Households in Georgia '' . Reuters . February 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TracFone Wireless Launches SafeLink Wireless to Aid Nearly 585,000 Low - Income Households in Pennsylvania '' . Business Wire . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Subsidized Phone Service '' . Federal Communications Commission . Jump up ^ `` Battle Heats Up in Lifeline Mobile Market '' . Freegovernmentcellphones.net . May 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Straight Talk Adds New $55 Plan With 10GB Of High Speed Data '' , Prepaid Mobile Phone Reviews , 2016 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Walmart to Launch Straight Talk Exclusively , Nationwide '' ( Press release ) . Walmart Stores , Inc . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone Now at Straight Talk Wireless '' . Straight Talk . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon MVNO Total Wireless Now Has 4G LTE Data , Ups Data On Its Plans Featuring 5GB For $35 '' . bestmvno.com. 13 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TracFone acquires Verizon MVNO Page Plus Cellular and its 1.4 M customers '' . FierceWireless.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` America Movil to Buy Page Plus Cellular Parent Start Wireless Group '' . PhoneNews.com. 2013 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` No Contract Prepaid Plans Cellular Prepaid Plans '' . Page Plus Cellular . 2014 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` TracFone Acquired GoSmart and Walmart Family Mobile '' , Prepaid Mobile Phone Reviews , 2016 - 09 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Profile : BrightPoint Inc ( CELL. O ) '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Straight Talk , Net10 , Simple Mobile , and Telcel America Refunds Federal Trade Commission '' . Ftc.gov. 2015 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Carlos Slim 's TracFone Wireless To Pay $40 Million To FTC For ' Deceiving ' Consumers '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://news.nky.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/AB/20070301/NEWS0103/703010331NKY.Com Jump up ^ `` TracFone Wireless Inc . Roaming Fees Class Action Settlemen '' . Class action news consumers can use . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website TracFone Family Brands America Móvil NET10 Wireless Page Plus Cellular Safelink Wireless SIMPLE Mobile Straight Talk Telcel América <Th_colspan="2"> América Móvil Group Claro - branded Argentina Brazil ( Fixed services ) Brazil ( Mobility services ) Colombia Chile Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Uruguay Telmex - branded Mexico USA A1 Telekom Austria Group Austria Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Liechtenstein Macedonia Serbia Slovenia Other AMX Group brands Brazil Claro Embratel Net Mexico Telcel Aló USA NET10 Wireless Simple Mobile Straight Talk Telcel America TracFone Executive officers Carlos Slim <Th_colspan="2"> United States wireless communications service providers National AT&T Mobility Sprint Corporation T - Mobile US Verizon Wireless Regional Atlantic Tele - Network C Spire Wireless Cellcom Cellular One Claro Puerto Rico GCI GTA Teleguam Indigo Wireless United Wireless U.S. Cellular SouthernLinc West Central Wireless Mobile virtual network operators List of United States mobile virtual network operators Defunct Defunct virtual operators Advanced Mobile Phone Service AirTouch Alaska Communications Alltel AT&T Wireless Services Cincinnati Bell Dobson Cellular Edge Wireless Element Mobile First Cellular of Southern Illinois Houston Cellular Midwest Wireless NEP Wireless Nextel Communications Northcoast PCS nTelos Open Mobile Pocket Communications Powertel PrimeCo Revol Wireless Rural Cellular SunCom Unicel Upoc Networks Western Wireless Corporation <Th_colspan="2"> Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands mobile network operators Major AT&T Mobility Centennial Communications Atlantic Tele - Network Choice Wireless Claro Puerto Rico Open Mobile Sprint Corporation T - Mobile US Virtual Boost Mobile Consumer Cellular H2O Wireless TracFone Wireless Trumpet Mobile Virgin Mobile USA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TracFone_Wireless&oldid=854596003 '' Categories : Companies based in Miami Companies established in 1996 Mobile virtual network operators América Móvil Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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1. TracFone Wireless 2. Prepaid mobile virtual network operator 3. TracFone Family Brands 4. Straight Talk 5. Total Wireless

where is season 2 of the exorcist filmed

The Exorcist ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Exorcist ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Exorcist <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Horror Created by Jeremy Slater Based on The Exorcist by William Peter Blatty Starring Alfonso Herrera Ben Daniels Hannah Kasulka Brianne Howey Kurt Egyiawan Alan Ruck Geena Davis Zuleikha Robinson Li Jun Li Brianna Hildebrand John Cho Composer ( s ) Daniel Hart ( season 1 ) Tyler Bates ( season 2 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeremy Slater Rolin Jones Rupert Wyatt James Robinson David Robinson Barbara Wall Roy Lee Sean Crouch Jason Ensler ( season 2 ) Producer ( s ) Robert M. Williams , Jr . Charise Castro Smith Judd Rea Location ( s ) Chicago , Illinois ( season 1 ) Vancouver , Canada ( season 2 ) Cinematography Alex Disenhof Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Morgan Creek Productions New Neighborhood 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Fox Original release September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by The Exorcist film <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.fox.com/the-exorcist The Exorcist is an American anthology horror drama television series that debuted on Fox on September 23 , 2016 . The series stars Alfonso Herrera , Ben Daniels and Geena Davis , and is based on the William Peter Blatty novel of the same name . A sequel to the 1973 film of the same name , it is part of The Exorcist franchise . It was commissioned on May 10 , 2016 . On May 12 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season , subtitled The Next Chapter , which premiered on September 29 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alfonso Herrera as Father Tomas Ortega Ben Daniels as Father Marcus Keane Hannah Kasulka as Casey Rance ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) Brianne Howey as Katherine `` Kat '' Rance ( season 1 ) Kurt Egyiawan as Father Devon Bennett Alan Ruck as Henry Rance ( season 1 ) Geena Davis as Angela Rance / Regan MacNeil ( season 1 ) Zuleikha Robinson as Mouse ( season 2 ) Li Jun Li as Rose Cooper ( season 2 ) Brianna Hildebrand as Verity ( season 2 ) John Cho as Andrew `` Andy '' Kim ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Robert Emmet Lunney as The Salesman / Captain Howdy / Pazuzu ( season 1 ) Mouzam Makkar as Jessica ( season 1 ) Kirsten Fitzgerald as Maria Walters David Hewlett as the voice of the demon / Pazuzu Sharon Gless as Chris MacNeil ( season 1 ) Camille Guaty as Olivia ( season 1 ) Deanna Dunagan as Mother Bernadette ( season 1 ) Torrey Hanson as Cardinal Guillot Francis Guinan as Simon the priest ( season 1 ) Cyrus Arnold as David `` Truck '' Johnson III ( season 2 ) Hunter Dillon as Caleb ( season 2 ) Alex Barima as Shelby ( season 2 ) Amélie Eve as Grace ( season 2 ) Christopher Cousins as Peter Osborne ( season 2 ) Alicia Witt as Nicole Kim ( season 2 ) Zibby Allen as Cindy ( season 2 ) Beatrice Kitsos as Harper Graham ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 127 3.15 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : And Let My Cry Come Unto Thee '' Rupert Wyatt Teleplay and Story by : Jeremy Slater September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 1AZP01 2.85 `` Chapter Two : Lupus in Fabula '' Michael Nankin Heather Bellson September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 1AZP02 1.98 `` Chapter Three : Let ' Em In '' Michael Nankin Dre Ryan October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 1AZP03 1.95 `` Chapter Four : The Moveable Feast '' Craig Zisk Adam Stein October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 1AZP04 1.97 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Through My Most Grievous Fault '' Jason Ensler David Grimm October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 1AZP05 1.87 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Star of the Morning '' Jennifer Phang Laura Marks November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 1AZP06 1.83 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : Father of Lies '' Tinge Krishnan Charise Castro Smith November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 1AZP07 1.61 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Griefbearers '' Louis Milito Marcus Gardley November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 1AZP08 1.67 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : 162 '' Bill Johnson Franklin Jin Rho & Jeremy Slater December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 1AZP09 1.66 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : Three Rooms '' Jason Ensler Jeremy Slater December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 1AZP10 1.75 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Janus '' Jason Ensler Heather Bellson September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 2AZP01 1.58 <Td_colspan="8"> Father Tomas Ortega and Father Marcus Keane try to save Cindy , a woman possessed by a demon following her miscarriage . But things get complicated when Cindy 's husband refuses to believe in his wife 's possession and tries to prevent the priests from saving her . But during one of the attempts to save the young woman , the demon arrives to penetrate the spirit of Tomas . On Nachburn , an island off Seattle , Andrew Kim is about to welcome Rose Cooper , a social services representative with whom he has a shared background , to determine whether Andrew 's home is suitable for children . Indeed , the latter welcomes a group of children and orphans with problems . One of the children , Caleb , a blind teenager , begins to behave strangely . 12 `` Safe as Houses '' Deran Sarafian Adam Stein October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 2AZP02 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> In the Vatican , Father Bennett , who has only one ally Cardinal Caro , summons Cardinal Guillot to the Court of Appeal to unmask him . He informs the court that the integration of the clergyman made in Chicago has had repercussions and that the church is infiltrated by demons and forces of evil . But Guillot proves his innocence by drinking holy water before the jury . The latter winks at Bennett as a last provocation . The president of the court orders Bennett to give all the information about the renegade priests who are Marcus and Tomas but he refuses . Meanwhile , the two priests finally managed to convince the sheriff Jordy that his wife is possessed by the demon . At the hospital where she is being treated , the demon manifests , making the majority of the staff flee . Upon arriving there , the two churchmen find that Cindy took hostage one of the sheriff 's men . She slaughters him and scampers through a ventilation duct . On the farm , Rose Cooper and Andrew Kim argue about Caleb whose attitude is increasingly strange . Rose will file a report which may hurt the home for difficult children . A couple of farmers , the Holmstroms , arrive to give fruit to the children . They take the opportunity to invite Shelby to attend the birth of a baby sheep . At the hospital , Marcus and Tomas manage to trap Cindy and exorcise her before she could kill a baby in the neonatal room . The sheriff in reward gives them the keys of his pickup . The two men leave for Seattle . At the Vatican , Father Bennett packed his bags to make contact with other church people indicated by Cardinal Caro . Going down the stairs , he witnesses Caro 's arrest by the Vatican Guard soldiers ordered by the president of the court of appeal . Shelby witnesses an atrocity on the Holmstrom 's farm : The baby sheep is a deformed monster . Ted Holmstrom kills him with a pitchfork . The disoriented teenager goes home through the forest but hears a scream . Meanwhile at home , Andrew who worries goes around to see if anything is wrong . He sees bloody handprints on the front door . He turns around and sees Shelby with the dead sheep in his hands . 13 `` Unclean '' Ti West Manny Coto October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2AZP03 1.35 <Td_colspan="8"> In Paris , while Cardinal Guillot performs an invocation ceremony with the demon 's selected host , a young woman prepares pies with ostia powder . After eating the pies , all the guests die in excruciating pain by spitting blood . Meanwhile , Father Tomas and Marcus go to the Grahams where daughter Harper would be according to her mother . At home , Andy is confronted with supernatural events : a flock of birds are crashing into the house while Shelby prays near the lake . It turns out that the young man is convinced that an obscure force is at work and would also be responsible for the death of Nicole , Andy 's wife . Rose Cooper goes to Lady Graham after a row , but her mother sends her away unceremoniously . While Tomas finds that all signs of possession are present , Marcus is more dubious . He finds PCP and other medications in the bathroom medicine cabinet . Harper 's mother Lorraine drugged her to fake possession . Tomas is injured in the head by Lorraine and while Marcus is about to take the teenager out of the house , he is also attacked and injures his arm . Fortunately , Rose arrives with the police . The child is hospitalized . Rose knows where to place the child and lets Tomas and Marcus know . In Antwerp , Belgium , Father Bennett met Mouse , the young woman who had killed the demon devotees in Paris . She makes the source of her information meet the father in an isolated cellar : it is the nun Dolores Navarro , who is possessed . 14 `` One for Sorrow '' So Yong Kim Rebecca Kirsch October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2AZP04 1.23 <Td_colspan="8"> In Antwerp , Belgium , Father Bennett tries to save the soul of sister Dolores Navarro , possessed by the spirit of the demon Mejis . During a moment of weakness and pity , the demon manages to control the priest and makes him erase the circle of protection where she is locked up . He owes his salvation only to the intervention of Mouse who knocks the woman out with an injection of holy water . Tomas contacts his sister Olivia and nephew Luis . She tells him that men from the church are looking for him and Marcus . He tells her to forget it for the moment . Harper and Rose go to the island where the home for unsuitable children is located . They are accompanied by Marcus and Tomas on the insistence of the child . On the island , water and forest officer Peter Morrow takes samples after the crows ' attack . Shelby , who feels that something abnormal is happening informs him of the birth of a sheep in the Holmstrom farm . Andy reunites the children to tell them about Harper 's upcoming arrival but Grace is unwelcoming . Several strange events occur , Grace speaks with a loud voice and objects move around the house . Barely arrived at the port , Tomas hears voices and shares this info with Marcus . Marcus and Tomas notice several signs that supernatural forces are at work such as the appearance of dead spider webs on trees where dead creatures of flora and fauna die . Marcus meets Peter and empathizes with him . The latter offers to take him to the Cove of Jarrell but he declines the invitation . Tomas visits the home and feels more and more a demonic presence . As Shelby tries to tell him something , Rose interrupts . In Antwerp , Bennett shares the information he has with Mouse about Sister Navarro 's predictions : the demon wants to find the lamb and the old Lion as he calls them . He talks about Maria Walters and the demon organization in Chicago . Mouse thinks they could find the organization to learn more and destroy them . While it 's dark , Rose is visited by a creature made of shade in her room . She manages to banish the creature with the light from her cellphone. Harper has a nightmare and wakes up . Rose consoles her and joins Andy in the kitchen . The two kiss each other . The next day , Grace decides to face her agoraphobia and leaves the house for the first time , which amazes Verity . After Andy goes to her room to put her to sleep , Verity goes to the girl 's room . She feels a presence and asks if anyone is there . 15 5 `` There but for the Grace of God , Go I '' Alex Garcia Lopez Alyssa Clark November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2AZP05 1.45 <Td_colspan="8"> Andy finds himself in the room where Verity went : this is the old room where Nicole made her paintings . Andy thinks he sees little Grace while she is not there . He thinks he 's going crazy and is stung by a hornet that hurts him to the left lung . Father Ortega is back and talks to Rose about his job as an exorcist but she does not want to hear more and asks him to leave . Marcus asks Peter about strange events on the island and the agent tells him about a certain Glenn Powell who killed his family fifty years ago with the exception of his granddaughter . Marcus decides to visit her on the other side of the bay to learn more . Andy decides to take the kids camping . He has visions of Grace again and ca n't tell if he 's hallucinating or if it 's reality . His injury is getting worse . Keane learns from Alice Powell that her father was possessed by a demonic spirit . He immediately informs Tomas . The latter wants to go to the Kims to warn them of the danger but Marcus asks him to do nothing because he does not have enough evidence . At the same time , Kim and Rose leave the house with Verity , Caleb , Shelby , David and Harper . In Antwerp , Devin and Mouse are preparing to leave for Chicago . In a last push to save Sister Navarro , Devin tries to compel her to fight the demon . When her words convince him of the futility of saving her , he injects her with holy water and it burns her alive . On Ashburn , the children are having fun around the fire while eating treats . As Andrew fetches wood , he is harassed again by Grace . He returns to reality when Rose asks him to return among them . On the boat that brings him back to the island , Peter and Marcus share their painful pasts and tragedies , including the murder of Marcus ' mother by his father and the ordeal he suffered at the orphanage . For his part Peter tells him about his past as a soldier in Kosovo . Tomas goes to the Kim 's house and is assaulted by evil . He begins the exploration of the rooms leading to the attic. Grace appears behind his back . Verity reveals to Shelby her past abuse that explains her aversion to God . The young man does the same . As Tomas enters Nicole 's room , Grace reveals her presence by slamming a doll against the wall . At the same time , objects come to life and levitate . Worried about the absence of Truck , Verity goes to check on him . She finds him in the old school building near the well . The teenager is banging his head against the wall . She tries to wake him but he turns around and with a superhuman force grabs her by the neck and strangles her . Ortega exorcises the room . His efforts wake Truck from his trance as Andy arrives to check on Truck and Verity . Rose , Shelby and Caleb also arrive . Rose informs Andy that she will have to report the incident . Truck who does not remember what happened has collapsed . Andrew decides to bring Verity to Dr. Flores . Both take the car . On the boat , Peter kisses Marcus and brings him back to the island . Tomas , on his side , is touched by Grace 's spirit and he relives the horrors that came to the house from the previous owners , most of which were parents that killed their children . Andy and Verity go home instead of going to the doctor and she tries to convince him that Truck was not responsible for what happened . Andy enters Nicole 's room and even breaks the picture of an owl . From behind the broken picture , a figure wearing a pillowcase emerges and approaches him . The figures unmasks , revealing herself to be Nicole . Outside , the room lights up as Tomas , worried , watches from the front lawn . 16 6 `` Darling Nikki '' Jason Ensler Franklin Jin Rho & Adam Stein November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2AZP06 1.27 <Td_colspan="8"> In Chicago , Devin and Mouse neutralize Maria Walters ' security detail and nurse . The demonically possessed Walters was expecting them and reveals that Walters ' cancer is in its final stages , rendering her useless to the conspiracy . The demon tries to implore Devin to take it in , having always preferred him over Walters . When the demon refuses to provide any useful info , Mouse replaces its IV with one full of holy water , torturing it . At this point the demon begins speaking in Marcus ' voice , hinting at dark secrets Mouse has been keeping from Devin . The demon also infers that its peers have plans for Tomas who is vulnerable to possession after letting Cindy 's demon into his mind during his exorcism attempts . As Devin presses the demon for more answers , Mouse kills Walters with a shot to the head . The demon 's expulsion is violent enough to damage the room , badly injuring Devin with debris . Andy questions whether Nicole is really there with him . She tells him that nothing will ever separate them again and that he needs to get his house in order . Andy and Rose visit Truck who is miserable and kept medicated to prevent his sleepwalking . He speaks of a force which influenced him to hurt Verity , but Rose seems skeptical . Andy 's behavior dramatically changes as he becomes sullen with the children , and admits to Rose that he failed in his attempts to help his wayward foster children . Harper and Marcus talk and she mentions that she heard a voice in the woods . Tomas visits Rose to ask about any strange events in the house , but she does n't confirm anything . Rose invites Tomas and Marcus over for dinner which Andy begrudgingly allows . During a tense dinner , Harper reveals that the priests are exorcists which leads to a discussion about religion versus science . Andy , a psychologist , pointedly mentions that Tomas and Marcus ' religion treated Verity 's homosexuality as a sin and tried to cure her of it . Tomas apologizes for the church 's actions and the three agree to leave Verity out of any further discussion . After dinner , the three men continue to talk , with Marcus attempting to bait the demon into revealing itself . To that end , he questions Andy 's inability to prevent his wife 's death , but Nicole keeps Andy from overreacting . After more pointed questions which provoke a response from Andy , the priests are convinced they have their proof , but before they can act on it , Rose admits she was wrong to get them involved and asks them to leave , even threatening to call the police . Tomas and Marcus reluctantly leave , planning to watch the house from outside and even to abduct Andy when the time is right . Rose apologizes to Andy for getting the priests involved and expresses faith in him , leading the two to become amorous . While they are kissing , Andy stops himself , seemingly having come to his senses , as Nicole tries to compel him to continue . Harper is awoken by a strange noise and discovers her psychotic mother in her room . Harper 's mother attempts to abduct her and threatens to hurt Verity when Harper refuses to leave . As Harper leaves with her mother , they encounter Marcus and Tomas . The priests fight to prevent Harper from being abducted . Nicole unleashes enough power to send all of the adults flying . Andy , possessed , begins strangling a downed Rose . Verity 's screams seem to snap Andy out of it and he leaves the bedroom and encounters Harper 's mother . Andy grabs the knife from Harper 's mother , grabs Harper 's mother by the throat and stabs her to death . As the horrified kids look on , the priests begin their exorcism . 17 7 `` Help Me '' Steven A. Adelson David Grimm November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2AZP07 1.33 <Td_colspan="8"> Andy relives the day of Nicole 's suicide . He wakes up and is irked by Truck asking about a cryptic note Nicole left on his lunchbag . Realizing something is wrong , Andy goes looking for Nicole and finds her wading into the lake . He tries but is unable to save her . Back in reality , Tomas and Marcus continue their exorcism , pleading with an infrequently lucid Andy to fight to hold onto his sanity and memories ; they warn him the demon will pervert his memories in order to control him . The priests also try to get Andy to remember when the demon first made contact with him ; Andy recalls that as the children tried to move on from Nicole 's death , he met the young Grace who wanted to help him heal , feeling needed , Andy began taking care of her . Andy finds himself in bed with Nicole , and after getting up realizes he 's living the life they would have had without the children . In this life , they 're wealthy , successful and fulfilled career-wise . Andy keeps asking where the children are and Nicole keeps telling him they 're in the garden . When he enters the garden , he finds several graves and tries desperately to dig up the graves . As Andy 's sanity slips , the demon blames the children for Nicole 's death , theorizing that if they had n't monopolized Andy 's time , Andy would 've realized Nicole was hurting and gotten her help . Nicole reminds him their life raising the children was n't a fairy tale . Andy hearkens back to a memory where his lovemaking with Nicole was interrupted by a heated argument between Truck and Caleb . Andy also recalls Nicole wanting to adopt the troubled Verity . During a particularly bad recollection , Andy witnesses Verity mocking Nicole 's depression . Andy insists that the memory is n't completely accurate ; he later recalls Verity and Nicole crying together while embracing . With little choice , Tomas and Marcus bring Rose into the room to reach what 's left of Andy 's sanity . Things seem okay at first until Andy accuses Rose of bringing in the priests to tear away his home and children . As the exorcism continues , Andy begins viewing Tomas and Marcus as demons who relish his torment and suffering . As a last resort , Andy gives into the demon by rescuing Nicole from drowning , which allows the demon to level Marcus and Tomas with a powerful surge . 18 8 `` A Heaven of Hell '' Meera Menon Heather Bellson & M. Willis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2AZP08 1.18 <Td_colspan="8"> Rose meets with the children who are unhappy staying with the Holmstroms . She eventually decides to take the children back to the mainland the following day to look for temporary housing for them ; Verity is the most unhappy because she believes that once the authorities learn Andy killed Harper 's mother , him being possessed wo n't matter to anyone . Father Devin 's injury causes him to lapse into a coma forcing Mouse to seek medical treatment for him . While she waits with him , she recalls her past as a novitiate while Marcus was a renown exorcist . As the two carried on a secret relationship , she became fascinated by the process of exorcism and made frequent visits to a possessed woman . The possessed woman preyed upon Mouse 's naivete and hunger to be God 's vessel akin to Marcus , eventually attacking and possessing Mouse who crossed the protective barrier . Blaming himself , Marcus abandoned Mouse who was eventually exorcised by another priest . Nicole reveals herself to Tomas which startles him into breaking a glass , as Tomas leaves , Andy steals a shard . Verity insists on helping the priests who believe that having one of the children present will inspire Andy to fight back . The possessed Andy speaking in Nicole 's voice taunts Verity for being a trashy disappointment who was nothing but a paycheck to them . Verity persists with her belief that Andy loved her regardless of her behavior and that she needs him to come back to her . Andy fights the urge to attack Verity with the shard , instead warning Rose to take Verity and leave . Peter tries to convince Marcus to retire and travel with him which Marcus contemplates . As the exorcism continues , Andy taunts Marcus by speaking in Mouse 's voice and claiming that Marcus abandons those closest to him ; Tomas convinces a frustrated and exhausted Marcus to rest . As Tomas continues the exorcism alone , Andy begins using the shard to cut his restraints . Rose buys Ferry tickets for herself and the children only to discover Verity missing . Shelby later admits Verity returned to the Holmstroms house to retrieve a book Andy got her which she threw in the trash . Rose finds Verity who refuses to abandon the most important thing Andy ever gave her and offers to drive her to the Holmstroms . Tomas is visited by a refreshed Marcus who acknowledges his maturity and skill as an exorcist which Tomas appreciates ; Tomas is unaware that Marcus is actually still asleep in the living room . Verity enters the Holmstroms eerily quiet home and retrieves her book . It is revealed that Tomas is in a trance , fully believing that Marcus is performing the exorcism with him ; Andy 's bed is empty . Hearing a strange noise , Verity searches the house and finds the Holmstroms dead at their table . She encounters Rose who tells her to run . Behind Rose is Andy who merely says , `` Hey , kiddo . '' 19 9 `` Ritual & Repetition '' Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Sean Crouch December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2AZP09 1.15 <Td_colspan="8"> Marcus fails to compel Tomas to snap out of his trance . Under the trance , Tomas vaguely hears Marcus telling him to wake up , but the fake versions of Marcus and Andy try to convince him to continue the exorcism . Tomas , knowing something is wrong , leaves through the bedroom door only to find himself back in Chicago , apparently promoted to Bishop since rejecting a life as an exorcist . Two operatives claiming to be from the Vatican arrive in Seattle hunting Tomas and Marcus . They are quickly dispatched by Mouse . Marcus goes to the Holmstroms to discover them dead as well as signs of a bloody struggle elsewhere in the house . At the docks , Shelby is startled to find Andy putting the kids in the car and trying to assure them he 's cured and will never hurt anyone again . In Tomas ' trance , he officiates Mass but is taken aback after recognizing Casey Rance sitting among the parishioners . Andy brings the kids back to the same cabin where Truck nearly murdered Verity . The kids suspect Andy still is n't himself as he rationalizes murdering Harper 's mother by declaring her evil and God being responsible for putting her in his path . Shelby stands up to Andy and is badly beaten as Andy retrieves Harper and Caleb . Rose compels Verity , whose former foster parents used to bind her , to work on freeing herself . Tomas speaks with Casey Rance and realizes the demon impersonated her in order to guilt him over leaving his parish for the pride and glory of being an exorcist . Torturing Shelby , Andy admits that Shelby was only half right about using lamb 's blood to protect their home , since lamb 's blood only protects from GOD 'S wrath . Andy gets fed up with Rose 's threats and forces her to stand on rotting planks covering the well until the planks break and she falls in . In the tranceworld , the demon , claiming to be very old and powerful , offers what it believes to be Tomas ' greatest desire : the papacy . Tomas , firm in his conviction , admits what he wants is to watch the demon die . Verity breaks free and runs into the woods while the children try to slow Andy down . Marcus frees the children who realize Rose is still alive in the well , her fall cushioned by water . They free Rose and Marcus fights Andy who was suffocating Verity . Tomas wills himself out of the trance and battles Casey / Nicole , rejecting her gifts , her fantasy and rejecting her . This is enough to weaken her control over Andy and enable Marcus to knock Andy out . Tomas finds a fading Andy on the stairs , and Andy wants Tomas to promise that he 'll stop the demon once and for all . It 's then revealed that Tomas is still entranced when he hears a woman 's voice praying over him , and before leaving the trance , he pleads with Andy to fight the demon . Finally out of the trance , Tomas meets the woman revealed to be Mouse . 20 10 `` Unworthy '' Jason Ensler Jeremy Slater December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2AZP10 1.28 <Td_colspan="8"> Two officials from the Vatican arrive to deal with Father Bennet . Marcus drags an unconscious Andy through the forest when he meets up with Tomas and Mouse . While Tomas watches over Andy in the abandoned shack , Marcus and Mouse begin to argue . Tomas is drawn into a trance , where he meets up with Andy . Andy tells Tomas to record a message for Rose and the kids . While the demon and Tomas struggle , Andy calls out to Marcus , asking the ex-priest to shoot him before the demon can enter Tomas . Marcus obliges , and fires a bullet into Andy 's head , killing both him and the demon . With the demon gone , Tomas breaks free from the trance . Tomas then meets up with Rose and the kids , and he relays Andy 's message to them . Marcus parts ways with Tomas. Tomas then leaves with Mouse as his new partner . Meanwhile , Bennet wakes up , and has been possessed . Three months later , Rose visits Truck in a mental hospital , and adopts him , along with Verity , Shelby , Caleb , and Harper . Meanwhile , Marcus is looking out over the water at the docks , when he finally hears God 's voice . He becomes troubled , and whispers Tomas 's name . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Jeremy Slater wrote the pilot . On January 22 , 2016 , Fox ordered the pilot to be shot . The series is described as `` a propulsive , serialized psychological thriller following two very different men tackling one family 's case of horrifying demonic possession , and confronting the face of true evil . '' Casting ( edit ) On February 24 , 2016 , Brianne Howey was cast as Katherine Rance . On February 29 , 2016 , Hannah Kasulka was cast as Casey Rance . On March 2 , 2016 , Alfonso Herrera and Ben Daniels were cast as Father Tomas and Father Marcus respectively . On March 3 , 2016 , Kurt Egyiawan was cast as Father Bennett . On March 7 , 2016 , Geena Davis was cast as Angela Rance . On June 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Davis , Ruck , Kasulka and Howey would not return as regular cast members in the second season . Herrera , Egyiawan and Daniels will return , as their characters will preside over a new possession case . In July , John Cho , Brianna Hildebrand , Zuleikha Robinson and Li Jun Li were cast in series regular roles for season two . In August , Christopher Cousins and Cyrus Arnold were cast in recurring roles . Filming ( edit ) Fox announced that the first season of the show would be shot in Chicago . Season two filming began July 28 , 2017 , in Vancouver . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Friday 9 : 00 p.m. 10 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 2.85 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 1.75 2016 -- 17 127 3.15 10 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 1.58 December 15 , 2017 1.28 2017 -- 18 TBD 2.36 Critical reception ( edit ) The Exorcist has received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the series a score of 78 % based on 50 reviews with an average of 5.8 / 10 . The consensus says , `` The Exorcist does n't come close to its classic source material , but still boasts a tense narrative that manages some legitimate scares and credible special effects . '' On Metacritic , the show has a weighted average of 62 / 100 based on 28 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie / Miniseries / Pilot Alex Disenhof Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Actress Geena Davis Nominated Best TV Series The Exorcist Nominated Best TV Supporting Actor Ben Daniels Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama The Exorcist Nominated Saturn Awards Best Horror Television Series The Exorcist Nominated Cine Awards Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series Ben Daniels Pending Bloody Disgusting Reader 's Choice Awards Best Actor - Television Alfonso Herrera Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' EPs Tease Season 2 and the Show 's `` Powerful '' New Possession Story `` . Collider . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Exorcist TV Series Revealed as Direct Sequel to Original Movie '' . ComicBook.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' Making History ' , ' Pitch ' , ' The Mick ' & ' APB ' Get Fox Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` A New Evil Comes Knocking in ' The Exorcist ' Season 2 Trailer '' . TV Insider . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Renewed For Season 2 By Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including ' Empire , ' ' The Gifted , ' ' The Orville ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slater , Jeremy ( @ jerslater ) ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` And the mystery signature beneath the Post It belongs to the great Sharon Gless , who joined our cast tonight ! Now off to draw some winners . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Becky ( @ BeckyKirsch ) ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` It 's officially `` Osborne , '' but I believe he was announced in the trades as `` Morrow '' before we learned it did n't clear and changed it to Osborne . That 's my theory on where the discrepancy online happened '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Caught on Camera ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` The Exorcist TV series in the works at Fox '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Pilot Ordered at Fox with Modern Twist '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tracy Ifeachor Joins ABC Pilot ' Spark ' ; Brianne Howey In Fox 's ' The Exorcist 's '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hannah Kasulka Joins Fox 's ' The Exorcist ' ; Sofia Black D'Elia In ' The Mick ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Exorcist ' : Alfonso Herrera & Ben Daniels To Star In Fox Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Exorcist Reboot : Fox Pilot CastsFlesh and Bone , Sense8 Stars '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Geneva Carr Joins CBS Drama Pilot ' Bull ' ; Fox 's ' The Exorcist ' Adds Kurt Egyiawan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Geena Davis Cast in Fox 's ' Exorcist ' Reboot Pilot '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Exorcist Season 2 Cast Shakeup : Who 's In ? Who 's Out ? '' . tvline.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' : John Cho Joins Season 2 Cast Of Fox Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Adds ' Deadpool 's Brianna Hildebrand As Season 2 Series Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Adds Zuleikha Robinson As Season 2 Series Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Adds Li Jun Li For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' : Christopher Cousins & Cyrus Arnold Set To Recur In Season 2 Of Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Metz , Nina ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's ' The Exorcist , ' ' A.P.B. ' to film in Chicago for next TV season '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ bendanielsss ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` 4.30 am , filth covered , voice ragged , every single muscle aching . Us two drain laughing through it all . Exorcist S02 1st day shooting . # heaven '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Caught on Camera ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist : Season 1 -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist ( 2016 ) -- Season 1 Reviews -- Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31st ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography '' . ASC Web Site . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Daniels Nominated for Cine Award '' . Twitter . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Herrera Won Bloody Disgusting Reader 's Choice Award '' . Twitter . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Exorcist on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle For Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) LA to Vegas ( since 2018 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming The Resident ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace <Th_colspan="2"> The Exorcist by William Peter Blatty Novels The Exorcist ( 1971 ) Legion ( 1983 ) Films The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Exorcist II : The Heretic ( 1977 ) The Exorcist III ( 1990 ) Exorcist : The Beginning ( 2004 ) Dominion : Prequel to the Exorcist ( 2005 ) Television The Exorcist ( 2016 -- present ) Characters Regan MacNeil Father Damien Karras Father Lankester Merrin Pazuzu Related articles Exorcist steps The Exorcist : Italian Style ( 1975 ) The Ninth Configuration ( 1980 ) Repossessed ( 1990 ) The Exorcist ( play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Exorcist_(TV_series)&oldid=819395444 '' Categories : The Exorcist 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American horror fiction television series English - language television programs Fox network shows Sequel television series Serial drama television series Television programs based on films Television programs based on American novels Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Morgan Creek Productions Television shows set in Chicago Television shows set in Seattle Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 46 . 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1. The Exorcist TV series 2. Horror drama 3. Alfonso Herrera and Ben Daniels 4. Based on The Exorcist novel by William Peter Blatty 5. Season 2: The Next Chapter

when do you say that an inquiry is scientific

Scientific method - wikipedia Scientific method Jump to : navigation , search `` Scientific research '' redirects here . For the publisher , see Scientific Research Publishing . Compare Observational study and Experiment For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Research . For other uses , see Scientific method ( disambiguation ) . The Oxford Dictionaries Online defines the scientific method as `` a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century , consisting in systematic observation , measurement , and experiment , and the formulation , testing , and modification of hypotheses '' . Experiments are a procedure designed to test hypotheses . Experiments are an important tool of the scientific method . Though there are diverse models for the scientific method available , in general there is a continuous process that includes observations about the natural world . People are naturally inquisitive , so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear , and they often develop ideas or hypotheses about why things are the way they are . The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways . The strongest tests of hypotheses come from carefully controlled experiments that gather empirical data . Depending on how well additional tests match the predictions , the original hypothesis may require refinement , alteration , expansion or even rejection . If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported , a general theory may be developed . Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another , they are frequently the same from one to another . The process of the scientific method involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions . A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question . The hypothesis might be very specific , or it might be broad . Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies . A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , the hypothesis can not be meaningfully tested . The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . Experiments can take place anywhere from a garage to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method ; they include physicist Lee Smolin and philosopher Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Robert Nola and Howard Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester - year 's debate , the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial deceased equine castigation . We beg to differ . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Process 1.1. 1 Formulation of a question 1.1. 2 Hypothesis 1.1. 3 Prediction 1.1. 4 Testing 1.1. 5 Analysis 1.2 DNA example 1.3 Other components 1.3. 1 Replication 1.3. 2 External review 1.3. 3 Data recording and sharing 2 Scientific inquiry 2.1 Properties of scientific inquiry 2.2 Beliefs and biases 3 Elements of the scientific method 3.1 Characterizations 3.1. 1 Uncertainty 3.1. 2 Definition 3.1. 3 DNA - characterizations 3.1. 4 Another example : precession of Mercury 3.2 Hypothesis development 3.2. 1 DNA - hypotheses 3.3 Predictions from the hypothesis 3.3. 1 DNA - predictions 3.3. 2 Another example : general relativity 3.4 Experiments 3.4. 1 DNA - experiments 3.5 Evaluation and improvement 3.5. 1 DNA - iterations 3.6 Confirmation 4 Models of scientific inquiry 4.1 Classical model 4.2 Pragmatic model 5 Communication and community 5.1 Peer review evaluation 5.2 Documentation and replication 5.2. 1 Archiving 5.2. 2 Data sharing 5.2. 3 Limitations 5.3 Dimensions of practice 6 Philosophy and sociology of science 6.1 Role of chance in discovery 7 History 8 Relationship with mathematics 8.1 Relationship with statistics 9 See also 9.1 Problems and issues 9.2 History , philosophy , sociology 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview The DNA example below is a synopsis of this method Ibn al - Haytham ( Alhazen ) , 965 -- 1039 Iraq . A polymath , considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology , due to his emphasis on experimental data and reproducibility of its results . Johannes Kepler ( 1571 -- 1630 ) . `` Kepler shows his keen logical sense in detailing the whole process by which he finally arrived at the true orbit . This is the greatest piece of Retroductive reasoning ever performed . '' -- C. S. Peirce , c. 1896 , on Kepler 's reasoning through explanatory hypotheses Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) . According to Albert Einstein , `` All knowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it . Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality . Because Galileo saw this , and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world , he is the father of modern physics -- indeed , of modern science altogether . '' The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out . As in other areas of inquiry , science ( through the scientific method ) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time . This model can be seen to underlay the scientific revolution . One thousand years ago , Alhazen argued the importance of forming questions and subsequently testing them , an approach which was advocated by Galileo in 1638 with the publication of Two New Sciences . The current method is based on a hypothetico - deductive model formulated in the 20th century , although it has undergone significant revision since first proposed ( for a more formal discussion , see below ) . Process The overall process involves making conjectures ( hypotheses ) , deriving predictions from them as logical consequences , and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine whether the original conjecture was correct . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , these actions are better considered as general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always done in the same order . As noted by scientist and philosopher William Whewell ( 1794 -- 1866 ) , `` invention , sagacity , ( and ) genius '' are required at every step . Formulation of a question The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation , as in `` Why is the sky blue ? '' but can also be open - ended , as in `` How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease ? '' This stage frequently involves finding and evaluating evidence from previous experiments , personal scientific observations or assertions , as well as the work of other scientists . If the answer is already known , a different question that builds on the evidence can be posed . When applying the scientific method to research , determining a good question can be very difficult and it will affect the outcome of the investigation . Hypothesis A hypothesis is a conjecture , based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question , that may explain any given behavior . The hypothesis might be very specific ; for example , Einstein 's equivalence principle or Francis Crick 's `` DNA makes RNA makes protein '' , or it might be broad ; for example , unknown species of life dwell in the unexplored depths of the oceans . A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a given statistical population . For example , the population might be people with a particular disease . The conjecture might be that a new drug will cure the disease in some of those people . Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis . A null hypothesis is the conjecture that the statistical hypothesis is false ; for example , that the new drug does nothing and that any cure is caused by chance . Researchers normally want to show that the null hypothesis is false . The alternative hypothesis is the desired outcome , that the drug does better than chance . A final point : a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable , meaning that one can identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis ; otherwise , it can not be meaningfully tested . Prediction This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis . One or more predictions are then selected for further testing . The more unlikely that a prediction would be correct simply by coincidence , then the more convincing it would be if the prediction were fulfilled ; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known , due to the effects of hindsight bias ( see also postdiction ) . Ideally , the prediction must also distinguish the hypothesis from likely alternatives ; if two hypotheses make the same prediction , observing the prediction to be correct is not evidence for either one over the other . ( These statements about the relative strength of evidence can be mathematically derived using Bayes ' Theorem ) . Testing This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the hypothesis . Scientists ( and other people ) test hypotheses by conducting experiments . The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . If they agree , confidence in the hypothesis increases ; otherwise , it decreases . Agreement does not assure that the hypothesis is true ; future experiments may reveal problems . Karl Popper advised scientists to try to falsify hypotheses , i.e. , to search for and test those experiments that seem most doubtful . Large numbers of successful confirmations are not convincing if they arise from experiments that avoid risk . Experiments should be designed to minimize possible errors , especially through the use of appropriate scientific controls . For example , tests of medical treatments are commonly run as double - blind tests . Test personnel , who might unwittingly reveal to test subjects which samples are the desired test drugs and which are placebos , are kept ignorant of which are which . Such hints can bias the responses of the test subjects . Furthermore , failure of an experiment does not necessarily mean the hypothesis is false . Experiments always depend on several hypotheses , e.g. , that the test equipment is working properly , and a failure may be a failure of one of the auxiliary hypotheses . ( See the Duhem -- Quine thesis . ) Experiments can be conducted in a college lab , on a kitchen table , at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider , at the bottom of an ocean , on Mars ( using one of the working rovers ) , and so on . Astronomers do experiments , searching for planets around distant stars . Finally , most individual experiments address highly specific topics for reasons of practicality . As a result , evidence about broader topics is usually accumulated gradually . Analysis This involves determining what the results of the experiment show and deciding on the next actions to take . The predictions of the hypothesis are compared to those of the null hypothesis , to determine which is better able to explain the data . In cases where an experiment is repeated many times , a statistical analysis such as a chi - squared test may be required . If the evidence has falsified the hypothesis , a new hypothesis is required ; if the experiment supports the hypothesis but the evidence is not strong enough for high confidence , other predictions from the hypothesis must be tested . Once a hypothesis is strongly supported by evidence , a new question can be asked to provide further insight on the same topic . Evidence from other scientists and experience are frequently incorporated at any stage in the process . Depending on the complexity of the experiment , many iterations may be required to gather sufficient evidence to answer a question with confidence , or to build up many answers to highly specific questions in order to answer a single broader question . DNA example The basic elements of the scientific method are illustrated by the following example from the discovery of the structure of DNA : Question : Previous investigation of DNA had determined its chemical composition ( the four nucleotides ) , the structure of each individual nucleotide , and other properties . It had been identified as the carrier of genetic information by the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment in 1944 , but the mechanism of how genetic information was stored in DNA was unclear . Hypothesis : Linus Pauling , Francis Crick and James D. Watson hypothesized that DNA had a helical structure . Prediction : If DNA had a helical structure , its X-ray diffraction pattern would be X-shaped . This prediction was determined using the mathematics of the helix transform , which had been derived by Cochran , Crick and Vand ( and independently by Stokes ) . This prediction was a mathematical construct , completely independent from the biological problem at hand . Experiment : Rosalind Franklin crystallized pure DNA and performed X-ray diffraction to produce photo 51 . The results showed an X-shape . Analysis : When Watson saw the detailed diffraction pattern , he immediately recognized it as a helix . He and Crick then produced their model , using this information along with the previously known information about DNA 's composition and about molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds . The discovery became the starting point for many further studies involving the genetic material , such as the field of molecular genetics , and it was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Each step of the example is examined in more detail later in the article . Other components The scientific method also includes other components required even when all the iterations of the steps above have been completed : Replication If an experiment can not be repeated to produce the same results , this implies that the original results might have been in error . As a result , it is common for a single experiment to be performed multiple times , especially when there are uncontrolled variables or other indications of experimental error . For significant or surprising results , other scientists may also attempt to replicate the results for themselves , especially if those results would be important to their own work . External review The process of peer review involves evaluation of the experiment by experts , who typically give their opinions anonymously . Some journals request that the experimenter provide lists of possible peer reviewers , especially if the field is highly specialized . Peer review does not certify correctness of the results , only that , in the opinion of the reviewer , the experiments themselves were sound ( based on the description supplied by the experimenter ) . If the work passes peer review , which occasionally may require new experiments requested by the reviewers , it will be published in a peer - reviewed scientific journal . The specific journal that publishes the results indicates the perceived quality of the work . Data recording and sharing Scientists typically are careful in recording their data , a requirement promoted by Ludwik Fleck ( 1896 -- 1961 ) and others . Though not typically required , they might be requested to supply this data to other scientists who wish to replicate their original results ( or parts of their original results ) , extending to the sharing of any experimental samples that may be difficult to obtain . Scientific inquiry Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments . This allows scientists to gain a better understanding of the topic under study , and later to use that understanding to intervene in its causal mechanisms ( such as to cure disease ) . The better an explanation is at making predictions , the more useful it frequently can be , and the more likely it will continue to explain a body of evidence better than its alternatives . The most successful explanations -- those which explain and make accurate predictions in a wide range of circumstances -- are often called scientific theories . Most experimental results do not produce large changes in human understanding ; improvements in theoretical scientific understanding typically result from a gradual process of development over time , sometimes across different domains of science . Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long , and in their acceptance in the scientific community . In general , explanations become accepted over time as evidence accumulates on a given topic , and the explanation in question proves more powerful than its alternatives at explaining the evidence . Often subsequent researchers re-formulate the explanations over time , or combined explanations to produce new explanations . Tow sees the scientific method in terms of an evolutionary algorithm applied to science and technology . Properties of scientific inquiry Scientific knowledge is closely tied to empirical findings , and can remain subject to falsification if new experimental observation incompatible with it is found . That is , no theory can ever be considered final , since new problematic evidence might be discovered . If such evidence is found , a new theory may be proposed , or ( more commonly ) it is found that modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence . The strength of a theory can be argued to relate to how long it has persisted without major alteration to its core principles . Theories can also become subsumed by other theories . For example , Newton 's laws explained thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets almost perfectly . However , these laws were then determined to be special cases of a more general theory ( relativity ) , which explained both the ( previously unexplained ) exceptions to Newton 's laws and predicted and explained other observations such as the deflection of light by gravity . Thus , in certain cases independent , unconnected , scientific observations can be connected to each other , unified by principles of increasing explanatory power . Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them , and thus be able to explain more than previous ones , successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining a larger body of observations than their predecessors . For example , the theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth , how species adapt to their environments , and many other patterns observed in the natural world ; its most recent major modification was unification with genetics to form the modern evolutionary synthesis . In subsequent modifications , it has also subsumed aspects of many other fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology . Beliefs and biases Flying gallop as shown by this painting ( Théodore Géricault , 1821 ) is falsified ; see image below Muybridge 's photographs of The Horse in Motion , 1878 , were used to answer the question whether all four feet of a galloping horse are ever off the ground at the same time . This demonstrates a use of photography as an experimental tool in science . Scientific methodology often directs that hypotheses be tested in controlled conditions wherever possible . This is frequently possible in certain areas , such as in the biological sciences , and more difficult in other areas , such as in astronomy . The practice of experimental control and reproducibility can have the effect of diminishing the potentially harmful effects of circumstance , and to a degree , personal bias . For example , pre-existing beliefs can alter the interpretation of results , as in confirmation bias ; this is a heuristic that leads a person with a particular belief to see things as reinforcing their belief , even if another observer might disagree ( in other words , people tend to observe what they expect to observe ) . A historical example is the belief that the legs of a galloping horse are splayed at the point when none of the horse 's legs touches the ground , to the point of this image being included in paintings by its supporters . However , the first stop - action pictures of a horse 's gallop by Eadweard Muybridge showed this to be false , and that the legs are instead gathered together . Poorly attested beliefs can be believed and acted upon via a less rigorous heuristic . When a narrative is constructed its elements become easier to believe . For more on the narrative fallacy , see also Fleck 1979 , p. 27 : `` Words and ideas are originally phonetic and mental equivalences of the experiences coinciding with them ... Such proto - ideas are at first always too broad and insufficiently specialized ... Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed , it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it . '' Sometimes , these have their elements assumed a priori , or contain some other logical or methodological flaw in the process that ultimately produced them . Donald M. MacKay has analyzed these elements in terms of limits to the accuracy of measurement and has related them to instrumental elements in a category of measurement . Elements of the scientific method There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry . The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components . These methodological elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of natural sciences than social sciences . Nonetheless , the cycle of formulating hypotheses , testing and analyzing the results , and formulating new hypotheses , will resemble the cycle described below . The scientific method is an iterative , cyclical process through which information is continually revised . It is generally recognized to develop advances in knowledge through the following elements , in varying combinations or contributions : Characterizations ( observations , definitions , and measurements of the subject of inquiry ) Hypotheses ( theoretical , hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject ) Predictions ( inductive and deductive reasoning from the hypothesis or theory ) Experiments ( tests of all of the above ) Each element of the scientific method is subject to peer review for possible mistakes . These activities do not describe all that scientists do ( see below ) but apply mostly to experimental sciences ( e.g. , physics , chemistry , and biology ) . The elements above are often taught in the educational system as `` the scientific method '' . The scientific method is not a single recipe : it requires intelligence , imagination , and creativity . In this sense , it is not a mindless set of standards and procedures to follow , but is rather an ongoing cycle , constantly developing more useful , accurate and comprehensive models and methods . For example , when Einstein developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity , he did not in any way refute or discount Newton 's Principia . On the contrary , if the astronomically large , the vanishingly small , and the extremely fast are removed from Einstein 's theories -- all phenomena Newton could not have observed -- Newton 's equations are what remain . Einstein 's theories are expansions and refinements of Newton 's theories and , thus , increase confidence in Newton 's work . A linearized , pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding : Define a question Gather information and resources ( observe ) Form an explanatory hypothesis Test the hypothesis by performing an experiment and collecting data in a reproducible manner Analyze the data Interpret the data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis Publish results Retest ( frequently done by other scientists ) The iterative cycle inherent in this step - by - step method goes from point 3 to 6 back to 3 again . While this schema outlines a typical hypothesis / testing method , it should also be noted that a number of philosophers , historians , and sociologists of science , including Paul Feyerabend , claim that such descriptions of scientific method have little relation to the ways that science is actually practiced . Characterizations The scientific method depends upon increasingly sophisticated characterizations of the subjects of investigation . ( The subjects can also be called unsolved problems or the unknowns . ) For example , Benjamin Franklin conjectured , correctly , that St. Elmo 's fire was electrical in nature , but it has taken a long series of experiments and theoretical changes to establish this . While seeking the pertinent properties of the subjects , careful thought may also entail some definitions and observations ; the observations often demand careful measurements and / or counting . The systematic , careful collection of measurements or counts of relevant quantities is often the critical difference between pseudo-sciences , such as alchemy , and science , such as chemistry or biology . Scientific measurements are usually tabulated , graphed , or mapped , and statistical manipulations , such as correlation and regression , performed on them . The measurements might be made in a controlled setting , such as a laboratory , or made on more or less inaccessible or unmanipulatable objects such as stars or human populations . The measurements often require specialized scientific instruments such as thermometers , spectroscopes , particle accelerators , or voltmeters , and the progress of a scientific field is usually intimately tied to their invention and improvement . I am not accustomed to saying anything with certainty after only one or two observations . -- Andreas Vesalius , ( 1546 ) Uncertainty Measurements in scientific work are also usually accompanied by estimates of their uncertainty . The uncertainty is often estimated by making repeated measurements of the desired quantity . Uncertainties may also be calculated by consideration of the uncertainties of the individual underlying quantities used . Counts of things , such as the number of people in a nation at a particular time , may also have an uncertainty due to data collection limitations . Or counts may represent a sample of desired quantities , with an uncertainty that depends upon the sampling method used and the number of samples taken . Definition Measurements demand the use of operational definitions of relevant quantities . That is , a scientific quantity is described or defined by how it is measured , as opposed to some more vague , inexact or `` idealized '' definition . For example , electric current , measured in amperes , may be operationally defined in terms of the mass of silver deposited in a certain time on an electrode in an electrochemical device that is described in some detail . The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards : the operational definition of `` mass '' ultimately relies on the use of an artifact , such as a particular kilogram of platinum - iridium kept in a laboratory in France . The scientific definition of a term sometimes differs substantially from its natural language usage . For example , mass and weight overlap in meaning in common discourse , but have distinct meanings in mechanics . Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work . New theories are sometimes developed after realizing certain terms have not previously been sufficiently clearly defined . For example , Albert Einstein 's first paper on relativity begins by defining simultaneity and the means for determining length . These ideas were skipped over by Isaac Newton with , `` I do not define time , space , place and motion , as being well known to all . '' Einstein 's paper then demonstrates that they ( viz. , absolute time and length independent of motion ) were approximations . Francis Crick cautions us that when characterizing a subject , however , it can be premature to define something when it remains ill - understood . In Crick 's study of consciousness , he actually found it easier to study awareness in the visual system , rather than to study free will , for example . His cautionary example was the gene ; the gene was much more poorly understood before Watson and Crick 's pioneering discovery of the structure of DNA ; it would have been counterproductive to spend much time on the definition of the gene , before them . DNA - characterizations The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of the scientific method : in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description , starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel , and that DNA contained genetic information ( Oswald Avery 's transforming principle ) . But the mechanism of storing genetic information ( i.e. , genes ) in DNA was unclear . Researchers in Bragg 's laboratory at Cambridge University made X-ray diffraction pictures of various molecules , starting with crystals of salt , and proceeding to more complicated substances . Using clues painstakingly assembled over decades , beginning with its chemical composition , it was determined that it should be possible to characterize the physical structure of DNA , and the X-ray images would be the vehicle . ... 2 . DNA - hypotheses Another example : precession of Mercury Precession of the perihelion ( exaggerated ) The characterization element can require extended and extensive study , even centuries . It took thousands of years of measurements , from the Chaldean , Indian , Persian , Greek , Arabic and European astronomers , to fully record the motion of planet Earth . Newton was able to include those measurements into consequences of his laws of motion . But the perihelion of the planet Mercury 's orbit exhibits a precession that can not be fully explained by Newton 's laws of motion ( see diagram to the right ) , as Leverrier pointed out in 1859 . The observed difference for Mercury 's precession between Newtonian theory and observation was one of the things that occurred to Albert Einstein as a possible early test of his theory of General relativity . His relativistic calculations matched observation much more closely than did Newtonian theory . The difference is approximately 43 arc - seconds per century . Hypothesis development Main article : Hypothesis formation A hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon , or alternately a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between or among a set of phenomena . Normally hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model . Sometimes , but not always , they can also be formulated as existential statements , stating that some particular instance of the phenomenon being studied has some characteristic and causal explanations , which have the general form of universal statements , stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic . Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have -- their own creativity , ideas from other fields , inductive reasoning , Bayesian inference , and so on -- to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study . Charles Sanders Peirce , borrowing a page from Aristotle ( Prior Analytics , 2.25 ) described the incipient stages of inquiry , instigated by the `` irritation of doubt '' to venture a plausible guess , as abductive reasoning . The history of science is filled with stories of scientists claiming a `` flash of inspiration '' , or a hunch , which then motivated them to look for evidence to support or refute their idea . Michael Polanyi made such creativity the centerpiece of his discussion of methodology . William Glen observes that the success of a hypothesis , or its service to science , lies not simply in its perceived `` truth '' , or power to displace , subsume or reduce a predecessor idea , but perhaps more in its ability to stimulate the research that will illuminate ... bald suppositions and areas of vagueness . In general scientists tend to look for theories that are `` elegant '' or `` beautiful '' . In contrast to the usual English use of these terms , they here refer to a theory in accordance with the known facts , which is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle . Occam 's Razor serves as a rule of thumb for choosing the most desirable amongst a group of equally explanatory hypotheses . To minimize the confirmation bias which results from entertaining a single hypothesis , strong inference emphasizes the need for entertaining multiple alternative hypotheses . DNA - hypotheses Linus Pauling proposed that DNA might be a triple helix . This hypothesis was also considered by Francis Crick and James D. Watson but discarded . When Watson and Crick learned of Pauling 's hypothesis , they understood from existing data that Pauling was wrong and that Pauling would soon admit his difficulties with that structure . So , the race was on to figure out the correct structure ( except that Pauling did not realize at the time that he was in a race ) ... 3 . DNA - predictions Predictions from the hypothesis Main article : Prediction in science Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions , by reasoning including deductive reasoning . It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature . The prediction can also be statistical and deal only with probabilities . It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown . Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the hypothesis is true . If the outcome is already known , it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the hypothesis . If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience , the hypothesis is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense . A new technology or theory might make the necessary experiments feasible . For example , while a hypothesis on the existence of other intelligent species may be convincing with scientifically based speculation , there is no known experiment that can test this hypothesis . Therefore , science itself can have little to say about the possibility . In future , a new technique may allow for an experimental test and the speculation would then become part of accepted science . DNA - predictions James D. Watson , Francis Crick , and others hypothesized that DNA had a helical structure . This implied that DNA 's X-ray diffraction pattern would be ' x shaped ' . This prediction followed from the work of Cochran , Crick and Vand ( and independently by Stokes ) . The Cochran - Crick - Vand - Stokes theorem provided a mathematical explanation for the empirical observation that diffraction from helical structures produces x shaped patterns . In their first paper , Watson and Crick also noted that the double helix structure they proposed provided a simple mechanism for DNA replication , writing , `` It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material '' . ... 4 . DNA - experiments Another example : general relativity Einstein 's prediction ( 1907 ) : Light bends in a gravitational field Einstein 's theory of General Relativity makes several specific predictions about the observable structure of space - time , such as that light bends in a gravitational field , and that the amount of bending depends in a precise way on the strength of that gravitational field . Arthur Eddington 's observations made during a 1919 solar eclipse supported General Relativity rather than Newtonian gravitation . Experiments Main article : Experiment Once predictions are made , they can be sought by experiments . If the test results contradict the predictions , the hypotheses which entailed them are called into question and become less tenable . Sometimes the experiments are conducted incorrectly or are not very well designed , when compared to a crucial experiment . If the experimental results confirm the predictions , then the hypotheses are considered more likely to be correct , but might still be wrong and continue to be subject to further testing . The experimental control is a technique for dealing with observational error . This technique uses the contrast between multiple samples ( or observations ) under differing conditions to see what varies or what remains the same . We vary the conditions for each measurement , to help isolate what has changed . Mill 's canons can then help us figure out what the important factor is . Factor analysis is one technique for discovering the important factor in an effect . Depending on the predictions , the experiments can have different shapes . It could be a classical experiment in a laboratory setting , a double - blind study or an archaeological excavation . Even taking a plane from New York to Paris is an experiment which tests the aerodynamical hypotheses used for constructing the plane . Scientists assume an attitude of openness and accountability on the part of those conducting an experiment . Detailed record keeping is essential , to aid in recording and reporting on the experimental results , and supports the effectiveness and integrity of the procedure . They will also assist in reproducing the experimental results , likely by others . Traces of this approach can be seen in the work of Hipparchus ( 190 -- 120 BCE ) , when determining a value for the precession of the Earth , while controlled experiments can be seen in the works of Jābir ibn Hayyān ( 721 -- 815 CE ) , al - Battani ( 853 -- 929 ) and Alhazen ( 965 -- 1039 ) . DNA - experiments Watson and Crick showed an initial ( and incorrect ) proposal for the structure of DNA to a team from Kings College -- Rosalind Franklin , Maurice Wilkins , and Raymond Gosling. Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content . Later Watson saw Franklin 's detailed X-ray diffraction images which showed an X-shape and was able to confirm the structure was helical . This rekindled Watson and Crick 's model building and led to the correct structure ... 1 . DNA - characterizations Evaluation and improvement The scientific method is iterative . At any stage it is possible to refine its accuracy and precision , so that some consideration will lead the scientist to repeat an earlier part of the process . Failure to develop an interesting hypothesis may lead a scientist to re-define the subject under consideration . Failure of a hypothesis to produce interesting and testable predictions may lead to reconsideration of the hypothesis or of the definition of the subject . Failure of an experiment to produce interesting results may lead a scientist to reconsider the experimental method , the hypothesis , or the definition of the subject . Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage . They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own hypothesis , or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions . Often the experiment is not done by the person who made the prediction , and the characterization is based on experiments done by someone else . Published results of experiments can also serve as a hypothesis predicting their own reproducibility . DNA - iterations After considerable fruitless experimentation , being discouraged by their superior from continuing , and numerous false starts , Watson and Crick were able to infer the essential structure of DNA by concrete modeling of the physical shapes of the nucleotides which comprise it . They were guided by the bond lengths which had been deduced by Linus Pauling and by Rosalind Franklin 's X-ray diffraction images ... DNA Example Confirmation Science is a social enterprise , and scientific work tends to be accepted by the scientific community when it has been confirmed . Crucially , experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community . Researchers have given their lives for this vision ; Georg Wilhelm Richmann was killed by ball lightning ( 1753 ) when attempting to replicate the 1752 kite - flying experiment of Benjamin Franklin . To protect against bad science and fraudulent data , government research - granting agencies such as the National Science Foundation , and science journals , including Nature and Science , have a policy that researchers must archive their data and methods so that other researchers can test the data and methods and build on the research that has gone before . Scientific data archiving can be done at a number of national archives in the U.S. or in the World Data Center . Models of scientific inquiry Main article : Models of scientific inquiry Classical model The classical model of scientific inquiry derives from Aristotle , who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning , set out the threefold scheme of abductive , deductive , and inductive inference , and also treated the compound forms such as reasoning by analogy . Pragmatic model See also : Pragmatic theory of truth In 1877 , Charles Sanders Peirce ( / pɜːrs / like `` purse '' ; 1839 -- 1914 ) characterized inquiry in general not as the pursuit of truth per se but as the struggle to move from irritating , inhibitory doubts born of surprises , disagreements , and the like , and to reach a secure belief , belief being that on which one is prepared to act . He framed scientific inquiry as part of a broader spectrum and as spurred , like inquiry generally , by actual doubt , not mere verbal or hyperbolic doubt , which he held to be fruitless . He outlined four methods of settling opinion , ordered from least to most successful : The method of tenacity ( policy of sticking to initial belief ) -- which brings comforts and decisiveness but leads to trying to ignore contrary information and others ' views as if truth were intrinsically private , not public . It goes against the social impulse and easily falters since one may well notice when another 's opinion is as good as one 's own initial opinion . Its successes can shine but tend to be transitory . The method of authority -- which overcomes disagreements but sometimes brutally . Its successes can be majestic and long - lived , but it can not operate thoroughly enough to suppress doubts indefinitely , especially when people learn of other societies present and past . The method of the a priori -- which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes , arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of `` what is agreeable to reason . '' Thereby it depends on fashion in paradigms and goes in circles over time . It is more intellectual and respectable but , like the first two methods , sustains accidental and capricious beliefs , destining some minds to doubt it . The scientific method -- the method wherein inquiry regards itself as fallible and purposely tests itself and criticizes , corrects , and improves itself . Peirce held that slow , stumbling ratiocination can be dangerously inferior to instinct and traditional sentiment in practical matters , and that the scientific method is best suited to theoretical research , which in turn should not be trammeled by the other methods and practical ends ; reason 's `` first rule '' is that , in order to learn , one must desire to learn and , as a corollary , must not block the way of inquiry . The scientific method excels the others by being deliberately designed to arrive -- eventually -- at the most secure beliefs , upon which the most successful practices can be based . Starting from the idea that people seek not truth per se but instead to subdue irritating , inhibitory doubt , Peirce showed how , through the struggle , some can come to submit to truth for the sake of belief 's integrity , seek as truth the guidance of potential practice correctly to its given goal , and wed themselves to the scientific method . For Peirce , rational inquiry implies presuppositions about truth and the real ; to reason is to presuppose ( and at least to hope ) , as a principle of the reasoner 's self - regulation , that the real is discoverable and independent of our vagaries of opinion . In that vein he defined truth as the correspondence of a sign ( in particular , a proposition ) to its object and , pragmatically , not as actual consensus of some definite , finite community ( such that to inquire would be to poll the experts ) , but instead as that final opinion which all investigators would reach sooner or later but still inevitably , if they were to push investigation far enough , even when they start from different points . In tandem he defined the real as a true sign 's object ( be that object a possibility or quality , or an actuality or brute fact , or a necessity or norm or law ) , which is what it is independently of any finite community 's opinion and , pragmatically , depends only on the final opinion destined in a sufficient investigation . That is a destination as far , or near , as the truth itself to you or me or the given finite community . Thus , his theory of inquiry boils down to `` Do the science . '' Those conceptions of truth and the real involve the idea of a community both without definite limits ( and thus potentially self - correcting as far as needed ) and capable of definite increase of knowledge . As inference , `` logic is rooted in the social principle '' since it depends on a standpoint that is , in a sense , unlimited . Paying special attention to the generation of explanations , Peirce outlined the scientific method as a coordination of three kinds of inference in a purposeful cycle aimed at settling doubts , as follows ( in § III -- IV in `` A Neglected Argument '' except as otherwise noted ) : Abduction ( or retroduction ) . Guessing , inference to explanatory hypotheses for selection of those best worth trying . From abduction , Peirce distinguishes induction as inferring , on the basis of tests , the proportion of truth in the hypothesis . Every inquiry , whether into ideas , brute facts , or norms and laws , arises from surprising observations in one or more of those realms ( and for example at any stage of an inquiry already underway ) . All explanatory content of theories comes from abduction , which guesses a new or outside idea so as to account in a simple , economical way for a surprising or complicative phenomenon . Oftenest , even a well - prepared mind guesses wrong . But the modicum of success of our guesses far exceeds that of sheer luck and seems born of attunement to nature by instincts developed or inherent , especially insofar as best guesses are optimally plausible and simple in the sense , said Peirce , of the `` facile and natural '' , as by Galileo 's natural light of reason and as distinct from `` logical simplicity '' . Abduction is the most fertile but least secure mode of inference . Its general rationale is inductive : it succeeds often enough and , without it , there is no hope of sufficiently expediting inquiry ( often multi-generational ) toward new truths . Coordinative method leads from abducing a plausible hypothesis to judging it for its testability and for how its trial would economize inquiry itself . Peirce calls his pragmatism `` the logic of abduction '' . His pragmatic maxim is : `` Consider what effects that might conceivably have practical bearings you conceive the objects of your conception to have . Then , your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object '' . His pragmatism is a method of reducing conceptual confusions fruitfully by equating the meaning of any conception with the conceivable practical implications of its object 's conceived effects -- a method of experimentational mental reflection hospitable to forming hypotheses and conducive to testing them . It favors efficiency . The hypothesis , being insecure , needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and , in science , lending themselves to scientific tests . A simple but unlikely guess , if uncostly to test for falsity , may belong first in line for testing . A guess is intrinsically worth testing if it has instinctive plausibility or reasoned objective probability , while subjective likelihood , though reasoned , can be misleadingly seductive . Guesses can be chosen for trial strategically , for their caution ( for which Peirce gave as example the game of Twenty Questions ) , breadth , and incomplexity . One can hope to discover only that which time would reveal through a learner 's sufficient experience anyway , so the point is to expedite it ; the economy of research is what demands the leap , so to speak , of abduction and governs its art . Deduction . Two stages : Explication . Unclearly premissed , but deductive , analysis of the hypothesis in order to render its parts as clear as possible . Demonstration : Deductive Argumentation , Euclidean in procedure . Explicit deduction of hypothesis 's consequences as predictions , for induction to test , about evidence to be found . Corollarial or , if needed , theorematic . Induction . The long - run validity of the rule of induction is deducible from the principle ( presuppositional to reasoning in general ) that the real is only the object of the final opinion to which adequate investigation would lead ; anything to which no such process would ever lead would not be real . Induction involving ongoing tests or observations follows a method which , sufficiently persisted in , will diminish its error below any predesignate degree . Three stages : Classification . Unclearly premissed , but inductive , classing of objects of experience under general ideas . Probation : direct inductive argumentation . Crude ( the enumeration of instances ) or gradual ( new estimate of proportion of truth in the hypothesis after each test ) . Gradual induction is qualitative or quantitative ; if qualitative , then dependent on weightings of qualities or characters ; if quantitative , then dependent on measurements , or on statistics , or on countings . Sentential Induction. `` ... which , by inductive reasonings , appraises the different probations singly , then their combinations , then makes self - appraisal of these very appraisals themselves , and passes final judgment on the whole result '' . Communication and community See also : Scientific community and Scholarly communication Frequently the scientific method is employed not only by a single person , but also by several people cooperating directly or indirectly . Such cooperation can be regarded as an important element of a scientific community . Various standards of scientific methodology are used within such an environment . Peer review evaluation Scientific journals use a process of peer review , in which scientists ' manuscripts are submitted by editors of scientific journals to ( usually one to three , and usually anonymous ) fellow scientists familiar with the field for evaluation . In certain journals , the journal itself selects the referees ; while in others ( especially journals that are extremely specialized ) , the manuscript author might recommend referees . The referees may or may not recommend publication , or they might recommend publication with suggested modifications , or sometimes , publication in another journal . This standard is practiced to various degrees by different journals , and can have the effect of keeping the literature free of obvious errors and to generally improve the quality of the material , especially in the journals who use the standard most rigorously . The peer review process can have limitations when considering research outside the conventional scientific paradigm : problems of `` groupthink '' can interfere with open and fair deliberation of some new research . Documentation and replication Main article : Reproducibility Sometimes experimenters may make systematic errors during their experiments , veer from standard methods and practices ( Pathological science ) for various reasons , or , in rare cases , deliberately report false results . Occasionally because of this then , other scientists might attempt to repeat the experiments in order to duplicate the results . Archiving Researchers sometimes practice scientific data archiving , such as in compliance with the policies of government funding agencies and scientific journals . In these cases , detailed records of their experimental procedures , raw data , statistical analyses and source code can be preserved in order to provide evidence of the methodology and practice of the procedure and assist in any potential future attempts to reproduce the result . These procedural records may also assist in the conception of new experiments to test the hypothesis , and may prove useful to engineers who might examine the potential practical applications of a discovery . Data sharing When additional information is needed before a study can be reproduced , the author of the study might be asked to provide it . They might provide it , or if the author refuses to share data , appeals can be made to the journal editors who published the study or to the institution which funded the research . Limitations Since it is impossible for a scientist to record everything that took place in an experiment , facts selected for their apparent relevance are reported . This may lead , unavoidably , to problems later if some supposedly irrelevant feature is questioned . For example , Heinrich Hertz did not report the size of the room used to test Maxwell 's equations , which later turned out to account for a small deviation in the results . The problem is that parts of the theory itself need to be assumed in order to select and report the experimental conditions . The observations are hence sometimes described as being ' theory - laden ' . Dimensions of practice Further information : Rhetoric of science The primary constraints on contemporary science are : Publication , i.e. Peer review Resources ( mostly funding ) It has not always been like this : in the old days of the `` gentleman scientist '' funding ( and to a lesser extent publication ) were far weaker constraints . Both of these constraints indirectly require scientific method -- work that violates the constraints will be difficult to publish and difficult to get funded . Journals require submitted papers to conform to `` good scientific practice '' and to a degree this can be enforced by peer review . Originality , importance and interest are more important -- see for example the author guidelines for Nature . Smaldino and McElreath 2016 have noted that our need to reward scientific understanding is being nullified by poor research design and poor data analysis , which is leading to false - positive findings . Philosophy and sociology of science See also : Philosophy of science and Sociology of science Philosophy of science looks at the underpinning logic of the scientific method , at what separates science from non-science , and the ethic that is implicit in science . There are basic assumptions , derived from philosophy by at least one prominent scientist , that form the base of the scientific method -- namely , that reality is objective and consistent , that humans have the capacity to perceive reality accurately , and that rational explanations exist for elements of the real world . These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded . Logical Positivist , empiricist , falsificationist , and other theories have criticized these assumptions and given alternative accounts of the logic of science , but each has also itself been criticized . More generally , the scientific method can be recognized as an idealization . Thomas Kuhn examined the history of science in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , and found that the actual method used by scientists differed dramatically from the then - espoused method . His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures . Norwood Russell Hanson , Imre Lakatos and Thomas Kuhn have done extensive work on the `` theory laden '' character of observation . Hanson ( 1958 ) first coined the term for the idea that all observation is dependent on the conceptual framework of the observer , using the concept of gestalt to show how preconceptions can affect both observation and description . He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique , and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a `` different '' sun rise despite the same physiological phenomenon . Kuhn and Feyerabend acknowledge the pioneering significance of his work . Kuhn ( 1961 ) said the scientist generally has a theory in mind before designing and undertaking experiments so as to make empirical observations , and that the `` route from theory to measurement can almost never be traveled backward '' . This implies that the way in which theory is tested is dictated by the nature of the theory itself , which led Kuhn ( 1961 , p. 166 ) to argue that `` once it has been adopted by a profession ... no theory is recognized to be testable by any quantitative tests that it has not already passed '' . Paul Feyerabend similarly examined the history of science , and was led to deny that science is genuinely a methodological process . In his book Against Method he argues that scientific progress is not the result of applying any particular method . In essence , he says that for any specific method or norm of science , one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science . Thus , if believers in scientific method wish to express a single universally valid rule , Feyerabend jokingly suggests , it should be ' anything goes ' . Criticisms such as his led to the strong programme , a radical approach to the sociology of science . The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy . This ongoing debate , known as the science wars , is the result of conflicting values and assumptions between the postmodernist and realist camps . Whereas postmodernists assert that scientific knowledge is simply another discourse ( note that this term has special meaning in this context ) and not representative of any form of fundamental truth , realists in the scientific community maintain that scientific knowledge does reveal real and fundamental truths about reality . Many books have been written by scientists which take on this problem and challenge the assertions of the postmodernists while defending science as a legitimate method of deriving truth . Role of chance in discovery Main article : Role of chance in scientific discoveries Somewhere between 33 % and 50 % of all scientific discoveries are estimated to have been stumbled upon , rather than sought out . This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky . Louis Pasteur is credited with the famous saying that `` Luck favours the prepared mind '' , but some psychologists have begun to study what it means to be ' prepared for luck ' in the scientific context . Research is showing that scientists are taught various heuristics that tend to harness chance and the unexpected . This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls `` Anti-fragility '' ; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error , human bias , and randomness , the scientific method is more than resistant or tough -- it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways ( it is anti-fragile ) . Taleb believes that the more anti-fragile the system , the more it will flourish in the real world . Psychologist Kevin Dunbar says the process of discovery often starts with researchers finding bugs in their experiments . These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method . Eventually , the researcher decides the error is too persistent and systematic to be a coincidence . The highly controlled , cautious and curious aspects of the scientific method are thus what make it well suited for identifying such persistent systematic errors . At this point , the researcher will begin to think of theoretical explanations for the error , often seeking the help of colleagues across different domains of expertise . History Main article : History of scientific method See also : Timeline of the history of scientific method Aristotle , 384 -- 322 BCE . `` As regards his method , Aristotle is recognized as the inventor of scientific method because of his refined analysis of logical implications contained in demonstrative discourse , which goes well beyond natural logic and does not owe anything to the ones who philosophized before him . '' -- Riccardo Pozzo The methodology of scientific inquiry is closely intertwined with the history of science itself . The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward ; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science , and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of one or another approach to establishing scientific knowledge . Despite the disagreements about approaches , scientific method has advanced in definite steps . Rationalist explanations of nature , including atomism , appeared both in ancient Greece in the thought of Leucippus and Democritus , and in ancient India , in the Nyaya , Vaisesika and Buddhist schools , while Charvaka materialism rejected inference as a source of knowledge in favour of an empiricism that was always subject to doubt . Aristotle pioneered scientific method in ancient Greece alongside his empirical biology and his work on logic , rejecting a purely deductive framework in favour of teleology - based generalisations about nature . Important debates in the history of scientific method concern rationalism , especially as advocated by René Descartes ; inductivism and / or empiricism , as argued for by Francis Bacon , and rising to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers ; and hypothetico - deductivism , which came to the fore in the early 19th century . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , a debate over realism vs. antirealism was conducted as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable , while in the mid-20th century , prominent philosophers such as Paul Feyerabend argued against any universal rules of science at all . Relationship with mathematics Science is the process of gathering , comparing , and evaluating proposed models against observables . A model can be a simulation , mathematical or chemical formula , or set of proposed steps . Science is like mathematics in that researchers in both disciplines try to distinguish what is known from what is unknown at each stage of discovery . Models , in both science and mathematics , need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable ( capable of disproof ) . In mathematics , a statement need not yet be proven ; at such a stage , that statement would be called a conjecture . But when a statement has attained mathematical proof , that statement gains a kind of immortality which is highly prized by mathematicians , and for which some mathematicians devote their lives . Mathematical work and scientific work can inspire each other . For example , the technical concept of time arose in science , and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic . But today , the Poincaré conjecture has been proven using time as a mathematical concept in which objects can flow ( see Ricci flow ) . Nevertheless , the connection between mathematics and reality ( and so science to the extent it describes reality ) remains obscure . Eugene Wigner 's paper , The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences , is a very well known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize - winning physicist . In fact , some observers ( including some well known mathematicians such as Gregory Chaitin , and others such as Lakoff and Núñez ) have suggested that mathematics is the result of practitioner bias and human limitation ( including cultural ones ) , somewhat like the post-modernist view of science . George Pólya 's work on problem solving , the construction of mathematical proofs , and heuristic show that the mathematical method and the scientific method differ in detail , while nevertheless resembling each other in using iterative or recursive steps . Mathematical method Scientific method Understanding Characterization from experience and observation Analysis Hypothesis : a proposed explanation Synthesis Deduction : prediction from the hypothesis Review / Extend Test and experiment In Pólya 's view , understanding involves restating unfamiliar definitions in your own words , resorting to geometrical figures , and questioning what we know and do not know already ; analysis , which Pólya takes from Pappus , involves free and heuristic construction of plausible arguments , working backward from the goal , and devising a plan for constructing the proof ; synthesis is the strict Euclidean exposition of step - by - step details of the proof ; review involves reconsidering and re-examining the result and the path taken to it . Gauss , when asked how he came about his theorems , once replied `` durch planmässiges Tattonieren '' ( through systematic palpable experimentation ) . Imre Lakatos argued that mathematicians actually use contradiction , criticism and revision as principles for improving their work . In like manner to science , where truth is sought , but certainty is not found , in Proofs and refutations ( 1976 ) , what Lakatos tried to establish was that no theorem of informal mathematics is final or perfect . This means that we should not think that a theorem is ultimately true , only that no counterexample has yet been found . Once a counterexample , i.e. an entity contradicting / not explained by the theorem is found , we adjust the theorem , possibly extending the domain of its validity . This is a continuous way our knowledge accumulates , through the logic and process of proofs and refutations . ( If axioms are given for a branch of mathematics , however , Lakatos claimed that proofs from those axioms were tautological , i.e. logically true , by rewriting them , as did Poincaré ( Proofs and Refutations , 1976 ) . ) Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on Polya 's idea of heuristics . In Proofs and Refutations , Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures . He thought that mathematical ' thought experiments ' are a valid way to discover mathematical conjectures and proofs . Relationship with statistics The scientific method has been extremely successful in bringing the world out of medieval thinking , especially once it was combined with industrial processes . However , when the scientific method employs statistics as part of its arsenal , there are mathematical and practical issues that can have a deleterious effect on the reliability of the output of scientific methods . This is described in a popular 2005 scientific paper `` Why Most Published Research Findings Are False '' by John Ioannidis . The particular points raised are statistical ( `` The smaller the studies conducted in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The greater the flexibility in designs , definitions , outcomes , and analytical modes in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) and economical ( `` The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field , the less likely the research findings are to be true '' and `` The hotter a scientific field ( with more scientific teams involved ) , the less likely the research findings are to be true . '' ) Hence : `` Most research findings are false for most research designs and for most fields '' and `` As shown , the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre - and poststudy probability for true findings . '' However : `` Nevertheless , most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis - generating research with low or very low pre-study odds , '' which means that * new * discoveries will come from research that , when that research started , had low or very low odds ( a low or very low chance ) of succeeding . Hence , if the scientific method is used to expand the frontiers of knowledge , research into areas that are outside the mainstream will yield most new discoveries . See also Armchair theorizing Contingency Empirical limits in science Evidence - based medicine Fuzzy logic Information theory Logic Historical method Philosophical methodology Scholarly method Methodology Operationalization Quantitative research Replication crisis Social research Strong inference Testability Verificationism Problems and issues Holism in science Junk science List of cognitive biases Normative science Philosophical skepticism Poverty of the stimulus Problem of induction Reference class problem Skeptical hypotheses Underdetermination History , philosophy , sociology Epistemology Epistemic truth Mertonian norms Normal science Post-normal science Science studies Sociology of scientific knowledge Notes Jump up ^ `` scientific method '' , Oxford Dictionaries : British and World English , 2016 , retrieved 28 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Scientific Method is a process used to design and perform experiments . It helps to minimize experimental errors and bias , and increase confidence in the accuracy of your results . '' -- The Scientific Method by Science Made Simple . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved November 08 , 2016 , from http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html Jump up ^ Understanding Science : How Science Really Works . Misconceptions about science Fair tests , a do it yourself guide Jump up ^ Garland , Jr. , Theodore ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` The Scientific Method as an Ongoing Process '' . UC Riverside . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1908 ) . A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God . 7 . Wikisource . pp. 90 -- 112 . with added notes . Reprinted with previously unpublished part , Collected Papers v. 6 , paragraphs 452 -- 85 , The Essential Peirce v. 2 , pp. 434 -- 50 , and elsewhere . Jump up ^ See , for example , Galileo 1638 . His thought experiments disprove Aristotle 's physics of falling bodies , in Two New Sciences . Jump up ^ Popper 1959 , p. 273 ^ Jump up to : Karl R. Popper , Conjectures and Refutations : The Growth of Scientific Knowledge , Routledge , 2003 ISBN 0 - 415 - 28594 - 1 Jump up ^ Gauch , Hugh G. ( 2003 ) . Scientific Method in Practice ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780521017084 . The scientific method ' is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps , ' rather than being seen for what it truly is , ' a highly variable and creative process ' ( AAAS 2000 : 18 ) . The claim here is that science has general principles that must be mastered to increase productivity and enhance perspective , not that these principles provide a simple and automated sequence of steps to follow . ^ Jump up to : Gauch 2003 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : William Whewell , History of Inductive Science ( 1837 ) , and in Philosophy of Inductive Science ( 1840 ) Jump up ^ Smolin , Lee . `` There is No Scientific Method '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nola , Robert ; Sankey , Howard ( 2001 ) . `` Chapter 1 : A Selective Survey of Theories of Scientific Method '' . In Nola , Robert ; Sankey , Howard . After Popper , Kuhn and Feyerabend . Recent Issues in Theories of Scientific Method . Kluwer . p. 1 . ISBN 1402002467 . Jump up ^ Jim Al - Khalili ( 4 January 2009 ) . `` The ' first true scientist ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Tracey Tokuhama - Espinosa ( 2010 ) . Mind , Brain , and Education Science : A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain - Based Teaching . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 39 . ISBN 9780393706079 . Alhazen ( or Al - Haytham ; 965 -- 1039 CE ) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance ( 7th -- 13th centuries ) . He made significant contributions to anatomy , astronomy , engineering , mathematics , medicine , ophthalmology , philosophy , physics , psychology , and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method , for which author Bradley Steffens ( 2006 ) describes him as the `` first scientist '' . Jump up ^ Peirce , C.S. , Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraph 74 . Jump up ^ Albert Einstein , `` On the Method of Theoretical Physics '' , in Essays in Science ( Dover , 2009 ( 1934 ) ) , pp. 12 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` The thesis of this book , as set forth in Chapter One , is that there are general principles applicable to all the sciences . '' __ Gauch 2003 , p. xv ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1877 ) . The Fixation of Belief. 12 . Wikisource . pp. 1 -- 15 ... Jump up ^ Gauch 2003 , p. 1 The scientific method can function in the same way ; This is the principle of noncontradiction . Jump up ^ Francis Bacon ( 1629 ) New Organon , lists 4 types of error : Idols of the tribe ( error due to the entire human race ) , the cave ( errors due to an individual 's own intellect ) , the marketplace ( errors due to false words ) , and the theater ( errors due to incredulous acceptance ) . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , C.S. , Collected Papers v. 5 , in paragraph 582 , from 1898 : ... ( rational ) inquiry of every type , fully carried out , has the vital power of self - correction and of growth . This is a property so deeply saturating its inmost nature that it may truly be said that there is but one thing needful for learning the truth , and that is a hearty and active desire to learn what is true . ^ Jump up to : Taleb contributes a brief description of anti-fragility , http://www.edge.org/q2011/q11_3.html Jump up ^ For example , the concept of falsification ( first proposed in 1934 ) formalizes the attempt to disprove hypotheses rather than prove them . Karl R. Popper ( 1963 ) , ' The Logic of Scientific Discovery ' . The Logic of Scientific Discovery pp. 17 -- 20 , 249 -- 52 , 437 -- 38 , and elsewhere . Leon Lederman , for teaching physics first , illustrates how to avoid confirmation bias : Ian Shelton , in Chile , was initially skeptical that supernova 1987a was real , but possibly an artifact of instrumentation ( null hypothesis ) , so he went outside and disproved his null hypothesis by observing SN 1987a with the naked eye . The Kamiokande experiment , in Japan , independently observed neutrinos from SN 1987a at the same time . Jump up ^ Lindberg 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 : `` There is a danger that must be avoided ... If we wish to do justice to the historical enterprise , we must take the past for what it was . And that means we must resist the temptation to scour the past for examples or precursors of modern science ... My concern will be with the beginnings of scientific theories , the methods by which they were formulated , and the uses to which they were put ; ... '' Jump up ^ `` How does light travel through transparent bodies ? Light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only ... We have explained this exhaustively in our Book of Optics . But let us now mention something to prove this convincingly : the fact that light travels in straight lines is clearly observed in the lights which enter into dark rooms through holes ... ( T ) he entering light will be clearly observable in the dust which fills the air . -- Alhazen , Treatise on Light ( رسالة في الضوء ) , translated into English from German by M. Schwarz , from `` Abhandlung über das Licht '' , J. Baarmann ( editor and translator from Arabic to German , 1882 ) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Vol 36 as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 136 . He demonstrated his conjecture that `` light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only '' by placing a straight stick or a taut thread next to the light beam , as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 136 to prove that light travels in a straight line . David Hockney , ( 2001 , 2006 ) in Secret Knowledge : rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters ISBN 0 - 14 - 200512 - 6 ( expanded edition ) cites Alhazen several times as the likely source for the portraiture technique using the camera obscura , which Hockney rediscovered with the aid of an optical suggestion from Charles M. Falco . Kitab al - Manazir , which is Alhazen 's Book of Optics , at that time denoted Opticae Thesaurus , Alhazen Arabis , was translated from Arabic into Latin for European use as early as 1270 . Hockney cites Friedrich Risner 's 1572 Basle edition of Opticae Thesaurus . Hockney quotes Alhazen as the first clear description of the camera obscura in Hockney , p. 240 . `` Truth is sought for its own sake . And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in other things . Finding the truth is difficult , and the road to it is rough . '' -- Alhazen ( Ibn Al - Haytham 965 -- c. 1040 ) Critique of Ptolemy , translated by S. Pines , Actes X Congrès internationale d'histoire des sciences , Vol I Ithaca 1962 , as quoted in Sambursky 1974 , p. 139 . ( This quotation is from Alhazen 's critique of Ptolemy 's books Almagest , Planetary Hypotheses , and Optics as translated into English by A. Mark Smith . ) Jump up ^ Galilei , Galileo ( 1638 ) , Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche , intorno a due nuoue scienze , Leida : Apresso gli Elsevirri , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60099 - 8 , Dover reprint of the 1914 Macmillan translation by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio of Two New Sciences , Galileo Galilei Linceo ( 1638 ) . Additional publication information is from the collection of first editions of the Library of Congress surveyed by Bruno 1989 , pp. 261 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Godfrey - Smith 2003 p. 236 . Jump up ^ Schuster and Powers ( 2005 ) , Translational and Experimental Clinical Research , Ch. 1 . Link . This chapter also discusses the different types of research questions and how they are produced . Jump up ^ This phrasing is attributed to Marshall Nirenberg . Jump up ^ Note : for a discussion of multiple hypotheses , see Bayesian inference # Informal ^ Jump up to : McCarty1985 Jump up ^ October 1951 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 40 : `` That 's what a helix should look like ! '' Crick exclaimed in delight ( This is the Cochran - Crick - Vand - Stokes theory of the transform of a helix ) . Jump up ^ June 1952 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 43 : Watson had succeeded in getting X-ray pictures of TMV showing a diffraction pattern consistent with the transform of a helix . ^ Jump up to : Watson did enough work on Tobacco mosaic virus to produce the diffraction pattern for a helix , per Crick 's work on the transform of a helix . pp. 137 -- 38 , Horace Freeland Judson ( 1979 ) The Eighth Day of Creation ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 ^ Jump up to : -- Cochran W , Crick FHC and Vand V. ( 1952 ) `` The Structure of Synthetic Polypeptides . I . The Transform of Atoms on a Helix '' , Acta Crystallogr. , 5 , 581 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Friday , January 30 , 1953 . Tea time , as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 52 : Franklin confronts Watson and his paper -- `` Of course it ( Pauling 's pre-print ) is wrong . DNA is not a helix . '' However , Watson then visits Wilkins ' office , sees photo 51 , and immediately recognizes the diffraction pattern of a helical structure . But additional questions remained , requiring additional iterations of their research . For example , the number of strands in the backbone of the helix ( Crick suspected 2 strands , but cautioned Watson to examine that more critically ) , the location of the base pairs ( inside the backbone or outside the backbone ) , etc . One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis , but to build a physical model . ^ Jump up to : `` The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race . '' -- Watson 1968 , p. 167 Page 168 shows the X-shaped pattern of the B - form of DNA , clearly indicating crucial details of its helical structure to Watson and Crick . McElheny 2004 p. 52 dates the Franklin - Watson confrontation as Friday , January 30 , 1953 . Later that evening , Watson urges Wilkins to begin model - building immediately . But Wilkins agrees to do so only after Franklin 's departure . ^ Jump up to : Saturday , February 28 , 1953 , as noted in McElheny 2004 , pp. 57 -- 59 : Watson found the base pairing mechanism which explained Chargaff 's rules using his cardboard models . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei ( 1638 ) Two new sciences Jump up ^ Reconstruction of Galileo Galilei 's experiment -- the inclined plane Jump up ^ In Two new sciences , there are three ' reviewers ' : Simplicio , Sagredo , and Salviati , who serve as foil , antagonist , and protagonist . Galileo speaks for himself only briefly . But note that Einstein 's 1905 papers were not peer reviewed before their publication . Jump up ^ Fleck 1979 , pp. xxvii -- xxviii Jump up ^ `` NIH Data Sharing Policy . '' Jump up ^ Stanovich , Keith E. ( 2007 ) . How to Think Straight About Psychology . Boston : Pearson Education . p. 123 Jump up ^ Tow , David Hunter ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . The Future of Life : A Unified Theory of Evolution . Future of Life Series . Future of Life Media ( published 2010 ) . p. 262 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . On further examination however , the scientific method bears a striking similarity to the larger process of evolution itself . ( ... ) Of great significance is the evolutionary algorithm , which uses a simplified subset of the process of natural evolution applied to find the solution to problems that are too complex to solve by traditional analytic methods . In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis , or discarding it altogether to find a better model . ( ... ) The evolutionary algorithm is a technique derived from the evolution of knowledge processing applied within the context of science and technology , itself an outcome of evolution . The scientific method continues to evolve through adaptive reward , trial and error and application of the method to itself . ^ Jump up to : Brody 1993 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Hall , B.K. ; Hallgrímsson , B. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Strickberger 's Evolution ( 4th ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0066 - 5 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cracraft , J. ; Donoghue , M.J. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Assembling the tree of life . Oxford University Press . p. 592 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Needham & Wang 1954 p. 166 shows how the ' flying gallop ' image propagated from China to the West . Jump up ^ `` A myth is a belief given uncritical acceptance by members of a group ... '' -- Weiss , Business Ethics p. 15 , as cited by Ronald R. Sims ( 2003 ) Ethics and corporate social responsibility : why giants fall p. 21 Jump up ^ Imre Lakatos ( 1976 ) , Proofs and Refutations . Taleb 2007 , p. 72 lists ways to avoid the narrative fallacy and confirmation bias . Jump up ^ The scientific method requires testing and validation a posteriori before ideas are accepted . `` Invariably one came up against fundamental physical limits to the accuracy of measurement ... The art of physical measurement seemed to be a matter of compromise , of choosing between reciprocally related uncertainties ... Multiplying together the conjugate pairs of uncertainty limits mentioned , however , I found that they formed invariant products of not one but two distinct kinds ... The first group of limits were calculable a priori from a specification of the instrument . The second group could be calculated only a posteriori from a specification of what was done with the instrument ... In the first case each unit ( of information ) would add one additional dimension ( conceptual category ) , whereas in the second each unit would add one additional atomic fact . '' , pp. 1 -- 4 : MacKay , Donald M. ( 1969 ) , Information , Mechanism , and Meaning , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 63 - 032 - X Jump up ^ Godfrey - Smith , Peter ( 2009 ) . Theory and Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226300627 . Jump up ^ Brody , Thomas A. ( 1993 ) . The Philosophy Behind Physics . Berlin ; New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 9783540559146 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 2012 ) . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ( 50th Anniversary ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226458113 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Galison , Peter ( 1987 ) . How Experiments End . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226279154 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ In the inquiry - based education paradigm , the stage of `` characterization , observation , definition , ... '' is more briefly summed up under the rubric of a Question Jump up ^ `` To raise new questions , new possibilities , to regard old problems from a new angle , requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science . '' -- Einstein & Infeld 1938 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Crawford S , Stucki L ( 1990 ) , `` Peer review and the changing research record '' , `` J Am Soc Info Science '' , vol. 41 , pp. 223 -- 28 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Gauch 2003 , esp . chapters 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Andreas Vesalius , Epistola , Rationem , Modumque Propinandi Radicis Chynae Decocti ( 1546 ) , 141 . Quoted and translated in C.D. O'Malley , Andreas Vesalius of Brussels , ( 1964 ) , 116 . As quoted by Bynum & Porter 2005 , p. 597 : Andreas Vesalius , 597 # 1 . Jump up ^ Crick , Francis ( 1994 ) , The Astonishing Hypothesis ISBN 0 - 684 - 19431 - 7 p. 20 Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 34 Jump up ^ Glen 1994 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ John R. Platt ( 16 October 1964 ) Strong Inference Science vol 146 ( 3642 ) p. 347 doi : 10.1126 / science. 146.3642. 347 Jump up ^ `` The structure that we propose is a three - chain structure , each chain being a helix '' -- Linus Pauling , as quoted on p. 157 by Horace Freeland Judson ( 1979 ) , The Eighth Day of Creation ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 , pp. 49 -- 50 : January 28 , 1953 -- Watson read Pauling 's pre-print , and realized that in Pauling 's model , DNA 's phosphate groups had to be un-ionized . But DNA is an acid , which contradicts Pauling 's model . Jump up ^ June 1952 . as noted in McElheny 2004 , p. 43 : Watson had succeeded in getting X-ray pictures of TMV showing a diffraction pattern consistent with the transform of a helix . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 68 : Nature April 25 , 1953 . Jump up ^ In March 1917 , the Royal Astronomical Society announced that on May 29 , 1919 , the occasion of a total eclipse of the sun would afford favorable conditions for testing Einstein 's General theory of relativity . One expedition , to Sobral , Ceará , Brazil , and Eddington 's expedition to the island of Principe yielded a set of photographs , which , when compared to photographs taken at Sobral and at Greenwich Observatory showed that the deviation of light was measured to be 1.69 arc - seconds , as compared to Einstein 's desk prediction of 1.75 arc - seconds . -- Antonina Vallentin ( 1954 ) , Einstein , as quoted by Samuel Rapport and Helen Wright ( 1965 ) , Physics , New York : Washington Square Press , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart , `` A System of Logic '' , University Press of the Pacific , Honolulu , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 4102 - 0252 - 6 . Jump up ^ al - Battani , De Motu Stellarum translation from Arabic to Latin in 1116 , as cited by `` Battani , al - '' ( c. 858 -- 929 ) Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th . ed . Al - Battani is known for his accurate observations at al - Raqqah in Syria , beginning in 877 . His work includes measurement of the annual precession of the equinoxes . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 53 : The weekend ( January 31 -- February 1 ) after seeing photo 51 , Watson informed Bragg of the X-ray diffraction image of DNA in B form . Bragg gave them permission to restart their research on DNA ( that is , model building ) . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 54 : On Sunday February 8 , 1953 , Maurice Wilkes gave Watson and Crick permission to work on models , as Wilkes would not be building models until Franklin left DNA research . Jump up ^ McElheny 2004 p. 56 : Jerry Donohue , on sabbatical from Pauling 's lab and visiting Cambridge , advises Watson that textbook form of the base pairs was incorrect for DNA base pairs ; rather , the keto form of the base pairs should be used instead . This form allowed the bases ' hydrogen bonds to pair ' unlike ' with ' unlike ' , rather than to pair ' like ' with ' like ' , as Watson was inclined to model , on the basis of the textbook statements . On February 27 , 1953 , Watson was convinced enough to make cardboard models of the nucleotides in their keto form . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly I became aware that an adenine - thymine pair held together by two hydrogen bonds was identical in shape to a guanine - cytosine pair held together by at least two hydrogen bonds ... '' -- Watson 1968 , pp. 194 -- 97 . McElheny 2004 p. 57 Saturday , February 28 , 1953 , Watson tried ' like with like ' and admitted these base pairs did n't have hydrogen bonds that line up . But after trying ' unlike with unlike ' , and getting Jerry Donohue 's approval , the base pairs turned out to be identical in shape ( as Watson stated above in his 1968 Double Helix memoir quoted above ) . Watson now felt confident enough to inform Crick . ( Of course , ' unlike with unlike ' increases the number of possible codons , if this scheme were a genetic code . ) Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Physics Today , 59 ( 1 ) , p. 42 . Richmann electrocuted in St. Petersburg ( 1753 ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , `` Prior Analytics '' , Hugh Tredennick ( trans . ) , pp. 181 -- 531 in Aristotle , Volume 1 , Loeb Classical Library , William Heinemann , London , UK , 1938 . Jump up ^ `` What one does not in the least doubt one should not pretend to doubt ; but a man should train himself to doubt , '' said Peirce in a brief intellectual autobiography ; see Ketner , Kenneth Laine ( 2009 ) `` Charles Sanders Peirce : Interdisciplinary Scientist '' in The Logic of Interdisciplinarity ) . Peirce held that actual , genuine doubt originates externally , usually in surprise , but also that it is to be sought and cultivated , `` provided only that it be the weighty and noble metal itself , and no counterfeit nor paper substitute '' ; in `` Issues of Pragmaticism '' , The Monist , v. XV , n . 4 , pp. 481 -- 99 , see p. 484 , and p. 491 . ( Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 438 -- 63 , see 443 and 451 ) . Jump up ^ But see Scientific method and religion . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1898 ) , `` Philosophy and the Conduct of Life '' , Lecture 1 of the Cambridge ( MA ) Conferences Lectures , published in Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraphs 616 -- 48 in part and in Reasoning and the Logic of Things , Ketner ( ed. , intro . ) and Putnam ( intro. , comm . ) , pp. 105 -- 22 , reprinted in Essential Peirce v. 2 , pp. 27 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` ... in order to learn , one must desire to learn ... '' -- Peirce ( 1899 ) , `` F.R.L. '' ( First Rule of Logic ) , Collected Papers v. 1 , paragraphs 135 -- 40 , `` Eprint '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Peirce , Charles Sanders ( 1877 ) . How to Make Our Ideas Clear. 12 . Wikisource . pp. 286 -- 302 wslink = = How to Make Our Ideas Clear . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1868 ) , `` Some Consequences of Four Incapacities '' , Journal of Speculative Philosophy v. 2 , n . 3 , pp. 140 -- 57 . Reprinted Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 264 -- 317 , The Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 28 -- 55 , and elsewhere . Arisbe Eprint Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1878 ) , `` The Doctrine of Chances '' , Popular Science Monthly v. 12 , pp. 604 -- 15 , see pp. 610 -- 11 via Internet Archive . Reprinted Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 645 -- 68 , Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 142 -- 54 . `` ... death makes the number of our risks , the number of our inferences , finite , and so makes their mean result uncertain . The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great ... logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited ... Logic is rooted in the social principle . '' Jump up ^ Peirce ( c. 1906 ) , `` PAP ( Prolegomena for an Apology to Pragmatism ) '' ( Manuscript 293 , not the like - named article ) , The New Elements of Mathematics ( NEM ) 4 : 319 -- 20 , see first quote under `` Abduction '' at Commens Dictionary of Peirce 's Terms . Jump up ^ Peirce , Carnegie application ( L75 , 1902 ) , New Elements of Mathematics v. 4 , pp. 37 -- 38 : For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one . Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically . But among justifiable hypotheses we have to select that one which is suitable for being tested by experiment . ^ Jump up to : Peirce ( 1902 ) , Carnegie application , see MS L75. 329330 , from Draft D of Memoir 27 : Consequently , to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later , if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery . Consequently , the art of discovery is purely a question of economics . The economics of research is , so far as logic is concerned , the leading doctrine with reference to the art of discovery . Consequently , the conduct of abduction , which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic , is to be governed by economical considerations . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1903 ) , `` Pragmatism -- The Logic of Abduction '' , Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 195 -- 205 , especially 196 . Eprint . Jump up ^ Peirce , `` On the Logic of Drawing Ancient History from Documents '' , Essential Peirce v. 2 , see pp. 107 -- 09 . On Twenty Questions , p. 109 : Thus , twenty skillful hypotheses will ascertain what 200,000 stupid ones might fail to do . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1878 ) , `` The Probability of Induction '' , Popular Science Monthly , v. 12 , pp. 705 -- 18 , see 718 Google Books ; 718 via Internet Archive . Reprinted often , including ( Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 669 -- 93 ) , ( The Essential Peirce v. 1 , pp. 155 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Peirce ( 1905 draft `` G '' of `` A Neglected Argument '' ) , `` Crude , Quantitative , and Qualitative Induction '' , Collected Papers v. 2 , paragraphs 755 -- 60 , see 759 . Find under `` Induction '' at Commens Dictionary of Peirce 's Terms . Jump up ^ . Brown , C. ( 2005 ) Overcoming Barriers to Use of Promising Research Among Elite Middle East Policy Groups , Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality , Select Press . Jump up ^ Smaldino , PE ; McElreath , R. ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) . `` The natural selection of bad science '' . R. Soc . Open Sci. 3 ( 9 ) : 160384 . arXiv : 1605.09511 . Bibcode : 2016RSOS ... 360384S . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160384 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1936 , 1956 ) One may say `` the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility . '' From the article `` Physics and Reality '' ( 1936 ) , reprinted in Out of My Later Years ( 1956 ) . ' It is one of the great realizations of Immanuel Kant that the setting up of a real external world would be senseless without this comprehensibility . ' Jump up ^ Thurs , Daniel P. ( 2015 ) , `` That the scientific method accurately reflects what scientists actually do '' , in Numbers , Ronald L. ; Kampourakis , Kostas , Newton 's Apple and Other Myths about Science , Harvard University Press , pp. 210 -- 18 , ISBN 9780674915473 Jump up ^ Hanson , Norwood ( 1958 ) , Patterns of Discovery , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 05197 - 5 Jump up ^ Kuhn 1962 , p. 113 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4432 - 5544 - 8 Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Paul K ( 1960 ) `` Patterns of Discovery '' The Philosophical Review ( 1960 ) vol. 69 ( 2 ) pp. 247 -- 52 Jump up ^ Kuhn , Thomas S. , `` The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science '' , ISIS 52 ( 2 ) , 161 -- 93 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Feyerabend , Paul K. , Against Method , Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge , 1st published , 1975 . Reprinted , Verso , London , UK , 1978 . Jump up ^ Higher Superstition : The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science , The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1997 Fashionable Nonsense : Postmodern Intellectuals ' Abuse of Science , Picador ; 1st Picador USA Pbk . Ed edition , 1999 The Sokal Hoax : The Sham That Shook the Academy , University of Nebraska Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7995 - 7 A House Built on Sand : Exposing Postmodernist Myths About Science , Oxford University Press , 2000 Intellectual Impostures , Economist Books , 2003 ^ Jump up to : Dunbar , K. , & Fugelsang , J. ( 2005 ) . Causal thinking in science : How scientists and students interpret the unexpected . In M.E. Gorman , R.D. Tweney , D. Gooding & A. Kincannon ( Eds . ) , Scientific and Technical Thinking ( pp. 57 -- 79 ) . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , J.E. ( 1991 ) Ch2. of The incomplete guide to the art of discovery . New York : NY , Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Riccardo Pozzo ( 2004 ) The impact of Aristotelianism on modern philosophy . CUA Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 1347 - 9 Jump up ^ Achinstein , Peter ( 2004 ) . General Introduction . Science Rules : A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7943 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` When we are working intensively , we feel keenly the progress of our work ; we are elated when our progress is rapid , we are depressed when it is slow . '' -- the mathematician Pólya 1957 , p. 131 in the section on ' Modern heuristic ' . Jump up ^ `` Philosophy ( i.e. , physics ) is written in this grand book -- I mean the universe -- which stands continually open to our gaze , but it can not be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and interpret the characters in which it is written . It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometrical figures , without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it ; without these , one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth . '' -- Galileo Galilei , Il Saggiatore ( The Assayer , 1623 ) , as translated by Stillman Drake ( 1957 ) , Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237 -- 38 , as quoted by di Francia 1981 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 2nd ed . Jump up ^ George Pólya ( 1954 ) , Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Volume I : Induction and Analogy in Mathematics , Jump up ^ George Pólya ( 1954 ) , Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Volume II : Patterns of Plausible Reasoning . Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Pólya 1957 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Mackay 1991 p. 100 Jump up ^ See the development , by generations of mathematicians , of Euler 's formula for polyhedra as documented by Lakatos , Imre ( 1976 ) , Proofs and refutations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29038 - 4 Jump up ^ Lakatos , Imre ( Worrall & Zahar , eds. 1976 ) Proofs and Refutations , p. 55 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ; Luther Earle Birdzell ; Mitchell , Glenn William . How the West grew Rich . Popular Prakashan , 1986 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ioannidis , John P.A. ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Why Most Published Research Findings Are False '' . PLoS Medicine . 2 ( 8 ) : e124 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 0020124 . ISSN 1549 - 1277 . PMC 1182327 . PMID 16060722 . References Born , Max ( 1949 ) , Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance , Peter Smith , also published by Dover , 1964 . From the Waynflete Lectures , 1948 . On the web . N.B. : the web version does not have the 3 addenda by Born , 1950 , 1964 , in which he notes that all knowledge is subjective . Born then proposes a solution in Appendix 3 ( 1964 ) Brody , Thomas A. ( 1993 ) , The Philosophy Behind Physics , Springer Verlag , ISBN 0 - 387 - 55914 - 0 . ( Luis de la Peña and Peter E. Hodgson , eds . ) Bruno , Leonard C. ( 1989 ) , The Landmarks of Science , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2137 - 6 Bynum , W.F. ; Porter , Roy ( 2005 ) , Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations , Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 858409 - 1 . Dales , Richard C. ( 1973 ) , The Scientific Achievement of the Middle Ages ( The Middle Ages Series ) , University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 9780812210576 di Francia , G. Toraldo ( 1981 ) , The Investigation of the Physical World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29925 - X . Einstein , Albert ; Infeld , Leopold ( 1938 ) , The Evolution of Physics : from early concepts to relativity and quanta , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 20156 - 5 Feynman , Richard ( 1965 ) , The Character of Physical Law , Cambridge : M.I.T. Press , ISBN 0 - 262 - 56003 - 8 . Fleck , Ludwik ( 1979 ) , Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact , Univ. of Chicago , ISBN 0 - 226 - 25325 - 2 . ( written in German , 1935 , Entstehung und Entwickelung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache : Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollectiv ) English translation , 1979 Galileo ( 1638 ) , Two New Sciences , Leiden : Lodewijk Elzevir , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60099 - 8 Translated from Italian to English in 1914 by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio . Introduction by Antonio Favaro . xxv + 300 pages , index . New York : Macmillan , with later reprintings by Dover . Gauch , Hugh G. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , Scientific Method in Practice , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 01708 - 4 435 pages Glen , William ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) , The Mass - Extinction Debates : How Science Works in a Crisis , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2285 - 4 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Godfrey - Smith , Peter ( 2003 ) , Theory and Reality : An introduction to the philosophy of science , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 30063 - 3 . Goldhaber , Alfred Scharff ; Nieto , Michael Martin ( January -- March 2010 ) , `` Photon and graviton mass limits '' , Rev. Mod . Phys. , American Physical Society , 82 : 939 , arXiv : 0809.1003 , Bibcode : 2010RvMP ... 82 ... 939G , doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 82.939 . pp. 939 -- 79 . Jevons , William Stanley ( 1874 ) , The Principles of Science : A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method , Dover Publications , ISBN 1 - 4304 - 8775 - 5 . 1877 , 1879 . Reprinted with a foreword by Ernst Nagel , New York , NY , 1958 . Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1962 ) , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . 2nd edition 1970 . 3rd edition 1996 . Lindberg , David C. ( 2007 ) , The Beginnings of Western Science , University of Chicago Press 2nd edition 2007 . Mackay , Alan L. ( ed . ) ( 1991 ) , Dictionary of Scientific Quotations , London : IOP Publishing Ltd , ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0106 - 6 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) McElheny , Victor K. ( 2004 ) , Watson & DNA : Making a scientific revolution , Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0866 - 3 . Moulton , Forest Ray ; Schifferes , Justus J. ( eds. , Second Edition ) ( 1960 ) , The Autobiography of Science , Doubleday . Needham , Joseph ; Wang , Ling ( 王 玲 ) ( 1954 ) , Science and Civilisation in China , 1 Introductory Orientations , Cambridge University Press Newton , Isaac ( 1999 ) ( 1687 , 1713 , 1726 ) , Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4 , Third edition . From I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman 's 1999 translation , 974 pages . Ørsted , Hans Christian ( 1997 ) , Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , Princeton , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 . Translated to English by Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , ( translators 1997 ) . Peirce , C.S. -- see Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography . Poincaré , Henri ( 1905 ) , Science and Hypothesis Eprint Pólya , George ( 1957 ) , How to Solve It , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 4871878302 , OCLC 706968824 ( reprinted 2009 ) Popper , Karl R. ( 1959 ) , The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1934 , 1959 . Sambursky , Shmuel ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) , `` Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists '' , Physics Today , Pica Press , 29 ( 2 ) : 51 , Bibcode : 1976PhT ... 29b ... 51S , doi : 10.1063 / 1.3023315 , ISBN 0 - 87663 - 712 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Sanches , Francisco ; Limbrick , Elaine . Introduction , Notes , and Bibliography ; Thomson , Douglas F.S. Latin text established , annotated , and translated . ( 1988 ) , That Nothing is Known , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 35077 - 8 Critical edition . Taleb , Nassim Nicholas ( 2007 ) , The Black Swan , Random House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6351 - 2 Watson , James D. ( 1968 ) , The Double Helix , New York : Atheneum , Library of Congress card number 68 - 16217 . Further reading Bauer , Henry H. , Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method , University of Illinois Press , Champaign , IL , 1992 Beveridge , William I.B. , The Art of Scientific Investigation , Heinemann , Melbourne , Australia , 1950 . Bernstein , Richard J. , Beyond Objectivism and Relativism : Science , Hermeneutics , and Praxis , University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia , PA , 1983 . Brody , Baruch A. and Capaldi , Nicholas , Science : Men , Methods , Goals : A Reader : Methods of Physical Science , W.A. Benjamin , 1968 Brody , Baruch A. , and Grandy , Richard E. , Readings in the Philosophy of Science , 2nd edition , Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , NJ , 1989 . Burks , Arthur W. , Chance , Cause , Reason -- An Inquiry into the Nature of Scientific Evidence , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL , 1977 . Alan Chalmers . What is this thing called science ? . Queensland University Press and Open University Press , 1976 . Crick , Francis ( 1988 ) , What Mad Pursuit : A Personal View of Scientific Discovery , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 0 - 465 - 09137 - 7 . Crombie , A.C. ( 1953 ) , Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science 1100 -- 1700 , Oxford Dewey , John , How We Think , D.C. Heath , Lexington , MA , 1910 . Reprinted , Prometheus Books , Buffalo , NY , 1991 . Earman , John ( ed . ) , Inference , Explanation , and Other Frustrations : Essays in the Philosophy of Science , University of California Press , Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA , 1992 . Fraassen , Bas C. van , The Scientific Image , Oxford University Press , Oxford , UK , 1980 . Franklin , James ( 2009 ) , What Science Knows : And How It Knows It , New York : Encounter Books , ISBN 1 - 59403 - 207 - 6 . Gadamer , Hans - Georg , Reason in the Age of Science , Frederick G. Lawrence ( trans . ) , MIT Press , Cambridge , MA , 1981 . Giere , Ronald N. ( ed . ) , Cognitive Models of Science , vol. 15 in ' Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science ' , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis , MN , 1992 . Hacking , Ian , Representing and Intervening , Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 1983 . Heisenberg , Werner , Physics and Beyond , Encounters and Conversations , A.J. Pomerans ( trans . ) , Harper and Row , New York , NY 1971 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Holton , Gerald , Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought , Kepler to Einstein , 1st edition 1973 , revised edition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1988 . Kuhn , Thomas S. , The Essential Tension , Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL , 1977 . Latour , Bruno , Science in Action , How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1987 . Losee , John , A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science , Oxford University Press , Oxford , UK , 1972 . 2nd edition , 1980 . Maxwell , Nicholas , The Comprehensibility of the Universe : A New Conception of Science , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1998 . Paperback 2003 . Maxwell , Nicholas , Understanding Scientific Progress , Paragon House , St. Paul , Minnesota , 2017 . McCarty , Maclyn ( 1985 ) , The Transforming Principle : Discovering that genes are made of DNA , New York : W.W. Norton , p. 252 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30450 - 7 . Memoir of a researcher in the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment . McComas , William F. , ed . `` The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science : Dispelling the Myths '' ( PDF ) . ( 189 KB ) , from The Nature of Science in Science Education , pp. 53 -- 70 , Kluwer Academic Publishers , Netherlands 1998 . Misak , Cheryl J. , Truth and the End of Inquiry , A Peircean Account of Truth , Oxford University Press , Oxford , UK , 1991 . Piattelli - Palmarini , Massimo ( ed . ) , Language and Learning , The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1980 . Popper , Karl R. , Unended Quest , An Intellectual Autobiography , Open Court , La Salle , IL , 1982 . Putnam , Hilary , Renewing Philosophy , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA , 1992 . Rorty , Richard , Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 1979 . Salmon , Wesley C. , Four Decades of Scientific Explanation , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis , MN , 1990 . Shimony , Abner , Search for a Naturalistic World View : Vol. 1 , Scientific Method and Epistemology , Vol. 2 , Natural Science and Metaphysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 1993 . Thagard , Paul , Conceptual Revolutions , Princeton University Press , Princeton , NJ , 1992 . Ziman , John ( 2000 ) . Real Science : what it is , and what it means . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : The Scientific Method Andersen , Anne ; Hepburn , Brian . `` Scientific Method '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Confirmation and Induction '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Scientific method at PhilPapers Scientific method at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project An Introduction to Science : Scientific Thinking and a scientific method by Steven D. Schafersman . Introduction to the scientific method at the University of Rochester Theory - ladenness by Paul Newall at The Galilean Library Lecture on Scientific Method by Greg Anderson Using the scientific method for designing science fair projects Scientific Methods an online book by Richard D. Jarrard Richard Feynman on the Key to Science ( one minute , three seconds ) , from the Cornell Lectures . 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who died in the fox and the hound

The Fox and the Hound - wikipedia The Fox and the Hound Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel the film is based on , see The Fox and the Hound ( novel ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Fox and the Hound <Td_colspan="2"> Original theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Berman Richard Rich Art Stevens Produced by Ron Miller Wolfgang Reitherman Art Stevens Story by Larry Clemmons Ted Berman David Michener Peter Young Burny Mattinson Steve Hulett Earl Kress Vance Gerry Based on The Fox and the Hound by Daniel P. Mannix Starring Mickey Rooney Kurt Russell Pearl Bailey Jack Albertson Sandy Duncan Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram John Fiedler John McIntire Dick Bakalyan Paul Winchell Keith Mitchell Corey Feldman Music by Buddy Baker Edited by James Melton Jim Koford Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date July 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $63.5 million The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix . The 24th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of two unlikely friends , a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper , who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries . Directed by Ted Berman , Richard Rich , and Art Stevens , the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney , Kurt Russell , Pearl Bailey , Jack Albertson , Sandy Duncan , Jeanette Nolan , Pat Buttram , John Fiedler , John McIntire , Dick Bakalyan , Paul Winchell , Keith Mitchell , and Corey Feldman . The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10 , 1981 to financial success . At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date , costing $12 million . It was re-released to theaters on March 25 , 1988 . A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 7 Accolades 8 Legacy 8.1 Followup 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot After a young red fox is orphaned , Big Mama the owl , with the help of her friends Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker , arranges for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed . Tweed names him Tod , because he reminds her of a toddler . Meanwhile , her neighbor , a hunter named Amos Slade , brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief . One day , Tod and Copper meet and become playmates , vowing to remain `` friends forever '' . Slade grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play , and places him on a leash . While playing with Copper outside his doghouse , Tod awakens Chief . Slade and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed . After an argument , Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again . Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim . Meanwhile , Big Mama , Dinky , and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper will not continue , as they are natural enemies , but Tod naively refuses to believe them , hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever . As months pass , Tod and Copper both reach adulthood . Copper has become an experienced hunting dog , while Tod has grown up into a handsome fox . On the night of Copper 's return , Tod sneaks over to visit him . Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend , he is now a hunting dog and things are different . Their conversation awakens Chief , who alerts Slade . In the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod . Against better judgement , Copper lets Tod go and diverts Chief and Slade . Tod tries escaping onto a railroad track , but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them . Tod ducks under the train , but Chief is struck by the train and falls into the river below , breaking his leg . Angered by this , Copper and Slade blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance . Tweed , realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her , takes him on a drive and leaves him at a game preserve . Tod 's first night alone in the woods proves disastrous , as he inadvertently trespasses into an irritable old badger 's den . Thankfully , a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter . That same night , Slade and Copper plan to poach Tod . The next morning , Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a female fox named Vixey . Wanting to impress her , Tod tries to catch a fish , but fails due to his lack of survival skills . Vixey and the other animals laugh at him , but Big Mama straightens the matter by directing Tod to be himself . The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest . Meanwhile , Slade and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod . As Tod manages to escape Slade 's leghold traps , Copper and Slade pursue both foxes . They hide in their burrow while Slade tries trapping them by setting fire to the other end of the burrow . The foxes narrowly escape without getting burned as Slade and Copper chase them up the top of a hill until they reach a waterfall . There , Slade and Copper close in for the kill , but a large bear suddenly emerges from the bushes and attacks Slade . Slade trips and falls into one of his own traps , dropping his gun slightly out of reach . Copper tries fighting the bear but is no match for it . Not willing to let his former friend die , Tod intervenes and fights off the bear until they both fall down the waterfall . With the bear gone , a bewildered Copper approaches Tod as he lies exhausted near the bank of a waterfall - created lake . When Slade appears , Copper positions himself in front of Tod to prevent Slade from shooting him , refusing to move away . Slade lowers his gun and leaves with Copper . Tod and Copper share one last smile before parting . At home , Tweed nurses Slade back to health while the dogs rest . Copper , before resting , smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod . On a hill , Vixey joins Tod as they look down on the homes of Slade and Tweed . Cast Mickey Rooney as Tod Kurt Russell as Copper Pearl Bailey as Big Mama Jack Albertson as Amos Slade Sandy Duncan as Vixey Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed Pat Buttram as Chief John Fiedler as The Porcupine John McIntire as The Badger Dick Bakalyan as Dinky Paul Winchell as Boomer Keith Mitchell as Young Tod Corey Feldman as Young Copper Production Development Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novel and found it particularly touching because one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before . He decided that it would make for a good animated feature . Thus the film began production in spring 1977 . Reitherman , Art Stevens , and Ron Miller quarreled over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens . Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over the junior personnel , but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators . Thinking the film had a weak second act , Reitherman decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo who would sing a silly song titled `` Scoobie - Doobie Doobie Doo , Let Your Body Turn Goo '' . Live - action reference footage was shot of Charo in a sweaty pink leotard , but the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot with Stevens stating `` We ca n't let that sequence in the movie ! It 's totally out of place ! '' Stevens notified studio management and after many story conferences , the scene was removed . Reitherman later walked into Stevens 's office , slumped in a chair , and said , `` I dunno , Art , maybe this is a young man 's medium . '' He later moved onto to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend and died in a car accident in 1985 . Animation By late 1978 , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation . Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Cooper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors . This project would mark the last film to have the involvement of the Disney 's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production , and animation was turned over the next generation of directors and animators , which included John Lasseter , John Musker , Ron Clements , Glen Keane , Tim Burton , Brad Bird , Henry Selick , Chris Buck , and Mark Dindal , all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film 's production . These animators had moved through the in - house animation training program , and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s . However , the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film . Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used , but the newer team backed Stevens . Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow , Abigail , while his team worked on the rest of the sequence , and when Tweed fires at Amos Slade 's automobile . Nevertheless , he declared Disney 's work `` stale '' and on his 42nd birthday , September 13 , 1979 , Bluth , along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy , entered Ron Miller 's office and turned in their resignation . Following their resignations , 13 animators followed suit in their resignations . Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes , they asked not to receive screen credit . With 17 % of the animators now gone , Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the release of The Fox and the Hound from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981 . New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks . To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators , much of the quality control would rely upon a corp of veteran assistant animators . Four years after production started , the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings , 110,000 painted cels and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product . A total of 180 people , including 24 animators , worked on the film . Writing In an earlier version of the film , Chief was slated to die the same as in the novel . However , the scene was modified to have Chief survive with a cast on his back paw . Animator Ron Clements , who had briefly transitioned into the story department , protested that `` Chief has to die . The picture does n't work if he just breaks his leg . Copper does n't have motivation to hate the fox . '' Likewise , younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have Chief killed . Stevens countered that `` Geez , we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we 're not starting now ! '' The younger crew members took the problem to upper management who would also back Stevens . Ollie Johnston 's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept , and Randy Cartwright re-animated the scene where Copper finds Chief 's body and had him animate Chief 's eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead . Casting Early into production , the principal characters such as young Tod and Copper , Big Mama , and Amos Slade had already been cast . The supporting characters were cast by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram for Chief , Paul Winchell for Boomer , and Mickey Rooney for adult Tod who had just finished filming Pete 's Dragon . Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the part . The last role to be cast was for adult Cooper . Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role , but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay . While filming the Elvis television film , former Disney child actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers , and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions . Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> The Fox and the Hound <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1981 Recorded 1980 - 1981 Genre Children 's , Classical Label Walt Disney The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Walt Disney Records . It contains songs written by Stan Fidel , Jim Stafford , and Jeffrey Patch . Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best of Friends '' Stan Fidel Pearl Bailey 2 . `` Lack of Education '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 3 . `` A Huntin ' Man '' Jim Stafford Jack Albertson 4 . `` Appreciate the Lady '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 5 . `` Goodbye May Seem Forever '' Jeffrey Patch Jeanette Nolan and Chorus Release Home Media The Fox and the Hound was first released on North American VHS on March 4 , 1994 as the last video of the `` Walt Disney Classics '' collection ( it was not included in the `` Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection '' ) and in the UK in 1995 . On May 2 , 2000 , it was released to Region 1 DVD for the first time under the `` Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection '' . A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10 , 2006 . The Fox and the Hound was released on Blu - ray Disc on August 9 , 2011 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . The film was released in a 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD Combo pack alongside its direct - to video followup The Fox and the Hound 2 in a 2 - movie Collection Edition . Featuring a new digital restoration , the Blu - ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1.66 : 1 widescreen and also features 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1.78 : 1 widescreen and features the same sound as the first film . A DVD - only edition was also released on the same day . Reception Critical reception In The Animated Movie Guide , Jerry Beck considered the film `` average '' , though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama , and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear . In his book The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin also notes that the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear received great praise in the animation world . However , Maltin felt the film relied too much on `` formula cuteness , formula comedy relief , and even formula characterizations '' . Overall , he considered the film `` charming '' stating that it is `` warm , and brimming with personable characters '' and that it `` approaches the old Disney magic at times . '' Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that the film was a `` warm and amusing , if slightly dull , entry in the Disney animated canon . '' He also called it `` conventional and generally predictable '' with problems in pacing . However , he praised the film 's climax and animation , as well as the ending . His final remark is that `` Two of the directors , Richard Rich and Ted Berman , would next direct The Black Cauldron , a less successful but more ambitious project . '' Richard Corliss of Time , praised the film for an intelligent story about prejudice . He argued that the film shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships , and the film 's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the film , saying that `` for all of its familiar qualities , this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio , and its movement is in an interesting direction . The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences . It 's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending ; it 's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior . '' TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars , saying that `` The animation here is better than average ( veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10 - year program at the studio ) , though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday . Still , this film has a lot of `` heart '' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents . Listen for a number of favorites among the voices . '' Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 's quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars , stating that the film `` develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes , especially loss . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` The Fox and the Hound is a likeable , charming , unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin , predictable plot '' . Box Office In its original release , The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses . Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million . The film was re-released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , where it grossed $23.5 million . The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue . Accolades The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award ( German : Goldene Leinwand ) in 1982 . In the same year , it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Year Ceremony Award Result 1982 10th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated 1982 Golden Screen Awards Won 5th Youth in Film Awards Best Motion Picture - Fantasy or Comedy - Family Enjoyment Nominated Legacy As well as adaptations of the film itself , comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to the film . Examples include The Lost Fawn , in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray ; The Chase , in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief ; and Feathered Friends , in which the birds Dinky and Boomer have to go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed 's chickens from a wolf . A comic adaptation of the film , drawn by Richard Moore , was published in newspapers as part of Disney 's Treasury of Classic Tales . A comic - book titled The Fox and the Hound followed , with new adventures of the characters . Since 1981 and up to 2007 , a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy , Netherlands , Brazil , France , and the United States . Followup Main article : The Fox and the Hound 2 A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . The film takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper , before the events of the later half of the first film . The story - line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs , thus threatening his friendship with Tod . The film was critically panned , with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor . References ^ Jump up to : Ansen , David ( July 13 , 1981 ) . `` Forest Friendship '' . Newsweek . The Washington Post Company : 81 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and the Hound , The ( film ) - D23 '' . D23 . Disney.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( April 30 , 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's Animated Characters : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley , John . `` The Animated Films of Don Bluth '' . Cataroo . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 2004 ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 260 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0810998148 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Sito , Tom ( November 1998 ) . `` Disney 's The Fox and the Hound : The Coming of the Next Generation '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound - Soundtrack Details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various - The Fox and the Hound ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound : Gold Collection DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound and The Fox and the Hound 2 : 2 Movie Collection Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Without Walt '' . The Disney Films . Disney Editions . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0786885275 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2010 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22764 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . AllMovie . All Media Network . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 20 , 1981 ) . `` Cinema : The New Generation Comes of Age '' . Time . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review ( 1981 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox And The Hound : Review '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Scheinfeld . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Sun Media Group . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( reissue ) ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Fawn '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feathered Friends '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Becattini , L. Boschi , La produzione sindacata , 1984 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` List of ' The Fox and the Hound ' Comics on Inducks '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Bibliography Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Reader Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 591 - 5 . Hulett , Steve ( December 4 , 2014 ) . Mouse In Transition : An Insider 's Look at Disney Feature Animation . Theme Park Press . ISBN 978 - 1941500248 . Sito , Tom ( October 6 , 2006 ) . Drawing the Line : The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0813124070 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Cartoon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fox and the Hound Official website The Fox and the Hound on IMDb The Fox and the Hound at the TCM Movie Database The Fox and the Hound at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Fox and the Hound at AllMovie The Fox and the Hound at Box Office Mojo The Fox and the Hound at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Richard Rich <Td_colspan="2"> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Swan Princess ( 1994 ) The Swan Princess : Escape from Castle Mountain ( 1997 ) The Swan Princess : The Mystery of the Enchanted Kingdom ( 1998 ) The King and I ( 1999 ) The Scarecrow ( 2000 ) The Trumpet of the Swan ( 2001 ) Muhammad : The Last Prophet ( 2002 ) The Swan Princess Christmas ( 2012 ) Alpha and Omega 2 : A Howl - iday Adventure ( 2013 ) Alpha and Omega 3 : The Great Wolf Games ( 2014 ) Alpha and Omega : The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : A Royal Family Tale ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : Princess Tomorrow , Pirate Today ( 2016 ) The Swan Princess : Royally Undercover ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_and_the_Hound&oldid=814978430 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films 1981 animated films 1980s American animated films 1980s drama films 1980s coming - of - age films American buddy films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American coming - of - age films American films Animated buddy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about death Animated films about dogs Animated films about foxes Animated films about orphans Animated films based on novels Films about discrimination Films based on American novels Films directed by Richard Rich Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hunters Films scored by Buddy Baker ( composer ) Films set in North America Southern Gothic films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing German - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 00 : 43 . 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1. The Fox and the Hound - animated drama film 2. Friendship between a fox and a hound 3. Cast and production of the film 4. Soundtrack and home media release 5. Critical reception and box office performance

formation of various latitudinal heat zones of earth

Geographical zone - wikipedia Geographical zone Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of annual average temperatures as a function of location . The five main latitude regions of the Earth 's surface comprise geographical zones , divided by the major circles of latitude . The differences between them relate to climate . They are as follows : The North frigid zone , between the Arctic Circle 66.5 ° N and the North Pole 90 ° N. Covers 4.12 % of Earth 's surface . The North temperate zone , between the Tropic of Cancer 23.5 ° N and the Arctic Circle 66.5 ° N. Covers 25.99 % of Earth 's surface . The Torrid zone , between the Tropic of Cancer 23.5 ° N and the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 ° S. Covers 39.78 % of Earth 's surface . The South temperate zone , between the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 ° S and the Antarctic Circle 66.5 ° S. Covers 25.99 % of Earth 's surface . The South frigid zone , from Antarctic Circle 66.5 ° S and the South Pole 90 ° S. Covers 4.12 % of Earth 's surface . Earth 's climatic zones Ice cap Tundra Boreal Warm temperate Subtropical Tropical On the basis of latitudinal extent , the globe is divided into three broad heat zones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Torrid Zone 2 Temperate Zones 3 Frigid Zones 4 History 5 See also 6 References Torrid zone ( edit ) The Torrid is also known as the Tropics . The zone is bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn ; these latitudes mark the northern and southern extremes in which the sun seasonally passes directly overhead . This happens annually , but in the region between , the sun passes overhead twice a year . In the Northern Hemisphere , in the sun 's apparent northward migration after the March equinox , it passes overhead once , then after the June solstice , at which time it reaches the Tropic of Cancer , it passes over again on its apparent southward journey . After the September equinox the sun passes into the Southern Hemisphere . It then passes similarly over the southern tropical regions until it reaches the Tropic of Capricorn at the December solstice , and back again as it returns northwards to the Equator . Temperate zones ( edit ) In the two Temperate Zones , consisting of the tepid latitudes , the Sun is never directly overhead , and the climate is mild , generally ranging from warm to cool . The four annual seasons , spring , summer , autumn and winter , occur in these areas . The North Temperate Zone includes Europe , Northern Asia , and North and Central America . The South Temperate Zone includes Southern Australasia , southern South America , and Southern Africa . Frigid zones ( edit ) The two Frigid Zones , or polar regions , experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter solstice when the Sun is invisible , and one day at the summer solstice when the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours . In the center of the zone ( the pole ) the day is one year long with six months of daylight and six months of night . The Frigid Zones are the coldest regions of Earth and are generally covered in ice and snow . History ( edit ) The concept of a geographical zone was first hypothesized by the ancient Greek scholar Parmenides and lastingly modified by Aristotle . Both philosophers theorized the Earth divided into three types of climatic zones based on their distance from the equator . Like Parmeneides , thinking that the area near the equator was too hot for habitation , Aristotle dubbed the region around the equator ( from 23.5 ° N to 23.5 ° S ) the `` Torrid Zone . '' Both philosophers reasoned the region from the Arctic Circle to the pole to be permanently frozen . This region , thought uninhabitable , was called the `` Frigid Zone . '' The only area believed to be habitable was the northern `` Temperate Zone '' ( the southern one not having been discovered ) , lying between the `` Frigid Zones '' and the `` Torrid Zone '' . However , humans have inhabited almost all climates on Earth , including inside the Arctic Circle . As knowledge of the Earth 's geography improved , a second `` Temperate Zone '' was discovered south of the equator , and a second `` Frigid Zone '' was discovered around the Antarctic . Although Aristotle 's map was oversimplified , the general idea was correct . Today , the most commonly used climate map is the Köppen climate classification , developed by Russian climatologist of German descent and amateur botanist Wladimir Köppen ( 1846 -- 1940 ) , which divides the world into five major climate regions , based on average annual precipitation , average monthly precipitation , and average monthly temperature . An updated Köppen -- Geiger climate map See also ( edit ) Circles of latitude Climate classification Tropics Subtropics Temperate Polar region Hardiness zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strab. 2 , 2 , 1 - 2 in : A.H. Coxon and R.D. McKirahan ( eds ) , The Fragments of Parmenides : A Critical Text With Introduction , and Translation , the Ancient Testimonia and a Commentary , 2nd edn ( Phronesis : Supplementary Volumes 3 ; Assen , Dover ( NH ) , 2009 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Meteorology , Bekker numbers 362a33 - 362b29 <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of the world <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt <Td_colspan="2"> Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt <Td_colspan="2"> Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean <Td_colspan="2"> Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu <Td_colspan="2"> Ring of Fire <Th_colspan="2"> Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert <Td_colspan="2"> Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC <Th_colspan="2"> Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic <Th_colspan="2"> Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea 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Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_zone&oldid=824533321 '' Categories : Geographical zones Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano Қазақша မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 22 : 33 . 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1. Geographical zones 2. Climate zones 3. North frigid zone 4. South temperate zone 5. Torrid zone

an atom with all of its electrons in the ground state will emit light

Excited state - wikipedia Excited state Jump to : navigation , search After absorbing energy , an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state . Excitations of copper 3d orbitals on the CuO2 - plane of a high Tc superconductor ; The ground state ( blue ) is x2 - y2 orbitals ; the excited orbitals are in green ; the arrows illustrate inelastic x-ray spectroscopy In quantum mechanics , an excited state of a system ( such as an atom , molecule or nucleus ) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state ( that is , more energy than the absolute minimum ) . Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state . In physics there is a specific technical definition for energy level which is often associated with an atom being raised to an excited state . The temperature of a group of particles is indicative of the level of excitation ( with the notable exception of systems that exhibit negative temperature ) . The lifetime of a system in an excited state is usually short : spontaneous or induced emission of a quantum of energy ( such as a photon or a phonon ) usually occurs shortly after the system is promoted to the excited state , returning the system to a state with lower energy ( a less excited state or the ground state ) . This return to a lower energy level is often loosely described as decay and is the inverse of excitation . Long - lived excited states are often called metastable . Long - lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen are two examples of this . Contents ( hide ) 1 Atomic excitation 2 Perturbed gas excitation 3 Calculation of excited states 4 Excited state absorption 5 Reaction 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Atomic excitation ( edit ) A simple example of this concept comes by considering the hydrogen atom . The ground state of the hydrogen atom corresponds to having the atom 's single electron in the lowest possible orbit ( that is , the spherically symmetric `` 1s '' wavefunction , which , so far , has demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers ) . By giving the atom additional energy ( for example , by the absorption of a photon of an appropriate energy ) , the electron is able to move into an excited state ( one with one or more quantum numbers greater than the minimum possible ) . If the photon has too much energy , the electron will cease to be bound to the atom , and the atom will become ionized . After excitation the atom may return to the ground state or a lower excited state , by emitting a photon with a characteristic energy . Emission of photons from atoms in various excited states leads to an electromagnetic spectrum showing a series of characteristic emission lines ( including , in the case of the hydrogen atom , the Lyman , Balmer , Paschen and Brackett series . ) An atom in a high excited state is termed a Rydberg atom . A system of highly excited atoms can form a long - lived condensed excited state e.g. a condensed phase made completely of excited atoms : Rydberg matter . Hydrogen can also be excited by heat or electricity . Perturbed gas excitation ( edit ) A collection of molecules forming a gas can be considered in an excited state if one or more molecules are elevated to kinetic energy levels such that the resulting velocity distribution departs from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution . This phenomenon has been studied in the case of a two - dimensional gas in some detail , analyzing the time taken to relax to equilibrium . Calculation of excited states ( edit ) Excited states are often calculated using coupled cluster , Møller -- Plesset perturbation theory , multi-configurational self - consistent field , configuration interaction , and time - dependent density functional theory . Excited state absorption ( edit ) The excitation of a system ( an atom or molecule ) from low - energy excited state to a high - energy excited state with the absorption of a photon is called excited state absorption ( ESA ) . Excited state absorption is possible only when an electron has been already excited from the ground state to a lower excited state . The excited state absorption is usually an undesired effect , but it can be useful in upconversion pumping . The excited state absorption measurements are done using pump - probe techniques . However , it is not easy to measure them compared to ground - state absorption and in some cases complete bleaching of the ground state is required to measure excited state absorption . Reaction ( edit ) A further consequence is reaction of the atom in the excited state , as in photochemistry . Excited states give rise to chemical reaction . See also ( edit ) Rydberg formula Stationary state Repulsive state References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hehre , Warren J. ( 2003 ) . A Guide to Molecular Mechanics and Quantum Chemical Calculations ( PDF ) . Irvine , California : Wavefunction , Inc . ISBN 1 - 890661 - 06 - 6 . Jump up ^ Glaesemann , Kurt R. ; Govind , Niranjan ; Krishnamoorthy , Sriram ; Kowalski , Karol ( 2010 ) . `` EOMCC , MRPT , and TDDFT Studies of Charge Transfer Processes in Mixed - Valence Compounds : Application to the Spiro Molecule '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 ( 33 ) : 8764 -- 8771 . doi : 10.1021 / jp101761d . PMID 20540550 . Jump up ^ Dreuw , Andreas ; Head - Gordon , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Single - Reference ab Initio Methods for the Calculation of Excited States of Large Molecules '' . Chemical Reviews . 105 ( 11 ) : 4009 -- 37 . doi : 10.1021 / cr0505627 . PMID 16277369 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Peter J. ; Werner , Hans - Joachim ( 1992 ) . `` Internally contracted multiconfiguration - reference configuration interaction calculations for excited states '' . Theoretica Chimica Acta. 84 : 95 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01117405 . Jump up ^ Foresman , James B. ; Head - Gordon , Martin ; Pople , John A. ; Frisch , Michael J. ( 1992 ) . `` Toward a systematic molecular orbital theory for excited states '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 96 : 135 . doi : 10.1021 / j100180a030 . Jump up ^ Glaesemann , Kurt R. ; Gordon , Mark S. ; Nakano , Haruyuki ( 1999 ) . `` A study of FeCO+ with correlated wavefunctions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 1 ( 6 ) : 967 -- 975 . Bibcode : 1999PCCP ... 1 ... 967G . doi : 10.1039 / a808518h . Jump up ^ ( url = https://www.rp-photonics.com/excited_state_absorption.html ) Jump up ^ Dolan , Giora ; Goldschmidt , Chmouel R ( 1976 ) . `` A new method for absolute absorption cross-section measurements : rhodamine - 6G excited singlet - singlet absorption spectrum '' . Chemical Physics Letters. 39 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 322 . Bibcode : 1976CPL ... 39 ... 320D . doi : 10.1016 / 0009 - 2614 ( 76 ) 80085 - 1 . External links ( edit ) NASA background information on ground and excited states <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Quantum mechanics Background Introduction History timeline Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Glossary Fundamentals Bra -- ket notation Complementarity Density matrix Energy level ground state excited state degenerate levels zero - point energy Entanglement Hamiltonian Interference Decoherence Measurement Nonlocality Quantum state Superposition Tunnelling Scattering theory Symmetry in quantum mechanics Uncertainty Wave function collapse wave -- particle duality Formulations Formulations Heisenberg Interaction Matrix mechanics Schrödinger Path integral formulation Phase space Equations Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations Interpretations Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden variables Many - worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Transactional Cosmological Experiments Afshar Bell 's inequality Cold Atom Laboratory Davisson -- Germer Delayed choice quantum eraser Double - slit Franck -- Hertz experiment Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach - Zehnder inter . Elitzur -- Vaidman Popper Quantum eraser Schrödinger 's cat Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed choice Science Quantum Bayesianism Quantum biology Quantum calculus Quantum chemistry Quantum chaos Quantum cognition Quantum cosmology Quantum differential calculus Quantum dynamics Quantum evolution Quantum geometry Quantum group Quantum measurement problem Quantum mind Quantum probability Quantum stochastic calculus Quantum spacetime Technology Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum bus Quantum cellular automata Quantum finite automata Quantum channel Quantum circuit Quantum complexity theory Quantum computing Timeline Quantum cryptography Quantum electronics Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum image processing Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum logic Quantum logic gates Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensing Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Extensions Quantum statistical mechanics Relativistic quantum mechanics Quantum field theory history Quantum gravity Fractional quantum mechanics <Td_colspan="2"> Portal : Physics Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excited_state&oldid=803935968 '' Categories : Quantum mechanics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių La . lojban . Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Excited state in quantum mechanics 2. Energy levels and excitation 3. Emission and decay of excited states 4. Calculation of excited states in quantum mechanics 5. Excited state absorption and its applications

who dies in ice road truckers season 2

Ice road truckers - wikipedia Ice road truckers Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ice Road Truckers <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality Starring Current drivers Alex Debogorski ( Season 1 -- Present ) Lisa Kelly ( Season 3 -- 5 , 7 -- Present ) Art Burke ( Season 7 -- Present ) Todd Dewey ( Season 7 -- Present ) Steph Custance ( Season 10 - Present ) Reno Ward ( Season 8 , season 11 ) Former drivers Hugh Rowland ( Season 1 -- 8 ) Rick Yemm ( Season 1 -- 2 , season 5 -- 6 ) Jay Westgard ( Season 1 ) T.J. Tilcox ( Season 1 ) Drew Sherwood ( Season 1 -- 2 ) Eric Dufresne ( Season 2 ) Bear Swensen ( Season 2 ) Jack Jessee ( Season 3 -- 4 , season 6 ) George Spears ( Season 3 ) Tim Freeman ( Season 3 ) Carey Hall ( Season 3 -- 6 ) Greg Boadwine ( Season 4 ) Ray Veilleux ( Season 4 , season 6 ) Dave Redmon ( Season 5 ) Tony Molesky ( Season 5 ) Maya Sieber ( Season 5 ) Austin Wheeler ( Season 6 ) Ronald `` Porkchop '' Mangum ( Season 6 ) Joey Barnes ( Season 7 -- 9 ) Mike Simmons ( Season 9 ) Darrell Ward Ϯ ( Season 6 -- 10 ) Narrated by Thom Beers Tom Cotcher ( UK ) Theme music composer Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Mark Hudson Opening theme `` Livin ' on the Edge '' by Aerosmith ( Seasons 1 -- 4 only ) Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 138 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) David McKillop Dolores Gavin Thom Beers Philip Segal Dawn Fitzgerald Adam Martin Aron Plucinski Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions Prospero Media ( season 8 ) Shaw Media ( season 8 ) Distributor A + E Networks <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network History Original release June 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 17 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.history.com/minisite.do ? content_type = mini_home&mini_id = 54692 Ice Road Truckers ( commercially abbreviated IRT ) is a reality television series that premiered on History , on June 17 , 2007 . It features the activities of drivers who operate trucks on seasonal routes crossing frozen lakes and rivers , in remote Arctic territories in Canada and Alaska . Later series focused on Alaska 's improved but still remote Dalton Highway , which is mainly snow - covered solid ground . The newest seasons are based on Manitoba 's winter roads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Airings 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 Truckers 5 Season 1 5.1 Episodes 5.2 Specials 5.3 Drivers 5.4 Support personnel 5.5 Route and destinations 6 Season 2 6.1 Episodes 6.2 Off the ice 6.3 Drivers 6.4 Support personnel 6.5 Route and destinations 6.6 Final load counts 7 Season 3 7.1 Synopsis 7.2 Episodes 7.3 Drivers 7.4 Support personnel 7.5 Route and destinations 7.6 Final load counts 8 Season 4 8.1 Returning drivers 8.2 New drivers 8.3 Route and destinations 8.4 Final load counts 9 Season 5 9.1 Episodes 9.2 Returning drivers 9.3 New drivers 9.4 Route and destinations 9.5 Final load counts 10 Season 6 10.1 Returning drivers 10.2 New drivers 10.3 Route and destinations 10.4 Final load counts 11 Season 7 11.1 Returning drivers 11.2 New drivers 11.3 Final load counts 12 Season 8 12.1 Returning drivers 12.2 New driver 12.3 Route and destinations 12.4 Final load counts 13 Season 9 13.1 Episodes 13.2 Returning drivers 13.3 New driver 13.4 Route and destinations 14 Season X ( 10 ) 14.1 Returning drivers 14.2 New driver 14.3 Route and destinations 15 Season 11 15.1 Returning drivers 15.2 Route and destinations 16 IRT : Deadliest Roads 16.1 Season 1 : Himalayas 16.2 Season 2 : South America 17 Feature film 18 See also 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links History ( edit ) In 2000 , History aired a 46 - minute episode titled `` Ice Road Truckers '' as part of the Suicide Missions ( later Dangerous Missions ) series . Based on Edith Iglauer 's book Denison 's Ice Road , the episode details the treacherous job of driving trucks over frozen lakes , also known as ice roads , in Canada 's Northwest Territories . After 2000 , reruns of the documentary were aired as an episode of the series Modern Marvels instead . Under this banner , the Ice Road Truckers show garnered very good ratings . In 2006 , The History Channel hired Thom Beers , owner of Original Productions and executive producer of Deadliest Catch , to create a series based on the Ice Road book . Shot in high definition ( although the season ended before History HD was launched in the US ) , the show `` charts two months in the lives of six extraordinary men who haul vital supplies to diamond mines and other remote locations over frozen lakes that double as roads '' . Airings ( edit ) During the finale of the show 's first season of 10 episodes , The History Channel aired a promo for season 2 which began airing on June 8 , 2008 . Season 1 of Ice Road Truckers was shown on the British national commercial channel Channel Five in February / March 2008 . In Australia it aired on Austar and Foxtel in early 2008 and from June 18 it also began being shown on Network Ten . In autumn 2008 season one aired on RTL 7 in the Netherlands . The second season premiered on June 8 , 2008 in the US ; October 9 , 2008 on History in the UK and in Australia ; November 12 , 2008 in New Zealand ; and January 7 , 2009 on Channel 5 in the UK . The first season was not aired in Canada until March 4 , 2009 on History Television . The third season premiered on May 31 , 2009 in the US ; September 10 in the UK . Channel Five debuted series 3 on January 5 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) The series ' premiere was seen by 3.4 million viewers to become the most - watched original telecast in the History Channel 's 12 - year history at that time . Among critics , Adam Buckman of the New York Post said , `` Everything about ' Ice Road Truckers ' is astonishing '' . Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times said , `` Watching these guys ... make their runs , it 's hard not to share in their cold , fatigue and horrible highway hypnosis , that existential recognition behind the wheel late at night that the pull of sleep and the pull of death are one and the same ... ( I ) t gets right exactly what Deadliest Catch got right , namely that the leave - nothing - but - your - footprints , green kind of eco-travelers are too mellow and conscientious to be interesting to watch . Instead , the burly , bearded , swearing men who blow methyl hydrate into their own transmissions and welcome storms as breaks from boredom ... are much better television . '' During 2007 the series was shown in the United Kingdom , Australia and various countries in Africa . The show opening features a truck falling through the ice . While real accidents with fatal outcomes might be mentioned , the show has never featured them and indeed , the show opening is a miniature model filmed inside a studio . A season 1 rumor that the sequence was staged using a real truck and dynamite caused discontent among the drivers . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ice Road Truckers episodes Truckers ( edit ) Trucker <Th_colspan="11"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Alex Debogorski <Td_colspan="11"> Main Hugh Rowland <Td_colspan="8"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Rick Yemm <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Drew Sherwood <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="9"> Jay Westgard <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="10"> T.J. Tilcox <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="10"> Bear Swensen <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="9"> Eric Dufresne <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="9"> Lisa Kelly <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> Main Jack Jessee <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> George Spears <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="8"> Tim Freeman Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="8"> Carey Hall <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Greg Boadwine <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="8"> Ray Veilleux <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Dave Redmon <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Tony Molesky <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Maya Sieber <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Darrell Ward Ϯ Aug 28th , 2016 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Austin Wheeler <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Ronald Mangum <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Art Burke <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Main Todd Dewey <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Main Joey Barnes <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Reno Ward <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main Mike Simmons <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Steph Custance <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main Season 1 ( edit ) The mining companies that owned the road where the first season was filmed felt the show portrayed the road in a negative fashion . They believed the show depicted drivers as cowboys making a mad dash for money and taking excessive risks to do so . Also , the companies felt the cameras and filming created distractions for the drivers . As a result , the owners decided not to participate in future seasons of the show , and a new rule for the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Roads was enacted for the 2008 season , prohibiting commercial , media , video , or rolling film cameras either inside or attached to the outside of vehicles . In response , the show 's producers located an alternate ice road for season 2 . There were several differences in style among Seasons 1 , 2 , and 3 : A main theme of Season 1 was `` the dash for the cash '' , which was rarely mentioned in Season 2 , but is a main theme in Season 3 . In Season 1 , companies ' insignia on trucks and men 's safety helmets were routinely blurred out . In Season 2 , they were left visible . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's an outpost like no other ... and a job only a few would dare . The mission : To haul critical supplies across 350 miles of frozen lakes to Canada 's remote billion - dollar diamond mines . The challenge : to transport 10,000 loads in 60 days -- before the road disappears . The rewards are great ; the risks even greater . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 1 The series premiered on June 17 , 2007 . Six ice road truckers are introduced , and are described as men driving eighteen wheelers who haul equipment and supplies from Yellowknife , Canada , across a temporary road composed of portages and frozen lakes , to one of three diamond mines northeast of Yellowknife . The final episode in season one premiered on August 19 , 2007 . The season has been of the most successful so far , with 10,922 loads totaling 331,000 tonnes ( 730 million pounds , or 365,000 U.S. tons ) delivered . ( Note : The total shown on screen is 662,000,000 pounds , corresponding to 331,000 US tons . ) The beginning of the Ingraham Trail leading to the winter road Yellowknife , Northwest Territories . Ice road load count The count Rowland Debogorski Westgard Tilcox Yemm ( resigned ) Sherwood ( resigned ) Tons 722 648 542 374 369 363 Estimated cash 58.4 K 57.0 K 57.5 K 37.0 K 28.0 K 19.0 K Loads 37 36 35 23 19 13 Specials ( edit ) Three additional one - hour specials ran in the weeks following `` The Final Run '' . Then and Now premiered on August 26 , 2007 and provided a look into the development and future of Canada 's ice roads . Clips from season 1 were featured , as well as further commentary from Rowland , Debogorski , and road pioneer John Denison . Off the Ice premiered on September 2 , 2007 , bringing all six truckers together for a chance to express their thoughts about the job and each other . On the Edge premiered on September 9 , 2007 , continuing the discussion and exploring the truckers ' lives during the off season . A fourth special , The Road to Season 2 , aired on June 1 , 2008 . This hour presented highlights from the first season and gave a preview of things to come in the second one . Drivers ( edit ) Hugh ' The Polar Bear ' Rowland ( born 1957 ) : A very rough - around - the - edges , 20 - year veteran of ice - road trucking , based in Kelowna in southern British Columbia . He is of French descent and claims to be known by the ice road trucking community as `` The Polar Bear '' , which he says refers to his overbearing , annoying personality , bearish attitude , stamina , and consistently high number of loads delivered per season . Rowland owns four trucks and drives one ; the other three are manned by ice road rookies Drew Sherwood , Todd White , and Rowland 's associate and year - round employee Rick Yemm . Rowland 's trucks all have the emblem R&R Hoe Service on the doors - the company Rowland owns in Kelowna ( actually Winfield , BC ) . During the course of Season 1 , all three of Rowland 's hired drivers end up prematurely leaving the ice road . White was banished for excessive speeding ( episode 5 ) , Yemm left following heated disagreements about the working condition of Rowland 's trucks ( episode 9 ) , and Sherwood left after several vehicle breakdowns ( episode 7 ) . Rowland 's truck is called `` The Crow 's Nest '' and is kept in good condition , as was Yemm 's truck , besides the heater ( as seen throughout the season ) . The trucks driven by Sherwood and White had a multitude of mechanical problems . After Sherwood 's departure , Rowland hired a fourth driver named Danny Reese . In the final episode of the first season , Rowland 's luck finally ran out when his truck was sideswiped by another trucker on the ice road , knocking a driving axle off the chassis . He ended up finishing the season in the truck originally driven by Yemm . Rick Yemm at Truckfest at Haydock Park Racecourse , England , September 12 , 2009 . Rick Yemm : One of Rowland 's employees . This brash , tattooed trucker , also from Kelowna , was in his second year as an ice road trucker during Season 1 . In 2006 , Yemm was one of the first truckers onto the ice road after it opened when , according to him , the sound of cracking ice was loudest . This stressful experience almost caused him to quit driving the ice road right then and there . He decided to continue , however , remarking , `` I was too stupid and too stubborn to quit . '' During Season 1 , the floor heater in his truck was malfunctioning . This was a major source of tension between Rowland , the truck 's owner , and Yemm , who expected Rowland to take care of the problem so that he could continue hauling loads without risking severe frostbite . Yemm ultimately quit and returned home , feeling his friend was not fulfilling his responsibilities to maintain the trucks . Yemm is known for being hard on the trucks by constantly beating on them . In one episode , Yemm is seen bouncing up and down , pumping the accelerator pedal up and down , and messing with the steering wheel , all the while facing the camera and saying `` yee - haw motha fucker ! '' Alex Debogorski at Truckfest South West UK 2011 Alex Debogorski : A legend in the ice road trucking community , and 2007 marked Debogorski 's 26th year as an ice road trucker . Debogorski has 11 children and nine grandchildren , and is a year - round resident of Yellowknife . As stated in Season 1 , since he has been a staple driving the ice roads , it is something of a good - luck charm for Debogorski to pull the first load over the ice roads at the beginning of every season . He is such a devout Catholic that by season 9 , when he joined long - time rival Hugh Rowland 's company in Canada , Debogorski had `` The Preacher Man '' emblazoned on the side of his truck . ( Polish Dębogórski means `` coming from or living at Oak Mountain '' . ) In Season 2 , Debogorski had to leave early because of illness ( a pulmonary embolism ) as seen in episode 8 , `` A Trucker 's Farewell '' . Jay Westgard : Westgard is also a year - round resident of Yellowknife . Despite his relative youth ( he is 25 years old ) , Westgard is considered by the ice road community as the most talented driver of his generation ( as mentioned in the premiere ) . He began driving trucks at age 16 and owned his first truck by age 18 ; at the time of his introduction on IRT , Westgard had acquired a reputation as a driver who excels in hauling oversized loads . Because of his experience , he is entrusted with delivering some of the more demanding loads , such as a 48 - ton ore scrubber . He also agrees to drive in a convoy ( led by Mike Kimball ) hauling vital jet fuel to remote Deline -- a job most veterans would turn down because the trip is very risky . T.J. Tilcox : A 21 - year - old ice road rookie , Tilcox is vocal about how he hates the cold and ice , and explains that he is driving on the ice road for the experience , not the money . Tilcox has been trucking since age 16 and decided to try ice road trucking after seeing an advertisement in the newspaper . Early on he struggles with an older truck that lacks heat , but another driver grants Tilcox the use of his brand new Volvo truck leased to Trinity Transport . On his first run in the new truck , Tilcox gets in an accident before ever hitting the ice road , due to the brake service line 's disconnecting from his trailer . Tilcox is ultimately cleared of responsibility and , after a delay , allowed back on the road . After the accident Tilcox is injured while tying down a load , and several days later experiences severe abdominal pain which becomes so bad that he has to be flown out to receive medical care . Tilcox is able to return to the ice roads after being treated for his injuries . The expense of his treatment is highlighted on the show as a cause of concern for Tilcox . Despite his ordeals , Tilcox gains respect for the job and the people who do it , as well as self - satisfaction for having completed the entire season -- a rare feat for a rookie ( as mentioned in the finale ) . He leaves with the respect and admiration of his fellow ice road veterans . Drew Sherwood : Sherwood is a veteran trucker but an ice road rookie . He joined Rowland 's team after answering an advertisement in the local newspaper . Early on , Sherwood expresses a high degree of confidence that he will have no problems adjusting from highway to ice driving . Rowland considers Sherwood an arrogant rookie and a `` one year driver '' . In the series premiere , Sherwood states : `` I have no intention of going into a ditch , bro '' , after which he soon gets stuck in a ditch later in that episode , a humbling lesson in how much respect the ice road demands . Sherwood 's hard luck , unfortunately , did not stop there , and he was plagued with a frustrating amount of mechanical problems . For starters , he loses his battery box and batteries ( resulting in two days lost while a replacement box is fabricated on the spot ) , suffers a flat tire , and then experiences problems with his truck 's on - board computer that forces him to abandon a load on the roadside . Sherwood ends up driving the truck of expelled driver Todd White just to pick up where he left off , yet ends up suffering through problems in that truck , as well ( as seen in episode 7 ) . Hugh Rowland , the truck 's owner , and Lee Parkinson , Rowland 's mechanic , blamed many of these mechanical problems squarely on Sherwood . Sherwood ultimately decides enough is enough and leaves the ice roads to return home . Todd White : White ( aka `` Chains '' ) worked for Hugh Rowland . He comes from Canada 's eastern coast , and is a self - proclaimed trucker and singer . He responded to an ad that Rowland placed and was hired as part of his crew after a seven - year absence from ice road trucking . One of the main reasons White returned to ice road trucking was the need to earn $20,000 to repair his own truck . White was banned from ice road trucking after a speeding violation where he was clocked at 63 km / h ( 39 mph ) in a 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) zone . White appealed , claiming that he missed a speed limit sign , but his appeal was denied . After White left , Sherwood drove his truck . Danny Reese : Shortly after Sherwood 's departure , Rowland hired Reese to take over the truck vacated by Sherwood after it had finally received a new ECM ( as seen in episode 8 ) . Reese quickly noticed that the truck `` had its quirks '' , which included problems with the truck 's turbo similar to those Sherwood had experienced with this truck . Support personnel ( edit ) Tom Tweed : Tweed is a dispatcher for Tli Cho Landtran in Yellowknife . Rick Fitch : Fitch is a projects manager for Tli Cho Landtran , responsible for scheduling client loads . He is seen responding to several accidents in the series . Fitch has been working on the ice road for over 20 years . Ken Murray : Murray is an officer for Secure Check , the organization responsible for security and rules enforcement on the ice road . A first - time speeding ticket can result in a five - day suspension , while severe infractions ( including excessive speed ) can lead to a driver 's being banned for the rest of the season . Truck weights are also checked to ensure they will not over-stress the ice ; a driver with an overweight truck can be fined several hundred dollars . Lee Parkinson : Parkinson operates a garage in Yellowknife . He is the busiest mechanic in the north ( as mentioned in the premiere ) and works with his journeyman Mark Chang . Neil McDougall : Safety and Compliance Supervisor with Tli Cho Landtran . His job is to set up and hire all the drivers and trucks for the winter road , and to monitor and police the drivers on the road so that rules are not violated and the truckers are not kicked off the road . Route and destinations ( edit ) Snap Lake Diamond Mine portal , 40 - ton haul truck exiting , winter . Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road : The first portion of the road is on pavement , following the Ingraham Trail for roughly 60 km ( 37 mi ) until it reaches the shore of Tibbitt Lake . Yellowknife , Northwest Territories : Loads are assigned here . Dome Lake Camp : A maintenance camp , located 22 mi ( 35 km ) past the start of the ice portion of the winter road . Tilcox is forced to stop here when his injury flares up ; he is then airlifted back to Yellowknife for treatment ( episode 7 ) . Lockhart Lake Rest Stop : Lockhart provides catering and other services for truckers . De Beers Snap Lake Diamond Mine : About 220 km ( 140 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife . Diavik Diamond Mine : About 300 mi ( 480 km ) north of Yellowknife . BHP Ekati Diamond Mine : About 310 km ( 190 mi ) northeast of Yellowknife , the northernmost stop seen on camera during this season . The road continues roughly 125 mi ( 201 km ) past here , serving two defunct mines and stopping at the north end of Contwoyto Lake in Nunavut . Colomac Mine : A closed gold mine that was recently cleaned up due to the risk the mine 's toxic materials presented to the environment . Now that the cleanup is finished , truckers ( including Debogorski ) are being called in to haul away equipment . Tundra Mine : A gold mine that stopped production in 1968 and is now undergoing environmental cleanup . Equipment from the Colomac Mine is being transferred here to assist workers with the cleanup . Deline , Northwest Territories : A small village , on the shore of Great Bear Lake , that depends on jet fuel shipments over the ice road to keep its airport operating . Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 premiered on June 8 , 2008 , following the drivers on the Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road , a 194 km ( 121 mi ) extension of the Dempster Highway between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk in Canada 's Northwest Territories . Rowland , Debogorski , Sherwood , and Yemm take part as `` highway maggots '' ( rookies on this road ) , working alongside the more experienced drivers . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's an outpost like no other ... and a job only a few would dare . The ice men return : two titans of the southern ice roads , and two contenders . Last season they drove loaded semis on frozen lakes ... this year , the Arctic Ocean . Deeper into the deep freeze . Further out on thinner ice . The new mission : to haul the heavy metal of natural gas drilling rigs up a frozen river and across ice - choked seas . Ice road truckers have come to the edge of the earth . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 2 The season premiere aired on June 8 , 2008 . As the ice road from Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk is completed , drivers converge on Inuvik for the start of the year 's transport season . Debogorski , Rowland , Yemm , and Sherwood find themselves lumped in with the other `` highway maggots '' - the local drivers ' term for rookies on this road - and must adapt to new rules and conditions . The road takes them up the Mackenzie River and over parts of the Arctic Ocean , visiting Aput and Later Langley rigs with long stretches in which drivers are out of radio contact . The final regular episode premiered on September 7 , 2008 . The Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road . Off the ice ( edit ) Premiered on September 21 , 2008 . This episode provides a look back at the events of the season , with additional commentary from the truckers and support personnel . Topics covered include : Development of Canada 's ice roads in general , and of commerce along the Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road in particular Building the road and outfitting trucks to drive along it The truckers ' personal motivations for working in the Arctic and comparisons between there and Yellowknife Each group 's opinions about the other ( northern and southern drivers ) Truckers ' comments about key events of the season : Sherwood quitting after one day , Debogorski leaving due to health problems , Yemm 's personnel disagreements and firing , Rowland hauling sewage for most of his runs Drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , Sherwood , and Yemm take part in this season as `` highway maggots '' -- rookies on the ice road from Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk . The following experienced truckers are also profiled . Eric Dufresne : A 46 - year - old native of Montreal , now a resident of Faro , Yukon , with 26 years of experience on this ice road . As a result , he is often entrusted with loads that are heavy or hard to handle , such as a derrick in the season premiere . He also does much of his own maintenance and repair work , and is used to the cold weather , stating that he can be comfortable in a denim jacket even at − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) . Bear Swensen : Born in Saskatchewan , Swensen is a 59 - year - old resident of British Columbia and a six - year ice road veteran . He has worked most of his life as a truck driver in the logging industry , with some actual logging experience as well . When not working on the ice roads , he works as a professional bear hunting guide . Like Dufresne , he frequently pulls heavier - than - average loads . Support personnel ( edit ) Jordan Fedosoff : The manager of Matco 's Inuvik branch office , Fedosoff was born in Saskatchewan and raised between the fields of Saskatchewan and the city of Montreal . He began working in the trucking industry in 1981 . He has driven and worked in Inuvik since 1995 . He has vast experience in the Mackenzie Valley and the Dempster Highway . Sherwood worked for him in season 2 . Doug Saunders : Saunders is the operations manager for E. Gruben 's Transport , the company that hires Debogorski and Yemm . He considers Yemm to be one of his more `` high - maintenance '' drivers , in terms of Yemm 's rough handling of the trucks and frequent complaints about the work environment . Shaun Lundrigan : The chief mechanic at the Gruben 's freight yard in Tuktoyaktuk , he finds himself repairing Yemm 's trucks several times during the season . As a result , his opinion of Yemm as a trucker steadily deteriorates from week to week . Jerry Dusdal : The `` truck push '' for Mullen Transportation , he takes responsibility for the truckers ' safety and delivery of their loads . He states in the season premiere that he will never send someone else to do a job that he is not willing to do himself . When an entire drilling operation must be moved from one site to another , he deals with the logistics and equipment dismantling , as well as the delay caused by a winter storm that strikes the area . Davey Lennie : A foreman on the Northwind ice road construction crew , he looks after the trucks when the road is closed , and also stands ready to respond to any distress calls that come in . In the season premiere , he describes an incident from the previous year in which his truck broke through the ice . Oversized loads , such as a survival shack hauled by Dufresne , sometimes require his help to get from the edge of town to the freight yard . His cousin Isaac drives with Rowland to get some road experience before taking the written exam for his truck driver 's license . Kelly Brown : A veteran driver in Inuvik , Kelly works for Matco Transportation , the second company that hires Sherwood shortly after the season begins . He rides with Sherwood on a training run to help him get used to driving the Arctic ice roads . Brown grew up in Montreal and began driving trucks in 1983 ; he has worked the ice roads since 1993 . Devon Neff : A rookie driver on the ice roads who works for Mullen , Neff is called in to help move equipment off the Langley site late in the season . Due to the poor condition of the road at this time , he must contend with hazards such as breaks in the surface and water overflows from beneath the ice . Route and destinations ( edit ) The Arctic Ocean at Tuktoyaktuk . Tuktoyaktuk Winter Road Inuvik , Northwest Territories : Loads are assigned here to be transported north . Mallik : An exploration site that encompasses fields of natural gas hydrates . By the end of the season , the crews working here succeed in extracting gas from these formations . Aput : A natural gas exploration site set up by MGM Energy ; later found to contain no significant deposits , whereupon the entire camp is moved 50 miles to Langley ( see below ) . Langley : MGM 's second and last exploration site of the year ; proves to hold sizable deposits . Aklavik , Northwest Territories : A small hamlet , on the Mackenzie River delta , that depends on the ice road for delivery of needed supplies . Tuktoyaktuk , Northwest Territories : Loads ( e.g. backhauls ) are assigned here to be transported south . Wurmlinger and Arctic Star : Two ice - locked barges that serve as headquarters for crews in the field . In the summer the Wurmlinger carries goods around . Final load counts ( edit ) Sherwood -- 9 ; spent most of the season driving on pavement in Inuvik Debogorski -- 22 as stated in `` A Trucker 's Farewell '' ; left early for medical reasons Yemm -- 51 ; fired on the last day of the season Swensen -- 63 ; hauled a total of 4 million pounds , probably the most of any driver this season Dufresne -- 67 Rowland -- 68 Season 3 ( edit ) Synopsis ( edit ) Season 3 of Ice Road Truckers covers the Dalton Highway , which connects Fairbanks , Alaska , Coldfoot , Alaska , and Deadhorse , Alaska near Prudhoe Bay , Alaska , as well as ice roads constructed over the Arctic Ocean in the Prudhoe Bay area . The tagline for the season is : `` In the Dark Heart of Alaska , there 's a road where hell has frozen over '' . In this season the 2009 Mount Redoubt eruptive activity caused complications ; the truckers had to carry many loads which were intended for flight , but the planes could not fly because of volcanic ash in the air . Episodes ( edit ) At the top of the world , there 's a job only a few would dare . Last season , the dash for the cash was fought on the smooth playing field of Canada 's Arctic ice . This season , two old pros join four of America 's bravest truckers to tackle the tundra 's deadliest ice passage . Just when you thought extreme trucking could n't get more dangerous , ice road truckers take on Alaska . These are the men who make their living on thin ice . -- Thom Beers , opening of the show , season 3 The season premiered on May 31 , 2009 . The Dalton Highway ( Alaska Route 11 ) serves as only road link between Alaska 's populated areas down south and the oil rigs of the arctic north , to bring supplies nearly 500 mi ( 800 km ) from Fairbanks to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Fields and offshore rigs . However , the combination of avalanches , strong Arctic winds leading to whiteouts , and unforgiving terrain has led to hundreds of accidents in past years . Two thousand loads must be moved up the road within 12 weeks , before the ice melts on the Arctic Ocean . The season finale aired on August 23 , 2009 . Truck traffic on the Dalton Highway in 2004 . Drivers ( edit ) Rowland and Debogorski take part in this season as newcomers to the Dalton Highway in Alaska , working alongside the following local drivers at Carlile Transportation . Jack Jessee : A 38 - year - old veteran driver and Virginia native , Jessee has 15 years of ice road trucking experience to his credit . He has earned a reputation as a `` heavy hauler '' who specializes in moving massive and / or oversized loads . In his introduction on the show 's website , he offers this opinion about driving the Alaska roads : `` You learn the road really fast ... or you end up dead . '' George Spears : Spears , 59 , is a respected veteran driver in Alaska . He has been driving the ice roads for 29 years and helping rookies get used to the hazards . In the season premiere , he remarks about an incident in which he flipped his own truck over a cliff one year . He intends to retire at the end of this season , his 30th . Lisa Kelly : A former school bus driver and state Freestyle Motocross champion , Kelly is starting her second year on the ice roads . At 28 , she is the youngest female driver this year , and hopes to earn the veteran truckers ' respect and become Carlile 's first female heavy hauler . In Season 4 , the Wasilla resident stated that she had to sell the first horse she ever kept as a pet and was trying to earn enough money to buy it back , a goal she eventually accomplished . Tim Freeman , Jr. : A 23 - year - old ice road rookie from Blackduck , Minnesota , Freeman is a fourth - generation trucker with several years of over-the - road driving experience . Family friend George Spears has been helping him prepare for the challenge of driving Alaska 's roads . Carey Hall : The son and grandson of truckers in his native Louisiana , Hall , a 45 - year - old African American , is known on the Alaskan ice as `` Big Daddy '' and is universally respected for his professionalism . He appears in one episode , driving with Jessee to deliver a pair of enormous storage tanks . Phil Kromm : A 15 - year veteran fuel - hauler from Alaska , Phil is also in charge of safety , recruitment , and driver training to get rookie drivers accustomed to the Dalton Highway ( most notably Debogorski in Season 3 , and Redmon and Sieber in Season 5 ) . He is also Lane Keator 's advisor on rookie progression . Despite his never being a main character in any of the future seasons , he plays a vital role in rookie training and has a hand in determining some of the rookies ' being fired . ( Fellow veteran driver Tony Molesky rides with Rowland on his first trip up the Dalton , and will join the cast in Season 5 . ) Jack McCahan : Veteran Carlile driver who serves as one of Debogorski 's escorts until he gets fed up with Alex 's `` rookie s * * * '' in that he takes so long to chain up his tires . Support personnel ( edit ) Lane Keator : Fairbanks Terminal Manager for Carlile . Among his responsibilities are making the final decisions on hiring , firing , promoting and demoting drivers . Tim Rickards : Fairbanks Dispatcher for Carlile . He assigns loads for the drivers . Jerid Lane : Mechanic at Carlile 's Fairbanks repair shop . He keeps the trucks running . Roberta Klema : Driving instructor for Carlile Fairbanks . She puts new drivers through a driving simulator to familiarize them with the Kenworth tractors Carlile uses , as well as a preview of conditions they 'll face when driving the Dalton . John McCoy : Driving instructor for Carlile Fairbanks . He gives physical road tests to new drivers behind the wheel of a typical Kenworth cab and trailer . Harry McDonald : Carlile CEO . In episode 1 , he describes the challenge they face this season moving 2,000 loads to Prudhoe Bay in 60 days , and gives a very brief history of the company he co-founded with his brother in 1980 in episode 4 . Greg Thompson : Carlile Heavy Haul Manager . In episode 2 , he says that they need `` the best of the best '' drivers for hauling special loads like Jessee does , '' because a lot of guys wo n't do it , they 're afraid of it '' . Reid Bahnson : Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities avalanche technician . He leads a crew that triggers avalanches so natural ones are less likely to impact truckers and freight on the Dalton . His weapon of choice is a Korean War - era recoilless rifle that shoots 8 - lb TNT mortars into avalanche chutes . Donald Adkins : Grader operator for Alaska DoT&PF . He helps prepare and maintain the Dalton for the truckers , and helps pull out those who get stuck in snowdrifts . Ken Bear : Plow driver for Alaska DoT&PF . He is one of many who plow the Dalton after snowstorms and avalanches . Dan Schok : Project engineer for Flowline , supplier of 34 - inch diameter 130 - foot long pipe being transported by Jessee in episode 2 . Ben Kryzkowski : Owner of Ben 's Towing . He has 25 years experience removing wrecked trucks from the Dalton . Terrence Cole : Professor and Historian from the University of Alaska . He appears to describe the impact of oil discoveries and the construction of the Dalton and the pipeline . Route and destinations ( edit ) The E.L. Patton Yukon River Bridge carries the Dalton Highway over the Yukon River Dalton Highway : Fairbanks , Alaska : Home of Carlile Transportation 's Fairbanks terminal , the main trucking company featured in Seasons 3 and 4 , and one of several featured in Seasons 5 and 6 . Coldfoot , Alaska : Home of the only rest stop on the Dalton Highway , serving as a stopping point for truckers when bad weather closes the road and the only services on the Dalton between Fairbanks and Deadhorse . Deadhorse , Alaska : Home of Carlile 's Prudhoe Bay terminal and the northern terminus of the Dalton Highway . Ice roads extend from here over the Arctic Ocean and adjoining rivers , allowing truckers to reach the offshore oil rigs in Prudhoe Bay as well as other communities to the west . Final load counts ( edit ) Jessee -- 20 Spears -- 15 Kelly -- 15 Rowland -- 13 Debogorski -- 12 Freeman -- 11 Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 of Ice Road Truckers premiered on June 6 , 2010 . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , Jessee , Hall , and Kelly continue driving the Dalton Highway for Carlile this season . Debogorski had a good season , stopping to help drivers in trouble on multiple occasions . Rowland spent the season trying to avoid the Department of Transport ( DOT ) Weigh station . Jessee was assigned some of the toughest loads , to be taken over some of the roughest roads . Kelly started out the season with goals to achieve : she wanted to try hauling heavier , bigger loads and have a go at push - truck driving ; she also aimed to save enough money to buy back her horse . Both goals she eventually achieved . New drivers ( edit ) Greg Boadwine : At 27 , Boadwine is starting his second season with Carlile , after his first one ended early due to his overturning his truck . He is grateful that his employers have given him another chance ; at the same time , he feels he has a long way to go in order to regain their full trust . Ray Veilleux : Veilleux , 44 , ran his own construction business in Kalispell , Montana until it failed as a result of the U.S. housing industry crash . He signed on with Carlile and has worked his way up from freight yard duty to making ice road runs . Merv Gilbertson : Gilbertson is a second - generation haul road trucker , running Big State Logistics based out of Fairbanks . Except for one Carlile delivery by Jessee late in the season , Gilbertson and his convoys make all the supply runs to Bettles shown this season . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : The truckers make stops at Fairbanks , Coldfoot , Deadhorse and the oilfields of Prudhoe Bay as in Season 3 , as well as the following new destinations : Bettles , Alaska : Located near the center of Alaska along the remains of the Hickel Highway , this small town is accessible from the Dalton only by driving over frozen swampland . Nuiqsut , Alaska : Located west of Deadhorse , Nuiqsut is accessible by an ice road connecting it to the Dalton Highway during the winter . Some heavy haul loads bound for Prudhoe Bay originated in Anchorage and reached Fairbanks via the Glenn Highway and George Parks Highway before going on the Dalton . Final load counts ( edit ) Veilleux - 19 Rowland - 18 Jessee - 17 Kelly - 17 Debogorski - 16 Boadwine - 11 Season 5 ( edit ) The focus of this season is split between two locations . One group drives the Dalton Highway , moving freight between Fairbanks and Deadhorse with occasional side trips to Nuiqsut and Anchorage . Meanwhile , a second group transports loads between Winnipeg , Manitoba , and several remote communities over winter and ice roads . Episodes ( edit ) The on - screen graphics for type and weight of each load hauled featured in the first four seasons were discontinued with Season 5 , now only showing time of day or temperature depending on the situation . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski and Rowland return to Canada , and Yemm ( seasons 1 and 2 ) joins them for this season to drive the ice roads in Manitoba , Debogorski for First Nations Transport , and Rowland and Yemm for Polar Industries ( also hauling loads for First Nations for the first eight episodes under contract through Polar ) . For Carlile , Kelly and three other truckers haul freight on the Dalton , and Hall appears in two episodes to deliver heavy loads . Kromm returns to train rookie drivers , notably Redmon and Sieber , and later advises Lane Keator to fire Redmon . New drivers ( edit ) Dave Redmon : Redmon , 45 , is an Alabama native with 25 years of over-the - road trucking experience . In 2010 , he , Yemm , and Kelly spent two months hauling loads on the dangerous roads in India ( see IRT : Deadliest Roads , below ) . This season marks his first year of ice road trucking , but he is ultimately fired due to concerns about his driving performance and attitude toward other truckers ( especially Tony Molesky , who abandoned Redmon at Coldfoot halfway through his first training run on the Dalton ) . Tony Molesky : Molesky is a 19 - year veteran of the ice roads , and like Kromm , serves as a safety and driver instructor for Carlile . In the season premiere , he describes a recent accident in which he had to swerve into a ditch to avoid a head - on collision with an oncoming rookie driver . His truck took a glancing blow , scattering debris which he later returns to pick up ; by season 's end , the truck is repaired and put back in service . ( He was also seen briefly in Season 3 episode 3 as Rowland 's co-driver . ) Maya Sieber : Sieber is a 27 - year - old resident of New York City , with three years ' trucking experience on its roads . Like Redmon , this is her first year on the ice . Vlad Pleskot : Pleskot is one of Polar 's drivers . In Season 7 , he and Rowland will form their own company . Mark Kohaykewych : Mark owns Polar Industries , and drives a pilot car for an oversized load convoy Pleskot , Rowland and Yemm make to St. Theresa Point ( episodes 4 and 5 ) . Even though Mark is rarely seen at the wheel of a big rig , he will be in the opening credits as one of the series ' stars by Season 7 . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : Truckers make stops at Fairbanks , Coldfoot , and Deadhorse as before . Kelly and Molesky begin a heavy haul from Anchorage via the Glenn and George Parks Highways before reaching the Dalton ( episodes 6 and 7 ) . Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : Truckers haul freight on the ice roads to re-supply isolated communities that have no other economical way to bring in materials . Communities serviced by the truckers during Season 5 include Oxford House , Red Sucker Lake , Bloodvein , Little Grand Rapids , St. Theresa Point , Garden Hill , Tadoule Lake and Lac Brochet and Victoria Beach in Manitoba , and Muskrat Dam in northwestern Ontario . Final load counts ( edit ) Canada Debogorski - 22 Rowland - 21 Yemm - 20 Alaska Kelly - 28 Redmon - 27 Molesky - 25 Sieber - 22 Season 6 ( edit ) The focus of this season is split among three locations , listed in `` Route and destinations '' below . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Rowland , and Yemm continue driving in Canada for this season , moving cargo along the Dempster Highway ( Debogorski ) and Manitoba 's winter roads ( Rowland and Yemm ) . Jessee ( seasons 3 and 4 ) returns to drive the Dalton along with three newcomers , and Hall appears in one episode to help move a modular building up from Fairbanks . Near the end of the season , Veilleux ( season 4 ) is called in to help transport the last loads up to Prudhoe Bay . Molesky and Kromm are involved in training drivers new to driving on the Dalton Highway for Carlile Transportation . Additionally , both Molesky and Kromm independently monitor other drivers ' standards and behavior , and advise Fairbanks Terminal Manager Lane Keator if there are issues like those that led to Redmon and `` Porkchop '' being fired . New drivers ( edit ) Darrell Ward ( 1964 − 2016 ) : Coming to Alaska from Montana , Ward has 31 years of highway trucking experience , including driving logging trucks in the Rocky Mountains , and drove the Dalton for Alaska West Express in 2009 . This is his first ( and only ) year at Carlile , and he ends up coming second to Jack Jessee by one load . Darrell , easily one of IRT 's most popular drivers ever , was killed in a plane crash at the age of 52 on August 28 , 2016 . Ward at the time was a business partner with Lisa Kelly . The plane was piloted by Mark Melotz and it crashed near Rock Creek , Montana . Austin Wheeler : Wheeler , 23 , has been a Carlile employee for almost two years , transporting heavy loads in southern Alaska before transferring to the Fairbanks depot . While his season ended early towards the end due to engine power issues , he earned credit in saving Darrell when the latter was stranded in the middle of the season . Ronald `` Porkchop '' Mangum : Mangum , 35 , is a South Carolina trucker with 14 years of experience . Like Ward , he is starting his first season on the Dalton ; he is fired near the end of the season due to concerns over his driving performance . Route and destinations ( edit ) Dalton Highway : This is the final season for the Dalton on the show . Dempster Highway : Connects the Northwest Territories to the rest of Canada 's road network through the Yukon . Manitoba ice roads Final load counts ( edit ) Alaska Jessee - 29 Ward - 28 Wheeler - 23 Veilleux - 5 ( not full season ) Canada Debogorski - 25 Rowland - 14 Yemm - 6 Season 7 ( edit ) The focus of this season is the winter road network originating in Winnipeg . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Kelly , and Ward relocate to Winnipeg this season and begin driving for Polar Industries . Rowland and Pleskot return as well , leaving Polar to start their own trucking company , VP Express . New drivers ( edit ) Art Burke : Burke , a Yellowknife resident , has driven the diamond mine ice roads for 15 years . He originally signs on with VP Express to drive for Rowland but switches over to Polar , after being fired . He also brings the winning load for Polar by the end of the season . Todd Dewey : Dewey , a logging trucker from Washington state , is starting his first year on the ice road to work for Rowland . He is also featured in Ax Men season 8 , especially driving logs for Rygaard Logging into the saw mill during the warmer months . Dewey is the nephew of Craig Rygaard and cousin of Gabe , Jason , and Burt . Craig is the original owner of Rygaard Logging , and when he retired , Gabe took over . Joey Barnes : Barnes , known as the `` King of Obsolete '' , and his daughter Xena live in northern Manitoba , well past the end of the winter roads . He uses vintage trucks and modified tractors to travel over the rough terrain for equipment delivery / pickup runs . Final load counts ( edit ) Polar - 181 VP - 180 Season 8 ( edit ) This season all drivers from season 7 return to Winnipeg , and the same companies , Polar and VP Express , are shown . This is also the first season in which the program is a US / Canadian co-production , with Prospero Media and Shaw Media ( owners of the Canadian History franchise ) producing the show with Original Productions and History ( as seen in the end credits of each episode ) . Season 8 premiered on July 7 , 2014 . Returning drivers ( edit ) Darrell Ward , Art Burke , and Lisa Kelly drive for Polar . Todd Dewey switches from VP Express to Polar . Alex Debogorski drives for longtime rival Hugh Rowland 's and Vlad Pleskot 's VP Express . After a tense verbal exchange with Polar owner Mark Kohaykewych , Darrell quits Polar in episode 5 , frustrated with repeated truck breakdowns and how few loads he has been given , and goes into business for himself . Joey Barnes appears in episode 10 to escort Burke on a delivery run through the Manitoba wilderness , after Burke avoided being fired after jack - knifing his truck the previous trip . Also in episode 5 , Burke was fined $490 and `` shut down '' ( suspended from driving ) for three days , due to multiple log - book infringements and over-working , from being stuck in the snowstorm on the previous round trip . In episode 12 , Kelly , Burke , Dewey , Darrell and Reno all make it to Fort Severn , while Kelly decides to support Darrell and help him go further into Peawanuck . Kelly was not censured by Mark for her actions , as it was `` a morally and ethically right thing to do , '' and she was offered a job by Darrell for the next season ; she was undecided on switching sides . New driver ( edit ) Reno Ward : Darrell Ward 's son , he was hired to help his father in episode 9 . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : Two new destinations in northwestern Ontario : Fort Severn and Peawanuck . Final load counts ( edit ) Polar : 171 VP : 170 Total : 341 Season 9 ( edit ) On July 21 , 2015 , History announced season 9 would premiere August 2 , 2015 , at 9 / 8c . Episodes ( edit ) With the departure of Rowland and VP Express from the series due to a 2014 pickup accident which severely injured him while riding with one of the series ' producers , the `` dash for the cash '' theme is less emphasized from this season on . As a result , load counts are no longer shown , and the focus shifts to delivering loads to communities as shortening ice road seasons permit , as the season 's two - part finale demonstrates . Returning drivers ( edit ) This season features all the truckers from the prior season with the exceptions of Hugh Rowland , Vlad Pleskot and Reno Ward . Debogorski , Dewey and Burke drive for Polar , while Darrell Ward and Kelly drive for their own company . Barnes appears in episode 8 to help Burke haul a load of fuel . New driver ( edit ) Mike Simmons : Mike is the owner of Bad Apple Escorts , Inc. , a pilot truck service based in Edmonton , Alberta . Although he is an experienced heavy hauler on the Alberta oil fields , this season marks his first exposure to ice road trucking . He is hired by Polar to help keep loads moving , in response to the threat of competition posed by Ward and Kelly . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads Seal River , via cat train convoy from Churchill : Darrell and Mark teamed up to send their best drivers ( Dewey and Kelly ) to make this haul over the southwest part of Hudson Bay . Season X ( 10 ) ( edit ) Per the History Channel Website , Season 10 ( which the site calls Season X or `` IRT X '' ) premiered on August 4 , 2016 at 10 / 9c . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Darrell Ward , Kelly , Dewey and Burke continue driving for their respective companies . Mark Kohaykewych briefly drives Darrell 's truck , as well as a heavy loader to push trucks over steep hills during the two - part season finale convoy . This was Darrell Ward 's final season , as he was killed in a plane crash on August 28 , 2016 . New driver ( edit ) Stephanie `` Steph '' Custance : Steph , 22 , is a first - year ice road trucker with less than one year of commercial driving experience . Mark hires her to work for Polar , deciding that his need for drivers outweighs the problems he sees during her road test . She has a five - year - old son . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario / Alberta ice roads : In addition to previously seen destinations in Manitoba and Ontario , two new destinations were added in Season 10 : Fort Chipewyan , Alberta and Summer Beaver , Ontario . Season 11 ( edit ) Season 11 premiered August 24 , 2017 on History . Returning drivers ( edit ) Debogorski , Dewey , Burke and Custance continue driving for Polar , and Kelly continues to run the company she and Darrell Ward founded . Darrell 's son Reno Ward ( Season 8 ) joins the cast in episode 5 , helping Kelly repay a debt to Polar owner Mark Kohaykewych . Mark also drives a pilot car for an oversized load hauled by Kelly and Reno ( episodes 5 and 6 ) . Route and destinations ( edit ) Manitoba / Ontario ice roads : One new destination added in Season 11 : Kasabonika , Ontario . IRT : Deadliest roads ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> IRT : Deadliest Roads Genre Reality Documentary Starring Hugh Rowland ( Season 2 ) Lisa Kelly Rick Yemm Dave Redmon Augustin Rodriguez ( Season 2 ) Tim Zickuhr ( Season 2 ) Alex Debogorski ( Season 1 ) G.W. Boles ( Season 2 ) Narrated by Thom Beers Tom Cotcher ( UK ) Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) David McKillop Dolores Gavin Thom Beers Philip Segal Dawn Fitzgerald Adam Martin Aron Plucinski Location ( s ) India and South America Running time 45 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions Distributor A + E Networks <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network History Original release October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) -- December 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.history.com/shows/irt-deadliest-roads Season 1 : Himalayas ( edit ) On October 3 , 2010 , a spinoff series , titled IRT : Deadliest Roads , premiered immediately after the Season 4 finale . Rick Yemm , Alex Debogorski , and Lisa Kelly traveled to India and put their driving skills to the test on the narrow , treacherous mountain roads that lead from Delhi to Shimla , then up to the Karchan and Kuppa hydroelectric dam construction sites in the Himalayas . Debogorski quit in the first episode due to fear of angry mobs if he were involved in an accident , and was replaced by Alabama trucker Dave Redmon ( who has since been featured in Season 5 of Ice Road Truckers ) . As the season continued , the drivers were dispatched to carry supplies over the stormy Rohtang Pass to the town of Keylong , which had been cut off for months due to the bad weather . The season finale aired on December 5 , 2010 , with the truckers ' attempting to deliver loads of jet fuel for helicopter crews who were working to rescue people stranded in the mountains by the storms . Yemm and Redmon turned back , deciding that the conditions were too hazardous for the volatile cargo ; the next day , Kelly hauled the entire shipment herself and delivered it to the crews , becoming the only North American trucker to complete the entire season . The roads were often hacked out of vertical cliffs like a tunnel with one side open to the air , with rock overhangs overhead and drops of several hundred feet below . One part of the road was called `` the Freefall Freeway '' . In Episode 5 : `` Crumbling Roads '' , Kelly and Yemm delivered two images ( one each , well packed with sandbags and sand and straw ) of the goddess Kali ( shown as treading on her husband Shiva ) along a frightful mountain road hacked out of cliffsides to a temple at a town called Kalpa , Himachal Pradesh . In Episode 6 : `` Thin Air '' , they struggled with a worse road and altitude hypoxia on the Rohtang Pass , and one of them delivered an image of Buddha and some Buddhist scriptures to a Tibetan - type Buddhist monastery in the mountains . Early promotional spots for the series listed the title as IRT : Himalayas . Season 2 : south America ( edit ) The second season of IRT : Deadliest Roads premiered on September 25 , 2011 . Six North American drivers are sent to Bolivia to haul cargo along the Yungas Road , notorious for its extreme hazards . The drivers work in pairs - Hugh Rowland and Rick Yemm , Lisa Kelly and Dave Redmon , and newcomers Tim Zickuhr and Augustin `` Tino '' Rodriguez . Redmon and Yemm quit in Episode 2 ; Rowland continues driving alone , while Texas trucker G.W. Boles arrives to ride with Kelly in Episode 4 . Starting with Episode 8 , the truckers relocate to Peru and begin transporting loads to sites high in the Andes mountain range . In episode 6 , Kelly and Boles transport 32 breeding llamas across the Salar de Uyuni , the world 's biggest salt flat , 12,000 ft ( 3,700 m ) above sea level . On the way , their truck 's radiator begins to leak ; after they mend it , they must empty all their drinking water into the radiator to replace the loss . Abundant lithium deposits cause their magnetic compasses to read incorrectly , and for a time their GPS malfunctions . Feature film ( edit ) In 2008 , 20th Century Fox acquired rights from the History Channel to create a scripted , theatrical action film based on the series . See also ( edit ) Trucks portal Highway Thru Hell Ice Pilots NWT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Ice Road Truckers series '' . History.com . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Don , `` BACK ON THE ' ICE ROAD ' '' , New York Post , April 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' debut sets The History Channel ratings records - Reality TV World - News , information , episode summaries , message boards , chat and games for unscripted television programs '' . Reality TV World . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slide Show : ' Ice Road Truckers ' Take Thrilling Glide '' . New York Post . June 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia , `` Honk ? No , Pray if You Hear a Loud Crack '' , The New York Times , June 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road 2008 orientation materials '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Producers find new ice road for TV series '' . Landline Magazine . Owner - Operator Independent Drivers Association . February 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Tundra Trucking : Popular trucking show not on thin ice '' . Today 's Trucking : The Online Business Resource For Canada 's Trucking Industry . Newcom Business Media , Inc . February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Road Truckers ( 2007 -- ) Dash for the Cash '' . IMDB . IMDB.com , inc . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Working for Hugh '' . Hugh Rowland Official Site . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Snap Lake Mine '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diavik '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Winston buying Ekati mine for $500 M US '' . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Kromm 's testimony to Alaska Oil & Gas Association '' ( PDF ) . Alaska Oil & Gas Association . February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 Truckers -- Ice Road Truckers -- '' . History.com. April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Pat ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Ice road trucker '' . The Montana Standard . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Dewey - Ice Road Truckers Cast '' . History.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Barnes - Ice Road Truckers Cast '' . History.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Joey ( April 2006 ) . `` MOVING THE CAT TRAINS TO HISTORIC ILFORD '' . kingofobsolete.ca . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Dewey '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Debogorski '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tully , Jake ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Rowland and Dangers of Ice Road Trucking '' . truckdrivingjobs.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' Season 9 to Premiere Sunday , August 2 & & New Series ' Power & Ice ' to Premiere Thursday , August 27 on History '' . TVbytheNumbers . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lisa Kelly '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Road Truckers Full Episodes , Video & More - HISTORY '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Ice Road Truckers ' Star Darrell Ward Killed In Plane Crash '' . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael . `` Fox drives ' Truckers ' to bigscreen '' , Variety . February 12 , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Debogorski , Alex ( October 26 , 2010 ) . King of the Road : True Tales from a Legendary Ice Road Trucker . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 64368 - 6 . Rowland , Hugh ( June 8 , 2010 ) . On Thin Ice : Breakdowns , Whiteouts , and Survival on the World 's Deadliest Roads . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2368 - 4 . ( with Michael Lent ) External links ( edit ) Official website , History Channel USA Ice Road Truckers on HISTORY on Facebook Official website , History Channel UK Official website , History Channel Canada Official website , Channel 5 UK Ice Road Truckers on IMDb ( 2000 documentary film ) Ice Road Truckers on IMDb Ice Road Truckers on IMDb ( IRT : Deadliest Roads ) Ice Road Truckers at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> History channel original programming Current , future and returning series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Big Easy Motors Blue Book Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Lost in Transmission Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People ThingamaBob Vikings Past , canceled and series on hiatus 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats American Ripper Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Documentary films and miniseries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Ancestors in the Attic Barbarians Rising The Bible China 's First Emperor Civil War Combat Conquest of America Countdown to Armageddon Countdown to Ground Zero Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Grounded on 9 / 11 Hatfields & McCoys Hotel Ground Zero Houdini I Missed Flight 93 Mankind : The Story of All of Us Museum Secrets The Occult History of the Third Reich Predator X Quest for King Arthur Roots Search for the Lost City of Gold Shootout ! 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who is the voice on how i met your mother

How I Met Your Mother - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother <Td_colspan="2"> The cast pictured in the opening sequence Genre Sitcom Romantic comedy Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Cristin Milioti Narrated by Bob Saget Opening theme `` Hey , Beautiful '' by The Solids Composer ( s ) John Swihart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 208 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Carter Bays Craig Thomas Rob Greenberg Pamela Fryman Eileen Heisler DeAnn Heline Greg Malins Chris Harris Stephen Lloyd Kourtney Kang Jamie Rhonheimer Chuck Tatham Producer ( s ) Randy Cordray Suzy Mamann Greenberg Chris Harris Jamie Rhonheimer Kourtney Kang Brenda Hsueh Theresa Mulligan Rosenthal Stewart Halpern - Fingerhut Rob Greenberg Tami Sagher Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Bays & Thomas Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) -- March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 , to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 Home media 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does not want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah '' ; later in the series , Ted remembers her name as Carol . While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Finally in present 2030 , six years after Tracy 's death , Ted gets back with Robin . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas ' idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris ' skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Ted Mosby Jason Segel Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan Lily Aldrin Cristin Milioti Tracy McConnell Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist since he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all the obstacles he has to overcome before he meets `` The One '' aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . In the show 's finale , he says , that , in Tracy , he had met the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) , but only after he was finished telling the story he realized that Robin was the love of his life . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted Mosby 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in the paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer , conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again - off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Cobie 's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college and that Marshall is Ted 's first best friend . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Neil 's husband David Burtka has appeared on 7 episodes on the show as Scooter . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Alyson 's husband Alexis Denisof has appeared on 10 episodes on the show as Sandy Rivers . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , ( although only appearing customarily , 28 episodes out of 208 , she plays an integral part in the show in the build - up to the finale ) the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 24 <Td_colspan="1"> September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she has missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it is in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they are ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily 's pregnancy progresses . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he can not be around Barney and Robin after they are married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet : the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first episode ( pilot ) , the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with generally favorable reviews from critics , though some compared the series unfavorably to Friends . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collected 25 reviews for the series , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews by critics , though fans found it worse than prior seasons . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a polarized reaction from fans . While some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , others felt that it remained true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed that the spin - off project was officially dead . Six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ALMA Awards Art Directors Guild 0 7 Casting Society of America 0 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Emmy Awards 9 28 EWwy Awards GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 6 17 PRISM Awards 0 Satellite Awards 0 TCA Awards 0 Teen Choice Awards 0 Young Hollywood Awards 0 Totals 18 72 Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 18 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both receiving People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . Home Media ( edit ) DVD season <Th_colspan="3"> Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Austria , Australia , Latin America , The Netherlands , Spain , the UK , Ireland , and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Seasons 1 - 9 were removed from Netflix in the United States as of November 13 , 2017 , and are now available on Hulu . Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Hotstar in India . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS ' ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Leaving Netflix in November 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHow I Met Your Motherat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website How I Met Your Mother at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) How I Met Your Mother on IMDb How I Met Your Dad on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' <Th_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 GND : 7746815 - 6 LCCN : no2010159293 VIAF : 219033079 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother&oldid=843280147 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American romance television series 2000s American sitcoms 2010s American romance television series 2010s American sitcoms American romantic comedy television series Casual sex in television CBS network shows English - language television programs Fiction with unreliable narrators Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in New York City Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series about friendship Television series about couples Television series about television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 02 : 55 . 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1. How I Met Your Mother - American sitcom 2. Ted Mosby - main character and narrator 3. New York City - setting of the show 4. Friends - Ted's group of friends and their adventures 5. The Mother - the mystery woman Ted eventually meets and marries

who ends up together in heart of dixie

Hart of Dixie - wikipedia Hart of Dixie For the similarly named 1989 film , see Heart of Dixie ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Hart of Dixie <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Comedy - drama Created by Leila Gerstein Starring Rachel Bilson Jaime King Cress Williams Wilson Bethel Scott Porter Tim Matheson Kaitlyn Black Composer ( s ) Jeremy Adelman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Leila Gerstein Donald Todd Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Jason Ensler Len Goldstein Producer ( s ) Sarah Kucserka Kelly Van Horn Veronica Becker David Paymer Ari Posner Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Buzz Feitshans IV Robert Gantz Brad Lipson Larry Reibman Editor ( s ) Brandi Bradburn Barbara Gerard Les Bulter Jeff Granzow Benjamin Bumgartner Luke Pebler Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Fake Empire Productions Dogarooski Productions ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( season 4 ) CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Hart of Dixie is an American comedy - drama television series that aired on The CW from September 26 , 2011 to March 27 , 2015 . The series , created by Leila Gerstein , stars Rachel Bilson as Dr. Zoe Hart , a New Yorker who , after her dreams of becoming a heart surgeon fall apart , accepts an offer to work as a general practitioner in the fictional Gulf Coast town of Bluebell , Alabama . The show also stars a pet alligator named Burt Reynolds . On September 26 , 2011 , Hart of Dixie premiered . The show was scheduled to move back to Mondays in the fall for its third season having been paired with Beauty & the Beast . The show 's third season premiered on October 7 , 2013 . On May 8 , 2014 , the CW renewed the show for its fourth season . On July 18 , 2014 , CW president Mark Pedowitz announced that Hart of Dixie would have ten episodes for its fourth season , which premiered on December 15 , 2014 . On March 14 , 2015 , Leila Gerstein revealed that season four of Hart of Dixie would be its last . The CW officially cancelled the show on May 7 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 2 Cast and characters 3 Development and production 3.1 Casting 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 International broadcasts 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season mostly revolves around Zoe Hart adjusting to life in the small town of Bluebell , Alabama and the practice she inherited from the father she never knew , with whom Zoe 's mother had an affair while she was engaged to the man Zoe knew as her dad . She struggles to bring in 30 % of the patients to her practice , a clause she needs to adhere to if she wishes to keep half of the practice from Brick Breeland . She finds this difficult , as she is at odds with most of the local residents due to her city persona . Zoe also struggles with her growing feelings towards local attorney George Tucker , feelings of which his fiancée , Lemon Breeland is fully aware , leading her to make it her mission to ensure Zoe leaves Bluebell . Other storylines include Wade 's feelings for Zoe ( which may or may not be returned ) ; Zoe 's friendship with the mayor , Lavon , and his past with Lemon ; and Zoe 's unresolved issues regarding her family . Season 2 ( edit ) The season begins with Zoe confused with her feelings for both George and Wade ( she slept with Wade the night of George and Lemon 's aborted wedding at the end of season one ) . She later decides that George is n't ready for another relationship yet and decides to see Wade . Lavon 's former high school sweetheart Ruby Jeffries ( played by Golden Brooks ) returns to Bluebell and reveals she is opposing for mayor . George begins dating again , first seeing newcomer Shelby Sinclair ; however , he later dumps her , and Shelby begins dating Brick Breeland . George later starts a relationship with Wade 's ex-wife , Tansy Truitt . As the season progresses , Ruby leaves after Lemon 's jealousy destroys her and Lavon . Wade and Zoe continue to date , though they face their share of setbacks . At the end of the season , Zoe is faced deciding between a summer in New York working at a hospital at her dream job - only to have confessed his feelings for her , and she unable to return them . Meanwhile , Annabeth begins having feelings for Lavon , and later the two sleep together , leaving Lemon devastated by her best friend 's betrayal . Season 3 ( edit ) The season begins with Zoe returning to Bluebell after a summer in NYC - along with her new boyfriend Joel ( played by Josh Cooke ) . George struggles to rebuild his life following his break up with Tansy but finds love with Lavon 's younger cousin . Lemon finds herself in a scandalous relationship , while Annabeth hopes her relationship with Lavon will grow into something more . Zoe learns more about her family roots in Bluebell , breaks up with Joel , and reunites with Wade . Season 4 ( edit ) The final season deals with Zoe 's pregnancy and her relationship with Wade . George , Lemon , Lavon , and Annabeth enter a tumultuous love affair , while Brick has to deal with his past in order to move forward as Lemon and Magnolia meet their half - sister from their estranged mother who left the family . In the end , George and Annabeth move in together , George changes careers to become a music manager , Zoe and Wade get married ( in a rushed ceremony , due to Zoe 's inhibitions about marriage and having gone into labor - they recite their vows while rushing towards the delivery room - delivering a baby boy ) , Lemon and Lavon get married . The final scene shows the town in harmony in the town square , Wade and Zoe with their son - and an old love triangle re-fueled between 3 elderly members of the community ; Zoe asks if all small towns are like Bluebell , to which Wade answers that they probably are n't . Zoe agrees , and they get up to walk their son and join their friends . Cast and characters ( edit ) Rachel Bilson as Zoe Hart , a medical doctor ; Zoe aspired to become a heart surgeon like her father , however after four years of residency at a New York hospital she is refused a position at the hospital and told she needs more experience dealing with patients and their families . Zoe moves to Bluebell , Alabama after learning her biological father was really a respected physician in the small town . She inherits his half of a general medical practice , and constantly bumps heads with the co-owner of the practice , Brick Breeland . However , she becomes a regular in helping the town through its never - ending dilemmas . In season 2 , she begins dating Wade Kinsella ... However , he ends up cheating on her when he loses Battle of the Bands , and she ends their relationship . In the season 2 finale , Zoe sleeps with Wade , and she decides to go back to New York to get over everything . In the season 3 premiere , six months have passed and Zoe returns to Bluebell with her new boyfriend Joel , who is a writer and moves with her to Bluebell . For the rest of season 3 , she remains in a relationship with Joel until one of his books is made into a movie and he moves to Los Angeles , California to assist with the production of the film . In the season 3 finale , Zoe realizes she is still in love with Wade and tells him that she is going to do everything she can to win him back . In the season 4 premiere , Zoe is still trying to prove to Wade that they should be together , and she seduces him , resulting in her getting pregnant . They eventually get back together and get married in the series finale as Zoe is giving birth to their son . Scott Porter as George Tucker ; A local lawyer in Bluebell that starts out engaged to Lemon Breeland ( season 1 ) but calls off their wedding after learning about Lemon 's affair with Lavon , combined with his own romantic feelings for Zoe . Zoe turns him down , and George starts to date other women and ends up with Wade 's ex-wife Tansy in season 2 . In season 3 , he begins dating Lavon 's cousin Lynly . George goes into partnership with his former fiance , Lemon , by helping her invest in Fancie 's Restaurant , but eventually pulls out his part of the restaurant when it burns down . Although he is the town lawyer , George seems to have a lot of time to experience in other opportunities , such as touring for a summer , as a singer with Lily Ann , and becoming the Talent Manager for both The Truitt Brothers and Meatball . George lives on a houseboat owned by Annabeth , who he finally starts dating during season 4 . George has parents that tend to meddle in his life when they come for the occasional visit . Jaime King as Lemon Breeland , the daughter of town physician Brick Breeland . She was engaged to George Tucker but had a relationship with Lavon while George was living in New York . Prideful , conservative and somewhat uptight , Lemon begins a deep rivalry with Zoe when they first meet , because she feels that Zoe is interfering in her `` perfect '' life , and they often clash , owing to their different ways of thinking . Over the course of seasons 2 -- 4 , although she would n't admit it to anyone , she does seem to come around to being civil with Zoe . During season 2 , she becomes co-owner of Rammer Jammer with Wade . She later becomes the owner of Fancie 's , the town 's `` best '' dinner restaurant . Lemon has a reputation of being persistent and somewhat scheming when it comes to getting what she wants . After her wedding to George is called off , she finds herself without a true profession and a place to live . At one point , in order to move out of her father 's house , she accepts the opportunity to live on AnnaBeth 's houseboat , only to discover she suffers from seasickness . She eventually trades living arrangements with her former fiance , George , trading him living on the houseboat , for living in what was once his apartment in town . Throughout the series , Lemon is seen having issues with her mother who abandoned her and her sister Magnolia ( whom she raised like her own daughter ) . However , in season 4 , she finally confronts her mother , with whom she remains hostile , but she does come around to accept that she has a little maternal half - sister , Scarlett , and makes extra efforts to come to know her . Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes , Mayor of Bluebell and a former linebacker for ten years in the NFL ; He is best friends with Zoe Hart . He has a pet alligator named Burt Reynolds . It is revealed in season 1 that Lavon had an intimate relationship with Lemon , who was engaged to George . Lavon develops a close friendship with Zoe and often gives her meaningful advice on the town 's traits . During seasons 2 -- 3 , he has relationships with his former high school sweetheart , Ruby , and with Annabeth , although , during each of these , he still has true feelings for Lemon . He has close friendships with Wade and George , although at times his and George 's relationship is strained due to his love for George 's former fiance , Lemon . Lavon is a big fan of the television personality , Don Todd , and eventually gets to closely know him . The knowing of Don Todd helps him later on when it comes to negotiations with rival Fillmore Mayor , Todd Gainey , Sr . Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella , a bartender and Zoe 's neighbor . He has an eccentric personality . Initially , he appears to be an immature , unambitious , womanizing and sarcastic bartender who does n't care about anyone but himself . But slowly it is revealed that he cares deeply about the people around him ( though he always puts his best efforts into hiding his feelings ) . He falls deeply in love with Zoe and tries to change his lifestyle and ambitions for her . For the most of season 2 , he is in a monogamous relationship with Zoe until he is caught cheating on her . Wade has always dreamed of owning his own bar and eventually gets that chance , by becoming co-owner of the local Rammer Jammer , with Lemon Breeland . During season 3 , he has a serious relationship with Vivian Wilkes , Zoe 's cousin , who finally breaks his heart by reconciling and moving away with her estranged husband . At the beginning of season 4 , he sleeps with Zoe , which leads to her becoming pregnant , causing him to finally come around and do his best to mend his `` flirtatious '' ways and grow up , in preparation of his new role as a family man with Zoe . In episode 10 Zoe goes into labor , and at the hospital , she and Wade get married before their baby is born . Eventually , Zoe gives birth to a baby boy in the series finale . Tim Matheson as Dr. Bertram `` Brick '' Breeland ( recurring , episodes 1 -- 14 ; starring , episode 15 -- present ) , Magnolia and Lemon 's father , who is also a doctor , and shares half of the local Bluebell practice with Zoe . He is often very critical of Zoe 's medical diagnoses and inexperience of Southern hospitality . Also , he is portrayed as an antagonist when he attempts to buy out Zoe 's share of the business . Brick eventually has a close on again , off again , on again , relationship , with local talent personality , Shelby , who at one time , actually dated his daughter 's former fiance , George . One of Brick 's main goals is to be voted as `` Man of The Year ( MOTY ) , an honor bestowed upon outstanding male town personalities , by the local Fraternal Order of The Owl . Brick is also well known as the repeated winner of the annual town Gumbo competition . Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass ( seasons 3 -- 4 ; recurring , seasons 1 -- 2 ) ; a member of the Belles and best friends with Lemon . She is occasionally nicknamed `` A.B. '' as an abbreviation of her first name . In season 2 , she develops feelings for Lavon but decides not to pursue a relationship with him because of Lemon . Lemon gives her blessing , so Annabeth and Lavon start dating . She is also a good friend to Zoe . During season 3 , she dates the nephew , of the rival town 's mayor , Davis , who proposes to her , but she declines , telling Lemon she did so because she is still in love with Lavon . During season 4 , she realizes she no longer loves Lavon and starts dating George Tucker . In season 3 and the beginning of season 4 , she becomes the receptionist to Brick 's and Zoe 's medical practice , which eventually leads to her wish to go to nursing school . Development and production ( edit ) On February 1 , 2011 , it was announced that The CW had ordered a pilot for Hart of Dixie . On May 17 , 2011 , the network officially picked up Hart of Dixie to series , set to air in fall 2011 . The series marks the second time executive producer , Josh Schwartz , and series star , Rachel Bilson , have worked together on television . The first time the duo worked together was on the Fox teen drama The O.C. , created by Schwartz . The show 's executive producer , Josh Schwartz , compared the show to The WB classics such as Felicity , Everwood , and Gilmore Girls . With the reveal of The CW 's fall 2011 schedule , it was announced that Hart of Dixie would air on Monday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern / 8 : 00 pm Central , following Gossip Girl . It premiered on Monday , September 26 , 2011 . On October 12 , 2011 the series was picked up for a full season , which will consist of twenty - two episodes . Along with pick - up for all other CW dramas , Mark Pedowitz said `` We believe in the creative strength of these dramas , and by giving them back nine orders we can give our audience the chance to enjoy complete seasons of all three of them . '' On May 11 , 2012 , The CW renewed the show for a second season , which premiered on October 2 , 2012 . The CW renewed the show for a third season on April 26 , 2013 . Casting ( edit ) On February 8 , 2011 , TVLine reported that Rachel Bilson was nearing a deal to star in the series . Her role was later confirmed by The CW in a press release . Soon after , Wilson Bethel joined the cast as Wade Kinsella , Zoe 's `` gorgeous bad - boy '' neighbor . Scott Porter was later cast as good - looking lawyer George Tucker , a potential love - interest for Bilson 's character . On May 20 , 2011 , it was announced that Nancy Travis would not continue with the series due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox - produced ABC sitcom Last Man Standing . Travis was written out after the first two episodes . Meredith Monroe appeared in one episode as Lemon 's estranged mother . JoBeth Williams appeared in three episodes as Candice Hart , the mother of Bilson 's character . On July 26 , 2013 , it was announced that Kaitlyn Black was upgraded to series regular status for season three . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Hart of Dixie 's first season has received mixed reviews , scoring a 43 out of 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic . TVGuide.com described the show as `` Southern Exposure '' and , in a later review , stated that the actors are better than the `` cutesy '' material , although Bilson is not convincing as a heart surgeon . Both TVGuide.com and Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the show is potentially offensive to the South . Bianco also wrote that the show is shallow and far - fetched , with Bilson giving an unconvincing performance , such as acting surprised when calling herself a doctor . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series is predictable and superficial , but `` surprisingly touching '' . Goodman and Brian Lowry of Variety stated that Bilson does not look like a doctor , with Goodman writing that she looked too much `` like a high - priced call girl '' and Lowry writing that she looked like she belonged in `` Barbie 's medical dream house . '' Writing for The New York Times , critic Neil Genzlinger wrote , `` ... the premiere , at least , does n't find a convincing way to balance the clashing strands : the city - mouse disorientation , the medical emergencies , the girlfights , the daddy issues , the young - pretty - and - available stuff . '' Los Angeles Times reviewer Mary McNamara described the show as , `` a stack of familiar scenarios stitched together to form a pretty if not terribly substantial quilt . '' TVLine described the show as `` Everwood-esque '' . TVLine later said : `` Beautifully filmed with warm , cozy tones , the Southern setting utterly envelops the glowing Bilson '' , adding that Porter 's appearance `` wins us over and makes you forget that clunky intro '' and despite the `` rom - coms clichés , the pilot is super-efficient at introducing us to those who will be the key players in Zoe 's story , laying the framework for storytelling places to go . '' Tv Times magazine gave Hart of Dixie its lowest score of 2011 -- 2012 : 12 out of 100 . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Outcome 2011 E ! Golden Tater Awards New Fall Show You 're Most Excited For Hart of Dixie Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Hart of Dixie Nominated ASCAP Award Top Television Series ( Composers and Songwriters ) Jeremy Adelman Won 2013 ASTRA Awards Favourite Program -- International Drama Hart of Dixie Nominated 2014 ASTRA Awards Favourite Program -- International Drama Hart of Dixie Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Hart of Dixie Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Rachel Bilson Nominated Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered <Th_colspan="2"> Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Monday 9pm 22 September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) 1.88 May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 1.60 2011 -- 2012 # 182 1.77 Tuesday 8pm 22 October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) 1.53 May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) 1.19 2012 -- 2013 # 142 1.70 Monday 8pm ( 2013 -- 14 ) Friday 9pm ( 2014 ) 22 October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) 1.03 May 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) 0.88 2013 -- 2014 # 166 1.37 Monday 8pm ( 2014 ) Friday 8pm ( 2015 ) 10 December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 1.22 March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 1.33 2014 -- 2015 # 175 1.61 International broadcasts ( edit ) Country Network ( s ) Series premiere Timeslot Source ( s ) Australia Fox8 January 7 , 2012 Mondays at 8 : 30 pm AEDT Canada CHCH - DT September 26 , 2011 Mondays at 8 pm ET Ireland TV3 May 13 , 2012 Sundays at 6 : 30 pm New Zealand TV2 August 5 , 2012 Sundays at 5 : 30 pm Philippines 2nd Avenue September 29 , 2011 Thursdays at 8 pm Thailand TrueSeries July 13 , 2012 Fridays at 9 pm United Kingdom Really April 30 , 2012 Mondays at 8 pm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Renewed by The CW , + ' The Originals ' Ordered to Series '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` CW 2013 -- 14 Primetime Schedule : ' Hart of Dixie ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Pair Monday , ' Supernatural ' to Tuesday , ' The Carrie Diaries ' Friday + ' Nikita ' TBD '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mittovich , Matt ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall TV Premiere Dates : The CW Once Again Opens Its Season in October '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' , ' The 100 ' and ' Hart of Dixie ' Renewed by The CW - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hart Of Dixie ' : Zoe Will Be Pregnant in Season 4 -- Rachel Bilson Expecting '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alexa ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` A heavy Hart Of Dixie ! Series creator expresses sadness as she appears to reveal the show 's official cancellation over Twitter '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Talmon , Noelle ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` CW Cancels ' Hart of Dixie ' , Creator Promises ' Satisfying ' Ending '' . Starpulse.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hart Of Dixie ' Officially Cancelled After 4 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` CW pilot pickups ! Zombies , angels , docs , cops '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` The CW 's Pilot Pickups Take On Zombies and Angels , Doctors and Detectives '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` The CW picks up ' Ringer , ' ' The Secret Circle ' and ' Hart of Dixie ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fall TV 2011 : Must - See New Shows '' . TV Guide . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Josh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Josh Schwartz tweets about Hart of Dixie '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` The CW 's Fall Schedule : Sarah Michelle Gellar Back on Tuesdays , Nikita Makes Move '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` CW Gives Full - Season Orders To ' Hart Of Dixie ' & ' Secret Circle ' , Goes 3 - For - 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` The CW Cancels Ringer and Secret Circle , Renews Hart of Dixie For Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hart of Dixie ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Renewed by The CW , + ' The Originals ' Ordered to Series - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Rachel Bilson To Star In The CW 's Dixie Pilot '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2011 -- 2012 SCHEDULE '' . The CW ( official website ) . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , February 17 '' , The Futon Critic , 02 -- 17 -- 11 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` Pilot Scoop : Scott Porter To Tug at Rachel Bilson 's Hart - strings '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis To Be Recast On ' Hart Of Dixie ' '' from Deadline.com ( May 20 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Recasts : Damon Wayans Will ( Briefly ) Live with New Girl , and More Updates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Hart of Dixie Exclusive : Dawson 's Creek Vet to Play ( Spoiler Alert ) ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Dixie Promotes Fan Fave to Regular '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hart of Dixie season 1 ( Metacritic ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roush , Matt ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Matt 's Guide to Monday TV : The New Season '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` There 's nothing deep in ' Hart of Dixie ' '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Hart of Dixie : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Hart of Dixie '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` After A Life Shakeup , Physician , Reveal Thy True Self '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Television Review : ' Hart of Dixie ' '' . the Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` CW Picks Up Rachel Bilson and Sarah Michelle Gellar Shows , Kevin Williamson 's Secret Circle '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : Hart Of Dixie Serves Up Rachel Bilson , Southern Comforts '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who Won the 2011 Tater Top Awards ? '' . E !. July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 People 's Choice Awards winners list '' . Zap2it . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . ASCAP . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ASTRA Awards . June 4 , 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130621021953/http://www.astra.org.au/ArticleDocuments/116/Embargoed%20subscriber%20finalists%20ASTRA%20Awards%202013.pdf.aspx . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ASTRA Awards . March 20 , 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140427053638/http://www.astra.org.au/Astra-Awards/ASTRA-Awards-Finalists . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FIRST WAVE OF `` TEEN CHOICE 2014 '' NOMINEES ANNOUNCED `` . Teen Choice Awards . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Terra Nova , ' ' 2.5 Men , ' ' Castle , ' HIMYM , ' Hart Of Dixie , ' ' Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Special Adjusted Up ; ' Go On ' , ' Vegas ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : The CW Sets Season Finale Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hart of Dixie Web Season Three Episode Guide -- Hart of Dixie Web '' . Hart of Dixie Web . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Sets Season Finale Dates and Kicks Off Summer with Four - Hour Event Series `` Labyrinth '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . The CW . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime TV Series 2013 -- 2014 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ UFO , Dark ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` CW Programming Calendar -- March 2015 -- Various Shows '' . Spoiler TV . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Hart of Dixie ' or ' Grimm & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime TV Series 2014 -- 2015 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` Airdate : Hart of Dixie '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- Hart of Dixie '' . CHCH.com . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Hart of Dixie is on TV this week ... '' TVGuide.co.uk . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hart of Dixie '' . TVNZ Online . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Bilson back on primetime TV via Hart of Dixie '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The new series of the month ' Hart of Dixie ' replaced ' Glee lll ' on Friday 13th July on TrueSeries channel ... '' pantip.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Really To Air Hart Of Dixie In April '' . TVWise . February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . 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Television Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from November 2014 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 18 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Hart of Dixie TV series 2. Comedy-drama 3. Rachel Bilson 4. Small town of Bluebell, Alabama 5. Love triangles and relationships

which is an example of an increase in human capital

Economic growth - wikipedia Economic growth Jump to : navigation , search Economic growth is the increase in the inflation - adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time . It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product , or real GDP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Measuring economic growth 3 Determinants of per capita GDP growth 3.1 Productivity 3.1. 1 Historical sources of productivity growth 3.2 Intensity ( hours worked ) 3.3 Demographic changes 4 Other factors affecting growth 4.1 Political institutions , property rights , and rule of law 4.2 Capital 4.3 New products and services 4.4 Growth phases and sector shares 5 Theories and models 5.1 Classical growth theory 5.2 Solow - Swan model 5.3 Endogenous growth theory 5.4 Unified growth theory 5.5 The big push 5.6 Schumpeterian growth 5.7 Institutions and growth 5.8 Human capital and growth 5.9 Energy consumption and growth 6 Importance of long - run growth 6.1 Quality of life 6.2 Business cycle 6.3 Income equality 6.3. 1 Equitable growth 7 Environmental impact 7.1 Global warming 7.2 Resource substitution 7.3 Declining resource quality 8 Physical constraints 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Articles and lectures 13.2 Data Overview ( edit ) Gross domestic product real growth rates , 1990 -- 1998 and 1990 -- 2006 , in selected countries . Rate of change of Gross domestic product , world and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , since 1961 . Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform Growth is usually calculated in real terms - i.e. , inflation - adjusted terms -- to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced . Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting . Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure . The economic growth rates of nations is commonly compared using the ratio of the GDP to population or per - capita income . The `` rate of economic growth '' refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time . Implicitly , this growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period , which implicitly ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend . An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs ( such as labor productivity , physical capital , energy or materials ) is referred to as intensive growth . GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use ( increased population , new territory ) is called extensive growth . Measuring economic growth ( edit ) Main article : Gross domestic product The economic growth rate is calculated from data on GDP estimated by countries _́ statistical agencies . The rate of growth of GDP / capita is calculated from data on GDP and people for the initial and final periods included in the analysis . Determinants of per capita GDP growth ( edit ) In national income accounting , per capita output can be calculated using the following factors : output per unit of labor input ( labor productivity ) , hours worked ( intensity ) , the percentage of the working age population actually working ( participation rate ) and the proportion of the working - age population to the total population ( demography ) . `` The rate of change of GDP / population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products . '' Productivity ( edit ) Increases in labor productivity ( the ratio of the value of output to labor input ) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth . `` In a famous estimate , MIT Professor Robert Solow concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long - term rise in U.S. per capita income , with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent . '' ( Note : There are various measures of productivity . The term used here applies to a broad measure of productivity . By contrast , Total factor productivity ( TFP ) growth measures the change in total output relative to the change in capital and labor inputs . Many of the cited references use TFP . ) Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods . Over the 20th century the real price of many goods fell by over 90 % . Historical sources of productivity growth ( edit ) Main article : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity arising from technological innovation . The division of labor is also fundamental to rising productivity . Before industrialization technological progress resulted in an increase in the population , which was kept in check by food supply and other resources , which acted to limit per capita income , a condition known as the Malthusian trap . The rapid economic growth that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth , providing an escape from the Malthusian trap . Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down , a phenomenon known as the demographic transition . Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth -- this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century . Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor , materials , energy , and land ( less input per widget ) . The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs . Both of these changes increase output . The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services . During the Industrial Revolution , mechanization began to replace hand methods in manufacturing , and new processes streamlined production of chemicals , iron , steel , and other products . Machine tools made the economical production of metal parts possible , so that parts could be interchangeable . See : Interchangeable parts . During the Second Industrial Revolution , a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor . Also there was a great increase in power as steam powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power . Since that replacement , the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency . Other major historical sources of productivity were automation , transportation infrastructures ( canals , railroads , and highways ) , new materials ( steel ) and power , which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity . Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management , and the Green Revolution . Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production , which is universally used today . Productivity lowered the cost of most items in terms of work time required to purchase . Real food prices fell due to improvements in transportation and trade , mechanized agriculture , fertilizers , scientific farming and the Green Revolution . Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads , steam ships , horse - pulled reapers and combine harvesters , and steam - powered factories . The invention of processes for making cheap steel were important for many forms of mechanization and transportation . By the late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor , materials , and energy were required to produce and transport goods . However , real wages rose , allowing workers to improve their diet , buy consumer goods and afford better housing . Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction , which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s . Following the Great Depression , economic growth resumed , aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services , such as automobiles , telephones , radios , electricity and household appliances . New goods and services included television , air conditioning and commercial aviation ( after 1950 ) , creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week . The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post World War II growth , as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries . The post World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world , particularly in the Middle East . By John W. Kendrick 's estimate , three - quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity . Economic growth in the United States slowed down after 1973 . In contrast growth in Asia has been strong since then , starting with Japan and spreading to Korea , China , the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana 's . The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s . Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century . US productivity growth spiked towards the end of the century in 1996 -- 2004 , due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation known as Moore 's law . After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972 -- 96 . Intensity ( hours worked ) ( edit ) The work week declined considerably over the 19th century . By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours , but the work week was reduced to 40 hours ( after which overtime premium was applied ) as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 . Demographic changes ( edit ) Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate . Industrialization creates a demographic transition in which birth rates decline and the average age of the population increases . Women with fewer children and better access to market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages . There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school . The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic growth , as did the entrance of the baby boomers into the work force . See : Spending wave Other factors affecting growth ( edit ) Political institutions , property rights , and rule of law ( edit ) See also : Great Divergence § Property rights , Great Divergence § Efficiency of markets and state intervention , and Great Divergence § State prohibition of new technology `` As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life , they forge the success or failure of nations . '' In economics and economic history , the transition to capitalism from earlier economic systems was enabled by the adoption of government policies that facilitated commerce and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom . These included new laws favorable to the establishment of business , including contract law and laws providing for the protection of private property , and the abolishment of anti-usury laws . When property rights are less certain , transaction costs can increase , hindering economic development . Enforcement of contractual rights is necessary for economic development because it determines the rate and direction of investments . When the rule of law is absent or weak , the enforcement of property rights depends on threats of violence , which causes bias against new firms because they can not demonstrate reliability to their customers . Much of this literature was built on the success story of the British state that after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 combined high fiscal capacity with constraints on the power of the king generating some respect for the rule of law . However , others have questioned that this institutional formula is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution -- and the type of institutions created by that change -- does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions . In England , a dramatic increase in the state 's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown , but elsewhere in Europe , increases in state capacity happened before major rule of law reforms . There are many different ways through which states achieved state ( fiscal ) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development . Thanks to the underlying homogeneity of its land and people , England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689 . On the other hand , the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during the seventeenth century . Furthermore , Prussia and the Habsburg empire -- much more heterogeneous states than England -- were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive . Nevertheless , it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them . Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private - order arrangements that combined with public - order institutions associated with states , to lay the foundations of modern rule of law states . In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . In many urban areas the poor `` invade '' private or government land to build their houses , so they do not hold title to these properties . Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements . Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building . In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency . Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans , depriving many poor countries one of their most important potential sources of capital . Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential capital . Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay - offs that offset much of any taxes avoided . `` Democracy Does Cause Growth '' , according to Acemoglu et al. Specifically , `` democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment , increasing schooling , inducing economic reforms , improving public goods provision , and reducing social unrest . '' Capital ( edit ) Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital , which consists of structures ( largest component of physical capital ) and equipment used in business ( machinery , factory equipment , computers and office equipment , construction equipment , business vehicles , medical equipment , etc . ) . Up to a point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth . Capital is subject to diminishing returns because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation . In the development of economic theory the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital . In recent decades there have been several Asian countries with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment . New products and services ( edit ) Another major cause of economic growth is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products . New products create demand , which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor saving technology ( and to a lesser extent employment declines due to savings in energy and materials ) . In the U.S.A. by 2013 about 60 % of consumer spending was for goods and services that did not exist in 1869 . Also , the creation of new services has been more important than invention of new goods . Growth phases and sector shares ( edit ) Main article : Rostow 's stages of growth Economic growth in the U.S. and other developed countries went through phases that affected growth through changes in the labor force participation rate and the relative sizes of economic sectors . The transition from an agricultural economy to manufacturing increased the size of the sector with high output per hour ( the high - productivity manufacturing sector ) , while reducing the size of the sector with lower output per hour ( the lower productivity agricultural sector ) . Eventually high productivity growth in manufacturing reduced the sector size , as prices fell and employment shrank relative to other sectors . The service and government sectors , where output per hour and productivity growth is low , saw increases in their shares of the economy and employment during the 1990s . The public sector has since contracted , while the service economy expanded in the 2000s . Theories and models ( edit ) Classical growth theory ( edit ) In classical ( Ricardian ) economics , the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory or law of variable proportions , whereby increasing either of the factors of production ( labor or capital ) , while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change , will increase output , but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero . These concepts have their origins in Thomas Malthus 's theorizing about agriculture . Malthus 's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number of seeds planted ( capital ) on a plot of land and the size of the harvest from a plot of land versus the number of workers employed . See : Diminishing returns Criticisms of classical growth theory are that technology , an important factor in economic growth , is held constant and that economies of scale are ignored . Natural rate of growth : According to Prof. Harrod , Natural growth rate which is the maximum rate of growth allowed by the increase of variables like population growth , technological improvement & growth in natural resources . In fact , Natural growth rate is the highest attainable growth rate which would bring about the fullest possible employment of the resources existing in the economy . Solow - Swan model ( edit ) This section is about a neoclassical growth model . It is not to be confused with Steady - state economy Robert Solow and Trevor Swan developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s . This model assumes that there are diminishing returns to capital and labor . Capital accumulates through investment , but its level or stock continually decreases due to depreciation . Due to the diminishing returns to capital , with increases in capital / worker and absent technological progress , economic output / worker eventually reaches a point where capital per worker and economic output / worker remain constant because annual investment in capital equals annual depreciation . This condition is called the ' steady state ' . In the Solow - Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress , then output / worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state . If productivity increases at a constant rate , output / worker also increases at a related steady - state rate . As a consequence , growth in the model can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress . But at whatever share of GDP invested , capital / worker eventually converges on the steady state , leaving the growth rate of output / worker determined only by the rate of technological progress . As a consequence , with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate , all countries have the same steady state rate of growth . Each country has a different level of GDP / worker determined by the share of GDP it invests , but all countries have the same rate of economic growth . Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time . Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest . One important prediction of the model , mostly borne out by the data , is that of conditional convergence ; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment ( and saving ) rates and access to the same technology . The Solow - Swan model is considered an `` exogenous '' growth model because it does not explain why countries invest different shares of GDP in capital nor why technology improves over time . Instead the rate of investment and the rate of technological progress are exogenous . The value of the model is that it predicts the pattern of economic growth once these two rates are specified . Its failure to explain the determinants of these rates is one of its limitations . Although the rate of investment in the model is exogenous , under certain conditions the model implicitly predicts convergence in the rates of investment across countries . In a global economy with a global financial capital market , financial capital flows to the countries with the highest return on investment . In the Solow - Swan model countries with less capital / worker ( poor countries ) have a higher return on investment due to the diminishing returns to capital . As a consequence , capital / worker and output / worker in a global financial capital market should converge to the same level in all countries . Since historically financial capital has not flowed to the countries with less capital / worker , the basic Solow - Swan model has a conceptual flaw . Beginning in the 1990s , this flaw has been addressed by adding additional variables to the model that can explain why some countries are less productive than others and , therefore , do not attract flows of global financial capital even though they have less ( physical ) capital / worker . Endogenous growth theory ( edit ) Main article : Endogenous growth theory Growth theory advanced again with theories of economist Paul Romer and Robert Lucas , Jr. in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Unsatisfied with the assumption of exogenous technological progress in the Solow - Swan model , economists worked to `` endogenize '' technology in the 1980s . They developed the endogenous growth theory that includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement . This model also incorporated a new concept of human capital , the skills and knowledge that make workers productive . Unlike physical capital , human capital has increasing rates of return . Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital ( e.g. education ) or technological change ( e.g. innovation ) . Unified growth theory ( edit ) Unified growth theory was developed by Oded Galor and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole . Endogenous growth theory was satisfied with accounting for empirical regularities in the growth process of developed economies over the last hundred years . As a consequence , it was not able to explain the qualitatively different empirical regularities that characterized the growth process over longer time horizons in both developed and less developed economies . Unified growth theories are endogenous growth theories that are consistent with the entire process of development , and in particular the transition from the epoch of Malthusian stagnation that had characterized most of the process of development to the contemporary era of sustained economic growth . The Big Push ( edit ) One of the popular theory in the 1940s was the Big Push , which suggested that countries needed to jump from one stage of development to another through a virtuous cycle , in which large investments in infrastructure and education coupled with private investments would move the economy to a more productive stage , breaking free from economic paradigms appropriate to a lower productivity stage . The idea was revived and formulated rigorously , in the late 1980s by Kevin Murphy , Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny . Schumpeterian growth ( edit ) Schumpeterian growth is an economic theory named after the 20th - century Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter . The approach explains growth as a consequence of innovation and a process of creative destruction that captures the dual nature of technological progress : in terms of creation , entrepreneurs introduce new products or processes in the hope that they will enjoy temporary monopoly - like profits as they capture markets . In doing so , they make old technologies or products obsolete . This can be seen as an annulment of previous technologies , which makes them obsolete , and `` ... destroys the rents generated by previous innovations . '' ( Aghion 855 ) A major model that illustrates Schumpeterian growth is the Aghion - Howitt model . Institutions and growth ( edit ) According to Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by - product of history . Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies , with different associated institutions . In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates ( e.g. , due to the presence of tropical diseases ) , they could not settle permanently , and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions , which persisted after independence ; in places where they could settle permanently ( e.g. those with temperate climates ) , they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands . In these ' neo-Europes ' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes . Thus , although other economists focus on the identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions , these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions . For instance , former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geo - political boundaries ( set by the colonizers ) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups , creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development . In another example , societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long - term investment than those where native populations were large . Human capital and growth ( edit ) Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute a major role to a country 's level of human capital , defined as the skills of the population or the work force . Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models . A country 's level of human capital is difficult to measure , since it is created at home , at school , and on the job . Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies , including the population 's level of literacy , its level of numeracy , its level of book production / capita , its average level of formal schooling , its average test score on international tests , and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling . The most commonly - used measure of human capital is the level ( average years ) of school attainment in a country , building upon the data development of Robert Barro and Jong - Wha Lee . This measure is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five - year intervals for a long period of time . One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries . This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling , contrary to the extensive evidence that families , neighborhoods , peers , and health also contribute to the development of human capital . Despite these potential limitations , Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log - linear growth models because across countries GDP / adult has a log - linear relationship to average years of schooling , which is consistent with the log - linear relationship between workers ' personal incomes and years of schooling in the Mincer model . Eric Hanushek and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students ' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis . They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth . Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann have extended this analysis . Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students ' average test scores in Hanushek and Woessmann 's analyses is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling . He shows that economic growth is not correlated with average scores in more educated countries . Hanushek and Woessmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal . They show that the level of students ' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin America and the rapid growth in East Asia . Energy consumption and growth ( edit ) For more details on Energy efficiency , see Productivity improving technologies ( historical ) § Energy efficiency . Energy economic theories hold that rates of energy consumption and energy efficiency are linked causally to economic growth . A fixed relationship between historical rates of global energy consumption and the historical accumulation of global economic wealth has been observed . Increases in energy efficiency were a portion of the increase in Total factor productivity . Some of the most technologically important innovations in history involved increases in energy efficiency . These include the great improvements in efficiency of conversion of heat to work , the reuse of heat , the reduction in friction and the transmission of power , especially through electrification . `` Electricity consumption and economic growth are strongly correlated '' . `` Per capita electric consumption correlates almost perfectly with economic development . '' Importance of long - run growth ( edit ) Over long periods of time , even small rates of growth , such as a 2 % annual increase , have large effects . For example , the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97 % average annual increase in its inflation - adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008 . In 1830 , the GDP was 41,373 million pounds . It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008 . A growth rate that averaged 1.97 % over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008 . The large impact of a relatively small growth rate over a long period of time is due to the power of exponential growth . The rule of 72 , a mathematical result , states that if something grows at the rate of x % per year , then its level will double every 72 / x years . For example , a growth rate of 2.5 % per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years , whilst a growth rate of 8 % per year leads to a doubling of GDP within 9 years . Thus , a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this small difference continues for many years . Quality of life ( edit ) One theory that relates economic growth with quality of life is the `` Threshold Hypothesis '' , which states that economic growth up to a point brings with it an increase in quality of life . But at that point -- called the threshold point -- further economic growth can bring with it a deterioration in quality of life . This results in an upside - down - U-shaped curve , where the vertex of the curve represents the level of growth that should be targeted . Happiness has been shown to increase with a higher GDP per capita , at least up to a level of $15,000 per person . Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate poverty , as a result of a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities and increased labor productivity . A study by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases , poverty was alleviated . In some instances , quality of life factors such as healthcare outcomes and educational attainment , as well as social and political liberties , do not improve as economic growth occurs . Productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages , as can be seen in the United States , where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s . Business cycle ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Business cycle . Economists distinguish between short - run economic changes in production and long - run economic growth . Short - run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle . Generally , economists attribute the ups and downs in the business cycle to fluctuations in aggregate demand . In contrast , economic growth is concerned with the long - run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation . Income equality ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For more details on this topic , see Economic inequality . Some theories developed in the 1970s suggested possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . Savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . Later analysis , such as the political economy approach , developed by Alesina and Rodrik ( 1994 ) and Persson and Tabellini ( 1994 ) , stressed the negative impacts of inequality on economic development ; inequality generates a pressure to adopt redistributive policies that have an adverse effect on investment and economic growth . However , empirical tests of an extended version of Alesina and Rodrik 's model by Li and Zou found that `` income inequality is positively , and most of the time significantly , associated with economic growth '' . The credit market imperfection approach , developed by Galor and Zeira ( 1993 ) , argued that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . A study by Perotti ( 1996 ) showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , while lower level of human capital is associated with lower growth and lower levels of economic growth . In contrast , his examination of the political economy channel found no support for the political economy mechanism . A 1999 review in the Journal of Economic Literature stated that high inequality lowers growth , perhaps because it increases social and political instability ; however , changes in the degree of inequality have a relatively minor effect on growth . Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro , found that there is `` little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment '' . According to Barro , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . Princeton economist Roland Benabou 's research shows that inequality does not matter per se to growth , but `` inequality in the relative distribution of earnings and political power '' does matter . According to Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry ( 2011 ) of the International Monetary Fund , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth . Likewise , economists Dierk Herzer and Sebastian Vollmer found that increased income inequality reduces economic growth , but growth itself also increases income inequality in the long run . In 2013 , French economist Thomas Piketty postulated that in periods when the average annual rate on return on investment in capital ( r ) exceeds the average annual growth in economic output ( g ) , the rate of inequality will increase . According to Piketty , this is the case because wealth that is already held or inherited , which is expected to grow at the rate r , will grow at a rate faster than wealth accumulated through labor , which is more closely tied to g . An advocate of reducing inequality levels , Piketty suggests levying a global wealth tax in order to reduce the divergence in wealth caused by inequality . Equitable growth ( edit ) Main article : Inclusive growth While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction -- the growth elasticity of poverty -- can depend on the existing level of inequality . For instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki - Moon : `` While economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . '' Environmental impact ( edit ) See also : The Limits to Growth Forest in Indonesia being cut for palm oil plantation . Critics such as the Club of Rome argue that a narrow view of economic growth , combined with globalization , is creating a scenario where we could see a systemic collapse of our planet 's natural resources . Concerns about negative environmental effects of growth have prompted some people to advocate lower levels of growth , or the abandoning of growth altogether . In academia , concepts like uneconomic growth , steady - state economy and degrowth have been developed in order to achieve this . In politics , green parties embrace the Global Greens Charter , recognising that `` ... the dogma of economic growth at any cost and the excessive and wasteful use of natural resources without considering Earth 's carrying capacity , are causing extreme deterioration in the environment and a massive extinction of species . '' Those more optimistic about the environmental impacts of growth believe that , though localized environmental effects may occur , large - scale ecological effects are minor . The argument , as stated by commentator Julian Lincoln Simon , states that if these global - scale ecological effects exist , human ingenuity will find ways to adapt to them . Global warming ( edit ) See also : Economics of global warming Up to the present , there is a close correlation between economic growth and the rate of carbon dioxide emissions across nations , although there is also a considerable divergence in carbon intensity ( carbon emissions per GDP ) . Up to the present , there is also a direct relation between global economic wealth and the rate of global emissions . The Stern Review notes that the prediction that , `` Under business as usual , global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO by 2050 and over 650 -- 700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions . '' The scientific consensus is that planetary ecosystem functioning without incurring dangerous risks requires stabilization at 450 -- 550 ppm . As a consequence , growth - oriented environmental economists propose government intervention into switching sources of energy production , favouring wind , solar , hydroelectric , and nuclear . This would largely confine use of fossil fuels to either domestic cooking needs ( such as for kerosene burners ) or where carbon capture and storage technology can be cost - effective and reliable . The Stern Review , published by the United Kingdom Government in 2006 , concluded that an investment of 1 % of GDP ( later changed to 2 % ) would be sufficient to avoid the worst effects of climate change , and that failure to do so could risk climate - related costs equal to 20 % of GDP . Because carbon capture and storage is as yet widely unproven , and its long term effectiveness ( such as in containing carbon dioxide ' leaks ' ) unknown , and because of current costs of alternative fuels , these policy responses largely rest on faith of technological change . British conservative politician and journalist Nigel Lawson has deemed carbon emission trading an ' inefficient system of rationing ' . Instead , he favours carbon taxes to make full use of the efficiency of the market . However , in order to avoid the migration of energy - intensive industries , the whole world should impose such a tax , not just Britain , Lawson pointed out . There is no point in taking the lead if nobody follows suit . Resource substitution ( edit ) See also : Energy returned on energy invested and Substitute good Many earlier predictions of resource depletion , such as Thomas Malthus ' 1798 predictions about approaching famines in Europe , The Population Bomb ( 1968 ) , and the Simon -- Ehrlich wager ( 1980 ) have not materialized . Diminished production of most resources has not occurred so far , one reason being that advancements in technology and science have allowed some previously unavailable resources to be produced . In some cases , substitution of more abundant materials , such as plastics for cast metals , lowered growth of usage for some metals . In the case of the limited resource of land , famine was relieved firstly by the revolution in transportation caused by railroads and steam ships , and later by the Green Revolution and chemical fertilizers , especially the Haber process for ammonia synthesis . Declining resource quality ( edit ) See also : Mining and Peak minerals Resource quality is composed of a variety of factors including ore grades , location , altitude above or below sea level , proximity to railroads , highways , water supply and climate . These factors affect the capital and operating cost of extracting resources . In the case of minerals , lower grades of mineral resources are being extracted , requiring higher inputs of capital and energy for both extraction and processing . Copper ore grades have declined significantly over the last century . Another example is natural gas from shale and other low permeability rock , which can be developed with much higher inputs of energy , capital , and materials than conventional gas in previous decades . Offshore oil and gas has exponentially increasing cost as water depth increases . Physical constraints ( edit ) See also : Steady - state economy § Present background : Exceeding global limits to growth Some physical scientists like Al Bartlett regard continuous economic growth as unsustainable . Several factors may constrain economic growth -- for example : finite , peaked , or depleted resources . In 1972 , The Limits to Growth study modeled limitations to infinite growth ; originally ridiculed , these models have been validated and updated . Malthusians such as William R. Catton , Jr. are skeptical of technological advances that improve resource availability . Such advances and increases in efficiency , they suggest , merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources . Catton claims that increasing rates of resource extraction are `` ... stealing ravenously from the future '' . See also ( edit ) Degrowth Economic development Export - oriented industrialization Growth accounting The Limits to Growth List of countries by real GDP growth rate Multiplicative calculus Post-growth Productivism Uneconomic growth Bibliography ( edit ) Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) from 2003 to 2013 , IMF , October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bjork 1999 , p. 251 Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Bjork , Gordon J. ( 1999 ) . The Way It Worked and Why It Wo n't : Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth . Westport , CT ; London : Praeger . pp. 2 , 67 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Bjork 1999 Jump up ^ Roubini , Nouriel ; Backus , David ( 1961 ) . `` Lectures in Macroeconomics '' < Chapter 4 . Productivity and Growth > Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wang , Ping ( 2014 ) . `` Growth Accounting '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Corry , Dan ; Valero , Anna ; Van Reenen , John ( Nov 2011 ) . `` UK Economic Performance Since 1997 '' ( PDF ) < '' The UK ‟ s high GDP per capita growth was driven by strong growth in productivity ( GDP per hour ) , which was second only to the US . `` > ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . Productivity Trends in the United States ( PDF ) . Princeton University Press for NBER . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` The Myth of Asia 's Miracle '' . Foreign Affairs . 73 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 258 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 < Attributed to Simon Kuznets > Jump up ^ Lucas , R.E. 1988 . `` On the mechanics of economic development , '' Journal of monetary economics , 22 ( 1 ) , pp. 3 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Galor , Oded ( 2005 ) . `` From Stagnation to Growth : Unified Growth Theory '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . 1 . Elsevier . pp. 171 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12135 - 2 Part I : The Malthusian Trap Jump up ^ Clark 2007 , pp. Part 2 : The Industrial Revolution Jump up ^ Kendrick , J.W. 1961 `` Productivity trends in the United States , '' Princeton University Press ^ Jump up to : Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert U. ; Warr , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . `` Accounting for Growth : The Role of Physical Work '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Grubler , Arnulf ( 1990 ) . The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0873321013 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , David A. ( 1890 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0543724743 . Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beaudreau , Bernard C. ( 1996 ) . Mass Production , the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression . New York , Lincoln , Shanghi : Authors Choice Press . Jump up ^ Moore , Stephen ; Simon , Julian ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` The Greatest Century That Ever Was : 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years '' ( PDF ) . Policy Analysis , No. 364 . The Cato Institute . Diffusion curves for various innovations start at Fig. 14 Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Federal Reserve Real GDP per capita in the U.S. rose from $17,747 in 1960 to $26,281 in 1973 for a growth rate of 3.07 % / yr . Calculation : ( 26,281 / 17,747 ) ^ ( 1 / 13 ) . From 1973 to 2007 the growth rate was 1.089 % . Calculation : ( 49,571 / 26,281 ) ^ ( 1 / 34 ) From 2000 to 2011 average annual growth was 0.64 % . Jump up ^ Leading article : Africa has to spend carefully . The Independent . July 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2008 . $26,341 GDP for Korea , $1513 for Ghana . World Economic Outlook Database -- October 2008 . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John ( 1991 ) . `` U.S. Productivity Performance in Perspective , Business Economics , October 1 , 1991 '' . doi : 10.2307 / 23485828 . Jump up ^ Field , Alezander J. ( 2007 ) . `` U.S. Economic Growth in the Gilded Age , Journal of Macroeconomics 31 '' ( PDF ) : 173 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s '' . SSRN 1105634 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert J. ( 2000 ) . `` Interpreting the `` One Big Wave '' in U.S. Long Term Productivity Growth , National Bureau of Economic Research Working paper 7752 `` . Jump up ^ Abramovitz , Moses ; David , Paul A. ( 2000 ) . Two Centuries of American Macroeconomic Growth From Exploitation of Resource Abundance to Knowledge - Driven Development ( PDF ) . Stanford University . pp. 24 -- 5 ( pdf pp. 28 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Robert J. ( Spring 2013 ) . `` U.S. Productivity Growth : The Slowdown Has Returned After a Temporary Revival '' ( PDF ) . International Productivity Monitor , Centre for the Study of Living Standards. 25 : 13 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . The U.S. economy achieved a growth rate of labour productivity of 2.48 per cent per year for 81 years , followed by 24 years of 1.32 per cent , then a temporary recovery back to 2.48 per cent per cent , and a final slowdown to 1.35 per cent . The similarity of the growth rates in 1891 -- 1972 with 1996 -- 2004 , and of 1972 -- 96 with 1996 -- 2011 is quite remarkable . ^ Jump up to : Dale W. Jorgenson ; Mun S. Ho ; Jon D. Samuels ( 2014 ) . `` Long - term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth '' ( PDF ) . World KLEMS Conference . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dale W. Jorgenson ; Mun S. Ho ; Kevin J. Stiroh ( 2008 ) . `` A Retrospective Look at the U.S. Productivity Growth Resurgence '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bruce T. Grimm ; Brent R. Moulton ; David B. Wasshausen ( 2002 ) . `` Information Processing Equipment and Software in the National Accounts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hours of Work in U.S. History '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( June 1991 ) . `` The Shortening of the American Work Week : An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context , Causes , and Consequences '' . The Journal of Economic History . 51 ( 2 ) : 454 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James A. ( 2012 ) . Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power , Prosperity , and Poverty . United States : Crown Business division of Random House . p. 43 . ISBN 978 0 307 71922 5 . Jump up ^ Hunt , E.K. ; Lautzenheiser , Mark ( 2014 ) . History of Economic Thought : A Critical Perspective . PHI Learning . ISBN 978 - 0765625991 . Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 8 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Li , Rita Yi Man , and Li , Yi Lut ( 2013 ) `` The relationship between law and economic growth : A paradox in China Cities , '' Asian Social Science , 9 ( 9 ) : 19 - 30 . Jump up ^ North , Douglass C. and Barry Weingast , `` Constitutions and Commitment : the evolutions of institutions governing public choice in seventeenth century England '' , Journal of Economic History , 1989 , 49 , 803 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Barker , J.H. , `` Personal Liberty under Common Law of England , 1200 -- 1600 '' in R.W. Davis , ed. , The Origins of Modern Freedom in the West , Stanford University Press , Stanford 1995 , pp. 178 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Acemolgu , Daron , Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth '' in Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf , eds. , Handbook of Economic Growth , vol. 1 of Handbook of Economic Growth , Elsevier , July 2005 , chapter 6 , pp. 385 -- 472 . Jump up ^ Rajan , R. and L. Zingales , Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists , Random House , New York , 2003 , chapters 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Noel D. and Mark Koyama , `` States and Economic Growth '' , 2015 . Working Paper . Jump up ^ Johnson , Noel D. , `` Banking on the King : The Evolution of the Royal Revenue Farms in Old Regime France '' , The Journal of Economic History , December 2006 , 66 ( 04 ) , 963 -- 991 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Noel D. and Mark Koyama , `` Tax Farming and the Origins of State Capacity in England and France '' , Explorations in Economic History , 2014 , 51 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : De Soto , Hernando ( 2000 ) . The Mystery of Capital : Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465016143 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Naidu , Suresh ; Restrepo , Pascual ; Robinson , James A. ( December 2015 ) . `` Democracy Does Cause Growth '' . MIT Department of Economics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hunt , E.K. ; Lautzenheiser , Mark ( 2014 ) . History of Economic Thought : A Critical Perspective . PHI Learning . ISBN 978 - 0765625991 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` The Myth of Asia 's Miracle '' . Foreign Affairs . 73 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Robert ( 1989 ) . `` Technological Transformations and Long Waves '' ( PDF ) : 9 < Attributed to Mensch who described new products as `` demand creating ''. > Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert J. ( 2016 ) . The Rise and Fall of American Growth . Princeton , NJ USA : Princeton University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14772 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing 's declining share of GDP is a global phenomenon , and it 's something to celebrate '' . U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation . Jump up ^ `` All Employees : Manufacturing '' . Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , pp. 297 -- 8 Jump up ^ Bjork 1999 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Robert M. Solow ( 1956 ) , `` A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 70 ( 1 ) , p pp. 65 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Swan , Trevor W. ( 1956 ) . `` Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation ' '' . Economic Record . 32 : 334 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4932.1956. tb00434. x . Jump up ^ Lucas , Robert E. ( 1990 ) `` Why Does n't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries ? '' American Economic Review , 80 ( 2 ) , pp. 92 -- 6 Jump up ^ D. Romer , 1986 Jump up ^ Lucas , 1988 Jump up ^ Elhanah Helpman , The Mystery of Economic Growth , Harvard University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Galor O. , 2005 , `` From Stagnation to Growth : Unified Growth Theory '' . Handbook of Economic Growth , Elsevier Jump up ^ Paul Rosenstein - Rodan Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Quote from Philippe Aghion , 2002 , Schumpeterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality , Econometrica , 70 ( 3 ) , 855 -- 82 . Also see Wendy Carlin and David Soskice , 2006 , Macroeconomics : Imperfections , Institutions & Policies , specifically chapter 14 . Jump up ^ Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt , 1992 , A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction , Econometrica , 60 ( 2 ) , 323 -- 51 . Philippe Aghion , 2002 , Schumpeterian Growth Theory and the Dynamics of Income Inequality , Econometrica , 70 ( 3 ) , 855 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development : An Empirical Investigation . Archived 2009 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . American Economic Review 91 ( 5 ) : 1369 -- 401 . 2001 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory , David Romer , and David Weil . 1992 . `` A contribution to the empirics of economic growth . '' Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 , no . 2 ( May ) : pp. 407 -- 37 Sala - i - Martin , Xavier , Gernot Doppelhofer , and Ronald I. Miller . 2004 . `` Determinants of long - term growth : A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates ( BACE ) approach . '' American Economic Review 94 , no . 4 ( September ) : 813 -- 35 . Lud Romer , Paul . 1990 . `` Human capital and growth : Theory and evidence . '' Carnegie - Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32 : 251 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Barro , Robert J. , and Jong - Wha Lee . 2001 . `` International data on educational attainment : Updates and implications . '' Oxford Economic Papers 53 , no . 3 ( July ) : 541 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Breton , Theodore R. 2015 . `` Higher Test Scores or More Schooling ? Another Look at the Causes of Economic Growth '' , Journal of Human Capital , v9 , n2 , 239 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. , and Dennis D. Kimko. 2000 . `` Schooling , labor force quality , and the growth of nations . '' American Economic Review 90 , no . 5 ( December ) : 1184 -- 208 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric A. , and Ludger Woessmann. 2008 . `` The role of cognitive skills in economic development . '' Journal of Economic Literature 46 , no . 3 ( September ) : 607 -- 68 ( 3 ) . Hanushek , Eric A. , and Ludger Woessmann. 2011 . `` How much do educational outcomes matter in OECD countries ? '' Economic Policy , 26 , no . 67 : 427 -- 91. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Hanushek , Eric ; Woessmann , Ludger ( 2015 ) . The Knowledge Capital of Nations : Education and the Economics of Growth . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02917 - 9 . Jump up ^ Garrett , T.J. ( 2014 ) . `` Long - run evolution of the global economy : 1 . Physical basis '' . Earth 's Future . 2 ( 3 ) : 127 . doi : 10.1002 / 2013EF000171 . Jump up ^ Landes , David . S. ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 289 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . Jump up ^ Devine , Jr. , Warren D. ( 1983 ) . `` From Shafts to Wires : Historical Perspective on Electrification , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 43 , Issue 2 '' ( PDF ) : 355 . Jump up ^ Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council ( 1986 ) . Electricity in Economic Growth . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . pp. 16 , 40 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 03677 - 1 < Available as free . pdf download > Jump up ^ Paepke , C. Owen ( 1992 ) . The Evolution of Progress : The End of Economic Growth and the Beginning of Human Transformation . New York , Toronto : Random House . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41582 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lawrence H. Officer , `` What Was the U.K. GDP Then ? '' MeasuringWorth , 2011 . URL : http://www.measuringworth.com/ukgdp/ Jump up ^ `` Economic Growth and Quality of Life : A Threshold Hypothesis '' . Jump up ^ `` In Pursuit of Happiness Research . Is It Reliable ? What Does It Imply for Policy ? '' The Cato institute . April 11 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Claire Melamed , Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011 . Jobs , growth and poverty : what do we know , what do n't we know , what should we know ? London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ Drèze , Jean ; Sen , Amartya ( 2013 ) . An uncertain glory India and its contradictions . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400848775 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Andrew G. ; Ostry , Jonathan D. ( 2011 ) . `` Equality and Efficiency '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry. ( 2011 ) `` Inequality and Unsustainable Growth : Two Sides of the Same Coin '' IMF Staff Discussion Note No . SDN / 11 / 08 ( International Monetary Fund ) Jump up ^ Kaldor , Nicoals , 1955 , Alternative Theories of Distribution , '' Review of Economic Studies , 23 ( 2 ) , 83 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Alesina , Alberto and Dani Rodrik , 1994 . `` Distributive Politics and Economic Growth , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , 109 ( 2 ) , 65 -- 90 ; Persson , Torsten and Guido Tabellini , 1994 , `` Is Inequality Harmful for Growth ? '' American Economic Review 84 ( 3 ) , 600 -- 21 . Jump up ^ https://ideas.repec.org/p/cuf/wpaper/74.html Jump up ^ Galor , Oded and Joseph Zeira , 1993 , `` Income Distribution and Macroeconomics , '' Review of Economic Studies , 60 ( 1 ) , 35 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Perotti , Roberto , 1996 , `` Growth , Income Distribution , and Democracy : What the Data Say '' Journal of Economic Growth , 1 ( 2 ) , 149 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Temple , J ( 1999 ) . `` The New Growth Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 37 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 56 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 37.1. 112 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ http://www.nber.org/papers/w7038 Jump up ^ Herzer , Dierk ; Vollmer , Sebastian ( 2013 ) . `` Rising top incomes do not raise the tide '' . Journal of Policy Modeling. 35 ( 4 ) : 504 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpolmod. 2013.02. 011 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - first Century . Brilliance Audio . ISBN 1491534656 . ^ Jump up to : Claire Melamed , Kate Higgins and Andy Sumner ( 2010 ) Economic growth and the MDGs Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ Anand , Rahul ; et al. ( 17 August 2013 ) . `` Inclusive growth revisited : Measurement and evolution '' . VoxEU.org . Centre for Economic Policy Research . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anand , Rahul ; et al. ( May 2013 ) . `` Inclusive Growth : Measurement and Determinants '' ( PDF ) . IMF Working Paper . Asia Pacific Department : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranieri , Rafael ; Ramos , Raquel Almeida ( March 2013 ) . `` Inclusive Growth : Building up a Concept '' ( PDF ) . Working Paper . 104 . Brazil : International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth . ISSN 1812 - 108X . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bourguignon , Francois , `` Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction : Explaining Heterogeneity across Countries and Time Periods '' in Inequality and Growth , Ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Ravallion , M. ( 2007 ) Inequality is bad for the poor in S. Jenkins and J. Micklewright , ( eds . ) Inequality and Poverty Re-examined , Oxford University Press , Oxford . Jump up ^ Elena Ianchovichina and Susanna Lundstrom , 2009 . `` Inclusive growth analytics : Framework and application '' , Policy Research Working Paper Series 4851 , The World Bank . Jump up ^ Donella H. Meadows , Jorgen Randers , Dennis L. Meadows . Limits to Growth : The 30 - Year Update . White River Junction , Vermont : Chelsea Green , 2004 . Jump up ^ Allan Schnaiberg . The Environment : From Surpus to Scarcity . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the Global Greens '' ( PDF contains full charter ) . Global Greens . Dakar. 2012 . Jump up ^ The Ultimate Resource , Julian Simon , 1981 Jump up ^ Stern Review , Part III Stabilization . Table 7.1 p. 168 Jump up ^ Garrett , T.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Are there basic physical constraints on future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide ? '' . Climatic Change . 104 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 437 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 009 - 9717 - 9 . Jump up ^ Stern Review Economics of Climate Change . Part III Stabilization p. 183 Jump up ^ Jaccard , M. 2005 Sustainable Fossil Fuels . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Examination of Witnesses ( Questions 32 -- 39 ) '' . 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 17 : Growth and Productivity - The Long - Run Possibilities '' . Oswego.edu. 1999 - 06 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Ronald ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Science and Public Policy '' . Reason.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Regis , Ed . `` The Doomslayer '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wells , David A. ( 1891 ) . Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well - Being of Society . New York : D. Appleton and Co . ISBN 0 - 543 - 72474 - 3 . Opening line of the Preface . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 69313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charles A.S. ; Cleveland , Cutler J. ; Kaufmann , Robert ( 1992 ) . Energy and Resource Quality : The ecology of the Economic Process . Niwot , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . Jump up ^ Lyon , Christioher ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Declining South America copper ore grades require ingenuity '' . Mining Weekly . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Albert Allen ( 2013 ) . `` Arithmetic , Population and Energy '' . albartlett.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . You can not sustain population growth and / or growth in the rates of consumption of resources . Jump up ^ Murphy , Tom ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Galactic - Scale Energy '' . Do the Math . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . continued growth in energy use becomes physically impossible within conceivable timeframes ... all economic growth must similarly end . Jump up ^ Hayward , Steven F. `` That Old Time Religion '' . AEI . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Turner , Graham . A Comparison of the Limits of Growth with Thirty Years of Reality . CSIRO Working Paper Series , ( 2010 ) . Available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hall , C. & Day , J. `` Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil '' American Scientist 2009 ; 97 : pp. 230 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Meadows , DH ; Randers ( 2004 ) . Limits to Growth : The 30 - Year Update . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931498 - 58 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Overshoot '' by William Catton , p. 3 ( 1980 ) Further reading ( edit ) Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James A. ( 2012 ) . Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power , Prosperity , and Poverty . Crown Business division of Random House . ISBN 978 0 307 71922 5 . Argyrous , G. , Forstater , M and Mongiovi , G. ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) Growth , Distribution , And Effective Demand : Essays in Honor of Edward J. Nell . New York : M.E. Sharpe . Barro , Robert J. ( 1997 ) Determinants of Economic Growth : A Cross-Country Empirical Study . MIT Press : Cambridge , MA . Galor , O. ( 2005 ) From Stagnation to Growth : Unified Growth Theory . Handbook of Economic Growth , Elsevier . Halevi , Joseph ; Laibman , David and Nell , Edward J. ( eds . ) ( 1992 ) Beyond the Steady State : Essays in the Revival of Growth Theory , edited with , London , UK : Jones , Charles I. ( 2002 ) Introduction to Economic Growth 2nd ed . W.W. Norton & Company : New York , N.Y. Lucas , Robert E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) The Industrial Revolution : Past and Future , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Annual Report online edition Schumpeter , Jospeph A. ( 1912 ) The Theory of Economic Development 1982 reprint , Transaction Publishers Weil , David N. ( 2008 ) Economic Growth 2nd ed . Addison Wesley . External links ( edit ) Articles and lectures ( edit ) `` Economic growth . '' Encyclopædia Britannic. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 17 November 2007 . Beyond Classical and Keynesian Macroeconomic Policy . Paul Romer 's plain - English explanation of endogenous growth theory . CEPR Economics Seminar Series Two seminars on the importance of growth with economists Dean Baker and Mark Weisbrot On global economic history by Jan Luiten van Zanden . Explores the idea of the inevitability of the Industrial Revolution . The Economist Has No Clothes -- essay by Robert Nadeau in Scientific American on the basic assumptions behind current economic theory World Growth Institute . An organization dedicated to helping the developing world realize its full potential via economic growth . Why Does Growth Keep Slowing Down ? St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Data ( edit ) Angus Maddison 's Historical Dataseries -- Series for almost all countries on GDP , Population and GDP per capita from the year 0 up to 2003 OECD Economic growth statistics multinational data sets easy to use data set showing gdp , per capita and population , by country and region , 1970 to 2008 . 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1. Economic growth 2. Measuring economic growth 3. Determinants of per capita GDP growth 4. Productivity 5. Capital

what language do they speak in netherlands yahoo

Flemish - wikipedia Flemish Jump to : navigation , search For the ethnic group , see Flemings . For other uses , see Flemish ( disambiguation ) . `` Vlaams '' redirects here . For the language named `` Vlaams '' in the ISO standard , see West Flemish . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Official languages of Belgium : Dutch ( yellow ) , French ( red ) and German ( blue ) . Brussels is a bilingual area where both Dutch and French have an official status . Flemish ( Vlaams ) , also called Flemish Dutch ( Vlaams - Nederlands ) , Belgian Dutch ( Belgisch - Nederlands ( ˈbɛlɣis ˈneːdərlɑnts ) ( listen ) ) , or Southern Dutch ( Zuid - Nederlands ) , is any of the varieties of the Dutch language dialects spoken in Flanders , the northern part of Belgium , as well as French Flanders and the Dutch Zeelandic Flanders by approximately 6.5 million people . They differ to some extent from the Dutch spoken in the Netherlands in terms of intonation and pronunciation , and there are minor differences in vocabulary , including loanwords from French , German and English not found in Standard Dutch . There are four principal Dutch dialects in the Flemish region ( Flanders ) : Brabantian , East Flemish , West Flemish and Limburgish . The latter two are sometimes considered separate ( regional ) languages . Despite its name , Brabantian is the dominant contributor to the Flemish Dutch tussentaal . The combined region , culture , and people of Dutch - speaking Belgium ( which consists of the provinces of West Flanders , East Flanders , Flemish Brabant , Antwerp , and Limburg , and historically of Brussels ) has come to be known as `` Flemish '' . `` Flemish '' is also used to refer to one of the historical languages spoken in the former County of Flanders . Linguistically and formally , `` Flemish '' refers to the region , culture and people of ( North ) Belgium or Flanders . Flemish people speak ( Belgian ) Dutch in Flanders , the Flemish part of Belgium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Phonological differences 1.1. 1 Consonants 1.1. 2 Vowels 1.1. 3 Diphthongs 1.1. 4 Loanwords 1.2 Lexical differences 1.3 Tussentaal 2 Etymology 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Dutch is the majority language in northern Belgium , being spoken natively by three - fifths of the population of Belgium . It is one of the three national languages of Belgium , together with French and German , and is the only official language of the Flemish Region . The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard Dutch . As in the Netherlands , the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker . All Dutch dialect groups spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well . East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish . Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect ( spoken in the Western provinces of the Netherlands ) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian , which is the dominant dialect in Flanders , as well as in the south of the Netherlands . Phonological differences ( edit ) Main article : Dutch phonology Among vowels is the diphthong `` ou '' / `` au . '' Ou as in bout ( bolt ) and au as in fauna is realized as ( ɔ̞u ) in formal situations . In informal situations , the sound tends to be pronounced as ( ɔ̞u ) or as a monophthong ( ɔ̞ː ) , depending on the dialect . In contrast , these are generally pronounced as ( ʌu ) in the north and middle parts of the Netherlands . Among consonants , the northern Dutch pronunciation of `` w '' ( as in wang cheek ) is ( ʋ ) , in some southern Dutch dialects it is ( β̞ ) or ( w ) . Probably the most obvious difference between northern and southern Dutch is in the sounds spelled ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ g ⟩ . The sound spelled ⟨ ch ⟩ is a voiceless velar fricative ( x ) in northern Dutch and a voiceless prevelar fricative ( x̟ ) in southern Dutch . In the northern and western parts of the Netherlands the sound spelled ⟨ g ⟩ is usually realized as voiceless velar fricative ( x ) or voiceless uvular fricative ( χ ) , whereas in the south , the distinction between voiced and unvoiced has been preserved and ⟨ g ⟩ is pronounced as voiced pre-velar fricative / ɣ̟ / . Consonants ( edit ) ⟨ w ⟩ realised as ( β̞ ) ⟨ ch ⟩ and ⟨ g ⟩ pronounced as ( voiceless resp . voiced ) front - velars , not as palatals , as often claimed . alveolar consonants / n , t , d , s , z , l / are pronounced as denti - alveolars Map showing the dialects spoken in the Benelux : many people in Flanders speak a dialect and the common Flemish , and understand spoken Dutch ; in writing , the dialects are hardly used , while Flemish and Dutch are nearly identical in this regard Vowels ( edit ) The difference between short and long vowels tends to be quantitative instead of qualitative , especially in the influential Brabantic pronunciation . Diphthongs ( edit ) Strong tendency towards monophthongisation . ⟨ au ⟩ / ⟨ ou ⟩ realized as ( ɔ̞ː ) ⟨ ij ⟩ / ⟨ ei ⟩ realized as ( ɛ̞ː ) ⟨ ui ⟩ realized as ( œː ) Loanwords ( edit ) Northern Dutch speakers tend to retain the foreign pronunciation of loanwords , whereas Belgian speakers tend to dutchify their pronunciation . Lexical differences ( edit ) Belgian Dutch includes different French loanwords in its vocabulary compared to Netherlands Dutch . There are also different Dutch terms for similar things : for example , the former Belgian gendarmerie was known as the Rijkswacht ( `` Guard of the Realm '' ) in Belgium while the equivalent body in the Netherlands is the Koninklijke Marechaussee ( `` Royal Military Constabulary '' ) . The traditionally most spoken Dutch dialect in Belgium , Brabantian , has had a large influence on the vocabulary used in Belgium . Examples include beenhouwer ( Brabantian ) and slager ( Hollandic ) , both meaning butcher ( slager is however used in Belgium to mean the kind of butcher who sells salami , sausages , etc. : cf . the difference between beenhouwerij ( butcher 's shop ) and slagerij ( delicatessen ) ) ; also schoon ( Brabantian ) vs. mooi ( Hollandic ) `` beautiful '' : in standard Dutch , schoon means clean , whereas in Belgium it is often used for pretty or beautiful . Another notable difference is ge / gij ( `` you '' in Brabantian and `` thou / thee '' in the Dutch Bible , originally translated by Belgian Protestants fleeing the Inquisition under Philip II of Spain ) vs. je / jij ( `` you '' singular in Hollandic ) , jullie ( `` you '' plural in Hollandic ) . The changes ( isoglosses ) from northern to southern Dutch dialects are somewhat gradual , both vocabulary-wise and phonetically , and the boundaries within coincide with mediaeval territorial borders . There is a distinct boundary located in the river area of the Netherlands , south of which northern variants of Brabantian are spoken , which share phonological traits with the southern variants spoken in Belgium . A second distinct border area is located around the border with the Belgian territories , where the transition is mostly lexical , but also with an intensification of the phonological diversion from northern Dutch . An exception to the border with the Belgian territories for this border is Zeelandic Flanders ( `` Zeeuws - Vlaanderen '' ) , a part of the Netherlands where Flemish is spoken . Flemish and Dutch television shows are occasionally subtitled for the other country in their standard language when using informal speech or dialects because of the differences in pronunciation , lexicon and expressions . In 2009 , one of the main publishers of Dutch dictionaries , Prisma , published the first Dutch dictionary that distinguished between the two natiolectic varieties `` Nederlands Nederlands '' ( or `` Netherlandish Dutch '' ) and `` Belgisch Nederlands '' ( `` Belgian Dutch '' ) , treating both variations as equally correct . The selection of the `` Flemish Dutch '' words was based on the Referentiebestand Belgisch Nederlands ( RBBN ) : an electronic database built under the supervision of Prof. Dr. W. Martin ( Free University in Amsterdam , Netherlands ) and Prof. Dr. W. Smedts ( Catholic University in Leuven , Belgium ) . Professor Willy Martin , one of the Flemish editors , claimed that the latter expressions are `` just as correct '' as the former . This formed a break with the previous lexicologists ' custom of indicating Dutch words that are mostly only used in Flanders , while not doing the same for Dutch words mostly only used in the Netherlands , which could give the impression that only usage in the Netherlands defines the standard language . In the Dutch language , around 3,500 words exist which are considered `` Flemish Dutch '' , and 4,500 words which are considered `` Netherlands Dutch '' . In November 2012 the Belgian radio channel Radio 1 wrote a text with words used in Flanders , and asked several Dutch - speaking people to `` translate '' it into general Dutch . Almost no inhabitant of the Netherlands was able to make a correct translation , whereas almost all Flemings succeeded . Tussentaal ( edit ) The supra - regional , semi-standardized colloquial form ( mesolect ) of Dutch spoken in Belgium uses the vocabulary and the sound inventory of the Brabantic dialects . It is often called Tussentaal ( nl ) ( `` in - between - language '' or `` intermediate language '' , intermediate between dialects and standard Dutch ) . It is a rather informal variety of speech , which occupies an intermediate position between regional dialects and the standard language . It incorporates phonetic , lexical and grammatical elements not part of the standard language but drawn from local dialects . It is a relatively new phenomenon that has been gaining popularity during the past decades . Some linguists note that it seems to be undergoing a process of ( limited ) standardisation or that it is evolving into a Koiné language . Tussentaal is slowly gaining popularity in Flanders because it is used a lot in television dramas and comedies . Often , middle - class characters in a television series will be speaking tussentaal , lower - class characters use the dialect of the location where the show is set , and upper - class characters will speak Standard Dutch . That has given tussentaal the status of normalcy in Flanders . It is slowly being accepted by the general population , but it has met with objections from writers and academics who argue that it dilutes the usage of Standard Dutch . Tussentaal is used in entertainment television but rarely in informative programmes ( like the news ) , which normally use Standard Dutch . Etymology ( edit ) The English adjective Flemish ( first attested as flemmysshe , c. 1325 ; cf . Flæming , c. 1150 ) , meaning `` from Flanders '' , was probably borrowed from Old Frisian . The name Vlaanderen was probably formed from a stem flām - , meaning `` flooded area '' , with a suffix - ðr - attached . The Old Dutch form is flāmisk , which becomes vlamesc , vlaemsch in Middle Dutch and Vlaams in Modern Dutch . See also ( edit ) Belgium portal Language portal Afrikaans Belgian French French Flemish , the West Flemish dialect as spoken in France Languages of Belgium Walloon Zeelandic , a transitional dialect between West Flemish and Hollandic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flemish , Vlaams '' . BBC . 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flemish language policy in an era of globalisation by Barbara De Cock '' ( PDF ) . Gencat.cat. 2006 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flemish language , alphabet and pronunciation '' . Omniglot . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium : A nation divided '' . The Independent . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Leidraad van de Taaltelefoon . Dienst Taaladvies van de Vlaamse Overheid ( Department for Language advice of the Flemish government ) . Jump up ^ Harbert , The Germanic Languages , CUP , 2007 Jump up ^ Jan Kooij , `` Dutch '' , in Comrie , ed. , The World 's Major Languages , 2nd ed. 2009 Jump up ^ `` ATLAS - Dutch : Who speaks it ? '' . UCL . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium Bickering Over French and Dutch , Its Dual Languages '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 February 2005 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Belgium - Language Matters '' . Beer Tourism . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue ( 1999 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Linguistic map of Benelux '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Their ISO 639 - 3 codes are vls and lim , respectively . Jump up ^ `` Vlaams '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ König & Auwera , eds , The Germanic Languages , Routledge , 1994 Jump up ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen , Het Nederlands vroeger en nu ( Leuven / Voorburg 2005 ) , 155 ff . Jump up ^ `` De gesproken standaardtaal : het Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands '' . Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands ( in Dutch ) . Niederländische Philologie , Freie Universität Berlin . 2014 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pieter van Reenen ; Nanette Huijs ( 2000 ) . `` De harde en de zachte g , de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende - eeuwse Middelnederlands '' ( PDF ) . Taal en Tongval , 52 ( Thema nr . ) , 159 - 181 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://dutchplusplus.ned.univie.ac.at/node/123 Jump up ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen , Het Nederlands vroeger en nu ( Leuven / Voorburg 2005 ) , 156 Jump up ^ Tussen spreek - en standaardtaal . Koen Plevoets . Katholieke Universiteit Leuven . Jump up ^ `` Vlaamse TV kijkers verstaan geen Hollands ( Flemish TV viewers do not understand Hollandic ) '' . Taalunieversum.org. 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Auteur : Dirk Musschoot ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Nederlands uit Nederland of uit Vlaanderen : het kan allebei - Primeur : Prisma - woordenboek duidt regionaal gebruik aan '' . Nieuwsblad.be . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Belgisch - Nederlands in de vertaalpockets '' . Prismawoordenboeken.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ redactie . `` Nieuwsblad : De voor Nederlanders meest onbegrijpelijke Vlaamse tekst '' . Demorgen.be . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ donderdag 08 november 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Radio 1 : De voor Nederlanders meest onbegrijpelijke Vlaamse Tekst '' . Radio1.be . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Geeraerts , Dirk. 2001 . `` Een zondagspak ? Het Nederlands in Vlaanderen : gedrag , beleid , attitudes '' . Ons Erfdeel 44 : 337 - 344 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ G. Janssens and A. Marynissen , Het Nederlands vroeger en nu ( Leuven / Voorburg 2005 ) , 196 . Jump up ^ `` Algemeen Vlaams '' . VlaamseTaal.be . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rys , K. & J. Taeldeman ( 2007 ) . Fonologische ingrediënten van Vlaamse tussentaal . In : D. Sandra , R. Rymenans , P. Cuvelier et al. ( red . ) , Tussen taal , spelling en onderwijs . Essays bij het emeritaat van Frans Daems . Gent : Academia Press , 1 - 9 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Standaardtaal of tussentaal op televisie '' ( PDF ) . Universiteit Gent . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Actie tegen onverstaanbare Vlaamse ' tussentaal ' op televisie '' . volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` entry Flēmish '' . Middle English Dictionary ( MED ) . Jump up ^ `` MED , entry `` Flēming '' `` . Quod.lib.umich.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` entry Flemish '' . Online Etymological Dictionary . Etymonline.com . which cites Flemische as an Old Frisian form ; but cf . `` entry FLĀMISK , which gives flēmisk '' . Oudnederlands Woordenboek ( ONW ) . Gtb.inl.nl . Jump up ^ `` Entry VLAENDREN ; ONW , entry FLĀMINK ; Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal ( WNT ) , entry VLAMING '' . Vroeg Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek ( VMNW ) . Gtb.inl.nl . Jump up ^ ONW , entry FLĀMISK . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Languages of Belgium . <Th_colspan="3"> Flanders topics Territories Modern Belgium Flemish Region Flemish Community Neighbouring and historical regions Margravate County French Flanders Zeelandic Flanders Romance Flanders Local regions Flemish Ardennes Campine Denderstreek Hageland Haspengouw Pajottenland Meetjesland Westhoek Waasland ... Provinces ( and cities ) <Td_colspan="2"> West Flanders ( Bruges ) East Flanders ( Ghent ) Antwerp ( Antwerp ) Flemish Brabant ( Leuven ) Limburg ( Hasselt ) See also Brussels List of municipalities Flemish Diamond Politics Flemish Parliament Flemish Government Community Commission ( Brussels ) Political parties Minister - President Symbols and history Anthem Coat of arms Day of the Flemish Community Guldensporenslag De Leeuw van Vlaanderen Flag Other topics Flemish Movement Language Literature Painting People Education Science and technology Transport Agriculture <Th_colspan="2"> Languages of Belgium Official languages Dutch French German Germanic Dutch Brabantian Flemish East West Low Franconian Limburgish Low Dietsch Romance Champenois Lorrain Picard Walloon Francosign Flemish Sign Language French Belgian Sign Language Germanosign German Sign Language <Th_colspan="2"> Languages and dialects of Benelux <Td_colspan="2"> Dutch Brabantian East Flemish Hollandic South Hollandic Utrechts - Alblasserwaards South Guelderish West Flemish Zeelandic Stadsfries Dutch Low Saxon Achterhoeks Drèents East Frisian Gronings Sallands Stellingwarfs Tweants Urkers Veluws English French Champenois Lorrain Picard Walloon German Ripuarian Limburgish Low Dietsch Luxembourgish Papiamento West Frisian <Td_colspan="2"> Languages of Belgium Languages of the Netherlands Languages of Luxembourg <Th_colspan="2"> Germanic languages <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> West Germanic <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Anglo - Frisian Anglic English dialects Yola Fingallian Scots Frisian East Frisian Saterland Frisian Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian North Frisian Söl'ring Fering Öömrang Heligolandic Mooring Halligen Frisian Strand Frisian Eiderstedt Frisian West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders - Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Schleswigsch Holsteinisch Hamburgisch Ollnborger North Hanoveranian Dithmarsch Emsländisch Westphalian Eastphalian East Low German Mecklenburg - Western Pomeranian Mecklenburgish West Pomeranian Brandenburgisch East Pomeranian - West Prussian Western East Pomeranian Eastern East Pomeranian Bublitzisch Pommerellisch Central Pomeranian West Central Pomeranian Low Prussian Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans West Low Franconian Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries Bildts Yiddish Dutch East Low Franconian Meuse - Rhenish Limburgish Southeast Limburgish South Guelderish Transitional Low Dietsch High German German Namibian German Namibian Black German Brazilian German Unserdeutsch Barossa German Belgranodeutsch Parana Volga German Yiddish Eastern Western Litvish Poylish Ukrainish Galitzish Scots Yiddish Alsatian Yiddish Klezmer - loshn Ganovim Balagole Katsoves Lachoudisch Yenish Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania German Hessian Amana East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Ore Mountainian Lusatian - Neumarkish Berlinerisch Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Prague German High Franconian South Franconian East Franconian Main Franconian Vogtlandian Upper German Alemannic Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Langobardic Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> North Germanic and East Germanic <Td_colspan="2"> North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Bokmål Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Nynorsk Elfdalian Insular Scandinavian Faroese Icelandic Gronlandsk Norn East Scandinavian Swedish Åland Estonian Finlandic Gotlandic Jamtlandic Kalix Kiruna Luleå Norrland Ostrobothnian Småländska South Swedish Scanian Stockholm Rinkeby Uppländska Västgötska Westrobothnian Danish Bornholmsk Gøtudanskt Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic Perkerdansk Dalecarlian East Germanic Gothic Crimean Gothic Burgundian Vandalic <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left . BNF : cb119461592 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flemish&oldid=841269477 '' Categories : Dutch dialects Dutch language Languages of Belgium Flanders Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) NPOV disputes from February 2016 All NPOV disputes Articles that may contain original research from February 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон Íslenska Italiano Kernowek لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 21 : 24 . 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1. Flemish language 2. Dutch dialects 3. Differences between Flemish and Dutch 4. Tussentaal 5. Lexical and phonological differences

who does plankton's voice in spongebob squarepants

List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members - wikipedia List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members Jump to : navigation , search Voice actor Tom Kenny , shown here in 2008 , provides the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants , the show 's main character . SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg that debuted on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1 , 1999 . The regular voice cast consists of Tom Kenny , Clancy Brown , Rodger Bumpass , Bill Fagerbakke , Mr. Lawrence , Jill Talley , Carolyn Lawrence , Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan . Most one - off and background characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , Sirena Irwin , Bob Joles , Mark Fite and Thomas F. Wilson . Throughout the show 's run , it has employed numerous guest stars from many ranges of professions . Repeat guests include Ernest Borgnine , Tim Conway , Brian Doyle - Murray , Marion Ross , John O'Hurley and Michael McKean . SpongeBob SquarePants chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . Many of the ideas for the show originated in an unpublished , educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone , which Hillenburg created in the mid-1980s . He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , another Nickelodeon animated series which Hillenburg directed . While creating the show , Hillenburg , with colleague Derek Drymon , was also conducting auditions to find voices for the show 's characters . He turned to Kenny , who had worked with him on Rocko 's Modern Life , to voice the title character . Kenny and Catlett were the first cast members to receive award nominations for their performance on SpongeBob SquarePants . They each received Annie Award nominations in 2001 , but did not win . In 2010 , Kenny won the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in a Television Production , making it the first time a cast member had won this type of award . Bumpass was the first cast member to be nominated for an Emmy Award , receiving a nomination in 2012 but losing to June Foray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular cast 1.1 Background 1.2 Main cast 1.3 Other regular cast 2 Recurring guest voices 3 Former cast members 4 Awards and nominations 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Regular cast ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants Audio sample of the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants from the episode `` The Secret Box '' ( 2001 ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown provides the voice of Mr. Krabs . Kenny 's wife , Jill Talley , voices Karen . Actress Carolyn Lawrence voices Sandy Cheeks . Dee Bradley Baker has appeared in several minor roles . Actor Ernest Borgnine was a recurring guest star on the show , voicing Mermaid Man from 1999 to his death in 2012 . SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny , Clancy Brown , Rodger Bumpass , Bill Fagerbakke , Mr. Lawrence , Jill Talley , Carolyn Lawrence , Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began . Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko 's Modern Life , which he directed . While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997 , he and the show 's then - creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show 's characters . For the voice of SpongeBob , the main character , Hillenburg approached Kenny , who previously worked with him on Rocko 's Modern Life . Drymon said , `` Steve ( Hillenburg ) wanted to find an original sounding voice ( for SpongeBob ) . '' Hillenburg utilized Kenny 's and other people 's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob . The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko 's Modern Life . Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use . Hillenburg , however , remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice . Kenny says that SpongeBob 's high - pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique . They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker . Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs , SpongeBob 's boss at the Krusty Krab . For the character , Brown uses a voice that he describes as `` piratey '' with `` a little Scottish brogue . '' According to him , his Mr. Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice . Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles , and other characters . Squidward was `` a very nasally , monotone kind of guy '' , said Bumpass . He said that the character `` became a very interesting character to do '' because of `` his sarcasm , and then his frustration , and then his apoplexy , and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions '' . Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko 's Modern Life . When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob , Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters . Since other voices had been found for the main cast already , Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters . This included Plankton , who was initially only set to appear in one episode . Mr. Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F. Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg , `` ' we could stunt - cast this . You know , we could have Bruce Willis do this voice . ' And Steve was just like , ' it 's Doug ( Lawrence ) , do n't you hear it ? This is the character ! This is the guy ! ' '' Jill Talley , Tom Kenny 's wife , voices Karen Plankton . Being a Chicago native , she uses a Midwestern accent for the character . Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series ' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks . Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise their characters ' dialogue . In 2009 , Lawrence called improvisation his `` favorite part of the voice over . '' He elaborated in a 2012 interview , saying , `` I always enjoy the back - and - forth . ( Talley and I ) start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that ( the voice directors ) have to tell us , ' hey , stop doing that , separate what you 're saying ! ' '' Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob 's best friend , a starfish named Patrick Star . He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob . Fagerbakke said , `` Steve is such a lovely guy , and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever . '' He described his experience in the audition , saying `` I was just going in for another audition , and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child - like humanity in the show . I could n't pick that up from the audition material at all . I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted . '' Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks ' voice . When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz , Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo , her friend said to the director that Lawrence had `` an interesting voice '' . Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role . Mrs. Puff 's voice is provided by American actress Mary Jo Catlett , who is known for her live - action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M * A * S * H. As of 2017 , voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only remaining regular television role ; Catlett described herself as `` basically retired '' in 2013 , since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person . Lori Alan voices Pearl . During her audition for the role , she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast . She decided to reflect the character 's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone . She aimed to make Pearl 's voice invoke the sound of whales ' low vocalizations while also sounding `` spoiled and lovable . '' In an interview with AfterBuzz TV , Alan said that she knew Pearl `` had to sound somewhat like a child , '' but at the same time needed `` an abnormally large voice . '' Mr. Krabs ' mother , Mama Krabs , who debuted in the episode `` Sailor Mouth '' , was voiced by staff writer Paul Tibbitt . However , voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt 's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode `` Enemy In - Law '' in 2005 . Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show , including Margaret SquarePants , SpongeBob 's mother . In the Christmas special `` Christmas Who ? '' , the characters of Patchy the Pirate , the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club , and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted . The former is portrayed by Kenny in live - action , while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter . After Hillenburg 's departure as the series ' showrunner in 2004 , Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot . Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors , which Kenny describes as `` getting more unusual '' . Kenny said , `` That 's another thing that 's given SpongeBob its special feel . Everybody 's in the same room , doing it old radio - show style . It 's how the stuff we like was recorded '' . It takes about four hours to record an 11 - minute episode . For the first three seasons , Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios , and they directed the actors . In the fourth season , Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director . Wednesday is recording day , the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999 . Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said , `` I loved Wednesdays '' . The cast members get residuals every time the episodes they appeared in are aired , which Carolyn Lawrence described as `` a very complicated mathematical calculation . '' Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a `` declining scale '' and they were `` still in negotiations ... both sides are still talking . '' She further stated that `` they 're still trying to work it out . '' Main cast ( edit ) Actor <Th_colspan="2"> Character ( s ) Tom Kenny SpongeBob SquarePants Gary the Snail French Narrator Hans Patchy the Pirate Harold SquarePants Dirty Bubble Grandpa SquarePants <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Clancy Brown <Td_colspan="2"> Mr. Krabs <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Rodger Bumpass <Td_colspan="2"> Squidward Tentacles <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Bill Fagerbakke <Td_colspan="2"> Patrick Star <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Mr. Lawrence Plankton Potty the Parrot Realistic Fish Head Larry the Lobster <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Jill Talley <Td_colspan="2"> Karen <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Carolyn Lawrence <Td_colspan="2"> Sandy Cheeks <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Mary Jo Catlett <Td_colspan="2"> Mrs. Puff <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Lori Alan <Td_colspan="2"> Pearl <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Other regular cast ( edit ) Actor <Th_colspan="2"> Character ( s ) Carlos Alazraqui <Td_colspan="2"> Scooter <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Dee Bradley Baker Bubble Bass Squilliam Fancyson Old Man Jenkins Perch Perkins <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Sirena Irwin Mama Krabs Margaret SquarePants <Td_colspan="2"> Other miscellaneous characters Bob Joles <Td_colspan="2"> Man Ray Mark Fite <Td_colspan="2"> Various characters Thomas F. Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> Various characters Recurring guest voices ( edit ) See also : List of SpongeBob SquarePants guest stars Actor Character ( s ) Notes Tim Conway Barnacle Boy Conway first appeared in 1999 with his former McHale 's Navy co-star Ernest Borgnine , who voiced Mermaid Man ; he has since appeared in over 15 episodes . Brian Doyle - Murray The Flying Dutchman Doyle - Murray appeared in ten episodes throughout the first eight seasons . He is scheduled to return for one episode of season 11 after a six - year absence . Marion Ross Grandma SquarePants Ross has appeared since 2001 . John O'Hurley King Neptune O'Hurley has appeared three times as King Neptune since the character 's first appearance in 2000 . Michael McKean Captain Frostymug Lonnie McKean appeared twice during the show 's ninth season , voicing Captain Frostymug in `` License to Milkshake '' and Lonnie the shark in `` Sharks vs. Pods '' . Former cast members ( edit ) Actor Character ( s ) Notes Brad Abrell Bubble Buddy Abrell voiced Bubble Buddy and other minor characters during the show 's second season . He reprised his role as Bubble Buddy for the eighth season episode `` Bubble Buddy Returns '' but has not made an appearance since . Ernest Borgnine Mermaid Man Borgnine made the most guest appearances on the show , voicing the character since 1999 to his death in 2012 . Stephen Hillenburg Potty the Parrot Hillenburg voiced the recurring character from 2000 to 2004 . When he left the show as the showrunner , writer Tibbitt was given the role voicing the character as it reappeared in the fifth season episode `` Friend or Foe '' . Sara Paxton Various characters Paxton voiced many minor child characters in the show 's first three seasons , but has not recorded new dialogue since . An archival recording of Paxton 's voice is used in the tenth - season episode `` Unreal Estate . '' Paul Tibbitt Potty the Parrot Tibbitt took over the role of Potty from Stephen Hillenburg in 2005 and last voiced the character in 2012 . Camryn Walling Various characters Walling voiced several child characters throughout the show 's first two seasons , but has not recorded new dialogue since . An archival recording of Walling 's voice is used in the tenth - season episode `` Unreal Estate . '' Frank Welker Welker voiced several animal characters -- including Clamu , Baby Oyster , Mystery the Seahorse , and the gorilla -- between 2001 and 2003 , but has not appeared since . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Episode Result Ref ( s ) . 2001 Catlett , Mary Jo Mary Jo Catlett Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production Mrs. Puff `` No Free Rides '' Nominated 2001 Kenny , Tom Tom Kenny Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production SpongeBob SquarePants `` Wormy '' Nominated 2008 Kenny , Tom Tom Kenny Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production SpongeBob SquarePants `` Spy Buddies '' Nominated Kenny , Tom Tom Kenny Annie Award Best Voice Acting in a Television Production SpongeBob SquarePants `` Truth or Square '' Won 2012 Bumpass , Rodger Rodger Bumpass Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Squidward Tentacles Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ A. Guest star Charles Nelson Reilly originally provided the voice of the character . Reilly died in 2007 . ^ B. Replaced Paul Tibbitt . ^ C. Replaced John Rhys - Davies , who has voiced Man Ray in two episodes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drymon , Derek ( 2010 ) . `` The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants '' . Hogan 's Alley # 17 . Bull Moose Publishing Corporation . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orlando , Dana ( March 17 , 2003 ) . `` SpongeBob : the excitable , absorbent star of Bikini Bottom '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Farhat , Basima ( Interviewer ) ( December 5 , 2006 ) . Tom Kenny : Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants - Interview ( Radio production ) . The People Speak Radio . Archived from the original ( mp3 ) on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob 's Alter Ego '' . CBS News . December 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beck 2013 , p. 86 , 88 Jump up ^ Reardon , Samantha ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Rodger Bumpass is Squidward Tentacles '' . The Signal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Doug ( April 2012 ) . `` Big Pop Fun # 22 : Mr. Lawrence '' ( Podcast ) . Interview with Thomas F. Wilson . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original ( mp3 ) on March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Basile , Nancy ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Cast : Who Does What Voice ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Doug ( 2002 ) . F.U.N. backstage featurette , Nautical Nonsense ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Doug ( 2009 ) . `` Andy interviews Mr Lawrence aka `` the Slasher '' `` . Nick NZ ( Interview ) . Interview with Andy Goodman . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Being Patrick Star : Toonzone Interviews Bill Fagerbakke on SpongeBob SquarePants '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Lawrence Exclusive Interview '' . The Star Scoop . September 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REFANB Interview : Carolyn Lawrence , A.K.A. Ashley Graham '' . Resident Evil Fan . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Basile , Nancy ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Cast : Who Does What Voice ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Pressley , Nelson ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Remember the time when Washington saved ' Hello , Dolly ! ' ? '' . The Washington Post . Jeff Bezos . Jump up ^ Alan , Lori ; Bumpass , Rodger ( September 3 , 2016 ) , SpongeBob panel discussion at Dragon Con 2016 , part 2 : Rodger Bumpass and Lori Alan Jump up ^ Alan , Lori ( November 2015 ) . `` Lori Alan Interview '' . AfterBuzz TV ( Interview ) . Interview with Kaori Takee . Jump up ^ Wiese , Erik ( 2004 ) . SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Sailor Mouth '' ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Dohrn , Walt ( 2004 ) . SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Sailor Mouth '' ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Overtoom , Andrew ( 2004 ) . SpongeBob SquarePants season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Sailor Mouth '' ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 4 , Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season ( `` Christmas Who ? '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . October 19 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : SpongeBob SquarePants : Friend or Foe ( `` Friend or Foe '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon. April 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kenny , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants '' . Hogan 's Alley # 17 . Bull Moose Publishing Corporation . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andelman , Bob ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Mr. Media Interview : Carolyn Lawrence , ' SpongeBob Squarepants , Jimmy Neutron ' actress '' . BlogTalkRadio . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Jennie Monica ( 2010 ) . `` The Oral History of SpongeBob SquarePants '' . Hogan 's Alley # 17 . Bull Moose Publishing Corporation . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Basile , Nancy . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Cast '' . Animated TV . About.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Dee Bradley ( Interviewee ) ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Star Wars Weekends : Send In The Clones ! '' . DISUnplugged.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel . `` ' I Love Lucy , Live on Stage ' Star Sirena Irwin Is Latecomer to Show '' . Creators Syndicate . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Joles Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peri Gilpin and French Stewart Join Matthew Modine to Save the Alpacas '' ( PDF ) . Geffen Playhouse . September 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Fite '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liebenson , Donald ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Tom Wilson gets that question a lot '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neumerc , Chris . `` Interviews : Thomas F. Wilson '' . Stumped Magazine . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Conway Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dennis , Callahan take wheel of WEEI morning drive time '' . The Boston Herald . August 18 , 1999 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Vincent Waller ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Vincent Waller on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marion Ross Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Marty ( July 7 , 2002 ) . `` Happy Days are here again for TV mom Marion Ross '' . Sunday News Lancaster . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` John O'Hurley Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , L.A. ( July 2 , 2002 ) . `` SpongeBob SquarePants is soaking up viewers '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Devon ( July 17 , 2010 ) . `` Victoria Beckham Lends Her Voice to `` SpongeBob '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon Cures Back - to - School Blues With a Dose of ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Michael McKean Lends Voice to Sponge Bob Episode '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season ( `` The Smoking Peanut '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . October 19 , 2004 . SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season ( `` My Pretty Seahorse '' and `` I Had an Accident '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ernest Borgnine : From Marty to McHale to Mermaid Man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Paxton Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Paxton '' . Maxim . July 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Paxton '' . AskMen . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 29th Annual Annie Awards Nominees and Winners ! '' . Annie Award . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2003 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2007 ) '' . Annie Award . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 37th Annual Annie Nominations '' . Annie Award . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ OnTheRedCarpet.com Staff ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Daytime Emmys 2012 : Full list of winners '' . On the Red Carpet . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillmor , Alison ( February 8 , 2008 ) . `` One - man show funny , revealing '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tom Kenny '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` Charles Nelson Reilly , Tony - Winning Comic Actor , Dies at 76 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Isamu ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` New DVD fitting for dad , uh , son '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 3rd Season ( `` Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V '' credits ) ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Home Entertainment / Nickelodeon . September 27 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Beck , Jerry ( 2013 ) . The SpongeBob SquarePants Experience : A Deep Dive Into the World of Bikini Bottom . Insight Editions . ISBN 978 - 1608871841 . External links ( edit ) SpongeBob SquarePants portal Nickelodeon portal Cast list at the Internet Movie Database Cast list at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) SpongeBob SquarePants Characters SpongeBob SquarePants Patrick Star Squidward Tentacles Sandy Cheeks Mr. Krabs Plankton and Karen Mrs. Puff Pearl Krabs Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes `` Help Wanted '' `` Pizza Delivery '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Band Geeks '' `` Graveyard Shift '' `` Sailor Mouth '' `` Chocolate with Nuts '' `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Best Day Ever '' `` Friend or Foe '' `` Atlantis SquarePantis '' `` Pest of the West '' `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' `` Truth or Square '' `` The Clash of Triton '' `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' `` Extreme Spots '' `` SpongeBob , You 're Fired '' `` Squid Noir '' Films The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Miniseries Legends of Bikini Bottom SpongeBob 's Runaway Roadtrip Locations Krusty Krab Attractions Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast SpongeBob SquarePants 4 - D SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge SpongeBob SquarePants 4D : The Great Jelly Rescue Universal 's Superstar Parade Miscellaneous Merchandise SpongeBob Comics SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) Related articles 2015 SpongeBob SquarePants 400 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants Spongiforma squarepantsii United Plankton Pictures <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_SpongeBob_SquarePants_cast_members&oldid=788570148 '' Categories : Lists of actors by comedy television series Lists of actors by American television series SpongeBob SquarePants lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 July 2017 , at 05 : 00 . 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1. SpongeBob SquarePants cast members 2. Voice actors in SpongeBob SquarePants 3. Regular and recurring cast of SpongeBob SquarePants 4. Awards and nominations for SpongeBob SquarePants cast members 5. Former cast members of SpongeBob SquarePants

distinguish the detection of a fish probe from the detection of a molecular probe in a southern blot

Fluorescence in situ hybridization - wikipedia Fluorescence in situ hybridization Jump to : navigation , search Multiplex RNA visualization in cells using ViewRNA FISH Assays A metaphase cell positive for the bcr / abl rearrangement ( associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia ) using FISH . The chromosomes can be seen in blue . The chromosome that is labeled with green and red spots ( upper left ) is the one where the rearrangement is present . Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity . It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s and is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes . Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes . FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counseling , medicine , and species identification . FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets ( mRNA , lncRNA and miRNA ) in cells , circulating tumor cells , and tissue samples . In this context , it can help define the spatial - temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes -- RNA and DNA 1.1 Preparation and hybridization process -- RNA 1.2 Preparation and hybridization process -- DNA 1.3 Variations on probes and analysis 1.4 Single - molecule RNA FISH 1.5 Fiber FISH 1.6 Q - FISH 1.7 Flow - FISH 1.8 MA - FISH 2 Medical applications 2.1 Species identification 2.2 Comparative genomic hybridization 2.3 Virtual karyotype 2.4 Spectral karyotype 3 See also 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Probes -- RNA and DNA ( edit ) ViewRNA detection of miR - 133 ( green ) and myogenin mRNA ( red ) in C2C12 differentiating cells RNA probes can be designed for any gene or any sequence within a gene for visualization of mRNA , lncRNA and miRNA in tissues and cells . FISH is used by examining the cellular reproduction cycle , specifically interphase of the nuclei for any chromosomal abnormalities . FISH allows the analysis of a large series of archival cases much easier to identify the pinpointed chromosome by creating a probe with an artificial chromosomal foundation that will attract similar chromosomes . The hybridization signals for each probe when a nucleic abnormality is detected . Each probe for the detection of mRNA and lncRNA is composed of 20 oligonucleotide pairs , each pair covering a space of 40 -- 50 bp . For miRNA detection , the probes use proprietary chemistry for specific detection of miRNA and cover the entire miRNA sequence . Urothelial cells marked with four different probes Probes are often derived from fragments of DNA that were isolated , purified , and amplified for use in the Human Genome Project . The size of the human genome is so large , compared to the length that could be sequenced directly , that it was necessary to divide the genome into fragments . ( In the eventual analysis , these fragments were put into order by digesting a copy of each fragment into still smaller fragments using sequence - specific endonucleases , measuring the size of each small fragment using size - exclusion chromatography , and using that information to determine where the large fragments overlapped one another . ) To preserve the fragments with their individual DNA sequences , the fragments were added into a system of continually replicating bacteria populations . Clonal populations of bacteria , each population maintaining a single artificial chromosome , are stored in various laboratories around the world . The artificial chromosomes ( BAC ) can be grown , extracted , and labeled , in any lab containing a library . Genomic libraries are often named after the institution in which they were developed . An example being the RPCI - 11 library , which is named after the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo NY . These fragments are on the order of 100 thousand base - pairs , and are the basis for most FISH probes . Preparation and hybridization process -- RNA ( edit ) Cells , circulating tumor cells ( CTCs ) , or formalin - fixed paraffin - embedded ( FFPE ) or frozen tissue sections are fixed , then permeabilized to allow target accessibility . FISH has also been successfully done on unfixed cells . A target - specific probe , composed of 20 oligonucleotide pairs , hybridizes to the target RNA ( s ) . Separate but compatible signal amplification systems enable the multiplex assay ( up to two targets per assay ) . Signal amplification is achieved via series of sequential hybridization steps . At the end of the assay the tissue samples are visualized under a fluorescence microscope . Preparation and hybridization process -- DNA ( edit ) Scheme of the principle of the FISH Experiment to localize a gene in the nucleus . First , a probe is constructed . The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target but not so large as to impede the hybridization process . The probe is tagged directly with fluorophores , with targets for antibodies or with biotin . Tagging can be done in various ways , such as nick translation , or PCR using tagged nucleotides . Then , an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced . The chromosomes are firmly attached to a substrate , usually glass . Repetitive DNA sequences must be blocked by adding short fragments of DNA to the sample . The probe is then applied to the chromosome DNA and incubated for approximately 12 hours while hybridizing . Several wash steps remove all unhybridized or partially hybridized probes . The results are then visualized and quantified using a microscope that is capable of exciting the dye and recording images . If the fluorescent signal is weak , amplification of the signal may be necessary in order to exceed the detection threshold of the microscope . Fluorescent signal strength depends on many factors such as probe labeling efficiency , the type of probe , and the type of dye . Fluorescently tagged antibodies or streptavidin are bound to the dye molecule . These secondary components are selected so that they have a strong signal . Variations on probes and analysis ( edit ) Interphase cells positive for a chromosomal t ( 9 ; 22 ) rearrangement . FISH is a very general technique . The differences between the various FISH techniques are usually due to variations in the sequence and labeling of the probes ; and how they are used in combination . Probes are divided into two generic categories : cellular and acellular . In fluorescent `` in situ '' hybridization refers to the cellular placement of the probe . Probe size is important because longer probes hybridize less specifically than shorter probes , so that short strands of DNA or RNA ( often 10 -- 25 nucleotides ) which are complementary to a given target sequence are often used to locate a target . The overlap defines the resolution of detectable features . For example , if the goal of an experiment is to detect the breakpoint of a translocation , then the overlap of the probes -- the degree to which one DNA sequence is contained in the adjacent probes -- defines the minimum window in which the breakpoint may be detected . The mixture of probe sequences determines the type of feature the probe can detect . Probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome are used to count the number of a certain chromosome , show translocations , or identify extra-chromosomal fragments of chromatin . This is often called `` whole - chromosome painting . '' If every possible probe is used , every chromosome , ( the whole genome ) would be marked fluorescently , which would not be particularly useful for determining features of individual sequences . However , it is possible to create a mixture of smaller probes that are specific to a particular region ( locus ) of DNA ; these mixtures are used to detect deletion mutations . When combined with a specific color , a locus - specific probe mixture is used to detect very specific translocations . Special locus - specific probe mixtures are often used to count chromosomes , by binding to the centromeric regions of chromosomes , which are distinctive enough to identify each chromosome ( with the exception of Chromosome 13 , 14 , 21 , 22 . ) A variety of other techniques use mixtures of differently colored probes . A range of colors in mixtures of fluorescent dyes can be detected , so each human chromosome can be identified by a characteristic color using whole - chromosome probe mixtures and a variety of ratios of colors . Although there are more chromosomes than easily distinguishable fluorescent dye colors , ratios of probe mixtures can be used to create secondary colors . Similar to comparative genomic hybridization , the probe mixture for the secondary colors is created by mixing the correct ratio of two sets of differently colored probes for the same chromosome . This technique is sometimes called M - FISH . The same physics that make a variety of colors possible for M - FISH can be used for the detection of translocations . That is , colors that are adjacent appear to overlap ; a secondary color is observed . Some assays are designed so that the secondary color will be present or absent in cases of interest . An example is the detection of BCR / ABL translocations , where the secondary color indicates disease . This variation is often called double - fusion FISH or D - FISH . In the opposite situation -- where the absence of the secondary color is pathological -- is illustrated by an assay used to investigate translocations where only one of the breakpoints is known or constant . Locus - specific probes are made for one side of the breakpoint and the other intact chromosome . In normal cells , the secondary color is observed , but only the primary colors are observed when the translocation occurs . This technique is sometimes called `` break - apart FISH '' . Single - molecule RNA FISH ( edit ) Single - molecule RNA FISH , also known as Stellaris ® RNA FISH , is a method of detecting and quantifying mRNA and other long RNA molecules in a thin layer of tissue sample . Targets can be reliably imaged through the application of multiple short singly labeled oligonucleotide probes . The binding of up to 48 fluorescent labeled oligos to a single molecule of mRNA provides sufficient fluorescence to accurately detect and localize each target mRNA in a wide - field fluorescent microscopy image . Probes not binding to the intended sequence do not achieve sufficient localized fluorescence to be distinguished from background . Single - molecule RNA FISH assays can be performed in simplex or multiplex , and can be used as a follow - up experiment to quantitative PCR , or imaged simultaneously with a fluorescent antibody assay . The technology has potential applications in cancer diagnosis , neuroscience , gene expression analysis , and companion diagnostics . Fiber FISH ( edit ) In an alternative technique to interphase or metaphase preparations , fiber FISH , interphase chromosomes are attached to a slide in such a way that they are stretched out in a straight line , rather than being tightly coiled , as in conventional FISH , or adopting a chromosome territory conformation , as in interphase FISH . This is accomplished by applying mechanical shear along the length of the slide , either to cells that have been fixed to the slide and then lysed , or to a solution of purified DNA . A technique known as chromosome combing is increasingly used for this purpose . The extended conformation of the chromosomes allows dramatically higher resolution -- even down to a few kilobases . The preparation of fiber FISH samples , although conceptually simple , is a rather skilled art , and only specialized laboratories use the technique routinely . ( Reference needed ) Q - FISH ( edit ) Q - FISH combines FISH with PNAs and computer software to quantify fluorescence intensity . This technique is used routinely in telomere length research . Flow - FISH ( edit ) Flow - FISH uses flow cytometry to perform FISH automatically using per - cell fluorescence measurements . MA - FISH ( edit ) Microfluidics - assisted FISH ( MA - FISH ) uses a microfluidic flow to increase DNA hybridization efficiency , decreasing expensive FISH probe consumption and reduce the hybridization time . MA - FISH is applied for detecting the HER2 gene in breast cancer tissues . Medical applications ( edit ) Often parents of children with a developmental disability want to know more about their child 's conditions before choosing to have another child . These concerns can be addressed by analysis of the parents ' and child 's DNA . In cases where the child 's developmental disability is not understood , the cause of it can potentially be determined using FISH and cytogenetic techniques . Examples of diseases that are diagnosed using FISH include Prader - Willi syndrome , Angelman syndrome , 22q13 deletion syndrome , chronic myelogenous leukemia , acute lymphoblastic leukemia , Cri - du - chat , Velocardiofacial syndrome , and Down syndrome . FISH on sperm cells is indicated for men with an abnormal somatic or meiotic karyotype as well as those with oligozoospermia , since approximately 50 % of oligozoospermic men have an increased rate of sperm chromosome abnormalities . The analysis of chromosomes 21 , X , and Y is enough to identify oligozoospermic individuals at risk . In medicine , FISH can be used to form a diagnosis , to evaluate prognosis , or to evaluate remission of a disease , such as cancer . Treatment can then be specifically tailored . A traditional exam involving metaphase chromosome analysis is often unable to identify features that distinguish one disease from another , due to subtle chromosomal features ; FISH can elucidate these differences . FISH can also be used to detect diseased cells more easily than standard Cytogenetic methods , which require dividing cells and requires labor and time - intensive manual preparation and analysis of the slides by a technologist . FISH , on the other hand , does not require living cells and can be quantified automatically , a computer counts the fluorescent dots present . However , a trained technologist is required to distinguish subtle differences in banding patterns on bent and twisted metaphase chromosomes . FISH can be incorporated into Lab - on - a-chip microfluidic device . This technology is still in a developmental stage but , like other lab on a chip methods , it may lead to more portable diagnostic techniques . General process of fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) used for bacterial pathogen identification . First , an infected tissue sample is taken from the patient . Then an oligonucleotide complementary to the suspected pathogen 's genetic code is synthesized and chemically tagged with a fluorescent probe . The tissue sample is chemically treated in order to make the cell membranes permeable to the fluorescently tagged oligonucleotide . The fluorescent tag is then added and only binds to the complementary DNA of the suspected pathogen . If the pathogen is present in the tissue sample , then the pathogen 's cells will fluoresce after treatment with the tagged oligonucleotide . No other cells will glow . Species identification ( edit ) FISH is often used in clinical studies . If a patient is infected with a suspected pathogen , bacteria , from the patient 's tissues or fluids , are typically grown on agar to determine the identity of the pathogen . Many bacteria , however , even well - known species , do not grow well under laboratory conditions . FISH can be used to detect directly the presence of the suspect on small samples of patient 's tissue . FISH can also be used to compare the genomes of two biological species , to deduce evolutionary relationships . A similar hybridization technique is called a zoo blot . Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region . FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology , to identify microorganisms . Biofilms , for example , are composed of complex ( often ) multi-species bacterial organizations . Preparing DNA probes for one species and performing FISH with this probe allows one to visualize the distribution of this specific species within the biofilm . Preparing probes ( in two different colors ) for two species allows to visualize / study co-localization of these two species in the biofilm , and can be useful in determining the fine architecture of the biofilm . Comparative genomic hybridization ( edit ) Comparative genomic hybridization can be described as a method that uses FISH in a parallel manner with the comparison of the hybridization strength to recall any major disruptions in the duplication process of the DNA sequences in the genome of the nucleus . Virtual karyotype ( edit ) Virtual karyotyping is another cost - effective , clinically available alternative to FISH panels using thousands to millions of probes on a single array to detect copy number changes , genome - wide , at unprecedented resolution . Currently , this type of analysis will only detect gains and losses of chromosomal material and will not detect balanced rearrangements , such as translocations and inversions which are hallmark aberrations seen in many types of leukemia and lymphoma . Spectral karyotype ( edit ) Spectral karyotyping is an image of colored chromosomes . Spectral karyotyping involves FISH using multiple forms of many types of probes with the result to see each chromosome labeled through its metaphase stage . This type of karyotyping is used specifically when seeking out chromosome arrangements . See also ( edit ) In situ hybridization , the technique used for labelling Chromogenic in situ hybridization ( CISH ) Molecular cytogenetics Virtual karyotype Happy mapping Gallery ( edit ) Another schematic of FISH process . Microfluidic chip that lowered the cost - per - test of FISH by 90 % . Dual label FISH image ; Bifidobacteria Cy3 , Total bacteria FITC . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Langer - Safer , P.R. ; Levine , M. ; Ward , D.C. ( 1982 ) . `` Immunological method for mapping genes on Drosophila polytene chromosomes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 79 ( 14 ) : 4381 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1982PNAS ... 79.4381 L . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 79.14. 4381 . PMC 346675 . PMID 6812046 . Jump up ^ Amann , Rudolf ; Fuchs , Bernhard M. ( 2008 ) . `` Single - cell identification in microbial communities by improved fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 6 ( 5 ) : 339 -- 348 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1888 . Jump up ^ Anthony , S.J. ; St. Leger , J.A. ; Pugliares , K. ; Ip , H.S. ; Chan , J.M. ; Carpenter , Z.W. ; Navarrete - Macias , I. ; Sanchez - Leon , M. ; Saliki , J.T. ; Pedersen , J. ; Karesh , W. ; Daszak , P. ; Rabadan , R. ; Rowles , T. ; Lipkin , W.I. ( 2012 ) . `` Emergence of Fatal Avian Influenza in New England Harbor Seals '' . MBio. 3 ( 4 ) : e00166 -- e00112 . doi : 10.1128 / mBio. 00166 - 12 . PMC 3419516 . PMID 22851656 . Jump up ^ Everitt , A.R. ; Clare , S. ; Pertel , T. ; John , S.P. ; Wash , R.S. ; Smith , S.E. ; Chin , C.R. ; Feeley , E.M. ; Sims , J.S. ; Adams , D.J. ; Wise , H.M. ; Kane , L. ; Goulding , D. ; Digard , P. ; Anttila , V. ; Baillie , J.K. ; Walsh , T.S. ; Hume , D.A. ; Palotie , A. ; Xue , Y. ; Colonna , V. ; Tyler - Smith , C. ; Dunning , J. ; Gordon , S.B. ; Everingham , K. ; Dawson , H. ; Hope , D. ; Ramsay , P. ; Walsh ( Local Lead Investigator ) , T.S. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza '' . Nature . 484 ( 7395 ) : 519 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 484 ... 519 ... doi : 10.1038 / nature10921 . PMID 22446628 . Jump up ^ Louzada , S. ; Adega , F. ; Chaves , R. ( 2012 ) . `` Defining the sister rat mammary tumor cell lines HH - 16 cl. 2 / 1 and HH - 16. cl. 4 as an in vitro cell model for Erbb2 '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e29923 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 729923L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0029923 . PMC 3254647 . PMID 22253826 . Jump up ^ Ting , D.T. ; Lipson , D. ; Paul , S. ; Brannigan , B.W. ; Akhavanfard , S. ; Coffman , E.J. ; Contino , G. ; Deshpande , V. ; Iafrate , A.J. ; Letovsky , S. ; Rivera , M.N. ; Bardeesy , N. ; Maheswaran , S. ; Haber , D.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Aberrant Overexpression of Satellite Repeats in Pancreatic and Other Epithelial Cancers '' . Science . 331 ( 6017 ) : 593 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 331 ... 593T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1200801 . PMC 3701432 . PMID 21233348 . Jump up ^ Zhang , B. ; Arun , G. ; Mao , Y.S. ; Lazar , Z. ; Hung , G. ; Bhattacharjee , G. ; Xiao , X. ; Booth , C.J. ; Wu , J. ; Zhang , C. ; Spector , D.L. ( 2012 ) . `` The lncRNA Malat1 is Dispensable for Mouse Development but Its Transcription Plays a cis - Regulatory Role in the Adult '' . Cell Reports . 2 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2012.06. 003 . PMC 3408587 . PMID 22840402 . Jump up ^ Lee , K. ; Kunkeaw , N. ; Jeon , S.H. ; Lee , I. ; Johnson , B.H. ; Kang , G. - Y. ; Bang , J.Y. ; Park , H.S. ; Leelayuwat , C. ; Lee , Y.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Precursor miR - 886 , a novel noncoding RNA repressed in cancer , associates with PKR and modulates its activity '' . RNA . 17 ( 6 ) : 1076 -- 89 . doi : 10.1261 / rna. 2701111 . PMC 3096040 . PMID 21518807 . ^ Jump up to : Bernasconi , B. ; Karamitopolou - Diamantiis , E. ; Tornillo , L. ; Lugli , A. ; Di Vizio , D. ; Dirnhofer , S. ; Wengmann , S. ; Glatz - Krieger , K. ; Fend , F. ; Capella , C. ; Insabato , L. ; Terracciano , L.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Chromosomal instability in gastric mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas : A fluorescent in situ hybridization study using a tissue microarray approach '' . Human Pathology. 39 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. humpath. 2007.08. 009 . PMID 18234275 . Jump up ^ Haroon , Mohamed F. ; Skennerton , Connor T. ; Steen , Jason A. ; Lachner , Nancy ; Hugenholtz , Philip & Tyson , Gene W. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter One -- In - Solution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Fluorescence - Activated Cell Sorting for Single Cell and Population Genome Recovery '' . In F. DeLong Edward . Methods in Enzymology. 531 . Academic Press . pp. 3 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Camesano , Terri A. ; Mello , Charlene M. ( 2008 ) . ACS Symposium Series . American Chemical Society . ISBN 9780841274303 . Jump up ^ Orjalo , ArturoV . Jr. ; Johansson , HansE. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . Feng , Yi ; Zhang , Lin , eds . Stellaris ® RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for the Simultaneous Detection of Immature and Mature Long Noncoding RNAs in Adherent Cells . Methods in Molecular Biology . Springer New York . pp. 119 -- 134 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4939 - 3378 - 5_10 . ISBN 9781493933761 . Jump up ^ Raj , A. ; Van Den Bogaard , P. ; Rifkin , S.A. ; Van Oudenaarden , A. ; Tyagi , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Imaging individual mRNA molecules using multiple singly labeled probes '' . Nature Methods. 5 ( 10 ) : 877 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 1253 . PMC 3126653 . PMID 18806792 . Jump up ^ Biosearch Technologies Signs Exclusive License for Single Molecule FISH Technologies from UMDNJ . biosearchtech.com Jump up ^ `` A New Test for Recurrent Colon Cancer '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 131 ( 11 ) : 805 . 1999 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 131 - 11 - 199912070 - 00024 . Jump up ^ Kosman , D. ; Mizutani , C.M. ; Lemons , D ; Cox , W.G. ; McGinnis , W ; Bier , E ( 2004 ) . `` Multiplex Detection of RNA Expression in Drosophila Embryos '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 846 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1099247 . PMID 15297669 . Jump up ^ Nguyen HT , Trouillon R , Matsuoka S , Fiche M , de Leval L , Bisig B , et al. Microfluidics - assisted fluorescence in situ hybridization for advantageous human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 assessment in breast cancer . Lab Invest . 2017 Jan ; 97 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Sarrate , Z. ; Vidal , F. ; Blanco , J. ( 2010 ) . `` Role of sperm fluorescent in situ hybridization studies in infertile patients : Indications , study approach , and clinical relevance '' . Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 6 ) : 1892 -- 902 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.12. 139 . PMID 19254793 . Jump up ^ Kurz , C.M. ; v.d. Moosdijk , S. ; Thielecke , H. ; Velten , T. ( 2011 ) . `` Towards a cellular multi-parameter analysis platform : Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH ) on microhole - array chips '' . 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . p. 8408 . doi : 10.1109 / IEMBS. 2011.6092074 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4577 - 1589 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dill , K. ; Hui Liu , R. ; Grodzinski , P. ( 2008 ) . Microarrays : Preparation , Microfluidics , Detection Methods , and Biological Applications . Springer . p. 323 . ISBN 0387727167 . Jump up ^ `` Comparative Genomic Hybridization '' . McGraw - Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Pernthaler A , Pernthaler J , Amann R ( 2002 ) . `` FluorescenceIn Situ Hybridization and Catalyzed Reporter Deposition for the Identification of Marine Bacteria '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68 ( 6 ) : 3094 -- 3101 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 68.6. 3094 - 3101.2002 . PMC 123953 . PMID 12039771 . Wagner M , Horn M , Daims H ( 2003 ) . `` Fluorescencein situ hybridisation for the identification and characterisation of prokaryotes '' . Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2003 ( 6 ) : 302 -- 309 . doi : 10.1016 / S1369 - 5274 ( 03 ) 00054 - 7 . Carthy , J.D. ( 1965 ) . Viewpoints In Biology . England : Butterworth & Co. p. 66 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescence in situ hybridization . Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Information on fiber FISH from the Olympus Corporation A guide to fiber FISH from Octavian Henegariu Fibre FISH protocol from the Human Genome Project at the Sanger Centre CARD - FISH , BioMineWiki Preparation of Complex DNA Probe Sets for 3D FISH with up to Six Different Fluorochromes FISH technical notes and protocols from GeneDetect.com Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Photos of bacteria Rational design of polynucleotide probe mixes to identify particular genes in defined taxa : www.dnaBaser.com/PolyPro <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pathology Principles of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome / Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross examination Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization&oldid=813055161 '' Categories : Anatomical pathology Cytogenetics Laboratory techniques Molecular biology Gene tests Pathology Nuclear organization Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 13 : 47 . 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1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 2. Molecular cytogenetic technique 3. Detection and localization of specific DNA sequences 4. Medical applications in genetic counseling and cancer diagnosis 5. Species identification and comparative genomic hybridization

where was the i have a dream speech

I Have a Dream - wikipedia I Have a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Have a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Martin Luther King Jr. delivering `` I Have a Dream '' at the 1963 Washington D.C. Civil Rights March . External audio <Td_colspan="2"> I Have a Dream , August 28 , 1963 , Educational Radio Network `` I Have a Dream '' is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 , in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights . Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement . Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed millions of slaves in 1863 , King observes that : `` one hundred years later , the Negro still is not free '' . Toward the end of the speech , King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme `` I have a dream '' , prompted by Mahalia Jackson 's cry : `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' In this part of the speech , which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous , King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred . Jon Meacham writes that , `` With a single phrase , Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who 've shaped modern America '' . The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2.1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 References 9 External links Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June . Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm , also , to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement . King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , timed to correspond with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 , when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) called `` The Negro and the American Dream '' . This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality , saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream , and that `` our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy , its betrayal of the cause of justice '' . King suggests that `` It may well be that the Negro is God 's instrument to save the soul of America . '' In 1961 , he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists ' `` dream '' of equality -- `` the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled '' -- in several national speeches and statements , and took `` the dream '' as the centerpiece for these speeches . On November 27 , 1962 , King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial . And while parts of the text had been moved around , large portions were identical , including the `` I have a dream '' refrain . After being rediscovered , the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University . Martin Luther King had also delivered a `` dream '' speech in Detroit , in June 1963 , when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C.L. Franklin , and had rehearsed other parts . The March on Washington Speech , known as `` I Have a Dream Speech '' , has been shown to have had several versions , written at several different times . It has no single version draft , but is an amalgamation of several drafts , and was originally called `` Normalcy , Never Again '' . Little of this , and another `` Normalcy Speech '' , ended up in the final draft . A draft of `` Normalcy , Never Again '' is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library , Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College . The focus on `` I have a dream '' comes through the speech 's delivery . Toward the end of its delivery , noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin . '' King departed from his prepared remarks and started `` preaching '' improvisationally , punctuating his points with `` I have a dream . '' The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale , New York City . Jones has said that `` the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us '' and that , `` on the evening of Tuesday , Aug. 27 , ( 12 hours before the march ) Martin still did n't know what he was going to say '' . Leading up to the speech 's rendition at the Great March on Washington , King had delivered its `` I have a dream '' refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit 's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000 - strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit , June 23 , 1963 . After the Washington , D.C. March , a recording of King 's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit 's Gordy Records as an LP entitled `` The Great March To Freedom '' . Speech Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , King 's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . Early in his speech , King alludes to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address by saying `` Five score years ago ... '' In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation , King says : `` It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity . '' Anaphora ( i.e. , the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences ) is employed throughout the speech . Early in his speech , King urges his audience to seize the moment ; `` Now is the time '' is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph . The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase `` I have a dream '' , which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience . Other occasions include `` One hundred years later '' , `` We can never be satisfied '' , `` With this faith '' , `` Let freedom ring '' , and `` free at last '' . King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day , according to the official program . I still have a dream , a dream deeply rooted in the American dream -- one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed , `` We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men are created equal . '' I have a dream ... `` '' Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Among the most quoted lines of the speech include `` I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin , but by the content of their character . I have a dream today ! '' According to U.S. Representative John Lewis , who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , `` Dr. King had the power , the ability , and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized . By speaking the way he did , he educated , he inspired , he informed not just the people there , but people throughout America and unborn generations . '' The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C. Similarities and allusions Further information : Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues King 's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts . For years , he had spoken about dreams , quoted from Samuel Francis Smith 's popular patriotic hymn `` America '' ( `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ) , and of course referred extensively to the Bible . The idea of constitutional rights as an `` unfulfilled promise '' was suggested by Clarence Jones . The final passage from King 's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr. 's address to the 1952 Republican National Convention : both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of `` America '' , and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort `` let freedom ring '' . King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned - down African American church in Terrell County , Georgia , in September 1962 , in which she used the repeated phrase `` I have a dream '' . The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings . The speech also alludes to Psalm 30 : 5 in the second stanza of the speech . Additionally , King quotes from Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 ( `` I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ... '' ) and Amos 5 : 24 ( `` But let justice roll down like water ... '' ) . He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare 's Richard III ( `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ... '' ) when he remarks that `` this sweltering summer of the Negro 's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ... '' Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C The `` I Have a Dream '' speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses : voice merging , prophetic voice , and dynamic spectacle . Voice merging is the combining of one 's own voice with religious predecessors . Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population . A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as `` a weak hybrid form of drama , a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors ( shock , sensation , and passionate release ) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control . '' Voice merging is a common technique used amongst African American preachers . It combines the voices of previous preachers and excerpts from scriptures along with their own unique thoughts to create a unique voice . King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn `` America . '' The rhetoric of King 's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets . During King 's speech , he speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice . The prophetic voice must `` restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality . '' An evident example is when King declares that , `` now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God 's children . '' Why King 's speech was powerful is debated , but essentially , it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point . Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes , `` The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time . '' `` Given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated '' , King 's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle . A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used . It can be considered a dynamic spectacle because it happened at the correct time and place : during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington . Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event , and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers . James Reston , writing for The New York Times , said that `` Dr. King touched all the themes of the day , only better than anybody else . He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi , and the cadences of the Bible . He was both militant and sad , and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile . '' Reston also noted that the event `` was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy 's inauguration '' , and opined that `` it will be a long time before ( Washington ) forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude . '' An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King 's speech `` caught the mood '' and `` moved the crowd '' of the day `` as no other '' speaker in the event . Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King 's speech `` rose above mere oratory '' . An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the `` matchless eloquence '' displayed by King -- `` a supreme orator '' of `` a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age '' -- put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the `` conscience of America '' with the justice of the civil - rights cause . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive , also noticed the speech . This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States . Two days after King delivered `` I Have a Dream '' , Agent William C. Sullivan , the head of COINTELPRO , wrote a memo about King 's growing influence : In the light of King 's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes . We must mark him now , if we have not done so before , as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism , the Negro and national security . The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it . It was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' , and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on television and been very impressed . Afterwards , March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy . Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill . Meanwhile , some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech ( along with the rest of the march ) as too compromising . Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography : `` Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools , with gospels and guitars and ' I have a dream ' speeches ? '' Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts . In the wake of the speech and march , King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 , and in 1964 , he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 , some 15 years after King 's death , when a transcript was published in The Washington Post . In 1990 , the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon . One song from Icon , `` Shang - a-lang '' , sampled the end of the speech . In 1992 , the band Moodswings , incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in their song `` Spiritual High , Part III . on the album Moodfood '' . In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2003 , the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King 's speech at the Lincoln Memorial . The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . '' In August 2012 , the Dutch DJ and producer Bakermat released the single `` One Day '' , which consists of an integrated sample of the speech . The re-release in 2014 became a hit in several European countries . On August 26 , 2013 , UK 's BBC Radio 4 broadcast `` God 's Trombone '' , in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored `` what made it both timely and timeless '' . On August 28 , 2013 , thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion . In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter , and incumbent President Barack Obama , who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event . Many of King 's family were in attendance . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering installation of a new `` Freedom Bell '' honoring King and citing the speech 's reference to the mountain `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia . '' Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined . The article mentioned inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . On April 20 , 2016 , Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the U.S. $5 bill , which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back , would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 . Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill , but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial , including an image from King 's speech . In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech . Copyright dispute Because King 's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience , there was controversy about its copyright status . If the performance of the speech constituted `` general publication '' , it would have entered the public domain due to King 's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights . However , if the performance only constituted `` limited publication '' , King retained common law copyright . This led to a lawsuit , Estate of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Inc. v. CBS , Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue ; the parties then settled . Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances , especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing . Under the applicable copyright laws , the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King 's death , therefore until 2038 . Original copy of the speech As King waved goodbye to the audience , he handed George Raveling the original typewritten `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Raveling , an All - American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player , had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment . In 2013 , Raveling still had custody of the original copy , for which he had been offered $3,000,000 , but he has said he does not intend to sell it . References Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ I Have a Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America , James Echols -- 2004 ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Alvarez , `` Martin Luther King 's ' I Have a Dream ' : The Speech Event as Metaphor '' , Journal of Black Studies 18 ( 3 ) ; doi : 10.1177 / 002193478801800306 . Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaus Mills , `` What Really Happened at the March on Washington ? '' , Dissent , Summer 1988 ; reprinted in Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , ed . Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor , New York : New York University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` One Man '' . Time . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Have a Dream ( 28 August 1963 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King Jr. , `` The Negro and the American Dream '' , speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte , NC , 25 September 1960 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2003 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0195158210 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , Sam ; Brumfield , Ben . `` New recording : King 's first ' I have a dream ' speech found at high school '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crook , Samantha ; Bryant , Christian . `` How Langston Hughes Led To A ' Dream ' MLK Discovery '' . WKBW.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha . `` Recording of MLK 's 1st ' I Have a Dream ' speech found '' . DetroitNews.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Martin Luther King III '' . CNN . August 22 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The original name of the speech was `` Cashing a Cancelled Check '' , but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher 's anointing brought forth a new entitlement , `` I Have A Dream '' . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection , 2009 `` Notable Items '' Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Clarence Benjamin ( 1931 -- ) '' . Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ( Stanford University ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Clarence B. ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` On Martin Luther King Day , remembering the first draft of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin ( May 1 , 2007 ) , Detroit 's Walk To Freedom , Michigan History Magazine Jump up ^ Garrett , Bob , Martin Luther King Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk , Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Michigan Library and Historical -- Center Michigan Historical Center , retrieved February 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( 1998 ) , Recording the Dream , 48 ( 4 ) , History Today Jump up ^ `` Document for August 28th : Official Program for the March on Washington '' . Archives.gov . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard . ( August 29 , 1963 ) . 200,000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington . Chicago Tribune , p. 5 Jump up ^ Excel HSC Standard English , p. 108 , Lloyd Cameron , Barry Spurr -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` A `` Dream '' Remembered `` . NewsHour . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exploring Religion and Ethics : Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students , p 192 , Trevor Jordan -- 2012 Jump up ^ See David A. Bobbitt , The Rhetoric of Redemption : Kenneth Burke 's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Speech ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ) Jump up ^ John , Derek ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King 's dream '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow : Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Digital Library : Film ( 2 : 30 ) Jump up ^ `` Psalm 30 : 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amos 5 : 24 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream Speech '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Thomas B. ( 1989 ) . `` Media Rhetoric as Social Drama : The Winter Olympics of 1984 '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communication . 6 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 160 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038909366742 . Jump up ^ Darsey , James ( 1997 ) . The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 10 , 19 , 47 . Jump up ^ Trendl , Anthony . `` I Have a Dream Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream '' Speech `` . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` The News of the Week in Review : March on Washington -- Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights , '' The New York Times ( September 1 , 1963 ) . The high point and climax of the day , it was generally agreed , was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ James Reston , `` ' I Have a Dream ... ' : Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember '' , The New York Times ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mary McGrory , `` Polite , Happy , Helpful : The Real Hero Was the Crowd '' , The Boston Globe ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Marquis Childs , `` Triumphal March Silences Scoffers '' , The Washington Post ( August 30 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Max Freedman , `` The Big March in Washington Described as ' Epic of Democracy ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( Sep. 9 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Tim Weiner , Enemies : A history of the FBI , New York : Random House , 2012 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Memo hosted by American Radio Works ( American Public Media ) , `` The FBI 's War on King '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , 1993 , pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . `` King , Obama , and the Great American Dialogue '' , American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King '' . The Nobel Foundation . 1964 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2002 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome , Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement : Lincoln Memorial '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial '' . WUSA . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Trombone : Remembering King 's Dream '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` In Commemorative MLK Speech , President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream '' . Swampland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Record '' . Science Friday . 2016 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie . `` ' I Have a Dream ' speech still private property '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Xavier L. Suarez ( 27 October 2011 ) . Democracy in America : 2010 . AuthorHouse . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6056 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Price Hossell ( 5 December 2005 ) . I Have a Dream . Heinemann - Raintree Library . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 6811 - 6 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom George Raveling owns MLK 's ' I have a dream ' speech . USA Today , February 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Guardian of The Dream '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links African - Americans portal Discrimination portal 1960s portal Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : I Have a Dream ( in the public domain in Canada ) Full text at the BBC Video of `` I Have a Dream '' speech , from LearnOutLoud.com `` I Have a Dream '' Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com Deposition concerning recording of the `` I Have a Dream '' speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual `` Free At Last '' MLK : Before He Won the Nobel -- slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests <Td_colspan="2"> Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Family Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( colleague ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Assassination <Td_colspan="2"> James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Media <Td_colspan="2"> Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Civil Rights Movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.48 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.40 '' W  /  38.8893000 ° N 77.0501111 ° W  / 38.8893000 ; - 77.0501111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Have_a_Dream&oldid=821434127 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States American political catchphrases History of African - American civil rights Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr . United States historical documents United States National Recording Registry recordings 1963 in Washington , D.C. August 1963 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Bibliowiki links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Martin Luther King Jr. 2. I Have a Dream speech 3. Civil rights movement 4. March on Washington 5. Racism and equality in the United States

how many volumes of darkwing duck are there

Darkwing Duck - wikipedia Darkwing Duck Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Darkwing Duck <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Superhero fiction Action / adventure Mystery / crime Comedy Created by Tad Stones Voices of Jim Cummings Christine Cavanaugh Terry McGovern Theme music composer Steve Nelson Thom Sharp Composer ( s ) Philip Giffin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 91 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Distributor Buena Vista Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The Disney Channel ( 1991 ) Syndication ( 1991 -- 1995 ) ABC ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Picture format SD : 4 : 3 ( broadcast / DVD release ) HD : 16 : 9 ( streaming ) Audio format Stereo Original release September 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 08 ) -- December 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 05 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows DuckTales Quack Pack Darkwing Duck is an American animated action - adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block The Disney Afternoon and Saturday mornings on ABC . It featured the eponymous anthropomorphic duck superhero whose alter ego is suburban father Drake Mallard . On April 2 , 2015 , a rumor surfaced that Disney would be rebooting the series for a 2018 premiere . This has since been debunked , instead it has returned as a comic book published by Joe Books , which premiered on April 27 , 2016 . Though originally believed by some fans to be a spin - off of the 1987 DuckTales series , creator Tad Stones stated in a 2016 report that he believes the two shows exist in different universes , despite DuckTales supporting character Launchpad McQuack appearing on the series in a similar role to that the character plays in DuckTales , and the fact that Scrooge McDuck , the main character of DuckTales , is mentioned in Darkwing Duck episode `` Tiff of the Titans '' . Additionally , the 2011 comic series DuckTales makes reference to Darkwing Duck and features various villains from the series . A crossover between the Darkwing Duck comic series and the DuckTales comic series occurs respectively in the seventeenth and eighteenth issues and the fifth and sixth issues of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Characters 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast history 6 Home media 6.1 VHS releases 6.1. 1 UK , Australia and New Zealand releases 6.2 DVD releases 6.2. 1 United States ( Region 1 ) 6.2. 2 International ( Region 2 ) 6.3 Video on Demand 6.3. 1 International 7 Darkwing Duck in other languages 8 Theme parks 9 Video games 10 Comic books 10.1 BOOM ! Studios 10.2 Joe Books 10.3 Comic creatorship 11 Awards and nominations 12 Cameos 13 Reception 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Premise ( edit ) Darkwing Duck tells the adventures of the titular superhero , aided by his sidekick and pilot Launchpad McQuack ( from Ducktales ) . In his secret identity of Drake Mallard ( a parody of Kent Allard , the alter ego of the Shadow ) , he lives in an unassuming suburban house with his adopted daughter Gosalyn , next door to the bafflingly dim - witted Muddlefoot family . Darkwing struggles to balance his egotistical craving for fame and attention against his desire to be a good father to Gosalyn and help do good in St. Canard . Most episodes put these two aspects of Darkwing 's character in direct conflict , though Darkwing 's better nature usually prevails . The show was the first Disney Afternoon series to emphasize action rather than adventure , with Darkwing routinely engaging in slapstick battles with both supervillains and street criminals . While conflict with villains was routine in earlier Disney Afternoon shows , actual fight scenes were relatively rare . Darkwing Duck was also the first Disney Afternoon property that was produced completely as a genre parody . Prior shows would contain elements of parody in certain episodes , but would otherwise be straight - faced adventure concepts , this in the tradition of Carl Barks ' work in the Disney comics . By contrast , every episode of Darkwing Duck is laden with references to superhero , pulp adventure , or super-spy fiction . Darkwing Duck himself is a satirical character . His costume , gas gun and flashy introductions are all reminiscent of pulp heroes and Golden Age superheroes such as The Shadow , The Sandman , Doc Savage , Batman , The Green Hornet and the Julius Schwartz Flash , as well as The Lone Ranger and Zorro . The fictional city of St. Canard is a direct parody of Gotham City . ( `` Canard '' is the French word for `` duck '' . ) Production ( edit ) Darkwing Duck was developed as a last - minute replacement for a proposed reboot of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , when the creative team realized that Disney did not own the rights to the characters ( Disney merely held home video rights to the series ) . The show was a spin - off of the very successful series DuckTales . Darkwing Duck entered production roughly one year after DuckTales ended . Darkwing Duck was inspired by two specific episodes of DuckTales : `` Double - O - Duck '' starring Launchpad McQuack as a secret agent , and `` The Masked Mallard '' in which Scrooge McDuck becomes a masked vigilante superhero wearing a purple uniform and cape . The name `` The Masked Mallard '' became an epithet often used in the new show to refer to Darkwing himself . Tad Stones was directed to come up with a series for The Disney Afternoon around the premise of Double - O - Duck , as an executive liked the title Double - O Duck as a spoof of James Bond and felt Launchpad McQuack would take the starring role . It turned out that the title Double - O Duck could not be used as the Broccoli family owned the ' double - o ' title . A new name was selected , `` Darkwing Duck '' . Thus , Stones designed a new character for the lead , Drake Mallard , while selecting McQuack as the sidekick . This name would result in a new look ( Double - O Duck was to wear a white tuxedo and black domino mask ) . Other elements of the show , such as Darkwing 's habit of coining new catchphrases every time he announced himself , would be invented during production . ( As an in - joke , the episode `` A Duck by Any Other Name '' had Drake suggest `` Double - O Duck '' as his new secret identity and Launchpad remarked that it `` seems kinda silly '' . ) Where most prior Disney Afternoon series included at least some characters from classic Disney animation , Darkwing Duck featured a completely original cast . Even the DuckTales characters it reused had no counterpart in early Disney shorts or even the Carl Barks comics . The only exception was the episode `` In Like Blunt '' , which featured cameo appearances by the Beagle Boys , Flintheart Glomgold and Magica De Spell . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Darkwing Duck characters Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Darkwing Duck episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired Season premiere Season finale Disney Afternoon 65 September 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 06 ) May 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) ABC Season 1 13 September 7 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 07 ) November 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 30 ) ABC Season 2 13 September 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 12 ) December 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 12 ) Broadcast history ( edit ) Darkwing Duck first aired on The Disney Channel on March 31 , 1991 as a `` sneak preview '' , and then from April 6 into July 14 of that year as a regularly scheduled run on weekend mornings , as it was advertised to be `` The newest animated TV series exclusively to The Disney Channel '' . In reality , this was a preview - run of the series before it aired on The Disney Afternoon . The two - part episode `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' originally aired as an hour - length TV special on September 6 , 1991 as part of a larger syndicated TV special , The Darkwing Duck Premiere / Back to School with the Mickey Mouse Club . The film served as the show 's pilot . Seasons 1 and 2 were aired simultaneously in the Autumn of 1991 . Season 1 aired in syndication as part of The Disney Afternoon block of shows . Seasons 2 and 3 aired on Saturday mornings on ABC . The final episode aired on December 12 , 1992 . All episodes remained in syndicated reruns on The Disney Afternoon until 1995 and then returned to the line - up from 1996 to 1997 . Starting on October 2 , 1995 , Darkwing Duck was rerun on The Disney Channel as part of a two - hour programming block called `` Block Party '' which aired on weekdays in the late - afternoon / early - evening and which also included TaleSpin , DuckTales , and Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers . On September 3 , 1996 , Darkwing Duck was dropped from the beginning of the block when Goof Troop was added to the end . The series was last seen in the U.S. on Toon Disney . Along with a number of other shows , it was removed from schedules in November 2004 . Toon Disney then aired the Christmas episode `` It 's a Wonderful Leaf '' on December 25 , 2004 . The show was last seen on January 19 , 2007 as part of the Toon Disney Wild Card Stack . Certain episodes from the show 's original run rarely re-aired while the show was on Toon Disney . These episodes appear to have been removed for content reasons . The most prominent of the rarely seen episodes is `` Hot Spells '' , which was never re-aired after its initial broadcast on ABC because of its religiously sensitive subject matter . Darkwing Duck was one of the first American animated TV series to be officially broadcast in syndication in the former Soviet Union . The show currently airs on Disney XD in various countries such as the Netherlands and Germany . Home Media ( edit ) VHS releases ( edit ) Four VHS cassettes , each containing one or two episodes ( a total of 6 episodes ) of Darkwing Duck , were released under the title Darkwing Duck : His Favorite Adventures in the United States on March 23 , 1993 , individually titled `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' , `` Justice Ducks Unite ! '' , `` Comic Book Capers '' and `` Birth of Negaduck ! '' . However , most countries around the world only received releases of `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' and `` Justice Ducks Unite ! '' Each video came with two `` glow - in - the - Darkwing '' trading cards . Featured on the cards were Darkwing Duck , Launchpad , Gosalyn , Honker , Negaduck , Bushroot , Megavolt , and Taurus Bulba . The videotapes also included a Darkwing Duck music video which played at the end of each tape . VHS Name Episode Titles Release Date Stock Number Darkly Dawns the Duck `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' ( uncut version ) March 23 , 1993 1494 Justice Ducks Unite ! `` Just Us Justice Ducks '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) March 23 , 1993 1600 Comic Book Capers `` Comic Book Capers '' & `` A Brush with Oblivion '' March 23 , 1993 1601 Birth of Negaduck ! `` Negaduck '' & `` Tiff of the Titans '' March 23 , 1993 1602 Additionally , on September 28 , 1993 , the Darkwing Duck episode `` It 's a Wonderful Leaf '' was released together with the Goof Troop episode `` Have Yourself a Goofy Little Christmas '' on one VHS cassette as a special release called Happy Holidays with Darkwing Duck and Goofy ! On September 3 , 1996 , the Darkwing Duck episode `` Ghoul of My Dreams '' was released together with the Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers episode `` Good Times , Bat Times '' on one VHS cassette as a special release called Witcheroo ! Uk , Australia and new Zealand releases ( edit ) Six VHS cassettes containing 10 episodes of the series were released in the United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand . VHS Name Episode Titles Release Date Darkwing Duck ( Volume 1 ) : Darkly Dawns the Duck `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) November 26 , 1993 Darkwing Duck ( Volume 2 ) : Justice Ducks Unite ! `` Just Us Justice Ducks '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) November 26 , 1993 Darkwing Duck ( Volume 3 ) : Comic Book Capers `` Comic Book Capers '' & `` Paint Misbehavin ' '' April 1 , 1994 Darkwing Duck ( Volume 4 ) : Birth of Negaduck ! `` Negaduck '' & `` Tiff of the Titans '' April 1 , 1994 Darkwing Duck ( Volume 5 ) : That Sinking Feeling `` That Sinking Feeling '' & `` Water Way to Go '' April 1 , 1994 Darkwing Duck ( Volume 6 ) : Getting Antsy `` Getting Antsy '' & `` Apes of Wrath '' April 1 , 1994 DVD releases ( edit ) United States ( region 1 ) ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three - disc DVD box set entitled `` Darkwing Duck : Volume 1 '' on August 29 , 2006 . It included 25 episodes , plus the two - part pilot `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' , as opposed to the uncut version 's release on VHS . The second volume , containing the next 27 episodes , was released on August 7 , 2007 . The sets do not contain any special features . It is currently unknown if Disney has any intentions of releasing the remaining 37 episodes on DVD . Product Episodes Release date Darkwing Duck : Volume 1 27 August 26 , 2006 Darkwing Duck : Volume 2 27 August 7 , 2007 International ( region 2 ) ( edit ) No official releases have been made outside the United States . Video on demand ( edit ) International ( edit ) The entire series is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany . The first season ( comprising the show 's first two seasons ) is available in six volumes while the second season ( comprising the third season ) is available in one volume . Darkwing Duck in other languages ( edit ) Brazilian Portuguese : similar to English Portuguese : Pato da Capa Preta Chinese : 狡猾 飞天 德 ( Simplified ) / 狡猾 飛天 德 ( Traditional ) ( pinyin : Jiǎohuá Fēitiāndé ) Cantonese : 蠱惑 飛天 德 German : similar to English Spanish : Pato Darkwing ( Spain ) / Pato Darkwing ( Latin America ) French : Myster Mask Italian : similar to English Japanese : ダック に おまかせ ダーク ウィング ・ ダック ( Dakkuniomakase dākuu ~ ingu dakku ) Korean : 오리 형사 다크 ( Orihyeongsa Dakeu ) Polish : Dzielny Agent Kaczor Finnish : Varjoankka Russian : Чёрный Плащ ( Chyornyi Plashch ) Turkish : Kara Kanat Theme parks ( edit ) In 1991 , Mickey 's Magical TV World as part of Walt Disney World , Darkwing Duck was featured . In 1991 to 1997 , Darkwing Duck appeared in the Disney on Ice , Double Feature ... Live ! . In 2013 , Darkwing resurfaced at Disneyland Paris , for the Disney Dreamers Everywhere Event . On September 2014 , Darkwing and Launchpad appeared in Disney 's California Adventure for meet and greets . Video games ( edit ) Darkwing Duck video game was released by Capcom on the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Game Boy as a platform side - scroller . The game was developed for the NES in 1992 and was ported to the Game Boy in 1993 . The Game Boy version is essentially a slightly stripped - down version of the game . Darkwing Duck ( a different game with the same title ) was also released for the TurboGrafx - 16 in 1992 as an action side - scroller . A Disney 's Darkwing Duck hand - held LCD game from Tiger Electronics was also released in 1992 . Darkwing Duck ( yet another game with the same title ) was released for various touchscreen mobile phones as a platform side - scroller in 2010 . Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes ( 2.0 Edition ) has two power discs that were released for the game , `` Darkwing Duck 's Grappling Gun '' and `` Darkwing Duck 's Ratcatcher '' . Darkwing Duck himself is a townsperson in the 2.0 Toy Box . Darkwing Duck was close to being a playable character in 2.0 but was eventually scrapped . Disney Infinity 3.0 had Darkwing Duck close to being a playable character but lost to Olaf in the fan polls for the initial wave of Disney characters for 3.0 . However , Darkwing was one of the characters listed on the official fan poll for Disney Infinity that was conducted during the 3.0 life cycle to determine new characters for future installments . Despite being one of the most desired characters , the character will not make it in the game due to the game 's cancellation . A Launchpad McQuack townsperson was added in 3.0 . Darkwing Duck appeared in Disney Emoji Blitz in 2017 . Comic Books ( edit ) Disney Comics published a four - issue Darkwing Duck comic book mini-series in late 1991 , right around the time of the show 's syndicated premiere . This mini-series was an adaptation of a draft of the script for `` Darkly Dawns the Duck '' . Like the TaleSpin comic before it , it was meant to spin off a regular comic series , but the Disney Comics implosion happening at the time prevented that plan . However , Darkwing Duck stories were regularly printed in Disney Adventures magazine between the November 1991 and January 1996 issues . Additionally , Darkwing Duck stories were also regularly featured in Marvel Comics ' short - lived Disney Afternoon comic book . BOOM ! Studios ( edit ) On March 13 , 2010 , BOOM ! Studios announced that they would be releasing a four - issue Darkwing Duck miniseries , titled `` The Duck Knight Returns '' , starting in June of that year . The series was written by Aaron Sparrow ( uncredited ) , Ian Brill and drawn by James Silvani , and was set one year after the end of the show . BOOM ! later announced that due to positive fan reaction , the comic series would be extended indefinitely as an ongoing title . This first trade paperback collection of the initial four issues of the comic was released in the fall of 2010 Unlike the original show , the comic strengthened Darkwing Duck 's ties to the parent show DuckTales and began to use a number of Carl Barks characters like Magica De Spell ( allied to Negaduck in the second story ) and cameoing Scrooge McDuck and Gyro Gearloose . A 4 - part crossover story with Disney 's DuckTales , titled `` Dangerous Currency '' , was released with parts 1 and 3 for DuckTales # 5 and # 6 , and parts 2 and 4 for Darkwing Duck # 17 and # 18 . The comic also made a lot of homages to other Disney shows : Magica 's powered up form in # 7 has emblems that reference film villains like Hades and Jafar , someone holds a sign saying `` Bring Back Bonkers '' in the background of # 6 , and # 3 shows Launchpad tried to get a job with Gadget Hackwrench of the Rescue Rangers from Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers . The eighteenth issue , which shipped in October 2011 , was the end of the series due to BOOM ! Studios prematurely losing the Disney Comics license . Darkwing Duck Vol. 5 `` Dangerous Currency '' crossover , released in November 2011 , was the final printing . Joe Books ( edit ) On January 20 , 2016 , it was reported that the series will be returning to the comic book format . Writers Aaron Sparrow and artist James Silvani , both of whom worked on the previous Darkwing Duck comic book that was published by Boom ! will be returning . Additionally Andrew Dalhouse , Deron Bennett and Jesse Post will assume their roles on the creative team , with R. Janice Orlando , who worked on The Definitively Dangerous Edition , returning as Assistant Editor . Darkwing Duck is now wearing a purple necktie instead of his usual turtleneck . The first issue debuted on April 27 , 2016 . Titled `` Orange is the New Purple '' . Comic creatorship ( edit ) Throughout the run of BOOM ! Studios ' Darkwing Duck comic series , there was controversy as to who was responsible for the series . Editor Aaron Sparrow is largely credited with the idea to relaunch the property and has claimed to have plotted the first arc and come up with many of the concepts for following story arcs . This has been publicly disputed by Boom and credited series writer Ian Brill . However , artist James Silvani has publicly credited Sparrow not only with the idea of bringing the series back , but assisting him in ghost - writing much of the series and changing a lot of the concepts Brill brought to the series following Sparrow 's departure from BOOM ! Studios . This seems to be further corroborated by the fact that Sparrow and Silvani have both stated they did not write any of the final arc of the series , `` Dangerous Currency '' , which was largely panned by fans for having many glaring character inconsistencies , particularly in the case of the character Gizmoduck . Darkwing Duck creator Tad Stones has also publicly credited Sparrow as bringing the character back in a 2010 BOOM Kids ! `` Get A Sketch '' panel at Comic - Con International . Sparrow continues to make public appearances with Silvani and Stones , and Brill does not . In a 2011 livestream interview Tad Stones admitted he was unhappy with later issues of the series , and particularly criticized the election arc , which he `` tried to talk them out of '' . When questioned on whether he had read the entire comic series he stated : `` Not the later stuff . I applaud what James tried to do . I hear he saved them but I thought the central premises were wrong . '' Sparrow served as moderator at the 2013 Comic - Con panel `` 25 Years of the Disney Afternoon : The Continuing Legacy '' , which featured Tad Stones , voice actor Jim Cummings , voice actor Rob Paulsen , TaleSpin creator Jymn Magon , and Darkwing Duck comic artist James Silvani , associations which would seem to further corroborate his version of events . In 2013 , Disney European publisher Egmont Group released a compendium of several of the BOOM ! Studios Darkwing Duck stories , including `` The Duck Knight Returns '' , `` Crisis On Infinite Darkwings '' , and `` F.O.W.L. Disposition '' . Aaron Sparrow 's story credits were not only restored , but he and Silvani created an all - new 3 - page introduction , and Brill 's dialogue was replaced with original dialogue by Sparrow . On October 22 , 2014 , comic news website Bleeding Cool announced that the first 16 issues of Darkwing Duck would be packaged together and published in an omnibus by Joe Books . On his Tumblr account , Silvani stated that the omnibus would be a remastered edition , featuring revised art , a new epilogue , and that the script had been `` painstakingly rewritten '' by Sparrow . It was also announced that the omnibus would lead into a new monthly series written by Sparrow and drawn by Silvani , with no involvement by Brill . The omnibus only collects the first 16 issues and the annual , omitting the final `` Dangerous Currency '' crossover with DuckTales , seeming to further call into question Brill 's claims of sole authorship . On January 18 , 2016 , Joe Books Twitter feed reported that Darkwing Duck would be returning to monthly comics beginning in April 2016 with Sparrow and Silvani at the helm . According to Silvani 's Twitter account , `` Dangerous Currency '' has been declared non-canon by Disney , and will not be referenced within the new series . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Daytime Emmy Awards 1992 -- Outstanding Animated Programming ( nominated ) 1993 -- Outstanding Animated Programming ( nominated ) Cameos ( edit ) Goof Troop ( 1992 -- 1993 ) : Quackerjack makes a cameo on Max 's watch in the episode `` Axed by Addition '' . In some episodes , Darkwing Duck makes a cameo on the comics and on TV . Raw Toonage ( 1992 ) : Launchpad and Gosalyn were guest stars . Bonkers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) : In a dream sequence , Bonkers accepts an award for best cartoon crime - fighter from Darkwing , who 's jealous he did n't win it himself . Darkwing later makes three more cameos in three other Bonkers episodes . Aladdin ( 1994 -- 1995 ) : In the episode `` My Fair Aladdin '' , the Genie transformed into Darkwing Duck . Quack Pack ( 1996 ) : Robot Chicken ( 2011 ) : In the episode `` Kramer vs. Showgirls '' , a `` Where Are They Now '' segment revolves around 1990s characters . Launchpad was killed in a mishap with US Airways Flight 1549 and when Gosalyn needed a kidney transplant , Darkwing donated his body to a Chinese restaurant where he was cooked alive . Funny or Die had an April Fool 's sketch in 2013 where lead voice actor Jim Cummings tried to crowdfund a Darkwing Duck animated film created all by himself . DuckTales : Darkwing will make a guest appearance in the 2017 DuckTales reboot , though it has not been said to which extent the character will appear in the series . The premier episode also namedropped St. Canard , with the name of evil organization F.O.W.L. appearing as an Easter egg . Reception ( edit ) Darkwing Duck was named the 93rd Best Animated Series by IGN , calling it `` one of the many reasons why after - school cartoons rule '' . `` Torgo 's Pizzeria Podcast '' gave a favorable retrospective review to Darkwing Duck in April 2012 . The podcast did however note some weaknesses with the series . See also ( edit ) 1990s portal Disney portal Cartoon portal Television in the United States portal List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Paperinik References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck `` . www.bcdb.com , May 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ Team , AnimationXpress ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announces reboot of ' Darkwing Duck ' coming to Disney XD US '' . AnimationXpress.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Team , Nerd Reactor ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announces new Darkwing Duck coming to Disney XD '' . NerdReactor.com . Retrieved Jan 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , NY Daily News ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Darkwing Duck ' is getting a new comic , not returning to television '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved Jan 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARKWING DUCK Is an Alternate Reality , Not a DUCKTALES Spinoff Nerdist '' . 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( April 6 , 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Darkwing Duck ' Ca n't Fly Very High '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Peraza , Michael ( August 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bullwinkled '' . Blogspot . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` Tube Thursday : The `` Disney Afternoon '' shows that you did n't get to see `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Tad ( November 2010 ) . `` The Origin ( s ) of Darkwing Duck '' , Darkwing Duck : The Duck Knight Returns . Boom ! Comics . Jump up ^ `` A Duck by Any Other Name '' . Darkwing Duck . Season 1 ( Disney Afternoon ) . Episode 48 . February 18 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` In Like Blunt '' . Darkwing Duck . Season 1 ( Disney Afternoon ) . Episode 50 . February 24 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Lauren ( March 31 , 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Darkwing Duck ' enlists a super fowl in fight against crime ; ABC telecasts Easter Parade '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 9 , no . 2 , March / April 1991 : pp. 38 , 43 . Jump up ^ The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 9 , no . 2 , March / April 1991 : pp. 2 , 43 . Jump up ^ The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 9 , no . 3 , May / June 1991 : pp. 28 , 46 . Jump up ^ `` Kokomo Tribune TV Update : Friday Sept. 6 -- Evening '' . Kokomo Tribune . September 6 , 1991 . p. 7 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 -- via NewspaperArchive.com . Darkwing Duck Premiere / Back to School with the Mickey Mouse Club previews a new Disney cartoon starring crime - fighting detective Darkwing Duck . Also , a Mickey Mouse Club special featuring comedy sketches and music performances . Jump up ^ `` Block Party : Four Disney Animated Series . '' The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 13 , no . 5 , October / November 1995 : p. 36 . Jump up ^ The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 14 , no . 3 , June / July 1996 : p. 26 . Jump up ^ The Disney Channel Magazine , Vol. 14 , no . 4 , August / September 1996 : pp. 25 , 28 , 34 . Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck '' . darkwing-duck.ru . Jump up ^ `` Happy Holidays with Darkwing Duck and Goofy ( VHS ) : Jim Cummings , Terence McGovern , Christine Cavanaugh , Katie Leigh , Dan Castellaneta , Susan Tolsky , Tino Insana , Danny Mann , Frank Welker , Rob Paulsen , Dana Hill , Michael Bell : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Happy holidays ( with Darkwing Duck and Goofy ) / produced by Walt Disney Television Animation Miami University Libraries '' . Lib.muohio.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Witcheroo ( VHS ) : Witcheroo : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Witcheroo ! / Walt Disney Company Miami University Libraries '' . Lib.muohio.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck DVD news : Volume 2 release information and artwork for ' Darkwing Duck ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . August 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck Release Information for NES '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck Release Information for Game Boy '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Liebl , Lance ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Darkwing Duck `` this close '' to being in Disney Infinity 2.0 `` . GameZone . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Howard the Duck , Indiana Jones , Secret of Monkey Island ? Nothing 's off the table for Disney Infinity '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity poll asks fans who they want added to the game ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Still Proud of Disney Infinity , 100 Percent Behind It '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ECCC : Whack , Smack ! `` Darkwing Duck '' is Back `` . Comic Book Resources . Jump up ^ Pepose , David ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Darkwing Duck returns full - time '' Archived May 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... NewsArama.com Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck Vol. 1 The Duck Knight Returns '' Archived October 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... BOOM ! Studios . Jump up ^ `` BOOM 's Disney Era Officially Ends in October '' Archived October 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... blog.NewsArama.com . August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Darkwing Duck returns to Comics '' . Nerdist.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Comic Q&A : Ask The Professionals `` , The Old Haunt : A Darkwing Duck forum '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dangerous Currency : Crossover Talkback `` , The Old Haunt : A Darkwing Duck forum '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Chatlog : Livestream with Tad Stones and Aaron Sparrow `` , Negaverse.net '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Darkwing Duck : The Movie Kickstarter Project from KickstartOrDie '' . Funnyordie.com. April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/07/21/darkwing-duck-ducktales-revival/ Jump up ^ `` IGN -- 93 . Darkwing Duck '' . IGN . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Podcasts -- Torgo 's Pizzeria Podcast by Torgo ! '' . Itunes.apple.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website Darkwing Duck on IMDb Darkwing Duck at the Big Cartoon DataBase Darkwing Duck at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Darkwing Duck TV series Characters Episodes Video games Darkwing Duck ( Capcom ) Darkwing Duck ( TurboGrafx - 16 ) The Disney Afternoon Collection Other DuckTales The Duck Knight Returns <Th_colspan="2"> DuckTales <Td_colspan="2"> Characters Television 1987 episodes 2017 series Video games DuckTales Remastered The Quest for Gold DuckTales 2 Scrooge 's Loot The Disney Afternoon Collection Other media Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( film ) List of DuckTales merchandise Related articles Duck universe list of Duck universe characters Clan McDuck Duck family Junior Woodchucks Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue Darkwing Duck Quack Pack Sport Goofy in Soccermania <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Disney Afternoon Series Adventures of the Gummi Bears ( episodes ) ( 1985 -- 91 ) DuckTales ( episodes ) ( 1987 -- 90 ) Chip ' n Dale : Rescue Rangers ( episodes ) ( 1989 -- 90 ) TaleSpin ( episodes ) ( 1990 -- 91 ) Darkwing Duck ( episodes ) ( 1991 -- 92 ) Goof Troop ( episodes ) ( 1992 -- 93 ) Bonkers ( episodes ) ( 1993 -- 94 ) Aladdin ( episodes ) ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gargoyles ( episodes ) ( 1994 -- 97 ) The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show ( 1995 ) The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa ( episodes ) ( 1995 -- 99 ) Quack Pack ( episodes ) ( 1996 ) Mighty Ducks ( episodes ) ( 1996 -- 97 ) Distributors Walt Disney Television Disney - ABC Domestic Television Related topics List of animated television series created for syndication Weekday cartoon Sunday morning cartoon Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darkwing_Duck&oldid=804450015 '' Categories : Darkwing Duck 1990s American animated television series 1991 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American children 's action television series American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's comedy television series American children 's fantasy television series American children 's science fiction television series American mystery television series Animal superheroes Boom ! 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1. Darkwing Duck animated series 2. Superhero duck 3. Action-adventure comedy 4. Disney Afternoon programming block 5. Reboot and comic book adaptation

who wrote the song love is a losing game

Love is a Losing Game - wikipedia Love is a Losing Game Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Love Is a Losing Game '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Amy Winehouse <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Back to Black Released 7 December 2007 ( Ireland ) 10 December 2007 ( UK ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Soul Length 2 : 35 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Amy Winehouse Producer ( s ) Mark Ronson <Th_colspan="2"> Amy Winehouse singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Valerie '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2007 ) `` B Boy Baby '' ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Valerie '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( 2007 ) `` B Boy Baby '' ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Love Is A Losing Game '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Love Is a Losing Game '' is a song by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse from her second and final studio album Back to Black ( 2006 ) . It was chosen as the fifth and final single from Back to Black . It was the final single released in Winehouse 's lifetime . The single was released on 10 December 2007 in the United Kingdom . The song was added to BBC Radio 1 's playlist on 7 November 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and response 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Awards 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Release and response ( edit ) George Michael named the song as one of his eight choices on the Radio Four programme Desert Island Discs . When asked which of his eight choices he would pick if he had to choose one , he opted for `` Love Is a Losing Game '' . Prince had taken to covering the song live . On 21 September 2007 , he was joined onstage by Winehouse at the final aftershow of his 21 - gig marathon at The O2 , and they performed the song together . The song is the lowest - charting of Winehouse 's Back to Black singles , peaking at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart and spending four weeks on the UK Top 100 ( 46 - 61 - ( 33 ) - 64 ) . Winehouse performed `` Love Is a Losing Game '' live when she appeared at the 2007 Mercury Prize . She later performed it at the 2008 BRIT Awards . The song won the award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically at the 2008 Ivor Novello Awards on 22 May 2008 , Winehouse 's third award at the event . In 2015 , Sam Smith recorded a cover of the song for the re-release of his debut album In the Lonely Hour ( Drowning Shadows Edition ) . A documentary film biopic , directed by film maker Asif Kapadia was released ; that depicts the life and death of Winehouse , entitled Amy ( 2015 ) . Winehouse 's performance of the single at the Mercury Prize in 2007 was included in the film and was also featured on the original soundtrack . A recording of Winehouse 's original demo of the song is available on the Back to Black deluxe edition bonus disc . In it , Winehouse sings accompanied only by her guitar , and on completion , asks the engineer whether it is a good take . Music video ( edit ) A video shoot was set up for `` Love Is a Losing Game '' , reportedly costing £ 70,000 at Pinewood Studios , but an unnamed source was quoted in The Sun as saying that it was cancelled after Winehouse failed to turn up for filming . The original video was supposed to be directed by Phil Griffin and shot by director of photography Adam Frisch . Two alternate music videos were released : the first is a montage video , which includes photographs of Winehouse alongside live performance clips of the song , and the second is an entirely live video , taken from her I Told You I Was Trouble live performance DVD . Track listing ( edit ) CD `` Love Is a Losing Game '' -- 2 : 35 `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( Kardinal Beats Remix ) -- 3 : 22 `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( Moody Boyz Original Ruffian Badboy Remix ) -- 7 : 12 `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( Truth And Soul Remix ) -- 3 : 55 `` Love Is a Losing Game '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 2 : 35 Awards ( edit ) Year Award Title Result 2008 Ivor Novello Awards Best Song Musically and Lyrically `` Love Is a Losing Game '' Won Charts ( edit ) The song first entered the UK Singles Chart at 46 in 2007 . However , following her death the song re-entered the chart at a new peak of 33 . In Italy , the single was certified gold for downloads exceeding 15,000 copies . Chart ( 2007 -- 11 ) Peak position Dutch Singles Chart 88 Italian Singles Chart 12 Irish Singles Chart 33 UK Singles Chart 33 UK R&B Singles Chart 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eliscu , Jenny ( 2007 - 06 - 14 ) , `` The Diva and Her Demons '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1028 ) : 58 - 69 Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Amy Winehouse performs at the Mercury Awards on YouTube Jump up ^ The Sun : Amy misses video shoot Archived 2012 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Amy Winehouse -- Love Is a Losing Game '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Amy+Winehouse&titel=Love+Is+A+Losing+Game&cat=s External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Amy Winehouse <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Songs Frank `` Stronger Than Me '' `` Take the Box '' `` In My Bed '' `` You Sent Me Flying '' `` Fuck Me Pumps '' `` Help Yourself '' Back to Black `` Rehab '' `` You Know I 'm No Good '' `` Back to Black '' `` Tears Dry on Their Own '' `` Love Is a Losing Game '' Lioness : Hidden Treasures `` Body and Soul '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Featured singles `` Valerie '' `` B Boy Baby '' `` Cherry Wine '' Live albums Amy Winehouse at the BBC Video releases I Told You I Was Trouble : Live in London Related articles Lioness Records Dionne Bromfield Mark Ronson Tyler James Island Records Secret Diary of a Call Girl 27 Club Amy Winehouse Foundation Amy soundtrack Statue <Th_colspan="2"> Ivor Novello Awards -- Best Song Musically and Lyrically 1960s She 's Leaving Home ( 1968 ) 1970s Where Do You Go To ( My Lovely ) ? ( 1970 ) Something ( 1971 ) Do n't Let It Die ( 1972 ) Without You ( 1973 ) Daniel ( 1974 ) Streets of London * ( 1975 ) Do n't Cry for Me Argentina ( 1978 ) Baker Street ( 1979 ) 1980s The Logical Song ( 1980 ) Woman in Love ( 1981 ) Memory ( 1982 ) Have You Ever Been in Love ( 1983 ) Every Breath You Take ( 1984 ) Against All Odds ( 1985 ) Nikita ( 1986 ) Do n't Give Up ( 1987 ) Something Inside So Strong ( 1988 ) They Dance Alone ( 1989 ) 1990s The Living Years ( 1990 ) Sacrifice ( 1991 ) The Whole of the Moon ( 1992 ) Why ( 1993 ) If I Ever Lose My Faith in You ( 1994 ) Think Twice ( 1995 ) Common People ( 1996 ) Too Much Love Will Kill You ( 1997 ) Paranoid Android ( 1998 ) Believe ( 1999 ) 2000s Strong ( 2000 ) Babylon ( 2001 ) Walk On ( 2002 ) The Other Side ( 2003 ) Leave Right Now ( 2004 ) Dry Your Eyes ( 2005 ) Suddenly I See ( 2006 ) Elusive ( 2007 ) Love Is a Losing Game ( 2008 ) One Day Like This ( 2009 ) 2010s The Fear ( 2010 ) Becoming a Jackal ( 2011 ) The A Team ( 2012 ) Next to Me ( 2013 ) Strong ( 2014 ) Take Me to Church ( 2015 ) Was n't Expecting That ( 2016 ) Black Man in a White World ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> * Awarded as The Best Song Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Is_a_Losing_Game&oldid=819088470 '' Categories : 2006 songs 2007 singles Amy Winehouse songs Island Records singles Song recordings produced by Mark Ronson Songs written by Amy Winehouse Soul ballads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 10 : 03 . About Wikipedia

1. Amy Winehouse - Love Is a Losing Game 2. Back to Black album 3. Music video 4. Release and response 5. Awards and charts

what happens to keith in one tree hill

One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) <Td_colspan="2"> One Tree Hill Season 3 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The WB Original release October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) -- May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 <Td_colspan="2"> List of One Tree Hill episodes The third season of One Tree Hill , an American teen drama television series , began airing on October 5 , 2005 . The season concluded on May 3 , 2006 , after 22 episodes . It is the final season that aired on The WB television network . Season three dipped in ratings , averaging 2.8 million viewers weekly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest Cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the first half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Starting three months after the second season finale , Haley returns to Tree Hill and tries to save her marriage with Nathan . Peyton gets to know her birth mother . Lucas and Brooke begin a relationship . Keith and Karen get engaged . Nathan patches things up with Lucas , while Mouth begins a complicated relationship with newcomer Rachel , who also spreads a lot of drama through the core characters . After a shooting at the school things between Lucas and Peyton heat up despite Peyton 's proposal to Jake . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 21 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 13 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 18 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 13 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 19 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 16 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 12 episodes ) Sheryl Lee as Ellie Harp ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Kevin Kilner as Larry Sawyer ( 6 episodes ) Brett Claywell as Tim Smith ( 5 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 5 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 4 episodes ) Guest Cast ( edit ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 3 episodes ) Bryan Greenberg as Jake Jagielski ( 3 episodes Colin Fickes as Jimmy Edwards ( 2 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 1 episode ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) 2T6151 3.46 <Td_colspan="8"> In the third season premiere , we finally discover Dan 's fate after the fire . In addition to the situation with his father , Nathan also has to deal with Haley 's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship . Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother . Lucas looks forward to Brooke 's return after a summer apart . This episode is named after a song by Paris , Texas . 47 `` From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea '' Kevin Dowling Mark Schwahn October 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 12 ) 2T6152 3.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Brooke has an end of the summer party on the beach . Nathan is home from basketball camp . Lucas deals with Brooke 's rules for non-exclusive dating . Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her , which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive . Peyton deals with family issues , by confronting her mom about her drug problem , after Lucas witnesses her buying . Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels , however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 48 `` First Day on a Brand New Planet '' Billy Dickson Terrence Coli October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) 2T6153 3.12 <Td_colspan="8"> It 's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang . Lucas tells Dan he saved his life . Peyton discovers Ellie 's secret . Nathan tells Haley he 's considering a divorce . Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach . This episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James . 49 `` An Attempt to Tip the Scales '' Janice Cooke Stacy Rukeyser October 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 26 ) 2T6154 3.36 <Td_colspan="8"> It 's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody 's celebrating at TRIC , with special guest band Fall Out Boy . The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back , while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive . Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her . Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things do n't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way . This episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes . 50 5 `` A Multitude of Casualties '' Thomas J. Wright R. Lee Fleming , Jr November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 2T6155 3.03 <Td_colspan="8"> The Ravens begin basketball practice . New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley , and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas . Dan 's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 51 6 `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' Marita Grabiak James Stoteraux and Chad Fiveash November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 2T6156 3.42 <Td_colspan="8"> Brooke starts a `` Fantasy Boy Draft '' , after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys . Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan . Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer . Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball . This episode is named after a song by Plan A Project . 52 7 `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 2T6157 3.52 <Td_colspan="8"> The fantasy draft dates begin , Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting . Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple . Skills goes to Bevin 's house for the night , but is n't quite interested in what she has in mind . Mouth and Peyton hang out . Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level , to bring down Dan . Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 53 8 `` The Worst Day Since Yesterday '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 2T6158 3.41 <Td_colspan="8"> As the town readies for the Ravens ' first basketball game , Lucas worries that his head and heart are n't in it . Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens ' weak link . Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need . When the mayoral race tightens , Dan resorts to a smear campaign . This episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly . 54 9 `` How a Resurrection Really Feels '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 2T6159 3.33 <Td_colspan="8"> It is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party . Brooke , Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars . Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience . Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game . The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 55 10 `` Brave New World '' John Asher John A. Norris January 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 2T6160 3.23 <Td_colspan="8"> Lucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie . While out of town , Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past . Brooke , Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro 's website , only to find that demand far exceeds supply . Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan . Nathan and Haley finally get back together . This episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name . 56 11 `` Return of the Future '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli January 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 2T6161 2.67 <Td_colspan="8"> The Ravens lose their second game in a row , Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson . Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project . Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan , while Brooke plans a romantic thank - you for Lucas . This episode is named after a song by Scooter . 57 12 `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' Stuart Gillard Mike Herro & David Strauss January 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 2T6162 2.70 <Td_colspan="8"> As the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future , Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another . Brooke discovers Rachel 's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue . Meanwhile , Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album . This episode is named after a song by Otis Redding . 58 13 `` The Wind That Blew My Heart Away '' David Jackson Stacy Rukeyser February 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 2T6163 3.01 <Td_colspan="8"> A violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill , leading Haley to Nathan 's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas . Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie 's illness . Mouth is tempted by his new friend , Rachel . Before morning , secrets are revealed , relationships are tested and romance heats up . This episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats . 59 14 `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' David Paymer Anna Lotto February 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 2T6164 2.89 <Td_colspan="8"> Brooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament . Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend . Skills tells Bevin he ca n't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson . Struggling with her birth mother 's cancer , Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam . Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had . This episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico . 60 15 `` Just Watch the Fireworks '' Billy Dickson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash February 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 2T6165 2.85 <Td_colspan="8"> When someone unleashes the students ' time capsule on Tree Hill High , Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past . Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets are n't the only things she exposed in the time capsule . Dan tries to forgive Keith . Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become . Peyton 's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack 's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy . This episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World . 61 16 `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn March 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) 2T6166 3.36 <Td_colspan="8"> In the aftermath of the release of the time capsule , chaos breaks out , Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun . While lives hang in the balance , Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones . Young lives are shattered and two will end . Dan takes revenge on a close relative . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 62 17 `` Who Will Survive , and What Will Be Left of Them '' John Asher Mark Schwahn March 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) 2T6167 2.82 <Td_colspan="8"> The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives . Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley , while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body . Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith . Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library . This episode is named after an album by Murder by Death . The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . 63 18 `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' Paul Johansson R. Lee Fleming , Jr . April 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 05 ) 2T6168 2.93 <Td_colspan="8"> Rachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family 's cabin . Craziness will ensue , including a game of `` I Never '' which will cause people to do things they normally would n't . A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface . Meanwhile , Karen confronts Dan about Keith 's death . This episode is named after a song by Saves the Day . 64 19 `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' Moira Kelly William H. Brown April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) 2T6169 2.76 <Td_colspan="8"> Lucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith 's death , but he can not bring himself to do it . After seeing Lucas 's pain , Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game . Lucas finally tells Whitey , Nathan , and Karen about his heart condition ( HCM ) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith 's death . Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows . Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel . Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago , from Pete . Brooke gets revenge on Rachael , by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive , because she was obese when she was 14 . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 65 20 `` Everyday Is a Sunday Evening '' Billy Dickson Mark Schwahn April 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) 2T6170 2.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Nathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court . Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan . Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel , who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model . Dan has a run - in with Cooper . Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah . At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her . This episode is named after an album by The Blackouts . 66 21 `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' Thomas J. Wright Mark Schwahn April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) 2T6171 2.87 <Td_colspan="8"> Haley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress . Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley . Karen and Lucas get back in town . Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears . This episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish . 67 22 `` The Show Must Go On '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) 2T6172 3.06 <Td_colspan="8"> Nathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows . Deb confesses to Dan about the fire . Peyton and Brooke 's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas . Nathan , Cooper and Rachel 's lives hang in the balance after a car accident . Someone might be pregnant . This episode is named after a song by Queen . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 3rd Wednesday 8 / 7C October 5 , 2005 May 3 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 137 2.8 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . <Td_colspan="6"> The Complete Third Season <Td_colspan="3"> Set details Special features <Td_colspan="3"> 22 episodes 937 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 968 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 900 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Danish , Finnish , Portuguese , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Colin Fickes , Sophia Bush , Lee Norris and music supervisor Lindsey Wolfington `` The Show Must Go On '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Sophia Bush and Lee Norris Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 & 22 `` Anatomy of an Episode : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Creation of `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Gag reel <Td_colspan="3"> Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia September 26 , 2006 October 23 , 2006 July 4 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' . One Tree Hill . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The WB . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Super sweeps sesh '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete Third Season ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill ; Complete Season 3 : M15 ( DVD ) '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) One Tree Hill <Td_colspan="2"> Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records <Td_colspan="2"> Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_3)&oldid=801875244 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 13 : 29 . 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1. One Tree Hill season 3 2. Teen drama television series 3. High school relationships 4. Character development 5. Ratings and DVD release

is the little boy in hangover 3 the same baby

Three Men and a Baby - wikipedia Three Men and a Baby Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Three Men and a Baby <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Leonard Nimoy Produced by Ted Field Robert W. Cort Written by Jim Cruickshank James Orr Based on Trois hommes et un couffin by Coline Serreau Starring Tom Selleck Steve Guttenberg Ted Danson Nancy Travis Margaret Colin Celeste Holm Music by Marvin Hamlisch Cinematography Adam Greenberg Edited by Michael A. Stevenson Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners III Interscope Communications Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date November 25 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 25 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $170 million Three Men and a Baby is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Leonard Nimoy , and stars Tom Selleck , Steve Guttenberg , Ted Danson and Nancy Travis . It follows the mishaps and adventures of three bachelors as they attempt to adapt their lives to pseudo-fatherhood with the arrival of the love child of one of them . The script was based on the 1985 French film Trois hommes et un couffin ( Three Men and a Cradle ) . The film was the biggest American box office hit of that year , surpassing Fatal Attraction and eventually grossing US $170 million in the US alone . The film won the 1988 People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Motion Picture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Urban legend 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Sequel 7 Remakes 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Architect Peter Mitchell ( Tom Selleck ) , cartoonist Michael Kellam ( Steve Guttenberg ) , and actor Jack Holden ( Ted Danson ) are happy living their lives as bachelors in their lofty New York City apartment where they have frequent parties and flings with different women . Their lives are disrupted when a baby named Mary arrives on their doorstep one day . A note with her , written by a lady named Sylvia , indicates that she is Jack 's , the result of a tryst between the actor and actress when they were both in a Shakespeare in the Park production of The Taming of the Shrew a year prior . Mary arrives in his absence -- he is in Turkey shooting a B movie , leaving Peter and Michael to fend for themselves in taking care of her . Prior to leaving , Jack had made arrangements with a director friend to have a `` package '' delivered to the apartment as a favor . Before Mary 's arrival , he calls and leaves a message with Peter and Michael informing them of it and to keep it a secret per the director friend 's wishes . When she arrives , they mistakenly believe she is `` the package '' , even though there is a note from her mother . Peter and Michael are totally befuddled on how to care for Mary , and Peter leaves to go buy whatever supplies are needed . While he is gone , Mrs. Hathaway ( Cynthia Harris ) , the landlady , delivers a small box ( which is the actual `` package '' containing heroin ) to the apartment and Michael tosses it aside while trying to keep Mary under control . After Peter returns , they eventually figure out her proper care , right down to diaper changes , baths , and feedings . The next day , two men ( who are drug dealers ) arrive at the apartment to pick up the package . Peter and Michael mistakenly give Mary to them instead , and shortly after they leave , Peter discovers the actual package . He runs downstairs to intercept them , but trips and stumbles , and the package 's contents spill . He gathers it and retrieves Mary from them , but retains the heroin while allowing them to take a can of powdered milk . After the exchange , a police officer attempts to ticket them for illegal parking , but they escape . He accosts Peter and detains him in the apartment until Sgt . Melkowitz ( Philip Bosco ) , a narcotics officer , arrives to question him and Michael about the drugs . They successfully hide them from him during the interrogation , in which they learn that Jack 's friend is a drug dealer as well . Melkowitz leaves with suspicions and puts them and the apartment under surveillance . Peter and Michael are able to persuade Mrs. Hathaway to babysit Mary while they work . Once they get home , however , they find her bound and gagged and the apartment ransacked , apparently by the dealers demanding the heroin . Mary is safe , however . They continue with their care of her , adjusting to surrogate fatherhood and growing attached to her , until Jack returns . Once Jack returns , Peter and Michael question him about the entire drug deal and Mary . He replies that he knew nothing about the heroin and initially denies everything about Mary until he reads the note from Sylvia . He then recalls the tryst that eventually led to her being born . Peter and Michael do not hesitate in taking their revenge and passing all responsibility of looking after Mary to Jack , but he quickly grows to love her . Later , Peter discovers in the mail a news clipping of Jack 's director friend being hospitalized after a mugging ( presumably by the drug dealers ) , with a handwritten note , `` Do n't let this happen to you . '' They formulate a plan to meet and trap them when they negotiate a deal to deliver the illicit goods . With a recording of the conversation , they prove their innocence to Melkowitz and the dealers are arrested . By now , they have fully embraced their role as Mary 's guardians . However , one morning , Sylvia ( Nancy Travis ) arrives , asking for her back intending to take her to London to live with her family . Handing her over , they quickly find themselves miserable and desperately missing her . Deciding to stop her and Sylvia from leaving , they rush to the airport to try and persuade the latter to stay , but they arrive just as her plane is backing up from the gate . Defeated , they return home , where they find both Mary and Sylvia , who did not go to London after all . Sylvia tearfully explains she does n't want to give up her acting career but ca n't do so if she has to raise Mary alone , so Peter quickly invites her and Mary to move in with them with Jack and Michael 's agreement , and she agrees . Cast ( edit ) Tom Selleck as Peter Mitchell Steve Guttenberg as Michael Kellam Ted Danson as Jack Holden Michelle and Lisa Blair as Mary Margaret Colin as Rebecca Celeste Holm as Mrs. Holden Nancy Travis as Sylvia Bennington Alexandra Amini as Patty Peter Brown as Store Clerk Francine Beers as Woman at Gift Shop Philip Bosco as Sgt . Melkowitz Paul Guilfoyle as Vince Earl Hindman as Satch Barbara Budd as Actress Michael Burgess as Man at Party Claire Cellucci as Angelyne Eugene Clark as Man # 2 at Party Derek de Lint as Jan Clopatz Jacob Strackeljahn as Juan Pablo Jr . Jeff Kingsley as Dr. Octavius Agustus Steelex Dave Foley as Grocery Store Clerk Cynthia Harris as Mrs. Hathaway Production ( edit ) Mary was played by twins Lisa and Michelle Blair . The soundtrack included the Peter Cetera song `` Daddy 's Girl '' , which was used for the movie 's big music montage sequence , and the Miami Sound Machine song `` Bad Boy '' , which opened it . Urban legend ( edit ) Shots from the film showing what some believe are a shotgun and a young boy Just over an hour into the final cut of the film , there is a scene that shows Jack and his mother ( played by Celeste Holm ) walking through the house with Mary . As they do so , they pass a background window on the left - hand side of the screen , and a black outline that appears to resemble a rifle pointed downward can be seen behind the curtains . As they walk back past the window 40 seconds later , a human figure can be seen in that window . A persistent urban legend began circulating August 1990 ( shortly before the sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady , premiered ) that this was the ghost of a boy who had been killed in the house where the film ( or this scene ) was filmed . The most common version of this rumor was that a nine - year - old boy committed suicide with a shotgun there , explaining why it was vacant : because the grieving family left . This notion was discussed on the first episode of TV Land : Myths and Legends in January 2007 and was referenced in `` Hollywood Babylon '' , a second - season episode of the TV series Supernatural . Danson 's character standing next to a cardboard cutout of himself . The figure is actually a cardboard cutout `` standee '' of Jack , wearing a tuxedo and top hat , that was left on the set . It was created as part of the storyline , in which he , an actor , appears in a dog food commercial , but this portion was cut from the final version of the film . The standee does show up later in the film , however , when Jack stands next to it as Sylvia comes to reclaim Mary . Snopes.com contends that the one in the first scene looks smaller from its appearance in the later scene because of the distance and angle of the shot , and because the curtains obscure its outstretched arms . As for the contention that a boy died in the house , all the indoor scenes were shot on a Toronto sound stage , and no kind of residential dwellings were used for interior filming . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The critical response to Three Men and a Baby was generally positive . The film holds a 74 % `` fresh '' rating on the movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 34 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` The American remake of the popular French comedy mostly works a charm under the combined talents of the three leads , who play nicely against type -- although forced plot elements and sentimentality at times dampen the fun . '' The film critic Roger Ebert , despite noting several aspects he saw as flaws , praised the film , remarking , `` Because of Selleck and his co-stars ... the movie becomes a heartwarming entertainment '' . He gave it 3 ( out of four ) stars . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed USD $170 million . It was notable for the Walt Disney Studios since it was the first production from the studio to gross over $100 million domestically . It was the highest - grossing film of 1987 domestically , with an estimated 42 million tickets sold in the US . Sequel ( edit ) The film was followed by a 1990 sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady . In June 2010 it was announced that Disney was interested in filming a third film , tentatively titled Three Men and a Bride . As of 2013 , the film was still listed as being in development . Remakes ( edit ) This film was remade as Thoovalsparsham ( 1990 ) in Malayalam , as Chinnari Muddula Papa ( 1990 ) in Telugu , as Asathal ( 2001 ) in Tamil and Heyy Babyy ( 2007 ) in Hindi . In popular culture ( edit ) Early TV comedy sketch parodies of Three Men and a Baby included a famous sketch on In Living Color where Muhammed Ali , Mike Tyson and Sugar Ray Leonard are played by David Alan Grier , Keenen Ivory Wayans and Tommy Davidson . In the 2009 film The Hangover , where three of the main characters acquire a missing baby while searching for their lost friend , character Alan Garner references the film , saying , `` It 's got Ted Danson , Magnum , P.I. , and that Jewish actor '' . In the TV show Home Improvement , season 4 episode 21 , Tim manages to change a tire in 38 seconds . The head racer says , `` In that amount of time , we could change 23 tires and a baby '' , to which Al Borland replies , `` I love that movie . '' , referencing the film . Earl Hindman ( Wilson ) played the minor role of Satch , Vince 's assistant , in the film . See also ( edit ) My Two Dads ( 1987 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1987 Yearly Box Office Results from Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 25 , 1987 ) . `` Film Review : Three Men and a Baby '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ TV Land : Myths and Legends at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` Three Men and a Ghost '' ; snopes.com ; January 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Questions That Will Not Die `` ; rogerebert.suntimes.com ; March 6 , 2008 '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com. 2004 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Three Men and a Baby '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 25 , 1987 ) . `` Three Men and a Baby '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Field Marshal '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1989 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Roger Rabbit ' Hops to Box - Office Top ; ' Coming to America ' Hits 2nd '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Three Men and a Baby Is Top Box - Office Film '' . The New York Times . 1988 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( 1988 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Laughing Their Way to Bank Hollywood Accounts Swell From ` Baby ' and ` Momma ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( 1989 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Red Heat ' Sets Rental Market on Fire '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ( 1987 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thursday , June 3 , 2010 , 09 : 29 BST ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Movies - News - Selleck confirms ' Three Men ' sequel plans '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Selleck : ' I think Three Men and a Bride is a good idea ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Three Men and a Baby Three Men and a Baby on IMDb Three Men and a Baby at AllMovie Three Men and a Baby at the TCM Movie Database 3 Men and a Baby at the American Film Institute Catalog Three Men and a Baby at Box Office Mojo Wikiquote has quotations related to : Three Men and a Baby <Th_colspan="2"> Leonard Nimoy Films directed Star Trek III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) The Good Mother ( 1988 ) Body Wars ( 1989 ) Funny About Love ( 1990 ) Holy Matrimony ( 1994 ) Discography Leonard Nimoy Presents Mr. Spock 's Music from Outer Space `` The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins '' Two Sides of Leonard Nimoy The Way I Feel The Touch of Leonard Nimoy The New World of Leonard Nimoy Books I Am Not Spock I Am Spock Shekhina Other Mind Meld ( 2001 documentary ) For the Love of Spock ( 2016 documentary ) Symphony Space Family Sandra Zober ( first wife ) Adam Nimoy ( son ) Susan Bay ( second wife ) <Th_colspan="2"> Marvin Hamlisch <Td_colspan="2"> A Chorus Line They 're Playing Our Song Jean Seberg Smile The Goodbye Girl Hundreds of Hats Sweet Smell of Success Imaginary Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Men_and_a_Baby&oldid=796264523 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s buddy films 1980s comedy films American buddy films American comedy films American films American remakes of French films Film scores by Marvin Hamlisch Films about babies Films about drugs Films directed by Leonard Nimoy Films set in New York City Films set in Turkey Films shot in Toronto Interscope Communications films Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 17 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Three Men and a Baby - American comedy film 2. Leonard Nimoy - director of the film 3. Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, Ted Danson - main actors in the film 4. Plot - three bachelors adapt to fatherhood when a baby arrives on their doorstep 5. Box office success - highest-grossing film of 1987 in the US

a gunshot wound is considered which mechanism of death

Gunshot wound - wikipedia Gunshot wound Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Gunshot wound Synonyms Ballistic trauma , bullet wound <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Male skull showing bullet exit wound on parietal bone , 1950s . Frequency 1 million from interpersonal violence ( 2015 ) Deaths 205,000 ( 2015 ) A gunshot wound ( GSW ) , also known as ballistic trauma , is a form of physical trauma sustained from the discharge of arms or munitions . The most common forms of ballistic trauma stem from firearms used in armed conflicts , civilian sporting , recreational pursuits and criminal activity . Damage is dependent on the firearm , bullet , velocity , entry point , and trajectory . Management can range from observation and local wound care to urgent surgical intervention . Assault by firearm resulted in 173,000 deaths globally in 2015 , up from 128,000 deaths in 1990 . Additionally , there were 32,000 unintentional firearm deaths in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Classification 3 Physics 4 Firearm 5 Management 5.1 Workup 5.2 Neck 5.3 Chest 5.4 Abdomen 5.5 Extremities 6 Epidemiology 6.1 United States 7 History 8 Research 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Trauma from a gunshot wound varies widely based on the bullet , velocity , entry point , trajectory , and effected anatomy . Gunshot wounds can be particularly devastating compared to other penetrating injuries because the trajectory and fragmentation of bullets can be unpredictable after entry . Additionally , gunshot wounds typically involve a large degree of nearby tissue disruption and destruction due to the physical effects of the projectile correlated with the bullet velocity classification . The immediate damaging effect of a gunshot wound is typically severe bleeding , and with it the potential for hypovolemic shock , a condition characterized by inadequate delivery of oxygen to vital organs . In the case of traumatic hypovolemic shock , this failure of adequate oxygen delivery is due to blood loss , as blood is the means of delivering oxygen to the body 's constituent parts . Devastating effects can result when a bullet strikes a vital organ such as the heart , lungs or liver , or damages a component of the central nervous system such as the spinal cord or brain . Common causes of death following gunshot injury include bleeding , hypoxia caused by pneumothorax , catastrophic injury to the heart and larger blood vessels , and damage to the brain or central nervous system . Non-fatal gunshot wounds frequently have severe and long - lasting effects , typically some form of major disfigurement and / or permanent disability . Classification ( edit ) Gunshot wounds are classified according to the speed of the projectile : Low - velocity : < 1,100 ft / s ( 340 m / s ) Medium - velocity : 1,100 ft / s ( 340 m / s ) to 2,000 ft / s ( 610 m / s ) High - velocity : > 2,000 ft / s ( 610 m / s ) Bullets from handguns are generally less than 1,000 ft / s ( 300 m / s ) , while bullets from rifles exceed 2,500 ft / s ( 760 m / s ) . The US military commonly uses 5.56 - mm bullets , which have a relatively low mass as compared with other bullets ; however , the speed of these bullets is relatively fast . As a result , they produce a larger amount of kinetic energy , which is transmitted to the tissues of the target . Muzzle velocity does not consider the effect of aerodynamic drag on the flight of the bullet for the sake of ease of comparison . Physics ( edit ) The degree of tissue disruption caused by a projectile is related to the cavitation the projectile creates as it passes through tissue . A bullet with sufficient energy will have a cavitation effect in addition to the penetrating track injury . As the bullet passes through the tissue , initially crushing then lacerating , the space left forms a cavity ; this is called the permanent cavity . Higher - velocity bullets create a pressure wave that forces the tissues away , creating not only a permanent cavity the size of the caliber of the bullet but also a temporary cavity or secondary cavity , which is often many times larger than the bullet itself . The extent of cavitation , in turn , is related to the following characteristics of the projectile : Kinetic energy : KE = 1 / 2mv ( where m is mass and v is velocity ) . This helps to explain why wounds produced by missiles of higher mass and / or higher velocity produce greater tissue disruption than missiles of lower mass and velocity . The velocity of the bullet is a more important determinant of tissue injury . Although both mass and velocity contribute to the overall energy of the projectile , the energy is proportional to the mass while proportional to the square of its velocity . As a result , for a constant velocity , if the mass is doubled , the energy is doubled ; however , if the velocity of the bullet is doubled , the energy increases four times . The US military commonly uses 5.56 - mm bullets , which have a relatively low mass as compared with other bullets ; however , the speed of these bullets is relatively fast . As a result , they produce a larger amount of kinetic energy , which is transmitted to the tissues of the target . The size of the temporary cavity is approximately proportional to the kinetic energy of the bullet and depends on the resistance of the tissue to stress . Muzzle energy , which is based on muzzle velocity , is often used for sake of ease of comparison . Yaw Handgun bullets will generally travel in a relatively straight line or make one turn if a bone is hit . Upon travel through deeper tissue , high - energy rounds may become unstable as they decelerate , and may tumble ( pitch and yaw ) as the energy of the projectile is absorbed , causing stretching and tearing of the surrounding tissue . Deformation Some bullets such as hollow - point bullets are designed to deform on impact , so as not to pass through the victim , and thus transfer all of their kinetic energy to tissue damage . Fragmentation Most commonly , bullets do not fragment , and secondary damage from fragments of shattered bone is a more common complication than bullet fragments . Firearm ( edit ) Handguns are typically low velocity , and gunshot wounds from handguns are often similar to stabbings , that is , exhibiting permanent cavitation with little or no temporary cavitation . `` A handgun ( wound ) is simply a stabbing with a bullet , '' according to trauma surgeon Peter M. Rhee . `` It goes in like a nail . '' A gunshot wound from a handgun bullet might require only one surgery , according to Rhee . Gunshot wounds from handguns are more common among civilians , and are usually less severe , than high - velocity wounds such as those caused by military or hunting weapons with a muzzle velocity of more than 600 meters per second . Military rifles are typically high velocity , as are AR - 15 style rifles , the best - selling rifles in the United States . Injuries from high - energy firearms and shotguns are associated with severe soft tissue damage . Gunshot wounds from high - velocity rifles , such as military rifles and AR - 15 style rifles , often exhibit temporary cavitation . The muzzle velocity of a standard round from an AR - 15 style rifle is about 980 m / s ( 3,200 ft / s ) . With the high - velocity rounds of the AR - 15 `` it 's as if you shot somebody with a Coke can , '' according to Rhee . Radiologist Heather Sher described the cavitation caused by AR - 15 style rifle gunshot wounds : A typical AR - 15 bullet leaves the barrel traveling almost three times faster than -- and imparting more than three times the energy of -- a typical 9mm bullet from a handgun ... The bullet from an AR - 15 passes through the body like a cigarette boat traveling at maximum speed through a tiny canal . The tissue next to the bullet is elastic -- moving away from the bullet like waves of water displaced by the boat -- and then returns and settles back . This process is called cavitation ; it leaves the displaced tissue damaged or killed . The high - velocity bullet causes a swath of tissue damage that extends several inches from its path . It does not have to actually hit an artery to damage it and cause catastrophic bleeding . Exit wounds can be the size of an orange ... If a victim takes a direct hit to the liver from an AR - 15 , the damage is far graver than that of a simple handgun - shot injury . Handgun injuries to the liver are generally survivable unless the bullet hits the main blood supply to the liver . An AR - 15 bullet wound to the middle of the liver would cause so much bleeding that the patient would likely never make it to the trauma center to receive our care . A gunshot wound from an AR - 15 style rifle is more lethal than a gunshot wound from a typical handgun . A gunshot wound from an AR - 15 bullet might require three to ten surgeries , according to Rhee . Gunshot wounds from high - velocity rifles have a lower rate of potentially survivable injuries , according to a 2016 retrospective study of 139 autopsy reports from 12 civilian public mass shooting events in the United States totaling 371 gunshot wounds ; no gunshot wounds from high - velocity rifles were found to be potentially survivable . Compared and contrasted with the results of earlier studies of injuries in military combat , military combat injuries include injuries from explosives , military personnel wear body armor and ballistic protection helmets , while civilian public mass shooting events are closer range , have more injuries to the head and torso , and have a lower rate of potentially survivable injuries . Multiple gunshot wounds are more lethal than a single gunshot wound . The number of patients presenting with multiple gunshot wounds , and the likelihood of dying from gunshot wounds , are increasing , according to a 2016 analysis of trauma admissions at the Denver Health Medical Center reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association . Some firearms have features or accessories that facilitate delivering multiple `` rounds on target , '' such as high - capacity magazines and recoil buffers . Management ( edit ) Workup ( edit ) Initial workup for a gunshot wound is approached in the same way as any acute trauma case . A rapid first pass of the person is conducted using advanced trauma life support ( ATLS ) protocol in order to ensure that the most vital functions are intact . These include : A ) Airway - Assess and protect airway and cervical spine B) Breathing - Maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation C ) Circulation - Assess for and control bleeding to maintain organ perfusion including focused assessment with sonography for trauma ( FAST ) D ) Disability - Perform basic neurological exam including Glascow Coma Scale ( GCS ) E ) Exposure - Expose entire body and search for any missed injuries , entry points , and exit points while maintaining body temperature Depending on the extent of injury , management can range from urgent surgical intervention to observation . As such , any history from the scene such as gun type , shots fired , shot direction and distance , blood loss on scene , and pre-hospital vitals signs can be very helpful in directing management . Unstable people with signs of bleeding that can not be controlled during the initial evaluation require immediate surgical exploration in the operating room . Otherwise , management protocols are generally dictated by anatomic entry point and anticipated trajectory . Neck ( edit ) A gunshot wound to the neck can be particularly dangerous because of the high number of vital anatomical structures contained within a small space . The neck contains the larynx , trachea , pharynx , esophagus , vasculature ( carotid , subclavian , and vertebral arteries ; jugular , brachiocephalic , and vertebral veins ; thyroid vessels ) , and nervous system anatomy ( spinal cord , cranial nerves , peripheral nerves , sympathetic chain , brachial plexus ) . Gunshots to the neck can thus cause severe bleeding , airway compromise , and nervous system injury . Initial assessment of a gunshot wound to the neck involves non-probing inspection of whether the injury is a penetrating neck injury ( PNI ) , classified by violation of the platsyma muscle . If the platsyma is intact , the wound is considered superficial and only requires local wound care . If the injury is a PNI , surgery should be consulted immediately while the case is being managed . Of note , wounds should not be explored on the field or in the emergency department given the risk of exacerbating the wound . Penetrating Neck Injury Protocol . Adapted from PMID : 23317595 . Due to the advances in diagnostic imaging , management of PNI has been shifting from a `` zone - based '' approach , which uses anatomical site of injury to guide decisions , to a `` no - zone '' approach which uses a symptom - based algorithm . The no - zone approach uses a hard signs and imaging system to guide next steps . Hard signs include airway compromise , unresponsive shock , diminished pulses , uncontrolled bleeding , expanding hematoma , bruits / thrill , air bubbling from wound or extensive subcutaneous air , stridor / hoarseness , neurological deficits . If any hard signs are present , immediate surgical exploration and repair is pursued alongside airway and bleeding control . If there are no hard signs , the person receives a multi-detector CT angiography for better diagnosis . A directed angiography or endoscopy may be warranted in a high - risk trajectory for the gunshot . A positive finding on CT leads to operative exploration . If negative , the person may be observed with local wound care . Chest ( edit ) Important anatomy in the chest includes the chest wall , ribs , spine , spinal cord , intercostal neurovascular bundles , lungs , bronchi , heart , aorta , major vessels , esophagus , thoracic duct , and diaphragm . Gunshots to the chest can thus cause severe bleeding ( hemothorax ) , respiratory compromise ( pneumothorax , hemothorax , pulmonary contusion , tracheobronchial injury ) , cardiac injury ( pericardial tamponade ) , esophageal injury , and nervous system injury . Initial workup as outlined in the Workup section is particularly important with gunshot wounds to the chest because of the high risk for direct injury to the lungs , heart , and major vessels . Important notes for the initial workup specific for chest injuries are as follows . In people with pericardial tamponade or tension pneumothorax , the chest should be evacuated or decompressed if possible prior to attempting tracheal intubation because the positive pressure ventilation can cause hypotention or cardiovascular collapse . Those with signs of a tension pneumothorax ( asymmetric breathing , unstable blood flow , respiratory distress ) should immediately receive a chest tube ( > French 36 ) or needle decompression if chest tube placement is delayed . FAST exam should include extended views into the chest to evaluate for hemopericardium , pneumothorax , hemothorax , and peritoneal fluid . Those with cardiac tamponade , uncontrolled bleeding , or a persistent air leak from a chest tube all require surgery . Cardiac tamponade can be identified on FAST exam . Blood loss warranting surgery is 1 - 1.5 L of immediate chest tube drainage or ongoing bleeding of 200 - 300 mL / hr . Persistent air leak is suggestive of tracheobronchial injury which will not heal without surgical intervention . Depending on the severity of the person 's condition and if cardiac arrest is recent or imminent , the person may require surgical intervention in the emergency department , otherwise known as an emergency department thoracotomy ( EDT ) . However , not all gunshot to the chest require surgery . Asymptomatic people with a normal chest X-ray can be observed with a repeat exam and imaging after 6 hours to ensure no delayed development of pneumothorax or hemothorax . If a person only has a pneumothorax or hemothorax , a chest tube is usually sufficient for management unless there is large volume bleeding or persistent air leak as noted above . Additional imaging after initial chest X-ray and ultrasound can be useful in guiding next steps for stable people . Common imaging modalities include chest CT , formal echocardiography , angiography , esophagoscopy , esophagography , and bronchoscopy depending on the signs and symptoms . Abdomen ( edit ) Abdominal gunshot wound Important anatomy in the abdomen includes the stomach , small bowel , colon , liver , spleen , pancreas , kidneys , spine , diaphragm , descending aorta , and other abdominal vessels and nerves . Gunshots to the abdomen can thus cause severe bleeding , release of bowel contents , peritonitis , organ rupture , respiratory compromise , and neurological deficits . The most important initial evaluation of a gunshot wound to the abdomen is whether there is uncontrolled bleeding , inflammation of the peritoneum , or spillage of bowel contents . If any of these are present , the person should be transferred immediately to the operating room for laparotomy . If it is difficult to evaluate for those indications because the person is unresponsive or incomprehensible , it is up to the surgeon 's discretion whether to pursue laparotomy , exploratory laparoscopy , or alternative investigative tools . Although all people with abdominal gunshot wounds were taken to the operating room in the past , practice has shifted in recent years with the advances in imaging to non-operative approaches in more stable people . If the person 's vital signs are stable without indication for immediate surgery , imaging is done to determine the extent of injury . Ultrasound ( FAST ) and help identify intraabdominal bleeding and X-rays can help determine bullet trajectory and fragmentation . However , the best and preferred mode of imaging is high - resolution multi-detector CT ( MDCT ) with IV , oral , and sometimes rectal contrast . Severity of injury found on imaging will determine whether the surgeon takes an operative or close observational approach . Diagnostic peritoneal lavage ( DPL ) has become largely obsolete with the advances in MDCT , with use limited to centers without access to CT to guide requirement for urgent transfer for operation . Extremities ( edit ) Acute penetrating trauma from a close - range shotgun blast injury to knee . Birdshot pellets are visible in the wound , within the shattered patella . The powder wad from the shotgun shell has been extracted from the wound , and is visible at the upper right of the image . The four main components of extremities are bones , vessels , nerves , and soft tissues . Gunshot wounds can thus cause severe bleeding , fractures , nerve deficits , and soft tissue damage . The Mangled Extremity Severity Score ( MESS ) is used to classify the severity of injury and evaluates for severity of skeletal and / or soft tissue injury , limb ischemia , shock , and age . Depending on the extent of injury , management can range from superficial wound care to limb amputation . Vital sign stability and vascular assessment are the most important determinants of management in extremity injuries . As with other traumatic cases , those with uncontrolled bleeding require immediate surgical intervention . If surgical intervention is not readily available and direct pressure is insufficient to control bleeding , tourniquets or direct clamping of visible vessels may be used temporarily to slow active bleeding . People with hard signs of vascular injury also require immediate surgical intervention . Hard signs include active bleeding , expanding or pulsatile hematoma , bruit / thrill , absent distal pulses and signs of extremity ischemia . For stable people without hard signs of vascular injury , an injured extremity index ( IEI ) should be calculated by comparing the blood pressure in the injured limb compared to an uninjured limb in order to further evaluate for potential vascular injury . If the IEI or clinical signs are suggestive of vascular injury , the person may undergo surgery or receive further imaging including CT angiography or conventional arteriography . In addition to vascular management , people must be evaluated for bone , soft tissue , and nerve injury . Plain films can be used for fractures alongside CTs for soft tissue assessment . Fractures must be debrided and stabilized , nerves repaired when possible , and soft tissue debrided and covered . This process can often require multiple procedures over time depending on the severity of injury . Epidemiology ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by firearm - related death rate Assault by firearm resulted in 173,000 deaths globally in 2015 , up from 128,000 deaths in 1990 . Additionally , there were 32,000 unintentional firearm deaths in 2015 . As of 2016 , the countries with the highest rates of gun violence per capita were El Salvador , Venezuela , and Guatemala with 40.3 , 34.8 , and 26.8 violent gun deaths per 100,000 people respectively . The countries with the lowest rates of were Singapore , Japan , and South Korea with 0.03 , 0.04 , and 0.05 violent gun deaths per 100,000 people respectively . United States ( edit ) Further information : Gun violence in the United States The United States has the 31st highest rate of violent gun deaths in the world with 3.85 deaths per 100,000 people in 2016 . The majority of all homicides and suicides are firearm - related , and the majority of firearm - related deaths are the result of murder and suicide . When sorted by GDP , however , the United States has a much higher violent gun death rate compared to other developed countries , with over 10 times the number of firearms assault deaths than the next four highest GDP countries combined . Gunshot violence is the third most costly etiology of injury and the fourth most expensive form of hospitalization in the United States . History ( edit ) Hieronymus Brunschwig argued that infection of gunshot wounds was a result of poisoning by gunpowder , which provided the rationale for cauterizing wounds . Ambroise Paré wrote in his 1545 book , The Method of Curing Wounds Caused by Arquebus and Firearms , that wounds should be sealed rather than cauterized . John Hunter argued that infection was not caused by poisoning . Until the 1880s , the standard practice for treating a gunshot wound called for physicians to insert their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe and locate the path of the bullet . Surgically opening abdominal cavities to repair gunshot wounds , germ theory , and Joseph Lister 's technique for antiseptic surgery using diluted carbolic acid , first demonstrated in 1865 , had not yet been accepted as standard practice . For example , sixteen doctors attended to President James A. Garfield after he was shot , and most probed the wound with their fingers or dirty instruments . Historians agree that massive infection was a significant factor in Garfield 's death . At almost the same time , in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , on 13 July 1881 , George E. Goodfellow performed the first laparotomy to treat an abdominal gunshot wound . Goodfellow pioneered the use of sterile techniques in treating gunshot wounds , washing the person 's wound and his hands with lye soap or whisky . He became America 's leading authority on gunshot wounds and is credited as the United States ' first civilian trauma surgeon . Wilhelm Röntgen 's discovery of X-rays in 1895 led to the use of radiographs to locate bullets in wounded soldiers . Survival rates for gunshot wounds improved among US military personnel during the Korean and Vietnam Wars , due in part to helicopter evacuation , along with improvements in resuscitation and battlefield medicine . Similar improvements were seen in US trauma practices during the Iraq War . Some military trauma care practices are disseminated by citizen soldiers who return to civilian practice . One such practice is to transfer major trauma cases to an operating theater as soon as possible , to stop internal bleeding . Within the United States , the survival rate for gunshot wounds has increased , leading to apparent declines in the gun death rate in states that have stable rates of gunshot hospitalizations . Research ( edit ) Research into gunshot wounds is hampered by lack of funding . Federal - funded research into firearm injury , epidemiology , violence , and prevention is minimal . Pressure from the National Rifle Association , the gun lobby , and some gun owners , expressing concerns regarding increased government controls on freedom and guns , is highly effective in preventing related research . See also ( edit ) Battlefield medicine Blast injury Hydrostatic shock Multiple gunshot suicide Penetrating trauma Stab wound Stopping power References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Haidong ; Naghavi , MohsenA ( October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 -- 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . The Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , P.F. , et al. ( 2004 ) . Section 1 : Introduction , Background and Science p4 Jump up ^ Mahoney , P.F. , et al. ( 2004 ) . The International Small Arms Situation p6 ^ Jump up to : GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . Lancet . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . Jump up ^ Lamb , C.M. ; Garner , J.P. ( April 2014 ) . `` Selective non-operative management of civilian gunshot wounds to the abdomen : a systematic review of the evidence '' . Injury . 45 ( 4 ) : 659 -- 666 . doi : 10.1016 / j. injury. 2013.07. 008 . ISSN 1879 - 0267 . PMID 23895795 . ^ Jump up to : Rhee , Peter M. ; Moore , Ernest E. ; Joseph , Bellal ; Tang , Andrew ; Pandit , Viraj ; Vercruysse , Gary ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Gunshot wounds : A review of ballistics , bullets , weapons , and myths '' . The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 80 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 867 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0000000000001037 . ISSN 2163 - 0755 . PMID 26982703 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hanna , Tarek N. ; Shuaib , Waqas ; Han , Tatiana ; Mehta , Ajeet ; Khosa , Faisal ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Firearms , bullets , and wound ballistics : An imaging primer '' . Injury . Elsevier . 46 ( 7 ) : 1186 -- 1196 . PMID 25724396 . Jump up ^ Maiden , Nicholas ( September 2009 ) . `` Ballistics reviews : mechanisms of bullet wound trauma '' . Forensic Science , Medicine , and Pathology. 5 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 209 . PMID 19644779 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ; Chivers , C.J. ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Wounds From Military - Style Rifles ? ' A Ghastly Thing to See ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Many factors determine the severity of a wound , including a bullet 's mass , velocity and composition , and where it strikes . The AR - 15 , like the M4 and M16 rifles issued to American soldiers , shoots lightweight , high - speed bullets that can cause grievous bone and soft tissue wounds , in part by turning sideways , or `` yawing , '' when they hit a person . Surgeons say the weapons produce the same sort of horrific injuries seen on battlefields . Civilian owners of military - style weapons can also buy soft - nosed or hollow - point ammunition , often used for hunting , that lacks a full metal jacket and can expand and fragment on impact . Such bullets , which can cause wider wound channels , are proscribed in most military use . A radiologist at the hospital that treated victims of the Parkland attack wrote in The Atlantic about a surgeon there who `` opened a young victim in the operating room and found only shreds of the organ that had been hit . '' ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Tim ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` All - American Killer : How the AR - 15 Became Mass Shooters ' Weapon of Choice '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Sarah ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` What an AR - 15 Can Do to the Human Body '' . Wired . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . The AR - 15 is America 's most popular rifle ... These high - velocity bullets can damage flesh inches away from their path , either because they fragment or because they cause something called cavitation . When you trail your fingers through water , the water ripples and curls . When a high - velocity bullet pierces the body , human tissues ripples as well -- but much more violently . The bullet from an AR - 15 might miss the femoral artery in the leg , but cavitation may burst the artery anyway , causing death by blood loss . A swath of stretched and torn tissue around the wound may die . ^ Jump up to : Lichte , Philipp ; Oberbeck , Reiner ; Binnebösel , Marcel ; Wildenauer , Rene ; Pape , Hans - Christoph ; Kobbe , Philipp ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` A civilian perspective on ballistic trauma and gunshot injuries '' . Scandinavian Journal of Trauma , Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine . 18 ( 35 ) . PMC 2898680 . PMID 20565804 . ^ Jump up to : Wing , Nick ; Reilly , Mollie ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's What You Need To Know About The Weapons Of War Used In Mass Shootings '' . HuffPost . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . The specifications of assault - style rifles vary depending on ammunition , but many tests put the muzzle velocity of a standard round from an AR - 15 at 3,200 feet per second , making it accurate up to 500 yards ― more than a quarter - mile . This makes rounds from an AR - 15 or other assault - style weapons far more devastating than those fired from small - caliber handguns . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Ernest E. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Parkland shooter 's AR - 15 was designed to kill as efficiently as possible '' . NBC News . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 ... the standard AR - 15 bullet travels at 3,251 feet per second and delivers 1300 foot pounds . Tissue destruction of the AR - 15 is further enhanced by cavitation , which is the destruction of tissue beyond the direct pathway of the bullet ... Jump up ^ Santhanam , Laura ; Marder , Jenny ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` What a bullet does to a human body '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . There is a tremendous difference in the amount of energy associated with a bullet from an AR - 15 rifle and that of a handgun , he said . Nikolas Cruz , the shooting suspect who opened fire on Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland , Florida , killing 17 people , used an AR - 15 semi-automatic rifle , according to local police . If a bullet from a handgun strikes a liver , it injures the organ by poking a hole and causing tissue disruption around the path of the bullet . More specifically , a 9 - millimeter handgun creates a hole that disrupts three quarters of an inch around the bullet 's path , Smock said . `` But with a rifle round , you have massive tissue disruption , '' Smock said . `` Rather than three quarters of an inch around the wound path , it is disrupted three to four inches around that same tissue . '' ^ Jump up to : Sher , Heather ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` What I Saw Treating the Victims From Parkland Should Change the Debate on Guns '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daugherty , Alex ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mangled tissue and softball - sized exit wounds : Why AR - 15 injuries are so devastating '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . The AR - 15 , the semiautomatic rifle used at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history , uses bullets that can cause softball - sized exit wounds , leaving behind a significantly larger trail of mangled tissue compared to handgun bullets . For trauma surgeons , the injuries are harder to repair . For victims , the chances of survival are lower ... The AR - 15 and similar rifles fire bullets at a speed of about 2,800 to 3,000 feet per second , compared to a 9 millimeter handgun , which fires bullets at a speed of between 700 and 1,100 feet per second , according to Dr. David Shatz , a trauma surgeon at the University of California , Davis ... Shatz said bullets cause permanent cavities , where tissue is destroyed , and temporary cavities , which are areas around the permanent cavity that open up for a fraction of a second because of the `` sonic force '' of a bullet . Cavities caused by bullets like the . 223 caliber bullet typically fired by the AR - 15 are much larger than the cavities caused by handgun bullets . Jump up ^ Pasha - Robinson , Lucy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Florida shooting : Doctor describes ' sledgehammer ' injuries inflicted by AR - 15 '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Edward Reed ; Shapiro , Geoff ; Sarani , Babak ( July 2016 ) . `` The profile of wounding in civilian public mass shooting fatalities '' . Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 81 ( 1 ) : 86 -- 92 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0000000000001031 . ISSN 2163 - 0755 . PMID 26958801 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Jen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Gunshot wounds deadlier than ever as guns get increasingly powerful '' . CNN . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sauaia , Angela ; Gonzalez , Eduardo ; Moore , Hunter B. ; Bol , Kirk ; Moore , Eugene E. ( 2016 ) . `` Fatality and Severity of Firearm Injuries in a Denver Trauma Center , 2000 - 2013 '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 315 ( 22 ) : 2465 -- 2467 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.5978 . ^ Jump up to : Advanced Trauma Life Support ( ATLS ) Student Course Manual ( 9th Edition ) . American College of Surgeons. 2012 . ISBN 1880696029 . ^ Jump up to : Tisherman , Samuel A. ; Bokhari , Faran ; Collier , Bryan ; Cumming , John ; Ebert , James ; Holevar , Michele ; Kurek , Stanley ; Leon , Stuart ; Rhee , Peter ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guideline : Penetrating Zone II Neck Trauma '' . The Journal of Trauma : Injury , Infection , and Critical Care . 64 ( 5 ) : 1392 -- 1405 . doi : 10.1097 / ta. 0b013e3181692116 . ISSN 0022 - 5282 . ^ Jump up to : Shiroff , Adam M. ; Gale , Stephen C. ; Martin , Niels D. ; Marchalik , Daniel ; Petrov , Dmitriy ; Ahmed , Hesham M. ; Rotondo , Michael F. ; Gracias , Vicente H. ( January 2013 ) . `` Penetrating neck trauma : a review of management strategies and discussion of the ' No Zone ' approach '' . The American Surgeon. 79 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 29 . ISSN 1555 - 9823 . PMID 23317595 . Jump up ^ Rosen 's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice . Marx , John A. , , Hockberger , Robert S. , , Walls , Ron M. , , Biros , Michelle H. , , Danzl , Daniel F. , , Gausche - Hill , Marianne , ( Eighth edition ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA . ISBN 9781455749874 . OCLC 853286850 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Karmy - Jones , Riyad ; Namias , Nicholas ; Coimbra , Raul ; Moore , Ernest E. ; Schreiber , Martin ; McIntyre , Robert ; Croce , Martin ; Livingston , David H. ; Sperry , Jason L. ( December 2014 ) . `` Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma : penetrating chest trauma '' . The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 77 ( 6 ) : 994 -- 1002 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0000000000000426 . ISSN 2163 - 0763 . PMID 25423543 . ^ Jump up to : Meredith , J. Wayne ; Hoth , J. Jason ( February 2007 ) . `` Thoracic trauma : when and how to intervene '' . The Surgical Clinics of North America . 87 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 118 , vii . doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2006.09. 014 . ISSN 0039 - 6109 . PMID 17127125 . Jump up ^ Karmy - Jones , Riyad ; Jurkovich , Gregory J. ( March 2004 ) . `` Blunt chest trauma '' . Current Problems in Surgery . 41 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 380 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cpsurg. 2003.12. 004 . PMID 15097979 . Jump up ^ Burlew , Clay Cothren ; Moore , Ernest E. ; Moore , Frederick A. ; Coimbra , Raul ; McIntyre , Robert C. ; Davis , James W. ; Sperry , Jason ; Biffl , Walter L. ( December 2012 ) . `` Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma : resuscitative thoracotomy '' . The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 73 ( 6 ) : 1359 -- 1363 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0b013e318270d2df . ISSN 2163 - 0763 . PMID 23188227 . Jump up ^ Mirvis , Stuart E. ( April 2004 ) . `` Diagnostic imaging of acute thoracic injury '' . Seminars in ultrasound , CT , and MR. 25 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 179 . PMID 15160796 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jan O. ; Inaba , Kenji ; Resnick , Shelby ; Fraga , Gustavo P. ; Starling , Sizenando V. ; Rizoli , Sandro B. ; Boffard , Kenneth D. ; Demetriades , Demetrios ( May 2013 ) . `` Selective non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds : survey of practise '' . Injury . 44 ( 5 ) : 639 -- 644 . doi : 10.1016 / j. injury. 2012.01. 023 . PMID 22341771 . ^ Jump up to : Pryor , John P. ; Reilly , Patrick M. ; Dabrowski , G. Paul ; Grossman , Michael D. ; Schwab , C. William ( March 2004 ) . `` Nonoperative management of abdominal gunshot wounds '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 43 ( 3 ) : 344 -- 353 . doi : 10.1016 / S0196064403008151 . PMID 14985662 . Jump up ^ Johansen , K. ; Daines , M. ; Howey , T. ; Helfet , D. ; Hansen , S.T. ( May 1990 ) . `` Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma '' . The Journal of Trauma . 30 ( 5 ) : 568 -- 572 ; discussion 572 -- 573 . PMID 2342140 . Jump up ^ Fox , Nicole ; Rajani , Ravi R. ; Bokhari , Faran ; Chiu , William C. ; Kerwin , Andrew ; Seamon , Mark J. ; Skarupa , David ; Frykberg , Eric ; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma ( November 2012 ) . `` Evaluation and management of penetrating lower extremity arterial trauma : an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline '' . The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery . 73 ( 5 Suppl 4 ) : S315 -- 320 . doi : 10.1097 / TA. 0b013e31827018e4 . PMID 23114487 . Jump up ^ `` National Trauma Data Bank 2012 Annual Report '' . American College of Surgeons 8 . Jump up ^ `` WESTERN TRAUMA ASSOCIATION '' . westerntrauma.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Management of Complex Extremity Trauma '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Come face to face with history '' ( PDF ) . Cochise County . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Josh ( 2 May 1980 ) . `` George Goodfellow 's medical treatment of stomach wounds became legendary '' . The Prescott Courier . pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. George Goodfellow '' . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone 's doctor famous as surgeon '' . The Prescott Courier. 12 September 1975 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 3 - Medical Support 1965 - 1970 '' . Jump up ^ Service , Lee Bowman , Scripps Howard News ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` Iraq War 10 year anniversary : Survival rate of wounded soldiers better than previous wars '' . Jump up ^ `` Military medical techniques saving lives at home - News stories - GOV.UK '' . Jump up ^ `` The role of the gun in the advancement of medicine '' . 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jena , Anupam B. ; Sun , Eric C. ; Prasad , Vinay ( 2014 ) . `` Does the Declining Lethality of Gunshot Injuries Mask a Rising Epidemic of Gun Violence in the United States ? '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 29 ( 7 ) : 1065 -- 1069 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 014 - 2779 - z . ISSN 0884 - 8734 . PMC 4061370 . PMID 24452421 . Jump up ^ `` Lower murder rate linked to medical advance , not less violence '' . Jump up ^ Fields , Gary ; McWhirter , Cameron ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` In Medical Triumph , Homicides Fall Despite Soaring Gun Violence '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ http://www.universitychurchchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Murder-and-Medicine.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Mahoney , P.F. , Ryan , J. , Brooks , A.J. , Schwab , C.W. ( 2004 ) Ballistic Trauma -- A practical guide 2nd ed . Springer : Leonard Cheshire Krug E.E. , ed . World Report on Violence and Health . Geneva : World Health Organization ; 2002 . World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Small arms and global health . Paper prepared for SALW talks . Geneva : July 2001 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : S01 , S11 , S21 , S31 , S41 , S51 , S61 , S71 , S81 , S91 , T01 , T09. 1 , T11. 1 , T13. 1 , T14. 1 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunshot wounds . Death portal Virtual Autopsy -- CT scans of fatal gunshot wounds Patient.info <Th_colspan="2"> General wounds and injuries ( T08 - T35 , 870 - 949 ) Abrasions Abrasion Avulsion Blisters Blood blister Coma blister Delayed blister Edema blister Fracture blister Friction blister Sucking blister Bruises Hematoma / Ecchymosis Battle 's sign Raccoon eyes Black eye Subungual hematoma Cullen 's sign Grey Turner 's sign Retroperitoneal hemorrhage Animal bites Insect bite Spider bite Snakebite Other : Ballistic trauma Stab wound Blunt trauma / superficial / closed Penetrating trauma / open Aerosol burn Burn / Corrosion / Chemical burn Frostbite Occupational injuries Traumatic amputation By region Hand injury Head injury Chest trauma Abdominal trauma <Th_colspan="2"> Trauma Principles Polytrauma Major trauma Traumatology Triage Resuscitation Trauma triad of death Assessment Clinical prediction rules Revised Trauma Score Injury Severity Score Abbreviated Injury Scale NACA score Investigations Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Focused assessment with sonography for trauma Management Principles Advanced trauma life support Trauma surgery Trauma center Trauma team Damage control surgery Early appropriate care Procedures Resuscitative thoracotomy Pathophysiology Injury MSK Bone fracture Joint dislocation Degloving Soft tissue injury Resp Flail chest Pneumothorax Hemothorax Diaphragmatic rupture Pulmonary contusion Cardio Internal bleeding Thoracic aorta injury Cardiac tamponade GI Blunt kidney trauma Ruptured spleen Neuro Penetrating head injury Traumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Mechanism Blast injury Blunt trauma Burn Penetrating trauma Crush injury Stab wound Ballistic trauma Electrocution Region Abdominal trauma Chest trauma Facial trauma Head injury Spinal cord injury Demographic Geriatric trauma Pediatric trauma Complications Posttraumatic stress disorder Wound healing Acute lung injury Crush syndrome Rhabdomyolysis Compartment syndrome Contracture Volkmann 's contracture Fat embolism Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunshot_wound&oldid=843534764 '' Categories : Medical emergencies Causes of death Injuries Ballistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Frysk हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Malagasy 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 33 . 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1. Gunshot wound management 2. Ballistic trauma 3. Types of gunshot wounds 4. Physics of gunshot wounds 5. Classification of gunshot wounds

why does the fourth period have 18 elements

Period 4 element - wikipedia Period 4 element Jump to : navigation , search Period 4 in the periodic table Hydrogen <Td_colspan="30"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="24"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="24"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="14"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="13"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( hide ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row ( or period ) of the periodic table of the elements . The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring ( periodic ) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases : a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat , meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns . The fourth period contains 18 elements , beginning with potassium and ending with krypton . As a rule , period 4 elements fill their 4s shells first , then their 3d and 4p shells , in that order ; however , there are exceptions , such as chromium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 Periodic trends 3 List of elements 4 s - block elements 4.1 Potassium 4.2 Calcium 5 d - block elements 5.1 Scandium 5.2 Titanium 5.3 Vanadium 5.4 Chromium 5.5 Manganese 5.6 Iron 5.7 Cobalt 5.8 Nickel 5.9 Copper 5.10 Zinc 6 p - block elements 6.1 Gallium 6.2 Germanium 6.3 Arsenic 6.4 Selenium 6.5 Bromine 6.6 Krypton 7 Biological role 8 References Properties ( edit ) Every single one of these elements is stable , and many are extremely common in the Earth 's crust and / or core ; it is the last period with no unstable elements at all . Many of the transition metals in period 4 are incredibly strong , and therefore commonly used in industry , especially iron . Copper is one of three metals that are not silver or gray in color , along with caesium and gold . Three adjacent elements are known to be toxic , with arsenic one of the most well - known poisons , selenium being toxic to humans in large quantities , and bromine , a very toxic liquid . Many elements are essential to humans ' survival , such as calcium being what forms bones . Periodic trends ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton List of elements ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Chemical element Chemical series Electron configuration 19 Potassium Alkali metal ( Ar ) 4s 20 Ca Calcium Alkaline earth metal ( Ar ) 4s 21 Sc Scandium Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 22 Ti Titanium Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 23 V Vanadium Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 24 Cr Chromium Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s ( * ) 25 Mn Manganese Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 26 Fe Iron Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 27 Co Cobalt Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 28 Ni Nickel Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 29 Cu Copper Transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s ( * ) 30 Zn Zinc Post-transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 31 Ga Gallium Post-transition metal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 32 Ge Germanium Metalloid ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 33 As Arsenic Metalloid ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 34 Se Selenium Reactive nonmetal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 35 Br Bromine Reactive nonmetal ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p 36 Kr Krypton Noble gas ( Ar ) 3d 4s 4p ( * ) Exception to the Madelung rule Legend for the background color Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : <Td_colspan="6"> Metal Metalloid <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Reactive nonmetal Noble gas S - block elements ( edit ) Potassium ( edit ) Potassium ( K ) is an alkali metal , placed under sodium and over rubidium , and is the first element of period 4 . It is one of the most reactive elements in the periodic table , therefore usually only found in compounds . It tends to oxidize in air very rapidly , thus accounting for its rapid reaction with oxygen when freshly exposed to air . When freshly exposed , it is rather silvery , but it quickly begins to tarnish as it reacts with air . It is soft enough to be cut with a knife and it is the second least dense element . Potassium has a relatively low melting point ; it will melt just by putting it under a small open flame . It also is less dense than water , and can , in turn , float . Calcium ( edit ) Calcium ( Ca ) is the second element in period 4 , between potassium and scandium . An alkali earth metal , calcium is almost never found in nature due to its high reactivity with water . It has one of the most widely known and acknowledged biological roles in all animals and some plants , making up bones and teeth , and used in some applications in cells , such as signals for cellular processeses . It is regarded as the most abundant mineral in the body 's mass . D - block elements ( edit ) Scandium ( edit ) Scandium ( Sc ) is the third element in period 4 , between calcium and titanium , and is the first transition metal in the periodic table . Scandium is quite common in nature , but difficult to find because it is most prevalent in rare earth compounds , which are difficult to isolate elements from . Scandium has very few commercial applications because of the aforementioned facts , and currently its only major application is in aluminium alloys . Titanium ( edit ) Titanium ( Ti ) is an element in period 4 , between scandium and vanadium . Titanium is both one of the least dense metals and one of the strongest and most corrosion - resistant , and as such has many applications , especially in alloys with other elements , such as iron . Due to its aforementioned properties , it is commonly used in airplanes , golf clubs , and other objects that must be strong , but lightweight . Vanadium ( edit ) Vanadium ( V ) is an element in period 4 , between titanium and chromium . Vanadium is never found in pure form in nature , but is commonly found in compounds . Vanadium is similar to titanium in many ways , such as being very corrosion - resistant , however , unlike titanium , it oxidizes in air even at room temperature . All vanadium compounds have at least some level of toxicity , with some of them being extremely toxic . Chromium ( edit ) Chromium ( Cr ) is an element in period 4 , between vanadium and manganese . Chromium is , like titanium and vanadium before it , extremely resistant to corrosion , and is indeed one of the main components of stainless steel . Chromium also has many colorful compounds , and as such is very commonly used in pigments , such as chrome green . Manganese ( edit ) Manganese ( Mn ) is an element in period 4 , between chromium and iron . Manganese is often found free in nature , but is also found in combination with iron . Manganese , like chromium before it , is an important component in stainless steel , preventing the iron from rusting . Manganese is also often used in pigments , again like chromium . Manganese is also poisonous ; if enough is inhaled , it can cause irreversible neurological damage . Iron ( edit ) Iron ( Fe ) is an element in period 4 , between manganese and cobalt . Iron is probably the most well - known element in period 4 , being the most common element in the earth and a major component of steel . Iron - 56 has the lowest energy density of any isotope of any element , meaning that it is the most massive element that can be produced in supergiant stars . Iron also has some applications in the human body ; hemoglobin is partly iron . Cobalt ( edit ) Cobalt ( Co ) is an element in period 4 , between iron and nickel . Cobalt is commonly used in pigments , as many compounds of cobalt are blue in color . Cobalt is also a core component of many magnetic and high - strength alloys . The only stable isotope , cobalt - 59 , is an important component of vitamin B - 12 , while cobalt - 60 is a component of nuclear fallout and can be dangerous in large enough quantities due to its radioactivity . Nickel ( edit ) Nickel ( Ni ) is an element in period 4 , between cobalt and copper . Nickel is rare in the Earth 's crust , mainly due to the fact that it reacts with oxygen in the air , with most of the nickel on Earth coming from nickel iron meteorites . However , nickel is incredibly common in the Earth 's core ; along with iron it is one of the two main components . Nickel is an important component of stainless steel , and in many superalloys . Copper ( edit ) Copper ( Cu ) is an element in period 4 , between nickel and zinc . Copper is one of the few metals that is not white or gray in color , the only others being gold and caesium . Copper has been used by humans for thousands of years to provide a reddish tint to many objects , and is even an essential nutrient to humans , although too much is poisonous . Copper is also commonly used as a wood preservative or fungicides . Zinc ( edit ) Zinc ( Zn ) is an element in period 4 , between copper and gallium . Zinc is one of the main components of brass , being used since the 10th century BCE . Zinc is also incredibly important to humans ; almost 2 billion people in the world suffer from zinc deficiency . However , too much zinc can cause copper deficiency . Zinc is often used in batteries , aptly named carbon - zinc batteries , and is important in many platings , as zinc is very corrosion resistant . P - block elements ( edit ) Gallium ( edit ) Gallium ( Ga ) is an element in period 4 , between zinc and germanium . Gallium is noteworthy because it has a melting point at about 303 kelvins , right around room temperature . For example , it will be solid on a typical spring day , but will be liquid on a hot summer day . Gallium is an important component in the alloy galinstan , along with tin . Gallium can also be found in semiconductors . Germanium ( edit ) Germanium ( Ge ) is an element in period 4 , between gallium and arsenic . Germanium , like silicon above it , is an important semiconductor and is commonly used in diodes and transistors , often in combination with arsenic . Germanium is fairly rare on Earth , leading to its comparatively late discovery . Germanium , in compounds , can sometimes irritate the eyes , skin , or lungs . Arsenic ( edit ) Arsenic ( As ) is an element in period 4 , between germanium and selenium . Arsenic , as mentioned above , is often used in semiconductors in alloys with germanium . Arsenic , in pure form and some alloys , is incredibly poisonous to all multicellular life , and as such is a common component in pesticides . Arsenic was also used in some pigments before its toxicity was discovered . Selenium ( edit ) Selenium ( Se ) is an element in period 4 , between arsenic and bromine . Selenium is the first nonmetal in period 4 , with properties similar to sulfur . Selenium is quite rare in pure form in nature , mostly being found in minerals such as pyrite , and even then it is quite rare . Selenium is necessary for humans in trace amounts , but is toxic in larger quantities . Bromine ( edit ) Bromine ( Br ) is an element in period 4 , between selenium and krypton . Bromine is a halogen , never existing in pure form in nature . Bromine is barely liquid at room temperature , boiling at about 330 kelvins . Bromine is also quite toxic and corrosive , but bromide ions , which are relatively inert , can be found in halite , or table salt . Bromine is often used as a fire retardant because many compounds can be made to release free bromine atoms . Krypton ( edit ) Krypton ( Kr ) is a noble gas , placed under argon and over xenon . Being a noble gas , krypton rarely interacts with itself or other elements ; although compounds have been detected , they are all unstable and decay rapidly , and as such , krypton is often used in fluorescent lights . Krypton , like most noble gases , is also used in lighting because of its many spectral lines and the aforementioned reasons . Biological role ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2012 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` List of Elements of the Periodic Table -- Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Science.co.il . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gray , Theodore ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Elements in the Modern Periodic Table , Periodic Classification of Elements '' . Tutorvista.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Element Potassium '' . Education.jlab.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Potassium , Chemical Element -- Overview , Discovery and naming , Physical properties , Chemical properties , Occurrence in nature , Isotopes '' . Chemistryexplained.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Potassium ( K ) -- Chemical properties , Health and Environmental effects '' . Lenntech.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Reactions of the Group 2 elements with water '' . Chemguide.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 11 . Calcium '' . Fao.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . <Th_colspan="2"> Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Reactive nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Chemistry Portal <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="14"> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="30"> He Li Be <Td_colspan="24"> Ne Na Mg <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc <Td_colspan="14"> Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y <Td_colspan="14"> Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="2"> Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_4_element&oldid=840861997 '' Categories : Periods ( periodic table ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from February 2012 Pages containing element color directly Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Latina Lumbaart Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 17 : 26 . 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1. Period 4 elements in the periodic table 2. Properties and periodic trends of period 4 elements 3. s-block, d-block, and p-block elements in period 4 4. Biological role of period 4 elements 5. Examples of period 4 elements: potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium,

when does season 4 episode 7 fear the walking dead air

List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes - wikipedia List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes Fear the Walking Dead is an American horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson . It is a companion series to The Walking Dead , which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It premiered on the cable network AMC on August 23 , 2015 . In April 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on April 15 , 2018 . In July 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season . As of August 12 , 2018 , 46 episodes of Fear the Walking Dead have aired . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 3.2 Fear the Walking Dead : Passage 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 <Td_colspan="1"> April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Adam Davidson Robert Kirkman & Dave Erickson August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 10.13 `` So Close , Yet So Far '' Adam Davidson Marco Ramirez August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8.18 `` The Dog '' Adam Davidson Jack LoGiudice September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 7.19 `` Not Fade Away '' Kari Skogland Meaghan Oppenheimer September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 6.62 5 5 `` Cobalt '' Kari Skogland David Wiener September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 6.66 6 6 `` The Good Man '' Stefan Schwartz Robert Kirkman & Dave Erickson October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 6.86 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Monster '' Adam Davidson Dave Erickson April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 6.67 8 `` We All Fall Down '' Adam Davidson Story by : Brett C. Leonard & Kate Barnow Teleplay by : Kate Barnow April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 5.58 9 `` Ouroboros '' Stefan Schwartz Alan Page April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 4.73 10 `` Blood in the Streets '' Michael Uppendahl Kate Erickson May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 4.80 11 5 `` Captive '' Craig Zisk Carla Ching May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 4.41 12 6 `` Sicut Cervus '' Kate Dennis Brian Buckner May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 4.49 13 7 `` Shiva '' Andrew Bernstein David Wiener May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 4.39 14 8 `` Grotesque '' Daniel Sackheim Kate Barnow August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 3.86 15 9 `` Los Muertos '' Deborah Chow Alan Page August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 3.66 16 10 `` Do Not Disturb '' Michael McDonough Lauren Signorino September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 2.99 17 11 `` Pablo & Jessica '' Uta Briesewitz Kate Erickson September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 3.40 18 12 `` Pillar of Salt '' Gerardo Naranjo Carla Ching September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 3.62 19 13 `` Date of Death '' Christoph Schrewe Brian Buckner September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.49 20 14 `` Wrath '' Stefan Schwartz Kate Barnow October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.67 21 15 `` North '' Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 3.05 Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Eye of the Beholder '' Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 3.11 23 `` The New Frontier '' Stefan Schwartz Mark Richard June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 2.70 24 `` TEOTWAWKI '' Deborah Chow Ryan Scott June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 2.50 25 `` 100 '' Alex Garcia Lopez Alan Page June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 2.40 26 5 `` Burning in Water , Drowning in Flame '' Daniel Stamm Suzanne Heathcote June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 2.50 27 6 `` Red Dirt '' Courtney Hunt Wes Brown July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 2.19 28 7 `` The Unveiling '' Jeremy Webb Mark Richard July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 2.62 29 8 `` Children of Wrath '' Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 2.40 30 9 `` Minotaur '' Stefan Schwartz Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.14 31 10 `` The Diviner '' Paco Cabezas Ryan Scott September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.14 32 11 `` La Serpiente '' Josef Wladyka Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1.99 33 12 `` Brother 's Keeper '' Alrick Riley Wes Brown September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 2.08 34 13 `` This Land Is Your Land '' Meera Menon Suzanne Heathcote October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 2.36 35 14 `` El Matadero '' Stefan Schwartz Alan Page October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 2.23 36 15 `` Things Bad Begun '' Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 2.23 37 16 `` Sleigh Ride '' Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson & Mark Richard October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 2.23 Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 `` What 's Your Story ? '' John Polson Scott M. Gimple & Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 4.09 39 `` Another Day in the Diamond '' Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 3.07 40 `` Good Out Here '' Dan Liu Shintaro Shimosawa April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) 2.71 41 `` Buried '' Magnus Martens Alex Delyle May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 2.49 42 5 `` Laura '' Michael E. Satrazemis Anna Fishko May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) 2.46 43 6 `` Just in Case '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Richard Naing May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) 2.31 44 7 `` The Wrong Side of Where You Are Now '' Sarah Boyd Melissa Scrivner Love June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 1.97 45 8 `` No One 's Gone '' Michael E. Satrazemis Ian Goldberg & Andrew Chambliss June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 2.32 46 9 `` People Like Us '' Magnus Martens Anna Fishko August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) TBD 47 10 `` Close Your Eyes '' Michael E. Satrazemis Shintaro Shimosawa August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) TBD 48 11 `` The Code '' Tara Nicole Weyr Andrew Chambliss & Alex Delyle August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) TBD 49 12 `` Weak '' Colman Domingo Kalinda Vazquez September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBD 50 13 `` Blackjack '' Sharat Raju Ian Goldberg & Richard Naing September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) TBD 51 14 `` MM 54 '' Lou Diamond Phillips Anna Fishko & Shintaro Shimosawa September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) TBD 52 15 `` I Lose People ... '' David Barrett Kalinda Vazquez September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) TBD 53 16 `` ... I Lose Myself '' Michael E. Satrazemis Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) TBD Webisodes ( edit ) Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 ( edit ) Main article : Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 A 16 - part web series , Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 , premiered on October 4 , 2015 , on AMC.com ; it also aired as promos during The Walking Dead season 6 . The web series depicts the outbreak 's effect on a commercial airplane flight . Two of its characters , Alex ( originally called Charlie in the web series ) , and Jake are introduced in Fear the Walking Dead season 2 , episode 3 `` Ouroboros '' . Fear the Walking Dead : Passage ( edit ) A second 16 - part web series , debuted on October 17 , 2016 , and episodes were made available online weekly and aired as promos during the seventh season of The Walking Dead . The web series follows Sierra , a capable survivor , who helps an injured woman named Gabi , as they try to find sanctuary . The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic and directed by Andrew Bernstein . Ratings ( edit ) `` The template below ( Fear the Walking Dead ratings ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Fear the Walking Dead : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 10.13 8.18 7.19 6.62 6.66 6.86 <Td_colspan="10"> N / A 6.67 5.58 4.73 4.80 4.41 4.49 4.39 3.86 3.66 2.99 3.40 3.62 3.49 3.67 3.05 <Td_colspan="1"> N / A 3.11 2.70 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.19 2.62 2.40 2.14 2.14 1.99 2.08 2.36 2.23 2.23 2.23 4.09 3.07 2.71 2.49 2.46 2.31 1.97 2.32 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Source : Nielsen Media Research Home media ( edit ) Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> DVD / Blu - ray release dates Region 1 / A 6 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) ( special edition ) 15 December 13 , 2016 16 March 13 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` And the title of The Walking Dead companion series is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Cast and Creators Talk Kickstarting the Apocalypse '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Trailer Is Finally Here ! ( And So 's the Premiere Date ! ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Renewed For Season 4 By AMC With New Showrunners '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Crossover Season Premiere Date Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' McMafia ' Renewed at AMC '' . Variety . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead season 4 premiere date , cast , episodes , Morgan crossover , and everything you need to know '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Click the `` Episode Guide '' tab to view all listed episodes . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' MTV Video Music Awards ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Strain ' , NFL Countdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale leads night , plus ' The Strain ' finale , ' Rick & Morty , ' ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Season 2 premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls but stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' returns to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs tumble from 2015 , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' slips to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rob & Chyna ' premieres well , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' rebounds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' steady opposite NFL and Emmys '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Power ' finale lead originals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Westworld ' opens pretty well for HBO , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tops Sunday cable ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ties low , ' Claws ' has decent premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' finale improves , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' hits another low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : BET Awards fall , ' Power ' and ' Preacher ' have solid premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Power ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Amelia Earhart documentary scores big for History '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Deuce ' starts off on par with ' The Night Of ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' hits total - viewer high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' Season 2 opens on par with series debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' and ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld , ' ' Silicon Valley , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' all dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Lifetime 's ' Harry & Meghan ' movie performs well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' dips opposite NBA Playoffs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' rebounds a little , ' Pose ' and ' Succession ' start slowly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' rises , ' Claws ' premieres well '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Close Your Eyes '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : The Code '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Weak '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Blackjack '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : MM 54 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : I Lose People ... '' Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : ... I Lose Myself '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead : Flight 462 ' Web Series Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead : Passage ' Web Series Set At AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fear the Walking Dead : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead -- Press Release Announces ' The Complete 1st Season ' on Blu - ray , DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead -- ' The Complete 1st Season : Special Edition 's ' Press Release ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead - Blu - rays and DVDs Announced for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Tara Chambler Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fear_the_Walking_Dead_episodes&oldid=854740297 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Fear the Walking Dead Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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1. Fear the Walking Dead: American horror drama television series 2. Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson: Creators of Fear the Walking Dead 3. The Walking Dead: Companion series to Fear the Walking Dead 4. Season 4: Fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead 5. Webisodes: Additional online content related to Fear the Walking Dead

what is the largest branch of psychology today

Clinical psychology - wikipedia Clinical psychology Jump to : navigation , search Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Clinical psychology is an integration of science , theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding , preventing , and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well - being and personal development . Central to its practice are psychological assessment , clinical formulation and psychotherapy , although clinical psychologists also engage in research , teaching , consultation , forensic testimony , and program development and administration . In many countries , clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession . The field is often considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer . In the first half of the 20th century , clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment , with little attention given to treatment . This changed after the 1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians . Since that time , three main educational models have developed in the USA -- the Ph. D. Clinical Science model ( heavily focused on research ) , the Ph. D. science - practitioner model ( integrating research and practice ) , and the Psy. D. practitioner - scholar model ( focusing on clinical practice ) . In the UK the Clinical Psychology Doctorate falls between the latter two of these models , whilst in much of mainland Europe the training is at masters level and predominantly psychotherapeutic . Clinical psychologists are expert in providing psychotherapy , and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations -- psychodynamic , humanistic , behavior therapy / cognitive behavioral , and systems or family therapy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early clinical psychology 1.2 Early professional organizations 1.3 World War II and the integration of treatment 1.4 Development of the Doctor of Psychology degree 1.5 A changing profession 2 Professional practice 3 Training and certification to practice 4 Assessment 4.1 Measurement domains 4.2 Diagnostic impressions 4.3 Clinical v. mechanical prediction 5 Intervention 5.1 Four main schools 5.1. 1 Psychodynamic 5.1. 2 Humanistic 5.1. 3 Behavioral and cognitive behavioral 5.1. 4 Systems or family therapy 5.2 Other therapeutic perspectives 5.3 Integration 6 Professional ethics 7 Comparison with other mental health professions 7.1 Psychiatry 7.2 Counseling psychology 7.3 School psychology 7.4 Clinical social work 7.5 Occupational therapy 8 Criticisms and controversies 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of psychology and History of psychotherapy Further information : Eastern philosophy and clinical psychology and Islamic psychology Many 18th c. treatments for psychological distress were based on pseudo-scientific ideas , such as Phrenology . The earliest recorded approaches to assess and treat mental distress were a combination of religious , magical and / or medical perspectives . Early examples of such physicians included Patañjali , Padmasambhava , Rhazes , Avicenna , and Rumi . In the early 19th century , one approach to study mental conditions and behavior was using phrenology , the study of personality by examining the shape of the skull . Other popular treatments at that time included the study of the shape of the face ( physiognomy ) and Mesmer 's treatment for mental conditions using magnets ( mesmerism ) . Spiritualism and Phineas Quimby 's `` mental healing '' were also popular . While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods for treating mental illness , academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness . The study of mental illness was already being done in the developing fields of psychiatry and neurology within the asylum movement . It was not until the end of the 19th century , around the time when Sigmund Freud was first developing his `` talking cure '' in Vienna , that the first scientific application of clinical psychology began . Early clinical psychology ( edit ) Cover of The Psychological Clinic , the first journal of clinical psychology , published in 1907 by Lightner Witmer By the second half of the 1800s , the scientific study of psychology was becoming well established in university laboratories . Although there were a few scattered voices calling for an applied psychology , the general field looked down upon this idea and insisted on `` pure '' science as the only respectable practice . This changed when Lightner Witmer ( 1867 -- 1956 ) , a past student of Wundt and head of the psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania , agreed to treat a young boy who had trouble with spelling . His successful treatment was soon to lead to Witmer 's opening of the first psychological clinic at Penn in 1896 , dedicated to helping children with learning disabilities . Ten years later in 1907 , Witmer was to found the first journal of this new field , The Psychological Clinic , where he coined the term `` clinical psychology '' , defined as `` the study of individuals , by observation or experimentation , with the intention of promoting change '' . The field was slow to follow Witmer 's example , but by 1914 , there were 26 similar clinics in the U.S. Even as clinical psychology was growing , working with issues of serious mental distress remained the domain of psychiatrists and neurologists . However , clinical psychologists continued to make inroads into this area due to their increasing skill at psychological assessment . Psychologists ' reputation as assessment experts became solidified during World War I with the development of two intelligence tests , Army Alpha and Army Beta ( testing verbal and nonverbal skills , respectively ) , which could be used with large groups of recruits . Due in large part to the success of these tests , assessment was to become the core discipline of clinical psychology for the next quarter century , when another war would propel the field into treatment . Early Professional organizations ( edit ) The field began to organize under the name `` clinical psychology '' in 1917 with the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychology . This only lasted until 1919 , after which the American Psychological Association ( founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1892 ) developed a section on Clinical Psychology , which offered certification until 1927 . Growth in the field was slow for the next few years when various unconnected psychological organizations came together as the American Association of Applied Psychology in 1930 , which would act as the primary forum for psychologists until after World War II when the APA reorganized . In 1945 , the APA created what is now called Division 12 , its division of clinical psychology , which remains a leading organization in the field . Psychological societies and associations in other English - speaking countries developed similar divisions , including in Britain , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . World War II and the integration of treatment ( edit ) When World War II broke out , the military once again called upon clinical psychologists . As soldiers began to return from combat , psychologists started to notice symptoms of psychological trauma labeled `` shell shock '' ( eventually to be termed posttraumatic stress disorder ) that were best treated as soon as possible . Because physicians ( including psychiatrists ) were over-extended in treating bodily injuries , psychologists were called to help treat this condition . At the same time , female psychologists ( who were excluded from the war effort ) formed the National Council of Women Psychologists with the purpose of helping communities deal with the stresses of war and giving young mothers advice on child rearing . After the war , the Veterans Administration in the U.S. made an enormous investment to set up programs to train doctoral - level clinical psychologists to help treat the thousands of veterans needing care . As a consequence , the U.S. went from having no formal university programs in clinical psychology in 1946 to over half of all Ph. D.s in psychology in 1950 being awarded in clinical psychology . WWII helped bring dramatic changes to clinical psychology , not just in America but internationally as well . Graduate education in psychology began adding psychotherapy to the science and research focus based on the 1947 scientist - practitioner model , known today as the Boulder Model , for Ph. D. programs in clinical psychology . Clinical psychology in Britain developed much like in the U.S. after WWII , specifically within the context of the National Health Service with qualifications , standards , and salaries managed by the British Psychological Society . Development of the Doctor of psychology degree ( edit ) By the 1960s , psychotherapy had become imbedded within clinical psychology , but for many the Ph. D. educational model did not offer the necessary training for those interested in practice rather than research . There was a growing argument that said the field of psychology in the U.S. had developed to a degree warranting explicit training in clinical practice . The concept of a practice - oriented degree was debated in 1965 and narrowly gained approval for a pilot program at the University of Illinois starting in 1968 . Several other similar programs were instituted soon after , and in 1973 , at the Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology , the practitioner -- scholar model of clinical psychology -- or Vail Model -- resulting in the Doctor of Psychology ( Psy. D . ) degree was recognized . Although training would continue to include research skills and a scientific understanding of psychology , the intent would be to produce highly trained professionals , similar to programs in medicine , dentistry , and law . The first program explicitly based on the Psy. D. model was instituted at Rutgers University . Today , about half of all American graduate students in clinical psychology are enrolled in Psy. D. programs . A changing profession ( edit ) Since the 1970s , clinical psychology has continued growing into a robust profession and academic field of study . Although the exact number of practicing clinical psychologists is unknown , it is estimated that between 1974 and 1990 , the number in the U.S. grew from 20,000 to 63,000 . Clinical psychologists continue to be experts in assessment and psychotherapy while expanding their focus to address issues of gerontology , sports , and the criminal justice system to name a few . One important field is health psychology , the fastest - growing employment setting for clinical psychologists in the past decade . Other major changes include the impact of managed care on mental health care ; an increasing realization of the importance of knowledge relating to multicultural and diverse populations ; and emerging privileges to prescribe psychotropic medication . Professional practice ( edit ) Clinical psychologists engage in a wide range of activities . Some focus solely on research into the assessment , treatment , or cause of mental illness and related conditions . Some teach , whether in a medical school or hospital setting , or in an academic department ( e.g. , psychology department ) at an institution of higher education . The majority of clinical psychologists engage in some form of clinical practice , with professional services including psychological assessment , provision of psychotherapy , development and administration of clinical programs , and forensics ( e.g. , providing expert testimony in a legal proceeding . In clinical practice , clinical psychologists may work with individuals , couples , families , or groups in a variety of settings , including private practices , hospitals , mental health organizations , schools , businesses , and non-profit agencies . Clinical psychologists who provide clinical services may also choose to specialize . Some specializations are codified and credentialed by regulatory agencies within the country of practice . In the United States such specializations are credentialed by the American Board of Professional Psychology ( ABPP ) . Training and certification to practice ( edit ) The University of Pennsylvania was the first to offer formal education in clinical psychology . Clinical psychologists study a generalist program in psychology plus postgraduate training and / or clinical placement and supervision . The length of training differs across the world , ranging from four years plus post-Bachelors supervised practice to a doctorate of three to six years which combines clinical placement . In the USA , about half of all clinical psychology graduate students are being trained in Ph. D. programs -- a model that emphasizes research -- with the other half in Psy. D. programs , which has more focus on practice ( similar to professional degrees for medicine and law ) . Both models are accredited by the American Psychological Association and many other English - speaking psychological societies . A smaller number of schools offer accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in a Masters degree , which usually take two to three years post-Bachelors . In the U.K. , clinical psychologists undertake a Doctor of Clinical Psychology ( D. Clin. Psych . ) , which is a practitioner doctorate with both clinical and research components . This is a three - year full - time salaried program sponsored by the National Health Service ( NHS ) and based in universities and the NHS . Entry into these programs is highly competitive , and requires at least a three - year undergraduate degree in psychology plus some form of experience , usually in either the NHS as an Assistant Psychologist or in academia as a Research Assistant . It is not unusual for applicants to apply several times before being accepted onto a training course as only about one - fifth of applicants are accepted each year . These clinical psychology doctoral degrees are accredited by the British Psychological Society and the Health Professions Council ( HPC ) . The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the UK . Those who successfully complete clinical psychology doctoral degrees are eligible to apply for registration with the HPC as a clinical psychologist . The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , and many other countries . Although each of the U.S. states is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses , there are three common elements : Graduation from an accredited school with the appropriate degree Completion of supervised clinical experience or internship Passing a written examination and , in some states , an oral examination All U.S. state and Canadian province licensing boards are members of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards ( ASPPB ) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology ( EPPP ) . Many states require other examinations in addition to the EPPP , such as a jurisprudence ( i.e. mental health law ) examination and / or an oral examination . Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license , which can be obtained though various means , such as taking audited classes and attending approved workshops . Clinical psychologists require the Psychologist license to practice , although licenses can be obtained with a masters - level degree , such as Marriage and Family Therapist ( MFT ) , Licensed Professional Counselor ( LPC ) , and Licensed Psychological Associate ( LPA ) . In the U.K. registration as a clinical psychologist with the Health Professions Council ( HPC ) is necessary . The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the U.K. In the U.K. the following titles are restricted by law `` registered psychologist '' and `` practitioner psychologist '' ; in addition the specialist title `` clinical psychologist '' is also restricted by law . Assessment ( edit ) An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is psychological assessment , and there are indications that as many as 91 % of psychologists engage in this core clinical practice . Such evaluation is usually done in service to gaining insight into and forming hypotheses about psychological or behavioral problems . As such , the results of such assessments are usually used to create generalized impressions ( rather than diagnoses ) in service to informing treatment planning . Methods include formal testing measures , interviews , reviewing past records , clinical observation , and physical examination . Measurement domains ( edit ) There exist hundreds of various assessment tools , although only a few have been shown to have both high validity ( i.e. , test actually measures what it claims to measure ) and reliability ( i.e. , consistency ) . These measures generally fall within one of several categories , including the following : Intelligence & achievement tests -- These tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning ( often referred to as IQ ) in comparison to a norming - group . These tests , such as the WISC - IV , attempt to measure such traits as general knowledge , verbal skill , memory , attention span , logical reasoning , and visual / spatial perception . Several tests have been shown to predict accurately certain kinds of performance , especially scholastic . Personality tests -- Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior , thoughts , and feelings . They generally fall within two categories : objective and projective . Objective measures , such as the MMPI , are based on restricted answers -- such as yes / no , true / false , or a rating scale -- which allow for computation of scores that can be compared to a normative group . Projective tests , such as the Rorschach inkblot test , allow for open - ended answers , often based on ambiguous stimuli , presumably revealing non-conscious psychological dynamics . Neuropsychological tests -- Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway . They are typically used to assess impairment after an injury or illness known to affect neurocognitive functioning , or when used in research , to contrast neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups . Clinical observation -- Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior . The clinical interview is a vital part of assessment , even when using other formalized tools , which can employ either a structured or unstructured format . Such assessment looks at certain areas , such as general appearance and behavior , mood and affect , perception , comprehension , orientation , insight , memory , and content of communication . One psychiatric example of a formal interview is the mental status examination , which is often used in psychiatry as a screening tool for treatment or further testing . Diagnostic impressions ( edit ) See also : Mental disorder Published by the American Psychiatric Association , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders . After assessment , clinical psychologists often provide a diagnostic impression . Many countries use the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( ICD - 10 ) while the U.S. most often uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Both are nosological systems that largely assume categorical disorders diagnosed through the application of sets of criteria including symptoms and signs . Several new models are being discussed , including a `` dimensional model '' based on empirically validated models of human differences ( such as the five factor model of personality ) and a `` psychosocial model '' , which would take changing , intersubjective states into greater account . The proponents of these models claim that they would offer greater diagnostic flexibility and clinical utility without depending on the medical concept of illness . However , they also admit that these models are not yet robust enough to gain widespread use , and should continue to be developed . Clinical psychologists do not tend to diagnose , but rather use formulation -- an individualized map of the difficulties that the patient or client faces , encompassing predisposing , precipitating and perpetuating ( maintaining ) factors . Clinical v. mechanical prediction ( edit ) Clinical assessment can be characterized as a prediction problem where the purpose of assessment is to make inferences ( predictions ) about past , present , or future behavior . For example , many therapy decisions are made on the basis of what a clinician expects will help a patient make therapeutic gains . Once observations have been collected ( e.g. , psychological test results , diagnostic impressions , clinical history , X-ray , etc . ) , there are two mutually exclusive ways to combine those sources of information to arrive at a decision , diagnosis , or prediction . One way is to combine the data in an algorithmic , or `` mechanical '' fashion . Mechanical prediction methods are simply a mode of combination of data to arrive at a decision / prediction of behavior ( e.g. , treatment response ) . Mechanical prediction does not preclude any type of data from being combined ; it can incorporate clinical judgments , properly coded , in the algorithm . The defining characteristic is that , once the data to be combined is given , the mechanical approach will make a prediction that is 100 % reliable . That is , it will make exactly the same prediction for exactly the same data every time . Clinical prediction , on the other hand , does not guarantee this , as it depends on the decision - making processes of the clinician making the judgment , their current state of mind , and knowledge base . What has come to be called the `` clinical versus statistical prediction '' debate was first described in detail in 1954 by Paul Meehl , where he explored the claim that mechanical ( formal , algorithmic ) methods of data combination could outperform clinical ( e.g. , subjective , informal , `` in the clinician 's head '' ) methods when such combinations are used to arrive at a prediction of behavior . Meehl concluded that mechanical modes of combination performed as well or better than clinical modes . Subsequent meta - analyses of studies that directly compare mechanical and clinical predictions have born out Meehl 's 1954 conclusions . A 2009 survey of practicing clinical psychologists found that clinicians almost exclusively use their clinical judgment to make behavioral predictions for their patients , including diagnosis and prognosis . Intervention ( edit ) Main article : Psychotherapy Psychotherapy involves a formal relationship between professional and client -- usually an individual , couple , family , or small group -- that employs a set of procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance , explore the nature of psychological problems , and encourage new ways of thinking , feeling , or behaving . Clinicians have a wide range of individual interventions to draw from , often guided by their training -- for example , a cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) clinician might use worksheets to record distressing cognitions , a psychoanalyst might encourage free association , while a psychologist trained in Gestalt techniques might focus on immediate interactions between client and therapist . Clinical psychologists generally seek to base their work on research evidence and outcome studies as well as on trained clinical judgment . Although there are literally dozens of recognized therapeutic orientations , their differences can often be categorized on two dimensions : insight vs. action and in - session vs. out - session . Insight -- emphasis is on gaining greater understanding of the motivations underlying one 's thoughts and feelings ( e.g. psychodynamic therapy ) Action -- focus is on making changes in how one thinks and acts ( e.g. solution focused therapy , cognitive behavioral therapy ) In - session -- interventions center on the here - and - now interaction between client and therapist ( e.g. humanistic therapy , Gestalt therapy ) Out - session -- a large portion of therapeutic work is intended to happen outside of session ( e.g. bibliotherapy , rational emotive behavior therapy ) The methods used are also different in regards to the population being served as well as the context and nature of the problem . Therapy will look very different between , say , a traumatized child , a depressed but high - functioning adult , a group of people recovering from substance dependence , and a ward of the state suffering from terrifying delusions . Other elements that play a critical role in the process of psychotherapy include the environment , culture , age , cognitive functioning , motivation , and duration ( i.e. brief or long - term therapy ) . Four main schools ( edit ) Many clinical psychologists are integrative or eclectic and draw from the evidence base across different models of therapy in an integrative way , rather than using a single specific model . In the UK , clinical psychologists have to show competence in at least two models of therapy , including CBT , to gain their doctorate . The British Psychological Society Division of Clinical Psychology has been vocal about the need to follow the evidence base rather than being wedded to a single model of therapy . In the USA , intervention applications and research are dominated in training and practice by essentially four major schools of practice : psychodynamic , humanistic , behavioral / cognitive behavioral , and systems or family therapy . Psychodynamic ( edit ) Main article : Psychodynamic psychotherapy The psychodynamic perspective developed out of the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud . The core object of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious -- to make the client aware of his or her own primal drives ( namely those relating to sex and aggression ) and the various defenses used to keep them in check . The essential tools of the psychoanalytic process are the use of free association and an examination of the client 's transference towards the therapist , defined as the tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person ( e.g. a parent ) and `` transfer '' them onto another person . Major variations on Freudian psychoanalysis practiced today include self psychology , ego psychology , and object relations theory . These general orientations now fall under the umbrella term psychodynamic psychology , with common themes including examination of transference and defenses , an appreciation of the power of the unconscious , and a focus on how early developments in childhood have shaped the client 's current psychological state . Humanistic ( edit ) Main article : Humanistic psychology Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis , largely due to the person - centered therapy of Carl Rogers ( often referred to as Rogerian Therapy ) and existential psychology developed by Viktor Frankl and Rollo May . Rogers believed that a client needed only three things from a clinician to experience therapeutic improvement -- congruence , unconditional positive regard , and empathetic understanding . By using phenomenology , intersubjectivity and first - person categories , the humanistic approach seeks to get a glimpse of the whole person and not just the fragmented parts of the personality . This aspect of holism links up with another common aim of humanistic practice in clinical psychology , which is to seek an integration of the whole person , also called self - actualization . From 1980 , Hans - Werner Gessmann integrated the ideas of humanistic psychology into group psychotherapy as humanistic psychodrama . According to humanistic thinking , each individual person already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self - concept . The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship . Behavioral and cognitive behavioral ( edit ) Main articles : Cognitive behavioral therapy and Behaviour therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) developed from the combination of cognitive therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy , both of which grew out of cognitive psychology and behaviorism . CBT is based on the theory that how we think ( cognition ) , how we feel ( emotion ) , and how we act ( behavior ) are related and interact together in complex ways . In this perspective , certain dysfunctional ways of interpreting and appraising the world ( often through schemas or beliefs ) can contribute to emotional distress or result in behavioral problems . The object of many cognitive behavioral therapies is to discover and identify the biased , dysfunctional ways of relating or reacting and through different methodologies help clients transcend these in ways that will lead to increased well - being . There are many techniques used , such as systematic desensitization , socratic questioning , and keeping a cognition observation log . Modified approaches that fall into the category of CBT have also developed , including dialectic behavior therapy and mindfulness - based cognitive therapy . Behavior therapy is a rich tradition . It is well researched with a strong evidence base . Its roots are in behaviorism . In behavior therapy , environmental events predict the way we think and feel . Our behavior sets up conditions for the environment to feedback back on it . Sometimes the feedback leads the behavior to increase - reinforcement and sometimes the behavior decreases - punishment . Oftentimes behavior therapists are called applied behavior analysis . They have studied many areas from developmental disabilities to depression and anxiety disorders . In the area of mental health and addictions a recent article looked at APA 's list for well established and promising practices and found a considerable number of them based on the principles of operant and respondent conditioning . Multiple assessment techniques have come from this approach including functional analysis ( psychology ) , which has found a strong focus in the school system . In addition , multiple intervention programs have come from this tradition including community reinforcement approach for treating addictions , acceptance and commitment therapy , functional analytic psychotherapy , including dialectic behavior therapy and behavioral activation . In addition , specific techniques such as contingency management and exposure therapy have come from this tradition . Systems or family therapy ( edit ) Main article : Family therapy Systems or family therapy works with couples and families , and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health . The central focus tends to be on interpersonal dynamics , especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system . Therapy is therefore conducted with as many significant members of the `` system '' as possible . Goals can include improving communication , establishing healthy roles , creating alternative narratives , and addressing problematic behaviors . Other therapeutic perspectives ( edit ) See also : List of psychotherapies There exist dozens of recognized schools or orientations of psychotherapy -- the list below represents a few influential orientations not given above . Although they all have some typical set of techniques practitioners employ , they are generally better known for providing a framework of theory and philosophy that guides a therapist in his or her working with a client . Existential -- Existential psychotherapy postulates that people are largely free to choose who we are and how we interpret and interact with the world . It intends to help the client find deeper meaning in life and to accept responsibility for living . As such , it addresses fundamental issues of life , such as death , aloneness , and freedom . The therapist emphasizes the client 's ability to be self - aware , freely make choices in the present , establish personal identity and social relationships , create meaning , and cope with the natural anxiety of living . Gestalt - Gestalt therapy was primarily founded by Fritz Perls in the 1950s . This therapy is perhaps best known for using techniques designed to increase self - awareness , the best - known perhaps being the `` empty chair technique . '' Such techniques are intended to explore resistance to `` authentic contact '' , resolve internal conflicts , and help the client complete `` unfinished business '' . Postmodern -- Postmodern psychology says that the experience of reality is a subjective construction built upon language , social context , and history , with no essential truths . Since `` mental illness '' and `` mental health '' are not recognized as objective , definable realities , the postmodern psychologist instead sees the goal of therapy strictly as something constructed by the client and therapist . Forms of postmodern psychotherapy include narrative therapy , solution - focused therapy , and coherence therapy . Transpersonal -- The transpersonal perspective places a stronger focus on the spiritual facet of human experience . It is not a set of techniques so much as a willingness to help a client explore spirituality and / or transcendent states of consciousness . It also is concerned with helping clients achieve their highest potential . Multiculturalism -- Although the theoretical foundations of psychology are rooted in European culture , there is a growing recognition that there exist profound differences between various ethnic and social groups and that systems of psychotherapy need to take those differences into greater consideration . Further , the generations following immigrant migration will have some combination of two or more cultures -- with aspects coming from the parents and from the surrounding society -- and this process of acculturation can play a strong role in therapy ( and might itself be the presenting problem ) . Culture influences ideas about change , help - seeking , locus of control , authority , and the importance of the individual versus the group , all of which can potentially clash with certain givens in mainstream psychotherapeutic theory and practice . As such , there is a growing movement to integrate knowledge of various cultural groups in order to inform therapeutic practice in a more culturally sensitive and effective way . Feminism -- Feminist therapy is an orientation arising from the disparity between the origin of most psychological theories ( which have male authors ) and the majority of people seeking counseling being female . It focuses on societal , cultural , and political causes and solutions to issues faced in the counseling process . It openly encourages the client to participate in the world in a more social and political way . Positive psychology -- Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness and well - being , which started to gain momentum in 1998 due to the call of Martin Seligman , then president of the APA . The history of psychology shows that the field has been primarily dedicated to addressing mental illness rather than mental wellness . Applied positive psychology 's main focus , therefore , is to increase one 's positive experience of life and ability to flourish by promoting such things as optimism about the future , a sense of flow in the present , and personal traits like courage , perseverance , and altruism . There is now preliminary empirical evidence to show that by promoting Seligman 's three components of happiness -- positive emotion ( the pleasant life ) , engagement ( the engaged life ) , and meaning ( the meaningful life ) -- positive therapy can decrease clinical depression . Integration ( edit ) Main article : Integrative psychotherapy In the last couple of decades , there has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches , especially with an increased understanding of cultural , gender , spiritual , and sexual - orientation issues . Clinical psychologists are beginning to look at the various strengths and weaknesses of each orientation while also working with related fields , such as neuroscience , behavioral genetics , evolutionary biology , and psychopharmacology . The result is a growing practice of eclecticism , with psychologists learning various systems and the most efficacious methods of therapy with the intent to provide the best solution for any given problem . Professional ethics ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The field of clinical psychology in most countries is strongly regulated by a code of ethics . In the U.S. , professional ethics are largely defined by the APA Code of Conduct , which is often used by states to define licensing requirements . The APA Code generally sets a higher standard than that which is required by law as it is designed to guide responsible behavior , the protection of clients , and the improvement of individuals , organizations , and society . The Code is applicable to all psychologists in both research and applied fields . The APA Code is based on five principles : Beneficence and Nonmaleficence , Fidelity and Responsibility , Integrity , Justice , and Respect for People 's Rights and Dignity . Detailed elements address how to resolve ethical issues , competence , human relations , privacy and confidentiality , advertising , record keeping , fees , training , research , publication , assessment , and therapy . In the UK the British Psychological Society has published a Code of Conduct and Ethics for clinical psychologists . This has four key areas : Respect , Competence , Responsibility and Integrity . Other European professional organisations have similar codes of conduct and ethics . Comparison with other mental health professions ( edit ) See also : Mental health professional Psychiatry ( edit ) Fluoxetine hydrochloride , branded by Lilly as Prozac , is a antidepressant drug prescribed by physicians , psychiatrists , and some nurses . Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can be said to share a same fundamental aim -- the alleviation of mental distress -- their training , outlook , and methodologies are often quite different . Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians . As such , psychiatrists often use the medical model to assess psychological problems ( i.e. , those they treat are seen as patients with an illness ) and rely on psychotropic medications as the chief method of addressing the illness -- although many also employ psychotherapy as well . Psychiatrists and medical psychologists ( who are clinical psychologists that are also licensed to prescribe ) are able to conduct physical examinations , order and interpret laboratory tests and EEGs , and may order brain imaging studies such as CT or CAT , MRI , and PET scanning . Clinical psychologists generally do not prescribe medication , although there is a growing movement for psychologists to have prescribing privileges . These medical privileges require additional training and education . To date , medical psychologists may prescribe psychotropic medications in Guam , New Mexico , and Louisiana and military psychologists . Counseling psychology ( edit ) Counseling psychologists study and use many of the same interventions and tools as clinical psychologists , including psychotherapy and assessment . Traditionally , counseling psychologists help people with what might be considered normal or moderate psychological problems -- such as the feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events . Many counseling psychologists also receive specialized training in career assessment , group therapy , and relationship counseling , although some counseling psychologists also work with the more serious problems that clinical psychologists are trained for , such as dementia or psychosis . There are fewer counseling psychology graduate programs than those for clinical psychology and they are more often housed in departments of education rather than psychology . The two professions can be found working in all the same settings but counseling psychologists are more frequently employed in university counseling centers compared to hospitals and private practice for clinical psychologists . There is considerable overlap between the two fields and distinctions between them continue to fade . <Td_colspan="5"> Comparison of mental health professionals in USA Occupation Degree Common Licenses Prescription Privilege Ave. 2004 Income ( USD ) Clinical Psychologist PhD / PsyD Psychologist Mostly no $75,000 Counseling Psychologist ( Doctorate ) PhD / PsyD Psychologist No $65,000 Counseling Psychologist ( Master 's ) MA / MS / MC MFT / LPC / LPA No $49,000 School Psychologist PhD , EdD Psychologist No $78,000 Psychiatrist MD / DO Psychiatrist Yes $145,600 Clinical Social Worker PhD / MSW LCSW No $36,170 Psychiatric Nurse PhD / MSN / BSN APRN / PMHN No $53,450 Psychiatric and mental health Nurse Practitioner DNP / MSN MHNP Yes ( Varies by state ) $75,711 Expressive / Art Therapist MA ATR No $45,000 Sources : School psychology ( edit ) School psychologists are primarily concerned with the academic , social , and emotional well - being of children and adolescents within a scholastic environment . In the U.K. , they are known as `` educational psychologists '' . Like clinical ( and counseling ) psychologists , school psychologists with doctoral degrees are eligible for licensure as health service psychologists , and many work in private practice . Unlike clinical psychologists , they receive much more training in education , child development and behavior , and the psychology of learning . Common degrees include the Educational Specialist Degree ( Ed. S . ) , Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph. D . ) , and Doctor of Education ( Ed. D . ) . Traditional job roles for school psychologists employed in school settings have focused mainly on assessment of students to determine their eligibility for special education services in schools , and on consultation with teachers and other school professionals to design and carry out interventions on behalf of students . Other major roles also include offering individual and group therapy with children and their families , designing prevention programs ( e.g. for reducing dropout ) , evaluating school programs , and working with teachers and administrators to help maximize teaching efficacy , both in the classroom and systemically . Clinical social work ( edit ) Social workers provide a variety of services , generally concerned with social problems , their causes , and their solutions . With specific training , clinical social workers may also provide psychological counseling ( in the U.S. and Canada ) , in addition to more traditional social work . The Masters in Social Work in the U.S. is a two - year , sixty credit program that includes at least a one - year practicum ( two years for clinicians ) . Occupational therapy ( edit ) Occupational therapy -- often abbreviated OT -- is the `` use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically , cognitively , or emotionally disabled people . '' Most commonly , occupational therapists work with people with disabilities to enable them to maximize their skills and abilities . Occupational therapy practitioners are skilled professionals whose education includes the study of human growth and development with specific emphasis on the physical , emotional , psychological , sociocultural , cognitive and environmental components of illness and injury . They commonly work alongside clinical psychologists in settings such as inpatient and outpatient mental health , pain management clinics , eating disorder clinics , and child development services . OT 's use support groups , individual counseling sessions , and activity - based approaches to address psychiatric symptoms and maximize functioning in life activities . Criticisms and controversies ( edit ) Clinical psychology is a diverse field and there have been recurring tensions over the degree to which clinical practice should be limited to treatments supported by empirical research . Despite some evidence showing that all the major therapeutic orientations are about of equal effectiveness , there remains much debate about the efficacy of various forms treatment in use in clinical psychology . It has been reported that clinical psychology has rarely allied itself with client groups and tends to individualize problems to the neglect of wider economic , political and social inequality issues that may not be the responsibility of the client . It has been argued that therapeutic practices are inevitably bound up with power inequalities , which can be used for good and bad . A critical psychology movement has argued that clinical psychology , and other professions making up a `` psy complex '' , often fail to consider or address inequalities and power differences and can play a part in the social and moral control of disadvantage , deviance and unrest . An October 2009 editorial in the journal Nature suggests that a large number of clinical psychology practitioners in the United States consider scientific evidence to be `` less important than their personal -- that is , subjective -- clinical experience . '' See also ( edit ) Anti-psychiatry Applied psychology Clinical Associate ( Psychology ) Clinical neuropsychology Clinical trial List of clinical psychologists List of credentials in psychology List of psychotherapies Outline of psychology Psychiatric and mental health nursing Psychoneuroimmunology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Psychological Association , Division 12 , About Clinical Psychology ^ Jump up to : Plante , Thomas . ( 2005 ) . 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Professional Psychology : Research and Practice. 32 ( 5 ) : 496 -- 500 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7028.32. 5.496 . Jump up ^ Halloway , Jennifer ( 2004 ) . `` Gaining prescriptive knowledge '' . Monitor on Psychology . Vol. 35 no . 6 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Norcross , John ( 2000 ) . `` Clinical versus counseling psychology : What 's the diff ? '' . Eye on Psi Chi. 5 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 22 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ APA ( 2003 ) . `` Salaries in Psychology 2003 : Report of the 2003 APA Salary Survey '' . Jump up ^ NIH : Office of Science Education ( 2006 ) . `` Lifeworks : Psychiatrist '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor : Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2004 ) . `` Occupational Outlook Handbook : Social Workers '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor : Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2004 ) . `` Occupational Outlook Handbook : Registered Nurses '' . Jump up ^ NIH : Office of Science Education ( 2006 ) . `` Advance News Magazines . ( 2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Lifeworks : Art Therapist '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Silva , Arlene ( 2003 ) . `` Who Are School Psychologists ? '' . National Association of School Psychologists . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Archival Description of School Psychology '' . American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ http://www.cswe.org/NR/rdonlyres/111833A0-C4F5-475C-8FEB-EA740FF4D9F1/0/EPAS.pdf Jump up ^ `` Occupational Therapy '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language : Fourth Edition . 2000 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Pilgram , D. & Treacher , A. ( 1992 ) . Clinical Psychology Observed . London & USA / Canada : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 04632 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leichsenring , Falk & Leibing , Eric ( 2003 ) . `` The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders : A meta - analysis '' . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 160 ( 7 ) : 1223 -- 1233 . PMID 12832233 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ajp. 160.7. 1223 . Jump up ^ Reisner , Andrew ( 2005 ) . `` The common factors , empirically validated treatments , and recovery models of therapeutic change '' . The Psychological Record . 55 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Lilienfeld , Scott ; et al. ( 2014 ) . Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology . New York : Guilford Press . ISBN 978 - 1462517510 . Jump up ^ Kyuken , W. ( 1999 ) . `` Power and clinical psychology : a model for resolving power - related ethical dilemmas '' . Ethics Behav. 9 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 37 . PMID 11657486 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327019eb0901_2 . Jump up ^ Smail , D. `` Power , Responsibility and Freedom '' ( Internet Publication ) . Jump up ^ International Society of Psychiatric - Mental Health Nurses ( 2001 ) . `` Response to Clinical Psychologists Prescribing Psychotropic Medications '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Psychology : a reality check '' . Nature ( Editorial ) . 461 : 847 . 15 October 2009 . doi : 10.1038 / 461847a . Published online 14 October 2009 . 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tory lanez' new album memories don't die

Memories Do n't Die - wikipedia Memories Do n't Die Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Memories Do n't Die <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Tory Lanez Released March 2 , 2018 Length 70 : 02 Label Mad Love Interscope Producer Play Picasso ( exec . ) Tory Lanez ( also exec . ) AraabMuzik Benny Blanco BobbyMadeTheBeat C - Sick Cashmere Cat Christian Lou Dr. Zeuz EC Fresco Happy Perez Lavish Mansa Nick Fouryn OG Parker Sean Myer Sergio R . Smash David SkipOnDaBeat <Th_colspan="2"> Tory Lanez chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The New Toronto 2 ( 2017 ) Memories Do n't Die ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Memories Do n't Die <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shooters '' Released : September 22 , 2017 `` Skrt Skrt '' Released : September 28 , 2017 `` Real Thing '' Released : October 13 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Memories Do n't Die ( stylized as MEMORIES DON 'T DIE ) is the second studio album by Canadian rapper and singer Tory Lanez , released on March 2 , 2018 , by Mad Love Records and Interscope Records . The album features guest appearances from Future , 50 Cent , Nav , Wiz Khalifa , Fabolous , Mansa and Paloma Ford , among others . Production is handled by C - Sick , Play Picasso and Dr. Zeuz , among others . Memories Do n't Die was supported by three singles : `` Shooters '' , `` Skrt Skrt '' and `` Real Thing '' featuring Future . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Promotion 2.1 Singles 2.2 Promotional singles 2.3 Other songs 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 8 References Background ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , Tory Lanez confirmed that his second album was `` 90 % completed '' via a tweet on Twitter . The album 's completion was announced by Lanez on August 2 , 2017 . On October 5 , 2017 , Lanez announced his second album 's title . On August 11 , 2017 , Lanez was featured in an interview with HotNewHipHop about his album 's theme , by stating `` `` There 's a lot of bars on this for sure , but it 's not like full of rap . It 's full of great music , like you know what I mean . But it 's definitely not I Told You . This album will be something different for you to love in a different way and for you to cherish in a different way . '' '' On February 9 , 2018 , Lanez unveiled the album 's cover art and tracklist . Promotion ( edit ) On January 1 , 2017 , Lanez released two mixtapes : Chixtape IV and The New Toronto 2 which were promoted as the prelude for his second album . Singles ( edit ) The album 's lead single , `` Shooters '' was released for streaming and digital download on September 22 , 2017 . Its music video was released a month later . The album 's second single , `` Skrt Skrt '' was released on September 28 , 2017 . The album 's third single , `` Real Thing '' featuring Future was released on October 13 , 2017 . Promotional singles ( edit ) The lead promotional single , `` I Sip '' was released on November 16 , 2017 , shortly after premiering on Zane Lowe 's Beats 1 radio . The second promotional single , `` B.I.D '' was released on February 15 , 2018 , following the same roll - out as the former . Other songs ( edit ) On February 9 , 2018 , three tracks that were cut from the album -- `` March 2nd '' , `` More Than Friends '' and `` Leaning '' , the latter two both featuring PartyNextDoor , was released by Lanez for his fans . Critical reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 46 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Exclaim ! 6 / 10 The Guardian HotNewHipHop 87 % Pitchfork 5.5 / 10 Memories Do n't Die received mixed reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Memories Do n't Die received an average score of 46 based on five reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Kassandra Guagliardi of Exclaim ! concluded that the album has `` a few quality tracks , but overall it misses the mark on classic appeal . '' In a scathing negative review , Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian described the album as a `` astonishingly hackneyed , aggressively chameleonic LP '' , while comparing the album to the work of Lanez 's contemporaries : `` As Migos or 2 Chainz ably demonstrate , rapping about racks and whips is n't necessarily dull , but you need to have wit , nimble hooks and idiosyncratic flow , none of which Lanez possesses . He 's so profoundly unoriginal you start to wonder if he is actually a rudimentary Spotify AI project who has been fed the RapCaviar playlist and given an edgy beard . But Lanez ultimately does n't pass the Turing test , and his jack - of - all - trades versatility leaves him the master of none . '' Sheldon Pearce of Pitchfork commented that Memories Do n't Die is `` a record full of crude imitations of every remotely bankable contemporary R&B or rap song '' , criticising the originality of the album : `` Nearly everything he raps on Memories Do n't Die is something you 've heard before , performed more ably elsewhere , and the few lines that are n't are unbelievably simple - minded or straight - up witless . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Memories Do n't Die debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart and number two on the US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , earning 54,000 album - equivalent units of which 15,000 were in pure album sales in its first week of release . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . <Th_colspan="5"> Memories Do n't Die No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Memories '' Daystar Peterson Daniel Gonzalez Play Picasso 0 : 28 2 . `` Old Friends x New Foes '' Peterson Gonzalez Carl Caruso Play Picasso Lavish 3 : 27 3 . `` Shooters '' Peterson Charles Dumazer C - Sick 3 : 28 4 . `` 4 Me '' Peterson Nathan Perez Gonzalez Happy Perez Play Picasso 3 : 48 5 . `` Skrt Skrt '' Peterson Jesus Bobe Wallace Jefferson Ernesto Cornejo Anthony Kelly Karen Chin Gonzalez Dr. Zeuz Play Picasso 2 : 53 6 . `` Benevolent '' Peterson Gonzalez Caruso Cornejo Douglas Gibbs Ralph Johnson Play Picasso Lavish EC Fresco 3 : 46 7 . `` Real Thing '' ( featuring Future ) Peterson Nayvadius Wilburn Dumazer C - Sick 4 : 03 8 . `` Hate to Say '' Peterson Gonzalez Maurice Griffin Robert Williams Julian Bunetta John Ryan Jamie Scott Play Picasso Christian Lou BobbyMadeTheBeat 4 : 09 9 . `` B.I.D '' Peterson Samuel Jimenez Joshua Parker OG Parker Smash David 2 : 44 10 . `` 48 Floors '' ( featuring Mansa ) Peterson Mansa Evans Gonzalez Mansa Play Picasso 3 : 43 11 . `` B.B.W.W x Fake Show '' Peterson Edgar Ferrera Gonzalez Larry Cooper , Jr . Play Picasso EC Fresco SkipOnDaBeat 4 : 11 12 . `` Dance for Me '' ( featuring Nav ) Peterson Sergio Romero Gonzalez Navraj Goraya Amir Esmailian Sergio R . Play Picasso 5 : 25 13 . `` Pieces '' ( featuring 50 Cent ) Peterson Gonzalez Curtis Jackson Gordon Sumner Dominic Miller Play Picasso 5 : 48 14 . `` Connection '' ( featuring Fabolous , Davo and Paloma Ford ) Peterson Jimenez David Kerr John Jackson Paloma Ford Smash David Nick Fouryn 3 : 56 15 . `` Hillside '' ( featuring Wiz Khalifa and Mansa ) Peterson Evans Gonzalez Cameron Thomaz Mansa Play Picasso 3 : 29 16 . `` Hypnotized '' Peterson Benjamin Levin Magnus Høiberg Perez Kennedi Lykken Sean Myer Benny Blanco Cashmere Cat Sean Myer Happy Perez 3 : 11 17 . `` Happiness x Tell Me '' Peterson Romero Gonzalez Sergio R . Play Picasso 7 : 59 18 . `` Do n't Die '' Peterson Abraham Orellana AraabMuzik 3 : 34 <Td_colspan="4"> Total length : 70 : 02 Notes signifies a co-producer `` Memories '' is stylised as `` MEMORIES '' `` Do n't Die '' is stylised as `` DON 'T DIE '' Sample credits `` Benevolent '' contains a sample from `` Sounds Like a Love Song '' , written by Douglas Gibbs and Ralph Johnson , as performed by Bobby Glenn . `` Hate to Say '' contains a sample from `` You & I '' , written by Julian Bunetta , John Ryan and Jamie Scott , as performed by One Direction . `` Pieces '' contains a sample from `` Shape of My Heart '' , written by Gordon Sumner and Dominic Miller , as performed by Sting . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Performers Tory Lanez -- vocals Future -- vocals ( track 7 ) Mansa -- vocals ( tracks 10 , 15 ) Nav -- vocals ( track 12 ) 50 Cent -- vocals ( track 13 ) Fabolous -- vocals ( track 14 ) Davo -- vocals ( track 14 ) Paloma Ford -- vocals ( track 14 ) Wiz Khalifa -- vocals ( track 15 ) Technical Daniel Gonzalez -- mixing ( tracks 1 -- 15 , 17 , 18 ) Johann Chavez -- mixing ( tracks 1 -- 15 , 17 , 18 ) Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing ( track 16 ) Production Play Picasso -- production ( tracks 1 , 2 , 4 -- 6 , 8 , 10 -- 13 , 15 , 17 ) Lavish -- production ( tracks 2 , 6 ) C - Sick -- production ( tracks 3 , 7 ) Happy Perez -- production ( track 4 ) , co-production ( track 16 ) Dr. Zeuz -- production ( track 5 ) Play Picasso -- production ( track 5 ) EC Fresco -- production ( tracks 6 , 11 ) Christian Lou -- production ( track 8 ) BobbyMadeTheBeat -- production ( track 8 ) OG Parker -- production ( track 9 ) Smash David -- production ( tracks 9 , 14 ) Mansa -- production ( tracks 10 , 15 ) SkipOnDaBeat -- production ( track 11 ) Sergio R. -- production ( tracks 12 , 17 ) Nick Fouryn -- production ( track 14 ) Benny Blanco -- production ( track 16 ) Cashmere Cat -- production ( track 16 ) Sean Myer -- production ( track 16 ) AraabMuzik -- production ( track 18 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 30 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 93 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 53 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 31 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 31 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 20 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE by Tory Lanez '' . Apple Music . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Kevin ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez Unveils Tracklist For `` Memories Do n't Die '' `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miss2Bees ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Confirms Sophomore Album Is `` 90 % Done '' `` . The Source . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamarre , Carl ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Says New Album Is Finished '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ India , Lindsey ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the Name of Tory Lanez 's New Album '' . XXL . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fall , Kyle ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez `` Memories Do n't Die '' Album Artwork & Tracklist Revealed `` . RapWave . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Chixtape 4 '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` The New Toronto 2 '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Big Homie ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Music : Tory Lanez `` Shooters '' `` . Rap Radar . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joe ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Tory Lanez 's New `` Shooters '' Video `` . OnSMASH . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Tory Lanez -- ' Skrt Skrt ' '' . Rap - Up . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slingerland , Calum ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez `` Real Thing '' ( ft . Future ) `` . Exclaim ! . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penrose , Nerisha ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez Serves Up New Single ' I Sip ' '' . Complex . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Trace ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez Shares New Song `` B.I.D '' and Explains Why Squashing Drake Feud Was a ' Good Moment ' for Him `` . Complex . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE by Tory Lanez Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guagliardi , Kassandra ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez : Memories Do n't Die review -- a gutless rap rip - off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez 's `` Memories Do n't Die '' Review `` . HotNewHipHop . March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez : Memories Do n't Die Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keith Caufield ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEMORIES DON 'T DIE / Tory Lanez '' . Tidal . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Acevedo , Kai ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez talks ' Memories Do n't Die , ' why he wo n't stop freestyling , and working with PartyNextDoor '' . Revolt . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . I sampled the beat that JAY - Z used for `` Song Cry . '' Jump up ^ Fu , Eddie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tory Lanez 's New Song `` Hate To Say '' Addresses His Beefs With Travis Scott & Drake `` . Genius . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . On the production side , `` Hate to Say '' samples One Direction 's 2013 song `` You & I '' from their album Midnight Memories . Jump up ^ Acevedo , Kai ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tory Lanez talks ' Memories Do n't Die , ' why he wo n't stop freestyling , and working with PartyNextDoor '' . Revolt . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Me and 50 did a song on the album . It 's one of the craziest songs on there . It 's a Sting sample . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 9 March 2018 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 10 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tory Lanez -- Memories Do n't Die '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart for Third Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Lanez Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Tory Lanez <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums I Told You Memories Do n't Die Extended plays Cruel Intentions Mixtapes Lost Cause Chixtape III The New Toronto Singles `` Say It '' `` B.L.O.W. '' `` LA Confidential '' `` Luv '' Featured singles `` Drifting '' `` Trust Nobody '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memories_Don%27t_Die&oldid=841919785 '' Categories : 2018 albums Tory Lanez albums Interscope Records albums Albums produced by Happy Perez Albums produced by Benny Blanco Albums produced by Cashmere Cat Albums produced by AraabMuzik Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Memories Don't Die - Tory Lanez's second studio album 2. Tracklist and guest appearances on Memories Don't Die 3. Critical reception of Memories Don't Die 4. Commercial performance of Memories Don't Die 5. Production credits on Memories Don't Die

house season 4 you don't want to know

You do n't want to know - Wikipedia You do n't want to know Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` You Do n't Want to Know '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` You Do n't Want To Know '' <Td_colspan="2"> House episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 8 Directed by Lesli Linka Glatter Written by Sara Hess Original air date November 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 20 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anne Dudek as Dr. Amber Volakis Edi Gathegi as Dr. Jeffrey Cole Peter Jacobson as Dr. Chris Taub Kal Penn as Dr. Lawrence Kutner Olivia Wilde as Dr. Remy `` Thirteen '' Hadley Steve Valentine as Flynn <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Ugly '' Next → `` Games '' <Td_colspan="2"> List of House episodes `` You Do n't Want To Know '' is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American TV drama House and the seventy - eighth episode overall . It aired on 20 November 2007 . Notably , in this episode the differential diagnosis is confirmed as lupus despite the fact that ' It 's not lupus - it 's never lupus ' is a phrase often used to the point of catchphrase by the eponymous Dr. Gregory House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Medicine 1.2 Contest 1.3 Thirteen 2 References 3 External links Plot ( edit ) Medicine ( edit ) Kutner and Cole are in the audience of a magic show in a night club in Atlantic City . Flynn , the magician on stage ( played by Steve Valentine ) , is replicating Harry Houdini 's famous Chinese Water Torture Cell act , calling Cole up to the stage . Wrapped in chains , Flynn is dropped in the tank and loses consciousness as soon as he enters the water . Kutner suggests taking the case of the magician . He wants to run tests to find out why Flynn 's heart stopped in the water , though House is sure the magician has lost consciousness because he screwed up the trick and drowned . He permits Kutner to test the patient , but he says that he will fire Kutner if the patient 's problems were a result of screwing up the trick . Flynn says that he is a great magician , and did not fail to carry out the trick . To demonstrate , Flynn asks Thirteen to pick a card from a deck , and then asks Kutner for his wallet . The wallet bursts into flames , and when it is extinguished , the card she picked is in it . Kutner tells Foreman that the tests show there was no cause for the heart failure . Foreman suggests running a lung MRI , but Flynn starts bleeding internally as soon as they start the MRI . He has had three units of AB positive blood transfusions , so Thirteen wonders if he has had an intestinal infarct . House realizes what caused the problems with the MRI . While Flynn is being operated on , House steps in , sticks his hand in Flynn 's gut , and pulls out a key . Flynn had swallowed the key for the magic trick , then the MRI 's magnet had ripped it through his intestines . House confronts Flynn , but Flynn still insists that he is a great magician . To demonstrate , Flynn has House pick a card . Then he throws the deck of cards at the wall . A card sticks to the window , but is not the card House picked . House removes the card and is about to scold the magician when he sees his card stuck on the other side of the glass wall . House can not figure out how he did the trick . Suddenly , the magician starts to bleed profusely out of his nose . House realizes something is still wrong , and Flynn 's cardiac arrest is actually a symptom of something more serious . House gathers the Fellows in his office . Amber suggests that Flynn has Polyarteritis nodosa . Taub throws out the possibility that the nose bleed was caused by cocaine . House tells Taub and Kutner to go to the patient 's home . He orders Amber and Cole to do a biopsy of Flynn 's heart . Kutner and Taub find an old fortune - telling machine , rabbits and marijuana in Flynn 's home . Taub theorizes that the rabbits could have given Flynn pericarditis from a tick . House demands to know how Flynn did the card trick earlier . Flynn says it is more interesting not to know how it is done , but House says it is better to know . House diagnoses Flynn with tularemia from his rabbits . Flynn now has bleeding around his heart , which could be a sign of cancer . House tells his fellows to find where the cancer is located . Flynn predicts that he will be dead by the next day . The doctors notice that Flynn has a lot of internal bleeding , and that at this rate he might be dead by the next day . Kutner considers a tainted blood transfusion . Foreman says that the low immunoglobulin levels and the other symptoms indicate amyloidosis . Flynn has had a grand mal seizure , then kidney failure . House believes that this proves the diagnosis of amyloidosis , and not a bad blood transfusion as Kutner suggested , and that the patient needs a bone marrow transplant . Since the procedure requires irradiation , House orders a subcutaneous fat biopsy to confirm his diagnosis . House says that while they are waiting for the results of the biopsy , the fellows can check their blood theory . The biopsy ends up being inconclusive , and by the time it is done , the fellows still have not confirmed their blood theory . They ask for more time , but House says the patient can not wait for their tests to finish . So instead House suggests that they test the blood by giving it to him , and seeing if he gets sick , since he has the universal recipient blood type . House does get sick , but his symptoms are different from the patients , so he says it is irrelevant , and insists that the patient has amyloidosis . He refuses to let the fellows examine him , but he passes out , and Thirteen tests his organs . When House wakes up , he realizes that Thirteen drugged his tea in order to test him . Wilson stops by House 's office to see how he is . They discuss their blood types , which prompts House to realize that the patient 's symptoms might be because they gave him the wrong type of blood . Flynn tells House he is type - A blood , but they had given him type AB , based on what antibodies he produced , so House deduces that his body is making an extra antibody of type B . Based on the antibody production , House diagnoses lupus , quipping , `` I finally have a case of lupus . '' Contest ( edit ) A bored House announces a contest for the Fellows , to test their ability to do sneaky things and not get caught . The winner will be spared from getting fired and will get to nominate two competitors , then House will fire one of those two . In a reference to the Peckinpah film Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia , House issues the contest objective : to `` bring me the thong of Lisa Cuddy . '' The winner is to bring the thong to the group . While House announces the contest , Kutner interrupts and tries to argue that the magician is actually ill , and is asked by House to leave and find some evidence or else get fired . The Fellows , excluding Kutner , debate taking the challenge , but most of them decide to attempt it . Taub tries to spill coffee on Cuddy , but that does not work . Amber pages Cuddy to the clinic then sets off the clinic 's fire alarm . But Taub keeps Cuddy in her office , away from the clinic 's sprinklers . Later , Taub gives House a pair of black panties , claiming them to be Cuddy 's . But House says that Cuddy is wearing a red bra , and he deduces that Cuddy would be wearing red panties to match . House suspects that they are Amber 's panties , and asks her to lift her skirt to prove that they are not . She refuses , but they admit that they were hers when House points out that she 's wearing a black bra . Later , Cole produces Cuddy 's panties . Amber demonstrates that this time they are not her own . House later drops his vicodin bottle so that Cuddy , in a tight skirt , will bend over to pick it up . He is amazed when he sees no panty line . Amber tells Cole that he should make his nominations based on who is the best doctor , rather than his personal feelings towards her . Kutner reminds Cole that he is his friend and should not be nominated for elimination . Taub offers Cole $5,000 to keep him off the chopping block . Thirteen does not try to persuade Cole not to nominate her because she knows it would not make a difference in his decision . At the end of the episode House enters the lecture room with Cuddy 's underwear on a pillow . He asks Cole to nominate two candidates . Cole chooses Amber and Kutner . House wonders why Cole would nominate Kutner , even though Kutner was the one who spotted that the magician was actually sick , and was also Cole 's friend . House realizes that Kutner is a liability to the hospital due to his reckless behavior , and Cuddy is the one who would want him eliminated , and thus , that Cole made a deal with Cuddy where she gave him her panties in exchange for being able to choose who she wanted out . But the fellows were supposed to accomplish their goal without getting caught . House unexpectedly fires Cole for breaking the rules by letting Cuddy know about the contest . House 's motive for setting the contest was to identify who could conspire with him to trick Cuddy ; Cole has done the exact opposite by conspiring with Cuddy to fool House . Thirteen ( edit ) Thirteen drops her files , and seems very upset about it . House privately asks her why it bothered her so . He suspects she is hiding a medical condition from him , but she denies it . House later notices that Thirteen 's hand is shaking , and she seems concerned about that as well . Later , House tells Thirteen that he saw a picture of her mother in her wallet . In the picture , her mother looked young , and House deduces that Thirteen did n't update the picture because her mother is dead . House Googled the obituary and learned that her mother died `` after a long illness , '' and asks Thirteen if it was Parkinson 's disease . Thirteen says that it was Huntington 's chorea , meaning that she has a 50 % chance of also carrying the mutation that leads to the disease , which is what caused her to become upset when she dropped her files and when her hand shook . If she has inherited Huntington 's chorea , then she has about twelve years to live . House says that the reason her hand shook is that he switched her decaf coffee with caffeinated to see her reactions . That 's part of why Thirteen later drugged House , as mentioned above . Thirteen refuses to be tested for Huntington 's , because she says that not knowing her fate with regards to the Huntington 's encourages her to live life to its fullest . This makes little sense to House , and when Thirteen leaves a bottle of water behind , House has her saliva from the bottle tested for the mutation . House later gives Thirteen an envelope with the results , but she refuses to open it and leaves the room after she lectured him about the importance of being ignorant to her possible illness . House appears to be persuaded by her , something the magician failed to do when he argued that not knowing the magic is part of the wonder . In the end , House tosses the unopened envelope into the trash . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : You Do n't Want to Know `` You Do n't Want to Know '' at Fox.com `` You Do n't Want to Know '' on IMDb `` You Do n't Want to Know '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) House Characters Main Gregory House Lisa Cuddy James Wilson Eric Foreman Robert Chase Allison Cameron Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) Chris Taub Lawrence Kutner Martha Masters Jessica Adams Chi Park Recurring Stacy Warner Michael Tritter Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Paternity '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Three Stories '' Season 2 `` Acceptance '' `` Autopsy '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` Daddy 's Boy '' `` Spin '' `` Hunting '' `` The Mistake '' `` Deception '' `` Failure to Communicate '' `` Need to Know '' `` All In '' `` Clueless '' `` House vs. God '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` No Reason '' Season 3 `` Meaning '' `` Informed Consent '' `` Lines in the Sand '' `` Fools for Love '' `` Que Será Será '' `` Son of Coma Guy '' `` Whac - A-Mole '' `` Finding Judas '' `` Merry Little Christmas '' `` Words and Deeds '' `` One Day , One Room '' `` Needle in a Haystack '' `` Insensitive '' `` Half - Wit '' `` Top Secret '' `` Fetal Position '' `` Airborne '' `` Act Your Age '' `` House Training '' `` Family '' `` Resignation '' `` The Jerk '' `` Human Error '' Season 4 `` Alone '' `` The Right Stuff '' `` 97 Seconds '' `` Guardian Angels '' `` Mirror Mirror '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Ugly '' `` You Do n't Want to Know '' `` Games '' `` It 's a Wonderful Lie '' `` Frozen '' `` Do n't Ever Change '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' `` Living the Dream '' `` House 's Head '' `` Wilson 's Heart '' Season 5 `` Dying Changes Everything '' `` Not Cancer '' `` Adverse Events '' `` Birthmarks '' `` Lucky Thirteen '' `` Joy '' `` The Itch '' `` Emancipation '' `` Last Resort '' `` Let Them Eat Cake '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Big Baby '' `` The Greater Good '' `` Unfaithful '' `` The Softer Side '' `` The Social Contract '' `` Here Kitty '' `` Locked In '' `` Simple Explanation '' `` Saviors '' `` House Divided '' `` Under My Skin '' `` Both Sides Now '' Season 6 `` Broken '' `` Epic Fail '' `` The Tyrant '' `` Instant Karma '' `` Brave Heart '' `` Known Unknowns '' `` Teamwork '' `` Ignorance Is Bliss '' `` Wilson '' `` The Down Low '' `` Remorse '' `` Moving the Chains '' `` 5 to 9 '' `` Private Lives '' `` Black Hole '' `` Lockdown '' `` Knight Fall '' `` Open and Shut '' `` The Choice '' `` Baggage '' `` Help Me '' Season 7 `` Now What ? '' `` Selfish '' `` Unwritten '' `` Massage Therapy '' `` Unplanned Parenthood '' `` Office Politics '' `` A Pox on Our House '' `` Small Sacrifices '' `` Larger than Life '' `` Carrot or Stick '' `` Family Practice '' `` You Must Remember This '' `` Two Stories '' `` Recession Proof '' `` Bombshells '' `` Out of the Chute '' `` Fall from Grace '' `` The Dig '' `` Last Temptation '' `` Changes '' `` The Fix '' `` After Hours '' `` Moving On '' Season 8 `` Twenty Vicodin '' `` Transplant '' `` Charity Case '' `` Risky Business '' `` The Confession '' `` Parents '' `` Dead & Buried '' `` Perils of Paranoia '' `` Better Half '' `` Runaways '' `` Nobody 's Fault '' `` Chase '' `` Man of the House '' `` Love Is Blind '' `` Blowing the Whistle '' `` Gut Check '' `` We Need the Eggs '' `` Body & Soul '' `` The C - Word '' `` Post Mortem '' `` Holding On '' `` Everybody Dies '' Related Cast list Accolades Diagnoses Soundtrack Nurse Jeffrey Doctor Richter <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Want_to_Know&oldid=785180595 '' Categories : House ( season 4 ) episodes 2007 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles lacking sources from March 2011 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2011 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2011 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. House episode "You Don't Want to Know" 2. Plot summary of the episode 3. Contest among the House fellows 4. Thirteen's personal medical condition 5. House's diagnosis of lupus

if you want to be happy for the rest of your life song

If You Wanna Be Happy - wikipedia If You Wanna Be Happy Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jimmy Soul <Th_colspan="2"> from the album If You Wanna Be Happy B - side `` Do n't Release Me '' Released 1963 Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Doo - wop Length 2 : 14 Label S.P.Q.R. / London Records Songwriter ( s ) Joseph Royster Carmella Guida Frank Guida `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' is a 1963 song recorded by Jimmy Soul , written by Joseph Royster , Carmella Guida and Frank Guida . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In popular culture 3 Covers 4 References Background ( edit ) `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' is based on the song `` Ugly Woman '' by the Trinidadian calypsonian Roaring Lion recorded in 1934 . It hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on May 18 , 1963 , as well as the R&B singles chart . It was issued on Guida 's S.P.Q.R. label and distributed by London Records , and in the United Kingdom on EMI 's Stateside label . The original single lists a running time of 2 : 14 ; some later releases are slightly longer due to a longer fade - out . The song was banned on many radio stations , due to the use of the words `` Ugly Girl / Woman . '' Towards the end of the song , a brief dialogue takes place between Soul and a backup singer , based on Bo Diddley 's song `` Say Man '' : `` Say Man ! ! '' / `` Hey baby '' / `` I saw your wife the other day . '' / `` Yeah ? ? '' / `` Yeah , and she 's ugly - y-y-y-y ! ! ! '' / `` Yeah , she 's ugly , but she sure can cook , baby ''. / `` Yeah , alright . '' / Soul 's counterpoint melody in a falsetto is heard as the song fades out . In popular culture ( edit ) The song is featured in the films Clean and Sober ( 1988 ) , Chances Are ( 1989 ) , Mermaids ( 1990 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) and on the soundtrack of My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) . The song , or possibly Roaring Lion 's version , can also be heard in Tiger Bay ( 1959 ) sung by a group of street musicians at a wedding . Covers ( edit ) In the wake of the original version , Netherlands - based Surinamese singer Max Woiski Jr. recorded the song as `` Want je bent nog niet gelukkig met een mooie vrouw '' . Former Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman released a version on his solo album Stone Alone , in 1976 . Joe Dolce released a version in 1981 as the follow - up to his international hit single `` Shaddap You Face '' . It reached the top 40 in New Zealand and no. 7 in Austria . The band Rocky Sharpe and the Replays released a cover version of the song in 1983 . Hong Kong singer George Lam covered this song in Cantonese in 1984 . The song is called `` 丫 嗚 婆 '' . Kid Creole and the Coconuts , Racey , The Skatalites and Barnes & Barnes have also released cover versions of the song . French singer Claude François recorded an adaptation of the song in French as `` Si tu veux être heureux '' ( June , 1963 ) . Philadelphia group The Dovells recorded and released the song on a 12 '' split with The Orlons ( 1963 ) . Robert Mitchum did a version of the song on Calypso -- Is Like So ... ! entitled `` From a Logical Point of View '' ( 1957 ) . The song was also sampled by Canadian synthpop group Kon Kan in the track `` ( Could 've Said ) I Told You So '' , taken from their second album Syntonic . The song was parodied by the rap duo of Cash Money and Marvelous titled `` Find An Ugly Woman '' from the album Where 's The Party At ? ( 1988 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . Preceded by `` I Will Follow Him '' by Little Peggy March Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 18 , 1963 -- May 25 , 1963 Succeeded by `` It 's My Party '' by Lesley Gore Preceded by `` I Will Follow Him '' by Little Peggy March Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single June 1 , 1963 Succeeded by `` Another Saturday Night '' by Sam Cooke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Wanna_Be_Happy&oldid=819399515 '' Categories : 1963 singles Jimmy Soul songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Frank Guida 1963 songs London Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "If You Wanna Be Happy" - Jimmy Soul's hit song 2. Joseph Royster, Carmella Guida, and Frank Guida - songwriters of "If You Wanna Be Happy" 3. Background and popularity of the song 4. Covers and adaptations of "If You Wanna Be Happy" 5. Use of the song in popular culture

what does nato stand for and why was it created

NATO - wikipedia NATO This article is about the military alliance . For other uses , see NATO ( disambiguation ) . North Atlantic Treaty Organization <Td_colspan="2"> Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord <Td_colspan="2"> Logo <Td_colspan="2"> Flag <Td_colspan="2"> Member states of NATO Abbreviation NATO , OTAN Formation 4 April 1949 ; 69 years ago ( 1949 - 04 - 04 ) Type Military alliance Headquarters Brussels , Belgium Membership 29 states ( show ) Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Official language English French Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach , Royal Air Force Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Curtis Scaparrotti , United States Army Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Général Denis Mercier , French Air Force Expenses ( 2017 ) US $ 946 billion Website NATO.int The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO / ˈneɪtoʊ / ; French : Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord ; OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries . The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . NATO Headquarters are located in Haren , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . Since its founding , the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 % of the global total . Members have committed to reach or maintain defense spending of at least 2 % of GDP by 2024 . Contents 1 History 2 Military operations 2.1 Early operations 2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention 2.3 Kosovo intervention 2.4 War in Afghanistan 2.5 Iraq training mission 2.6 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy 2.7 Libya intervention 3 Participating countries 3.1 Members 3.2 Enlargement 3.3 Partnerships 4 Structure 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links History Main article : History of NATO On 4 March 1947 the Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of a possible attack by Germany or the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II . In 1948 , this alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries , in the form of the Western Union , also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization ( BTO ) , established by the Treaty of Brussels . Talks for a new military alliance which could also include North America resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States , Canada , Portugal , Italy , Norway , Denmark and Iceland . The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it , by means of an integrated military structure : This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) in 1951 , which adopted the Western Union 's military structures and plans . In 1952 the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization 's chief civilian , the first major NATO maritime exercises began ; Exercise Mainbrace , and Greece and Turkey acceded . In 1955 West Germany was also incorporated into NATO , which resulted in the creation of the Soviet - dominated Warsaw Pact , delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War . Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed , along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defense against a prospective Soviet invasion -- doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO 's military structure in 1966 . In 1982 the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance . The collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1989 - 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO 's purpose , nature , tasks , and their focus on the continent of Europe . This shift started with the 1990 signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe between NATO and the Soviet Union , which mandated specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 . At that time , European countries accounted for 34 percent of NATO 's military spending ; by 2012 , this had fallen to 21 percent . NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central and Eastern European nations , and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany in 1989 , the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999 during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Politically , the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries , most of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004 . Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty , requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack , was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks , after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO - led ISAF . The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then , including sending trainers to Iraq , assisting in counter-piracy operations and in 2011 enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1973 . The less potent Article 4 , which merely invokes consultation among NATO members , has been invoked five times following incidents in the Iraq War , Syrian Civil War , and annexation of Crimea . The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification on 3 October 1990 , when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance . As part of post-Cold War restructuring , NATO 's military structure was cut back and reorganized , with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established . The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty , which was signed in 1999 . The policies of French President Nicolas Sarkozy resulted in a major reform of France 's military position , culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009 , which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure , while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent . Between 1994 and 1997 , wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up , like the Partnership for Peace , the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council . In 1998 , the NATO -- Russia Permanent Joint Council was established . Between 1999 and 2017 NATO incorporated the following Central and Eastern European countries , including several former communist states : the Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Bulgaria , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Albania , Croatia and Montenegro . The Russian intervention in Crimea in 2014 lead to strong condemnation by NATO nations and the creation of a new `` spearhead '' force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia , Lithuania , Latvia , Poland , Romania , and Bulgaria . At the subsequent 2014 Wales summit , the leaders of NATO 's member states formally committed for the first time spend the equivalent of at least 2 % of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024 , which had previously been only an informal guideline . Military operations Main article : List of NATO operations Early operations No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War . Following the end of the Cold War , the first operations , Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991 , were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey , and later a quick - reaction force was deployed to the area . Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention Main article : NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO planes engaged in aerial bombardments during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacre . The Bosnian War began in 1992 , as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia . The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992 , ordering a no - fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina , which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight . From June 1993 until October 1996 , Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 28 February 1994 , NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no - fly zone . On 10 and 11 April 1994 , during the Bosnian War , the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area , resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F - 16 jets acting under NATO direction . This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April . On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces . A two - week NATO bombing campaign , Operation Deliberate Force , began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika Srpska , after the Srebrenica massacre . NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end , resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995 . As part of this agreement , NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force , under Operation Joint Endeavor , named IFOR . Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission . This transitioned into the smaller SFOR , which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004 , when operations were then passed onto European Union Force Althea . Following the lead of its member nations , NATO began to award a service medal , the NATO Medal , for these operations . Kosovo intervention Main articles : 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and KFOR German KFOR soldiers patrol southern Kosovo in 1999 . In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević 's Serbian - led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire . Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999 , and he handed the matter to NATO , which started a 78 - day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999 . Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During the crisis , NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces , the ACE Mobile Force ( Land ) , to Albania as the Albania Force ( AFOR ) , to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo . Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties , including bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade , Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999 , ending the Kosovo War . On 11 June , Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244 , under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force . Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo , and part of KFOR 's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions , in addition to deterring violence . In August -- September 2001 , the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest , a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia . As of 1 December 2013 , 4,882 KFOR soldiers , representing 31 countries , continue to operate in the area . The US , the UK , and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes , such as the action against Serbia in 1999 , while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval . The US / UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance , and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia , and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required , thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization . Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment , NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management . War in Afghanistan Main articles : International Security Assistance Force and War in Afghanistan The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time . The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization 's history . The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all . The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty . The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour , a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction , as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001 . The alliance showed unity : On 16 April 2003 , NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , which includes troops from 42 countries . The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands , the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement , and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously . The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August , and marked the first time in NATO 's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area . ISAF General David M. Rodriguez at an Italian change of command in Herat ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban , al Qaeda and factional warlords , so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai . In October 2003 , the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan , and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country . On 31 July 2006 , the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US - led anti-terrorism coalition . Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south , in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter / attack aircraft to be moved into the area , to Kandahar , in order to reinforce the alliance 's efforts . During its 2012 Chicago Summit , NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO - led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014 . ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow - on training Resolute Support Mission Iraq training mission Main article : NATO Training Mission -- Iraq In August 2004 , during the Iraq War , NATO formed the NATO Training Mission -- Iraq , a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US led MNF - I . The NATO Training Mission - Iraq ( NTM - I ) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 . The aim of NTM - I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation . NTM - I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission , under the political control of NATO 's North Atlantic Council . Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring . The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US - led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training , who was also dual - hatted as the Commander of NTM - I . The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011 . Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War . Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War , after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F - 4 reconnaissance jet , and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria , and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity . Gulf of Aden anti-piracy Main article : Operation Ocean Shield USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010 Beginning on 17 August 2009 , NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates , and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states . The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships primarily from the United States though vessels from many other nations are also included . Operation Ocean Shield focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which are distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia . Russia , China and South Korea have sent warships to participate in the activities as well . The operation seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks , protect vessels , and abetting to increase the general level of security in the region . Libya intervention Main article : 2011 military intervention in Libya During the Libyan Civil War , violence between protestors and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated , and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which called for a ceasefire , and authorized military action to protect civilians . A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards , beginning with Opération Harmattan by the French Air Force on March 19 . On 20 March 2011 , NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1 , and additional ships and submarines from NATO members . They would `` monitor , report and , if needed , interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries '' . Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011 On 24 March , NATO agreed to take control of the no - fly zone from the initial coalition , while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition 's forces . NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . By June , reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member nations were participating in combat operations , resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland , Spain , the Netherlands , Turkey , and Germany to contribute more , the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict . In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June , Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO . The German foreign ministry pointed to `` a considerable ( German ) contribution to NATO and NATO - led operations '' and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama . While the mission was extended into September , Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August . Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs . The following week , the head of the Royal Navy said the country 's operations in the conflict were not sustainable . By the end of the mission in October 2011 , after the death of Colonel Gaddafi , NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets . A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign . Following a coup d'état attempt in October 2013 , Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues . Participating countries Map of NATO affiliations in Europe Map of NATO partnerships globally <Td_colspan="2"> NATO members Membership Action Plan Individual Partnership Action Plan Partnership for Peace Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Global Partners <Td_colspan="2"> Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States <Td_colspan="2"> Bosnia - Herzegovina Macedonia <Td_colspan="2"> Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia - Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Moldova Serbia Ukraine <Td_colspan="2"> Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia - Herzegovina Finland Georgia Ireland Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Malta Moldova Russia Serbia Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan <Td_colspan="2"> Algeria Egypt Israel Jordan Mauritania Morocco Tunisia <Td_colspan="2"> Bahrain Kuwait Qatar United Arab Emirates <Td_colspan="3"> Afghanistan Australia Colombia Iraq Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Members Main article : Member states of NATO NATO organizes regular summits for leaders of their members states and partnerships . NATO has twenty - nine members , mainly in Europe and North America . Some of these countries also have territory on multiple continents , which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean , which defines NATO 's `` area of responsibility '' under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty . During the original treaty negotiations , the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty . French Algeria was however covered until their independence on 3 July 1962 . Twelve of these twenty - nine are original members who joined in 1949 , while the other seventeen joined in one of seven enlargement rounds . From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s , France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed `` Gaullo - Mitterrandism '' . Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009 , the latter being disbanded the following year . France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom , will not commit its nuclear - armed submarines to the alliance . Few members spend more than two percent of their gross domestic product on defence , with the United States accounting for three quarters of NATO defense spending . Enlargement Main article : Enlargement of NATO NATO has added 13 new members since the German reunification and the end of the Cold War . New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe , including former members of the Warsaw Pact . Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans , and requires approval by each current member . NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance : Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia . In NATO official statements , the Republic of Macedonia is always referred to as the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' , with a footnote stating that `` Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name '' . Though Macedonia completed its requirements for membership at the same time as Croatia and Albania , who joined NATO in 2009 , its accession was blocked by Greece pending a resolution of the Macedonia naming dispute . In order to support each other in the process , new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003 . Georgia was also named as an aspiring member , and was promised `` future membership '' during the 2008 summit in Bucharest , though in 2014 , US President Barack Obama said the country was not `` currently on a path '' to membership . Russia continues to oppose further expansion , seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and American negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification . NATO 's expansion efforts are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia , though they have also been criticised in the West . A June 2016 Levada poll found that 68 % of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland -- former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia -- is a threat to Russia . Ukraine 's relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically divisive , and contributed to `` Euromaidan '' protests that saw the ousting of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014 . In March 2014 , Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk reiterated the government 's stance that Ukraine is not seeking NATO membership . Ukraine 's president subsequently signed a bill dropping his nation 's nonaligned status in order to pursue NATO membership , but signaled that it would hold a referendum before seeking to join . Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan . IPAPs began in 2002 , and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO . A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe . Partnerships Further information : Foreign relations of NATO Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises like Cooperative Archer , which took place in Tblisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members , eight PfP members , and Jordan , a Mediterranean Dialogue participant . The Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO : each country may choose the extent of its participation . Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) was first established on 29 May 1997 , and is a forum for regular coordination , consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants . The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro - Atlantic Partnership . Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan . The European Union ( EU ) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002 . With this agreement , the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis , on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act -- the so - called `` right of first refusal '' . For example , Article 42 ( 7 ) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that `` If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory , the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power '' . The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer . It provides a `` double framework '' for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme . Additionally , NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members . The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa . The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue . The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council . Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990 , and since then , the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives . In 1998 , NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalisation of relations , but reflect the Allies ' desire to increase cooperation . Following extensive debate , the term `` Contact Countries '' was agreed by the Allies in 2000 . By 2012 , the Alliance had broadened this group , which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange , under the names `` partners across the globe '' or `` global partners '' . Australia and New Zealand , both contact countries , are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance , and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation . Colombia is the NATO 's latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners ; Colombia became the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO . Structure Main article : Structure of NATO The North Atlantic Council convening in 2010 with a defence / foreign minister configuration All agencies and organizations of NATO integrated into either the civilian administrative or military executive roles . For the most part they perform roles and functions that directly or indirectly support the security role of the alliance as a whole . The civilian structure includes : The North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) is the body which has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO , consisting of member states ' permanent representatives or representatives at higher level ( ministers of foreign affairs or defence , or heads of state or government ) . The NAC convenes at least once a week and takes major decisions regarding NATO 's policies . The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General and , when decisions have to be made , action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord . There is no voting or decision by majority . Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions . NATO Headquarters , located on Boulevard Léopold III / Leopold III - laan , B - 1110 Brussels , which is in Haren , part of the City of Brussels municipality . The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries , as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states . Non-governmental citizens ' groups have also grown up in support of NATO , broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council / Atlantic Treaty Association movement . SHAPE JFCBS JFCNP AIRCOM LAND - COM MARCOM STRIKFORNATO ACT JWC JFTC JALLC School Locations of NATO 's two strategic commands -- Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ; yellow marks ) and Allied Command Operations ( ACO ; red marks ) -- the latter of which has Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) as its headquarters . The subordinate centres of ACT and subordinate commands and joint force operational headquarters of ACO are also shown . The military structure includes : The Military Committee ( MC ) is the body of NATO that is composed of member states ' Chiefs of Defence ( CHOD ) and advises the North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) on military policy and strategy . The national CHODs are regularly represented in the MC by their permanent Military Representatives ( MilRep ) , who often are two - or three - star flag officers . Like the Council , from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level , namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence , the most senior military officer in each nation 's armed forces . The MC is led by its chairman , who directs NATO 's military operations . Like the Council , from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level , namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence , the most senior military officer in each nation 's armed forces . Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France , due to that country 's 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure , which it rejoined in 1995 . Until France rejoined NATO , it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee , and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members . Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom . The operational work of the Committee is supported by the International Military Staff Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) is the NATO command of responsible for NATO operations worldwide . Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ) , responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces . The Rapid Deployable Corps include Eurocorps , I. German / Dutch Corps , Multinational Corps Northeast , and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others , as well as naval High Readiness Forces ( HRFs ) , which all report to Allied Command Operations . The organizations and agencies of NATO include : Headquarters for the NATO Support Agency will be in Capellen Luxembourg ( site of the current NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency -- NAMSA ) . The NATO Communications and Information Agency Headquarters will be in Brussels , as will the very small staff which will design the new NATO Procurement Agency . A new NATO Science and Technology ( S&T ) Organization will be created before July 2012 , consisting of Chief Scientist , a Programme Office for Collaborative S&T , and the NATO Undersea Research Centre ( NURC ) . The current NATO Standardization Agency will continue and be subject to review by Spring 2014 . The NATO Parliamentary Assembly ( NATO PA ) is a body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO , which meets at two session per year . NATO PA interacts directly with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members , or ambassadors to NATO . The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members . It is however officially a different structure from NATO , and has as aim to join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council . See also NATO portal Ranks and insignia of NATO Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union History of the Common Security and Defence Policy Similar organizations : Australia , New Zealand , United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) Five Power Defence Arrangements ( FPDA ) Central Treaty Organization ( CENTO ) Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition ( IMCTC ) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) References Jump up ^ `` English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization . 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Jump up ^ `` NATO homepage '' . Retrieved 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NATO Headquarters '' . Nato.int. 10 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` France to rejoin NATO command '' . CNN . 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 18 February 2003 ) . `` Reaching accord , EU warns Saddam of his ' last chance ' '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Rapid Deployable Corps '' . NATO . 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Bibliography Art , Robert J. ( 1998 ) . `` Creating a Disaster : NATO 's Open Door Policy '' . Political Science Quarterly . 113 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 403 . JSTOR 2658073 . Auerswald , David P. , and Stephen M. Saideman , eds . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone ( Princeton U.P. , 2014 ) Behrman , Greg ( 2007 ) . The Most Noble Adventure : The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8263 - 9 . Bethlehem , Daniel L. ; Weller , Marc ( 1997 ) . The ' Yugoslav ' Crisis in International Law . Cambridge International Documents Series . 5 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46304 - 1 . Clausson , M.I. ( 2006 ) . NATO : Status , Relations , and Decision - Making . Nova Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60021 - 098 - 8 . Collins , Brian J. ( 2011 ) . NATO : A Guide to the Issues . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 5491 - X . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . Détente and confrontation : American - Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gorbachev , Mikhail ( 1996 ) . Memoirs . London : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 40668 - 0 . Harsch , Michael F. ( 2015 ) . The Power of Dependence : NATO - UN Cooperation in Crisis Management . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 1910 - 3396 - 0 . Isby , David C. ; Kamps Jr. , Charles ( 1985 ) . Armies of NATO 's Central Front . Jane 's Information Group . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0341 - X . Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2013 ) . NATO before the Korean War : April 1949 -- June 1950 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2004 ) . NATO Divided , NATO United : The Evolution of an Alliance . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 2759 - 8006 - 5 . National Defense University ( 1997 ) . Allied command structures in the new NATO . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 1 - 57906 - 033 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The last decade of the Cold War : from conflict escalation to conflict transformation . 5 . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8539 - 9 . Osgood , Robert E. ( 1962 ) . NATO : The Entangling Alliance . University of Chicago Press . Park , William ( 1986 ) . Defending the West : a history of NATO . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0408 - 3 . Pedaliu , Effie G.H. ( 2003 ) . Britain , Italy , and the Origins of the Cold War . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 97380 - 1 . Reynolds , David ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Cold War in Europe : International Perspectives . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10562 - 2 . Schoenbaum , Thomas J. ( 1988 ) . Waging Peace and War : Dean Rusk in the Truman , Kennedy , and Johnson Years . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 60351 - 5 . van der Eyden , Ton ( 2003 ) . Public management of society : rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context . 1 . IOS Press . ISBN 1 - 58603 - 291 - 7 . Wenger , Andreas ; Nuenlist , Christian ; Locher , Anna ( 2007 ) . Transforming NATO in the Cold War : Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39737 - 5 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2004 ) . Machine Guns : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9480 - 6 . Zenko , Micah ( 2010 ) . Between Threats and War : U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 7191 - X . Further reading Asmus , Ronald ( 2010 ) . A Little War That Shook the World : Georgia , Russia , and the Future of the West . NYU . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61773 - 5 . John Borawski , Thomas - Durell Young , NATO After 2000 : The Future of the Euro - Atlantic Alliance Dr. Thomas - Durell Young , Reforming NATO 's Military Structures : The Long - Term Study and Its Implications for Land Forces , Strategic Studies Institute , May 1 , 1998 . Often taken for granted , the Alliance 's integrated command structure provides the basis for NATO 's collective defense , and increasingly , as seen in Bosnia , its ability to undertake peace support operations . However , the very value by which nations hold the structure has resulted in a difficult and time - consuming reorganization process , which has produced only limited reforms . Dr. Thomas - Durell Young , Multinational Land Formations and NATO : Reforming Practices and Structures , Strategic Studies Institute , December 1 , 1997 . Reduced national force structures , new NATO roles and missions emanating from the military implementation of Alliance Strategy and the rapid reaction requirements associated with the embryonic Combined Joint Task Forces ( CJTF ) concept are but three of a multitude of inter-related issues . The current official reference for the NATO Military Command Structure appears to be MC 324 / 1 ( The NATO Military Command Structure , May 2004 ) and a successor MC 324 / 2 . The previous issue was MC 324 , issued on 6 January 1999 . NATO Office of Information and Press , NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition , NATO , Brussels , 1998 -- 99 , Second Reprint , ISBN 92 - 845 - 0134 - 2 Hastings Ismay , 1st Baron Ismay ( 1954 ) . `` NATO : The First Five Years '' . Paris : NATO . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Pedlow , Dr Gregory W. `` Evolution of NATO 's Command Structure 1951 - 2009 '' ( PDF ) . http://www.aco.nato.int . Brussels ( ? ) : NATO ACO . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . External link in website = ( help ) http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_06/20110609-Backgrounder_Command_Structure.pdf - NATO command structure review June 2011 Atlantic Council of the United States ( August 2003 ) . `` Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure : A New Framework for Managing the Alliance 's Future '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 03 . External links Find more aboutNATOat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Data from Wikidata Official website Collected news NATO collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English NATO collected news and commentary at Dawn `` NATO collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` NATO collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . History `` Timeline : Nato -- A brief look at some of the key dates in the organisation 's history '' by The Guardian 's Simon Jeffery on 11 February 2003 Historic films The short film Big Picture : Why NATO ? is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Big Picture : NATO Maneuvers is available for free download at the Internet Archive <Th_colspan="2"> North Atlantic Treaty Organization History North Atlantic Treaty Summit Operations Enlargement Structure Council Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization Agreement People Secretary General Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro - 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write a detailed note on ethics in laboratory medicine

Medical ethics - wikipedia Medical ethics Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 12th - century Byzantine manuscript of the Hippocratic Oath AMA Code of Medical Ethics Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research . Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict . These values include the respect for autonomy , non-maleficence , beneficence , and justice . Such tenets may allow doctors , care providers , and families to create a treatment plan and work towards the same common goal without any conflict . It is important to note that these four values are non-hierarchical , meaning no one principle routinely `` trumps '' another . The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803 , when English author and physician Thomas Percival published a document describing the requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical facilities . The Code of Ethics was then adapted in 1847 , relying heavily on Percival 's words . Over the years in 1903 , 1912 , and 1947 , revisions have been made to the original document . The practice of Medical Ethics is widely accepted and practiced throughout the world . There are several other codes of conduct . The Hippocratic Oath discusses basic principles for medical professionals . This document dates back to the fifth century BCE . Both The Declaration of Helsinki ( 1964 ) and The Nuremberg Code ( 1947 ) are two well - known and well respected documents contributing to medical ethics . Other important markings in the history of Medical Ethics include Roe v. Wade in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s . As this field continues to develop and change throughout history , the focus remains on fair , balanced , and moral thinking . Medical ethics encompasses a practical application in clinical settings as well as scholarly work on its history , philosophy , and sociology . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Values 2.1 Autonomy 2.2 Beneficence 2.3 Non-maleficence 2.3. 1 Double effect 2.4 Respect for human rights 3 Conflicts 3.1 Between autonomy and beneficence / non-maleficence 3.2 Euthanasia 4 Informed consent 5 Confidentiality 6 Importance of communication 7 Control and resolution 7.1 Guidelines 7.2 Ethics committees 8 Medical ethics in an online world 9 Cultural concerns 9.1 Truth - telling 9.2 Online business practices and privacy 9.3 Humanitarian medical volunteerism 10 Conflicts of interest 10.1 Referral 10.2 Vendor relationships 10.3 Treatment of family members 10.4 Sexual relationships 11 Futility 12 See also 12.1 Reproductive medicine 12.2 Medical research 13 Sources and references 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of medical ethics cases Historically , Western medical ethics may be traced to guidelines on the duty of physicians in antiquity , such as the Hippocratic Oath , and early Christian teachings . The first code of medical ethics , Formula Comitis Archiatrorum , was published in the 5th century , during the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great . In the medieval and early modern period , the field is indebted to Islamic scholarship such as Ishaq ibn Ali al - Ruhawi ( who wrote the Conduct of a Physician , the first book dedicated to medical ethics ) , Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar - Razi ( known as Rhazes in the West ) , Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides , Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas , and the case - oriented analysis ( casuistry ) of Catholic moral theology . These intellectual traditions continue in Catholic , Islamic and Jewish medical ethics . By the 18th and 19th centuries , medical ethics emerged as a more self - conscious discourse . In England , Thomas Percival , a physician and author , crafted the first modern code of medical ethics . He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803 , in which he coined the expressions `` medical ethics '' and `` medical jurisprudence '' . However , there are some who see Percival 's guidelines that relate to physician consultations as being excessively protective of the home physician 's reputation . Jeffrey Berlant is one such critic who considers Percival 's codes of physician consultations as being an early example of the anti-competitive , `` guild '' - like nature of the physician community . In 1815 , the Apothecaries Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the Society of Apothecaries . This was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK . In 1847 , the American Medical Association adopted its first code of ethics , with this being based in large part upon Percival 's work . While the secularized field borrowed largely from Catholic medical ethics , in the 20th century a distinctively liberal Protestant approach was articulated by thinkers such as Joseph Fletcher . In the 1960s and 1970s , building upon liberal theory and procedural justice , much of the discourse of medical ethics went through a dramatic shift and largely reconfigured itself into bioethics . Well - known medical ethics cases include : Albert Kligman 's dermatology experiments Deep sleep therapy Doctors ' Trial Greenberg v. Miami Children 's Hospital Research Institute Henrietta Lacks Chester M. Southam 's Cancer Injection Study Human radiation experiments Jesse Gelsinger Moore v. Regents of the University of California Surgical removal of body parts to try to improve mental health Medical Experimentation on Black Americans Milgram experiment Radioactive iodine experiments The Monster Study Plutonium injections The David Reimer case The Stanford Prison Experiment Tuskegee syphilis experiment Willowbrook State School Yanomami blood sample collection Darkness in El Dorado Since the 1970s , the growing influence of ethics in contemporary medicine can be seen in the increasing use of Institutional Review Boards to evaluate experiments on human subjects , the establishment of hospital ethics committees , the expansion of the role of clinician ethicists , and the integration of ethics into many medical school curricula . Values ( edit ) A common framework used in the analysis of medical ethics is the `` four principles '' approach postulated by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their textbook Principles of biomedical ethics . It recognizes four basic moral principles , which are to be judged and weighed against each other , with attention given to the scope of their application . The four principles are : Respect for autonomy -- the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment . ( Voluntas aegroti suprema lex . ) Beneficence -- a practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient . ( Salus aegroti suprema lex . ) Non-maleficence -- to not be the cause of harm . Also , `` Utility '' - to promote more good than harm Justice -- concerns the distribution of scarce health resources , and the decision of who gets what treatment ( fairness and equality ) . ( Iustitia . ) Other values that are sometimes discussed include : Respect for persons -- the patient and the family and the person treating the patient which may or may not be the doctor have the right to be treated with dignity . Truthfulness and honesty -- the concept of informed consent has increased in importance since the historical events of the Doctors ' Trial of the Nuremberg trials and Tuskegee syphilis experiment where physicians deceived patients . When moral values are in conflict , the result may be an ethical dilemma or crisis . Sometimes , no good solution to a dilemma in medical ethics exists , and , on occasion , the values of the medical community ( i.e. , the hospital and its staff ) conflict with the values of the individual patient , family , or larger non-medical community which results in a major conflict . Conflicts can also arise between health care providers , or among family members when they can not agree . Some argue for example , that the principles of autonomy and beneficence clash when patients refuse blood transfusions , considering them life - saving but against their religion ; and truth - telling was not emphasized to a large extent before the HIV era . Autonomy ( edit ) The principle of autonomy views the rights of an individual to self - determination . This is rooted in society 's respect for individuals ' ability to make informed decisions about personal matters with freedom . Autonomy has become more important as social values have shifted to define medical quality in terms of outcomes that are important to the patient and their family rather than medical professionals . The increasing importance of autonomy can be seen as a social reaction against the `` paternalistic '' tradition within healthcare . Some have questioned whether the backlash against historically excessive paternalism in favor of patient autonomy has inhibited the proper use of soft paternalism to the detriment of outcomes for some patients . The definition of autnomony is the ability of an individual to make a rational , un-influenced decision . Therefore , it can be said that autonomy is a general indicator of a healthy mind and body . The progression of many terminal diseases are characterized by loss of autonomy , in various manners and extents . For example , dementia almost always results in the loss of autonomy . Dementia is a chronic and progressive disease that attacks the brain and affects the ability to make judgments , can induce memory loss , cause a decrease in rational thinking and affect orientation . This makes autonomy an indicator for both personal well - being , and for the well - being of the profession . This has implications for the consideration of medical ethics : `` is the aim of health care to do good , and benefit from it ? '' ; or `` is the aim of health care to do good to others , and have them , and society , benefit from this ? '' . The rights of patients to make decisions about their medical care without their health care provider trying to influence the decision . By considering autonomy as a gauge parameter for health care , the medical and ethical perspective both benefit from the implied reference to health . Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are often asked to evaluate a patient 's capacity for making life - and - death decisions at the end of life . Persons with a psychiatric condition such as delirium or clinical depression may lack capacity to make end - of - life decisions . For these persons , a request to refuse treatment may be taken in the context of their condition . Unless there is a clear advance directive to the contrary , persons lacking mental capacity are treated according to their best interests . This will involve an assessment involving people who know the person best to what decisions the person would have made had they not lost capacity . Persons with the mental capacity to make end - of - life decisions may refuse treatment with the understanding that it may shorten their life . Psychiatrists and psychologists may be involved to support decision making . Beneficence ( edit ) The term beneficence refers to actions that promote the well being of others . In the medical context , this means taking actions that serve the best interests of patients and their families . However , uncertainty surrounds the precise definition of which practices do in fact help patients . James Childress and Tom Beauchamp in Principle of Biomedical Ethics ( 1978 ) identify beneficence as one of the core values of healthcare ethics . Some scholars , such as Edmund Pellegrino , argue that beneficence is the only fundamental principle of medical ethics . They argue that healing should be the sole purpose of medicine , and that endeavors like cosmetic surgery and euthanasia are severely unethical and against the Hippocratic Oath . Non-maleficence ( edit ) Main article : Primum non nocere The concept of non-maleficence is embodied by the phrase , `` first , do no harm , '' or the Latin , primum non nocere . Many consider that should be the main or primary consideration ( hence primum ) : that it is more important not to harm your patient , than to do them good , which is part of the hippocratic oath that doctors take . This is partly because enthusiastic practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do good , without first having evaluated them adequately to ensure they do no harm to the patient . Much harm has been done to patients as a result , as in the saying , `` The treatment was a success , but the patient died . '' It is not only more important to do no harm than to do good ; it is also important to know how likely it is that your treatment will harm a patient . So a physician should go further than not prescribing medications they know to be harmful -- he or she should not prescribe medications ( or otherwise treat the patient ) unless s / he knows that the treatment is unlikely to be harmful ; or at the very least , that patient understands the risks and benefits , and that the likely benefits outweigh the likely risks . In practice , however , many treatments carry some risk of harm . In some circumstances , e.g. in desperate situations where the outcome without treatment will be grave , risky treatments that stand a high chance of harming the patient will be justified , as the risk of not treating is also very likely to do harm . So the principle of non-maleficence is not absolute , and balances against the principle of beneficence ( doing good ) , as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect ( further described in next section ) . Even basic actions like taking a blood sample or an injection of a drug cause harm to the patient 's body . Euthanasia also goes against the principle of beneficience because the patient dies as a result of the medical treatment by the doctor . Dr. Watts putting on gloves before surgery . Depending on the cultural consensus conditioning ( expressed by its religious , political and legal social system ) the legal definition of non-maleficence differs . Violation of non-maleficence is the subject of medical malpractice litigation . Regulations therefore differ over time , per nation . Double effect ( edit ) Main article : Principle of double effect Double effect refers to two types of consequences that may be produced by a single action , and in medical ethics it is usually regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence . A commonly cited example of this phenomenon is the use of morphine or other analgesic in the dying patient . Such use of morphine can have the beneficial effect of easing the pain and suffering of the patient while simultaneously having the maleficent effect of shortening the life of the patient through the deactivation of the respiratory system . Respect for human rights ( edit ) The human rights era started with the formation of the United Nations in 1945 , which was charged with the promotion of human rights . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 ) was the first major document to define human rights . Medical doctors have an ethical duty to protect the human rights and human dignity of the patient so the advent of a document that defines human rights has had its effect on medical ethics . Most codes of medical ethics now require respect for the human rights of the patient . The Council of Europe promotes the rule of law and observance of human rights in Europe . The Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine ( 1997 ) to create a uniform code of medical ethics for its 47 member - states . The Convention applies international human rights law to medical ethics . It provides special protection of physical integrity for those who are unable to consent , which includes children . No organ or tissue removal may be carried out on a person who does not have the capacity to consent under Article 5 . As of December 2013 , the Convention had been ratified or acceded to by twenty - nine member - states of the Council of Europe . The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) also promotes the protection of human rights and human dignity . According to UNESCO , `` Declarations are another means of defining norms , which are not subject to ratification . Like recommendations , they set forth universal principles to which the community of States wished to attribute the greatest possible authority and to afford the broadest possible support . '' UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and Biomedicine to advance the application of international human rights law in medical ethics . The Declaration provides special protection of human rights for incompetent persons . In applying and advancing scientific knowledge , medical practice and associated technologies , human vulnerability should be taken into account . Individuals and groups of special vulnerability should be protected and the personal integrity of such individuals respected . Conflicts ( edit ) Between autonomy and beneficence / non-maleficence ( edit ) Autonomy can come into conflict with beneficence when patients disagree with recommendations that healthcare professionals believe are in the patient 's best interest . When the patient 's interests conflict with the patient 's welfare , different societies settle the conflict in a wide range of manners . In general , Western medicine defers to the wishes of a mentally competent patient to make their own decisions , even in cases where the medical team believes that they are not acting in their own best interests . However , many other societies prioritize beneficence over autonomy . Examples include when a patient does not want a treatment because of , for example , religious or cultural views . In the case of euthanasia , the patient , or relatives of a patient , may want to end the life of the patient . Also , the patient may want an unnecessary treatment , as can be the case in hypochondria or with cosmetic surgery ; here , the practitioner may be required to balance the desires of the patient for medically unnecessary potential risks against the patient 's informed autonomy in the issue . A doctor may want to prefer autonomy because refusal to please the patient 's self - determination would harm the doctor - patient relationship . Individuals ' capacity for informed decision - making may come into question during resolution of conflicts between autonomy and beneficence . The role of surrogate medical decision makers is an extension of the principle of autonomy . On the other hand , autonomy and beneficence / non-maleficence may also overlap . For example , a breach of patients ' autonomy may cause decreased confidence for medical services in the population and subsequently less willingness to seek help , which in turn may cause inability to perform beneficence . The principles of autonomy and beneficence / non-maleficence may also be expanded to include effects on the relatives of patients or even the medical practitioners , the overall population and economic issues when making medical decisions . Euthanasia ( edit ) Main article : Euthanasia The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is disagreement among American physicians as to whether the non-maleficence principle excludes the practice of euthanasia . Euthanasia is currently legal in the states of Washington DC , California , Colorado , Oregon , Vermont , and Washington . Around the world , there are different organizations that campaign to change legislation about the issue of physician - assisted death , or PAD . Examples of such organizations are the Hemlock Society of the United States and the Dignity in Dying campaign in the United Kingdom . These groups believe that doctors should be given the right to end a patient 's life only if the patient is conscious enough to decide for themselves , is knowledgeable about the possibility of alternative care , and has willingly asked to end their life or requested access to the means to do so . This argument is disputed in other parts of the world . For example , in the state of Louisiana , giving advice or supplying the means to end a person 's life is considered a criminal act and can be charged as a felony . In state courts , this crime is comparable to manslaughter . The same laws apply in the states of Mississippi and Nebraska . Informed consent ( edit ) Main article : Informed consent Informed consent in ethics usually refers to the idea that a person must be fully informed about and understand the potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment . An uninformed person is at risk of mistakenly making a choice not reflective of his or her values or wishes . It does not specifically mean the process of obtaining consent , or the specific legal requirements , which vary from place to place , for capacity to consent . Patients can elect to make their own medical decisions or can delegate decision - making authority to another party . If the patient is incapacitated , laws around the world designate different processes for obtaining informed consent , typically by having a person appointed by the patient or their next of kin make decisions for them . The value of informed consent is closely related to the values of autonomy and truth telling . A correlate to `` informed consent '' is the concept of informed refusal . Confidentiality ( edit ) Further information : Confidentiality Confidentiality is commonly applied to conversations between doctors and patients . This concept is commonly known as patient - physician privilege . Legal protections prevent physicians from revealing their discussions with patients , even under oath in court . Confidentiality is mandated in America by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 known as HIPAA , specifically the Privacy Rule , and various state laws , some more rigorous than HIPAA . However , numerous exceptions to the rules have been carved out over the years . For example , many states require physicians to report gunshot wounds to the police and impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles . Confidentiality is also challenged in cases involving the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease in a patient who refuses to reveal the diagnosis to a spouse , and in the termination of a pregnancy in an underage patient , without the knowledge of the patient 's parents . Many states in the U.S. have laws governing parental notification in underage abortion . Traditionally , medical ethics has viewed the duty of confidentiality as a relatively non-negotiable tenet of medical practice . More recently , critics like Jacob Appel have argued for a more nuanced approach to the duty that acknowledges the need for flexibility in many cases . Confidentiality is an important issue in primary care ethics , where physicians care for many patients from the same family and community , and where third parties often request information from the considerable medical database typically gathered in primary health care . Importance of communication ( edit ) Many so - called `` ethical conflicts '' in medical ethics are traceable back to a lack of communication . Communication breakdowns between patients and their healthcare team , between family members , or between members of the medical community , can all lead to disagreements and strong feelings . These breakdowns should be remedied , and many apparently insurmountable `` ethics '' problems can be solved with open lines of communication . Control and resolution ( edit ) To ensure that appropriate ethical values are being applied within hospitals , effective hospital accreditation requires that ethical considerations are taken into account , for example with respect to physician integrity , conflict of interest , research ethics and organ transplantation ethics . Guidelines ( edit ) There is much documentation of the history and necessity of the Declaration of Helsinki . The first code of conduct for research including medical ethics was the Nuremberg Code . This document had large ties to Nazi war crimes , as it was introduced in 1947 , so it did n't make much of a difference in terms of regulating practice . This issue called for the creation of the Declaration . There are some stark differences between the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki , including the way it is written . Nuremberg was written in a very concise manner , with a simple explanation . The Declaration of Helsinki is written with a thorough explanation in mind and including many specific commentaries . In the United Kingdom , General Medical Council provides clear overall modern guidance in the form of its ' Good Medical Practice ' statement . Other organizations , such as the Medical Protection Society and a number of university departments , are often consulted by British doctors regarding issues relating to ethics . Ethics committees ( edit ) Often , simple communication is not enough to resolve a conflict , and a hospital ethics committee must convene to decide a complex matter . These bodies are composed primarily of healthcare professionals , but may also include philosophers , lay people , and clergy -- indeed , in many parts of the world their presence is considered mandatory in order to provide balance . With respect to the expected composition of such bodies in the USA , Europe and Australia , the following applies . U.S. recommendations suggest that Research and Ethical Boards ( REBs ) should have five or more members , including at least one scientist , one non-scientist , and one person not affiliated with the institution . The REB should include people knowledgeable in the law and standards of practice and professional conduct . Special memberships are advocated for handicapped or disabled concerns , if required by the protocol under review . The European Forum for Good Clinical Practice ( EFGCP ) suggests that REBs include two practicing physicians who share experience in biomedical research and are independent from the institution where the research is conducted ; one lay person ; one lawyer ; and one paramedical professional , e.g. nurse or pharmacist . They recommend that a quorum include both sexes from a wide age range and reflect the cultural make - up of the local community . The 1996 Australian Health Ethics Committee recommendations were entitled , `` Membership Generally of Institutional Ethics Committees '' . They suggest a chairperson be preferably someone not employed or otherwise connected with the institution . Members should include a person with knowledge and experience in professional care , counseling or treatment of humans ; a minister of religion or equivalent , e.g. Aboriginal elder ; a layman ; a laywoman ; a lawyer and , in the case of a hospital - based ethics committee , a nurse . The assignment of philosophers or religious clerics will reflect the importance attached by the society to the basic values involved . An example from Sweden with Torbjörn Tännsjö on a couple of such committees indicates secular trends gaining influence . Medical ethics in an online world ( edit ) In increasing frequency , medical researchers are researching activities in online environments such as discussion boards and bulletin boards , and there is concern that the requirements of informed consent and privacy are not applied , although some guidelines do exist . One issue that has arisen , however , is the disclosure of information . While researchers wish to quote from the original source in order to argue a point , this can have repercussions when the identity of the patient is not kept confidential . The quotations and other information about the site can be used to identify the patient , and researchers have reported cases where members of the site , bloggers and others have used this information as ' clues ' in a game in an attempt to identify the site . Some researchers have employed various methods of `` heavy disguise . '' including discussing a different condition from that under study . Cultural concerns ( edit ) Culture differences can create difficult medical ethics problems . Some cultures have spiritual or magical theories about the origins and cause of disease , for example , and reconciling these beliefs with the tenets of Western medicine can be very difficult . Truth - telling ( edit ) Some cultures do not place a great emphasis on informing the patient of the diagnosis , especially when the diagnosis is serious . American doctors rarely used truth - telling especially in medical cases , up until the 1970s . In medicine , the principle of informed consent now takes precedence over other ethical values. . Additionally , The WMA International Code of Medical Ethics explicitly states , `` A physician shall ... report to the appropriate authorities those physicians who practice unethically or incompetently or who engage in fraud or deception . '' There is also the conflict with physicians who are tempted to report made up incidents or make an incident worse than what it was for their own personal motives . In vice versa , a physician might be hesitant to report an incident because of personal friendship he or she may have with his or her colleague . Online business practices and Privacy ( edit ) Healthcare websites have the responsibility to ensure that the private medical records of their online visitors are secure from being marketed and monetized into the hands of drug companies , occupation records , insurancers . The delivery of diagnosis online leads patients to believe that doctors in some parts of the country are at the direct service of drug companies , finding diagnosis as convenient as what drug still has patent rights on it . Physicians and drug companies are found to be competing for top ten search engine ranks to lower costs of selling these drugs with little to no patient involvement. ) With the expansion of internet healthcare platforms , online practitioner legitimacy and privacy accountability face unique challenges such as e-paparazzi , online information brokers , industrial spies , unlicensed information providers that work outside of traditional medical codes for profit . The American Medical Association ( AMA ) states that medical websites have the responsibility to ensure the health care privacy of online visitors and protect patient records from being marketed and monetized into the hands of insurance companies , employers , and marketers . ( 40 ) With the rapid unification of healthcare , business practices , computer science and e-commerce to create these online diagnostic websites , efforts to maintain health care system 's ethical confidentiality standard need to keep up as well . Over the next few years , the Department of Health and Human Services have stated that they will be working towards lawfully protecting the online privacy and digital transfers of patient Electronic Medical Records ( EMR ) under The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) . ( 41 ) Humanitarian medical volunteerism ( edit ) One concern regarding the intersection of medical ethics and humanitarian medical aid is how such assistance can be as harmful as it is helpful to the community being served . One such example being how political forces may control how foreign humanitarian aid can be utilized in the region it is meant to be provided in . This would be congruous in situations where political strife could lead such aid being used in favor of one group over another . Another example of how foreign humanitarian aid can be misused in its intended community includes the possibility of dissonance forming between a foreign humanitarian aid group and the community being served . Examples of this could include the relationships being viewed between aid workers , style of dress , or the lack of education regarding local culture and customs . Conflicts of interest ( edit ) Physicians should not allow a conflict of interest to influence medical judgment . In some cases , conflicts are hard to avoid , and doctors have a responsibility to avoid entering such situations . Research has shown that conflicts of interests are very common among both academic physicians and physicians in practice . The Pew Charitable Trusts has announced the Prescription Project for `` academic medical centers , professional medical societies and public and private payers to end conflicts of interest resulting from the $12 billion spent annually on pharmaceutical marketing '' . Referral ( edit ) Doctors who receive income from referring patients for medical tests have been shown to refer more patients for medical tests . This practice is proscribed by the American College of Physicians Ethics Manual . Fee splitting and the payments of commissions to attract referrals of patients is considered unethical and unacceptable in most parts of the world . Vendor relationships ( edit ) See also : Pharmaceutical marketing § To health care providers Studies show that doctors can be influenced by drug company inducements , including gifts and food . Industry - sponsored Continuing Medical Education ( CME ) programs influence prescribing patterns . Many patients surveyed in one study agreed that physician gifts from drug companies influence prescribing practices . A growing movement among physicians is attempting to diminish the influence of pharmaceutical industry marketing upon medical practice , as evidenced by Stanford University 's ban on drug company - sponsored lunches and gifts . Other academic institutions that have banned pharmaceutical industry - sponsored gifts and food include the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , University of Michigan , University of Pennsylvania , and Yale University . Treatment of family members ( edit ) The American Medical Association ( AMA ) states that `` Physicians generally should not treat themselves or members of their immediate family '' . This code seeks to protect patients and physicians because professional objectivity can be compromised when the physician is treating a loved one . Studies from multiple health organizations have illustrated that physician - family member relationships may cause an increase in diagnostic testing and costs . Many doctors still treat their family members . Doctors who do so must be vigilant not to create conflicts of interest or treat inappropriately . Physicians that treat family members need to be conscious of conflicting expectations and dilemmas when treating relatives , as established medical ethical principles may not be morally imperative when family members are confronted with serious illness . Sexual relationships ( edit ) Sexual relationships between doctors and patients can create ethical conflicts , since sexual consent may conflict with the fiduciary responsibility of the physician . Out of the many disciplines in current medicine , there are studies that have been conducted in order to ascertain the occurrence of Doctor - Patient sexual misconduct . Results from those studies appear to indicate that certain disciplines are more likely to be offenders than others . Psychiatrists and Obstetrician - Gynecologists for example , are two disciplines noted for having a higher rate of sexual misconduct . The violation of ethical conduct between doctors and patients also has an association with the age and sex of doctor and patient . Male physicians aged 40 -- 49 and 50 -- 59 years are two groups that have been found to be more likely to have been reported for sexual misconduct , while women aged 20 -- 39 have been found to make up a significant portion of reported victims of sexual misconduct . Doctors who enter into sexual relationships with patients face the threats of losing their medical license and prosecution . In the early 1990s , it was estimated that 2 - 9 % of doctors had violated this rule . Sexual relationships between physicians and patients ' relatives may also be prohibited in some jurisdictions , although this prohibition is highly controversial . Futility ( edit ) Further information : Futile medical care The concept of medical futility has been an important topic in discussions of medical ethics . What should be done if there is no chance that a patient will survive but the family members insist on advanced care ? Previously , some articles defined futility as the patient having less than a one percent chance of surviving . Some of these cases are examined in court . Advance directives include living wills and durable powers of attorney for health care . ( See also Do Not Resuscitate and cardiopulmonary resuscitation ) In many cases , the `` expressed wishes '' of the patient are documented in these directives , and this provides a framework to guide family members and health care professionals in the decision - making process when the patient is incapacitated . Undocumented expressed wishes can also help guide decisions in the absence of advance directives , as in the Quinlan case in Missouri . `` Substituted judgment '' is the concept that a family member can give consent for treatment if the patient is unable ( or unwilling ) to give consent themselves . The key question for the decision - making surrogate is not , `` What would you like to do ? '' , but instead , `` What do you think the patient would want in this situation ? '' . Courts have supported family 's arbitrary definitions of futility to include simple biological survival , as in the Baby K case ( in which the courts ordered a child born with only a brain stem instead of a complete brain to be kept on a ventilator based on the religious belief that all life must be preserved ) . In some hospitals , medical futility is referred to as `` non-beneficial care . '' Baby Doe Law establishes state protection for a disabled child 's right to life , ensuring that this right is protected even over the wishes of parents or guardians in cases where they want to withhold treatment . See also ( edit ) Applied ethics Bioethics The Citadel Clinical Ethics Clinical governance Do not resuscitate Empathy Ethics of circumcision Euthanasia Evidence - based medical ethics Fee splitting Hastings Center Health ethics Hippocratic Oath Human radiation experiments Islamic bioethics Jewish medical ethics Joint Commission International , JCI MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics Medical Code of Ethics Medical Law International Medical law Medical torture Pharmacological torture Military medical ethics Nursing ethics Patient abuse Philosophy of Healthcare Political abuse of psychiatry Project MKULTRA Research ethics consultation Resources for clinical ethics consultation Right to health Seven Sins of Medicine U.S. patients ' bill of rights UN Principles of Medical Ethics Unethical human experimentation World Medical Association Reproductive medicine ( edit ) Abortion / Abortion debate Eugenics Gene splicing Human cloning Human genetic engineering Medical research ( edit ) Animal testing Children in clinical research CIOMS Guidelines Clinical Equipoise Clinical research ethics Declaration of Geneva Declaration of Helsinki Declaration of Tokyo Ethical problems using children in clinical trials First - in - man study Good clinical practice Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Institutional Review Board Nuremberg Code Research ethics consultation Universal Declaration of Human Rights Sources and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beauchamp , J. 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Ferney - Voltaire Cedex , France : World Medical Association . ISBN 978 - 92 - 990079 - 0 - 7 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rains S.A. Bosch L.A. Privacy and Health in the Information Age : A Content Analysis of Health Web Site Privacy Policy Statements . Health Communication . 2009 Vol. 24 s.l. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . PRNewsNow.com ; Priest , ER ( 2007 ) . `` Physicians Competing for TopTen Search Engine Placements Find Success Inexpensive '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 267 ( 13 ) : 1810 -- 12 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 267.13. 1810 . PMID 1545466 . Jump up ^ Wisnewski , Jeremy ( December 2015 ) . `` Perceiving Sympathetically : Moral Perception , Embodiment , and Medical Ethics '' . Journal of Medical Humanities. 36 : 309 -- 319 . doi : 10.1007 / s10912 - 015 - 9349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Asgary , Junck , Ramin , Emily ( 2013 ) . `` New trends of short - term humanitarian medical volunteerism : professional and ethical considerations '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 39 : 625 -- 631 . doi : 10.1136 / medethics - 2011 - 100488 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Bekelman JE , Li Y , Gross CP ( 2003 ) . `` Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research : a systematic review '' . JAMA. 289 ( 4 ) : 454 -- 65 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.4. 454 . PMID 12533125 . Jump up ^ Ross JS , Lackner JE , Lurie P , Gross CP , Wolfe S , Krumholz HM ( 2007 ) . `` Pharmaceutical company payments to physicians : early experiences with disclosure laws in Vermont and Minnesota '' . JAMA. 297 ( 11 ) : 1216 -- 23 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 297.11. 1216 . PMID 17374816 . Jump up ^ Swedlow A , Johnson G , Smithline N , Milstein A ( 1992 ) . `` Increased costs and rates of use in the California workers ' compensation system as a result of self - referral by physicians '' . N Engl J Med. 327 ( 21 ) : 1502 -- 6 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199211193272107 . PMID 1406882 . Jump up ^ Jordan , M.C. ( 1998 ) . `` Ethics manual . Fourth edition . American College of Physicians '' . Ann Intern Med. 128 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 94 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 128.4. 576 . PMID 9518406 . Jump up ^ Güldal D , Semin S ( 2000 ) . `` The influences of drug companies ' advertising programs on physicians '' . Int J Health Serv. 30 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 95 . doi : 10.2190 / GYW9 - XUMQ - M3K2 - T31C . PMID 11109183 . Jump up ^ Wazana A ( 2000 ) . `` Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry : is a gift ever just a gift ? '' . JAMA. 283 ( 3 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 283.3. 373 . PMC 1488237 . PMID 10647801 . Jump up ^ Blake R , Early E ( 1995 ) . `` Patients ' attitudes about gifts to physicians from pharmaceutical companies '' . J Am Board Fam Pract. 8 ( 6 ) : 457 -- 64 . PMID 8585404 . Jump up ^ LA Times , `` Drug money withdrawals : Medical schools review rules on pharmaceutical freebies '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , posted 2 / 12 / 07 , accessed 3 / 6 / 07 Jump up ^ JH Medicine Policy on Interaction with Industry effective date July 1 , 2009 , accessed July 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ American Medical Association Journal of Ethics May 2012 , Volume 14 , Number 5 : 396 - 397 ^ Jump up to : Chen FM , Feudtner C , Rhodes LA , Green LA ( 2001 ) . `` Role conflicts of physicians and their family members : rules but no rulebook '' . Western Journal of Medicine . 175 ( 4 ) : 236 -- 239 . PMC 1071568 . PMID 11577049 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ La Puma J , Stocking C , La Voie D , Darling C ( 1991 ) . `` When physicians treat members of their own families . Practices in a community hospital '' . N Engl J Med. 325 ( 18 ) : 1290 -- 4 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199110313251806 . PMID 1922224 . Jump up ^ La Puma J , Priest E ( 1992 ) . `` Is there a doctor in the house ? An analysis of the practice of physicians ' treating their own families '' . JAMA. 267 ( 13 ) : 1810 -- 2 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 267.13. 1810 . PMID 1545466 . Jump up ^ Collier , Roger ( March 2016 ) . `` When the doctor - patient relationship turns sexual '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 188 : 247 -- 248 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 109 - 5230 . PMC 4771530 . Jump up ^ AbuDagga , Wolfe , Carome , Oshel , Azza , Sidney , Michael , Robert ( February 2016 ) . `` Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1039 U.S. Physicians Reported to the National Practitioner Data Bank for Sexual Misconduct , 2003 -- 2013 '' . PLOS ONE . 11 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0147800 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gartrell N , Milliken N , Goodson W , Thiemann S , Lo B ( 1992 ) . `` Physician - patient sexual contact . Prevalence and problems '' . West J Med. 157 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 43 . PMC 1011231 . PMID 1441462 . Jump up ^ JM Appel . May Physicians Date Their Patients ' Relatives ? Rethinking Sexual Misconduct & Disclosure After Long v. Ostroff , Medicine & Health , Rhode Island , May 2004 Beauchamp , Tom L. , and Childress , James F. 2001 . Principles of Biomedical Ethics . New York : Oxford University Press . Bioethics introduction Brody , Baruch A. 1988 . Life and Death Decision Making . New York : Oxford University Press . Curran , Charles E. `` The Catholic Moral Tradition in Bioethics '' in Walter and Klein ( below ) . Epstein , Steven ( 2009 ) . Inclusion : The Politics of Difference in Medical Research . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 21310 - 1 . Fletcher , Joseph Francis ( 1954 ) . Morals and Medicine : The Moral Problems of : The Patient 's Right to Know the Truth , Contraception , Artificial Insemination , Sterilization , Euthanasia . Boston : Beacon . Hastings Center ( 1984 ) . The Hastings Center 's Bibliography of Ethics , Biomedicine , and Professional Responsibility . OCLC 10727310 . Kelly , David ( 1979 ) . The Emergence of Roman Catholic Medical Ethics in North America . New York : The Edwin Mellen Press . See especially chapter 1 , `` Historical background to the discipline . '' Sherwin , Susan ( 1992 ) . No Longer Patient : Feminist Ethics and Health Care . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . OCLC 23654449 . Veatch , Robert M. ( 1988 ) . A Theory of Medical Ethics . New York : Basic Books . OCLC 7739374 . Walter , Jennifer ; Eran P. Klein , eds. ( 2003 ) . The story of bioethics : from seminal works to contemporary explorations . Georgetown University Press . OCLC 51810892 . Tauber , Alfred I. ( 1999 ) . `` Confessions of a Medicine Man '' . Cambridge : MIT Press . OCLC 42328600 . Tauber , Alfred I. ( 2005 ) . `` Patient autonomy and the ethics of responsibility '' . Cambridge : MIT Press . OCLC 59003635 . Further reading ( edit ) The Journal of Law , Medicine & Ethics , ISSN 1748 - 720X ( electronic ) ISSN 1073 - 1105 ( paper ) , Blackwell Publishing Linacre Quarterly A History and Theory of Informed Consent by Ruth Faden Core Content Of Learning by The Institute Of Medical Ethics External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Program for Biomedical Ethics , Yale University The Hastings Center , an independent , nonpartisan , and nonprofit bioethics research institute founded in 1969 Ethical Decision - Making at the End of Life -- video and summary of event held at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , March 2008 German Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences ( DRZE ) BEKIS - the Bioethics Communication and Information System Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences BMJJournals.com -- An international peer review journal for health professionals and researchers in medical ethics NYU School of Medicine Division of Medical Ethics Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics International Association of Bioethics WHO Global bioethics calendar The Dark History of Medical Experimentation from the Nazis to Tuskegee to Puerto Rico -- video report by Democracy Now ! American National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature Bioethics for Latin America and Colombia EURETHICS ( European database on ethics in medicine ) and ENDEBIT ( European database on ethics in non-medical technologies ) German Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences ( DRZE ) BELIT : an extensive world - wide bibliographic directory of literature in the area of bioethics , containing references to monographs , grey literature , legal documents , journal articles , newspaper articles and book contributions BioEthicWorld : A bioethics information site Medical Ethics -- OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame featuring audio lectures and other resources . 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1. Medical ethics 2. Values in medical ethics 3. Autonomy in medical ethics 4. Beneficence in medical ethics 5. Non-maleficence in medical ethics

who won the juco national championship in 2017 football

NJCAA national football championship - wikipedia NJCAA national football championship National Junior College Athletic Association ( NJCAA ) national football champions : 1954 Hinds Junior College 1956 Coffeyville Community College 1957 Texarkana College 1958 Boise Junior College 1959 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1960 Tyler Junior College and Cameron State Agricultural College ( co-champions ) 1961 - 63 no champion 1964 Phoenix College 1965 Ferrum Junior College 1966 Kilgore College 1967 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1968 Ferrum Junior College 1969 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1970 Fort Scott Community College 1971 Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College 1972 Arizona Western College 1973 Mesa Community College 1974 Ferrum Junior College 1975 Mesa Community College 1976 Bakersfield Community College 1977 Ferrum College 1978 Kilgore College 1979 Ranger College 1980 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1981 Butler Community College 1982 Northwest Mississippi Community College 1983 Coffeyville Community College 1984 Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College 1985 Snow College 1986 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1987 Ellsworth Community College 1988 Glendale Community College 1989 Navarro College 1990 Coffeyville Community College 1991 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 1992 Northwest Mississippi Community College 1993 Mississippi Delta Community College 1994 Trinity Valley Community College 1995 Blinn College 1996 Blinn College 1997 Trinity Valley Community College 1998 Butler Community College 1999 Butler Community College 2000 Glendale Community College 2001 Georgia Military College 2002 Joliet Junior College 2003 Butler Community College 2004 Pearl River Community College 2005 Glendale Community College 2006 Blinn College 2007 Butler Community College and Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College ( co-champions ) 2008 Butler Community College 2009 Blinn College 2010 Navarro College 2011 East Mississippi Community College 2012 Iowa Western Community College 2013 East Mississippi Community College 2014 East Mississippi Community College 2015 Northwest Mississippi Community College 2016 Garden City Community College 2017 East Mississippi Community College Bowl games ( edit ) Year Bowl Game Winning Team Losing Team Score 1954 Junior Rose Bowl Hinds Junior College El Camino Junior College 13 - 7 1956 National Bowl Coffeyville Junior College Grand Rapids Junior College 46 - 6 1957 Junior Rose Bowl Texarkana Junior College Fairbury Junior College 56 - 0 1958 Boise Junior College Tyler Junior College 22 - 0 1959 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College Texarkana Junior College 10 - 7 1964 Phoenix College Oklahoma Military Academy 41 - 13 1965 Ferrum Junior College McCook Community College 16 - 0 1966 Kilgore Junior College Ferrum Junior College 28 - 7 1967 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College Lees - McRae College 35 - 13 1968 Ferrum Junior College Phoenix College 41 - 19 1969 Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College Arizona Western College 20 - 6 1970 Fort Scott Junior College Mesa Community College 41 - 20 1971 Mississippi Gulf Coast Junior College Fort Scott Junior College 22 - 13 1972 El Toro Bowl Arizona Western College Fort Scott Junior College 36 - 8 1973 El Toro Bowl Mesa Community College Iowa Central Community College 10 - 6 Wool Bowl Mesa Community College Indian Hills Community College 8 - 7 1989 Mid-America Bowl Navarro College Ellsworth Community College 41 - 17 1990 Mid-America Bowl Coffeyville Community College Montgomery College 58 - 20 1991 Mid-America Bowl Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College Northwest Mississippi Community College 49 - 21 1992 Mid-America Bowl Northwest Mississippi Community College Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 34 - 0 1993 Mississippi Delta Community College Nassau Community College 20 - 16 1994 Texas Juco Shrine Bowl Trinity Valley Community College Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College 24 - 17 1997 Red River Bowl Trinity Valley Community College Garden City Community College 48 - 13 2005 Valley of the Sun Bowl Glendale Community College Grand Rapids Community College 50 - 48 ( 1 ) 2006 Pilgrim 's Pride Bowl Classic Blinn College Pearl River Community College 19 - 6 ( 2 ) 2007 Top of the Mountains Bowl Butler Community College Snow College 56 - 27 2008 Top of the Mountains Bowl Butler Community College Snow College 37 - 30 ( 2OT ) ( 3 ) 2009 Citizens Bank Bowl Blinn College Fort Scott Community College 31 - 26 ( 4 ) Citizens Bank Bowl Navarro College Butler Community College 13 - 12 2011 El Toro Bowl East Mississippi Community College Arizona Western College 55 - 47 ( 5 ) 2012 Graphic Edge Bowl Iowa Western Community College Butler Community College 27 - 7 ( 6 ) 2013 Mississippi Bowl East Mississippi Community College Georgia Military College 52 - 32 ( 7 ) 2014 Mississippi Bowl East Mississippi Community College Iowa Western Community College 34 - 17 2015 Mississippi Bowl Northwest Mississippi Community College Rochester Community and Technical College 66 - 13 ( 8 ) 2016 El Toro Bowl Garden City Community College Arizona Western College 25 -- 22 ( 9 ) 2017 Mississippi Bowl East Mississippi Community College Arizona Western College 31 - 28 ( 10 ) References ( edit ) NJCAA record book JC football factbook Source about 1960 and 2007 shared titles See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS NCAA Division I Football Championship NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major Football National Championship NCAA Division II National Football Championship NCAA Division III National Football Championship NAIA National Football Championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NJCAA_National_Football_Championship&oldid=848959302 '' Categories : NJCAA football NJCAA championships Talk About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 14 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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1. NJCAA national football championship 2. National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) 3. List of NJCAA national football champions 4. Bowl games in NJCAA national football championship 5. References and sources for NJCAA national football championship

when does catcher in the rye take place

The Catcher in the Rye - wikipedia The Catcher in the Rye Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Catcher in the Rye ( disambiguation ) . The Catcher in the Rye <Td_colspan="2"> First edition cover Author J.D. Salinger Cover artist E. Michael Mitchell Country United States Language English Genre Realistic fiction Coming - of - age fiction Published July 16 , 1951 Publisher Little , Brown and Company Media type Print Pages 214 OCLC 287628 Dewey Decimal 813.54 The Catcher in the Rye is a 1951 novel by J.D. Salinger . A classic novel originally published for adults , it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation . It has been translated into almost all of the world 's major languages . Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books . The novel 's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion . The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence , identity , belonging , loss , and connection . The novel was included on Time 's 2005 list of the 100 best English - language novels written since 1923 and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century . In 2003 , it was listed at # 15 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 3 Writing style 4 Interpretations 5 Reception 6 Censorship and use in schools 7 Shooters citing the book as an influence 8 Attempted adaptations 8.1 In film 8.2 Banned fan fiction 9 Cultural influence 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 11.3 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Holden Caulfield , a teenager from New York City , is living in an unspecified institution in southern California near Hollywood in 1951 . Caulfield intends to live with his brother D.B , an author who Holden resents for becoming a screenwriter , after his release in one month . As he waits , Holden recalls the events of the previous Christmas . Holden begins his story at Pencey Preparatory Academy , an exclusive boarding school in Agerstown , Pennsylvania , on the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with a rival school . Holden has been expelled from Pencey due to poor work and is n't to return after Christmas break , which begins the following Wednesday . He plans to return home on that day so that he will not be present when his parents receive notice of his expulsion . After forfeiting a fencing match in New York by forgetting the equipment aboard the subway , he is invited to the home of his history teacher , Mr. Spencer . Spencer is a well - meaning but long - winded middle - aged man . Spencer greets him and offers him advice , but embarrasses Holden by further criticizing Holden 's work in his subject in a rude manner . Holden returns to his dorm wearing the new red hunting cap he bought in New York . His dorm neighbor Robert Ackley is one of the few students also missing the game . Ackley , unpopular among his peers , disturbs Holden with his impolite questioning and mannerisms . Holden , who feels sorry for Ackley , tolerates his presence . Later , Holden agrees to write an English composition for his roommate , Ward Stradlater , who is leaving for a date . However , Holden is distressed to learn that Stradlater 's date is an old friend , Jane Gallagher , whom Holden had a crush on and feels protective of . That night , Holden goes to a Cary Grant comedy with his best friend Mal Brossman and Ackley . While Ackley and Mal enjoy the film , Holden becomes uneasy with it . When Stradlater returns hours later , he fails to appreciate the deeply personal composition Holden wrote for him about the baseball glove of Holden 's late brother Allie , and refuses to reveal whether he slept with Jane . Enraged , Holden punches him , and Stradlater easily wins the ensuing fight . When Holden continues insulting him after the fight , Stradlater knocks him unconscious and nearly kills him . After leaving for Ackley 's room , Holden is disappointed when he treats him rudely . Fed up with the so - called `` phonies '' at Pencey Prep , Holden impulsively decides to leave Pencey early , sells his typewriter to earn money , and catches a train to Penn Station in New York . Holden intends stay away from his home in a hotel until Wednesday , when his parents would have received news of his expulsion . Aboard the train , Holden meets the mother of a wealthy , obnoxious Pencey student named Ernest Morrow , and lies to her about himself and her son . In a taxicab , Holden inquires with the driver about whether the ducks in the Central Park lagoon migrate during winter , a subject he brings up often , but the man barely responds . Holden checks into the dilapidated Edmont Hotel . He spends an evening dancing with three tourist women from Seattle in the hotel lounge and enjoys dancing with one , though is disappointed that he is unable to hold a conversation with them . Following an unpromising visit to Ernie 's Nightclub in Greenwich Village , Holden becomes preoccupied with his internal angst and agrees to have a prostitute named Sunny visit his room . His attitude toward the girl changes the minute she enters the room ; she seems about the same age as he . Holden becomes uncomfortable with the situation , and when he tells her all he wants to do is talk , she becomes annoyed and leaves . Even though he still paid her the right amount for her time , she returns with her pimp Maurice and demands more money . Holden insults Maurice , and after Sunny takes the money from Holden 's wallet , Maurice punches him in the stomach and leaves with Sunny . Afterwards , Holden imagines that he has been shot by Maurice , and pictures murdering him with an automatic weapon . The next morning , Holden , becoming increasingly depressed and in need of personal connection , calls Sally Hayes , a familiar date . Although Holden claims that she is `` the queen of all phonies '' , they agree to meet that afternoon to attend a play at the Biltmore Theater . Holden shops for a special record , `` Little Shirley Beans '' , for his 10 - year - old sister Phoebe . He spots a small boy singing `` If a body catch a body coming through the rye '' , which lifts his mood . Although Holden 's date initially goes well , it soon sours after Sally introduces her friend George . After the play , Holden and Sally go ice skating at Rockefeller Center , where Holden suddenly begins ranting against society and frightens Sally . He impulsively invites Sally to run away with him that night to live in the wilderness of New England , but she is uninterested in his hastily generated plan and declines . The conversation turns sour , and the two angrily part ways . Holden decides to meet his old acquaintance , a Columbia student named Carl Luce , for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel , but alienates him with his fixation on sex . After Luce leaves , Holden gets drunk , awkwardly flirts with several adults , and calls an icy Sally . Exhausted and out of money , Holden wanders to Central Park to investigate the ducks , breaking Phoebe 's record on the way . Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child , Holden heads home to see Phoebe . He sneaks into his parents ' apartment while they are out , and wakes up Phoebe -- the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings . Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden , she quickly deduces that he has been expelled , and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent hatred for everything . When asked if he cares about anything , Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about ( based on a mishearing of Robert Burns 's Comin ' Through the Rye ) : he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff . His job is to catch the children if , in their abandon , they come close to falling off the brink ; to be , in effect , the `` catcher in the rye '' . Because of this misinterpretation , Holden believes that to be the `` catcher in the rye '' means to save children from losing their innocence . When his mother returns home , Holden slips out and visits his former and much - admired English teacher , Mr. Antolini , who now lives as a New York University professor in Sutton Place . Mr. Antolini offers advice on life along with a place to sleep for the night . Holden is upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head , which he interprets as a homosexual advance . Confused and uncertain , he leaves as dawn is breaking and spends most of Monday morning wandering the city . Losing hope of finding belonging or companionship in the city , Holden impulsively decides that he will head out West and live as a recluse . When he explains this plan to Phoebe on Monday at lunchtime , she wants to go with him , even though she was looking forward to acting in a play that Friday . Holden refuses to let her come with him , which upsets Phoebe , so Holden decides not to leave after all . He tries to cheer her up by taking her to the Central Park Zoo , and as he watches her ride the zoo 's carousel , he is filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain . In a short epilogue , Holden briefly alludes to `` getting sick '' and living in an institution in California near his brother D.B. , and mentions he will be attending another school in September . Holden says that he does n't want to tell anything more because , surprisingly , he has found himself missing his former classmates . He warns the reader that telling others about their own experiences will lead them to miss the people who shared them . History ( edit ) Various older stories by Salinger contain characters similar to those in The Catcher in the Rye . While at Columbia University , Salinger wrote a short story called `` The Young Folks '' in Whit Burnett 's class ; one character from this story has been described as a `` thinly penciled prototype of Sally Hayes '' . In November 1941 , he sold the story `` Slight Rebellion off Madison '' , which featured Holden Caulfield , to The New Yorker , but it was n't published until December 21 , 1946 due to World War II . The story `` I 'm Crazy '' , which was published in the December 22 , 1945 , issue of Collier 's , contained material that was later used in The Catcher in the Rye . In 1946 , The New Yorker accepted a 90 - page manuscript about Holden Caulfield for publication , but Salinger later withdrew it . Writing style ( edit ) The Catcher in the Rye is narrated in a subjective style from the point of view of Holden Caulfield , following his exact thought processes . There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes ; for example , as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm , minor events , such as picking up a book or looking at a table , unfold into discussions about experiences . Critical reviews affirm that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time . Words and phrases that appear frequently include : `` Old '' -- term of familiarity or endearment . `` Phony '' -- superficially acting a certain way only to change what others think of you `` That killed me '' -- I found that hilarious or astonishing `` Flit '' -- homosexual `` Crumbum '' or `` crumby '' -- inadequate , insufficient , disappointing `` Snowing '' -- sweet - talking `` I got a bang out of that '' -- I found it hilarious or exciting `` Shoot the bull '' -- have a conversation containing false elements `` Give her the time '' -- sexual intercourse `` Chew the fat '' or `` chew the rag '' -- small - talk `` Rubbering '' or `` rubbernecks '' -- idle onlooking / onlookers `` The Can '' -- the bathroom Interpretations ( edit ) Bruce Brooks held that Holden 's attitude remains unchanged at story 's end , implying no maturation , thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction . In contrast , Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending , to teach adolescent readers that `` alienation is just a phase . '' While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age , Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult , given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives . Others highlight the dilemma of Holden 's state , in between adolescence and adulthood . Holden is quick to become emotional . `` I felt sorry as hell for ... '' is a phrase he often uses . It is often said that Holden changes at the end , when he watches Phoebe on the carousel , and he talks about the golden ring and how it 's good for kids to try and grab it . Freddie Bartholomew in Captains Courageous Peter Beidler , in his A Reader 's Companion to J.D. Salinger 's `` The Catcher in the Rye '' , identifies the movie that the prostitute `` Sunny '' refers to . In chapter 13 she says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat . The movie is Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) , starring Spencer Tracy . Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat . Beidler shows ( page 28 ) a still of the boy , played by child - actor Freddie Bartholomew . Each Caulfield child has literary talent . D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood ; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill ( Holden 's own best subject ) , but he also despises Hollywood industry - based movies , considering them the ultimate in `` phony '' as the writer has no space for his own imagination , and describes D.B. 's move to Hollywood to write for films as `` prostituting himself '' ; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove ; and Phoebe is a diarist . This `` catcher in the rye '' is an analogy for Holden , who admires in children attributes that he struggles to find in adults , like innocence , kindness , spontaneity , and generosity . Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes . Later , Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the `` catcher '' and the `` fallen '' ; he gives her his hunting hat , the catcher 's symbol , and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher . In their biography of Salinger , David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that : `` The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel . '' Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II , but rather than writing a combat novel , Salinger , according to Shields and Salerno , `` took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming - of - age novel . '' Reception ( edit ) The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century . Shortly after its publication , writing for The New York Times , Nash K. Burger called it `` an unusually brilliant novel , '' while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden 's . George H.W. Bush called it a `` marvelous book , '' listing it among the books that have inspired him . In June 2009 , the BBC 's Finlo Rohrer wrote that , 58 years since publication , the book is still regarded `` as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager . Holden is at various times disaffected , disgruntled , alienated , isolated , directionless , and sarcastic . '' Adam Gopnik considers it one of the `` three perfect books '' in American literature , along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby , and believes that `` no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties . '' Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger . In this article , Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well , even after it has aged many generations . Pruchnic describes Holden as a `` teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come '' . Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever . However , not all reception has been positive ; the book has had its share of critics . Rohrer writes , `` Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in . J.D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique . That is to say , he has done nothing . '' Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book , saying that it `` captures existential teenage angst '' and has a `` complex central character '' and `` accessible conversational style '' ; while at the same time some readers may dislike the `` use of 1940s New York vernacular '' and other things . Censorship and use in schools ( edit ) In 1960 , a teacher in Tulsa , Oklahoma was fired for assigning the novel in class ; however , he was later reinstated . Between 1961 and 1982 , The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States . The book was banned in the Issaquah , Washington , high schools in 1978 as being part of an `` overall communist plot '' . In 1981 , it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States . According to the American Library Association , The Catcher in the Rye was the 10th most frequently challenged book from 1990 to 1999 . It was one of the ten most challenged books of 2005 , and although it had been off the list for three years , it reappeared in the list of most challenged books of 2009 . The challenges generally begin with Holden 's frequent use of vulgar language , with other reasons including sexual references , blasphemy , undermining of family values and moral codes , encouragement of rebellion , and promotion of drinking , smoking , lying , and promiscuity . Often the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself . Shelley Keller - Gage , a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class , noted that `` the challengers are being just like Holden ... They are trying to be catchers in the rye '' . A Streisand effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel , when there were none before . Shooters citing the book as an influence ( edit ) Further information : The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture § Shootings Several shootings have been associated with Salinger 's novel , including Robert John Bardo 's murder of Rebecca Schaeffer and John Hinckley , Jr. 's assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan . Additionally , after fatally shooting John Lennon , Mark David Chapman was arrested with a copy of the book that he had purchased that same day , inside of which he had written : `` To Holden Caulfield , From Holden Caulfield , This is my statement '' . Attempted adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) Early in his career , Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen . In 1949 , a critically panned film version of his short story `` Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut '' was released ; renamed My Foolish Heart , the film took great liberties with Salinger 's plot and is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger refused to allow any subsequent film adaptations of his work . The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye , however , has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel 's screen rights . When The Catcher in the Rye was first released , many offers were made to adapt it for the screen , including one from Samuel Goldwyn , producer of My Foolish Heart . In a letter written in the early 1950s , Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien , and , if he could n't play the part himself , to `` forget about it . '' Almost 50 years later , the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded , `` The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J.D. Salinger . '' Salinger told Maynard in the 1970s that Jerry Lewis `` tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden , '' despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties . Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since tried to make a film adaptation . In an interview with Premiere , John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning 21 was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield . Writer - director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel 's rights : Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye ... Wonderful book . I loved it . I pursued it . I wanted to make a picture out of it . And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward , my agent , in New York , and said , ' Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off . He 's very , very insensitive . ' And he walked out . That was the entire speech . I never saw him . That was J.D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye . In 1961 , Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway . More recently , Salinger 's agents received bids for the Catcher film rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg , neither of which was even passed on to Salinger for consideration . In 2003 , the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye , interspersing discussions of the novel with `` a series of short films that featured an actor playing J.D. Salinger 's adolescent antihero , Holden Caulfield . '' The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a `` literary review '' , and no major charges were filed . After Salinger 's death in 2010 , Phyllis Westberg , who was Salinger 's agent at Harold Ober Associates , stated that nothing has changed in terms of licensing film , television , or stage rights of his works . A letter written by Salinger in 1957 revealed that he was open to an adaptation of The Catcher in the Rye released after his death . He wrote : `` Firstly , it is possible that one day the rights will be sold . Since there 's an ever - looming possibility that I wo n't die rich , I toy very seriously with the idea of leaving the unsold rights to my wife and daughter as a kind of insurance policy . It pleasures me no end , though , I might quickly add , to know that I wo n't have to see the results of the transaction . '' Salinger also wrote that he believed his novel was not suitable for film treatment , and that translating Holden Caulfield 's first - person narrative into voice - over and dialogue would be contrived . Banned fan fiction ( edit ) In 2009 , a year before his death , Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man . The novel 's author , Fredrik Colting , commented : `` call me an ignorant Swede , but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books '' . The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting 's book , 60 Years Later : Coming Through the Rye , which has been compared to fan fiction . Although commonly not authorized by writers , no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction , since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit . Colting , however , has published his book commercially , therefore interfering with copyright law and is not protected . Cultural influence ( edit ) Main article : The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The Catcher in the Rye has had significant cultural influence , and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre . Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis , The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky , A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews , The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath , Ordinary People by Judith Guest , and the film Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers . Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche - parody `` Catcher in the Rhine '' , based on his daughter 's mishearing of Salinger 's title . In this short story , an unnamed narrator , who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems , goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied . This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail , edited by Esther Friesner , Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy ! ( 2010 ) . It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010 . In `` Catcher In The Wry '' former major league baseball player , Bob Uecker , recounts anecdotes of his years behind the plate and on the road , recalling the antics of his famous teammates , including Hank Aaron , Bob Gibson , Richie Allen , and Warren Spahn . The July 1985 issue of National Lampoon included a parody of the novel , ostensibly written by Holden Caulfield 's son , entitled ' The Son of the Catcher , who Lives in Rye ' . See also ( edit ) Book censorship in the United States Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CalArts Remembers Beloved Animation Instructor E. Michael Mitchell '' . Calarts.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Captivating Covers '' . Onlineuniversities.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ulin , David L. ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` J.D. Salinger : a gift of words and silence '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Costello , Donald P. , and Harold Bloom . `` The Language of `` The Catcher in the Rye ... '' Bloom 's Modern Critical Interpretations : The Catcher in the Rye ( 2000 ) : 11 -- 20 . Literary Reference Center . EBSCO . Web . Dec 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carte Blanche : Famous Firsts '' . Booklist . November 15 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Magill , Frank N. ( 1991 ) . `` J.D. Salinger '' . Magill 's Survey of American Literature . New York : Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 1803 . ISBN 1 - 85435 - 437 - X . Jump up ^ According to List of best - selling books . An earlier article says more than 20 million : Yardley , Jonathan ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` J.D. Salinger 's Holden Caulfield , Aging Gracelessly '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Allusions By Elizabeth Webber , Mike Feinsilber p. 105 Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Lacayo , Richard ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` All - Time 100 Novels : The Complete List '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ List of most commonly challenged books from the list of the one hundred most important books of the 20th century by Radcliffe Publishing Course Jump up ^ Guinn , Jeff ( August 10 , 2001 ) . `` ' Catcher in the Rye ' still influences 50 years later '' ( fee required ) . Erie Times - News . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18 . Alternate URL Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' , BBC , April 2003 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salzman , Jack ( 1991 ) . New essays on the Catcher in the Rye . Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9780521377980 . Jump up ^ Costello , Donald P. ( October 1959 ) . `` The Language of ' The Catcher in the Rye ' '' . American Speech. 34 ( 3 ) : 172 -- 182 . JSTOR 454038 . doi : 10.2307 / 454038 . Most critics who glared at The Catcher in the Rye at the time of its publication thought that its language was a true and authentic rendering of teenage colloquial speech . Jump up ^ Brooks , Bruce ( May 1 , 2004 ) . `` Holden at sixteen '' . Horn Book Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis ( September 27 , 2001 ) . `` Holden at fifty '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Onstad , Katrina ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Beholden to Holden '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , 33 . Jump up ^ Svogun , Margaret Dumais ( Winter 2003 ) . `` J.D. Salinger 's The catcher in the Rye '' . Explicator. 2 ( 2 ) . pp. 110 -- 113 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yasuhiro Takeuchi ( Fall 2002 ) . `` The Burning Carousel and the Carnivalesque : Subversion and Transcendence at the Close of The Catcher in the Rye '' . Studies in the Novel. 34 ( 3 ) . pp. 320 -- 337 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Shields , David ; Salerno , Shane ( 2013 ) . Salinger ( Hardcover ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . p. xvi . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel . Salinger emerged from the war incapable of believing in the heroic , noble ideals we like to think our cultural institutions uphold . Instead of producing a combat novel , as Norman Mailer , James Jones , and Joseph Heller did , Salinger took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming - of - age novel . Jump up ^ Burger , Nash K. ( July 16 , 1951 ) . `` Books of The Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Stern , James ( July 15 , 1951 ) . `` Aw , the World 's a Crumby Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Achievement -- George H.W. Bush '' . The American Academy of Achievement . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The why of the Rye '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gopnik , Adam . The New Yorker , February 8 , 2010 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Pruchnic , Jeff . `` Holden at Sixty : Reading Catcher After the Age of Irony . '' Critical Insights : -- -- -- -- -- -- The Catcher in The Rye ( 2011 ) : 49 - 63 . Literary Reference Center . Web . 2 Feb. 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates , Bill . `` The Best Books I Read in 2013 '' . gatesnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dutra , Fernando ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` U. Connecticut : Banned Book Week celebrates freedom '' . The America 's Intelligence Wire . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . In 1960 a teacher in Tulsa , Okla. , was fired for assigning `` The Catcher in the Rye '' . After appealing , the teacher was reinstated , but the book was removed from the itinerary in the school . ^ Jump up to : `` In Cold Fear : ' The Catcher in the Rye ' , Censorship , Controversies and Postwar American Character . ( Book Review ) '' . Modern Language Review . April 1 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reiff , Raychel Haugrud ( 2008 ) . J.D. Salinger : The Catcher in the Rye and Other Works . Tarrytown , NY : Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2594 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andrychuk , Sylvia ( February 17 , 2004 ) . `` A History of J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 28 . During 1981 , The Catcher in the Rye had the unusual distinction of being the most frequently censored book in the United States , and , at the same time , the second-most frequently taught novel in American public schools . Jump up ^ `` '' It 's Perfectly Normal '' tops ALA 's 2005 list of most challenged books `` . American Library Association . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten most frequently challenged books of 2009 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Art or trash ? It makes for endless , unwinnable debate '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . October 6 , 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Another perennial target , J.D. Salinger 's `` Catcher in the Rye , '' was challenged in Maine because of the `` f '' word . ^ Jump up to : Mydans , Seth ( September 3 , 1989 ) . `` In a Small Town , a Battle Over a Book '' . The New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ MacIntyre , Ben ( September 24 , 2005 ) . `` The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang - ups '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Frangedis , Helen ( November 1988 ) . `` Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher in the Rye '' . The English Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 72 -- 75 . JSTOR 818945 . doi : 10.2307 / 818945 . The foremost allegation made against Catcher is ... that it teaches loose moral codes ; that it glorifies ... drinking , smoking , lying , promiscuity , and more . Jump up ^ Yilu Zhao ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Banned , But Not Forgotten '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . The Catcher in the Rye , interpreted by some as encouraging rebellion against authority ... ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen ( December 1997 ) . `` Cherished and Cursed : Toward a Social History of The Catcher in the Rye '' ( PDF ) . The New England Quarterly . 70 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 600 . JSTOR 366646 . doi : 10.2307 / 366646 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ J.D. Salinger . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . 2001 . pp. 77 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6175 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Linton ( September 10 , 2000 ) . `` Telling on Dad '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Aidan ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` When books kill '' . Salon.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Ian ( 1988 ) . In Search of J.D. Salinger . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 53468 - 9 . p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , A. Scott . Goldwyn : A Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1989 . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 723 - 4 . p. 446 . Jump up ^ See Dr. Peter Beidler 's A Reader 's Companion to J.D. Salinger 's the Catcher in the Rye , Chapter 7 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , Joyce ( 1998 ) . At Home in the World . New York : Picador . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19556 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` News & Features '' . IFILM : The Internet Movie Guide . 2004 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Cameron , ed . Conversations with Wilder . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40660 - 3 . p. 299 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , David ( November 11 , 2003 ) . `` Will J.D. Salinger sue ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ AJ ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Why J.D. Salinger Never Wanted A ' Catcher in the Rye ' Movie '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Slim chance of Catcher in the Rye movie -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . ABCnet.au . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Sherryl ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Could ' Catcher in the Rye ' finally make it to the big screen ? Salinger letter suggests yes '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lawsuit targets ' rip - off ' of ' Catcher in the Rye ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Karl . Looks like censorship , smells like censorship ... maybe it IS censorship ? . QuestionCopyright.org. 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , John . How fanfic took over the web London Evening Standard . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Fan Fiction and a New Common Law ' ( 1997 ) Rebecca Tushnet , Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal ,. vol. 17 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Why does Salinger 's Catcher in the Rye still resonate ? '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . Bibliography ( edit ) Graham , Sarah ( 2007 ) . J.D. Salinger 's The Catcher in the Rye . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34452 - 2 . Rohrer , Finlo ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The why of the Rye '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC . Further Reading ( edit ) Steinle , Pamela Hunt ( 2000 ) . In Cold Fear : The Catcher in the Rye Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character . Ohio State University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Catcher in the Rye Book Drum illustrated profile of The Catcher in the Rye Photos of the first edition of Catcher in the Rye Lawsuit targets `` rip - off '' of `` Catcher in the Rye '' -- CNN <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) J.D. Salinger Novel The Catcher in the Rye Short story collections Nine Stories Franny and Zooey Raise High the Roof Beam , Carpenters and Seymour : An Introduction Three Early Stories Short stories `` Blue Melody '' `` Both Parties Concerned '' `` A Boy in France '' `` De Daumier - Smith 's Blue Period '' `` Down at the Dinghy '' `` Elaine '' `` For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor '' `` A Girl I Knew '' `` Go See Eddie '' `` The Hang of It '' `` Hapworth 16 , 1924 '' `` The Heart of a Broken Story '' `` I 'm Crazy '' `` The Inverted Forest '' `` Just Before the War with the Eskimos '' `` Last Day of the Last Furlough '' `` The Laughing Man '' `` The Long Debut of Lois Taggett '' `` The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls '' `` Once a Week Wo n't Kill You '' `` A Perfect Day for Bananafish '' `` Personal Notes of an Infantryman '' `` Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes '' `` Slight Rebellion off Madison '' `` Soft - Boiled Sergeant '' `` The Stranger '' `` Teddy '' `` This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise '' `` Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut '' `` The Varioni Brothers '' `` The Young Folks '' `` A Young Girl in 1941 with No Waist at All '' `` The Last and Best of the Peter Pans '' Related Holden Caulfield My Foolish Heart ( 1949 ) Pari ( 1995 ) Salinger ( 2013 ) ( companion biography ) Rebel in the Rye ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book GND : 4120008 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Catcher_in_the_Rye&oldid=807275337 '' Categories : 1949 in fiction 1951 American novels American bildungsromans Coming - of - age fiction Debut novels English - language novels Fiction with unreliable narrators Literary realism Little , Brown and Company books Novels by J.D. Salinger Novels set in New York City Novels set in Pennsylvania New York City in fiction Obscenity controversies in literature Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2012 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 09 . 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1. The Catcher in the Rye - novel by J.D. Salinger 2. Themes of teenage angst and alienation 3. Holden Caulfield - protagonist and icon of teenage rebellion 4. Complex issues of innocence, identity, belonging, loss, and connection 5. Controversy and censorship surrounding the book

where is area code 845 located in usa

Area code 845 - Wikipedia Area code 845 The blue area is New York State ; the red area is area code 845 . Area code 845 is a telephone area code straddling the Hudson Valley region of the U.S. state of New York . 845 serves Rockland , Putnam , Orange , and Ulster counties , and parts of Dutchess and Sullivan , Delaware , Greene , and Columbia counties . Area code 845 was created on June 5 , 2000 , from most of area code 914 , which was retained by Westchester County . It is the only area code to serve communities in both Upstate and Downstate NY . Communities served by this area code ( edit ) Airmont Beacon Beekman Blauvelt Brewster Carmel Chester Chestnut Ridge Clarkstown Clinton Corners Cornwall Cold Spring Cottekill Crawford Dover Plains East Fishkill Fishkill Fleischmanns Garrison Goshen Halcott Haverstraw Highland Hopewell Junction Hyde Park Kingston Mahopac Margaretville Middletown Millbrook Monroe Monsey Montebello Monticello Montgomery Nanuet Nelsonville Newburgh New City New Paltz New Windsor Nyack Olive Orangetown Patterson Pawling Pearl River Phoenicia Piermont Pleasant Valley Pine Bush Pomona Port Jervis Poughkeepsie Red Hook Rhinebeck Rosendale Saugerties Sloatsburg Spring Valley Staatsburg Stone Ridge Stony Point Suffern Tappan Valley Cottage Walden Wallkill Wappingers Falls Warwick Washingtonville Wingdale West Nyack West Point Woodbury Woodstock References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of New York <Th_colspan="3"> New York area codes : 212 / 332 / 646 , 315 / 680 , 347 / 718 / 929 , 516 , 518 / 838 , 585 , 607 , 631 / 934 , 716 , 845 , 914 , 917 North : 518 West : 570 / 272 , 607 area code 845 East : 203 , 860 , 914 South : 201 / 551 , 862 / 973 , 914 <Td_colspan="3"> Connecticut area codes : 203 / 475 , 860 / 959 <Td_colspan="3"> New Jersey area codes : 201 / 551 , 609 , 732 / 848 , 856 , 862 / 973 , 908 <Td_colspan="3"> Pennsylvania area codes : 215 / 267 / 445 , 223 / 717 , 272 / 570 , 412 , 484 / 610 , 724 , 814 , 878 Coordinates : 41 ° 36 ′ 0 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 36 '' W  /  41.60000 ° N 74.21000 ° W  / 41.60000 ; - 74.21000 This New York state location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to a telephone area code is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_845&oldid=849550651 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in New York ( state ) Rockland County , New York New York ( state ) geography stubs Area code stubs Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Area code 845 2. Hudson Valley region 3. New York State 4. Telephone area code 5. Counties served by area code 845

when did the world population reached 7 billion

World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living . The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017 . The United Nations estimates it will further increase to 11.2 billion by the year 2100 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 - 1975 peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 - 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 - 2015 and is projected to decline to 0.13 % by the year 2100 . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and are now expected to remain essentially constant at their 2011 level of 135 million , while deaths number 56 million per year and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . World population reached 7 billion on October 31 , 2011 according to the United Nations Population Fund , and on March 12 , 2012 according to the United States Census Bureau . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 , with the male median age estimated to be 29.4 years and female , 30.9 years . The 2012 UN projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . Estimates on the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 106 to 108 billion . <Th_colspan="5"> World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 146 149 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 <Td_colspan="5"> Notes : China = Mainland China only 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism 8 Number of humans who have ever lived 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries alone , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population , based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) 19,468,664 - Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 05,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BCE have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BCE , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century CE . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries CE . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in 2 AD , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In the year 2 AD the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by 146 AD , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . Around 300 BCE , the population of India was between 100 million and 140 million . The population of India in 1600 was around 100 million . Hence , from 300 BCE to 1600 CE India 's population was more or less stable . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decoupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones <Th_colspan="10"> World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 33.35 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 22.43 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,386,570,000 September 26 , 2017 18.3 % India 1,321,750,000 September 26 , 2017 17.5 % United States 325,828,000 September 26 , 2017 4.3 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.46 % 5 Pakistan 209,035,000 September 26 , 2017 2.76 % 6 Brazil 208,046,000 September 26 , 2017 2.75 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.49 % 8 Bangladesh 163,202,000 September 26 , 2017 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.94 % 10 Japan 126,750,000 July 1 , 2017 1.67 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,607,300 710 7,898 Bangladesh 163,200,000 143,998 1,133 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,553,188 26,338 439 7 Burundi 11,552,561 27,816 415 8 Netherlands 17,160,000 41,526 413 9 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 10 India 1,321,750,000 3,287,240 402 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,321,750,000 3,287,240 402 Growing population Pakistan 209,040,000 803,940 260 Growing population Bangladesh 163,200,000 143,998 1,133 Growing population Japan 126,750,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 104,650,000 300,000 349 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,554,803 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,203,000 65,610 323 Slowly growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main article : Population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BCE -- 2000 CE Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- 2000 CE ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BCE < 0.015 10,000 BCE 8000 BCE 5 6500 BCE 5 5000 BCE 5 4000 BCE 7 3000 BCE 14 2000 BCE 27 1000 BCE 50 7 33 9 500 BCE 100 14 66 16 CE 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BCE and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot ⁡ T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium CE , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) <Th_colspan="2"> 0.5 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 8 Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1500 <Td_colspan="2"> 1804 <Td_colspan="2"> 1927 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 2024 <Th_colspan="2"> Years elapsed <Td_colspan="2"> 304 <Td_colspan="2"> 123 <Td_colspan="2"> 47 <Td_colspan="2"> 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) <Th_colspan="2"> 0.375 <Th_colspan="2"> 0.75 <Th_colspan="2"> 1.5 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> 6 Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1171 <Td_colspan="2"> 1715 <Td_colspan="2"> 1881 <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 <Td_colspan="2"> 1999 <Th_colspan="2"> Years elapsed <Td_colspan="2"> 544 <Td_colspan="2"> 166 <Td_colspan="2"> 79 <Td_colspan="2"> 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population control India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . Number of humans who have ever lived ( edit ) Further information : Paleodemography Estimates of the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 100 billion . It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations , as even modern population estimates are fraught with uncertainties on the order of 3 % to 5 % . Kapitza ( 1996 ) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion . Haub ( 1995 ) prepared another figure , updated in 2002 and 2011 ; the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion . Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required `` selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period '' . One problem is in regard to the semantic difficulty of deciding the precise meaning of `` human '' . A population of , say , 4 million , with an average lifespan of , say , 10 years ( see below ) , implies a birthrate of 0.4 million per year , which over a period of 100 000 years represents 40 000 million people . Also , robust population data only exists for the last two or three centuries . Until the late 18th century , few governments had ever performed an accurate census . In many early attempts , such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire , the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service . Thus , there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations . Another critical factor for such an estimate is the question of pre-modern infant mortality rates ; these figures are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records . Haub ( 1995 ) estimates that around 40 % of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday . Haub also stated that `` life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history '' . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . 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Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Official Population Clock ( updated daily ) '' . USCB . Jump up ^ `` Penduduk Indonesia Tengah Tahun menurut Jenis Kelamin '' . BI.go.id . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Pakistani Population Clock '' . Population Census Organization of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . IBGE.gov.br . Jump up ^ `` Population , total '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . BBS.gov.bd . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official estimate ( including Crimea and Sevastopol ) '' . GKS.ru . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan population '' . Official Japan Statistics Bureau . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hackett , C. ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Which six countries hold half the world 's population ? '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Demetriou , Danielle ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Japan 's population suffers biggest fall in history '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Green Revolution '' . Energybulletin.net . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to 2300 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . USCB . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Nielsen ( 2006 ) . The Little Green Handbook . New York : Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42581 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 report highlights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UN population estimates and projections , database query , August 2009 '' . United Nations . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randers , Jorgen ( 2012 ) . 2052 : A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years . Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 62 . Jump up ^ World population to keep growing this century , hit 11 billion by 2100 . UWToday . September 18 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2008 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . United Nations . October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population Growth over Human History '' . University of Michigan . January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe . Caselli , Graziella ; Gillaume Wunsch ; Jacques Vallin ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 765660 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN report -- 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' . Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . PMID 9194559 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` World faces ' perfect storm ' of problems by 2030 , chief scientist to warn '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jowit , Juliette ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Ehrlich , a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kindall , Henery W & Pimentel , David ( May 1994 ) . `` Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply '' . Ambio. 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host Plant Resistance and Conservation of Genetic Diversity '' . Radcliffe 's IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . March 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ van den Bergh , Jeroen C.J.M. ; Rietveld , Piet ( 2004 ) . `` Reconsidering the Limits to World Population : Meta - analysis and Meta - prediction '' . BioScience. 54 ( 3 ) : 195 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2004 ) 054 ( 0195 : RTLTWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` The global grain bubble '' . Christian Science Monitor . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Randerson , science correspondent ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Food crisis will take hold before climate change , warns chief scientist '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Vidal , environment editor ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walsoft ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Experts : Global Food Shortages Could ' Continue for Decades ' '' . Marketoracle.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moya K. Mason . `` Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land ? '' . Moyak.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walt , Vivienne ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` The World 's Growing Food - Price Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of food : Facts and figures '' . BBC . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Feed the world ? We are fighting a losing battle , UN admits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Emily ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Assessing the global food crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Half of all food ' wasted ' report claims '' . BBC . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oil shock could push world food prices higher '' . CNN Money . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ P. Crabbè ( 2000 ) . Implementing ecological integrity : restoring regional and global environmental and human health . North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; García , Andrés ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly . Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of Overpopulation '' . Population Research Institute . 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IAP Statement on Population and Consumption '' . InterAcademy Panel : The Global Network of Science Academies ( IAP ) . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Response to Critics of Family Planning Programs '' . Guttmacher.org . March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Environment Outlook -- Environment for the future we want '' ( PDF ) . UNEP . May 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It should be noted that even recent demographic data is accurate only from 3 to 5 % , although in demography traditionally more digits are indicated than those having a meaning . This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people , officially counted during a census . '' Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Sergei P Kapitza , ' The phenomenological theory of world population growth ' , Physics - Uspekhi 39 ( 1 ) 57 - 71 ( 1996 ) , citing K.M. Weiss , Human Biology 56637 ( 1984 ) and N. Keyfitz , Applied Mathematical Demography ( New York : Wiley , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Haub , Carl ( October 2011 ) . `` How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth ? '' . Population Reference Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhrt , A. ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East , c. 3000 -- 330 BCE . Vol. 2 . London : Routledge . p. 695 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics . Further reading Cohen , Joel E. ( 1995 ) . How Many People Can The Earth Support ? . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BCE - 1950 CE . `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . World Population Growth ( Oct 2016 ) , Esteban Ortiz - Ospina and Max Roser , OurWorldInData.org Organizations Optimum Population Trust The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion -- Official homepages maintained by UNFPA Population Reference Bureau -- News and issues related to population Berlin Institute for Population and Development Statistics and maps HiveGroup.com -- World population statistics presented in a treemap interface PopulationLabs.com -- World population map and graph PopulationData.net -- Information and maps about populations around the world GeoHive.com -- World statistics including population and future predictions Win.tue.nl -- World countries mapped by population size World-statistics.org -- World statistics including population and projections Population clocks U.S. and World Population Clock ( US Census Bureau ) People in the world <Th_colspan="2"> Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . 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'' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Human impact on the environment General Anthropocene Environmental issues Human impact Impact assessment List of issues Planetary boundaries Causes Agriculture fishing irrigation meat production palm oil Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity generation nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs wind power Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Tourism Transport aviation roads shipping reservoirs Other land use mining genetic pollution human overpopulation overexploitation particulates pollution war Effects Biodiversity threats Biodiversity loss Climate change Deforestation Desertification Ecocide Erosion Coral reefs Freshwater cycle Global warming Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land surface effects on climate Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Runaway climate change Mitigation Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Climate engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainable consumption Waste minimization <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Category by country assessment mitigation <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - 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1. World population growth 2. Population projections 3. Historical population milestones 4. Global demographics 5. Overpopulation concerns

when should a lawsuit or complaint be filed as a public or private nuisance

Nuisance - wikipedia Nuisance Jump to : navigation , search For the films , see The Nuisance ( 1921 film ) and The Nuisance ( 1933 film ) . For the Menswear album , see Nuisance ( album ) . For the statistics parameter , see Nuisance parameter . The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nuisance ( from archaic nocence , through Fr . noisance , nuisance , from Lat . nocere , `` to hurt '' ) is a common law tort . It means that which causes offence , annoyance , trouble or injury . A nuisance can be either public ( also `` common '' ) or private . A public nuisance was defined by English scholar Sir J.F. Stephen as , `` an act not warranted by law , or an omission to discharge a legal duty , which act or omission obstructs or causes inconvenience or damage to the public in the exercise of rights common to all Her Majesty 's subjects '' . Private nuisance is the interference with the right of specific people . Nuisance is one of the oldest causes of action known to the common law , with cases framed in nuisance going back almost to the beginning of recorded case law . Nuisance signifies that the `` right of quiet enjoyment '' is being disrupted to such a degree that a tort is being committed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History and legal development of nuisance 3 Remedies 3.1 Inspector of Nuisances 4 Law related to nuisance , by country 4.1 United Kingdom 4.2 United States 5 Environmental nuisance 6 From Britannica 1911 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) Part of the common law series Tort law Intentional torts Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress Transferred intent Property torts Trespass land chattels Conversion Detinue Replevin Trover Defenses Assumption of risk Comparative negligence Contributory negligence Consent Necessity Statute of limitations Self - defense Defense of others Defense of property Shopkeeper 's privilege Negligence Duty of / standard of care Proximate cause Res ipsa loquitur Calculus of negligence Rescue doctrine Duty to rescue Negligent infliction of emotional distress Employment - related Entrustment Malpractice legal medical Liability torts Product liability Quasi-tort Ultrahazardous activity Nuisance Public nuisance Rylands v Fletcher Dignitary torts Defamation Invasion of privacy False light Breach of confidence Abuse of process Malicious prosecution Alienation of affections Criminal conversation Seduction Breach of promise Economic torts Fraud Tortious interference Conspiracy Restraint of trade Liability and remedies Last clear chance Eggshell skull Vicarious liability Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Neutral reportage Damages Injunction Conflict of tort laws Joint and several liability Comparative responsibility Market share liability Duty to visitors Trespassers Licensees Invitees Attractive nuisance Other common law areas Contracts Criminal law Evidence Property Wills , trusts , and estates Law portal Under the common law , persons in possession of real property ( land owners , lease holders etc . ) are entitled to the quiet enjoyment of their lands . However this does n't include visitors or those who are n't considered to have an interest in the land . If a neighbour interferes with that quiet enjoyment , either by creating smells , sounds , pollution or any other hazard that extends past the boundaries of the property , the affected party may make a claim in nuisance . Legally , the term nuisance is traditionally used in three ways : to describe an activity or condition that is harmful or annoying to others ( e.g. , indecent conduct , a rubbish heap or a smoking chimney ) to describe the harm caused by the before - mentioned activity or condition ( e.g. , loud noises or objectionable odors ) to describe a legal liability that arises from the combination of the two . However , the `` interference '' was not the result of a neighbor stealing land or trespassing on the land . Instead , it arose from activities taking place on another person 's land that affected the enjoyment of that land . The law of nuisance was created to stop such bothersome activities or conduct when they unreasonably interfered either with the rights of other private landowners ( i.e. , private nuisance ) or with the rights of the general public ( i.e. , public nuisance ) A public nuisance is an unreasonable interference with the public 's right to property . It includes conduct that interferes with public health , safety , peace or convenience . The unreasonableness may be evidenced by statute , or by the nature of the act , including how long , and how bad , the effects of the activity may be . Private nuisance arose out of the action on the case and protects a person 's right to the use and enjoyment of their land . It does n't include trespass . To be a nuisance , the level of interference must rise above the merely aesthetic . For example : if your neighbour paints their house purple , it may offend you ; however , it does n't rise to the level of nuisance . In most cases , normal uses of a property that can constitute quiet enjoyment can not be restrained in nuisance either . For example , the sound of a crying baby may be annoying , but it is an expected part of quiet enjoyment of property and does not constitute a nuisance . Nuisance distinguishes between cases where the conduct alleged to be a nuisance has caused material injury to property and the cases where it has caused `` sensible personal discomfort '' . Any affected property owner has standing to sue for a private nuisance . If a nuisance is widespread enough , but yet has a public purpose , it is often treated at law as a public nuisance . Owners of interests in real property ( whether owners , lessors , or holders of an easement or other interest ) have standing only to bring private nuisance suits . According to Oldham v Lawson ( where held that the husband has a mere licence and had no title to sue whereas his wife as owner did have title to sue ) and some later cases , exclusive possession is necessary to establish a private nuisance case . However , one situation related to transform a private nuisance against land to one against person , this case is no longer considered to be authoritative . History and legal development of nuisance ( edit ) In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the law of nuisance became difficult to administer , as competing property uses often posed a nuisance to each other , and the cost of litigation to settle the issue grew prohibitive . As such , most jurisdictions now have a system of land use planning ( e.g. zoning ) that describes what activities are acceptable in a given location . Zoning generally overrules nuisance . For example : if a factory is operating in an industrial zone , neighbours in the neighbouring residential zone ca n't make a claim in nuisance . Jurisdictions without zoning laws essentially leave land use to be determined by the laws concerning nuisance . Similarly , modern environmental laws are an adaptation of the doctrine of nuisance to modern complex societies , in that a person 's use of his property may harmfully affect another 's property , or person , far from the nuisance activity , and from causes not easily integrated into historic understandings of nuisance law . Remedies ( edit ) Under the common law , the only remedy for a nuisance was the payment of damages . However , with the development of the courts of equity , the remedy of an injunction became available to prevent a defendant from repeating the activity that caused the nuisance , and specifying punishment for contempt if the defendant is in breach of such an injunction . The law and economics movement has been involved in analyzing the most efficient choice of remedies given the circumstances of the nuisance . In Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. a cement plant interfered with a number of neighbors , yet the cost of complying with a full injunction would have been far more than a fair value of the cost to the plaintiffs of continuation . The New York court allowed the cement plant owner to ' purchase ' the injunction for a specified amount -- the permanent damages . In theory , the permanent damage amount should be the net present value of all future damages suffered by the plaintiff . Inspector of nuisances ( edit ) An Inspector of Nuisances was the title of an office in several English - speaking jurisdictions . In many jurisdictions this term is now archaic , the position and / or term having been replaced by others . In medieval England it was an office of the Courts Leet and later it was also a parochial office concerned with local action against a wide range of ' nuisances ' under the common law : obstructions of the highway , polluted wells , adulterated food , smoke , noise , smelly accumulations , eavesdropping , peeping toms , lewd behaviour , and many others . In the United Kingdom from the mid - 19th century this office became associated with solving public health and sanitation problems , with other types of nuisances being dealt with by the local constables . The first Inspector of Nuisances appointed by a UK local authority Health Committee was Thomas Fresh in Liverpool in 1844 . Liverpool later promoted a private Act , the Liverpool Sanatory ( sic ) Act 1846 , that created a statutory post of Inspector of Nuisances . This became the precedent for later local and national legislation . In local authorities that had established a Board of Health under the Public Health Act 1848 , or under local Acts implementing the Towns Improvement Clauses Act of 1847 , the title was ' Inspector of Nuisances ' . The 1855 Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Act and the Metropolis Management Act 1855 ( via section 134 ) mandated such an office but with the title of ' Sanitary Inspector ' . So in some places the title was ' Sanitary Inspector ' and in others ' Inspector of Nuisances ' . Eventually the title was standardized across all UK local authorities as ' Sanitary Inspector ' . An Act of Parliament in 1956 changed the title to ' Public Health Inspector ' . Similar offices were established across the British Commonwealth and Empire . The nearest modern equivalent of this position in the UK is the Environmental Health Officer . This title being adopted by local authorities on the recommendation of Central Government after the Local Government Act 1972 . Today , Registered UK Environmental Health Officers working in non-enforcement roles ( e.g. in the private sector ) may prefer to use the generic term ' Environmental Health Practitioner ' . In New South Wales the NSW Public Health Act 1896 gave the NSW Board of Health power to establish ' standards of strength and purity for articles of general consumption ' , to appoint analysts , and ' to cause to be made such enquiries as it thinks fit in relation to any matters concerning the public health ' . Inspectors under the new Act were known as Inspectors of Nuisances , but were later renamed ' sanitary inspectors ' . In the United States , a modern example of an officer with the title ' Inspector of Nuisances ' but not the public health role is found in Section 3767 ( 7 ) of the Ohio Revised Code which defines such a position to investigate nuisances , where this term broadly covers establishments in which lewdness and alcohol are found . Whereas in the United States the environmental health officer role is undertaken by local authority officers with the titles ' Registered Environmental Health Specialist ' or ' Registered Sanitarian ' depending on the jurisdiction . Law related to nuisance , by country ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Nuisance in English law The boundaries of the tort are potentially unclear , due to the public / private nuisance divide , and existence of the rule in Rylands v Fletcher . Writers such as John Murphy at Lancaster University have popularised the idea that Rylands forms a separate , though related , tort . This is still an issue for debate , and is rejected by others ( the primary distinction in Rylands concerns ' escapes onto land ' , and so it may be argued that the only difference is the nature of the nuisance , not the nature of the civil wrong . ) Under English law , unlike US law , it is no defence that the claimant `` came to the nuisance '' : the 1879 case of Sturges v Bridgman is still good law , and a new owner can bring a claim in nuisance for the existing activities of a neighbour . In February 2014 the UK Supreme Court ruling in the case of Coventry v Lawrence prompted the launch of a campaign to have the `` coming to a nuisance '' law overturned . Campaigners hold that established lawful activity continuing with planning permission and local residents ' support should be accepted as part of the character of the area by any new residents coming to the locality . United States ( edit ) There is perhaps no more impenetrable jungle in the entire law than that which surrounds the word ' nuisance . ' It has meant all things to all people , and has been applied indiscriminately to everything from an alarming advertisement to a cockroach baked in a pie . There is general agreement that it is incapable of any exact or comprehensive definition . Prosser , W. Page ; Keeton , W. Page ( 1984 ) . Prosser and Keeton on Torts ( 5th ed . ) . St. Paul , Minnesota : West Publishing . § § 86 , 616 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 74880 - 5 . Many states have limited instances where a claim of nuisance may be brought . Such limitation often became necessary as the sensibilities of urban dwellers were offended by smells of agricultural waste when they moved to rural locations . For example : many states and provinces have `` right to farm '' provisions , which allow any agricultural use of land zoned or historically used for agriculture . There are two classes of nuisance under the American law : a nuisance in fact , or `` nuisance per accidens '' , and a nuisance per se . The classification determines whether the claim goes to the jury , or gets decided by the judge . An alleged nuisance in fact is an issue of fact to be determined by the jury , who will decide whether the thing ( or act ) in question created a nuisance , by examining its location and surroundings , the manner of its conduct , and other circumstances . A determination that something is a nuisance in fact also requires proof of the act and its consequences . By contrast , a nuisance per se is `` an activity , or an act , structure , instrument , or occupation which is a nuisance at all times and under any circumstances , regardless of location or surroundings . '' Liability for a nuisance per se is absolute , and injury to the public is presumed ; if its existence is alleged and established by proof , it is also established as a matter of law . Therefore , a judge would decide a nuisance per se , while a jury would decide a nuisance in fact . Most nuisance claims allege a nuisance in fact , for the simple reason that not many actions or structures have been deemed to be nuisances per se . In general , if an act , or use of property , is lawful , or authorized by competent authority , it can not be a nuisance per se . Rather , the act in question must either be declared by public statute , or by case law , to be a nuisance per se . There are few state or federal statutes or case law declaring actions or structures to be a nuisance in and of themselves . Few activities or structures , in and of themselves and under any and all circumstances , are a nuisance ; which is how courts determine whether or not an action or structure is a nuisance per se . Over the last 1000 years , public nuisance has been used by governmental authorities to stop conduct that was considered quasi-criminal because , although not strictly illegal , it was deemed unreasonable in view of its likelihood to injure someone in the general public . Donald Gifford argues that civil liability has always been an `` incidental aspect of public nuisance '' . Traditionally , actionable conduct involved the blocking of a public roadway , the dumping of sewage into a public river or the blasting of a stereo in a public park . To stop this type of conduct , governments sought injunctions either enjoining the activity that caused the nuisance or requiring the responsible party to abate the nuisance . In recent decades , however , governments blurred the lines between public and private nuisance causes of action . William Prosser noted this in 1966 and warned courts and scholars against confusing and merging the substantive laws of the two torts . In some states , his warning went unheeded and some courts and legislatures have created vague and ill - defined definitions to describe what constitutes a public nuisance . For example , Florida 's Supreme Court has held that a public nuisance is any thing that causes `` annoyance to the community or harm to public health . '' A contemporary example of a nuisance law in the United States is the Article 40 Bylaw of Amherst , Massachusetts known as the Nuisance House Bylaw . The law is voted on by members of the town at town meetings . The stated purpose of such a law is `` In accordance with the Town of Amherst 's Home Rule Authority , and to protect the health , safety , and welfare of the inhabitants of the Town , this bylaw shall permit the Town to impose liability on owners and other responsible persons for the nuisances and harm caused by loud and unruly gatherings on private property and shall discourage the consumption of alcoholic beverages by underage persons at such gatherings . '' In practice , the law works so that if one member of the neighborhood feels that a neighbor 's noise level is annoying or excessively loud , that neighbor is instructed to inform the town police so that they can respond to the location of the noise . `` The responding officer has some discretion in how to deal with the noise complaint ... When determining the appropriate response , the officer may take many factors into consideration , such as the severity of the noise , the time of day , whether the residents have been warned before , the cooperation of the residents to address the problem . '' The term is also used less formally in the United States to describe the non-meritorious nature of frivolous litigation . A lawsuit may be described as a `` nuisance suit '' , and a settlement a `` nuisance settlement '' , if the defendant pays money to the plaintiff to drop the case primarily to spare the cost of litigation , rather than because the suit would have a significant likelihood of winning . Environmental nuisance ( edit ) In the field of environmental science , there are a number of phenomena which are considered nuisances under the law , including most notably noise , water and light pollution . Moreover there are some issues that are not necessarily legal matters that are termed environmental nuisance ; for example , an excess population of insects or other vectors may be termed a `` nuisance population '' in an ecological sense . In terms of environmental nuisance litigations , it is hard for someone to be successful in this area due to the standing requirements of private and public nuisance . It is the Court 's opinion that legislation should regulate this area . Particularly , in Australia , all the jurisdictions have such kind of legislation . From Britannica 1911 ( edit ) A common nuisance is punishable as a misdemeanour at common law , where no special provision is made by statute . In modern times , many of the old common law nuisances have been the subject of legislation . It 's no defence for a master or employer that a nuisance is caused by the acts of his servants , if such acts are within the scope of their employment , even though such acts are done without his knowledge , and contrary to his orders . Nor is it a defence that the nuisance has been in existence for a great length of time , for no lapse of time will legitimate a public nuisance . A private nuisance is an act , or omission , which causes inconvenience or damage to a private person , and is left to be redressed by action . There must be some sensible diminution of these rights affecting the value or convenience of the property . `` The real question in all the cases is the question of fact , whether the annoyance is such as materially to interfere with the ordinary comfort of human existence '' ( Lord Romilly in Crump v. Lambert ( 1867 ) L.R. 3 Eq. 409 ) . A private nuisance , differing in this respect from a public nuisance , may be legalized by uninterrupted use for twenty years . It used to be thought that , if a man knew there was a nuisance and went and lived near it , he could n't recover , because , it was said , it is he that goes to the nuisance , and not the nuisance to him . But this has long ceased to be law , as regards both the remedy by damages , and the remedy by injunction . The remedy for a public nuisance is by information , indictment , summary procedure or abatement . An information lies in cases of great public importance , such as the obstruction of a navigable river by piers . In some matters , the law allows the party to take the remedy into his own hands , and to `` abate '' the nuisance . Thus ; if a gate be placed across a highway , any person lawfully using the highway may remove the obstruction , provided that no breach of the peace is caused thereby . The remedy for a private nuisance is by injunction , action for damages or abatement . An action lies in every case for a private nuisance ; it also lies where the nuisance is public , provided that the plaintiff can prove that he has sustained some special injury . In such a case , the civil is in addition to the criminal remedy . In abating a private nuisance , care must be taken not to do more damage than is necessary for the removal of the nuisance . In Scotland , there 's no recognized distinction between public and private nuisances . The law as to what constitutes a nuisance is substantially the same as in England . A list of statutory nuisances will be found in the Public Health ( Scotland ) Act 1867 , and amending acts . The remedy for nuisance is by interdict , or action . See also ( edit ) Aldred 's Case Haslem v. Lockwood Law Neglect Public - order crime Robinson v Kilvert Rylands v. Fletcher Tort law William L. Prosser References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sir J.F. Stephen , Digest of the Criminal Law , p. 120 Jump up ^ Restatement ( Second ) of Torts § 821A cmt . b ( 1979 ) . Originally developed as a private tort tied to the land , a nuisance action was generally brought when a person interfered with another 's `` use or enjoyment of land . '' Jump up ^ `` William L. Prosser , Private Action for Public Nuisance , 52 Va . L. Rev. 997 , 997 ( 1966 ) '' . Jump up ^ Restatement ( Second ) of Torts § 821B Jump up ^ Sappideen , C ( Carolyn ) , Torts : Commentary and Materials ( Thomson Reuters ( Professional ) Australia Limited , 12 ed , 2016 ) 771 . Jump up ^ Restatement ( Second ) of Torts § 821D Jump up ^ St Helen 's Smelting v Tipping ( 1865 ) UKHL J81 , ( 1865 ) 11 HLC 642 ; 11 ER 1483 , House of Lords ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Oldham v Lawson ( No 1 ) ( 1976 ) VicRp 69 , ( 1976 ) VR 654 , Supreme Court ( Vic , Australia ) . Jump up ^ Khorasandjian v Bush ( 1993 ) EWCA Civ 18 , ( 1993 ) QB 727 , Court of Appeal ( England and Wales ) , was overruled by the House of Lords in Hunter v Canary Wharf Pty Ltd ( 1997 ) UKHL 14 , ( 1997 ) AC 655 , House of Lords ( UK ) . Jump up ^ `` An era ends '' . NSW Health . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Coventry v Lawrence ( 2014 ) UKSC 13 , ( 2014 ) AC 822 , Supreme Court ( UK ) . Jump up ^ http://www.steamin.in/RDC/Petition.htm ^ Jump up to : City of Sunland Park v. Harris News , Inc. , 2005 - NMCA - 128 , 45 , 124 P. 3d 566 , 138 N.M. 58 ( citing 58 AM. JUR. 2D NUISANCES § 21 ) Jump up ^ Id. 40 ( citing State ex rel . Village of Los Ranchos v. City of Albuquerque , 119 N.M. 150 , 164 , 889 P. 2d 185 , 199 ( 1994 ) ) Jump up ^ See 58 AM. JUR. 2D NUISANCES § 21 Jump up ^ See 58 AM. JUR. 2D NUISANCES § 20 Jump up ^ State v. Davis , 65 N.M. 128 , 132 , 333 P. 2d 613 , 616 ( 1958 ) ; See also Sunland Park , 2005 - NMCA - 128 , 47 Jump up ^ Koeber , 72 N.M. at 5 , 380 P. 2d at 16 . Jump up ^ `` Donald G. Gifford '' , Research Professor of Law at the University of Maryland School of Law Jump up ^ Donald G. Gifford , Public Nuisance as a Mass Products Liability Tort , 71 U. Cin . L. Rev. 741 , 781 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Restatement ( Second ) of Torts § 821A cmt . b ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ John Gray , `` Public Nuisance Law : An Historical Perspective '' Jump up ^ http://amherstnoise.weebly.com/nuisance-house-bylaw.html Jump up ^ http://amherstnoise.weebly.com/enforcement.html Jump up ^ http://www.amherstma.gov/DocumentView.aspx?DID=66 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , ed. 2010 . American Kestrel . Encyclopedia of Earth , U.S. National Council for Science and the Environment , Ed - in - chief C. Cleveland Jump up ^ Sappideen , Carolyn ; Vines , Prue ; Watson , Penelope ( 2012 ) . Torts commentary and materials ( 11 ed . ) . Sydney : Thomson Reuters . p. 754 . ISBN 9780455230436 . Jump up ^ Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Collieries Plc ( 1994 ) 1 All ER 53 , 57 Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Act 1997 ( ACT ) . Jump up ^ Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 ( NSW ) . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , Nuisance . Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nuisance '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Look up nuisance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Public Nuisance Law '' : Essays and articles written by legal experts in the subject of public nuisance law . LCCN : sh85093184 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuisance&oldid=831042059 '' Categories : Tort law Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2017 Anglophone - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Français 한국어 עברית मराठी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Common law tort 2. Public nuisance 3. Private nuisance 4. Interference with right of specific people 5. Remedies for nuisance

meaning of the song heartbeats by jose gonzalez

Heartbeats ( song ) - wikipedia Heartbeats ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Heartbeatz . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Heartbeats '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Knife <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Deep Cuts Released 27 December 2002 ( original release ) 4 October 2004 ( re-release ) Format CD , 12 '' Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop , electropop , alternative dance Length 3 : 51 Label Rabid , V2 Songwriter ( s ) Karin Dreijer Andersson , Olof Dreijer <Th_colspan="2"> The Knife singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Nedsvärtning '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbeats '' ( 2002 ) `` You Take My Breath Away '' ( 2003 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Nedsvärtning '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbeats '' ( 2002 ) `` You Take My Breath Away '' ( 2003 ) `` Heartbeats '' is a song by Swedish electronic music duo The Knife . It was released in Sweden on 27 December 2002 as the lead single from their second studio album Deep Cuts ( 2003 ) and re-released on 4 October 2004 . The song was listed at # 15 on Pitchfork Media 's top 500 songs of the 2000s and at # 87 on Rolling Stone 's top 100 songs of the 2000s . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 95 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Adjectives used to describe the music were `` haunting '' and `` electro '' . In Robert Dimery 's book 1000 Songs : You Must Hear Before You Die , it was said : `` The Stockholm siblings ' love of synth pop , minimal beats and electronica create together a moving masterpiece . Singer Karin Dreijer Andersson 's hypnotic vocals recall both Björk and Siouxsie Sioux with her icy delivery of magical lines '' . The song was covered by many acts such as José González , Scala & Kolacny Brothers and Ellie Goulding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listings 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 José González version 5.1 Usage in media 5.2 Charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) The song has received critical acclaim since its release . MusicOMH said that the song 's `` emotive lyrics merge with forward thinking production to create one of the most exciting electronica releases of the year '' , and Contactmusic.com stated the song had `` clever synth beats and Björkesque vocals '' with the ability to `` instil some fun and nostalgia into music . '' Gigwise.com said that the song was `` perhaps one of the most hypnotic and haunting electronic songs of recent times , ( ... ) innately infectious from the outset . '' Several reviews commented that the song had an 1980s feel . The remix by Rex the Dog was described by MusicOMH as `` a masterful reworking that fits it up nicely for the dancefloor '' . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD `` Heartbeats '' ( original ) -- 3 : 53 `` Heartbeats ( Rex the Dog Remix ) '' -- 6 : 12 `` Heartbeats ( The Knife Techno Remix ) '' -- 2 : 47 `` Afraid of You '' -- 3 : 48 UK 12 - inch vinyl `` Heartbeats '' ( original ) -- 3 : 53 `` Heartbeats ( Style of Eye Remix ) '' -- `` Heartbeats ( Rex the Dog Remix ) '' -- 6 : 12 `` Heartbeats ( The Knife Techno Remix ) '' -- 2 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Christoffer Berg -- mixing Rex the Dog -- re-mixing , producer Linus Eklow -- re-mixing Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 - 2010 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 UK Singles Chart 119 José González version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Heartbeats '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by José González <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Veneer Released January 2006 Format CD , digital download Recorded 2003 Genre Acoustic , indie folk Length 2 : 40 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Karin Dreijer Andersson , Olof Dreijer <Th_colspan="2"> José González singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartbeats '' ( 2006 ) `` Crosses '' ( 2006 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartbeats '' ( 2006 ) `` Crosses '' ( 2006 ) The song was covered by Argentinian - Swedish singer - songwriter José González for his debut studio album Veneer ( 2003 ) and released as its lead single in January 2006 . In contrast to the electronic , synth - based original , González 's cover features only an acoustic guitar . The song peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart . Usage in Media ( edit ) González 's version was used in a Sony Bravia advertisement and also in several TV shows . The song appears on the third soundtrack of One Tree Hill `` The Road Mix '' and it was also used in the show 's season 4 episode `` Some You Give Away '' , in Bones in `` The Salt in the Wounds '' , in an episode of Scrubs called `` My Hard Labor '' , in Brothers & Sisters , in Covert Affairs , and in 90210 . It is also a soundtrack of the British horror film Donkey Punch ( 2008 ) . It was also recently used on an episode of `` The Blackllist '' and in the movie `` Everything , Everything . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : The Knife Heartbearts. 1000 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die . Cassell Illustrated . 19 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kutchinsky , Serena . `` The Knife - Heartbeats ( Rabid ) '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , Katherine . `` The Knife - Heartbeats - Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Knife - Heartbeats ( Live ) '' . Gigwise.com. 2007 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Knife -- Heartbeats '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Log UK : Alex K -- Kyuss '' . Zobbel . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Bravia commercial '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- José González -- Heartbeats '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2006 - 01 - 15 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2006 - 01 - 15 '' UK Indie Chart . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- José González -- Heartbeats '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Heartbeats in the search field and then press Enter . <Th_colspan="2"> The Knife <Td_colspan="2"> Karin Dreijer Andersson Olof Dreijer Studio albums The Knife Deep Cuts Silent Shout Tomorrow , in a Year ( with Mt . Sims and Planningtorock ) Shaking the Habitual Soundtrack albums Hannah med H Video albums Silent Shout : An Audio Visual Experience Remix albums Shaken - Up Versions Singles `` N.Y. Hotel '' `` Heartbeats '' `` You Take My Breath Away '' `` Pass This On '' `` Silent Shout '' `` Like a Pen '' `` Marble House '' `` We Share Our Mothers ' Health '' Related articles Discography Rabid Records Fever Ray Oni Ayhun <Th_colspan="2"> José González Albums Veneer In Our Nature Vestiges & Claws EPs Crosses EP Remain EP Stay in the Shade EP Australian Tour EP Singles `` Heartbeats '' `` Down the Line '' `` Killing for Love '' `` Teardrop '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heartbeats_(song)&oldid=800921256 '' Categories : 2002 songs 2002 singles 2004 singles The Knife songs Songs written by Karin Dreijer Andersson Songs written by Olof Dreijer V2 Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKindie Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Heartbeats" by The Knife 2. Swedish electronic music duo 3. José González cover 4. Synthpop and electropop 5. Critical acclaim and chart success

what does pure drive mean on nissan qashqai

Nissan Qashqai - Wikipedia Nissan Qashqai <Th_colspan="2"> Nissan Qashqai <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer Nissan Also called Nissan Dualis ( Japan and Australia , 1st gen . ) Nissan Rogue Sport ( United States , 2nd gen . ) Production 2006 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact crossover SUV Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Related Nissan Rogue Renault Kadjar <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Nissan Mistral The Nissan Qashqai ( / ˈkæʃkaɪ / ) is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Nissan since 2006 . For the first generation , the Qashqai was sold under the name Nissan Dualis in Japan and Australia . Now in its second generation , which was released in 2014 , the new model is only badged as Qashqai except in the United States ( but not Canada ) it is rebadged as the `` Nissan Rogue Sport '' . The original Qashqai replaced the off - road capable body - on - frame Mistral / Terrano II as Nissan 's SUV offering , and its P32L automobile platform will be also used by other forthcoming Nissan crossover SUVs . Nissan named the Qashqai after the Qashqai ( pronounced ( qaʃqaːʔiː ) ) people living in mountainous Southwestern Iran . Qashqai means `` A horse with a white forehead '' based on a translation by Vasily Bartold . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( J10 ) ( 2006 -- 2013 ) 1.1 Name 1.2 Production and sales 1.3 Features 1.4 Qashqai NJ10 ( + 2 ) 1.5 Facelift 1.6 2011 engine update 1.7 Marketing 1.7. 1 Japan 1.7. 2 Middle East 1.7. 3 North America 1.7. 4 New Zealand 1.7. 5 Singapore 1.7. 6 United Kingdom 1.7. 7 The Russian Federation 1.8 Recall 2 Second generation ( J11 ) ( 2013 -- present ) 2.1 Engine Specifications 2.2 Alleged emission manipulation 2.3 Nissan Rogue Sport ( 2017 -- present ) 2.4 Gallery 3 References 4 External links First generation ( j10 ) ( 2006 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Also called Nissan Dualis ( Japan and Australia ) Production 2006 -- 2013 Assembly Sunderland , Tyne and Wear , England ( NMMUK ) Kanda , Fukuoka , Japan <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Platform Nissan C platform Related Nissan Rogue ( 1st gen . ) Venucia T70 <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.6 L HR16DE I4 ( petrol ) 2.0 L MR20DE I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L K9K I4 ( diesel ) 1.6 L R9M I4 ( diesel ) 2.0 L M9R I4 ( diesel ) Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 6 - speed automatic CVT automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,630 mm ( 103.5 in ) 2,760 mm ( 108.7 in ) ( + 2 version ) Length 4,315 mm ( 169.9 in ) 4,535 mm ( 178.5 in ) ( + 2 version ) Width 1,785 mm ( 70.3 in ) Height 1,605 mm ( 63.2 in ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Successor Nissan Juke ( Dualis , Japan ) Nissan X-Trail ( Qashqai + 2 ) Nissan Dualis ( Japan ; pre facelift ) Name ( edit ) Nissan considered releasing the Chinese version as the CCUV ( Compact Crossover Utility Vehicle ) . In Australia the Qashqai carries the name Dualis from the Japanese domestic market version because Nissan worried Qashqai could be pronounced `` cash cow '' . The press has often used that pun to describe the sales success of the model . Production and sales ( edit ) The Nissan Qashqai Concept at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show . The Qashqai has been built at Nissan 's Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK ( NMUK ) Sunderland , Tyne and Wear plant since December 2006 . It is the first model to be styled by Nissan Design Europe in London , with engineering development led by Nissan Technical Centre Europe ( NTCE ) in Cranfield , Bedfordshire . First unveiled as a concept vehicle at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show , it was globally presented at the 2006 Paris Motor Show . By December 2007 , Nissan had sold approximately 100,000 Nissan Qashqais in Europe , including 17,554 in the United Kingdom , 15,376 in Russia , and 10,746 in Italy . Since its facelift in 2010 , the Qashqai has sold over 200,000 annual units in Europe ( excluding Russia ) every year , and the first generation Qashqai has sold more than 1.24 million units in Europe during its 7.5 year production run . The Qashqai is exported to the Middle East and additional overseas markets . In order to increase production capacity in Nissan 's plant in Sunderland within the United Kingdom , some models of the 2014 Qashqai will be produced in Nissan 's Russian plant in Saint Petersburg . Features ( edit ) Interior Built on an all new platform , the Qashqai went on sale in February 2007 , and Nissan targeted more than 100,000 sales per year . Nissan said the car would cater to those buyers who want a more dynamic design , but are not attracted to the large , aggressive nature of a sport utility vehicle . The car slots below the X-Trail in the Nissan range and partially replaces the conventional Primera , even though it took the production place of the smaller Almera . In terms of size , its 4,310 millimetres ( 169.7 in ) length and 1,610 millimetres ( 63.4 in ) height make it fall between compact MPVs , such as the SEAT Altea and Peugeot 5008 ; and compact SUVs like the Hyundai Tucson , Kia Sportage and Mitsubishi Outlander . The top half of Qashqai has a sleek , dynamic form with a distinctive shoulder line which rises at the rear -- a design cue similar to that of the Nissan Murano . The lower portion resembles an SUV due to large , pronounced wheel arches and a slightly elevated ground clearance . The Qashqai uses the same platform as the X-Trail ( the vehicle upon which the Qashqai is based ) . Nissan regards the Qashqai as a rival to such cars as the Toyota RAV4 and the Honda CR - V and in 2007 it received a five star Euro NCAP safety rating -- the best ever adult occupant score . Five engine choices are available : a 114 PS ( 84 kW ; 112 bhp ) 1.6 L or a 141 PS ( 104 kW ; 139 bhp ) 2.0 L petrol , while the 106 PS ( 78 kW ; 105 bhp ) 1.5 L , 130 PS ( 96 kW ; 128 bhp ) 1.6 L and 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 bhp ) 2.0 L provide the diesel offerings . Qashqai nj10 ( + 2 ) ( edit ) Production of a seven - passenger version of the Qashqai , named `` Qashqai + 2 '' , began at NMUK in July 2008 . Launched in October 2008 , it is a larger variant of the standard model with the wheelbase extended by 135 mm . The overall length of the car is extended by 211 mm to allow for a third row of seats , and roof height is increased by 38 mm at the rear . From the A pillar back the car 's chassis is unique , but trim and engine models remain the same as on the standard Qashqai . The Qashqai + 2 was discontinued after the model year of 2013 , and replaced by the new version of the X-Trail with a seven - seat configuration . Nissan Qashqai + 2 ( pre facelift ) Nissan Qashqai + 2 ( pre facelift ) Nissan Qashqai + 2 ( facelift ) Facelift ( edit ) Facelift Nissan Dualis Ti Facelift Nissan Dualis ST On 4 December 2009 , Nissan announced the Qashqai 's next version , which went on sale in March 2010 . The model 's front end has been completely restyled while the rear now includes LED tail lights . Modifications to the interior include a new instrument panel layout for the vehicle 's drive computer , better soundproofing and minor storage additions . ESP is now standard across the range and two new exterior colours have been added . The launch of an eco friendly Pure Drive variant has also been announced . 2011 engine update ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A new 1.6 dCi engine replaces the previous 2.0 dCi . Peak power is down from 110 kW ( 148 bhp ; 150 PS ) to 95 kW ( 127 bhp ; 129 PS ) , but there 's the same 320 N ⋅ m ( 240 lb ⋅ ft ) of torque , available at 1750 rpm , rather than 2000 rpm . Nissan has n't released full performance figures , but says the 1.6 dCi has a quicker 50 -- 80 km / h ( 31 -- 50 mph ) acceleration figure than the 2.0 dCi . Nissan has also added its Around View Monitor as standard equipment for 360 ( Replaces N - tec ) versions of the Qashqai and Qashqai + 2 . The system uses a set of external cameras to create a 360 degree `` bird 's eye '' view of the car to help with parking manoeuvres . The driver can also focus individually on front , rear or passenger cameras to look out for a particular obstacle . Marketing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Japan ( edit ) The Japanese Domestic Market ( JDM ) Dualis is offered in 2.0 G , 2.0 S , 2.0 G Four , and 2.0 S Four trim levels . All models are powered by 2.0 litre MR20DE engine matched to six speed Xtronic CVT . The Dualis was discontinued in Japan on 31 March 2014 . After the Dualis was discontinued , the Juke is the only mini SUV from Nissan that is still produced and sold in Japan . Middle East ( edit ) In most Middle East markets , the Nissan Qashqai is offered in S , SE and LE , Standard on all trims is the 2.0 L 106 kW ( 142 bhp ) MR20DE engine with CVT . North America ( edit ) Until 2017 , the Qashqai was not offered in North American markets . Instead , Nissan offered the Nissan Rogue . Although larger and appearing to be a completely different model it is based on the same basic platform as the Qashqai / Xtrail with some visual similarities . In Mexico , the X-Trail and Rogue are both sold and the Qashqai is about to be offered in the Mexican Market . In January 2017 , Nissan announced the second generation Qashqai will be sold in the United States and Canada ( called the `` Rogue Sport '' in the United States ) . New Zealand ( edit ) Nissan New Zealand also uses the Qashqai name to distinguish the model from Dualis grey imports that were shipped from Japan before the official release . The New Zealand spec Qashqai is sourced from Sunderland having initially been sourced from Japan . The range currently ( 2016 ) consists of three specification levels : ST , ST - L and Ti all with 2WD 2.0 L MR20DE CVT . A TS model ( 1.6 diesel ) is also available . The Qashqai + 2 was added to the range in July 2010 but discontinued with the new model launch in 2014 . The updated X-Trail ( Rogue in United States ) , released at about the same time , became the only seven seater option . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the local distributor offered the Qashqai in the standard variant and also in Qashqai + 2 seven seater variant . Parallel importers also offered the model but bears the Dualis name which is directly sourced from Japan . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Qashqai has been made at the Sunderland , Tyne and Wear plant since December 2006 , occupying the production line previously occupied by the Almera . Its launch also coincided with the withdrawal of the Primera from the market in the United Kingdom , due to low sales . This left the company with no direct successor to the Almera or Primera on the market in the United Kingdom , with the `` supermini MPV '' Note being sold as an indirect successor to the Almera , and the Qashqai as a successor to the Primera . This move was seen as controversial , but in time appears to have paid off as the Qashqai has proved a major sales success in the United Kingdom , with more than 39,000 sales in 2010 making it the tenth best selling new car in Britain -- the first Nissan to make the top ten in Britain since the Sunny in 1983 . The lack of a conventional alternative on the United Kingdom market could soon be solved , according to an Autocar article in September 2012 , by the launch of the Nissan Tiida ( which had already directly replaced the Almera in other markets ) in the near future , although it has yet to be confirmed whether this will happen . In 2012 , its sixth year on sale in the United Kingdom , sales exceeded 45,000 to make it the sixth best selling car there that year . The Russian Federation ( edit ) The Qashqai and Qashqai + 2 ( seven seat version ) are available in the Russian Federation with the following gasoline powered four cylinder engines : For Qashqai 1.6 L -- 85 kW ( 114 hp ) 2WD ; 5MT and CVT 2.0 L -- 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 2WD and 4WD ; 6MT and CVT For Qashqai + 2 1.6 L -- 85 kW ( 114 hp ) 2WD ; 5MT 2.0 L -- 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 2WD with 6MT only ; 4WD with 6MT or CVT Recall ( edit ) On 13 September 2012 , Nissan Motor Co. recalled 51,000 cars worldwide to investigate a reported steering wheel problem . It affects Nissan 's Qashqai , Qashqai + 2 and Nissan NV200 models . Second generation ( J11 ) ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Also called Nissan Rogue Sport ( United States ) Production November 2013 -- present Assembly Sunderland , Tyne and Wear , England ( NMMUK ) Wuhan , Hubei , China ( Dongfeng Nissan ) Saint Petersburg , Russia Fukuoka Pref. , Japan ( Nissan Motor Kyushu ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front - engine , front - wheel - drive or four - wheel - drive Platform Nissan CMF platform ( CMF - CD ) Related Nissan Rogue ( 2nd gen . ) Nissan X-Trail ( 3rd gen . ) Renault Kadjar <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.2 L turbo I4 ( petrol ) 1.6 L I4 ( petrol ) 2.0 L MR20DE I4 ( petrol ) 1.5 L I4 ( diesel ) 1.6 L I4 ( diesel ) Transmission 6 - speed manual CVT automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,646 mm ( 104.2 in ) Length 4,370 mm ( 172.0 in ) Width 1,800 mm ( 70.9 in ) Height 1,595 mm ( 62.8 in ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Nissan Rogue Select ( for North America ) The Qashqai J11 was introduced in London on November 7 , 2013 , at a worldwide streamed launch known at the # nextgen . It was subsequently presented as a premiere at the Brussels International Motor Show in January 2014 . In February 2014 , it went on sale in the United Kingdom . The new Qashqai J11 was awarded What Car ? `` Car of the Year '' 2014 . The Dualis nameplate has been discontinued in Japan , and the second generation Qashqai is not sold there . Nissan Japan instead offers the smaller Juke , and the new larger X-Trail which is now based on the Rogue . Interior The first generation model with the Dualis nameplate was sold alongside the newer model , which now bears the Qashqai name in Australia since July 2014 . Globally , it is available in 1.6 L ( turbodiesel / petrol ) , 1.5 L ( turbodiesel ) , 1.2 L ( turbopetrol ) and 2.0 L ( petrol ) variants . In July 2015 , Nissan announced that it will begin to market the Qashqai on the market in North America . In September 2015 , Nissan rolled a record breaking 500,000 th Qashqai off the production line at NMMUK , the fastest time for a vehicle built in the United Kingdom to reach a half million units . Dongfeng Nissan started marketing locally produced Qashqai in Chinese market . Engine options available are 1.2 litre turbocharged petrol and 2.0 L naturally aspirated petrol . All models excluding the base 1.2 T are mated with NIssan 's Xtronic CVT , while the base 1.2 T engine is mated with a six speed manual gearbox . At the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Michigan Nissan revealed the North American version of the Qashqai to slot between the Juke & Rogue . Due to homologation reasons Nissan USA had to make minor changes to the Qashqai including calling it `` Rogue Sport '' , to tie it in with the popular Rogue name . In Canada , however , the Qashqai will keep its original name . Pricing for the 2018 Nissan Qashqai will start under $20,000 in Canada . The manual S trim model begins at $19,998 and the S CVT at $21,998 . The price tops out at $32,198 for the SL Platinum . The Qashqai arrived at dealers in Canada in June . On October 27 , 2016 , Nissan Motor Corporation announced the production of the next Qashqai at NMUK . Engine Specifications ( edit ) Petrol engines hide Model Year ( s ) Displacement Fuel Type Power Torque 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) CO2 Emissions 1.2 i DIG - T 4X2 HR12DDT 2013 -- 1,199 cc ( 73.2 cu in ) Petrol 116 PS ( 85 kW ; 114 bhp ) 190 N ⋅ m ( 140 ft ⋅ lb ) 10.6 s 129 g / km 1.2 i DIG - T 4X2 XTRONIC 2014 -- 1,199 cc ( 73.2 cu in ) Petrol 116 PS ( 85 kW ; 114 bhp ) 165 N ⋅ m ( 122 ft ⋅ lb ) 12.9 s 129 g / km 1.6 i DIG - T 4X2 MR16DDT 2014 -- 1,618 cc ( 98.7 cu in ) Petrol 163 PS ( 120 kW ; 161 bhp ) 240 N ⋅ m ( 177 ft ⋅ lb ) 9.1 s 134 g / km MR20DE 2015 - 1,997 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) Petrol 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 148 bhp ) 200 N ⋅ m ( 148 ft ⋅ lb ) 10.53 s - g / km Diesel engines hide Model Year ( s ) Displacement Fuel Type Power Torque 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) CO2 Emissions 1.5 dCi 4X2 2013 -- 1,461 cc ( 89.2 cu in ) Diesel 110 PS ( 81 kW ; 108 bhp ) 260 N ⋅ m ( 192 ft ⋅ lb ) 11.9 s 99 g / km 1.6 dCi 4X2 2013 -- 1,598 cc ( 97.5 cu in ) Diesel 131 PS ( 96 kW ; 129 bhp ) 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 ft ⋅ lb ) 9.9 s 115 g / km 1.6 dCi 4X2 XTRONIC 2013 -- 1,598 cc ( 97.5 cu in ) Diesel 131 PS ( 96 kW ; 129 bhp ) 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 ft ⋅ lb ) 11.1 s 119 g / km 1.6 dCi All Mode 4X4 - i 2013 -- 1,598 cc ( 97.5 cu in ) Diesel 131 PS ( 96 kW ; 129 bhp ) 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 ft ⋅ lb ) 10.5 s 129 g / km Alleged Emission manipulation ( edit ) In May 2016 , South Korea 's environment ministry alleged Nissan used a so - called defeat device in those Qashqai with diesel engines to turn off its exhaust reduction system under regular driving temperatures . It fined Nissan , and ordered a recall of models with Euro 6 engines . Nissan denied any wrongdoing . Nissan Rogue Sport ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) At the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit , Nissan announced that it would sell a rebadged version of its Qashqai , called the Rogue Sport in the United States . Priced below the Nissan Rogue ( which in turn is a rebadged version of the Nissan X Trail ) , the Rogue Sport replaces the Nissan Rogue Select , which has been discontinued from Nissan 's lineup in the United States since 2015 . Nissan decided to name the Qashqai the Rogue Sport in the United States in order to cash in on the success of the standard Rogue , despite rumors that Americans could n't pronounce `` qashqai '' . At the same time , it was announced that the Qashqai will be sold in Canada as a Qashqai and not as a Rogue Sport . All Rogue Sports will come well equipped , with standard features such as keyless entry , power windows and door locks , Bluetooth for hands - free calling as well as streaming audio , and air conditioning . In addition , the Rogue Sport will be offered in three distinct trim levels , all of which feature their own list of standard equipment : S : Advanced Driver Assist Display , `` D - Shaped '' Sports Steering Wheel , Siri Eyes Free Technology , Bluetooth Streaming Audio , and Rear View Backup Camera System SV Adds : Seventeen Inch ( 17 `` ) Aluminum Alloy Wheels , Nissan Intelligent Key System w / Push Button Ignition , Dual - Zone Automatic Temperature Controls , and Six Way Power Adjustable Front Driver 's Seat SL Adds : Nineteen Inch ( 19 `` ) Aluminum Alloy Wheels , Seven - Inch NissanConnect Services Touch Screen Infotainment System w / GPS Navigation , Mobile Apps , and Services , Nissan AroundView Monitor w / Moving Object Detection , and Leather Appointed Seating Surfaces All Rogue Sports will be powered by a 2.0 litre , 141 horsepower inline - four petrol engine . Additional features include the `` Divide n Hide '' in - floor storage system , intelligent cruise control , available Blind Sport Monitoring , available Lane Departure Warning , available Lane Departure Prevention , available Rear Cross Traffic Alert , and High Beam Assist . Both Front - Wheel - Drive ( FWD ) and All - Wheel - Drive ( AWD ) versions of the Rogue Sport will be available . The Rogue Sport will go on sale in the United States in the spring of 2017 , however , pricing has not yet been announced . Gallery ( edit ) Pre-facelift styling Front ( ST ; Australia ) Rear ( Tekna ; Europe ) Post-facelift styling Front ( N - Connecta ; UK ) Rear ( Tekna+ ; UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Qashqai is named after the nomads Qashqai '' . 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Qashqai nicknamed the `` cash - cow '' `` . 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nissan Qashqai `` plus 2 `` : Cashcow in der Verlängerung -- Die Presse , 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Nissan Qashqai : car review -- The Guardian , 26 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Qashqai Goes On Production '' . Euro Auto Trends . 5 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Russia has become the second largest Nissan Qashqai market in Europe '' . Motor.ru. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan will transfer some Qashqai production to Russia from UK '' . 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Dualis '' . Wheels magazine : July 2007 . 2007 . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Qashqai shows face '' . Auto Express . 2009 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Press Office : Nissan Qashqai Crossover Updated for 2010 '' . Nissanpress.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Qashqai Nissan '' . Nissan-ME.com . Jump up ^ `` UK 2010 car sales analysis : winners and losers Automotive & Motoring News Car Magazine Online '' . Carmagazine.co.uk. 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan plans VW Golf rival '' . autocar.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK car sales booming '' . Auto Express . Jump up ^ `` Nissan recalls cars for steering wheel problem -- YLE '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premières & Dream Cars -- 94rd Motor Show -- 14 -- 24 jan. 2016 '' . autosalon.be . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Q for a familiar Nissan '' . carsguide.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Rogue Hybrid , Smaller Variant Coming '' . AutoGuide.com News . 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Qashqai hits 500,000 - unit mark in 21 months ! '' . paultan.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Muller , David ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Why It 's the Nissan Rogue Sport in the U.S. and the Qashqai Everywhere Else '' . Car and Driver . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Nissan Qashqai Review '' . Autofile.ca . Jump up ^ 日産 自動車 、 英国 サンダーランド 工場 で の 次期 型 モデル の 生産 を 決定 ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan Qashqai II -- Technical specifications , size dimensions , fuel economy '' . ultimatespecs.com . Jump up ^ Lee , Youkyung ; Kageyama , Yuri . `` South Korea to Fine Nissan for Allegedly Bogus Emission Data '' . AP . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jin , Hyunjoo . `` South Korea says Nissan manipulated emissions , proposes fine and recall '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nissanusa.com/crossovers/2017-rogue-sport External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan Qashqai and Nissan Dualis . 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wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Vehicles with CVT transmission 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2007 Cars of England Persian named brands or trade marks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 11 : 26 . 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1. Nissan Qashqai - compact crossover SUV 2. First generation (J10) - production, features, and marketing 3. Second generation (J11) - production, features, and awards 4. Nissan Dualis - predecessor of Qashqai in Japan and Australia 5. Nissan Rogue Sport - name of Qashqai in the United States

religion and culture in the middle east sussex

Religion in the Middle East - wikipedia Religion in the Middle East Jump to : navigation , search Three major religious groups , Judaism , Christianity , and Islam , originated in the Middle East . Smaller minority religions , such as the Bahá'í Faith , Druze , Noahidism , Manichaeism , Sabianism , Bábism , Yazidism , Mandaeism , Gnosticism , Yarsanism , Samaritanism , Shabakism , Ishikism , Ali - Illahism , Alevi Yazdanism and Zoroastrianism are also present in the Middle East . Islam is the prevalent religion in most of the region . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bahá'í Faith 2 Christianity 2.1 Copts 2.2 Maronites 2.3 Syriacs and Assyrians 2.4 Armenians 2.5 Other Christian groups 3 Druze faith 4 Ishikism 5 Islam 5.1 Sunnism 5.2 Twelver Shia 5.3 Zaydi 5.4 Alawites 5.5 Alevism 6 Judaism 7 Mandaeism 8 Samaritanism 9 Shabakism 10 Yazīdī 11 Zoroastrianism 12 Unbelief 13 Other religions 14 Countries 14.1 Egypt 14.2 Iran 14.3 Iraq 14.4 Israel 14.5 Jordan 14.6 Lebanon 14.7 Saudi Arabia 14.8 Syria 14.9 Turkey 14.10 Yemen 15 References Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) The Bahá'í Faith has noteworthy representation in Iran , Yemen , United Arab Emirates , Palestine , Israel and Turkey . Its international headquarters are located on the northern slope of Mount Carmel at Haifa , Israel . Founded in Iran in 1863 , the Bahá'í Faith is one of the youngest world major religions . According to most encyclopedias , in the early 21st century there are an estimated 6 to 8 million Bahá'ís across the globe . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christianity in the Middle East Christianity originated in the region in the 1st century AD , and was one of the major religions of the region until the Muslim conquests of the mid-to - late 7th century AD . Christianity in the Middle East is characterized with its diverse beliefs and traditions compared to other parts of the old world . Christians now make up 5 % of the population , down from 20 % in the early 20th century . The number of Middle Eastern Christians is dropping due to such factors as forced acceptance of Islam , low birth rates compared with Muslims , extensive emigration ( usually to escape religious persecution ) , and the religious persecution itself . In addition , political turmoil has been and continues to be a major contributor pressing indigenous Near Eastern Christians of various ethnicities towards seeking security and stability outside their homelands . Christian Palestinians face the same oppression as their Muslim compatriots . Recent spread of Jihadist and Salafist ideology , foreign to the tolerant values of the local communities in Greater Syria and Egypt has also played a role in unsettling Christians ' decades - long peaceful existence . It is estimated that at the present rate , the Middle East 's 12 million Christians will likely drop to 6 million by the year 2020 . Copts ( edit ) The largest Christian group in the Middle East is the originally Coptic - speaking , but now Arabic - speaking ( due to a forced language change ) Coptic Orthodox Christian population . This Egyptian ethnoreligious community of Copts , is cited by the census as consisting of 6 -- 11 million people , although Coptic sources cite the figure as being closer to 12 -- 16 million . Copts reside in mainly Egypt , but also in Sudan and Libya , with tiny communities in Israel , Cyprus and Jordan . Maronites ( edit ) Arabic - speaking Lebanese Maronites number some 1.1 -- 1.2 million across the Middle East , and often avoid an Arabic identity in favour of a pre-Arab Phoenician - Canaanite heritage . Syriacs and Assyrians ( edit ) Syriac Christians of various non-Arab ethnoreligious heritages number roughly 2 to 3 million . The indigenous Eastern Aramaic speaking Assyrians of Iraq , south eastern Turkey , north western Iran and north eastern Syria have suffered both ethnic and religious persecution over the last few centuries such as the Assyrian Genocide , leading to many fleeing to the west or congregating in areas in the north of Iraq and Syria . In Iraq numbers of indigenous Assyrians has declined to somewhere between 500,000 and 800,000 ( from 0.8 -- 1.4 million before 2003 US invasion ) or 6 % of the population of 23 million . Currently , the largest community of Syriac Christians in the Middle East resides in Syria , numbering 877,000 -- 1,139,000 . These are a mix of Neo-Aramaic speaking Assyrians and largely Arabic - speaking Christians ( originally speakers of the almost extinct Western Aramaic language ) who ethnically identify as Syriacs . Armenians ( edit ) In the Middle Eastern states , there is a large community of Armenians . The Armenians in the Middle East number around 350,000 - 400,000 and are mostly concentrated in Iran , Lebanon , Cyprus , Syria , Jordan , and Palestine , although well - established communities exist in Iraq , Egypt , Turkey , and other countries of the area . Some other sources claim that the Armenians number around half a million , with their largest community in Iran with 200,000 - 300,000 members . The number of Armenians in Turkey is disputed having a wide range of estimations . More Armenian communities reside in Lebanon , Syria , Jordan and to lesser degree in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and Israel . The Armenian Genocide during and after World War I drastically reduced the once sizeable Armenian population . Other Christian groups ( edit ) In the Persian Gulf states , Bahrain has 1,000 Christian citizens and Kuwait has 400 native Christian citizens , in addition to 450,000 Christian foreign residents in Kuwait . Arab Christians , and those who tend to identify as Arabs , are mostly adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church . In 2010 they numbered 1.1 million in Syria , 250,000 in Lebanon , 250 - 300,000 in Jordan , 150,000 in Israel and Palestine and smaller numbers in Iraq . Protestant converts number around 400,000 . Melkite Christians who are ethnically Arab Catholic Christians of the Greek Rite compose almost 600,000 . Syrian Orthodox number about 1 million in Syria , Iraq , Jordan and Lebanon , with the great majority being in Syria . The ethnic Greeks , who had once inhabited large parts of the western Middle East and Asia Minor , have declined since the Arab conquests and recently severely reduced in Turkey , as a result of the Asia Minor Catastrophe , which followed World War I. Today the biggest Middle Eastern Greek community resides in Cyprus numbering around 793,000 ( 2008 ) . Cypriot Greeks constitute the only Christian majority state in the Middle East , although Lebanon was founded with a Christian majority in the first half of the 20th century . Smaller Christian groups include ; Georgians , Messianic Jews , Russians and others , such as Kurdish , Turcoman , Iranian , Shabak , Azeri , Circassian and Arab converts exist in small numbers . There are currently several million Christian foreign workers in the Gulf area , mostly from the Philippines , India , Sri Lanka and Indonesia . Middle Eastern Christians are relatively wealthy , well educated , and politically moderate , as they have today an active role in various social , economical , sporting and political aspects in the Middle East . Druze Faith ( edit ) Druze , or Druse , is a monotheistic religion found in Syria , Lebanon , Israel and Jordan . Representation ranges from 100,000 in Israel , to 700,000 in Syria . Developing from Isma'ilite teachings , Druze incorporates Jewish , Christian , Gnostic , Neoplatonic and Iranian elements . Ishikism ( edit ) Ishikism ( also known as Chinarism or Ishik Alevism ) , a religious movement within Alevism that rejects its Islamic roots , is found in Turkey . Ishikīs consider themselves to be esotericists , claiming that Alevism is esotericism itself , meaning that they identify themselves with every type of esotericism in history . They claim that Alevism is the oldest religion in the world , that has changed shapes throughout time . This `` First and True Religion '' of the world , is claimed by Ishikís to have been a main source for all other religions and beliefs in the world . Islam ( edit ) Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East . About 20 % of the world 's Muslims live in the Middle East . Islam is monotheistic believing in Allah and follows the teaching of the written sacred text , the Qur'an . Islam is believed to be an extension of Judaism and Christianity with the belief that Muhammad is the final prophet of God , in a long chain of prophets , from Adam on down to John the Baptist , Jesus , and finally Muhammad . The majority of the Muslims are Sunni , followed by Shi'a . Smaller sects include the Ahmadiyya . A major source of conflict in the Muslim Middle East is the divisive nature between the two main sects of Islam : Sunni and Shi'a . Though these two sects agree on the fundamentals of Islam and the teachings of the Qur'an , they are in conflict about who would lead the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad 's death . The Battle of Siffin was a significant schism between the two sects . Throughout the years , other differences have arisen between practices , beliefs and culture . Many conflicts between the two communities have occurred . Sunnism ( edit ) Sunni is the largest branch of Islam and dominates most countries in the Middle East . Twelver Shia ( edit ) Further information : Shia Although there are many Shia subsects , modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings : Twelvers , Ismailis and Zaidis , with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia , making up perhaps 88 percent of Shias . Twelver Shia have their largest populations in the Middle East in Iraq ( 60 -- 85 % ) , Iran ( 91 -- 97 % ) , Lebanon ( 37 % -- 55 % ) , Bahrain ( 75 - 85 % ) and Saudi Arabia ( 10 - 25 % ) . Zaydi ( edit ) Further information : Zaidiyyah Zaydi make up about 35 - 40 % of the population of Yemen . They emerged in the eighth century out of Shi'a Islam . Zaidis are named after Zayd ibn ʻAlī , the grandson of Husayn ibn ʻAlī who they recognize as the fifth Imam . Followers of the Zaydi Islamic jurisprudence are called Zaydi Shi'a and make up about 35 - 40 % of Muslims in Yemen . Unlike many other Shia , Zaidis dismiss religious dissimulation ( taqiyya ) . Alawites ( edit ) Further information : Alawites Alawis , also rendered as Alawites , Alawīyyah or Nusạyriyya , are a syncretic sect of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam , primarily centered in Syria . The eponymously named Alawites revere Ali ( Ali ibn Abi Talib ) , considered the 1st Imam of the Twelver school . However , they are generally considered to be Ghulat by most other sects of Shia Islam . The sect is believed to have been founded by Ibn Nusayr during the 9th century , and fully established as a religion For this reason , Alawites are sometimes called Nusayris ( Arabic : نصيرية ‎ ‎ Nuṣayrīyyah ) , though the term has come to be used as a pejorative in the modern era . Another name , `` Ansari '' ( Arabic : انصارية ‎ ‎ Anṣāriyyah ) , is believed to be a mistransliteration of `` Nusayri '' . Today , Alawites represent 11 percent of the Syrian population and are a significant minority in Turkey and northern Lebanon . There is also a population living in the village of Ghajar in the Golan Heights . They are often confused with the Alevis of Turkey . Alawites form the dominant religious group on the Syrian coast and towns near the coast which are also inhabited by Sunnis , Christians , and Ismailis . Alawites have historically kept their beliefs secret from outsiders and non-initiated Alawites . At the core of Alawite belief is a divine triad , comprising three aspects of the one God . Alawites have traditionally lived in the An - Nusayriyah Mountains along the Mediterranean coast of Syria . Latakia and Tartus are the region 's principal cities . They are also concentrated in the plains around Hama and Homs . Alawites also live in Syria 's major cities , and are estimated at about 12 percent of the country 's population ( 2.6 million , out of a total population of 22 million ) . Alevism ( edit ) Further information : Alevism Alevism is a small syncretic , heterodox form of Islam , following Shia , Sufi , Sunni and local traditions , whose adherents follow the mystical ( bāṭenī ) teachings of Ali , the Twelve Imams , and a descendant -- the 13th century Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli . There are between 10 - 25 million Alevi and they are found primarily in Turkey among ethnic Turks and Kurds , and make up between 10 - 25 % of Turkey 's population , the largest branches of Islam there after the majority Sunni . Some of the differences that mark Alevis from mainstream Muslims are the use of cemevi halls rather than mosques ; worship ceremonies that feature wine , music and dancing , and where both women and men participate ; non-observance of the five daily salat prayers and prostrations ( they only bow twice in the presence of their spiritual leader ) , Ramadan , and the Hajj ( considering true pilgrimage to be internal one ) . Alevis have some links with Twelver Shia Islam ( such as importance of the Ahl al - Bayt , the day of Ashura , the Mourning of Muharram , commemorating Karbala ) , but do not follow taqlid towards a Marja ' `` source of emulation '' . Some practices of the Alevis are based on Sufi elements of the Bektashi tariqa . Judaism ( edit ) For over 2,000 years a large portion of world Jewry lived the Muslim world . They are colloquially knows as Mizrahi Jews . They include descendants of Babylonian Jews and Mountain Jews from modern Iraq , Morocco , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Algeria , Syria , Bahrain , Kuwait , Iran , Uzbekistan , the Caucasus , Kurdistan , Afghanistan , India , Pakistan and Yemen . Since the 1950s because of growing antisemitism most of these Jews fled to Israel where they make up the majority of Israel 's Jewish population and roughly a third of total world Jewry . While they no longer live among a Muslim majority , they continue to follow many customs with strong Muslim and Middle Eastern influences making them distinct from European Jewry . Today Judaism in the Middle East is mostly practiced in Israel . Israel 's population is 75.3 % Jewish , with the remainder made up of Muslims ( 20.6 % ) , Christians , Druze , Bahá'í and various other minorities ( 4.1 % ) . There are few other countries in the Middle East with significant Jewish populations , but the communities are small and scattered . Mandaeism ( edit ) There are between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide and in the Middle East they are found in Iraq and Iran . They revere Adam , Abel , Seth , Enosh and Noah . Mandaeans are an ethnoreligious community , which does n't allow conversion . Samaritanism ( edit ) Samaritanism is a closely affiliated religion with Judaism , practiced by the ethnoreligious Samaritan community , largely residing in Israel . In the past , Samaritans used to populate also Egypt and Syria , but their community had almost collapsed by the late 19th century due to religious persecution by radical Islamists . Today the Samaritan community has grown to about 800 persons from as few as 150 in the early 20th century . Shabakism ( edit ) There are about 60,000 Shabak people living today all in northern Iraq . They are an ethnic group with a religion similar to orthodox Islam and Christianity . The Shabak have much in common with the Yazidis . Yazīdī ( edit ) Yazidis ( Yezīdī , Azīdī , Zedī , or Izdī ) are found in Iraq , Syria , and Iran . It is a fusion of Zoroastrian , Manichaean , Jewish , Nestorian Christian and Islamic elements . They do not see themselves as descendent from Adam and maintain complete segregation from the rest of the population ( 5 ) . They number fewer than 100,000 and worship a main divinity called Yazīdī is Malak Ṭāʾūs ( `` Peacock Angel '' ) . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) In the Middle East , Zoroastrianism is found in central Iran . Today , there are estimated to be under 20,000 Zoroastrians in Iran . It is one of the oldest monotheistic religions as it was founded 3500 years ago . It was also one of the most powerful religions in the world for about 1000 years . Now , however , it is considered one of the smallest religions with only 190,000 followers worldwide . There are two deities : Azhura Mazda , who fights for a person 's goodness , and Ahriman , who fights for a person 's evil . It is ultimately up to the individual to decide which deity they will follow . Zoroastreans follow the Avesta which is their primary sacred text . Unbelief ( edit ) According to a 2012 WIN - Gallup International ' Religiosity and Atheism Index ' , atheists are a small minority in the Middle East with only 2 % of those surveyed in the Arab World identifying themselves as `` committed atheists '' . Dar al - Ifta al - Misriyyah , the branch of the Egyptian government that issues fatawa ( religious edicts ) , gives lower ( if less reliable ) numbers , stating that there are 866 atheists in Egypt -- `` roughly 0.001 % of the population '' -- 325 in Morocco , and 32 in Yemen ( defined as not only unbelievers , but secularists and `` Muslims who convert to other religions '' ) . Some countries ( Iraq , Tunisia ) surveyed had 0 % of respondents identifying as atheists . Other countries indicated low percentages ( Palestinian Territories 4 % , Turkey , Uzbekistan 2 % ) . However 18 % of those surveyed in the Arab world identified themselves as `` not a religious person '' ( Iraq 9 % , Uzbekistan 16 % , Saudi Arabia 19 % , West Bank and Gaza 29 % , Tunisia 22 % , Turkey 73 % ) , a higher percentage than in Africa , Latin America , or South Asia . According to unbelievers in the Arab world their numbers are growing but they suffer from persecution . Author and historian Faisal Devji notes that despite the fact that Saudi Arabia punishes unbelief with death , 5 % of those surveyed identified themselves as atheists ( a slightly higher percent than did in the United States ) and 19 percent did not consider themselves religious . Devji states there is `` a new movement of atheists in countries such as Saudi Arabia ... which takes the form of secret societies '' , meeting `` in internet chat rooms and unnamed physical locations , like the mystics of old '' . In Egypt , Al Jazeera reported a clandestine atheist group of over 100 in Alexandria in 2013 . The group complained of mistreatment of atheists by society and government . A Pew survey found 63 % of Egyptian Muslims favored the death penalty for those who leave the religion of Islam . The Egyptian penal code punishes `` contempt of heavenly religions '' , and as of 2013 Egyptians had been arrested and / or imprisoned for activities such as setting up a Facebook page calling for atheism , writing a book entitled Where is God ? , and `` defamation of religion '' . Other religions ( edit ) Main articles : Hinduism in Arab states and Buddhism in the Middle East There are many Hindus in Arab states , many due to the migration of Indians to the oil - rich states around the Persian Gulf . Hindu temples have been built in Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Yemen and Oman . Though Buddhism has had a presence in the Middle East for over 1000 years , it has recently experienced a revival with an estimated 900,000 people ( perhaps more ) who profess Buddhism as their religion . Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3 % of the total population of the Middle East . Many of these Buddhists are workers who have migrated from other parts of Asia to the Middle East in the last 20 years , many from countries that have large Buddhist populations , such as China , Vietnam , Thailand , Sri Lanka , Nepal and Bhutan . A small number of engineers , company directors , and managers from Japan , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Singapore , and South Korea have also moved to the Middle East . Sikhism , the fifth - largest organized religion in the world after Christianity , Islam , Hinduism , and Buddhism , having over 25 million Sikhs worldwide , has a small presence in the Middle East too , mainly in the U.A.E , Oman , Bahrain , Kuwait , and Iran . Most of them are Punjabi - speaking Indian expatriates . Countries ( edit ) Egypt ( edit ) Religion in Egypt consists of Islam ( mostly Sunni Muslim ) 90 % , Coptic Christians 9 % and Other Christians 1 % . As Egypt has modernized with new forms of media and the Egyptian press was liberalized in the 2000s , Coptic Christianity has become a main topic of religious controversy . There is much tension between the Muslims and Copts of Egypt as Copts argue for more representation in government and less legal and administrative discrimination ; they also feel underprotected from religious hate - crimes . With this greater freedom of press , the Coptic issue has just begun to break into public awareness , but also due to rises in extremism in both communities , media may also be exacerbating the sectarian tension by only publicizing examples of prejudice . Another current religious tension in Egypt is the role of the Muslim Brotherhood , founded by Hassan al - Banna in Egypt . Many countries have now developed their own branches . Many are violent and most Arab governments actively try to restrain the group by arresting and killing members . Currently , as the new government of Egypt is trying to establish itself , many are concerned that a member of the Muslim Brotherhood will again step in and claim leadership . For the current candidates for presidency , more than one is likely to be affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood . The Brotherhood is however unpopular among the majority of Egyptians on account of its fundamentalist views , its clampdown on tourism and its desire to impose Sharia law on the nation . Iran ( edit ) Religion in Iran is made up of 98 % Islam ( Shi'a 89 % , Sunni 9 % ) and 2 % Zoroastrian , Jewish , Christian , and Baha'i . There was much religious oppression and executions of members of the Bah'ai faith . Religious minorities are now beginning to hold a larger presence and significance in Iran and are being acknowledged as such . The Islamic Revolution replaced an old world monarchy with a theocracy based on the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist ( Velayat - e Faqih ) where a Shia cleric ( faqih ) is the ruler , though there are also competitive elections of candidates approved by another clerical body . This is a mix of republicanism and religion where that would use religion to rule for elective and democratic institutions ; it was to be a blend of liberalism and religious injunctions ( abs ) . Islam would be protected under this Islamic Republic and unelected positions like the Supreme Leader and the Guardian Council would have unlimited power over the nation . With the nuclear program developing in Iran and much conflict after September 22 , 2001 , Iran and the Islamic Republic are at a crossroads . Iraq ( edit ) Religion in Iraq is represented by 97 % Islam ( Shiite 60 % -- 65 % , Sunni 32 % -- 37 % ) , and 3 % Christian or other . Because of this large majority of Shia over Sunni Muslim , there is much tension between the two groups . Israel ( edit ) Religion in Israel is represented by the following religious make - up : Judaism 77 % , Islam 16 % , Christian 2 % , Druze 2 % ( 2003 ) . As of 2013 , the Israeli `` Government - Christians Forum '' was formed under the umbrella of the Ministry of Public Security , by Dr. Mordehcai Zaken , head of the Minorities Affairs Desk , to address and promote the concerns of Christian leaders and representative in their interactions with the State . Israel represents the religious Holy Land for Jews , Christians , Muslims and Baha'is . All religions are present in Israel and lay personal claim to the land . Due to the significant Israeli / Palestinian conflict , tensions are high in the religious community . The majority of displaced and upset Palestinians are Muslim and the majority of current Israeli citizens are Jewish so establishing the state borders is highly influenced by religion . One of the main difficulties in establishing peace between the two countries is because of Jerusalem . Each of the three main religions is incredibly attached to this city and claim it as their own . Therefore , it is difficult to determine whether Palestinian Territories or Israel will encompass this region . Maps produced within the territories actually represent Jerusalem differently . Palestinian maps draw Jerusalem as divided and Israeli maps show it as a part of Israeli territory . Jordan ( edit ) Religion in Jordan is represented by 92 % Muslim ( Sunni ) , 6 % Christian ( mostly Greek Orthodox ) , and 2 % other . Lebanon ( edit ) Saint George Maronite Cathedral and the Mohammad Al - Amin Mosque , Beirut. 40.4 % in Lebanon are Christians representing the mosaic of the Middle East , and contributing heavily in the Media , Politics , Entertainment , Banking ... sectors in Lebanon and the World . Religion in Lebanon is the most unique in the Middle East , and a mix of religions make up Lebanon , represented by 57.5 % Muslim ( Shi'a , Sunni , Druze , Isma'ilite , Alawite / Nusayri ) , 41.5 % Christian ( Maronite , Greek Orthodox , Melkite , Protestant , and Christian churches non-native to Lebanon like Armenian Apostolic Church , Armenian Catholic Church , Armenian Evangelical Church , Roman Catholic Church , Assyrian Church of the East , Chaldean Catholic Church , Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria ) , and 1 % Jews . Lebanon has a confessional political system in which , regardless of political parties , the President is always Maronite Christian , the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim , and the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi'ite Muslim , and the Deputy Prime Minister Greek Orthodox Christian . Also , the Army General has to be Christian and the Bank Governor has to be always Christian as well . In addition , 50 % of the Parliament is represented by Christian Members , according to the law in Lebanon since the end of the war until today . This is the foundation of uniqueness of Lebanon and the source of much of its conflicts ; and while changes have been made to attempt to make parliamentary representation more even , many are still urging for reform and change . Some would like the confessionalist government to be abolished . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Religion in Saudi Arabia is allegedly 100 % Muslim . It is illegal to practice any other religion than Islam in Saudi Arabia . There is still tension , however , between the Sunnis and the Shiias . Shiite Islamist revolution has never been a huge threat to the Saudi Arabian government , though , because it is such a small population . Sunni Islamists , though , present a larger threat to the government because of their large Saudi Arabian population . These Sunni groups often dissent through violence targeted at government , Western or non-Muslims that threat the Muslim nation , Shiites , and sometimes generally directed against moral corruption . Syria ( edit ) Religion in Syria is represented by 70 % Islam ( Sunni ) , 12 % Alawite , 5 % Druze , and other Islamic sects , 10 % Christian ( various sects ) , and there is some Jewish representation ( tiny communities in Damascus , Al Qamishli , and Aleppo ) . Turkey ( edit ) Religion in Turkey is represented by 99.8 % Muslim ( mostly Sunni and approximately 20 % are Alevi ) , and 0.2 % other ( mostly Christians and Jews ) . Originally a militarily secularized government , under the relatively new president Erdogan , religious freedom for Muslims has become much more accessible in Turkey . There has been a growing religious resurgence in Turkey and more and more citizens find significance in their religious identities . The previous laws disallowing the Hijab , religious headscarf , in schools and public places has been a huge source of contention . Now , it is a matter of civil rights in courts . The case of Sahin 2004 was one that really exemplified the tension between religious secularism , civil rights and the government 's power in Turkey . The case revolved around a student at university being allowed to wear the Hijab in class . Religious education is also a topic of debate in Turkey . Before 1980 , private religious education was banned and then it was changed to be required . As it is currently being reevaluted , the question is whether religious education should be banned again , optional or if it should be obligatory and plural . Yemen ( edit ) Religion in Yemen is represented by a majority Islam ( including Sunni and Shiite ) , small numbers of Jewish , Baha'i , Christian , and Hindu . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Middle East ( region , Asia ) '' . Britannica . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahai Faith '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Willey , David ( 10 October 2010 ) . `` Rome ' crisis ' talks on Middle East Christians '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/04/201242517713418510.html Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/09/violent-salafists-threaten-arab-spring-democracies Jump up ^ Daniel Pipes . `` Disappearing Christians in the Middle East '' . Daniel Pipes . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coptic Orthodox Church '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . `` estimates ( for the Coptic Orthodox Church ) ranged from 6 to 11 million ; 6 % ( official estimate ) to 20 % ( Church estimate ) '' Jump up ^ `` ? '' . United Copts of Great Britain . 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . `` In 2008 , Pope Shenouda III and Bishop Morkos , bishop of Shubra , declared that the number of Copts in Egypt is more than 12 million '' ( Arabic ) Jump up ^ `` ? '' . العربية. نت الصفحة الرئيسية . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . `` In 2008 , father Morkos Aziz the prominent priest in Cairo declared that the number of Copts ( inside Egypt ) exceeds 16 million . '' Jump up ^ `` With Arab revolts , region 's Christians mull fate '' . English.alarabiya.net. 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ C. Held , Colbert ( 2006 ) . Middle East Patterns : Places , Peoples , and Politics , fourth edition . Westview Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4170 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia : Political Developments and Implications ... '' Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jew , Christian In Bahrain Chamber '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report '' . US State Department . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report for 2012 '' . US State Department . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 estimate '' . cia.gov . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/don-belt/pope-to-arab-christians-k_b_203943.html Pope to Arab Christians : Keep the Faith . Jump up ^ `` Druze '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islam '' . FindTheBest.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ See , for example : Ori Stendel . The Arabs in Israel . Sussex Academic Press . p. 45 . ISBN 1898723249 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Mohammad Hassan Khalil . Between Heaven and Hell : Islam , Salvation , and the Fate of Others . Oxford University Press . p. 297 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Religion : Religions '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Guidère , Mathieu ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism . Scarecrow Press . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7965 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tabataba'i ( 1979 ) , p. 76 Jump up ^ God 's rule : the politics of world religions , p. 146 , Jacob Neusner , 2003 Jump up ^ Esposito , John . What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam , Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515713 - 0 . p. 40 ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Religions '' . InfoPlease . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen W. Day ( 2012 ) . Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen : A Troubled National Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781107022157 . ^ Jump up to : Regional Surveys of the World : The Middle East and North Africa 2003 . London , England : Europa Publications . 2003 . p. 149 . ISBN 1 - 85743 - 132 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Nuṣayrī - ʿAlawīs , 2010 : p. 68 Jump up ^ Friedman , Nuṣayrī - ʿAlawīs , 2010 : p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Syria 's Alawites , a secretive and persecuted sect '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Turbulent history colors Syria 's ruling Alawite Muslims ' fight to keep power '' . China Post . 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald - Gibson , Charlotte ( 18 February 2012 ) . `` Syrians flee their homes amid fears of ethnic cleansing '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to Engage Iran , Russia on Syria '' . al-monitor.com . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Alevis '' . www.guidetomuslimdiversity.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` BEKTĀŠĪYA '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : KINGSLEY , PATRICK ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` Turkey 's Alevis , a Muslim Minority , Fear a Policy of Denying Their Existence '' . New York Times . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radtke , B. `` Bāṭen '' . Encyclopedia Iranica . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alevism '' . Harvard Divinity School Religious Literacy Project . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stephen Suleyman ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Alawites in Syria and Alevis in Turkey : Crucial Differences '' . Gatestone Institute . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Introduction to the Modern Middle East , History , Religion , Political ... CTI Reviews . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Baba Rexheb 's The Mysticism of Islam & Bektashism -- The Bektashi Order of Dervishes '' . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alevitisme : De vijf zuilen ? ( met NL ondertiteling ) '' . YouTube . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_SHTML&ID=705 Jump up ^ Thaler , Kai ( 9 March 2007 ) . `` Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention '' . Yale Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Deutsch , Nathanial ( 6 October 2007 ) . `` Save the Gnostics '' . New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Shabak '' . Encyclopedia of the Orient . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yazidi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zoroastrianism '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Foltz ( 2011 ) . `` Zoroastrians in Iran : What Future in the Homeland ? '' . Middle East Journal : 73 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zoroastrianism '' . FindTheBest.com . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WIN - Gallup International ' Religiosity and Atheism Index ' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century '' . WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012 . p. 17 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kingsley , Patrick ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Egypt 's atheists number 866 -- precisely '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WIN - Gallup International ' Religiosity and Atheism Index ' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century '' . WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WIN - Gallup International ' Religiosity and Atheism Index ' reveals atheists are a small minority in the early years of 21st century '' . WINGIA.com. 6 August 2012 . pp. 15 -- 6 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DEVJI , FAISAL ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Conversions From Islam in Europe and Beyond '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keddie , Patrick ( 18 NOVEMBER 2013 ) . `` Egypt 's embattled atheists '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.adherents.com/misc/rel_by_adh_CSM.html ^ Jump up to : Elsasser , Sebastian ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Press Liberalization , the New Media , and the ' Coptic Question ' : Muslim - Coptic Relations in Egypt in a Changing Media Landscape '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 46 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 150 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263200903432308 . ^ Jump up to : Rad , Anahita Motazed ( 2 May 2011 ) . `` The Relation Between Religion and Government in Iran After the Islamic Revolution ( 1979 ) '' : 261 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins - Kreiner , Y ; Mansfeld , Kliot ( 11 August 2006 ) . `` The Reflection of a Political Conflict in Mapping : The Case of Israel 's borders and Frontiers '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 42 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 408 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263200500521230 . ^ Jump up to : Makhzoumi , Fouad ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Lebanon 's Crisis in Sovereignty '' . Survival : Global Politics and Strategy . 52 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 12 . doi : 10.1080 / 00396331003764298 . ^ Jump up to : Hegghammer , Thomas ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Jihad , Yes , But Not Revolution : Explaining the Extraversion of Islamist Violence in Saudi Arabia '' . British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies . 36 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 416 . doi : 10.1080 / 13530190903338938 . ^ Jump up to : Durham , Cole ( 2012 ) . Islam , Europe and Emerging Legal Issues . Ashgate . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Religion in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Middle_East&oldid=809859522 '' Categories : Middle Eastern culture Religion in the Middle East Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : dates Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 22 : 35 . 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when does season 2 of worst witch come out

The Worst Witch ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia The Worst Witch ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 television series . For other series , books and film in The Worst Witch franchise , see The Worst Witch ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Worst Witch <Td_colspan="2"> The Worst Witch Genre Fantasy Drama Based on The original The Worst Witch books by Jill Murphy Written by Emma Reeves Directed by Brian Grant Composer ( s ) Mark Russell Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Marcus Wilson Arne Lohmann Nicole Keep Tamara Rothenberg Producer ( s ) Lucy Martin Location ( s ) Cheshire and Germany Editor ( s ) David Head Running time 30 min . 60 min . ( episodes 1 -- 2 ) Production company ( s ) CBBC Productions ZDF <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBBC ( UK ) ZDF ( Germany ) Netflix ( international ) Picture format 16 : 9 ( 1080i HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 11 January 2017 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows The Worst Witch ( 1986 ) The Worst Witch ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Weirdsister College ( 2001 ) The New Worst Witch ( 2005 -- 2007 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/the-worst-witch The Worst Witch is a British fantasy children 's television series about a group of young witches at a school for magic . It stars Bella Ramsey , and is based on The Worst Witch books by Jill Murphy ( published 1974 -- 2013 ) . It is the fifth adaptation of The Worst Witch series after the 1986 television film , the 1998 television series , the 2001 television spin - off and the 2005 television spin - off . The series is a co-production between CBBC , ZDF and Netflix The series was made available to stream internationally on Netflix on 22 July 2017 . It will be made available to members in the UK , Ireland and Germany after its premiere on CBBC and ZDF . The series premiered on CBBC on 11 January 2017 . A second series was confirmed in June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Pupils 1.2 Teachers 1.3 Others 2 Episodes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Characters ( edit ) Pupils ( edit ) Mildred Hubble ( Bella Ramsey ; played by Rachel Bell after an aging potion incident in `` The Best Teacher '' ) : The titular ' worst witch ' , Mildred is distinctive among her classmates in that she comes from a non-witching background , apparently being the first member of her family to ever demonstrate any kind of magic at all ; she became aware of Cackle 's Academy when Maud crashed into her flat 's balcony and Mildred helped her get to the school . Although she struggles to catch up to her classmates , who have spent their lives among witchcraft while Mildred is thrown in at the deep end , Mildred has demonstrated an ability to grasp at least the key points of spells , such as managing to levitate herself using ingredients gathered from the academy pond and later rapidly turning a mouse into several different objects . Despite her mistakes and the occasional harsh treatment from Ethel in particular , Mildred has shown herself to be a kind person , often putting herself at risk to protect the other students . Although she has become resigned to her reputation as ' the Worst Witch ' , she has surprised herself with her skills at times , such as once placing second - worst in a witch history class , winning the spelling bee against Pentangles Academy , and successfully improvising her way through a day as a substitute teacher after a spell turned her into an older woman . She was briefly expelled at the end of the first season for breaking rules and leaving the school in the run - up to exams while she was investigating the possibility that Agatha had taken over the school , but this was done to protect her during Agatha Cackle 's real coup of the Academy . After receiving a letter from Ethel explaining the situation , Mildred returned in time to drive Agatha and Miss Gullet out and was accepted back to the Academy , subsequently passing her end - of - year exams with a score of 51 % , which allows her to return the following year . Maud Spellbody ( Meibh Campbell ( series 1 ) ; Megan Hughes ( series 2 ) ) : Mildred 's first friend at Cackle 's , the two met when Maud lost her glasses and crashed into Mildred 's balcony on her way to the Academy . After Mildred helped her get to the Academy as Maud could n't see the way with her damaged glasses , Maud helped her get a chance to take part in the selection tests . She became head of year due to her high performance at the selection tests ( albeit because Ethel 's potion was inadvertently sabotaged by Mildred ) . Generally Maud is the more studious and law - abiding of Mildred 's friends , but during Parents ' Night , Maud panicked at the thought of her parents learning about her various mistakes and cast a spell to make the entire academy forget them , only for her to regret that decision when it meant that everyone but her forgot that she was friends with Mildred and nearly led to Mildred getting expelled without a more studious friend to give the teachers hope that her mistakes were being kept in check . Enid Nightshade ( Tamara Smart ) : The daughter of a famous witch family , Enid has been expelled from various schools before Cackle 's due to her rebellious nature , but after Mildred risked her own expulsion to help Enid rescue her cat ( who had been turned into a monkey and left in the Lost - and - Found cupboard ) she decided that Cackle 's was the school she would try to stay in . She is generally more fun than Maud , but the two find a balance in their shared support for Mildred 's efforts to become a witch . Ethel Hallow ( Jenny Richardson ) : While smart , Ethel constantly feels overshadowed by her family , particularly as her academically - excellent elder sister is still at school . Ethel lost the chance to be head of year because Mildred inadvertently sabotaged the transformation potion Ethel was brewing for the selection process by taking some of a key ingredient from Ethel 's potion , resulting in Ethel turning into a worm rather than dragon . Her resentment of her perceived second - class status led to her betraying both Esmeralda and Miss Cackle to Agatha Cackle after she found the secret birth scroll revealing that Agatha was the elder sister , tricking Esmeralda into giving Agatha her magic and revealing that Agatha was the rightful heir to the position of headmistress . Although Ethel accepted the role of Head Girl as a ' reward ' , she realized her mistake after Miss Gullet turned Esmeralda into a trophy , putting herself at risk by sending a warning to Mildred with Tabby along with an invisibility potion that would allow Mildred to return to the school in secret to oppose Agatha 's efforts . Esmerelda Hallow ( Miriam Petche ) : Ethel 's older sister , Esmerelda is far kinder than Ethel , but Ethel just feels resentful of how she is always compared to her elder sister , prompting Ethel to often try and overcompensate . Esmeralda was tricked into giving Agatha Cackle her magic in the penultimate episode of the first season , and it is currently unknown if she will get it back . Drusilla Paddock ( Tallulah Milligan ) : Technically Ethel 's ' best friend ' , but really just the girl Ethel keeps around as she has no real ambitions or drive that would compete with Ethel 's own . Despite this , Drusilla has on occasion helped Mildred and her friends when she feels that Ethel 's plans have gone too far . During one witch history class , Drusilla actually did worse in the final essay than Mildred . Felicity Foxglove ( Dagny Rollins ) : A classmate and friend of Mildred , Maud and Enid . Teachers ( edit ) Miss Ada Cackle / Agatha Cackle ( Clare Higgins ) : Ada Cackle is the headmistress of Cackle 's Academy , while Agatha is her twin sister . While Ada is a kind woman who gave Mildred a chance despite her unconventional background - although she contemplated expelling Mildred in `` Maud 's Big Mistake '' when the school 's memories were altered so that nobody remembered Mildred and Maud were friends and it therefore appeared that Mildred had nobody to temper her mistakes - Agatha favours a more hardline approach ; Agatha even attempted to stage a coup of the school during Selection Day that was only just thwarted by Mildred 's unconventional approach . During `` The Mists of Time '' , Mildred discovered a scroll that revealed that technically Agatha should have been headmistress as she is the elder sister ( albeit by only thirteen minutes ) , but while visiting the past , Ada spoke with their mother and learned that she made the switch as she recognized that Ada would be the better headmistress . Agatha used this to stage a coup of the school in the first season finale after tricking Esmeralda Hallow into giving Agatha her magic , trapping Ada and Miss Hardbroom in a painting and turning Miss Bat and Mr Rowan - Webb as frogs , Esmeralda as a trophy and Ethel , Maud and Enid into cakes , but this coup was thwarted by Mildred - who had been expelled just after the coup to protect her and summoned back by Ethel - who helped rally the students to stand up against Agatha and cancel her spell to destroy the academy . Miss Hecate Hardbroom ( Raquel Cassidy ) : The cool disciplinarian of the academy , Miss Hardbroom is the teacher who is the harshest critic of the students , such as stating that Maud is the head of Year One only because she was the least awful in the Selection Day tests . However , she has begun to cool her attitude towards Mildred after witnessing Mildred grow as a person , such as when Mildred helped her patch up her old friendship with ' rival ' headmistress Pippa Pentangle , to the extent that she consoled Mildred about her initial inability to summon Miss Cackle from a painting that she had been trapped in by her sister Agatha . After the Academy was returned to Miss Cackle 's control , Miss Hardbroom gave Mildred a final mark of 51 % in her end - of - year exams that would allow Mildred to return next term . Miss Bat ( Wendy Craig ) : The chanting and magical history teacher at the academy . She had a deep relationship with Adrian Rowan - Webb when he worked at the school , and spent forty years pining after him when she believed that he had disappeared when Miss Gullet turned him into a frog , while immediately recognizing him when Mildred named his frog - self . She once helped Mildred investigate academy records to see if Mildred had any magical ancestors , but all available evidence suggests that Mildred is the first Hubble to attend Cackle 's . Miss Drill ( Shauna Shim ) : The flying and physical education teacher at Cackle 's . Algernon Rowan - Webb ( Philip Martin Brown ) : The first wizard to teach at Cackle 's , he was turned into a frog by Miss Gullet because she wanted to be the spell science teacher , remaining in that form for several years while living in the school pond until Mildred discovered his true identity during her own period as a frog . While he retains an occasional habit of catching flies with his still - elongated tongue , he is generally the teacher most sympathetic to Mildred 's idiosyncrasies . Miss Tapioca ( Zita Sattar ) : The academy cook ; she spent some time trying to train Tabby as the new mouse - catcher for the kitchens when Mildred was forced to give him up after an accident , but this proved to be a failure due to Tabby 's fear of mice and Tabby was eventually returned to Mildred . Miss Gullet ( Kacey Ainsworth ) : Originally the spell science teacher at Cackle 's , with a fixation on health and safety , until it was revealed that she had turned the previous candidate , wizard Algernon Rowan - Webb , into a frog to get the job herself . Once Mildred exposed this deception , Miss Gullet was expelled and replaced . She has since started working with Agatha Cackle as part of her plans to stage a coup of the school . Others ( edit ) Miss Pentangle ( Amanda Holden ) : The headmistress of Pentangles Academy , another magic school . Although she and Ms Hardbroom are old friends , they are very different in personality , with Miss Pentangle wearing pink and far more open to Mildred becoming a witch , claiming that there are several students from non-magical backgrounds in her school . Despite her offering Mildred a scholarship for Pentangle 's , Mildred decided to remain with her friends in Cackle 's . Julie Hubble ( Nicola Stephenson ) : Mildred 's mother , who lived alone with her daughter until Mildred started attending Cackle 's . While sometimes bemused at her daughter 's new abilities , she is generally accepting of Mildred 's decision . She was once ' subjected ' to an ingrowing toenail spell to provide Mildred with an alibi after Mildred accidentally turned herself into an adult with a flawed spell , but has otherwise been unaffected by Mildred 's time at the school . Maud once speculated that Julie may be a witch and the source of Mildred 's magical power , but so far there is no evidence to support this theory ; while she from displayed a clear knowledge of the Witch 's Code to defend Miss Hardbroom 's accusations that Mildred had jeopardized the Code as none of Mildred 's actions had endangered others or been purely for her own benefit , this was due to background reading provided by the school . The Great Wizard ( Nicholas Jones ) : The head wizard in Britain . He was once lured to Cackle 's as part of a plan by Miss Gullet and Agatha Cackle , as they intended to use Mildred 's poor academic status to frame Ada Cackle for incompetence so Agatha could regain her magic and be appointed headmistress , but after their attempt to sabotage Mildred 's role in a broomstick flying display was thwarted , the Great Wizard acknowledged that Mildred had potential . He returned in `` The Worst Headmistress '' when he was informed of Agatha 's coup of the school , making it clear that he would rewrite the Code to allow Ada to remain Headmistress despite the code stating that Agatha has the right as the elder sister , but he was turned into a balloon by Agatha , Miss Gullett and Miss Hardbroom ( who was blackmailed into assisting the other two with the threat that the school would be destroyed ) , and only turned back when Mildred rallied the students to stand against Agatha . Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Director Writer ( s ) Original air date UK viewers ( 000s ) 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 `` Selection Day '' Brian Grant Emma Reeves 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 465,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Maud Spellbody crashes into Mildred Hubble 's flat on her way to Cackle 's Academy , where it 's Selection Day . Ethel Hallow makes a good first impression on the teachers . Mildred helps Maud , whose glasses were broken in the crash , get to school , but they both crash - land in the pond . They tell Miss Hardbroom that Mildred was supposed to attend Pentangle 's , but decided that Cackle 's is better . Esmerelda Hallow , Ethel 's older sister , gives the students a tour and Miss Cackle helps Mildred cope with the effects of a transfer spell . Mildred and Maud sneak off to look at the kittens and Ethel eavesdrops on them discussing how Mildred is not from a magical family . They lose a kitten , but find it in the kitchens . Mildred struggles with the written exam , but Miss Cackle encourages her to do what she is good at , but she only manages to get 1 % . Miss Cackle 's twin sister , Agatha , turns up , and Miss Cackle gives her permission to speak to Miss Hardbroom for an internet article . The students make their potions and Mildred successfully manages to levitate , after taking some of Ethel 's pondweed from her dragon potion ( due to Ethel having taken all of it ) , making Ethel wrongly turn into a worm . Mildred owns up and when Ethel reveals that Mildred is from a non-magic family , she automatically fails . After thinking she 's confided in Miss Cackle , Mildred finds out it was really Agatha , after which she witnesses her putting a spell on the celebratory meal . When Mildred tries to warn the staff , she is magicked outside the school grounds . With the help of a magic frog , she levitates herself back into the school , where she manages to prevent Miss Cackle eating the soup , announcing Agatha has put a spell on it . Agatha invokes a section of the Witch 's Code and she and Miss Cackle have a magical duel . Agatha wins and turns Miss Cackle into a snail . After Miss Hardbroom pointedly drops hints in Mildred 's direction about how students or staff are bound by the witch 's code and can do nothing about Agatha now being in charge , Mildred prompts the cat to knock the soup with Agatha 's spell -- which was a total obedience spell -- over Agatha and then orders her to turn Miss Cackle back to normal . Agatha 's powers are then confiscated . At the end , Mildred 's mother Julie is magicked into the school and , after talking it over with Mildred , she allows her to stay at Cackle 's Academy . First appearances : Bella Ramsey as Mildred Hubble , Meibh Campbell as Maud Spellbody , Jenny Richardson as Ethel Hallow , Miriam Petche as Esmerelda Hallow , Tallulah Milligan as Drusilla Paddock , Dagny Rollins as Felicity Foxglove , Clare Higgins as Miss Ada Cackle / Agatha Cackle , Raquel Cassidy as Miss Hecate Hardbroom , Wendy Craig as Miss Bat , Shauna Shim as Miss Drill , Kacey Ainsworth as Miss Gullet , Zita Sattar as Miss Tapioca and Nicola Stephenson as Julie Hubble Note : Episode 1 and 2 aired in a 1 hour episode . `` Tabby '' Brian Grant Emma Reeves 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 334,000 <Td_colspan="7"> On their first day , Mildred 's phone is confiscated by Miss Hardbroom . The first years are assigned their houses and Maud is made head of the first year . The first years receive their cats and have their first flying lesson . Mildred 's cat , Tabby , is scared of flying and Tabby causes her , Maud and Ethel to crash into trees . Miss Hardbroom decides to arrange a flying test for the class and Ethel tells Esmerelda she will help Mildred . When Mildred tries to train Tabby , Ethel offers to help and pours a bit of sardine juice on the broom tail . Ethel and Mildred pass their test , whilst Maud struggles with Midnight , however , Miss Hardbroom reveals Mildred and Maud 's cats have been switched and Mildred is told she will be expelled . Mildred and Maud try to find evidence that Ethel was responsible and they find the sardine tin and try it and they switch bodies . Maud is sent to Mildred 's room by Miss Hardbroom unbeknownst to her . The following day , Miss Cackle finds Tabby with a notebook belonging to Ethel . Ethel admits to switching the cats , but that it was to help Mildred , and Esmerelda backs her up . Ethel is forgiven and Mildred is kept on at the school , still on a trial basis . Absent : Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca `` New Girl '' Brian Grant Emma Reeves 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 322,000 <Td_colspan="7"> The first years try out their magic tablets `` maglets '' and Enid arrives at school with her famous parents . Maud is sent to Miss Cackle for drawing a funny picture of Miss Hardbroom and Ethel . Miss Cackle allows Maud to convert a space under the stairs for her class . Mildred is amused by Enid singing out of tune and Enid picks Mildred to look after her whilst Ethel swaps her maglet with Maud 's . Mildred ignores messages she believes are from Ethel . Enid shows Mildred her pet monkey , Muddles . Maud is hurt that Mildred is spending time with Enid and Muddles escapes , but who ends up in Miss Cackle 's study . In potions , Mildred and Enid are cauldron partners and they make an invisibility potion instead of a laughter potion . Mildred attempts to make friends with Maud by , but she unknowingly reveals hers and Enid 's plan to get Muddles out of Miss Cackle 's study over their maglets . Mildred and Enid get to the study and Enid 's monkey is actually a cat and Maud and Drusilla help Mildred and Enid escape . Miss Hardbroom is annoyed with Ethel when the room is empty . Maud confiscates Ethel 's maglet and Enid makes friends with Maud . First appearance : Tamara Smart as Enid Nightshade Guest starring : Holly Quin - Ankrah as Mrs Nightshade , and Jonathan Ojinnaka as Mr Nightshade 5 5 `` Pond Life '' Sallie Aprahamian Neil Jones 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 281,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Mildred and Enid jump on the fields , which they have made bouncy , not caring about studying for spell science with Miss Gullet . Mildred receives her first ever toy , a teddy named Puss , from her mum in the post . In spell science , Mildred is asked to turn a rat into a frog and Maud refuses to help . Mildred turns Ethel into a pig and when Miss Hardbroom finds out , she gives Mildred until later that day to perform a simple transformation spell or she will leave the school . Mildred decides to leave of her own accord , but is tricked into meeting Ethel by Drusilla and Ethel turns her into a frog . Mildred ends up by the pond and meets another frog , Algernon Rowan - Webb . Maud refuses to let Enid help her find Mildred , despite Enid reassuring her that she is Mildred 's best friend . Mildred and Algernon get into the school and end up in jars in the potions lab . Maud reveals Ethel has done something to Mildred to the teachers and Enid finds out she is one of the frogs . Ethel is forced to turn her back to herself and Mildred reveals the identity of the other frog and it turns out Miss Gullet was responsible in order to get her job . Algernon persuades Mildred to take the test and she performs a multi-transformation spell , impressing Miss Cackle and Miss Bat . Ethel and Miss Gullet are turned into frogs and Mr Rowan - Webb becomes a spell science teacher . First appearance : Philip Martin Brown as Algernon Rowan - Webb Absent : Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca 6 6 `` The Grand Wizard 's Visit '' Sallie Aprahamian Madeleine Brettingham 8 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 408,000 <Td_colspan="7"> The Great Wizard visits Cackle 's Academy and he meets the pupils . The Great Wizard talks through recent incidents caused by Mildred and when The Great Wizard finds out Mildred is not from a witch family and Miss Cackle defends Mildred against the Great Wizard . Mildred has to do a magic display for The Great Wizard . Ethel shows The Great Wizard the school trophies and Ethel tells The Great Wizard about Mildred . Enid tells Mildred she suspects Ethel wrote the letter to The Great Wizard , after overhearing her talk to him . It turns out Agatha is pretending to be Miss Cackle , as Miss Cackle is in a deep sleep . Mildred performs her magic display , a beaker and bottle band , but she messes up when the potions explode over the staff and The Great Wizard insists Miss Cackle leaves . He allows Miss Cackle to stay after the staff persuade him and Mildred is chosen to be the lead in a broomstick display for The Great Wizard and Ethel has to lend her broom to Mildred . Mildred reveals to Maud that Miss Cackle is Agatha when she tries to perform a spell on Mildred and Maud wakes Miss Cackle up . Miss Cackle proves she is the real Miss Cackle by saving Mildred and Enid from crashing . First appearance : Nicholas Jones as Great Wizard Absent : Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca 7 7 `` The Best Teacher '' Sallie Aprahamian Nick Leather 15 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 296,000 <Td_colspan="7"> The pupils call home and Ethel is hurt when her mum ca n't spare the time to speak to her , after spending ages talking to Esmerelda . Ethel is horrible to Mildred , making remarks on how she is always bottom and Mildred decides she wo n't be any longer . Enid suggests Mildred does a wisdom spell and during the night , Mildred takes Miss Bat 's socks for the spell and after thinking it was goblins , Miss Cackle and Miss Hardbroom decide to give her some time off . Mildred makes the spell , but thinks it has n't worked , however , the following morning , Maud finds Mildred looking old . Maud tries to look for a reversal spell , but Esmerelda informs her that only time can undo a wisdom spell . Maud encounters Miss Darkside , the supply teacher who is not nice , and she takes her to Mildred , pretending she is Miss Cackle and to tell Miss Darkside she is no longer required . Miss Cackle mistakes Mildred for Miss Darkside and Mildred has to teach her class , pretending that the absence of her younger self is because of her mum 's toenails and she sends Ethel and Drusilla out of class , impressing Miss Hardbroom . Mildred gets the class to act out a story . Ethel and Drusilla phone Miss Hubble and they find out nothing is wrong with her and Ethel takes the information to Mildred . After Miss Cackle decides to phone Miss Hubble , Mildred decides to admit what 's happened , but the spell wears off as she enters Miss Cackle 's office . Miss Cackle magics Miss Hubble to her office and Maud makes an ingrown toenail spell . Mildred gets the result from a test , where she placed second bottom . Ethel tells Mildred she impersonated a teacher so she tells Ethel she phoned her mum , and Ethel walks off , and Mildred and Maud think Mildred 's mum is a witch as the spell has worked on her . Absent : Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca Guest starring : Emma Handy as Mrs Hallow , Rachel Bell as Old Mildred and Kitty Martin as Miss Darkside 8 8 `` Maud 's Big Mistake '' Lindy Heymann Neil Jones 22 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 315,000 <Td_colspan="7"> The parents visit the school to have a talk with the teachers on how their children are doing . Maud wants her parents to be proud of her , so she makes everyone forget about her mistakes . The problem : Mildred forgets her as well , since all of her mistakes where only due to Mildred . So she decides to not be a flawless pupil but to get her best friend back . His father is erasing the memories of the teachers as well , and everything turns out good . Her parents are still proud of her , even though she is not perfect . Absent : Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca Guest starring : Jonathan Ojinnaka as Mr Nightshade , Emma Handy as Mrs Hallow . Henry Miller as Mr Spellbody and Lynsey Anne Moffatt as Mrs Spellbody 9 9 `` The First Witch '' Lindy Heymann Maxine Exley ( as Maxine Alderton ) 1 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 240,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Mildred tries to find out if she is the only witch in the family . The school archives indicates that there has not been a Hubble attending the school before her . Ethel and Mildred do not get along well , so Ethel 's big sister has a plan . Mildred hair grows longer than expected and is nearly killing them , but together Ethel , Mildred and their friends manage the problem . A secret path opens , and they start their own coven . Absent : Kacey Ainsworth as Miss Gullett and Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca 10 10 `` Spelling Bee '' Lindy Heymann Matt Evans 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 329,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Mildred and Ethel are the chosen ones for a competition against another school in potion making . Mildred is told to do nothing at all under the competition , which makes her a little sad . The headmistress of the other school , Miss Pentangle , knows how it is to be overlooked , and she offers Mildred a place at her school -- she sees her potential . At the end of the competition , she finds a rule that activates Mildred in the potion making . Mildred does great , as Miss Pentangle had expected . Mildred chooses not to leave Cackle 's Academy , but is grateful for the offer . Miss Pentangle and Miss Hardbroom were friends once , and Mildred helps both of them to become friends again . First appearance : Amanda Holden as Miss Pentangle Absent : Kacey Ainsworth as Miss Gullett Guest starring : Max True as Zac 11 11 `` The Mists of Time '' Dirk Campbell Nick Leather 15 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 315,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Mrs Cackle is barricading the school after it has been surrounded by mist . It is the mist of time , created by a mighty sorcerer who afterwards got lost in `` the mists of time '' . Ethel 's cat is gone missing outside , so Mildred helps her getting outside the castle , searching for her cat . They do not find the cat , and the re-enter the castle a different way than they left it . If they would have re-entered the same way , they would have been back in their own time . But now they have traveled back in time . They meet Mona ( Maud 's grandma ) and the Cackle twin sisters , Agatha and Ada . Mildred finds out that Ada ( the regular Miss Cackle ) is not the oldest one and therefore should not have been the head of the school in the future . Furthermore , she figures out that Ada is not a good witch and tries to steal her twin sister 's power . Suddenly , the old Mrs Cackle enters the scene and helps Mildred to make herself a non-naughty witch and fixing the past by not expelling Mona . Both Mildred , Ethel , and Ada find their way back to their own time . Mildred concludes that she might become the best witch , since even Ada , the naughtiest witch , has become the best witch . Absent : Kacey Ainsworth as Mrs Gullet and Zita Sattar as Mrs Tapioca Guest starring : Clare Gower as Young Ada , Sarah Gower as Young Agatha and Gillian Waugh as Mrs Cackle 12 12 `` Out Of Bounds '' Dirk Campbell Emma Reeves 22 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 268,000 <Td_colspan="7"> The first years do growth spells , but Mildred has gone wrong and shrinks instead and Miss Hardbroom reminds them of their exams the following week . Ethel tells Drusilla about the secret meetings Mildred has been having with Miss Cackle , reckoning it 's about the secret scroll . Mildred vows to stay silent about the scroll . Miss Cackle goes to see her sister . Ethel makes a spell to make her look like Maud and as Maud , Ethel wants to know the truth and Mildred and Enid work out it 's Ethel , but they decide to have fun . Mildred pretends to Ethel that she is Miss Cackle 's niece . Miss Cackle returns from seeing her sister , but tells the staff that Agatha has escaped and Miss Hardbroom lets the students know that a protective spell has been placed on the school , that visitors have to be invited and the girls can not leave school grounds without permission . Ethel makes a study syrup for Mildred , but Maud warns her not to take it and Ethel and Mildred end up in Miss Cackle 's office and Mildred admits to saying she was Miss Cackle 's niece . After being told off by Miss Cackle , Mildred confides in Maud she thinks Agatha is posing as Miss Cackle and they go to Mr Rowan - Webb and Miss Bat for help , and Maud takes Mr Rowan - Webb to Miss Cackle as a frog , but Miss Cackle turns Mr Rowan - Webb back to himself . Maud is against Mildred 's suggestion of her going to Darkwood Cottage and Ethel rows with Esmerelda about feeling second best . Mildred goes to the cottage and finds Miss Cackle and Mildred is persuaded to give up her powers , but she realises that it is Agatha and does not go through with it . Mildred escapes from Agatha and Miss Gullet , who is on Agatha 's side . Ethel find the birth scroll and finds out Agatha is older . Esmerelda and Ethel let Agatha and Miss Gullet into the school , thinking it 's Miss Cackle and Esmerelda gives up her magic and Esmerelda finds out it was Agatha and Ethel knew it . Ethel shows Agatha the scroll and she decides to takeover . Maud tells on Mildred for sneaking out of school and Miss Hardbroom expels her . 13 13 `` The Worst Headmistress '' Dirk Campbell Emma Reeves 29 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 342,000 <Td_colspan="7"> Agatha takes over the school as headmistress . Miss Gullet installs a detection spell on the entire school to make an alarm when unauthorized magic is used . Agatha claims that Ada Cackle has run away , but actually , she has been trapped in a living painting of herself by Agatha . Ethel and her sister Esmeralda discuss what to do about The Great Wizard being called to visit the castle as he will freak out . Ethel feels guilty and summons Miss Gullet , who transforms Esmeralda into a trophy . Ethel sends Mildred 's cat Tabby to Mildred 's home , with an invisibility spell and tells her she needs to come and save the castle -- Mildred uses a kitchen sweep instead of a broomstick and decides to go . Mildred breaks into Cackle 's office where the painting of the Cackle sisters is , finding Maud , Enid and Ethel trying to help Ada , but Miss Gullet enters and transforms the visible girls into cakes for a great feast in the main hall , while Mildred 's invisibility wears off . The Great Wizard arrives , and hears of Agatha 's evil doings via Mrs Bat and Mr Rowan - Webb . Miss Gullet sees them grassing up and transforms them into frogs . Agatha , Miss Hardbroom and Miss Gullet transform the Great Wizard into a balloon . Miss Hardbroom tries to get Ada out of the painting , but Miss Gullet and Agatha hear the unauthorised magic alarm and send Miss Hardbroom into the painting as well . Meanwhile , Mildred stops the witches transformed into cakes from being eaten by the other girls . Mildred rises up against Ada and asks all the girls to vote , agreeing that none of the girls will stay at the school if Agatha is headmistress , so Agatha casts an Annihilation spell to destroy the castle and everyone in it . Miss Drill attempts to hold it back while the girls escape . With the castle crumbling down , Mildred starts chanting and brings all the girls into a circle and casts an incredibly powerful spell that reverses all of Agatha 's evil magic and turns everyone back to themselves again . The Great Wizard traps Agatha and Miss Gullet into a photograph of them both , which Ada hangs up in her office for the rest of time . Mildred just scrapes by on her exams with 51 % , ending the school year . See also ( edit ) Little Witch Academia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CBBC brings The Worst Witch to life for a new generation '' ( Press release ) . BBC Media Centre . 12 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Cast announced as production begins on CBBC 's adaptation of The Worst Witch -- Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` The Worst Witch is getting a TV reboot on CBBC '' . 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' There 's still more to do '' writes Alice Webb the new Director of BBC North `` . Jump up ^ `` The Worst Witch remake has cast its Mildred Hubble '' . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- The Worst Witch first look images and sneak peek clip unveiled -- Media Centre '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Sets Tween Series ' Worst Witch , ' ' Horse Mystery Project ' For 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - BBC Children 's announce raft of new commissions - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Oxfordshire schoolgirl Megan Hughes is set to become a national star in new series of The Worst Witch '' . Oxford Mail . 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Holman , Justine ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Brief Encounters Angela Griffin : My Weekends '' . Express . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Angela Griffin Talks Ordinary Lies And Starting Out On Coronation Street Lorraine on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Exclusive Preview ! The Worst Witch CBBC on YouTube Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Amanda Holden joins the cast of CBBC 's The Worst Witch -- Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Worst Witch -- Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 10 programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selection Day - Parts 1&2 , The Worst Witch - Credits - BBC - CBBC '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` CBBC ( @ cbbc ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ @ CBBC ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` # TheWorstWitch 🌙 🐱 🔮 🕸 ✨ On CBBC , Wednesdays at 4 : 30 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ CBBC ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Mildred 's facing some tough decisions in # TheWorstWitch at 4 : 30pm ✨ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 15 November 2017 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) The Worst Witch on Netflix The Worst Witch on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> The Worst Witch series by Jill Murphy Novels The Worst Witch The Worst Witch Strikes Again A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch The Worst Witch All at Sea The Worst Witch Saves the Day The Worst Witch to the Rescue The Worst Witch and the Wishing Star Characters Mildred Hubble Maud Spellbody Enid Nightshade Ethel Hallow Drusilla Paddock Miss Drill Minor characters Other media The Worst Witch ( 1986 TV film ) The Worst Witch ( 1998 -- 2001 TV series ) Weirdsister College ( 2001 ) The New Worst Witch ( 2005 -- 2007 ) The Worst Witch ( 2017 TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2018 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Worst_Witch_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=814914208 '' Categories : BBC children 's television programmes ZDF television series Witchcraft in television British supernatural television programmes 2017 British television programme debuts 2010s British children 's television series English - language television programs The Worst Witch Magic in television Television programs based on children 's books 2017 German television series debuts 2010s German television series Netflix original programming Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 17 : 42 . 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1. The Worst Witch (2017 TV series) 2. British fantasy children's television series 3. Based on The Worst Witch books by Jill Murphy 4. CBBC, ZDF, and Netflix co-production 5. Characters: Mildred Hubble, Miss Ada Cackle, Miss Hecate Hardbroom

what was the most common pistol used in the civil war

List of weapons in the American Civil War - wikipedia List of weapons in the American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Hawken rifle and bowie knife The American Civil War , fought between the Union and Confederate forces , took place from 1861 to 1865 . During the war , a variety of weapons were used on both sides . These weapons include edged weapons such as knives and swords , firearms such as , rifled - muskets , breech loaders and repeating weapons , various field guns such as artillery , and new weapons such as the early grenade and machine gun . The Civil War is often to referred as the first `` modern '' war in history as it included the most advanced technology and innovations of warfare available at the time . Some of the innovations and advances of the Civil War included mass production of war materiel , rifling of gun barrels and the use of the Minié ball , the advent of repeating firearms and metallic cartridges , ironclad warships , advances in medicine , communication ( especially the telegraph ) , and transportation ( railroads ) , and the gradual decline of tactics from previous centuries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal weapons 1.1 Edged weapons 1.2 Handguns 1.3 Rifles 2 Heavy weapons 2.1 Rapid - fire weapons 2.2 Artillery 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Personal weapons ( edit ) Edged weapons ( edit ) Model Notes for the subject Model 1832 foot artillery sword Issued to artillerymen . Based on the Roman gladius . Model 1833 Dragoon Saber Issued to the US Cavalry . An engraved version was privately purchased by senior officers . Model 1840 Light Artillery Saber Issued to mounted artillery . Model 1840 Army Noncommissioned Officers ' Sword Issued to infantry sergeants . The Marines had their own version . Model 1840 Cavalry Saber Issued to Union cavalry Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber Issued to Union cavalry M1860 Cutlass Issued to naval boarding parties . Sailors also had access to axes , harpoons and grappling hooks . Model 1850 Army Staff & Field Officers ' Sword Regulation officer 's sword , though in practice most officers used cavalry sabers . Southern officers sometimes carried ancestral blades from the War of 1812 or even the American Revolutionary War . Mameluke sword Carried by Marine officers . Bowie knife Often carried by Confederates instead of bayonets , including the Arkansas toothpick which could be used as a sword in combat , a hatchet to chop wood , a razor and a paddle for emergency river crossings . <Td_colspan="5"> Jeb Stuart with cavalry saber 1832 Artillery sword 1860 saber A Mameluke sword Regulation infantry officer 's sword In 1862 , Joseph E. Brown , governor of Georgia , proposed issuing pikes to the State militia to compensate for the shortage of guns . Thousands were made and issued but not known to have been used in combat . Handguns ( edit ) Model Notes Adams Revolver A double - action - only revolver and predecessor to the Beaumont -- Adams . Beaumont -- Adams Imported by both the Confederacy and the Union . Colt Army Model 1860 A . 44 caliber revolver made for the US Cavalry to replace the heavier Colt Dragoon Revolver . The Bessemer steel process invented in the 1850s made a lighter stronger pistol in . 44 caliber possible . Colt M1861 Navy Updated version of the Colt . 36 caliber 1851 Navy with lines similar to the Colt 1860 Army Colt 1851 Navy Revolver Colt 's most popular pistol for the 1850s Civilian market in . 36 caliber . The name ' Navy ' came from the cylinder of the revolvers bring engraved with a scene of the victory of the Second Texas Navy at the Battle of Campeche on May 16 , 1843 . The preferred weapon of the Confederacy . Copies such as the Griswold & Gunnison were made all over the South . Colt Police Colt 1862 . 36 caliber pistol originally made for the New York Metropolitan Police Dept . Colt Root The first of Colt 's revolvers to use a `` creeping '' loading lever mechanism . Colt Pocket A popular revolver that was never officially issued but was often bought privately . Colt Dragoon Revolver Issued to the US Cavalry . A heavy . 44 caliber pistol invented during the Mexican War and designed for killing the mounts of charging enemy troopers . Colt Walker A . 44 caliber revolver that was developed into the Colt Dragoon . Colt Paterson The first true revolver produced by Colt in 1836 . Moore 's belt revolver A seven - shot revolver firing the . 32 teat - fire cartridge . Remington Model 1858 Colt 's chief competitor , the Remington Repeating Arms Company , also made revolvers during the Civil War . The most common was the Remington Model 1858 New Army in . 44 caliber . The . 36 caliber version referred to as the Remington Model 1858 New Model Navy . Smith & Wesson Model 1 Used as an alternative to the Colt and Remington . These usually fired brass rimfire cartridges . Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army A larger version of the Smith & Wesson model 1 and chambered in . 32 caliber rimfire . Starr revolver A double - action revolver which was briefly used in the western theater of the war , until the U.S. Ordnance Department persuaded Starr Arms Co. to create a single - action variant after the discontinuation of the Colt . The company eventually complied , and the Union acquired 25,000 of the single - action revolvers for $12 each . Savage 1861 Navy A `` proto double - action '' revolver with a second trigger underneath the first . Used by the Navy and a few Army regiments . Tranter revolver The first model also had a proto double - action with a second trigger underneath the first . But in a later model this was reduced to a single trigger that could work with both single action and double action . Kerrs Patent Revolver A five - shot back - action revolver made by the London Armoury Company was used by Confederate cavalry . LeMat Revolver Perhaps the most well - known foreign - designed revolver during the Civil War . It had two barrels , a . 42 caliber barrel on top and a 20 - gauge shotgun barrel underneath . The creator , a French doctor living in New Orleans , Jean Alexandre LeMat , moved back to France to create more revolvers for the Confederacy . The French - made revolvers , however , proved unreliable and difficult to manufacture . Lefaucheux M1858 A pinfire revolver imported from France by Union and Confederate officers . Butterfield Revolver A transitional revolver with tape primer invented in 1855 by Jesse Butterfield of Philadelphia . Two thousand were ordered by the US Army , but production was canceled in 1862 . Spiller & Burr revolver Walsh Revolver A very rare 12 - shot revolver . Fewer than 200 were made . Walch Revolver A . 36 caliber revolver with two hammers . Elgin Cutlass pistol Issued to navy personnel but proved unpopular with the men and was quickly replaced with the M1860 Cutlass . Volcanic Pistol A lever - action pistol made in 1853 chambered in . 44 rimfire . Privately owned by those who could afford them . Wesson and Leavitt Dragoon Revolver A large single - action revolver in . 40 caliber . Whitney Revolver First produced in 1857 , this . 36 caliber percussion revolver was the first to be produced with a solid frame , which meant that it was much sturdier than the traditional Colt . <Td_colspan="5"> Colt Army Model 1860 Colt 1851 Navy Colt 1861 Navy Colt Dragoon and Pocket Revolver Elgin pistol Five - barreled Remington Elliot pepperbox revolver produced from 1860 to 1862 Remington Model 1858 S&W Model 1 Revolver John Wilkes Booth 's derringer Beaumont -- Adams LeMat revolver French naval pistol . A similar weapon was issued to the USN Derringers , pepper - box pocket pistols , and small revolvers like the Colt Baby Dragoon or teat - fire were often carried by enlisted men as a backup gun for close - quarters fighting . Single - shot caplock pistols copied from the prewar French model were issued to the United States Navy . These had brass barrels to prevent corrosion . Some Confederate cavalry units were equipped with single - shot percussion cap or even flintlock pistols early in the war which were sometimes fitted with stocks to improve accuracy . These had been issued to the US Army until the 1840s , but were obsolete by the time of the Civil War due to the introduction of the Colt revolver . Rifles ( edit ) Main article : Rifles in the American Civil War Model Notes Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was the most widely used rifle of the civil war . Springfield Model 1863 A slightly modified version of the Model 1861 . Pattern 1853 Enfield The Enfield 1853 rifled musket was used by both the North and the South in the American Civil War , and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the war . Obsolete Brunswick rifles and caplock conversions of the Brown Bess were also imported by the Confederacy . Pattern 1861 Enfield Musketoon . Lorenz Rifle This Austrian gun was the third-most common musket and was imported by both sides . It fired the same . 58 caliber Minie ball as the Enfield and Springfield . M1841 Mississippi Rifle A 2 - band rifle with sword bayonet which was issued to Confederate NCOs . Springfield Model 1812 . Springfield Model 1816 Some of these old flintlocks were converted to the percussion system . Springfield Model 1847 Musketoon . Springfield Model 1855 The Springfield Model 1855 used both the Minie ball and the Maynard Tape Primer system . Fayetteville rifle A Confederate copy of the Springfield rifle . Richmond Rifle Confederate copy of the Springfield Model 1861 . Whitworth rifle Mainly imported by the Confederacy as a weapon for sharpshooters . Sharps rifle The Sharps rifle was a falling block rifle used during and after the American Civil War . The carbine version was very popular with the cavalry of both the Union and Confederate armies and was issued in much larger numbers than the full - length rifle . Frank Wesson rifle The Frank Wesson rifle was a breech - loading , metallic rimfire cartridge carbine used during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars . The carbine was used by US Cavalry , typically purchased by state governments or individuals . Colt revolving rifle The Colt revolving rifle was an early repeater which was not favored by the troops because it had a tendency to discharge all of its cartridges at the same time . Sharps & Hankins Carbine Carbines manufactured for the navy that were made with a protective leather barrel cover . Volcanic Carbine The Volcanic Carbine used the same system as the Volcanic Pistol but with the exception of having a stock , a larger lever loop and a longer barrel / magazine . The carbine was never issued but was bought privately . Joslyn rifle The Joslyn rifle was made in both percussion and rimfire configuration . M1817 Common rifle Many of these old flintlock muskets were converted to the percussion system and some of the barrels where even rifled to accept the minié ball . The quality of these conversions vary from manufacturer . Maynard carbine . Merrill carbine . Jenks Mule ear Carbine All of these carbines were manufactured for the Navy and the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service . Burnside carbine A breech - loader invented by Ambrose Burnside and issued to the US Cavalry . Tarpley carbine A Southern breech - loader which was not widely produced due to mechanical flaws . Smith carbine Patented by Gilbert Smith in 1857 . Henry rifle The Civil War precursor to the Winchester Rifle based on early lever - action rifles made by Volcanic Repeating Arms Co . These highly prized weapons were privately purchased by those who could afford them . Spencer repeating rifle The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated lever - action , repeating rifle fed from a tube magazine with cartridges . It was adopted by the Union army , especially by the cavalry , during the American Civil War , but did not really replace the standard issue muzzle - loading rifled muskets in use at the time . The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version of the Spencer repeating rifle . M1819 Hall rifle A single - shot breechloader invented in 1811 . A few were used by the Confederacy . Gallager carbine A single - shot breechloading rifle with 17,782 sold to the U.S. Army . <Td_colspan="5"> Springfield Model 1861 Lead Minie bullets for the Enfield and Springfield including ( 4 ) a Williams cleaner bullet 1855 Springfield Musket 2 - band Enfield Musketoon Pattern 1853 Enfield Austrian Lorenz Rifle Sharps Carbine Colt Revolving Rifle Burnside Carbine Henry Rifle Spencer repeating rifle Hall rifle The Kentucky rifle is an example of a hunting weapon adapted for military use by Confederate sharpshooters . . 69 caliber 1842 musket Early in the war , Confederates used civilian arms including shotguns and hunting rifles like the Kentucky or Hawken due to the shortage of military weapons . The British officer Arthur Fremantle observed that revolvers and shotguns ( especially double - barreled models ) were the favored weapons of Confederate cavalry and mounted infantry during his 1863 visit to the South . The American Civil War belligerents did have crude hand grenades equipped with a plunger that would detonate upon impact . The North relied on experimental Ketchum Grenades , with a wooden tail to ensure the nose would strike the target and start the fuse . The Confederacy used spherical hand grenades that weighed about six pounds , sometimes with a paper fuse . They also used Rains and Adams grenades , which were similar to the Ketchum in appearance and firing mechanism . Heavy weapons ( edit ) Rapid - fire weapons ( edit ) Similar weapons included J.D. Mill 's Coffee Mill Gun . Like the Gatling Gun , the cartridges of Mill 's invention were fed by a hand crank , and this is why some people believe that President Lincoln called it `` The Coffee Grinder Gun '' . Other infantry support weapons included the . 58 caliber Agar gun with a hopper on top and steel guard , and the Billinghurst Requa Battery which had eight banks of cartridge chambers that were rotated into alignment behind the row of 25 barrels . Chief of Ordnance , General James Wolfe Ripley was against issuing repeating rifles and rapid - fire weapons to the Union army as he believed it would waste ammunition . Nevertheless , several generals , including General Benjamin Butler and General Winfield Scott Hancock , purchased Gatling Guns . The Confederate used the hand - cranked single barrel Williams Gun and the Vandenburgh volley gun , a volley gun similar to the French mitrailleuse . Artillery ( edit ) Main articles : Field artillery in the American Civil War and Siege artillery in the American Civil War See also ( edit ) French weapons in the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.c Archived 2013 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ivilwar.si.edu/weapons_grenades.html Jump up ^ `` Technology in the Civil War '' . Hackman-adams.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Arkansas '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Governor Joseph Brown Addresses the Mechanics '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ricketts , H , Firearms ( London , 1964 ) Jump up ^ NRA Museum Jump up ^ `` Dixie Gun Works Spiller & Burr . 36 Caliber Revolver '' . Guns of the Old West . No . Summer 2014 . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fremantle , Lieut. - Col Sir Arthur James ( 1864 ) . Three Months in the Southern States : April -- June 1863 . Mobile , Alabama : S.H. Goetzel . pp. 36 , 39 . Jump up ^ Battle of 1st Bull Run . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rapid - fire guns of the Civil War Archived 2008 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William B. Edwards , `` Civil War Guns '' , Thomas Pubns ( October 1997 ) References ( edit ) Myatt , Frederick ( 1994 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 19th Century Firearms : An Illustrated History of the Development of the World 's Military Firearms During the 19th Century . Crescent Books . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 27786 - 7 . Ricketts , Howard ( 1964 ) . Firearms . Weidenfeld and Nicolson . p. 115 . External links ( edit ) Weapons of the Civil War at Smithsonian Small Arms of the Civil War Artillery , small arms and edged weapons Field Artillery of the Civil War Civil War Small Arms . National Park Service . Accessed 14 July 2008 . Weapon : Burnside Carbine . Antietam on the web . 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1. American Civil War weapons 2. Edged weapons in the Civil War 3. Handguns used in the Civil War 4. Rifles in the Civil War 5. Heavy weapons in the Civil War

who are the members of black country communion

Black Country Communion - wikipedia Black Country Communion <Th_colspan="2"> Black Country Communion <Td_colspan="2"> Black Country Communion in 2011 . From left to right : Derek Sherinian , Glenn Hughes , Joe Bonamassa and Jason Bonham . <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , USA Genres Hard rock blues rock Years active 2009 -- 13 2016 -- present Labels J&R Adventures Mascot Associated acts California Breed Website bccommunion.com <Th_colspan="2"> Members Glenn Hughes Joe Bonamassa Jason Bonham Derek Sherinian Black Country Communion is an English - American hard rock band based in Los Angeles , California . Formed in 2009 , the band is a supergroup composed of bassist and vocalist Glenn Hughes , guitarist and vocalist Joe Bonamassa , drummer and backing vocalist Jason Bonham , and keyboardist Derek Sherinian . Originally formed by Hughes and Bonamassa with the help of producer Kevin Shirley , the group released its self - titled debut album in September 2010 . Second album Black Country Communion 2 followed in June 2011 , which was promoted on a European tour later in the year . The band released its third album Afterglow in October 2012 . Following an impromptu performance together in Los Angeles , Hughes and Bonamassa started the side project in November 2009 , recruiting Bonham and Sherinian on the advice of Shirley to finalise the lineup of the band . The name Black Country Communion is derived from the term Black Country , which refers to the West Midlands area of England where Hughes and Bonham grew up . The group 's sound is intentionally reminiscent of popular classic rock groups of the 1970s , reflecting the previous work of frontman Hughes ( in bands such as Trapeze and Deep Purple ) as well as the link between Bonham and his father John 's band Led Zeppelin . In March 2013 , after months of public tensions , Bonamassa announced that he was no longer a member of Black Country Communion , with the question over whether the group would continue with another guitarist unclear . Days later , Hughes confirmed that the band was officially over , hinting that he would continue working with Bonham and Sherinian under a new collective name . Sherinian later joined Bonamassa 's touring band , while Hughes and Bonham formed California Breed with guitarist Andrew Watt . Hughes and Bonamassa later reconciled and the band reunited in 2016 , with fourth album BCCIV released in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2009 -- 10 : Formation and debut album 1.2 2010 -- 12 : Second album and touring 1.3 2012 -- 13 : Afterglow and disbandment 1.4 2016 -- present : Reunion and BCCIV 2 Style and songwriting 3 Band members 4 Discography 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 : formation and debut album ( edit ) Glenn Hughes and Joe Bonamassa formed Black Country Communion in November 2009 . Glenn Hughes and Joe Bonamassa first met at the 2006 NAMM Show in Anaheim , California , after which they jammed together at Hughes 's studio in Hollywood with the idea to make music together in the future . Bonamassa also worked with Jason Bonham that year , when the drummer performed on the guitarist 's fifth studio album You & Me on the recommendation of producer and mutual friend Kevin Shirley . Hughes and Bonamassa reunited three years later in November 2009 , performing together at the House of Blues in Los Angeles for Guitar Center . It was at this point that the two decided to form a band . The idea of enlisting Bonham and keyboardist Derek Sherinian to complete the band 's lineup was suggested by Shirley , after a second guitarist was briefly considered instead of a keyboardist . The completed quartet first performed together during the encore of a Bonamassa show in Riverside , California on March 17 , 2010 , playing `` One Last Soul '' and a cover version of the Deep Purple song `` Mistreated '' . The name Black Country Communion was not finalised until May 2010 , after the threat of legal action from another band prevented the group from using the name Black Country . Hughes later revealed that the band in question , from Baltimore , Maryland , reportedly demanded $500,000 for the right to use the name Black Country , a move which he quickly condemned as `` just rude '' . The bassist later elaborated on the situation in a 2016 interview , explaining that his group had successfully bought the name Black Country from the Baltimore - based band ( for less than the requested $500,000 ) , although by the time the case was settled it was too late to use the name and they had to continue using the longer moniker Black Country Communion . The band recorded its debut album at Shangri - La Studios in Los Angeles in early 2010 , and scheduled its release through Mascot Records in Europe and J&R Adventures in North America for September . Speaking about the album , Hughes described it as `` a big British rock statement '' , comparing the band 's sound to that of his previous groups Deep Purple and Black Sabbath , as well as Led Zeppelin . `` One Last Soul '' was the first song to be released from the album , receiving its worldwide radio debut on Planet Rock ( a radio station on which Bonamassa produced his own show ) on August 2 . The track was later released as a free digital download on the band 's official website on August 10 . Shortly before the release of the album , Planet Rock also broadcast an hour - long documentary featuring exclusive interviews with the band and a selection of tracks from the album . Black Country Communion was officially released in Europe on September 20 , and in North America a day later . On the night of its European release , the band played its first official show at the John Henry Rehearsal Studios in London in front of a limited crowd of `` around 75 -- 100 people '' . The performance was broadcast on Planet Rock that night , and again later on September 24 . The album was a commercial success in the UK , reaching number 13 on the UK Albums Chart and topping the UK Rock Albums Chart , while in the US it peaked at number 54 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . It also received mainly positive reviews from music critics , including four - star reviews from AllMusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia and Mojo writer Paul Elliott . The band did not tour in promotion of the album , playing just two shows in the UK at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall and London 's Shepherd 's Bush Empire . At the end of the year , Black Country Communion won the Planet Rock awards for Band of the Year and Best New Band , voted for by the station 's listeners . 2010 -- 12 : second album and touring ( edit ) Talk of a second album began to circulate as early as October 2010 , just a month after the release of Black Country Communion , when it was estimated by Bonham that the band would start recording again in January 2011 . By December , Hughes had already written nine tracks for the album , which he explained would serve as a direct sequel to the first album . The album was scheduled for release in June , with the band set to embark on a promotional tour to coincide with its release . `` The Outsider '' was released as a free digital download on the band 's website in May , followed by a music video for `` Man in the Middle '' in June . The album was released on June 13 in Europe and the following day in North America , selling over 8,000 copies in its first week in the US ( compared to the 7,100 units of Black Country Communion ) but only debuting on the Billboard 200 chart at number 71 . The album was also less successful on the UK Albums Chart , peaking at number 23 ( ten places lower than its predecessor ) . In 2011 , the band toured the US and Europe in promotion of their second album . In promotion of Black Country Communion 2 , the band completed a short tour of Europe between June and July supported by the Michael Schenker Group . The group also performed in the US for the first time , playing a total of seven shows in six states between June 10 and 19 . Live Over Europe , the band 's first live video album , was released in October and screened in a select number of Vue Cinemas across the UK and Ireland in November . At the end of the year , the group won the Classic Rock award for Breakthrough Act of the Year . 2012 -- 13 : Afterglow and disbandment ( edit ) The band returned to the studio in June 2012 to record the follow - up to Black Country Communion 2 . Discussing the direction of the group 's third album , Hughes explained that it serves as `` a continuation of the first and second albums '' , while also containing `` darker ( material ) '' and `` moments of drama '' . The first track released from the album was `` Confessor '' , which was made available as a free download on the band 's official website from September 19 . Afterglow was released in October , reaching number 29 in the UK and number 48 in the US . Black Country Communion scheduled a one - off show at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall on January 5 , 2013 , with a video release of the concert planned for later in the year . It was later announced , however , that the performance was cancelled due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . Shirley offered an apology to fans the next day , suggesting that the show would be rescheduled . Speaking in August 2012 , Hughes doubted the future of the band by suggesting that Afterglow `` just may be ( the band 's last album ) '' , blaming the band 's lack of touring ( due in part to Joe Bonamassa 's busy solo touring schedule ) as a hindrance to the group 's continued success . He later clarified his comments by stating that they `` were fuelled from frustration and aimed at motivating other members of the group to commit to a proper touring schedule '' , and pointed out that if the band was unable to tour regularly then he would seek another band which could . Later , Bonamassa and Hughes both mentioned that they were `` ready to move on '' , providing more evidence that the group 's disbandment was imminent . In an interview in October , Hughes quelled speculation the band was splitting up . Accepting responsibility for the initial spread of the rumours , he cited the speed at which the band had produced and released music as the cause for the stress on the group . On the possibility of the band touring together again , the frontman responded positively but warned that nothing was confirmed . Bonamassa , however , later revealed his anger at Hughes , condemning his `` bullying '' of the guitarist to complete the planned 2013 show despite knowing he was not able to , as well as the way in which he publicly revealed the tensions in the band and his claim of being the sole songwriter on Afterglow . Bonham also revealed his frustration with the situation , while manager Roy Weisman admitted that it was his decision to cancel the Wolverhampton gig , based on Hughes 's actions . Bonamassa sought to end the situation positively , praising Hughes as a musician and proposing that the band would continue to make music for the foreseeable future , although Bonham proposed that the band might tour with a different guitarist . After Black Country Communion 's breakup in 2013 , Hughes and Bonham formed California Breed with guitarist Andrew Watt . On March 13 , 2013 , Bonamassa announced that he was `` happily not involved any more '' with Black Country Communion . Ten days later , Hughes confirmed that the band was over , revealing that Bonamassa would not allow the remaining members to continue with the Black Country Communion name . Speaking about the future , he hinted that `` Jason , Derek and I will continue with a different name when the time is right '' . In August 2013 , Sherinian joined Bonamassa 's solo band as a full - time member , and in February 2014 , Hughes and Bonham unveiled a new band with guitarist Andrew Watt named California Breed . Since the breakup of Black Country Communion , Hughes has revealed that he initially left the band on September 21 , 2012 as he was aware there was `` no hope of touring '' , claiming that a number of guitarists including Zakk Wylde , Steve Vai and Joe Satriani were contacted about joining the band , while stressing that his relationship with Bonamassa is `` fine '' . 2016 -- present : reunion and BCCIV ( edit ) In April 2016 , it was announced that Black Country Communion would be reuniting in 2017 to record a fourth album . Speaking about the supergroup 's comeback , Bonham explained that the reunion was initially suggested by Bonamassa , who reached out to the other band members with the proposal . Hughes and Bonamassa started writing new music for the forthcoming album in September , with recording beginning the following January . The album , entitled BCCIV , was released on September 22 , 2017 , and will be promoted at two UK shows in January 2018 . Style and songwriting ( edit ) As a supergroup , Black Country Communion 's style is often described as a mix of various different sounds and influences . Particular significance is attributed to the band 's mix of blues rock ( attributed primarily to Bonamassa 's work within the genre ) and hard rock ( originating from Hughes 's previous work with Deep Purple and Black Sabbath , and from Bonham 's tie with Led Zeppelin via his father John ) , with some critics going as far as to claim that the group 's sound is based on `` the vintage Deep Purple template '' . In reviews for the band 's second album , a number of critics compared the sound of the group to that of Led Zeppelin -- Eduardo Rivadavia of website AllMusic noted that the album `` sounds like the baby of drummer Jason Bonham '' , while Paul Cole of the Sunday Mercury claimed that it is `` haunted by the spirit of Zeppelin '' . Hughes has dubbed the group `` a rock and roll band in the true sense of the word '' . Traditionally , the writing processes for Black Country Communion 's albums have been led by Hughes , who wrote the majority of the lyrics for both Black Country Communion and Black Country Communion 2 . The majority of the music on Black Country Communion was composed by Hughes and Bonamassa , with Shirley increasing his composition presence for the second album . Noting the extensive touring commitments of Bonamassa , Hughes has claimed that he was `` left as the keeper of the keys to write ( the band 's ) albums '' , noting that for each record -- which have been continuations of their predecessors -- he has had more and more time to write material ( six weeks for Black Country Communion , four months for Black Country Communion 2 , six months for Afterglow ) . Bonham has described the band 's writing style as `` spur of the moment '' . Band members ( edit ) Glenn Hughes -- bass guitar , lead and backing vocals Joe Bonamassa -- guitar , backing and lead vocals Jason Bonham -- drums , percussion , backing vocals Derek Sherinian -- keyboards Black Country Communion performing at the Azkena Rock Festival in 2011 . Glenn Hughes Joe Bonamassa Jason Bonham ( back ) Derek Sherinian Discography ( edit ) Main article : Black Country Communion discography Black Country Communion ( 2010 ) Black Country Communion 2 ( 2011 ) Afterglow ( 2012 ) BCCIV ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Seaver , Morley . `` Black Country Communion ( Glenn Hughes ) Interview '' . antiMusic . Iconoclast Entertainment Group . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black Country Communion -- Interviews Part 1 . YouTube . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rivadavia , Eduardo . `` Black Country Communion - Black Country Communion : Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hughes , Bonham , Bonamassa , Sherinian Supergroup Names Itself Black Country Communion '' . Blabbermouth.net . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barton , Geoff ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hughes , Bonamassa Supergroup Has a Name '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Glenn Hughes -- Black Country Communion Name '' . EspyRock . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ling , Dave ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Hughes recalls Black Country Communion name wrangle '' . Classic Rock . TeamRock . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Country Communion : Debut Album Details Revealed '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : ' One Last Soul ' Song to Debut on U.K. 's Planet Rock '' . Blabbermouth.net . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : First Single Available for Free Download '' . Blabbermouth.net . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion Documentary to Air on Planet Rock '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion Plays First Official Gig in London : Video Footage , Review Available '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : Debut Concert to Be Re-Broadcast on Planet Rock '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Country Communion Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40 : 26 September 2010 - 02 October 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Country Communion Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mojo Magazine Review '' . J&R Adventures . August 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : Two U.K. Shows Announced '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Poll 2010 '' . The Rock Lists . Planet Rock . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Bonham Says Black Country Communion Will Begin Work on Second Album in January '' . Blabbermouth.net . October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion to Release New Album in June '' . Blabbermouth.net . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stickler , Jon ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Black Country Communion Offer Free Download Of First Track From New Album ' 2 ' '' . Stereboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : ' Man in the Middle ' Video Released '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : ' 2 ' First - Week Sales Revealed '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : More European Tour Dates Announced '' . Blabbermouth.net . February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Black Country Communion Announce Support Band '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : More U.S. Dates Announced '' . Blabbermouth.net . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Black Country Communion Ready Live Release '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Black Country Communion to Screen Live Film in Cinemas '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Geoff ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` CR Awards : The Winners '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dome , Malcolm ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Black Country Communion to Record in the Summer '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : New Song Available for Free Download '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : Complete ' Afterglow ' Album Details Revealed '' . Blabbermouth.net . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Peter ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Black Country Communion Plan U.K. Homecoming '' . Gibson Guitars . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Country Communion to Play Wolverhampton Civic Again '' . Express & Star . MNA Media . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Black Country Communion Cancel One - Off Show '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Newsbites : Kevin Shirley apologises for Black Country Communion '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hughes Says New Black Country Communion Album May Be Band 's Last ; Talks New Supergroup Project '' . ABC NewsRadio . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . August 31 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Black Country Communion feud goes public '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kielty , Martin ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Hughes seeks to calm Black Country Communion speculation '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Joe Bonamassa fury at Glenn Hughes ' bullying ' '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Bonham admits Black Country Communion frustration '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Joe Bonamassa boss : Point fingers at me over Black Country Communion '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` BCC Bonamassa will forgive Hughes '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Bonham : Let 's tour without Bonamassa '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Black Country Communion ' too tense ' for Joe Bonamassa '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kielty , Martin ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Black Country Communion ' over ' says Hughes '' . Classic Rock . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Bonamassa hires Sherinian as band member '' . Classic Rock . TeamRock . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Scott ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : `` Black Country what ? '' Glenn Hughes and Jason Bonham 's new band `` . Classic Rock . TeamRock . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Geoff ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Hughes exclusive : California Breed is a sexual machine ... We do ' rock swagger ' '' . Classic Rock . TeamRock . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion To Return In 2017 '' . Blabbermouth.net. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kielty , Martin ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Black Country Communion return next year '' . TeamRock . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neill , Christina ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Bonamassa was driving force behind Black Country Communion comeback '' . TeamRock . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hughes And Joe Bonamassa Begin Writing Fourth Black Country Communion Album '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion : Fourth Album To Be Released In September '' . Blabbermouth.net. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colothan , Scott ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Presale : Black Country Communion announce two UK shows & fourth studio album '' . Planet Rock . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivadavia , Eduardo. `` 2 -- Black Country Communion : Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cole , Paul ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Black Country Communion : Black Country Communion 2 '' . Sunday Mercury . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fate , Karma And Throwing Down That Rock and Roll Gauntlet : An Exclusive Interview with Glenn Hughes Of Black Country Communion '' . Nightwatcher 's House of Rock Interviews . September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Black Country ( Media notes ) . Black Country Communion . J&R Adventures. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2 ( Media notes ) . Black Country Communion . J&R Adventures. 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Country Communion to Begin Work on New Album This Weekend '' . Blabbermouth.net . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Country Communion . Official website Black Country Communion on Facebook Black Country Communion on Twitter Black Country Communion 's channel on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> hide Black Country Communion <Td_colspan="2"> Glenn Hughes Joe Bonamassa Jason Bonham Derek Sherinian Studio albums Black Country Communion Black Country Communion 2 Afterglow BCCIV Live / video albums Live Over Europe Related articles Discography California Breed Jeff Bova Kevin Shirley BNF : cb162508984 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2206 5495 MusicBrainz : 9ebaa4d9 - d8ca - 4783 - a262 - cd895c5ad168 SUDOC : 161905471 VIAF : 169319400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Country_Communion&oldid=831559284 '' Categories : Musical groups from Los Angeles English hard rock musical groups Hard rock musical groups from California Musical groups established in 2009 Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical quartets Supergroups ( music ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Good articles Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 05 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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1. Black Country Communion - English-American hard rock band 2. Formation and debut album 3. Second album and touring 4. Afterglow and disbandment 5. Reunion and BCCIV

who did liverpool beat on the famous night in 2005

Liverpool FC in European Football - wikipedia Liverpool FC in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. in European football <Td_colspan="2"> The European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy won by Liverpool for a fifth time in 2005 Club Liverpool F.C. First entry 1964 -- 65 European Cup Latest entry 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League <Th_colspan="2"> Titles Champions League 5 ( show ) 1977 1978 1981 1984 2005 Europa League 3 ( show ) 1973 1976 2001 Cup Winners ' Cup 0 Super Cup 3 ( show ) 1977 2001 2005 Liverpool Football Club , an English professional association football club , is Britain 's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) competitions . Since 1964 , they have won eleven European trophies : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly known as the European Cup ) five times , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly known as the UEFA Cup ) three times , and the UEFA Super Cup three times . Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team 's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season . Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup Final , the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster , following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons . Since being readmitted in 1991 , they have qualified for the Champions League ( the successor to the European Cup ) nine times and the Europa League ( the successor to the Uefa Cup ) nine times . As a result of their victory in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy outright , and were awarded a multiple winner badge . Liverpool 's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla , who have won the competition five times . They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on three occasions , a total only Milan and Barcelona ( five titles each ) have bettered . Bob Paisley is the club 's most successful manager in Europe , with five trophies . Liverpool 's biggest - margin win in Europe is an 11 -- 0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup . In European competitions , Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances , with 150 , and Steven Gerrard is the club 's record goalscorer , with 41 goals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) 2.2 European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) 2.3 Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) 2.4 Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) 2.6 Decline and Resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) 3 Records 3.1 By season 3.2 By competition 3.3 By country 4 Honours 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) For more details on the origins of European football , see European Cup and UEFA Champions League history . Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 , when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , who did not meet under normal circumstances . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy , named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton , was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy , Great Britain , Germany and Switzerland ; the competition lasted for two years . The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette . Founded in 1930 , the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success . Due to financial reasons , the competition was abandoned . The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955 . Conceived by Gabriel Hanot , the editor of L'Équipe , as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues , it is considered the most prestigious European football competition . When the European Cup was first played , Liverpool were in the Second Division , following relegation from the First Division after the 1953 -- 54 season , and thus were ineligible for the competition . During their time in the Second Division , two further competitions were created : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Established in 1955 , the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971 . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League . The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions . In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division . Two years later , they won the Football League championship , thus making their European debut in the 1964 -- 65 European Cup . In the following years , further European competitions were inaugurated . The first , the UEFA Super Cup , was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners ' Cup . First established in 1973 , it changed formats in 2000 ; since then , it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League ( formerly the European Cup ) and the Europa League ( formerly the UEFA Cup ) , following the Cup Winners ' Cup amalgamation into the latter . The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup ( later , the UEFA Champions League ) and the South American equivalent , the Copa Libertadores . Established in 1960 , the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) . It ran until 2004 , when the FIFA Club World Cup , which includes the winners of all six confederations ' regional championships replaced it . History ( edit ) First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) ( edit ) Statue of Bill Shankly outside Anfield . Shankly was the first Liverpool manager to win a European trophy . Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959 , and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964 -- 65 , qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season . The club 's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland , who they played in the preliminary round . Liverpool won 11 -- 1 on aggregate . The next round , against Belgian club Anderlecht , was the first time in Liverpool 's history that they wore their now common all - red strip . The decision was made to change from red shirts , white shorts and socks by Shankly , who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents . They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals , where they met Italian team Internazionale . Before the first leg at Anfield , Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup , which Liverpool had won the previous week , to intimidate the Italians . The team won the match 3 -- 1 , but Inter won the second leg 3 -- 0 , securing a 4 -- 3 aggregate victory . The second leg was controversial ; Shankly described it as `` a war '' . He felt that the referee , Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel , had shown bias towards Internazionale , and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions . The club 's 1964 -- 65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup the following season , and in that competition , they reached their first European final . Borussia Dortmund , Liverpool 's opponents , employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again , with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 after extra time . Liverpool face Petrolul in the first round of the 1966 -- 67 European Cup . In the next four seasons , they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , but failed to progress past the third round in either competition . A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966 -- 67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition . Ajax beat Liverpool 7 -- 3 on aggregate . However , the style of football that Ajax played -- a patient passing game , inspired by Johann Cruyff -- convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe . Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , losing 1 -- 0 on aggregate to Leeds United . They competed in the 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup , despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final , as the FA Cup winners , Arsenal , had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship . Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany , losing 3 -- 1 on aggregate . The changes made to Liverpool 's tactics came to fruition during the 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup . The club reached their second European final , where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany . Liverpool won the first leg 3 -- 0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd . Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final . This influenced their tactics -- The Times reported that Liverpool employed a `` holding action '' against the `` attacking Germans '' . The tactics worked , allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals , granting Liverpool a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory . Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season , and as a result qualified for the 1973 -- 74 European Cup , where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia . At the end of that season , Shankly retired . European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Shankly was succeeded by his assistant , Bob Paisley , in 1974 . Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners ' Cup during Paisley 's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11 -- 0 at Anfield . This remains the club 's largest margin of victory in all matches . They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule . In 1975 -- 76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second - place finish in the First Division . Victories over Hibernian ( Scotland ) , Real Sociedad ( Spain ) , Śląsk Wrocław ( Poland ) , Dynamo Dresden ( East Germany ) and Barcelona ( Spain ) took Liverpool to their third European final . Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence , who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden , saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions . Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium . Liverpool recovered from a two - goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3 -- 2 , with Ray Kennedy , Jimmy Case , and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes . A 1 -- 1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4 -- 3 on aggregate , earning their second UEFA Cup . The Paisley Gateway is a tribute to former manager Bob Paisley , who won a record three European Cups -- and three European trophies in successive seasons -- as Liverpool manager . As the 1975 -- 76 league champions , the club entered the 1976 -- 77 European Cup . They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter - finals , where they faced the runners - up from the previous season , Saint - Étienne . The French team won the first leg 1 -- 0 . The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes . Saint - Étienne equalised to make the score 2 -- 1 on aggregate in their favour . Kennedy scored for Liverpool , but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie . With six minutes remaining , David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack ; he immediately scored in front of the Kop , ensuring a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory for Liverpool . In the semi-finals , they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6 -- 1 on aggregate to reach the final , where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final , Borussia Mönchengladbach . The final was held in Rome , four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United . Before the match , Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start . However , he was not named in the matchday squad . This change upset the Germans ' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker , Berti Vogts . Liverpool won 3 -- 1 to become European champions for the first time . By winning the European Cup , they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup , German team Hamburg , who had just signed Keegan . Liverpool won the tie 7 -- 1 on aggregate . Liverpool entered the 1977 -- 78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round . They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter - finals , respectively . In the semi-final , the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach , who won the first leg 2 -- 1 . Liverpool won the second leg 3 -- 0 , progressing to a second successive European Cup final , this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London . In the final Kenny Dalglish , who had been signed to replace Keegan , scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass . The 1 -- 0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup . They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup , but failed to retain the trophy , losing 4 -- 3 on aggregate against the Belgian side . Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978 -- 79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest . Nottingham Forest won the tie 2 -- 0 on aggregate , and went on to win the competition . Liverpool entered the 1979 -- 80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round , this time beaten 4 -- 2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union . Liverpool participated in the 1980 -- 81 European Cup as English league champions , defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura , Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals , where they faced three - time champions Bayern Munich . The first leg at Anfield finished goalless . In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and , although the German side equalised , Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule . They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final , held at the Parc des Princes in Paris . Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 victory , which secured the club 's -- and Paisley 's -- third European Cup . As champions of Europe , Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil . Liverpool lost the match 3 -- 0 . The club 's defence of the European Cup in 1981 -- 82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter - finals . Another quarter - final exit occurred in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4 -- 3 on aggregate . Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) ( edit ) Replicas of the four European Cups Liverpool won from 1977 to 1984 on display in the club 's museum Liverpool entered the 1983 -- 84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons . Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter - finals . Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1 -- 0 . In the second leg , their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica 's game plan into disarray , leading to a 4 -- 1 match victory and a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory . Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania . The tie proved a brutal encounter , characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă , and was won 3 -- 1 on aggregate by Liverpool . Fagan 's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one . When they reached their fourth European Cup final , they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship ; victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble . The final was played at Rome 's Stadio Olimpico , and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored , though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half . The score remained the same throughout full and extra time ; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot - out , with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani , causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar . After the game , gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels . Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup . However , they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores , Independiente of Argentina , who claimed a 1 -- 0 victory . Liverpool entered the 1984 -- 85 European Cup as champions , and once again progressed to the final , where their opponents were Juventus of Italy . They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy . The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels . The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium , and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue . Before the kick - off , Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more . Despite calls for an abandonment , the match was played , as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise . Juventus won the match 1 -- 0 ; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup . UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans : the official UEFA observer stated , `` Only the English fans were responsible . Of that there is no doubt '' . Three days after the final , UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period . Liverpool were initially given an additional three - year ban . Fagan retired after the 1984 -- 85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish , who took over as player - manager . The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years , and even when the ban was lifted in 1990 , Liverpool were not re-admitted ; they had to serve an extra year . The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 ( as league champions and FA Cup winners ) , the UEFA Cup in 1987 ( as league runners - up ) , the European Cup in 1988 ( as league champions ) , the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 ( as FA Cup winners ) and the European Cup in 1990 ( as league champions ) . Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991 -- 92 season , a year later than other English clubs . They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners - up in the English league . Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness , who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish 's resignation . Their first match , in the UEFA Cup , was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti , which they won 6 -- 1 . A 6 -- 2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3 -- 2 on aggregate . The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6 -- 0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa ( Italy ) 4 -- 1 over two legs in the quarter finals . Liverpool 's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992 -- 93 European Cup Winners ' Cup , but this campaign was short - lived , as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow . Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons , thus failing to qualify for European competition . In the 1995 -- 96 season , they entered the UEFA Cup , but again progressed no further than the second round , this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark . Paris SG halted Liverpool 's progress at the semi-final stage of the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . As runners - up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final , Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . This proved the club 's most successful campaign since their return to European competition , as they reached the semi-finals , where they were eliminated 3 -- 2 on aggregate by Paris Saint -- Germain . In the next two seasons , Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition , by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo , respectively . A seventh - place finish in the 1998 -- 99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999 -- 2000 . Having finished fourth in the 1999 -- 2000 FA Premier League , Liverpool qualified for the 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup . Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club . The entire season was the club 's most successful since the 1983 -- 84 season , as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup , the FA Cup and the League Cup . Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain . The match was tied at 4 -- 4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule . The performance of Gary McAllister , whose free - kick resulted in the winning goal , was praised as `` outstanding '' by Trevor Brooking . This was the club 's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984 . As UEFA Cup winners , Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3 -- 2 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Liverpool returned to the European Cup , now called the UEFA Champions League , for the first time since the Heysel disaster . A 2 -- 0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter - finals . They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1 -- 0 . The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool 's advantage , as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season ; however , they lost the second leg 4 -- 2 and were eliminated 4 -- 3 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season , but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition . The third - place finish meant they entered the 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup . Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all - British tie with Scottish team Celtic . A 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield . However , Celtic scored before half - time and again in the second half to win 3 -- 1 on aggregate . Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003 -- 04 season , after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League . Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners - up Marseille of France . At the end of the season , manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez . Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Fans in the Kop hold a mosaic during the match with Juventus , 6 April 2005 . Amicizia means `` friendship '' in Italian . Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003 -- 04 season , which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004 -- 05 season . A poor start in the group stages , with two losses in their first five games , had the club facing elimination . A 3 -- 1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos , however , eventually ensured their passage to the knock - out rounds . Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals , and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1 -- 0 on aggregate ; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a `` ghost goal '' by Chelsea manager José Mourinho , as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line . Liverpool 's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form , where they struggled to finish in the top - four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season . Liverpool faced six - time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005 . Trailing 3 -- 0 at half - time , they scored three goals in a six - minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3 -- 3 . There were no goals during extra time , so the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out . With the shoot - out score at 3 -- 2 , Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko 's penalty to give Liverpool victory . The nature of Liverpool 's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the `` miracle of Istanbul . '' As this was the club 's fifth European Cup victory , Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup permanently , and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year 's competition . The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II , Monaco in August . They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3 -- 1 ( aet . ) to win their third Super Cup . Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship , where they lost 1 -- 0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo . A fifth - place finish in the Premier League in 2004 -- 05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League , and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title . UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so , but would be required to start in the first qualifying round , with no country protection , meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages . This turned out to be the case -- Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages . They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock - out round . In the 2006 -- 07 Champions League , Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona , PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final . The Liverpool team , which contained only five players from the 2005 final , enjoyed more possession than in 2005 , but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2 -- 1 win . Liverpool lining up at Arsenal in the quarter - finals of the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007 -- 08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea , who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007 . A fourth - place finish in the 2007 -- 08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008 -- 09 Champions League . Liverpool reached the quarter - finals and again faced Chelsea , but lost 7 -- 5 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the 2008 -- 09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League , but their campaign was short - lived ; they finished third in their group , and were eliminated from the competition . They entered the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League , progressing to the semi-finals , where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2 -- 2 on aggregate . Decline and resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) Jürgen Klopp managing Liverpool in a 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League match against FC Augsburg . Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009 -- 10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson . A seventh - place finish in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010 -- 11 Europa League . They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage , where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli , FC Utrecht and Steaua București . They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32 . They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round . Before the tie was played , however , Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish , who initially served as a caretaker manager . A 1 -- 0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16 , in which Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 on aggregate to eventual runners - up Braga . A sixth - place finish in the 2010 -- 11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999 . On the following season , victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012 -- 13 Europa League . Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012 -- 13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage , but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0 -- 2 loss away and a 3 -- 1 win at home . A seventh - place finish in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013 -- 14 season . A second - placed finish in the 2013 -- 14 Premier League , ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014 -- 15 Champions League . One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014 -- 15 Europa League . The campaign was short - lived , as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32 . Finishing sixth in the 2014 -- 15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015 -- 16 Europa League , where they faced Sion , Bordeaux and for the first time , Russian side Rubin Kazan . During the group stage , manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . After winning the group , Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase , beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16 , the two clubs ' first meeting in Europe . Liverpool defeated them 3 -- 1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter - final tie with Klopp 's former team Borussia Dortmund . After a 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park , Dortmund went 3 -- 1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining , requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule . Goals from Philippe Coutinho , Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren , however , saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010 . There they faced Villarreal , completing a second comeback after overturning a 1 -- 0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3 -- 1 aggregate win . Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob - Park , Basel , on 18 May , losing 3 -- 1 . A 4th place finish in the 2016 -- 17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe 's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010 's . Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Liverpool F.C. statistics and records Jamie Carragher 's 150 European appearances -- including the pictured 2006 clash with Benfica -- is a club record . Most appearances in European competition : Jamie Carragher , 150 Most goals in European competition : Steven Gerrard , 41 First European match : Liverpool 6 -- 0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur , European Cup , first round , 17 August 1964 First goal scored in Europe : Gordon Wallace , against KR Reykjavik Biggest win : Liverpool 11 -- 0 Strømsgodset , in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , 17 September 1974 Biggest defeat : Liverpool 1 -- 5 Ajax , in the European Cup , 7 December 1966 Highest European home attendance : 55,104 , against Barcelona in the 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup , 14 April 1976 Lowest European home attendance : 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup By season ( edit ) Key P = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost F = Goals for A = Goals against GD = Goal difference Grp = Group stage R1 = First round R2 = Second round R3 = Third round R4 = Fourth round R16 = Round of 16 R32 = Round of 32 QF = Quarter - final SF = Semi-final Key to colours : Gold Winners Silver Runners - up Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season Season Competition Round 1964 -- 65 European Cup 9 5 18 5 R6 ! SF 1965 -- 66 European Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 12 6 Runners - up 1966 -- 67 European Cup 6 8 R2 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 0 13 5 R3 1968 -- 69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 R1 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 17 R2 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 10 5 13 R6 ! SF 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup 5 R2 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup 12 8 17 6 Winners 1973 -- 74 European Cup 5 5 R2 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 12 R2 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup 12 8 25 8 Winners 1976 -- 77 European Cup 9 7 0 22 5 Winners 1977 European Super Cup 0 7 Winners 1977 -- 78 European Cup 7 5 0 17 7 Winners 1978 European Super Cup 0 Runners - up 1978 -- 79 European Cup 0 0 R1 1979 -- 80 European Cup 0 R1 1980 -- 81 European Cup 9 6 0 24 Winners 1981 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1981 -- 82 European Cup 6 14 6 R5 ! QF 1982 -- 83 European Cup 6 0 13 6 R5 ! QF 1983 -- 84 European Cup 9 7 0 16 Winners 1984 European Super Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 -- 85 European Cup 9 6 18 5 Runners - up 1991 -- 92 UEFA Cup 8 0 16 8 R5 ! QF 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 0 10 8 R2 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup R2 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 8 6 18 9 R6 ! SF 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup 5 R2 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup 6 11 5 R3 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup 13 8 19 9 Winners 2001 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2001 -- 02 UEFA Champions League 14 5 7 14 11 R5 ! QF 2002 -- 03 UEFA Champions League 6 12 8 Grp 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup 6 6 R5 ! QF 2003 -- 04 UEFA Cup 8 14 7 R4 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League 15 8 14 11 Winners 2005 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Runners - up 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League 14 8 20 7 R16 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League 15 8 23 12 Runners - up 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League 14 8 34 11 R6 ! SF 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League 12 7 22 12 R5 ! QF 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 6 5 7 Grp 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League 8 5 0 14 8 R6 ! SF 2010 -- 11 UEFA Europa League 14 7 6 16 5 R16 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League 12 7 20 13 R32 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League 6 5 9 Grp 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League 0 R32 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League 15 6 7 19 13 Runners - Up 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League 0 8 5 By competition ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition Competition European Cup / UEFA Champions League 184 102 42 40 330 158 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 29 16 5 8 57 29 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 124 66 34 24 186 94 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 22 12 6 46 15 UEFA Super Cup 7 16 10 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Total 370 201 86 83 638 311 By country ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country Country Pld GD Win % Argentina 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Austria 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 10 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Belarus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 13 07001769200000000000 ♠ 76.92 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 4 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Bulgaria 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 10 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Costa Rica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 3 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 0 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Finland 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 36 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 France 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 18 07001576900000000000 ♠ 57.69 Germany 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 + 39 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Georgia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Greece 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 13 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 3 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Iceland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 10 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 18 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 − 1 07001360000000000000 ♠ 36.00 Lithuania 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Luxembourg 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Macedonia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Netherlands 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 10 07001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Norway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 15 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Poland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Portugal 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 + 12 07001450000000000000 ♠ 45.00 Romania 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 15 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Russia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 + 6 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 Scotland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 9 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Serbia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 8 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Slovenia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Spain 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 + 8 07001394700000000000 ♠ 39.47 Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Switzerland 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 + 11 07001461500000000000 ♠ 46.15 Turkey 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 11 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Honours ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition Honour No . Years European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 1973 , 1976 , 2001 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wearmouth , Rachel ( 1 September 2008 ) . `` BBC films story of World Cup winners '' . The Northern Echo . Darlington . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemzeti Sport , 9 July 1930 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Moore 2000 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Football 's premier club competition '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 2000 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa Cup given new name in revamp '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club competition winners do battle '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 13 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Reds sport all - red kit for first time '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 5 May 1965 ) . `` From the archive : Liverpool 3 -- 1 Internazionale '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Guy ( 3 March 1999 ) . `` Football : History not on United 's side -- European Cup quarter - final : Italian clubs have usually had the upper hand on some pulsating nights of action '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 52 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Survive Test Of Character '' . The Times . London . 24 May 1973 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Matches '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 26 May 2007 ) . `` Technocrat to blame for Athens anti-climax '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 : Anderlecht back on top '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Cup 1981 '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Keith , John ( 5 April 2005 ) . `` Heysel remembered : the horror of a tragedy waiting to happen '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobrowsky , Josef ; José Gorgazzi , Osvaldo ( 13 February 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup 1984 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fagan steps down after Heysel tragedy '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Coslett , Paul ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Heysel Disaster '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Hanley , James ( 2 April 2005 ) . `` English fans were responsible . No doubt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool legend Fagan dies '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 July 2001 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manager : Kenny Dalglish '' . This Is Anfield . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` On Second Thoughts : Graeme Souness '' . The guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brierley , Stephen ( 19 September 1991 ) . `` Saunders spells end for Finnish '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Ross , James M. ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` Cup Winners ' Cup 1992 -- 93 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` UEFA Cup 1995 -- 96 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 / 97 : Ronaldo spot on for Barça '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 14 May 1997 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brave words , brave hearts and insufficient rewards '' . Liverpool Echo . Liverpool. 5 November 1997 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool suffer Spanish inquisition '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 1998 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ RSSSF ( 20 December 1999 ) . `` England 1998 / 99 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 5 Alaves 4 '' . UEFA.com. 16 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Brooking , Trevor ( 17 May 2001 ) . `` McAllister the man '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dortmund delight as Reds win thriller '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Owen keeps Reds rolling '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1 September 2001 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool reach last eight '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool gain upper hand '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool suffer Euro woe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 April 2002 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 13 November 2002 ) . `` Liverpool revival comes too late '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic brush aside Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 March 2003 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 12 May 2003 ) . `` Ranieri 's men finally show their mettle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool appoint Benitez '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The world according to Mourinho '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 October 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 14 April 2005 ) . `` Liverpool set up Chelsea clash '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC Milan 3 -- 3 Liverpool ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ; Oliver , Brian ; Mochlinski , Kaz ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` The miracle of Istanbul '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations for the UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 07 '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 CSKA Moscow ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 August 2005 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo 1 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 December 2005 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 0 -- 2 Benfica ( agg 0 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 March 2006 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 0 Chelsea ( Agg : 1 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 May 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 23 May 2007 ) . `` Inzaghi inspires Milan to glory '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 23 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` Lampard double sees off gallant Liverpool '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool 's hopes of silverware ended by Atlético Madrid 's Diego Forlán '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson leaves Fulham to become Liverpool manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Group Stage '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson exits and Kenny Dalglish takes over '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Liverpool 0 -- 0 Braga ( agg 0 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ McVay , David ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Aston Villa 1 Liverpool 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European qualification : The permutations '' . Premier League . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool fall short against Zenit despite Luis Suárez free - kick goals '' . Guardian . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League draw : Liverpool face Real Madrid , while Manchester City are drawn in group of death '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Basel '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Whalley , Mike ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Besiktas 1 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Group B '' . UEFA.com. 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Confirm Juergen Klopp appointment '' . Liverpoolfc.com. 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Liverpool edge out Augsburg '' . UEFA.com. 25 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United draw Liverpool in the Europa League '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 March 2016 ) . `` Manchester United 1 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp faces Dortmund reunion in Europa League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Liverpool 4 - 3 Borussia Dortmund ( 5 - 4 agg . ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 First Leg '' . UEFA.com. 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 Second Leg '' . UEFA.com. 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Carragher '' . LFC History . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard '' . LFC History . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matches '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Platt , Mark ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Reds first ever Euro tie '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Barcelona '' . UEFA . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool in Europe -- Season by Season '' . LFC History . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` Fixtures and results '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Competition Stats '' . LFC History . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Head - To - Head '' . Statto Organisation . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Twickenham : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Hale , Steve ; Ponting , Ivan ( 1992 ) . Liverpool in Europe . Enfield : Guinness . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 569 - 7 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Liverpool FC : You 'll Never Walk Alone . London : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . London : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Moore , Glenn ( 2000 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of World Football . London : Parragon . ISBN 0 - 7525 - 4466 - 7 . External links ( edit ) English football portal Merseyside portal Official Liverpool FC website Official UEFA site <Th_colspan="2"> Liverpool Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs Anfield Rap The Fields of Anfield Road You 'll Never Walk Alone Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. 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Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 22 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Liverpool FC in European football 2. UEFA Champions League titles 3. Europa League titles 4. UEFA Super Cup titles 5. European success under different managers

who sings the song who wears short shorts

The Royal Teens - wikipedia The Royal Teens <Th_colspan="2"> The Royal Teens Origin Bergenfield , New Jersey Genres Rock pop Rock and roll Years active 1956 -- 1965 Labels RCA , Epic / CBS , Capitol / EMI , Musicor , Jubilee Associated acts The Four Seasons Website http://theroyalteens.com <Th_colspan="2"> Members Tom Austin - drums Bob Azzara - piano Flip Cesario - guitar Bill Crandall - saxophone Bill Dalton - bass Bob Gaudio - piano Al Kooper - guitar Larry Qualiano - saxophone Dan Sabatino - vocals Joe Villa ( Joe Francavilla ) - vocals Vince Cautero - vocals The Royal Teens was a New Jersey rock and roll band that formed in 1956 , which was composed of Bob Gaudio on piano , Tom Austin on drums , Billy Dalton on guitar , and Billy Crandall on saxophone . The group is best known for its single `` Short Shorts '' , which was a # 3 hit in the United States in 1958 . The follow - up single , 1959 's `` Believe Me '' , hit # 26 . They never recorded an album , and broke up in 1965 . Contents 1 History 2 Legacy 3 Discography 3.1 ABC Paramount Records 3.2 Power Records 3.3 Mighty Records 3.4 Capitol Records 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The term `` Short Shorts '' was a description Bob Gaudio and Tom Austin had given to the cutoff jeans teenage girls were wearing during the summer of 1957 . On that musically fateful afternoon , Gaudio and Austin were driving up Washington Avenue in Bergenfield , New Jersey in Tom Austin 's red and white 1957 Ford Fairlane 500 , trying to figure out what to call the latest song they had written for their rock and roll band then known as the Royals , later renamed the Royal Teens by record producer and owner Leo Rodgers . Just then , two girls came strutting out of Luhmann 's ( the local teenage sweet shop ) wearing cutoff jeans that were cut so short they were almost illegal . At that point , the song `` Short Shorts '' was born . On the original recording , Tom Austin did the wolf whistle , Billy Dalton mimicked the whistle on guitar , and Billy Crandall said `` Man , dig those crazy chicks . '' With Tommy on drums , Bobby on piano , Billy Dalton on guitar , and Crandall on sax , along with the female vocal provided by Diana Lee , a girl from Leo 's stable of talented youngsters , the Royal Teens became a success . Leo Rogers owned a label named Power Records with Lee Silvers . Before the record was released on Power , Leo made the Royals change their name to Royal Teens because there was another group called The Royals . The group reluctantly added Teens to its name . Power Records , being an independent record label , could n't afford to handle the success of `` Short Shorts '' , so Leo licensed the master copy to ABC - Paramount Records , also headquartered in New York City . ABC - Paramount released the song to a nationwide audience , and as a result , `` Short Shorts '' soared to popularity . It peaked at # 3 on what became the Billboard Hot 100 . Before the first rock and roll tour was launched , which included the Royal Teens , Billy Crandall had to leave the group because his parents would not allow him to leave Dumont High School because he was only 14 years old at the time . Tommy had just graduated from Fort Lee High School , Bob Gaudio 's parents decided to allow their son to temporarily drop out of school to pursue his dream , and Billy Dalton took a leave of absence from All Hallows High in Manhattan . Larry Qualiano , a 17 - year - old sax player from North Bergen , New Jersey , took Billy Crandall 's place and the Royal Teens became complete again , touring with greats such as Buddy Holly , Sam Cooke , Jackie Wilson , Jerry Lee Lewis , Bo Diddley , Chuck Berry , and Frankie Avalon . Legacy ( edit ) Bob Gaudio later became a member of the Four Seasons . Fourteen - year - old member Al Kooper sometimes appeared with the Royal Teens on the road in 1959 , and later founded the groups The Blues Project and Blood Sweat & Tears . Kooper also performed as a session musician on several of Bob Dylan 's albums in the mid - ' 60s . Vocalist Joe Francavilla ( also known as Joey Villa ) joined the group in late 1958 . He previously sang with the Three Friends , which had a minor hit with `` Blanche '' . With several briefly tenured members of the Royal Teens , he went on to form Joey and the Twisters , which released a few minor hits ( `` Do You Want to Dance , '' `` Bony Maronie '' ) in 1961 -- 1962 and frequently played the Peppermint Lounge in New York City as contemporaries of Joey Dee and the Starliters . Billy Crandall would join the Knickerbockers in 1964 , using the name Buddy Randell , and would sing lead vocal on the group 's top - 20 hit `` Lies '' in 1966 . Crandall would later perform with the contemporary Messianic group Jerusalem Rivers before passing away in 1998 . The song `` Short Shorts '' was used in commercials for Nair in the 1970s , sparking interest in the group , and is now used in Japan for the opening tune of Tamori Club on TV Asahi Corporation . When the show Jersey Boys came to Broadway , Bob Gaudio told Tommy that `` Short Shorts '' was being featured in the show . When the two original Royal Teens reunited at the August Wilson Theater the night of the premiere of Jersey Boys , Tommy said he was so proud to have traveled the first leg of Bobby 's historical musical journey with him . Billy Dalton died of an apparent heart attack on Saturday , October 8 , 2011 . After his funeral Mass , Billy was interred in St. Patrick Cemetery in Rochelle , Illinois , on Thursday , October 13 , 2011 -- what would have been his 71st birthday . Discography ( edit ) ABC Paramount Records ( edit ) 1958 : `` Short Shorts '' / `` Planet Rock '' ( originally issued on the tiny Power Records label ) 1958 : `` Big Name Button '' / `` Sham Rock '' 1958 : `` Harvey 's Got A Girlfriend '' / `` Hangin ' Around '' 1958 : `` Open The Door '' / `` My Kind of Dream '' Power Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Sittin With My Baby '' / `` Mad Gass '' Mighty Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Leotards '' / `` Royal Blue '' Capitol Records ( edit ) 1959 : `` Believe Me '' / `` Little Cricket '' 1960 : `` The Moon 's Not Meant For Lovers ( Anymore ) '' / `` Was It A Dream ? '' 1960 : `` It 's The Talk of the Town '' / `` With You '' See also ( edit ) 1956 in music Shorts # Styles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Teens '' . Theroyalteens.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Singles , Allmusic.com ^ Jump up to : `` The Royal Teens '' The Royal Teens History `` . Theroyalteens.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Doo-wop.blogg.org Ungerhorner.com MusicBrainz : aaba85b2 - 3f0b - 4cfe - 9ba7 - 4e1ae2bc8deb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal_Teens&oldid=854708964 '' Categories : Rock music groups from New Jersey Jubilee Records artists Musical groups established in 1956 Musical groups disestablished in 1965 Capitol Records artists RCA Records artists Epic Records artists Rock and roll music groups 1956 establishments in New Jersey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Royal Teens - New Jersey rock and roll band 2. "Short Shorts" - #3 hit single in the United States in 1958 3. Bob Gaudio - member of The Royal Teens and later The Four Seasons 4. Al Kooper - member of The Royal Teens and later founder of The Blues Project and Blood Sweat & Tears 5. Legacy and discography of The Royal Teens

who got nishan e haider in pakistan in urdu

Nishan - e-Haider - Wikipedia Nishan - e-Haider This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nishan - e-Haider نشان حیدر ‬ <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Awarded by the President of Pakistan in the name of the Government of Pakistan <Th_colspan="2"> Type Pakistan military medal with service ribbon ( Decoration ) Eligibility Military personnel only Awarded for Acts of greatest heroism in circumstances of extreme danger , in the presence of the enemy on land , at sea or in the air . Status Currently awarded Post-nominals NH <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Established 16 March 1957 ( applied retrospectively from 1948 onwards ) First awarded 16 March 1957 -- Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , Captain Muhammad Sarwar , Pakistan army Last awarded 15 July 1999 -- Kargil War , Havildar Lalak Jan , Pakistan army Total awarded 11 ( 1 Hilal - e-Kashmir ) Posthumous awards 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Precedence Next ( higher ) None Equivalent Hilal - e-Kashmir Next ( lower ) Hilal - i - Jur'at Sitara - i - Jur'at Tamgha - i - Jur'at Nishan - e-Haider ( Urdu : نشان حیدر ‬ ‎ ) ( abbreviated as `` NH '' ) is Pakistan 's highest military gallantry award . `` Nishan - e-Haider '' literally means `` Emblem of the Lion '' in the Urdu language . The word `` Haider '' is also the epithet of Ali , who is referred to as the ' Lion of God ' , a valiant warrior and leader . The Nishan - e-Haider can only be awarded to members of the Pakistan Armed Forces for the highest acts of extraordinary bravery in the face of the enemy in air , land or sea . Its exclusivity can be gauged by the fact that , since Pakistan 's independence in 1947 , it has been awarded only ten times ( now eleven , due to Hilal - e-Kashmir being equal to Nishan - e-Haider ) . Contents 1 History 2 Criterion 3 Manufacturing 4 Recipients 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Nishan - e-Haider was established by the Government of Pakistan and named after Ali ibn Abi Talib on 16 March 1957 , the year that Pakistan became a republic . It was applied retrospectively from the date of Pakistan 's independence on 14 August 1947 . It is Pakistan 's highest award and takes precedence over all military and civil awards . Of the ten Nishan - e-Haider recipients to date , nine have been from the Army and one from the Air Force . Although some consider it equivalent to the British Victoria Cross and the United States Medal of Honor , it is unique in that it has so far been awarded only posthumously . Criterion ( edit ) The Nishan - e-Haider can be awarded to all ranks of the Armed Forces for showing feats of extraordinary courage in confronting the enemy . As a matter of practice and precedent , it has only been awarded where it has been established that the recipient acted despite high risks and was killed in the act . Manufacturing ( edit ) The Nishan - e-Haider is manufactured by Pakistan Mint on order of the Ministry of Defence . It is forged from captured enemy equipment and consists of 88 % copper , 10 % tin and 2 % zinc . Recipients ( edit ) Recipients No Name of the recipient Regiment Rank Battle Date of martyrdom Saif Ali Janjua Hilal - e-Kashmir 18 Azad Kashmir Regiment , Pakistan Army Naik Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 26th April 1948 Raja Muhammad Sarwar 2 / 1 Punjab Regiment , Pakistan Army Captain Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 27 July 1948 Tufail Mohammad 16th Punjab Regiment Border Guards East Pakistan Rifles , Pakistan Army Major Indo - Pak Border skirmish 1958 7 August 1958 Raja Aziz Bhatti 17 Punjab Regiment , Pakistan Army Major Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 10 September 1965 5 Rashid Minhas No. 2 Fighter Conversion Unit , Pakistan Air Force Pilot Officer Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 20 August 1971 6 Muhammad Akram 4 Frontier Force Regiment , Pakistan Army Major Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 5 December 1971 7 Shabbir Sharif 6 Frontier Force Regiment , Pakistan Army Major Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 6 December 1971 8 Muhammad Hussain Janjua 20 Lancers ( Armoured Corps ) , Pakistan Army Sowar Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 10 December 1971 9 Muhammad Mahfuz 15 Punjab Regiment , Pakistan Army Lance naik Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 17 December 1971 10 Karnal Sher Khan 27 Sindh Regiment / 12 Northern Light Infantry , Pakistan Army Captain Kargil War 5 July 1999 11 Lalak Jan 12 Northern Light Infantry , Pakistan Army Havaldar Kargil War 7 July 1999 See also ( edit ) Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Military Pakistan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honours and Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` ODM of Pakistan : Order of the Lion '' . Jump up ^ `` ʿAlī Muslim caliph '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Honours and Awards '' . Pakistan Army . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nishan e Haider holders of Pakistan Army ~ PAKISTAN DEFENCE BLOG '' . www.defenceblog.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official list of Pakistan Army recipients of the Nishan - e-Haider Official list of Pakistan Air Force recipients of the Nishan - e-Haider Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishan-e-Haider&oldid=854327435 '' Categories : Military awards and decorations of Pakistan Recipients of Nishan - e-Haider Awards established in 1957 1957 establishments in Pakistan Courage awards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français हिन्दी Nederlands پنجابی Português Русский سنڌي اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 14 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Nishan-e-Haider: Pakistan's highest military gallantry award 2. Acts of extraordinary bravery in the face of the enemy 3. Established in 1957, named after Ali ibn Abi Talib 4. Awarded only posthumously, unique in that aspect 5. Recipients from Pakistan Army and Air Force

indiana jones and the last crusade the holy grail

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade - wikipedia Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Robert Watts Screenplay by Jeffrey Boam Story by George Lucas Menno Meyjes Starring Harrison Ford Denholm Elliott Alison Doody John Rhys - Davies Julian Glover Sean Connery Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 24 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $474.2 million Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg , from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas . It is the third installment in the Indiana Jones franchise . Harrison Ford reprises the title role and Sean Connery plays Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Other cast members featured include Alison Doody , Denholm Elliott , Julian Glover , River Phoenix , and John Rhys - Davies . In the film , set largely in 1938 , Indiana searches for his father , a Holy Grail scholar , who has been kidnapped by Nazis . After the mixed reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg chose to compensate with a film that toned down the violence and gore . During the five years between Temple of Doom and Last Crusade , he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam 's . Filming locations included Spain , Italy , the United Kingdom , Turkey and Jordan . The film was released in North America on May 24 , 1989 to mostly positive reviews and a financial success , earning $474.2 million at the worldwide box office totals . It won an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design 3.4 Effects 4 Themes 5 Cultural references 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Box office 6.3 Critical response 6.4 Influence 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1912 , thirteen - year - old Indiana Jones is horseback riding with his Boy Scout troop at Arches National Park in Utah . While scouting caves , Indy discovers a group of grave robbers who have found a golden crucifix belonging to Coronado and steals it from them , hoping to donate it to a museum . The men give chase through a passing circus train , leaving Indy with a bloody cut across his chin from a bullwhip and a new phobia of snakes . Indy escapes , but the local sheriff makes him return the cross to the robbers . Impressed with Indy 's bravery , the leader of the robbers gives Indy his fedora , and tells him that he may have lost this battle , but that he does n't have to like it . In 1938 , Indy recovers the cross off the coast of Portugal and donates it to Marcus Brody 's museum . Later , Indy is introduced to Walter Donovan , who informs him that his father , Henry Jones , Sr. , has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail , using an incomplete inscription as his guide . Indy then receives Henry 's Grail diary via mail from Venice . Realizing that he would not have sent the diary unless he was in trouble , Indy and Marcus travel to Venice , where they meet Henry 's Austrian colleague , Dr. Elsa Schneider . Beneath the library where Henry was last seen , Indy and Elsa discover the tomb of a First Crusade knight , which also contains a complete version of the inscription that Henry had used , this one revealing the location of the Grail . They flee , however , when the catacombs are set aflame by the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , a secret society that protects the Grail from evildoers . Indy and Elsa capture one of the Brotherhood , Kazim , and Indy tells him that his goal is only to find his father and that he has no interest in finding the Grail . Kazim tells him that Henry is being held in Castle Brunwald on the Austrian - German border . Marcus later reveals a map drawn by Henry of the route to the Grail , which begins in Alexandretta . Indy removes the pages containing the map from the diary , gives it to Marcus for safekeeping and sends Marcus to İskenderun , the city built on the ruins of Alexandretta to rendezvous with their old friend Sallah , and he and Elsa head to Castle Brunwald . At Castle Brunwald , Indy rescues Henry , but learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis , and are using him to find the Grail for them . Meanwhile , Marcus is captured in Hatay , while waiting with Sallah . The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald . Henry tells Indy that to reach the Grail , one must face three booby traps and his diary contains the clues to guide them through the challenges safely . They recover the diary from Elsa at a book burning rally in Berlin . They then board a Zeppelin to leave Germany , but the Nazis soon discover the Joneses are aboard and they escape in a parasite biplane . They crash while engaging in a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters . The two meet up with Sallah in Hatay , where they learn of Marcus 's abduction . The Nazis are already moving toward the Grail 's location , using the map possessed by Marcus . In exchange for a Rolls - Royce , the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his equipment for the expedition , including a large tank . Indy , Henry , and Sallah find the Nazi expedition , which is ambushed by the Brotherhood . During the battle , Henry is captured by SS Colonel Ernst Vogel while attempting to rescue Marcus from the tank ; Kazim and his comrades are killed . The younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback and , with the aid of Sallah , saves Henry and Marcus . He is then caught up in a fight with Vogel , and barely escapes before the tank goes over a cliff , sending Vogel to his death . Indy , Henry , Marcus , and Sallah catch up with the surviving Nazis , led by Donovan and Elsa , who have found the temple where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three protective booby traps . Donovan mortally wounds Henry in order to force Indy to risk his life in the traps to find the Grail and use its healing power to save Henry . Using the information in the diary and followed by Donovan and Elsa , Indy safely overcomes the traps and reaches the Grail 's chamber , which is guarded by a knight . He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of the Grail , which is hidden among dozens of false Grails ; only the true Grail brings life , while a false one claims it . Elsa purposefully selects the most princely grail , a golden chalice studded with emeralds , for Donovan , who ages into dust after drinking from it , proving it to be false . Indy selects the true Grail , a simple pewter cup , which the knight warns can not be taken beyond the temple 's entrance . Indy fills the Grail with holy water and takes it to Henry , which heals him instantly . Elsa , disregarding the knight 's warning , then takes the Grail and attempts to leave with it . The temple begins to collapse and Elsa falls to her death trying to recover the Grail after it is dropped down a chasm . Indy nearly suffers the same fate but Henry persuades him to let it go . The Joneses , Marcus , and Sallah escape the temple and ride off into the sunset . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of characters in the Indiana Jones series Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones : The archaeologist adventurer who seeks to rescue his father and find the Holy Grail . Ford said he loved the idea of introducing Indiana 's father because it allowed him to explore another side to Indiana 's personality : `` These are men who have never made any accommodation to each other . Indy behaves differently in his father 's presence . Who else would dare call Indy ' junior ' ? '' River Phoenix as the teenage Jones . Phoenix had portrayed the son of Ford 's character in The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) . Ford recommended Phoenix for the part ; he said that of the young actors working at the time , Phoenix looked the most like him when he was around that age . Sean Connery as Professor Henry Jones : Indiana 's father , a professor of Medieval literature who cared more about looking for the Grail than raising his son . Spielberg had Connery in mind when he suggested introducing Indiana 's father , though he did not tell Lucas at first . Consequently , Lucas wrote the role as `` a crazy , eccentric '' professor resembling Laurence Olivier , whose relationship with Indiana is `` strict schoolmaster and student rather than a father and son '' . Spielberg had been a fan of Connery 's work as James Bond and felt that no one else could perform the role as well . Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride wrote , `` Connery was already the father of Indiana Jones since the series had sprung from the desire of Lucas and Spielberg to rival ( and outdo ) Connery 's James Bond movies . '' Connery initially turned the role down as he is only twelve years older than Ford , but he relented . Connery -- a student of history -- began to reshape the character , and revisions were made to the script to address his concerns . `` I wanted to play Henry Jones as a kind of Sir Richard ( Francis ) Burton , '' Connery commented . `` I was bound to have fun with the role of a gruff , Victorian Scottish father . '' Connery believed Henry should be a match for his son , telling Spielberg that `` whatever Indy 'd done my character has done and my character has done it better '' . Connery signed to the film on March 25 , 1988 . He improvised the line , `` She talks in her sleep '' , which was left in because it made everyone laugh ; in Boam 's scripts , Henry telling Indiana that he slept with Elsa occurs later . Alex Hyde - White as Young Henry Jones , Sr . Alison Doody as Dr. Elsa Schneider : An Austrian art professor who is in league with the Nazis . She seduces the Joneses to trick them . Doody was 21 when she auditioned and was one of the first actresses who met for the part . Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody : Indiana 's bumbling English colleague . Elliott returned after Spielberg sought to recapture the tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , following the actor 's absence in the darker Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) . John Rhys - Davies as Sallah : A friend of Indiana and a professional excavator living in Cairo . Like Elliott 's , Rhys - Davies ' return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Julian Glover as Walter Donovan : An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail . Donovan works for the Nazis and desires immortality . Glover previously appeared as General Veers in Lucas 's The Empire Strikes Back . He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel . Glover , who is English , adopted an American accent for the film , but was dissatisfied with the result . Michael Byrne as Colonel Vogel : A brutal SS colonel . Byrne and Ford had previously starred in Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , in which they also respectively played a German and an American . Kevork Malikyan as Kazim : The leader of the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword , an organization that protects the Holy Grail . Malikyan had impressed Spielberg with his performance in Midnight Express ( 1978 ) and would have auditioned for the role of Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark had a traffic jam not delayed his meeting with the director . Robert Eddison as the Grail Knight : The guardian of the Grail who drank from the cup of Christ during the Crusades and is immortal as long as he stays within the temple . Eddison was a stage and television veteran only appearing once before in film ( a supporting role in Peter Ustinov 's 1948 comedy Vice Versa ) . Glover recalled Eddison was excited and nervous for his film debut , often asking if he had performed correctly . Laurence Olivier was originally considered to play the Grail Knight , but he was too ill and died the same year in which the film was released . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Lucas and Spielberg had intended to make a trilogy of Indiana Jones films since Lucas had first pitched Raiders of the Lost Ark to Spielberg in 1977 . After the mixed critical and public reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas and `` to apologize for the second one '' . The pair had the intention of revitalizing the series by evoking the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Throughout the film 's development and pre-production , Spielberg admitted he was `` consciously regressing '' in making the film . Due to his commitment to the film , the director had to drop out of directing Big and Rain Man . Chris Columbus ' script featured the Monkey King in Africa Lucas initially suggested making the film `` a haunted mansion movie '' , for which Romancing the Stone writer Diane Thomas wrote a script . Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to Poltergeist , which he had co-written and produced . Lucas first introduced the Holy Grail in an idea for the film 's prologue , which was to be set in Scotland . He intended the Grail to have a pagan basis , with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa . Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea , which he found too esoteric , even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality . In September 1984 , Lucas completed an eight - page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the Monkey King , which he soon followed with an 11 - page outline . The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the Fountain of Youth in Africa . Chris Columbus -- who had written the Spielberg - produced Gremlins , The Goonies , and Young Sherlock Holmes -- was hired to write the script . His first draft , dated May 3 , 1985 , changed the main plot device to a Garden of Immortal Peaches . It begins in 1937 , with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland . Indiana travels to Mozambique to aid Dr. Clare Clarke ( a Katharine Hepburn - type according to Lucas ) , who has found a 200 - year - old pygmy . The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase , and Indiana , Clare and Scraggy Brier -- an old friend of Indiana -- travel up the Zambezi river to rescue him . Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King . Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe ; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg , who has a mechanical arm ; Betsy , a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana ; and a pirate leader named Kezure ( described as a Toshiro Mifune - type ) , who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart . Columbus 's second draft , dated August 6 , 1985 , removed Betsy and featured Dash -- an expatriate bar owner for whom the Nazis work -- and the Monkey King as villains . The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is captured . Indiana subsequently battles the undead , destroys the Monkey King 's rod , and marries Clare . Location scouting commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives , and because the script was too unrealistic . Spielberg acknowledged that it made him `` ... feel very old , too old to direct it . '' Columbus 's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997 , and many believed it was an early draft for the fourth film because it was mistakenly dated to 1995 . Unsatisfied , Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana 's father , Henry Jones , Sr. Lucas was dubious , believing the Grail should be the story 's focus , but Spielberg convinced him that the father -- son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana 's search for the artifact . Spielberg hired Menno Meyjes , who had worked on Spielberg 's The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun , to begin a new script on January 1 , 1986 . Meyjes completed his script ten months later . It depicted Indiana searching for his father in Montségur , where he meets a nun named Chantal . Indiana travels to Venice , takes the Orient Express to Istanbul , and continues by train to Petra , where he meets Sallah and reunites with his father . Together they find the grail . At the climax , a Nazi villain touches the Grail and explodes ; when Henry touches it , he ascends a stairway to Heaven . Chantal chooses to stay on Earth because of her love for Indiana . In a revised draft dated two months later , Indiana finds his father in Krak des Chevaliers , the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm , and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site , which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with `` God is King '' . The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of Montezuma 's death mask with a man who owns gorillas as pets . Indiana Jones ( River Phoenix ) finds the Cross of Coronado as a 13 - year - old Boy Scout . Spielberg suggested making Indiana a Boy Scout as both he and Harrison Ford were former Scouts . Spielberg suggested Innerspace writer Jeffrey Boam perform the next rewrite . Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas , which yielded a treatment that is largely similar to the final film . Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story . `` Given the fact that it 's the third film in the series , you could n't just end with them obtaining the object . That 's how the first two films ended , '' he said , `` So I thought , let them lose the Grail , and let the father -- son relationship be the main point . It 's an archaeological search for Indy 's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it 's about ( than the quest for the Grail ) . '' Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films . In Boam 's first draft , dated September 1987 , the film is set in 1939 . The prologue has adult Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a museum curator in Mexico and features the circus train . Henry and Elsa ( who is described as having dark hair ) were searching for the Grail on behalf of the Chandler Foundation , before Henry went missing . The character of Kazim is here named Kemal , and is an agent of the Republic of Hatay , which seeks the grail for its own . Kemal shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice . The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback , while Vogel is crushed by a boulder when stealing the Grail . Boam 's February 23 , 1988 rewrite utilized many of Connery 's comic suggestions . It included the prologue that was eventually filmed ; Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun , which was about a young boy . Spielberg -- who was later awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award -- had the idea of making Indiana a Boy Scout . Indiana 's mother , named Margaret in this version , dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado , while his father is on a long distance call . Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features , but is not the main villain ; he plunges to his death in the tank . Elsa introduces Indiana and Brody to a large Venetian family that knows Henry . Leni Riefenstahl appears at the Nazi rally in Berlin . Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail . Kemal tries to blow up the Grail Temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished . Elsa shoots Henry , then dies drinking from the wrong Grail , and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail . Boam 's revision of March 1 showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane , and has Henry saving Indiana at the end . Between an undated `` Amblin '' revision and a rewrite by Tom Stoppard ( under the pen name Barry Watson ) dated May 8 , 1988 , further changes were made . Stoppard polished most of the dialogue , and created the `` Panama Hat '' character to link the prologue 's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas . The Venetian family is cut . Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it . Chandler is renamed Donovan . The scene of Brody being captured is added . Vogel now dies in the tank , while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail , and Elsa falls into the chasm . The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone - stepping and leap of faith . Filming ( edit ) The Double Arch in the Arches National Park in Utah , United States The Bürresheim Castle ( de ) , near Mayen , in the German state of Rhineland - Palatinate , served as the `` Brunwald Castle '' in Austria near the German border Administration Building , on Treasure Island , in San Francisco , California , served as the `` Berlin Airport '' The Mónsul beach in the Cabo de Gata - Níjar Natural Park in Almería , Spain The tank chase was filmed in the Tabernas Desert in Almería , Spain Principal photography began on May 16 , 1988 , in the Tabernas Desert in Spain 's Almería province . Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days , but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action - packed centerpiece . Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark ( because the truck was much faster than the tank ) , he felt this sequence should be more story - based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other . He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it . The second unit had begun filming two weeks before . After approximately ten days , the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay 's palace . Cabo de Gata - Níjar Natural Park was used for the road , tunnel and beach sequence in which birds strike the plane . The shoot 's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2 , 1988 , in Guadix , Granada , with filming of Brody 's capture at İskenderun train station . The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere , rather than adding it as a visual effect . Filming for the castle interiors took place in the United Kingdom from June 5 to 10 , 1988 , at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , England . On June 16 Lawrence Hall , London , was used for the airport interiors . Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape , continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18 . One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice . Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set . Spielberg , Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support the economically `` depressed '' British studios . July 20 -- 22 was spent filming the temple interiors . The temple set , which took six weeks to build , was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use during the earthquake scene . Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster . The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor -- causing the first crack to appear -- was attempted on the full - size set , but proved too difficult . Instead , crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster . It took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part of the crack . July 25 -- 26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School , Stowe , Buckinghamshire , for the Nazi rally . Filming resumed two days later at Elstree , where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library , Portuguese freighter , and catacombs sequences . The steamship fight in the prologue 's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty - by - forty - feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree . A dozen dump tanks -- each holding three hundred imperial gallons ( 360 U.S. gallons ; 3000 lb . ) of water -- were used in the scene . Henry 's house was filmed at Mill Hill , London . Indiana and Kazim 's fight in Venice in front of a ship 's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree . Spielberg used a long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were . Two days later , on August 4 , another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats , was filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex . The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe . The ships were moved together while the boats passed between , close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships . An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform . The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt . The following day , filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in Rickmansworth , which doubled for Indiana 's college ( as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark ) . Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) at Petra , Jordan was used for the entrance to the temple housing the Holy Grail . Shooting in Venice took place on August 8 . For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa , shots of the boat chase , and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is , Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal from 7 am to 1 pm , sealing off tourists for as long as possible . Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible . San Barnaba di Venezia served as the library 's exterior . The next day , filming moved to the ancient city of Petra , Jordan , where Al Khazneh ( The Treasury ) stood in for the temple housing the Grail . The cast and crew became guests of King Hussein and Queen Noor . The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger . The main cast completed their scenes that week , after 63 days of filming . The second unit filmed part of the prologue 's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3 . The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa , Colorado , on the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad . They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7 , and then at Cortez on September 10 . From September 14 to 16 , filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles . The production then moved to Utah 's Arches National Park to shoot more of the opening . A house in Antonito , Colorado was used for the Jones family home . The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National Park , but Native American representatives had religious objections to its use . When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut of the film in late 1988 , they felt it suffered from a lack of action . The motorcycle chase was shot during post-production at Mount Tamalpais and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch . The closing shot of Indiana , Henry , Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Amarillo , Texas in early 1989 . Design ( edit ) Mechanical effects supervisor George Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career . He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank , but decided he wanted to make one . The tank was based on the Tank Mark VIII , which was 36 feet ( 11 m ) long and weighed 28 short tons ( 25 t ) . Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28 - short - ton ( 25 t ) excavator and added 7 - short - ton ( 6.4 t ) tracks that were driven by two automatic hydraulic pumps , each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine . Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces . Unlike its historical counterpart , which had only the two side guns , the tank had a turret gun added as well . It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast plane and then a low loader truck . The tank broke down twice . The distributor 's rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from Madrid . Then two of the device 's valves used to cool the oil exploded , due to solder melting and mixing with the oil . It was very hot in the tank , despite the installation of ten fans , and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks . The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour ( 16 to 19 km / h ) , which Vic Armstrong said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster . A smaller section of the tank 's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close - ups . It was built from a searchlight trailer , weighed eight tons , and was towed by a four - wheel drive truck . It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off . A quarter - scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) cliff on location ; Industrial Light & Magic created further shots of the tank 's destruction with models and miniatures . Michael Lantieri , mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes , noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence . `` You ca n't just stop a train , '' he said , `` If it misses its mark , it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up . '' Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage . The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion . For the close - up of the rhinoceros that strikes at ( and misses ) Indiana , a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London . When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move , the prop was sent to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles , who resculpted it over three days to blink , snarl , snort and wiggle its ears . The giraffes were also created in London . Because steam locomotives are very loud , Lantieri 's crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin 's radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions , which amused the crew . For the villains ' cars , Lantieri selected a 1914 Ford Model T , a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon Model 14 , fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine . Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment . Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly . In December 1988 , Lucasfilm ordered 1,000 disease - free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films . Within five months , 5,000 rats had been bred for the sequence ; 1,000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire . Several thousand snakes of five breeds -- including a boa constrictor -- were used for the train scene , in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall . The snakes would slither from their crates , requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them . Two lions were used , which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights . Composite photograph of the tank on location Costume designer Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery 's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout . Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits and fishing hats . Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses , but did not want to hide Connery 's eyes , so chose rimless ones . He could not find any suitable , so he had them specially made . The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell 's co-designer Joanna Johnston , to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference . The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag : the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original Dnepr , complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar , while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models . Gibbs used Swiss Pilatus P - 2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt Bf - 109s . He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to simulate gunfire , which was safer and less expensive than firing blanks . Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry 's bullet wound . Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away . At least one reproduction Kubelwagen was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles . Effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) built an eight - foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane . A biplane model with a two - foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching . Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter 's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel . The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM 's parking spaces for two months . It was built in eight - foot sections , with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through . Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen ; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen , but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot . Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded . Several hundred tim - birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane ; for the closer shots , ILM dropped feather - coated crosses onto the camera . These only looked convincing because the scene 's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls . ILM 's Wes Takahashi supervised the film 's effects sequences . Indiana discovers a bridge hidden by camouflage . Ford was filmed in front of a bluescreen for the scene , which was completed by a model of the bridge filmed against a matte painting Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail . For the first , the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM . For the second trial , in which Indiana spells `` Iehova '' on stable stepping stones , it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on `` J '' . This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory , so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor , 30 feet above a cavern . As this was dark , it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production . The third trial , the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective , was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds . This was cheaper than building a full - size set . A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9 - foot - tall ( 2.7 m ) by 13 - foot - wide ( 4.0 m ) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen , which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance . Spielberg wanted Donovan 's death shown in one shot , so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes . Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover 's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character 's initial decomposition , as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair . The shot of Donovan 's death was created over three months by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of decay , a technique ILM mastered on Willow ( 1988 ) . A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes , because the puppet 's torso mechanics had been exposed . Complications arose because Alison Doody 's double had not been filmed for the scene 's latter two elements , so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout , with the other faces mapped over it . Donovan 's skeleton was hung on wires like a marionette ; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact . Ben Burtt designed the sound effects . He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats , and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire . He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence , and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for the plane crashes . Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry , so he fired a . 357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch 's underground car park , just as Lucas drove in . A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple . The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full - Field Sound format , which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side , but also from the theater 's front to its rear . Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings ; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger . Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed . It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow . The lightning was animated . The airport used was at San Francisco 's Treasure Island , which already had appropriate art deco architecture . ILM added a control tower , Nazi banners , vintage automobiles and a sign stating `` Berlin Flughafen '' . The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke . Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings . Themes ( edit ) A son 's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg 's films , including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Hook . The film 's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films , Star Trek V : The Final Frontier and Field of Dreams . Writing for The New York Times , Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected New Age concerns , where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers . James felt that neither Indiana or his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the evil Nazis , but that , rather , both seek professional respect for one another in their boys ' own adventure . James contrasted the temple 's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film 's end . James noted that Indiana 's mother does not appear in the prologue , being portrayed as already having died before the film 's events began . Cultural references ( edit ) The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana 's creators . When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion , he accidentally lashes and scars his chin . Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man . Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas 's dog . The train carriage Indiana enters is named `` Doctor Fantasy 's Magic Caboose '' , which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks . Spielberg suggested the idea , Marshall came up with the false - bottomed box through which Indiana escapes , and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single , uninterrupted shot . Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella -- after he causes the bird strike on the German plane -- to evoke Ryan 's Daughter . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) See also : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( soundtrack ) The film 's teaser trailer debuted in November 1988 with Scrooged and The Naked Gun . Rob MacGregor wrote the tie - in novelization that was released in June 1989 ; it sold enough copies to be included on the New York Times Best Seller list . MacGregor went on to write the first six Indiana Jones prequel novels during the 1990s . Following the film 's release , Ford donated Indiana 's fedora and jacket to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History . No toys were made to promote the film ; Indiana Jones `` never happened on the toy level '' , said Larry Carlat , senior editor of the journal Children 's Business . Rather , Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol , selling tie - in fedoras , shirts , jackets and watches . Two video games based on the film were released by LucasArts in 1989 : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Action Game . A third game was produced by Taito and released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Ryder Windham wrote another novelization , released in April 2008 by Scholastic , to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Hasbro released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008 . Box Office ( edit ) The film was released in North America on Wednesday , May 24 , 1989 , in 2,327 theaters , earning a record $37,031,573 over the 4 - day Memorial Day weekend . Its 3 - day opening weekend figure of $29,355,021 was surpassed later that year by Ghostbusters II and Batman , which grossed more in its opening 3 days than The Last Crusade in 4 . Its Saturday gross of $11,181,429 was the first time a film had made over $10 million . It broke the record for the best seven - day performance , with $50.2 million , added another record with $77 million after twelve days , and earned a $100 million in a record nineteen days . In France , the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks . The film eventually grossed $197,171,806 in North America and $277 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $474,171,806 . At the time of its release , the film was the 11th highest - grossing film of all time . Despite competition from Batman , The Last Crusade became the highest - grossing film worldwide in 1989 . In North America , Batman took top position . Behind Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Raiders , The Last Crusade is the third - highest grossing Indiana Jones film in North America , though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America . Critical response ( edit ) The film opened to mostly positive reviews . It was panned by Andrew Sarris in The New York Observer , David Denby in New York magazine , Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic and Georgia Brown in The Village Voice . Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film `` soulless '' . The Washington Post reviewed the film twice ; Hal Hinson 's review on the day of the film 's release was negative , describing it as `` nearly all chases and dull exposition '' . Although he praised Ford and Connery , he felt the film 's exploration of Indiana 's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling . Two days later , Desson Thomson published a positive review praising the film 's adventure and action , as well as the father -- son relationship 's thematic depth . Joseph McBride of Variety observed the `` Cartoonlike Nazi villains of Raiders have been replaced by more genuinely frightening Nazis led by Julian Glover and Michael Byrne , '' and found the moment where Indiana meets Hitler `` chilling '' . In his biography of Spielberg , McBride added the film was less `` racist '' than its predecessors . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the film was `` the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all '' . Richard Corliss of Time and David Ansen of Newsweek praised it , as did Vincent Canby of The New York Times . `` Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B - movie of an earlier era , The Last Crusade is an endearing original , '' Canby wrote , deeming the revelation Indiana had a father who was not proud of him to be a `` comic surprise '' . Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing , it still had `` hilariously off - the - wall sequences '' such as the circus train chase . He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father -- son relationship , a call echoed by McBride in Variety . Roger Ebert praised the scene depicting Indiana as a Boy Scout with the Cross of Coronado ; he compared it to the `` style of illustration that appeared in the boys ' adventure magazines of the 1940s '' , saying that Spielberg `` must have been paging through his old issues of Boys ' Life magazine ... the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop . Spielberg lights the scene in the strong , basic colors of old pulp magazines . '' The Hollywood Reporter felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations . The film was evaluated positively after its release . Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote that while the film did not reach the heights of Raiders of the Lost Ark , it `` ( avoided ) the lows of The Temple of Doom . A fitting end to the original trilogy , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade captures some of the sense of fun that infused the first movie while using the addition of Sean Connery to up the comedic ante and provide a father / son dynamic . '' Neil Smith of the BBC praised the action , but said the drama and comedy between the Joneses was more memorable . He noted , `` The emphasis on the Jones boys means Julian Glover 's venal villain and Alison Doody 's treacherous beauty are sidelined , while the climax ( becomes ) one booby - trapped tomb too many . '' Based on 55 reviews listed by Rotten Tomatoes , 88 % of critics praised the film , giving it an average score of 8 / 10 . This is based on 68 reviews -- 60 fresh and 8 rotten . Metacritic calculated an average rating of 65 / 100 , based on 14 reviews . Influence ( edit ) Sean Connery received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for his performance The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing ; it also received nominations for Best Original Score and Best Sound ( Ben Burtt , Gary Summers , Shawn Murphy and Tony Dawe ) , but lost to The Little Mermaid and Glory respectively . Sean Connery received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the 43rd British Academy Film Awards . The film won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the Young Artist Awards . John Williams ' score won a BMI Award , and was nominated for a Grammy Award . The prologue depicting Indiana in his youth inspired Lucas to create The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series , which featured Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana and Corey Carrier as the 8 - to 10 - year - old Indiana . The 13 - year - old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990 ; by the ninth novel , the series had become a tie - in to the television show . German author Wolfgang Hohlbein revisited the 1912 prologue in one of his novels , in which Indiana encounters the lead grave robber -- whom Hohlbein christens Jake -- in 1943 . The film 's ending begins the 1995 comic series Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny , which moves forward to depict Indiana and his father searching for the Holy Lance in Ireland in 1945 . Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , but Connery turned it down as he had retired . Shops using imagery from this film and the fourth film to promote themselves outside the entrance to Petra Petra 's use for the movie 's climactic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination . Before the film 's release , only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip ; since then it has grown to almost a million annually . Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection , and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series . Jordan 's tourism board mentions the connection on its website . In 2012 the satirical news site The Pan-Arabia Enquirer ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra `` That Place from Indiana Jones '' to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it . See also ( edit ) List of films shot in Almería Otto Rahn , German scholar and Holy Grail researcher . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade -- PowerGrind '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hat Trick '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` The Monkey King : July 1984 to May 1988 '' , p. 184 - 203 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Corliss ; Elaine Dutka ; Denise Worrell ; Jane Walker ( May 29 , 1989 ) . `` What 's Old Is Gold : A Triumph for Indy '' . Time . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : McBride , `` An Awfully Big Adventure '' , p. 379 -- 413 ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : An Oral History '' . Empire . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York City : Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 159 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casting the Crusaders '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` The Professionals : May 1988 to May 1989 '' , p. 204 - 229 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` 25 Things You ( Probably ) Did n't Know About ' Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ' '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Royal ( December 1989 ) . `` Always : An Interview with Steven Spielberg '' . Premiere . pp. 45 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nancy Griffin ( June 1988 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Premiere . Jump up ^ McBride , p. 318 Jump up ^ David Hughes ( November 2005 ) . `` The Long Strange Journey of Indiana Jones IV '' . Empire . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Boam , Jeffrey . `` Indy III '' ( PDF ) . The Raider . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve . `` Raiders Of The Lost Ark '' . The Onion AV Club . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Mike . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : Learning from Stoppard '' . Creative Screenwriting Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filming Family Bonds '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crusade : Viewing Guide '' . Empire . October 2006 . p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones House - `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' - Antonito , CO - Movie Locations on Waymarking.com `` . waymarking.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Quest 's Completion '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Subject : Wes Ford Takahashi '' . Animators ' Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) . The Sound of Indiana Jones ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( July 9 , 1989 ) . `` It 's a New Age For Father -- Son Relationships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Last Crusade Opening Salvo '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( January 18 , 1989 ) . `` Makers of ' Jones ' Sequel Offer Teasers and Tidbits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( September 1989 ) . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 36161 - 5 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 11 , 1989 ) . `` Paperback Best Sellers : June 11 , 1989 '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Apotheosis '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( June 14 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Merchandise : The Rush Is On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Daily Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Gold ( June 7 , 1989 ) . `` Is ' Last Crusade ' truly Indy 's last hurrah ? '' . Variety . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph McBride ( July 5 , 1989 ) . `` ' Batman ' Tops $100 - Million '' . Variety . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Rosenbaum . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hal Hinson ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( May 26 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( June 18 , 1989 ) . `` Spielberg 's Elixir Shows Signs Of Mature Magic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( May 24 , 1989 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . ReelViews . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neil Smith ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom O'Neil ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` Will ' Indiana Jones , ' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1989 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Hugo Awards '' . Thehugoawards.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards 1988 - 1989 '' . Youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams '' ( PDF ) . The Gorfaine / Schwartz Agency , Inc . February 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ William McCay ( 1990 ) . Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 80579 - 6 . Jump up ^ Les Martin ( 1993 ) . Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 84925 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolfgang Hohlbein ( 1991 ) . Indiana Jones und das Verschwundene Volk . Goldmann Verlag . ISBN 3 - 442 - 41028 - 2 . Jump up ^ Elaine Lee ( w ) , Dan Spiegle ( p ) . Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny 4 ( April to July 1995 ) , Dark Horse Comics Jump up ^ Lucasfilm ( June 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Indiana Jones Cast Expands '' . IndianaJones.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Comer , Douglas ( 2011 ) . Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra : Driver to Development Or Destruction ? . Springer . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 9781461414803 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bulger , Adam ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones ' Favorite Destinations '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` petra '' . Jordan Tourism Board . 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Petra to be renamed ' That Place From Indiana Jones ' '' . The Pan-Arabia Enquirer . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Rinzler , J.W. ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Douglas Brode ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . `` Bibliography '' . TheRaider.net . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at LucasFilm.com Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade on IMDb Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at AllMovie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade at Box Office Mojo Review of Chris Columbus 's first draft <Th_colspan="2"> Indiana Jones <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack <Td_colspan="1"> Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones , Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books <Td_colspan="2"> The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Steven Spielberg <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education <Th_colspan="2"> George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia <Th_colspan="2"> Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) <Td_colspan="2"> Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation <Td_colspan="2"> The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) LCCN : no98015504 VIAF : 229017678 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&oldid=842551611 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films Indiana Jones films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s sequel films Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Alternate Nazi Germany films American action films American adventure films American films American alternate history films Arthurian films Films shot at Elstree Studios Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films set in 1912 Films set in 1938 Films set in Austria Films set in Berlin Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in Turkey Films set in Venice Films set in Utah Films shot in California Films shot in Colorado Films shot in the United Kingdom Films shot in Germany Films shot in Venice Films shot in Jordan Films shot in New Mexico Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Almería Films shot in Texas Films shot in Turkey Films shot in Utah Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works Lucasfilm films Nazis in fiction Paramount Pictures films Rail transport films American sequel films Treasure hunt films Holy Grail in fiction Films scored by John Williams Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award American action adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 05 : 16 . 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1. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 2. Steven Spielberg 3. Harrison Ford 4. Holy Grail 5. Nazis

sa re ga ma pa zee tv 2018 winner

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors <Td_colspan="2"> Cover Photo of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors <Td_colspan="2"> Tamil ச ரி க ம ப சீனியர் <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Singing show Reality Based on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Presented by Archana Judges Karthik Vijay Prakash Srinivas Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Tamil No. of seasons No. of episodes 51 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Location ( s ) Tamil Nadu Camera setup Multi-camera Running time approx. 85 -- 90 minutes per episode <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Zee Tamil HD Original release 15 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) -- 15 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website This article contains Tamil script . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tamil script . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors ( Tamil : ச ரி க ம ப சீனியர் ) is a 2017 - 2018 Tamil language musical reality TV game show , that aired on Zee Tamil HD from 15 October 2017 until 15 April 2018 on every Saturday and Sunday at 7 : 00PM ( IST ) . It is a new season of the show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs . The judges are playback singer and music composer Vijay Prakash , popular playback singer Karthik and evergreen playback singer Srinivas , host by Anchor Archana The series is meant for seniors between the ages of 18 -- 60 years . On 15 April 2018 during the live telecast of the Grand Finale of the show , Varsha emerged as the title winner of the inaugural edition of the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors and Rockstar Ramani ammal claimed the first runners - up trophy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Winners 2.1 Top 5 Finalist 3 Host 3.1 Main Judges 4 Audition 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show is a singing competition with the judges selecting the best twenty performers while blindfolded who progress into the next stages . Winners ( edit ) Winners Notes Amount won Varsha Winners ₹ Ramani ammal 1st Runner up ₹ Sanjay & Srinidhi 2nd Runner up ₹ Jaskaran Singh Best Entertainer ₹ Top 5 Finalist ( edit ) Varsha Srinidhi Sanjay Jaskaran Singh Ramani Ammal Host ( edit ) Archana Main judges ( edit ) Karthik : is an Indian playback singer. he started his professional career as a backing vocalist and has since been working as a playback singer . Vijay Prakash : is an Indian film composer . Srinivas : is a playback singer who has sung over 2000 songs in South Indian Languages . Audition ( edit ) Coimbatore Madurai Dindigul Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2018 1st Galatta Nakshathra Awards Best Weekend Entertainer Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa returns with a new season , a new twist and a refreshed look ! '' . skjbollywoodnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors on Zee Tamil HD '' . www.ozee.com . Jump up ^ `` Winners of Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Grand Finale Varsha title winner '' . TV Tamil Shows. 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Varsha emerges as the winner of the singing reality show '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top five to battle on ' Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ' finale today '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Zee Tamizh Official website Zee Tamizh on YouTube Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited Essel Group <Th_colspan="3"> Zee Tamil : Saturday - Sunday @ 19 : 00 Shows / 18 : 30 Shows Previous program Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors ( 15 October 2017 - 15 April 2018 ) Next program Junior Super Stars ( season 2 ) ( 13 May -- 24 September 2017 ) Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs ( season 2 ) ( 5 May 2018 - Present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Zee Tamizh shows Serials Azhagiya Tamil Magal Devathayai Kanden Mullum Malarum Niram Maaratha Pookkal Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari Poove Poochudava Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu Sembaruthi Thalayanai Pookal Yaaradi Nee Mohini Historical / Mythology Nagarani Thenaliraman Horror Fear Files Other shows Aanmeega Sindhanai Anjaraipetti S2 Arputham Tharum Alayangal Athirshtalakshmi Comedy Khiladis Dance Jodi Dance ( season 2 ) Olimayamana Ethirkaalam Paarambariya Maruthuvam Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors Solvathellam Unmai Sundays with Anil and Karky Top 10 Movies Sunday Surprise : 4 Mani -- Nanga Than Ini List of programs List of programs broadcast by Zee Tamil <Th_colspan="2"> List of Tamil language television shows Serials / Drama / Soap Opera 10 Mani Kathaigal ( Sun TV ) Aathira ( Sun TV ) Adhe Kangal ( Jaya TV ) Akka ( Jaya TV ) Agni Paravai ( Puthuyugam ) Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri ( Kalaignar TV ) Anandham ( Sun TV - Currently re-aired on Zee Tamizh ) Anjali ( Sun TV ) Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum ( Zee Tamizh ) Arangetam ( Puthuyugam ) Asoakavanam ( Puthuyugam ) Azhagi ( Sun TV ) Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval ( Sun TV ) Bharathi Kannamma ( TV series ) ( Vendhar TV ) Bhavani ( Kalaignar TV ) Bommalattam ( Sun TV ) Chandralekha ( Sun TV ) Chellamadi Nee Enakku ( Sun TV ) Chiti ( Sun TV ) Chinna Papa Periya Papa ( Sun TV ) Crossings ( NTV7 ) Devathai ( Sun TV ) Deivamagal ( Sun TV ) Deivam Thandha Veedu ( Star Vijay ) Dharmayutham ( Star Vijay ) En Iniya Thozhiye ( Raj TV ) Gayathri ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Ilavarasi ( Sun TV ) Kalki ( Jaya TV ) Kalyanam ( Sun TV ) Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai ( Star Vijay ) Kalyana Parisu ( Sun TV ) Kana Kaanum Kaalangal ( Star Vijay ) Kasalavu Nesam ( Sun TV ) Lakshmi Vanthachu ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Lollu Sabha ( Star Vijay ) Malli ( Puthuyugam ) Madipakkam Madhavan ( Kalaignar TV ) Mamiyar Thevai ( Zee Tamizh ) Mannan Magal ( Jaya TV ) Maragatha Veenai ( Sun TV ) Marmadesam ( Sun TV ) Metti Oli ( Sun TV ) Mohini ( Kalaignar TV ) Mudivalla Arambam ( Vendhar TV ) Mundhaanai Mudichu ( Sun TV ) Muthaaram ( Sun TV ) My Name Is Mangamma ( Zee Tamizh ) Naanal ( Kalaignar TV ) Nadaswaram ( Sun TV ) Nalla Neram ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Nenjathai Killadhe ( TV series ) ( Zee Tamizh ) Nijangal ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Oru Kai Osai ( Zee Tamizh ) Office ( Star Vijay ) Paartha Gnabagam Illayo ( Kalaignar TV ) Pagal Nilavu ( Star Vijay ) Pasamalar ( Sun TV ) Pillai Nila ( Sun TV ) Ponnoonjal ( Sun TV ) Puguntha Veedu ( Zee Tamizh ) Puthu Kavithai ( Star Vijay ) Romapuri Pandian ( Kalaignar TV ) Roja Kootam ( Star Vijay ) Sakthi ( Sun TV ) Saravanan Meenatchi ( Star Vijay ) Siva Ragasiyam ( Zee Tamizh ) Sivasankari ( Sun TV ) Sondha Bandham ( Sun TV ) Sundharakandam ( Vendhar TV ) Thangam ( Sun TV ) ThenNilavu ( Sun TV ) Thiru Mangalyam ( Zee Tamizh ) Thirumathi Selvam ( Sun TV ) Uyirmei ( Zee Tamizh ) Valli ( Sun TV ) Vamsam ( Sun TV ) Vettai ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Vettai : Pledged to Hunt ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Game Shows Adhu Idhu Edhu ( Star Vijay ) Connexion ( Star Vijay ) Back to School ( Star Vijay ) Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Melam Kottu Thali Kattu ( Puthuyugam ) Naduvula Konjam Disturb Pannuvom ( Star Vijay ) Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi ( Star Vijay ) Odi Vilayadu Mummy ( Puthuyugam ) Oru Varthai Oru Latcham Juniors ( Star Vijay ) Super Challenge ( Sun TV ) Vina Vidai Vettai ( Puthuyugam ) Why This Kolaveri ( Zee Tamizh ) Talk shows Koffee with DD ( Star Vijay ) Neeya Naana ( Star Vijay ) Ninaithale Inikkum ( TV Shows ) ( Vendhar TV ) Ippadikku Rose ( Star Vijay ) Reality show Jodi Number One ( Star Vijay ) Kitchen Super Star ( Star Vijay ) Maanada Mayilada ( Kalaignar TV ) Sun Singer ( Sun TV ) Yuttha Medai All Stars ( Astro Vinmeen HD ) Cooking show Arokiya Unavu ( Jaya TV ) Arusuvai Neram ( Jaya TV ) Arusuvai Ithu Thani Suvai ( Jaya TV ) Kitchen Galatta ( Sun TV ) Nam Nattu Samayal ( Makkal TV ) Neengalum Samaikalam ( Jaya TV ) Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat ( Star Vijay ) Suvaiyo Suvai ( Jaya TV ) Award Shows Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian - Indian ( Astro Vaanavil / Astro Vinmeen HD ) Edison Award ( Astro Vaanavil ) Pradhana Vizha ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Pradhana Vizha 2014 ( Vasantham MediaCorp ) Sun Kudumbam Awards ( Sun TV ) Vijay Awards ( Star Vijay ) Shows from outside India Anugerah Industri Muzik Malaysian - Indian ( Malaysia ) Crossings ( Malaysia ) Malaysia Kalai Ulagam Awards ( Malaysia ) Nijangal ( Singapore ) KL TO Karaikudi ( Malaysia ) Pradhana Vizha ( Singapore ) Pradhana Vizha 2014 ( Singapore ) Smart Wheel ( Malaysia ) Vettai ( Singapore ) Vettai : Pledged to Hunt ( Singapore ) Yuttha Medai All Stars ( Malaysia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_Seniors&oldid=843314734 '' Categories : Zee Tamil television series Tamil Nadu drama television series Tamil Singing talent shows Tamil reality television series 2010s Tamil television series 2017 Tamil - language television series debuts Tamil game shows Tamil - language television programs 2018 Tamil - language television seasons 2018 Tamil - language television series endings Hidden categories : Articles containing Tamil - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 09 : 39 . 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1. Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors - Tamil singing reality show 2. Judges - Karthik, Vijay Prakash, Srinivas 3. Winners - Varsha, Ramani ammal, Sanjay & Srinidhi, Jaskaran Singh 4. Host - Archana 5. Season - 2017-2018

what is the name of the artistic neighborhood of guayaquil

Guayaquil - Wikipedia Guayaquil This article is about the city of Guayaquil . For the canton named after this city , see Guayaquil ( canton ) . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . ( December 2015 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Spanish article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated es Guayaquil ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . City in Guayas , Ecuador <Th_colspan="2"> Guayaquil <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> Santiago de Guayaquil <Td_colspan="2"> Top left : A night view of lighthouse in Santa Ana Hill , Top upper right : A view of Malecon Simon Bolivar , downtown area , from Santa Ana Hill , Top lower right : Guayaquil Metropolitan Cathedral , Middle left : Guayaquil City Office , Middle right : View of Avenida Nueve de Octubre from Malecon 2000 , Bottom left : View of El Carmen Hills , Bottom right : Guayas River and Guayaquil National Unity Bridge ( Puente Unidad Nacional ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : La Perla del Pacífico English : The Pearl of the Pacific <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Por Guayaquil Independiente English : For Independent Guayaquil <Td_colspan="2"> Guayaquil <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 2 ° 11 ′ S 79 ° 53 ′ W  /  2.183 ° S 79.883 ° W  / - 2.183 ; - 79.883 Coordinates : 2 ° 11 ′ S 79 ° 53 ′ W  /  2.183 ° S 79.883 ° W  / - 2.183 ; - 79.883 Country Ecuador Province Guayas Canton Guayaquil Settled July 25 , 1547 Independence October 9 , 1820 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Mayor Jaime Nebot Vice-Mayor Domenica Tabacchi <Th_colspan="2"> Area City 344.5 km ( 133.01 sq mi ) Land 316.42 km ( 122.17 sq mi ) Water 28.08 km ( 10.84 sq mi ) Metro 2,493.86 km ( 962.88 sq mi ) Elevation 4 m ( 13.2 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2014 ) City 1,950,000 Density 5,700 / km ( 15,000 / sq mi ) Metro 2,100,000 Demonym ( s ) Guayaquilean Time zone ECT ( UTC - 5 ) Postal code 090101 to 090158 Area code ( s ) ( + 593 ) 4 Vehicle registration Climate Aw Website www.guayaquil.gob.ec Aerial view of Guayaquil Engraving depicting a map of Guayaquil in 1741 . Guayaquil ( pronounced ( ɡwaʝaˈkil ) ) , officially Santiago de Guayaquil ( English : St. James of Guayaquil ) ( pronounced ( sanˈtjaɣo ðe ɣwaʝaˈkil ) ) , is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador , with around 2 million people in the metropolitan area , as well as the nation 's main port . The city is the capital of the province of Guayas and the seat of the namesake canton . Guayaquil is located on the western bank of the Guayas River , which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Economy 3 Government 4 Geography 5 Guayaquil city sectors 6 Demographics 7 Climate 8 Food 9 Notable people 9.1 Artists 9.2 Others 10 Education 11 Religion 12 Sports 13 Universities 14 Notable places 15 Tourist attractions 16 Transport 17 Sister cities 18 See also 19 References 20 External links History ( edit ) Guayaquil is recognized by the government as having been founded on July 25 , 1538 with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil ( Most Noble and Most Loyal City of St. James of Guayaquil ) by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana . Even before it was founded by the Spanish , it already existed as a native village . In 1687 , Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George d'Hout ( English ) and Picard and Groniet ( Frenchmen ) . Of the more than 260 pirates , 35 died and 46 were wounded ; 75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded . The pirates took local women as concubines . In 1709 , the English captains Woodes Rogers , Etienne Courtney , and William Dampier , along with a crew of 110 , looted Guayaquil and demanded ransom ; however , they suddenly departed without collecting the ransom after an epidemic of yellow fever broke out . On October 9 , 1820 , almost without bloodshed , a group of civilians , supported by soldiers from the `` Granaderos de Reserva '' , a battalion quartered in Guayaquil , overwhelmed the resistance of the Royalist guards and arrested the Spanish authorities . Guayaquil declared independence from Spain , becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil , and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil ( Civilian Chief ) of Guayaquil . This would prove to be a key victory for the Ecuadorian War of Independence . On July 26 , 1822 , José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a famous conference in Guayaquil to plan for the independence of Spanish South America . In 1829 , the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army , which occupied it for seven months . In 1860 , the city was the site of the Battle of Guayaquil , the last of a series of military conflicts between the forces of the Provisional Government , led by Gabriel García Moreno and General Juan José Flores , and the forces of the Supreme Chief of Guayas , General Guillermo Franco , whose government was recognized as possessing sovereignty over the Ecuadorian territory by Peruvian president Ramón Castilla . Large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire in 1896 . On July 8 , 1898 , the Guayaquil City Hall `` Muy Ilustre Municipalidad de Guayaquil '' officially recognized the anthem written by José Joaquín de Olmedo in 1821 , with the music composed by Ana Villamil Ycaza in 1895 , as the `` Himno al 9 de Octubre '' Canción al Nueve de Octubre , most widely known now as the `` Himno a Guayaquil '' ( Guayaquil Anthem ) . Economy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2012 ) Guayaquileños ' main sources of income are : formal and informal trade , business , agriculture and aquaculture . Most commerce consists of small and medium businesses , adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment . The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuador 's most important commercial port ; most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil . As the largest city in the country , most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas . Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as a principal objective of the growth of the city 's commercial districts , as the increase of capital produces income . These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money . The current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first - class international tourism and multinational businesses . Government ( edit ) Guayaquil 's current mayor is Jaime Nebot . He began a campaign of construction projects for the city in the early 2000s to attract tourism , that included the `` urban regeneration '' plan which reconstructed the city 's main tourist streets ' sidewalks and upgraded the city 's chaotic transit system with multiple infrastructure projects ( speedways , overhead passages , tunnels , etc . ) . In August 2006 , the city 's first rapid transit bus system , Metrovia , opened to provide a quicker , high - capacity service . One of the main projects was called Malecón 2000 ( maleˈkon doz ˈmil ) , the renovation of the waterfront promenade ( malecón ) along the Guayas River . Another project was the creation of the Nuevo Parque Histórico , a park in a housing development area that is called Entre Ríos because it lies between the Daule and Babahoyo Rivers ( which merge to form the Guayas River ) , in a mangrove wetland area . The park cost the city about 7 million dollars . In 2013 , the national government led by Rafael Correa built two pedestrian bridges connecting downtown Guayaquil , Santay Island , and the town of Durán , to allow people to make ecotourism trips on a same - day return basis . The two bridges were a big addition to the Guayas River scenery . Geography ( edit ) Guayaquil is the nation 's largest city and the capital of Guayas Province . It is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres ( 40 mi ) north of the Gulf of Guayaquil , near the Equator . Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of North - Andean subduction zone . The city can be easily damaged by earthquake as its weak and compressible soil stratigraphy is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks and deposits in a brackish environment . Also , the city itself is strongly affected by the subduction of the active Ecuadorian margin , an intraplate region where active faults locate ; and the Guayaquil - Babahoyo strike - slip fault system , formed as the North Andean Block drifts northward . The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the major locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time . It has complex tectonic features such as the Posorja and the Jambeli -- two major east - west trending detachment systems ; the Puna - Santa Clara northeast - southwest trending fault system ; and the Domito north - south trending fault system ; that have developed since the Pleistocene times . Tsunami threats are only predicted for coastal farming zones , not the main populated areas . Guayaquil city sectors ( edit ) Guayaquil 's waterfront around 1920 . Gulf of Guayaquil . Buildings in Puerto Santa Ana . Historic buildings in the Parque Histórico . Las Peñas neighborhood . <Td_colspan="8;"> Guayaquil City Territorial Organization Number of the sector in reference with the City Map # Sectors # Sectors # Sectors 9 de Octubre Este 25 Febres Cordero 49 Prosperina 9 de Octubre Oeste 26 Floresta 50 Puerto Azul Norte Abel Gilbert 27 La Florida 51 Puerto Azul Sur Acuarela 28 García Moreno 52 Puerto Lisa 5 Los Álamos 29 Garzota 53 Quinto Guayas Este 6 Alborada Este 30 Guangala 54 Quinto Guayas Oeste 7 Alborada Oeste 31 Guasmo Este 55 Río Guayas 8 Los Almendros 32 Guasmo Oeste 56 Roca 9 Las Américas 33 Huancavilca 57 Rocafuerte 10 Atarazana 34 Isla Trinitaria 58 La Saiba 11 Ayacucho 35 Kennedy 59 Samanes 12 Bastión Popular 36 Letamendi 60 San Eduardo 13 Batallón del Suburbio 37 Luz del Guayas 61 Los Sauces 14 Bellavista 38 Mapasingue 62 Simón Bolívar 15 Bolívar 39 Miraflores 63 Sopeña 16 Los Ceibos 40 Monte Bello 64 Sucre 17 Centenario 41 Olmedo 65 Tarqui 18 Cerro del Carmen 42 Las Orquídeas Este 66 Unión 19 Cóndor 43 Las Orquídeas Oeste 67 Urdenor 20 Cuba 44 Paraíso 68 Urdaneta 21 Del Astillero 45 Pascuales 69 Urdesa 22 Estero Salado 46 Pedro Carbo 70 Los Vergeles 23 Los Esteros 47 Las Peñas 71 Ximena 24 La FAE 48 La Pradera 72 Mirador Norte Here you can find the list of Neighborhoods and Parishes of Guayaquil Demographics ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4;"> Historical Populations Guayaquil City Compared with Guayas Province , Canton of Guayaquil , and Guayaquil City Census Guayas Province Canton of Guayaquil Guayaquil City 1950 582,144 331,942 258,966 1962 979,223 567,895 510,804 1,512,333 907,013 823,219 1982 2,038,454 1,328,005 1,199,344 2,515,146 1,570,396 1,508,444 4,509,034 2,148,779 1,985,379 <Td_colspan="4;"> Source : Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos <Td_colspan="4;"> Percentage Population Growth of Guayaquil City Compared with Guayas Province , Canton of Guayaquil , and Guayaquil City . Census Guayas Province Canton of Guayaquil Guayaquil City 1950 -- 1962 4.34 % 4.49 % 5.67 % 1962 -- 1974 3.77 % 4.06 % 4.14 % 1974 -- 1982 3.52 % 4.50 % 4.44 % 1982 -- 1990 2.63 % 2.10 % 2.87 % 1990 -- 2001 2.49 % 2.38 % 2.50 % <Td_colspan="4;"> Source : Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos Climate ( edit ) Guayaquil features a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . Between January and April , the climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall , especially during El Niño years when it increases dramatically and flooding usually occurs . The rest of the year ( from May through December ) , however , rainfall is minimal due to the cooling influence of the Humboldt Current , with usually cloudy mornings and afternoons , and evening breezes . Guayaquil , along with most of the coastal region , was impacted by the April 16 , 2016 earthquake of 7.8 magnitude . A bridge that was above a major artery , Avenida de las Americas , collapsed in the early evening of April 16 , killing two people . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Guayaquil Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 200.7 ( 7.902 ) 332.0 ( 13.071 ) 315.7 ( 12.429 ) 207.7 ( 8.177 ) 62.6 ( 2.465 ) 34.0 ( 1.339 ) 15.6 ( 0.614 ) ( 0.047 ) 1.5 ( 0.059 ) 5.6 ( 0.22 ) 29.1 ( 1.146 ) 68.0 ( 2.677 ) 1,263.2 ( 49.732 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 12 14 15 10 0 0 0 0 59 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : World Meteorological Organization <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : NOAA Food ( edit ) Ecuadorian ceviche , made of shrimp , lime and tomato sauce Typical Guayaquil cuisine includes mostly seafood dishes such as encebollado and ceviche . The most traditional dish of Guayaquil is Arroz con Menestra y Carne Asada ( rice with lentils and grilled beef ) . Churrasco is also a staple food of Guayaquil . During breakfast , Patacones and Bolon de Verde ( fried plantain with cheese mashed and given a rounded shape ) play a big role . Pan de yuca is a typical snack in Guayaquil . Local cuisine is heavily influenced by the diversity of Guayaquil 's ethnic groups which includes Italian , Spanish and West African origins . Notable people ( edit ) Artists ( edit ) Ecuador is known for its artists and its place in art history . Many of them were born in Guayaquil , such as : Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco ( 1908 , Guayaquil -- d . 1993 , Quito ) Araceli Gilbert ( b . 1913 , Guayaquil -- d . 1993 , Quito ) Demetrio Aguilera Malta ( b . 1909 , Guayaquil -- d . 1981 , Mexico ) Enrique Gil Gilbert ( 1912 , Guayaquil -- d . 1973 , Guayaquil ) Enrique Tábara ( b . 1930 , Guayaquil ) Eugenia Viteri ( b . 1928 , Guayaquil ) Félix Arauz ( b . 1935 , Guayaquil ) Joaquín Gallegos Lara ( b . 1909 , Guayaquil -- d . 1947 , Guayaquil ) Jorge Velarde ( b . 1960 , Guayaquil ) José de la Cuadra ( 1903 , Guayaquil -- d . 1941 , Guayaquil ) José Martínez Queirolo ( b . 1931 , Guayaquil -- d . 2008 , Guayaquil ) Juan Villafuerte ( b . 1945 , Guayaquil -- d . 1977 , Barcelona , Spain ) Julio Jaramillo ( b . 1935 , Guayaquil -- d . 1978 , Guayaquil ) * Luis Burgos Flor ( b . 1939 , Guayaquil ) Luis Miranda ( b . 1932 , Guayaquil ) Luis Molinari ( b . 1929 , Guayaquil ) Numa Pompilio Llona ( b . 1832 , Guayaquil -- d . 1907 , Guayaquil ) Theo Constanté ( b . 1934 , Guayaquil ) Víctor Manuel Rendón ( b . 1859 , Guayaquil -- d . 1940 , Guayaquil ) Xavier Blum Pinto ( b . 1957 , Guayaquil ) Others ( edit ) Other notable people from Guayaquil include : Fernanda Cornejo , Miss Ecuador International 2011 , Miss International 2011 Olga Álava , Miss Ecuador Earth 2011 , Miss Earth 2011 Sir Frederick Ashton , British choreographer and dancer Novelist Demetrio Aguilera Malta Animator Mike Judge Poets Karina Galvez and Adalberto Ortiz Writer / historian Jenny Estrada color commentator for the WWE Spanish team and former professional wrestler Hugo Savinovich Scholar Benjamín Urrutia Former world 's oldest person María Capovilla Archeologist Presley Norton Yoder Violinist Alex Jimbo Viteri Violinist Jorge Saade Writer Pedro Jorge Vera Actor Albert Paulsen Operatic soprano Beatriz Parra Durango rapper Gerardo Mejía , made famous during the early 1990s for his song `` Rico Suave '' Tennis player Pancho Segura who in 1950 and 1952 was the world 's Co-No. 1 player Tennis player Andrés Gómez , who won the ATP Championship of Roland Garros in Paris , France in 1990 Swimmer Jorge Delgado , fourth in the 1972 Munich Olympic Games , multiple times South American champion ( 19 ) , Gold Medal 1975 Panamerican champion . Striker Felipe Caicedo , who is currently playing for RCD Espanyol . Striker Joao Plata , who is currently playing for Real Salt Lake . Prima ballerina and choreographer Noralma Vera Arrata Writer and feminist Rosa Borja de Ycaza Writer and educator Rita Lecumberri Education ( edit ) Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil ( Municipal Library of Guayaquil ) serves as the public library of Guayaquil . The city has several universities , including the University of Guayaquil ( founded in 1867 ) , the Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil , the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral ( ESPOL ) , and the Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo . Religion ( edit ) The oldest and largest religion in Guayaquil is the Roman Catholic Church . However , in the late 20th century and early 21st century , the fastest growing religion has been the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , which has an operating Temple in Guayaquil , a future temple in Quito , plus many stakes , wards and branches . There are also a number of Evangelical and Pentecostal churches . Sports ( edit ) Barcelona 's Stadium Estadio Monumental , the second largest stadium in South America . There are two major association football clubs ; the Barcelona Sporting Club and the Club Sport Emelec . Each club has its own stadium ; the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha is the home of the `` Barcelonistas '' while the Estadio George Capwell is the home of the `` Emelecistas '' . These two teams have a long history of rivalry in Guayaquil and when these two teams play against each other the game is called `` El Clásico del Astillero '' . The city is the birthplace of Francisco Segura Cano ; and Andrés Gómez and Nicolás Lapentti , Ecuador 's two most famous tennis players , now both retired . The `` Abierto de Tenis Ciudad de Guayaquil '' is a tennis tournament organised in Guayaquil by Gómez and Luis Morejon , and held annually in November . Another major event in the city is the Guayaquil Marathon , which has been held every year on the first weekend of October since 2005 . These race is certified by the ( AIMS ) Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . The Parque Samanes is a sports park with courts for soccer , tennis , volleball , and basketball , two lakes , a soccer stadium and an amphi theatre for open air concerts and events . It is connected to a forest reserve with trails for cycling and walking , as well as installations for Climbing and zip - lining . Universities ( edit ) ESPOL offices at night . Some of Guayaquil 's main universities are : Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo University of Guayaquil Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil Universidad Laica Vicente Rocafuerte Universidad Casa Grande Universidad Tecnológica Ecotec Universidad Santa María Blue Hill College Universidad Del Pacífico -- Ecuador Institute of Graphics Arts and Digital Science Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Notable places ( edit ) Malecon 2000 Las Peñas neighborhood . The Malecón 2000 is a restoration project of the historic Simón Bolívar Pier . It will be a symbolic centre of the city , a mix of green areas and shopping . The tall ship Guayas has its home base here . The Palacio Municipal is located in front of the Malecón and holds the political offices of city and provincial officials . Built in a neoclassical style , it is considered one of the most important architectural works in the country . El Barrio las Peñas is a neighbourhood in the northeast corner of the city centre ; is the artistic centre of the city . Many of the area 's 400 - year - old houses have been converted into art galleries and several notable artists have studios in the area . The Mercado Artesanal is the largest artisan market in the city . The market is housed in a 240 - shop building that takes up an entire block . Parque Centenario is located on Av. 9 de Octubre , between Lorenzo de Garaycoa and Pedro Moncayo . This is the largest park in the town centre , occupying four city blocks . A large Statue of Liberty dominates the central area of the park . Parque Seminario ( also known as Parque de Las Iguanas or Iguana Park ) is home to many iguanas ( Iguana iguana ) , some of which approach 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in length . Tourists and locals alike often feed the iguanas mango slices from park vendors . An equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar is located in the centre of the park . Urdesa is a traditional neighborhood , for stores and restaurants in Guayaquil . There are a number of forest reserves in and around the city , among them Cerro Blanco Forest , nearby Parque Lago with a big lake where cayaking is practised , Cerro Colorado with the botanical garden , the forest reserve of Samanes , Cerro Paraíso with a viewpoint , the small park Palo Santo in the city , and at the outskirts Papagayo , Prosperina , and Bosqueira . Close to the city there are Isla Santay and the Parque Histórico in Samborondón with a zoo . Guayaquil Municipal Museum Montañita ( also known as `` Little Amsterdam '' ) is a small surfer town located in Santa Elena Península . Known for its nightlife , Montañita attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world ( mainly Western Europe ) with its incessant partying , affordable food and drinks , and its key location by the beach . Tourist attractions ( edit ) Being Guayaquil the largest city of Ecuador , It has a large variety of both formal and entertainment activities . Transport ( edit ) Guayaquil is located along national Highway 40 and is near Highway 25 . Among Guayaquil 's major trading points are the seaport , the largest in Ecuador and one of the biggest handlers of shipping on the shores of the Pacific ; and José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport . José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport , though using the same runways , had its passenger terminal completely rebuilt in 2006 and was renamed . The old passenger terminal is now a convention centre . Guayaquil is served by a bus rapid transit system , Metrovia , which opened in 2006 . The system has three lines and is supplemented by 35 feeder routes , carrying a total of 400,000 daily passengers . Sister cities ( edit ) Buenos Aires Argentina Genoa , Italy Houston , United States ( 1987 ) Santiago , Chile See also ( edit ) Casa del Hombre Doliente -- care facility for those suffering a terminal illness Damien House Newspapers of Guayaquil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ July 25 , is a legal holiday in Guayaquil . Historians have not yet reached a consensus about the date of Guayaquil 's foundation or founder . The city might have been founded more than once . Another possible founder might be Diego de Almagro . Jump up ^ Guayaquil y como el mercado siempre aparece : El retorno de los ' informales ' , Diario Expreso Jump up ^ Proyecto de Regeneración Urbana de Guayaquil , artículo `` ¿ Por qué Guayaquil requería regeneración urbana ? '' de la M. I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil Jump up ^ Ioualalen , M. ; Monfret , T. ; Béthoux , N. ; Chlieh , M. ; Adams , G. Ponce ; Collot , J. - Y. ; Bustamante , C. Martillo ; Chunga , K. ; Navarrete , E. ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Tsunami mapping in the Gulf of Guayaquil , Ecuador , due to local seismicity '' . Marine Geophysical Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 378 . doi : 10.1007 / s11001 - 014 - 9225 - 9 . ISSN 0025 - 3235 . Jump up ^ Vera - Grunauer , X. ; J.D. , Bray ; Pestana , J.M. ; Kayen , R. ; Tandazo , E. ; Ramire , J. ; Vera - Grunauer , J.G. ; Mera - Ortiz , W. ( 2006 ) . `` Site Characterization and Seismic Zonation of Guayaquil City , Ecuador '' ( PDF ) . 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2006 , v 16 , p 9672 - 9681 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Witt , César ; Bourgois , Jacques ; Michaud , François ; Ordoñez , Martha ; Jiménez , Nelson ; Sosson , Marc ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Development of the Gulf of Guayaquil ( Ecuador ) during the Quaternary as an effect of the North Andean block tectonic escape '' . Tectonics. 25 ( 3 ) : TC3017 . doi : 10.1029 / 2004TC001723 . ISSN 1944 - 9194 . Jump up ^ Witt , César ; Bourgois , Jacques ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Forearc basin formation in the tectonic wake of a collision - driven , coastwise migrating crustal block : The example of the North Andean block and the extensional Gulf of Guayaquil - Tumbes Basin ( Ecuador - Peru border area ) '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 122 ( 1 - 2 ) : 89 -- 108 . doi : 10.1130 / B26386. 1 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . ^ Jump up to : Evolución de la población de la provincia , Cantón Guayaquil , y de la Ciudad de Guayaquil -- Guayas , Censo 2001 , Según el Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos Jump up ^ `` World Weather Information Service - Guayaquil '' . Met Office . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Normals - Guayaquil '' . NOAA . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ achnolt . `` El orgullo del pais es la musica '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ÉSE , SU GUAYAQUIL VIEJO '' ( PDF ) . Karinagalvez.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Inicio Archived March 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Biblioteca Municipal de Guayaquil . Retrieved on April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ University of Guayaquil Web site ( 1 ) retrieved on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conectar áreas naturales es el desafío de Guayaquil , Ricardo Zambrano , El Universo , July 23 , 2017 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metrovía pone en celulares datos sobre rutas y paradas '' ( Metrovía puts route and stop information on cell phones ) . El Universo. 16 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guayaquil . Guayaquil travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipalidad de Guayaquil <Th_colspan="3"> Provincial capitals in Ecuador <Td_colspan="3"> Within regions , north to south Insular Puerto Baquerizo Costa Esmeraldas Portoviejo Babahoyo Guayaquil Santa Elena Santo Domingo Machala Sierra Tulcán Ibarra Quito Latacunga Ambato Guaranda Riobamba Azogues Cuenca Loja Oriente Nueva Loja ( Lago Agrio ) Puerto Francisco de Orellana ( Coca ) Tena Puyo Macas Zamora BNF : cb119366802 ( data ) GND : 4239243 - 3 NARA : 10044982 VIAF : 141881242 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guayaquil&oldid=850438904 '' Categories : Guayaquil Guayaquil Canton Populated places in Guayas Province Populated coastal places in Ecuador Port cities in Ecuador Provincial capitals in Ecuador Populated places established in 1538 1538 establishments in the Spanish Empire Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Geography articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with short description Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles to be expanded from April 2012 Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 21 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Guayaquil, Ecuador 2. Largest city in Ecuador 3. Port city on the Guayas River 4. History of Guayaquil 5. Economy and demographics of Guayaquil

where is the naica cave of crystals located

Cave of the crystals - wikipedia Cave of the crystals Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Crystal Cave . <Th_colspan="2"> Cueva de los Cristales <Td_colspan="2"> ( Cave of the Crystals ) <Td_colspan="2"> Gypsum crystals in the Naica cave . Note person for scale Location Naica , Saucillo Municipality , Chihuahua , Mexico Coordinates 27 ° 51 ′ 3 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 47 '' W  /  27.85083 ° N 105.49639 ° W  / 27.85083 ; - 105.49639 Coordinates : 27 ° 51 ′ 3 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 47 '' W  /  27.85083 ° N 105.49639 ° W  / 27.85083 ; - 105.49639 Depth 300 m ( 980 ft ) Length 27 m ( 89 ft ) Discovery 2000 Geology Limestone Hazards High temperature and humidity Access Restricted Cave of the Crystals or Giant Crystal Cave ( Spanish : Cueva de los Cristales ) is a cave connected to the Naica Mine at a depth of 300 metres ( 980 ft ) , in Naica , Chihuahua , Mexico . The main chamber contains giant selenite crystals ( gypsum , CaSO 2 H O ) , some of the largest natural crystals ever found . The cave 's largest crystal found to date is 12 m ( 39 ft ) in length , 4 m ( 13 ft ) in diameter and 55 tons in weight . The cave is extremely hot , with air temperatures reaching up to 58 ° C ( 136 ° F ) with 90 to 99 percent humidity . The cave is relatively unexplored due to these factors . Without proper protection , people can only endure approximately ten minutes of exposure at a time . The cave was discovered by the brothers Eloy and Javier Delgado . A group of scientists known as the Naica Project have been heavily involved in researching these caverns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation of the crystals 2 Discovery 3 Exploration and scientific studies 4 Future closure 5 References 6 External links Formation of the crystals ( edit ) Naica lies on an ancient fault above an underground magma chamber which is approximately 3 -- 5 kilometres ( 2 -- 3 mi ) below the cave . The magma heated the ground water which was saturated with sulfide ions ( S ) . Cool oxygenated surface water contacted the mineral saturated heated water , but the two did not mix due to the difference in their densities . The oxygen slowly diffused into the heated water and oxidized the sulfides ( S ) into sulfates ( SO ) . The hydrated sulfate gypsum crystallized at an extremely slow rate over the course of at least 500,000 years , forming the enormous crystals found today . Discovery ( edit ) Water - clear selenite crystal `` floater '' from the Naica Mine . Size : 18 × 14 × 13 centimetres ( 7.1 × 5.5 × 5.1 in ) , weight 26 kilograms ( 57 lb ) Location of the Swords and Crystal caves with the gypsum crystals within the idealized block diagram of Naica mine In 1910 miners discovered a cavern beneath the Naica mine workings , the Cave of Swords ( Spanish : Cueva de las Espadas ) . It is located at a depth of 120 metres ( 390 ft ) , above the Cave of Crystals , and contains spectacular , smaller ( 1 - metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) long ) crystals . It is speculated that at this level , transition temperatures may have fallen much more rapidly , leading to an end in the growth of the crystals . Giant Crystal Cave was discovered in April 2000 by miners excavating a new tunnel for the Industrias Peñoles mining company located in Naica , Mexico , while drilling through the Naica fault , which they were concerned would flood the mine . The mining complex in Naica contains substantial deposits of silver , zinc and lead . The Cave of Crystals is a horseshoe - shaped cavity in limestone . Its floor is covered with perfectly faceted crystalline blocks . Huge crystal beams jut out from both the blocks and the floor . The caves are accessible today because the mining company 's pumping operations keep them clear of water . If the pumping were stopped , the caves would again be submerged in water . The crystals deteriorate in air , so the Naica Project is attempting to visually document the crystals before they deteriorate further . Two other smaller caverns were also discovered in 2000 , Queen 's Eye Cave and Candles Cave , and a further chamber was found in a drilling project in 2009 . The new cave , named Ice Palace , is 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep and is not flooded , but its crystal formations are much smaller , with small `` cauliflower '' formations and fine , threadlike crystals . All of the caves discovered are : Cave of Crystals , Queen 's Eye , Candles Cave , Ice Palace and Cave of Swords . Exploration and scientific studies ( edit ) Selenite `` sword '' , 22.6 by 2.6 by 1.6 centimetres ( 8.90 in × 1.02 in × 0.63 in ) . A small version of the giant crystals , likely found in a natural cavity in the mine . A scientific team coordinated by Paolo Forti , specialist of cave minerals and crystallographer at the University of Bologna ( Italy ) explored the cave in detail in 2006 . To survive and to be able to work in the extreme temperature and humid conditions which prevent prolonged incursion in the crystal chamber , they developed their own refrigerated suits and cold breathing systems ( respectively dubbed Tolomea suit and Sinusit respirator ) . Special caving overalls were fitted with a mattress of refrigerating tubes placed all over the body and connected to a backpack weighing about 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) containing a reservoir filled with cold water and ice . The cooling provided by melting ice was sufficient to provide about half an hour of autonomy . Beside mineralogical and crystallographic studies , biogeochemical and microbial characterization of the gypsum giant crystals were also performed . Stein - Erik Lauritzen ( University of Bergen , Norway ) performed uranium - thorium dating to determine the maximum age of the giant crystals , about 500,000 years . Penelope Boston ( New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology ) , speleologist and geomicrobiologist specialist of extremophile organisms realized sterile sampling of gypsum drillcores by making small boreholes inside large crystals under aseptic conditions . The aim was to detect the possible presence of ancient bacteria encapsulated inside fluid and solid inclusions present the calcium sulfate matrix from its formation . Solid inclusions mainly consist of magnesium and iron oxy - hydroxide but no organic matter could be found associated with the solid hydroxides . No DNA from ancient bacteria could be extracted from the solid inclusions and amplified by PCR . Microbial studies on fluid inclusions are foreseen to attempt to evidence the presence of ancient micro-organisms in the original fluid solution in which the crystals developed . Other researches also cover the fields of palynology ( pollen study ) , geochemistry , hydrogeology and the physical conditions prevailing in the Cave of Crystals . At the 2017 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , researchers , including Dr. Boston , announced the discovery of bacteria found in inclusions embedded in some of the crystals . Using sterile methods , the researchers were able to extract and reanimate these organisms , which are not closely related to anything in the known genetic databases . Future closure ( edit ) The cave was featured on the Discovery Channel program Naica : Beyond The Crystal Cave in February 2011 . Exploration has given credence to the existence of further chambers , but further exploration would have required significant removal of the crystals . As the cave 's accessibility is dependent on the mine 's water pumps , when mineral exploitation is ended in the area it is likely the pumps will be shut off and the cavern 's water level allowed to rise again . In February 2017 , Penelope Boston reported to the BBC that mining operations had ceased and that the caves have re-flooded . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( 2007 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Giant crystal cave 's mystery solved '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Crystal Cave Comes to Light '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` A rare glimpse of the cave of crystals '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shea , Neil ( November 2008 ) . `` Crystal palace '' . National Geographic magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAICA Project web site '' . NAICA Project . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` Giant Crystal Cave 's Mystery Solved '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naica , Mun . de Saucillo , Chihuahua , Mexico '' . Mindat.org . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cave of the Giant Crystals , Mexico '' . Chrystalinks.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Visual rescue at Naica Project Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Giant crystal caves yield new `` Ice Palace , '' more `` . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stein - Erik , Lauritzen ; Constantin Silviu ; Paolo Forti ( 2008 ) . Chronology and growth rate of the Naica giant gypsum crystals . 33rd International Geological Congress ( IGC ) . UiB . Jump up ^ Sanna , L. ; Stein - Erik Lauritzen ; Paolo Forti ( 2009 ) . Preliminary U / Th dating of gypsum crystals from Naica caves ( Mexico ) . Jump up ^ Sanna , Laura ; Paolo Forti ; Stein - Erik Lauritzen ( 2011 ) . `` Preliminary U / Th dating and the evolution of gypsum crystals in Naica caves ( Mexico ) '' . Acta Carsologica. 40 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Amos , Jonathan ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Naica 's crystal caves hold long - dormant life '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NAICA : `` Beyond the crystal cave and deadly descent '' video reveals worlds beneath the Earth 's surface , February 13 on Discovery Channel '' ( Press release ) . ctvmedia.com . February 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minerals of Naica . Wikijunior : Let 's Talk about Crystallization in the Naica Mine at Wikibooks Naica Project , comprehensive website on the Crystal Caves with geology , history , photos and videos BBC page on the cave with video Giant Crystal project Crystal Cave of Giants , account of a 2009 visit by George Kourounis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_of_the_Crystals&oldid=839595535 '' Categories : Caves of Mexico Crystals Landforms of Chihuahua ( state ) Geology of Mexico Gypsum caves Sulfate minerals Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia cave articles with unreferenced coordinates Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 13 : 00 . 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1. Cave of the Crystals in Naica, Mexico 2. Giant selenite crystals 3. Extreme temperature and humidity conditions 4. Discovery and exploration of the cave 5. Future closure and re-flooding of the cave

us cities with population greater than 1 million

List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population Jump to : navigation , search `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits ; the populations of other municipalities considered `` suburbs '' of a central city are listed separately , and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included . Therefore , a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 311 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates State Capital State Largest City State Capital and Largest City Federal Capital 2017 rank City State 2017 estimate Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,622,698 8,175,133 7000547471215453010 ♠ + 5.47 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W  /  40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W  / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387  ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,999,759 3,792,621 7000546160557566920 ♠ + 5.46 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W  / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108  ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,716,450 2,695,598 6999773557481493900 ♠ + 0.77 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W  / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818  ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,312,717 2,100,263 7001101155902855980 ♠ + 10.12 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W  /  29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W  / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909  ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,626,078 1,445,632 7001124821531344080 ♠ + 12.48 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W  / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901  ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,580,863 1,526,006 7000359480893259920 ♠ + 3.59 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W  / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333  ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,511,946 1,327,407 7001139022168784710 ♠ + 13.90 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W  /  29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W  / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251  ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,419,516 1,307,402 7000857532725206169 ♠ + 8.58 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W  /  32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W  / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350  ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,341,075 1,197,816 7001119600172313610 ♠ + 11.96 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W  / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665  ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,035,317 945,942 7000944825369842969 ♠ + 9.45 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W  / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189  ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 950,715 790,390 7001202842900340340 ♠ + 20.28 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W  /  30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W  / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544  ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 892,062 821,784 7000855188224642970 ♠ + 8.55 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W  /  30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W  / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616  ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 884,363 805,235 7000982669655442200 ♠ + 9.83 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W  / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322  ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 879,170 787,033 7001117068788729320 ♠ + 11.71 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W  /  39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W  / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848  ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Fort Worth Texas 874,168 741,206 7001179386027636040 ♠ + 17.94 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W  /  32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W  / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467  ( 16 Fort Worth ) 16 Indianapolis Indiana 863,002 820,445 7000518706311818590 ♠ + 5.19 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W  /  39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W  / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459  ( 14 Indianapolis ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 859,035 731,424 7001174469254495340 ♠ + 17.45 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W  /  35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W  / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310  ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 724,745 608,660 7001190722242302760 ♠ + 19.07 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W  /  47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W  / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509  ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 704,621 600,158 7001174059164420040 ♠ + 17.41 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W  / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811  ( Denver ) 20 Washington District of Columbia 693,972 601,723 7001153308083619870 ♠ + 15.33 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W  /  38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W  / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172  ( Washington , D.C. ) 21 Boston Massachusetts 685,094 617,594 7001109295103255540 ♠ + 10.93 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W  /  42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W  / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202  ( Boston ) 22 El Paso Texas 683,577 649,121 7000530810126309270 ♠ + 5.31 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W  /  31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W  / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270  ( 19 El Paso ) 23 Detroit Michigan 673,104 713,777 2999430172168618490 ♠ − 5.70 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W  /  42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W  / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022  ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 667,560 601,222 7001110338610363560 ♠ + 11.03 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W  / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850  ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,236 646,889 6999826571482897380 ♠ + 0.83 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W  /  35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W  / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774  ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 647,805 583,776 7001109680767965800 ♠ + 10.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W  / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500  ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 643,648 579,999 7001109739844379040 ♠ + 10.97 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W  / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137  ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 641,676 583,756 7000992195369298129 ♠ + 9.92 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W  / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601  ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 621,349 597,337 7000401984139606290 ♠ + 4.02 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W  / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474  ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 611,648 620,961 2999850022787260390 ♠ − 1.50 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W  / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105  ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,351 594,833 6998870832653870890 ♠ + 0.09 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W  /  43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W  / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667  ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 558,545 545,852 7000232535559089280 ♠ + 2.33 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W  / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474  ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 535,677 520,116 7000299183259119120 ♠ + 2.99 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W  /  32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W  / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706  ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 527,438 494,665 7000662529186419090 ♠ + 6.63 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W  / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934  ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 501,901 466,488 7000759140642417380 ♠ + 7.59 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W  /  38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W  / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686  ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 496,401 439,041 7001130648390469230 ♠ + 13.06 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W  /  33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W  / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174  ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 488,943 459,787 7000634119711953580 ♠ + 6.34 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W  /  39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W  / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510  ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 486,290 420,003 7001157825063154310 ♠ + 15.78 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W  / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227  ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 469,450 462,257 7000155606080600190 ♠ + 1.56 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W  / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553  ( Long Beach ) 40 Omaha Nebraska 466,893 408,958 7001141664914245470 ♠ + 14.17 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W  / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451  ( Omaha ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 464,758 403,892 7001150698701633110 ♠ + 15.07 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W  /  35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W  / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418  ( Raleigh ) 42 Colorado Springs Colorado 464,474 416,427 7001115379166096340 ♠ + 11.54 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W  / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607  ( Colorado Springs ) 43 Miami Florida 463,347 399,457 7001159942121429840 ♠ + 15.99 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W  /  25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W  / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086  ( Miami ) 44 Virginia Beach Virginia 450,435 437,994 7000284044986917630 ♠ + 2.84 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W  / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252  ( Virginia Beach ) 45 Oakland California 425,195 390,724 7000882234006613360 ♠ + 8.82 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W  / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257  ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 422,331 382,578 7001103908222636950 ♠ + 10.39 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W  /  44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W  / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683  ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 401,800 391,906 7000252458497700980 ♠ + 2.52 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W  /  36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W  / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023  ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 396,394 365,438 7000847093077348280 ♠ + 8.47 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W  / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247  ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 393,292 343,829 7001143859302153110 ♠ + 14.39 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W  /  30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W  / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345  ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 390,591 382,368 7000215054607080090 ♠ + 2.15 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W  /  37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W  / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459  ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,525 396,815 2999715484545695100 ♠ − 2.85 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W  / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794  ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 385,430 335,709 7001148107438287330 ♠ + 14.81 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W  /  27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W  / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797  ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 380,874 347,483 7000960939096301110 ♠ + 9.61 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W  /  35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W  / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183  ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 366,623 325,078 7001127800097207440 ♠ + 12.78 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W  /  39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W  / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897  ( Aurora ) 55 Anaheim California 352,497 336,265 7000482714525746060 ♠ + 4.83 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W  / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601  ( Anaheim ) 56 Honolulu Hawaii 350,395 337,256 7000389585359489530 ♠ + 3.90 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W  /  21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W  / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476  ( Honolulu ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,136 324,528 7000296060740521620 ♠ + 2.96 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W  /  33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W  / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830  ( Santa Ana ) 58 Riverside California 327,728 303,871 7000785102889054900 ♠ + 7.85 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W  / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932  ( Riverside ) 59 Corpus Christi Texas 325,605 305,215 7000668053667087140 ♠ + 6.68 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W  /  27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W  / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734  ( Corpus Christi ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 321,959 295,803 7000884237144315640 ♠ + 8.84 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W  / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583  ( Lexington ) 61 Stockton California 310,496 291,707 7000644105215164530 ♠ + 6.44 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W  / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133  ( Stockton ) 62 St. Louis Missouri 308,626 319,294 2999665887865102380 ♠ − 3.34 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W  / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446  ( St. Louis ) 63 Saint Paul Minnesota 306,621 285,068 7000756065219526570 ♠ + 7.56 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W  /  44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W  / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041  ( Saint Paul ) 64 Henderson Nevada 302,539 257,729 7001173864795967860 ♠ + 17.39 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W  /  36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W  / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357  ( Henderson ) 65 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 302,407 305,704 2999892150577028760 ♠ − 1.08 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W  /  40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W  / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766  ( Pittsburgh ) 66 Cincinnati Ohio 301,301 296,943 7000146762173211690 ♠ + 1.47 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W  /  39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W  / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058  ( Cincinnati ) 67 Anchorage Alaska 294,356 291,826 6999866954966315550 ♠ + 0.87 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W  / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843  ( Anchorage ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 290,222 269,666 7000762276297345610 ♠ + 7.62 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W  / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270  ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,143 259,841 7001101223440488610 ♠ + 10.12 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W  / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479  ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 285,154 277,140 7000289167929566290 ♠ + 2.89 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W  / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726  ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 284,736 258,379 7001102009064204130 ♠ + 10.20 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W  /  40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W  / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803  ( Lincoln ) 72 Orlando Florida 280,257 238,300 7001176067981535880 ♠ + 17.61 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W  /  28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W  / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736  ( Orlando ) 73 Irvine California 277,453 212,375 7001306429664508530 ♠ + 30.64 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W  /  33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W  / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713  ( Irvine ) 74 Toledo Ohio 276,491 287,208 2999626855797888640 ♠ − 3.73 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W  /  41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W  / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819  ( Toledo ) 75 Jersey City New Jersey 270,753 247,597 7000935229425235360 ♠ + 9.35 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W  / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648  ( Jersey City ) 76 Chula Vista California 270,471 243,916 7001108869446858749 ♠ + 10.89 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W  /  32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W  / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152  ( Chula Vista ) 77 Durham North Carolina 267,743 228,330 7001172614198747430 ♠ + 17.26 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W  /  35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W  / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029  ( Durham ) 78 Fort Wayne Indiana 265,904 253,691 7000481412426928820 ♠ + 4.81 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W  /  41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W  / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439  ( Fort Wayne ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 263,255 244,769 7000755242698217500 ♠ + 7.55 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W  /  27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W  / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441  ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 260,654 236,091 7001104040391205090 ♠ + 10.40 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W  /  27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W  / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892  ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 258,612 261,310 2999896750985419620 ♠ − 1.03 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W  /  42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W  / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597  ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 255,214 233,209 7000943574218833750 ♠ + 9.44 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W  /  43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W  / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299  ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 253,888 229,573 7001105914022990510 ♠ + 10.59 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W  / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867  ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 253,458 236,123 7000734151268618470 ♠ + 7.34 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W  /  33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W  / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549  ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 249,950 217,385 7001149803344296980 ♠ + 14.98 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W  /  33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W  / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611  ( Scottsdale ) 86 Reno Nevada 248,853 225,221 7001104928048450190 ♠ + 10.49 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W  /  39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W  / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499  ( Reno ) 87 Glendale Arizona 246,709 226,721 7000881612201781040 ♠ + 8.82 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W  / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899  ( Glendale ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 244,703 242,803 6999782527398755370 ♠ + 0.78 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W  / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446  ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 244,605 229,617 7000652739126458410 ♠ + 6.53 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W  / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610  ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 242,975 216,961 7001119901733491270 ♠ + 11.99 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W  / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939  ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Gilbert Arizona 242,354 208,453 7001162631384532720 ♠ + 16.26 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W  /  33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W  / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431  ( Gilbert ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 240,397 222,209 7000818508701267730 ♠ + 8.19 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W  / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018  ( Chesapeake ) 93 Irving Texas 240,373 216,290 7001111345878219060 ♠ + 11.13 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W  /  32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W  / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700  ( Irving ) 94 Hialeah Florida 239,673 224,669 7000667826892005570 ♠ + 6.68 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W  /  25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W  / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029  ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 238,002 226,876 7000490400042313859 ♠ + 4.90 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W  / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303  ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 234,962 214,089 7000974968354282560 ♠ + 9.75 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W  /  37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W  / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412  ( Fremont ) 97 Richmond Virginia 227,032 204,214 7001111735728206690 ♠ + 11.17 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W  / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760  ( Richmond ) 98 Boise Idaho 226,570 205,671 7001101613742336060 ♠ + 10.16 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W  /  43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W  / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317  ( Boise ) 99 Baton Rouge Louisiana 225,374 229,493 2999820517401402220 ♠ − 1.79 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W  / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309  ( Baton Rouge ) 100 Des Moines Iowa 217,521 203,433 7000692513014112750 ♠ + 6.93 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W  / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102  ( Des Moines ) 101 Spokane Washington 217,108 208,916 7000392119320683910 ♠ + 3.92 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W  /  47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W  / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333  ( Spokane ) 102 San Bernardino California 216,995 209,924 7000336836188334830 ♠ + 3.37 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W  /  34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W  / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936  ( San Bernardino ) 103 Modesto California 214,221 201,165 7000649019461635970 ♠ + 6.49 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W  /  37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W  / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030  ( Modesto ) 104 Tacoma Washington 213,418 198,397 7000757118303200150 ♠ + 7.57 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W  /  47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W  / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598  ( Tacoma ) 105 Fontana California 211,815 196,069 7000803084628370620 ♠ + 8.03 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W  /  34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W  / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629  ( Fontana ) 106 Santa Clarita California 210,888 176,320 7001196052631578950 ♠ + 19.61 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W  / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042  ( Santa Clarita ) 107 Birmingham Alabama 210,710 212,237 3000280521304013909 ♠ − 0.72 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W  / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990  ( Birmingham ) 108 Oxnard California 210,037 197,899 7000613343170000860 ♠ + 6.13 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W  /  34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W  / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046  ( Oxnard ) 109 Fayetteville North Carolina 209,889 200,564 7000464938872379890 ♠ + 4.65 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W  /  35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W  / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735  ( Fayetteville ) 110 Rochester New York 208,046 210,565 2999880369482107660 ♠ − 1.20 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W  /  43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W  / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169  ( Rochester ) 111 Moreno Valley California 207,226 193,365 7000716830863910220 ♠ + 7.17 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W  / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057  ( Moreno Valley ) 112 Glendale California 203,054 191,719 7000591229872886880 ♠ + 5.91 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W  / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458  ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 202,019 195,976 7000308354084173570 ♠ + 3.08 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W  / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674  ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 201,874 189,992 7000625394753463300 ♠ + 6.25 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W  / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093  ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Aurora Illinois 200,965 197,899 7000154927513529630 ♠ + 1.55 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W  /  41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W  / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901  ( Aurora ) 116 Salt Lake City Utah 200,544 186,440 7000756490023600080 ♠ + 7.56 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W  /  40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W  / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310  ( Salt Lake City ) 117 Amarillo Texas 199,826 190,695 7000478827446970290 ♠ + 4.79 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W  / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302  ( Amarillo ) 118 Montgomery Alabama 199,518 205,764 2999696448358313410 ♠ − 3.04 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W  /  32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W  / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661  ( Montgomery ) 119 Grand Rapids Michigan 198,829 188,040 7000573760901935760 ♠ + 5.74 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W  /  42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W  / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556  ( Grand Rapids ) 120 Little Rock Arkansas 198,606 193,524 7000262603087989089 ♠ + 2.63 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W  / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586  ( Little Rock ) 121 Akron Ohio 197,846 199,110 3000365175028878510 ♠ − 0.63 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W  /  41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W  / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214  ( Akron ) 122 Augusta Georgia 197,166 195,844 6999675027062355760 ♠ + 0.68 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W  / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734  ( Augusta ) 123 Huntsville Alabama 194,585 180,105 7000803975458760169 ♠ + 8.04 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W  / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730  ( Huntsville ) 124 Columbus Georgia 194,058 189,885 7000219764594359739 ♠ + 2.20 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W  /  32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W  / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749  ( Columbus ) 125 Grand Prairie Texas 193,837 175,396 7001105139227804510 ♠ + 10.51 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W  /  32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W  / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211  ( Grand Prairie ) 126 Shreveport Louisiana 192,036 199,311 2999634992549332450 ♠ − 3.65 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W  / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922  ( Shreveport ) 127 Overland Park Kansas 191,278 173,372 7001103280806589300 ♠ + 10.33 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W  /  38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W  / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906  ( Overland Park ) 128 Tallahassee Florida 191,049 181,376 7000533312014820039 ♠ + 5.33 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W  /  30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W  / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534  ( Tallahassee ) 129 Mobile Alabama 190,265 195,111 2999751628560152940 ♠ − 2.48 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W  /  30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W  / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002  ( Mobile ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 189,344 164,603 7001150307102543700 ♠ + 15.03 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W  / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883  ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Knoxville Tennessee 187,347 178,874 7000473685387479450 ♠ + 4.74 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W  /  35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W  / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493  ( Knoxville ) 132 Worcester Massachusetts 185,677 181,045 7000255847993592750 ♠ + 2.56 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W  / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078  ( Worcester ) 133 Tempe Arizona 185,038 161,719 7001144194559699230 ♠ + 14.42 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W  / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318  ( Tempe ) 134 Cape Coral Florida 183,365 154,305 7001188328310813000 ♠ + 18.83 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W  /  26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W  / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974  ( Cape Coral ) 135 Brownsville Texas 183,299 175,023 7000472852139433099 ♠ + 4.73 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W  /  25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W  / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550  ( Brownsville ) 136 McKinney Texas 181,330 131,117 7001382963307580250 ♠ + 38.30 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W  /  33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W  / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680  ( McKinney ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 180,393 178,042 7000132047494411430 ♠ + 1.32 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W  / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188  ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 180,072 165,521 7000879102953703760 ♠ + 8.79 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W  /  26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W  / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467  ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Newport News Virginia 179,388 180,719 3000263497473978929 ♠ − 0.74 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W  / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220  ( Newport News ) 140 Chattanooga Tennessee 179,139 167,674 7000683767310376090 ♠ + 6.84 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W  /  35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W  / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484  ( Chattanooga ) 141 Rancho Cucamonga California 177,452 165,269 7000737161839183390 ♠ + 7.37 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W  /  34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W  / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642  ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 142 Frisco Texas 177,286 116,989 7001515407431467920 ♠ + 51.54 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W  / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226  ( Frisco ) 143 Sioux Falls South Dakota 176,888 153,888 7001149459347057600 ♠ + 14.95 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W  / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320  ( Sioux Falls ) 144 Oceanside California 176,193 167,086 7000545048657577540 ♠ + 5.45 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W  / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062  ( Oceanside ) 145 Ontario California 175,841 163,924 7000726983236133820 ♠ + 7.27 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W  / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042  ( Ontario ) 146 Vancouver Washington 175,673 161,791 7000858020532662510 ♠ + 8.58 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W  /  45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W  / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957  ( Vancouver ) 147 Santa Rosa California 175,269 167,815 7000444179602538510 ♠ + 4.44 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W  / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061  ( Santa Rosa ) 148 Garden Grove California 174,226 170,883 7000195630928764130 ♠ + 1.96 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W  /  33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W  / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605  ( Garden Grove ) 149 Elk Grove California 171,844 153,015 7001123053295428550 ♠ + 12.31 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W  /  38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W  / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850  ( Elk Grove ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 170,712 154,019 7001108382732000600 ♠ + 10.84 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W  /  26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W  / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404  ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 169,798 154,637 7000980425124646750 ♠ + 9.80 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W  /  44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W  / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232  ( Salem ) 152 Eugene Oregon 168,916 156,185 7000815123091205940 ♠ + 8.15 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W  / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162  ( Eugene ) 153 Peoria Arizona 168,181 154,065 7000916236653360590 ♠ + 9.16 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W  / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080  ( Peoria ) 154 Corona California 167,836 152,374 7001101474004751470 ♠ + 10.15 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W  / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655  ( Corona ) 155 Springfield Missouri 167,376 159,498 7000493924688710830 ♠ + 4.94 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W  / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913  ( Springfield ) 156 Jackson Mississippi 166,965 173,514 2999622566478785570 ♠ − 3.77 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W  / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128  ( Jackson ) 157 Cary North Carolina 165,904 135,234 7001226792078915070 ♠ + 22.68 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W  /  35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W  / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133  ( Cary ) 158 Fort Collins Colorado 165,080 143,986 7001146500354201100 ♠ + 14.65 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W  / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648  ( Fort Collins ) 159 Hayward California 160,500 144,186 7001113145520369520 ♠ + 11.31 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W  / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024  ( Hayward ) 160 Lancaster California 160,316 156,633 7000235135635530190 ♠ + 2.35 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W  / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753  ( Lancaster ) 161 Alexandria Virginia 160,035 139,966 7001143384822028210 ♠ + 14.34 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W  /  38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W  / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841  ( Alexandria ) 162 Salinas California 157,596 150,441 7000475601730911119 ♠ + 4.76 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W  / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337  ( Salinas ) 163 Palmdale California 157,519 152,750 7000312209492635020 ♠ + 3.12 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W  /  34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W  / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054  ( Palmdale ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,958 142,980 7000837739543992170 ♠ + 8.38 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W  / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176  ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,758 153,060 7000110936887495100 ♠ + 1.11 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W  /  42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W  / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400  ( Springfield ) 166 Sunnyvale California 153,656 140,081 7000969082173885110 ♠ + 9.69 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W  /  37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W  / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263  ( Sunnyvale ) 167 Hollywood Florida 153,627 140,768 7000913488861104800 ♠ + 9.13 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W  /  26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W  / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646  ( Hollywood ) 168 Pasadena Texas 153,520 149,043 7000300383110914300 ♠ + 3.00 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W  /  29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W  / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506  ( Pasadena ) 169 Clarksville Tennessee 153,205 132,929 7001152532554972960 ♠ + 15.25 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W  / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452  ( Clarksville ) 170 Pomona California 152,939 149,058 7000260368447181630 ♠ + 2.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W  /  34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W  / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611  ( Pomona ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 152,938 145,786 7000490582086071360 ♠ + 4.91 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W  / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418  ( Kansas City ) 172 Macon Georgia 152,663 91,351 7001671169445326270 ♠ + 67.12 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W  /  32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W  / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942  ( Macon ) 173 Escondido California 151,969 143,911 7000559929400810220 ♠ + 5.60 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W  / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740  ( Escondido ) 174 Paterson New Jersey 148,678 146,199 7000169563403306450 ♠ + 1.70 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W  / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628  ( Paterson ) 175 Joliet Illinois 148,462 147,433 6999697944150902450 ♠ + 0.70 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W  / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488  ( Joliet ) 176 Naperville Illinois 147,682 141,853 7000410918345047340 ♠ + 4.11 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W  /  41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W  / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620  ( Naperville ) 177 Rockford Illinois 147,051 152,871 2999619286849696800 ♠ − 3.81 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W  / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646  ( Rockford ) 178 Torrance California 146,758 145,438 6999907603239868540 ♠ + 0.91 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W  / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414  ( Torrance ) 179 Bridgeport Connecticut 146,579 144,229 7000162935332006740 ♠ + 1.63 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W  /  41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W  / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958  ( Bridgeport ) 180 Savannah Georgia 146,444 136,286 7000745344349382910 ♠ + 7.45 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W  /  32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W  / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536  ( Savannah ) 181 Killeen Texas 145,482 127,921 7001137280040024700 ♠ + 13.73 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W  / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320  ( Killeen ) 182 Bellevue Washington 144,444 122,363 7001180454876065480 ♠ + 18.05 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W  /  47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W  / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565  ( Bellevue ) 183 Mesquite Texas 143,949 139,824 7000295013731548230 ♠ + 2.95 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W  /  32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W  / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888  ( Mesquite ) 184 Syracuse New York 143,396 145,170 2999877798443204520 ♠ − 1.22 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W  /  43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W  / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436  ( Syracuse ) 185 McAllen Texas 142,696 129,877 7000987010787129360 ♠ + 9.87 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W  /  26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W  / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464  ( McAllen ) 186 Pasadena California 142,647 137,122 7000402925861641460 ♠ + 4.03 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W  / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396  ( Pasadena ) 187 Orange California 140,560 136,416 7000303776683087030 ♠ + 3.04 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W  / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613  ( Orange ) 188 Fullerton California 140,392 135,161 7000387019924386470 ♠ + 3.87 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W  / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280  ( Fullerton ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,371 141,527 3000183194726094670 ♠ − 0.82 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W  / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996  ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 140,328 122,041 7001149843085520440 ♠ + 14.98 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W  /  25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W  / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358  ( Miramar ) 191 Olathe Kansas 137,472 125,872 7000921571119867799 ♠ + 9.22 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W  / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195  ( Olathe ) 192 Thornton Colorado 136,978 118,772 7001153285286094370 ♠ + 15.33 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W  /  39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W  / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428  ( Thornton ) 193 Waco Texas 136,436 124,805 7000931933816754140 ♠ + 9.32 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W  /  31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W  / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860  ( Waco ) 194 Murfreesboro Tennessee 136,372 108,755 7001253937749988510 ♠ + 25.39 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W  /  35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W  / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160  ( Murfreesboro ) 195 Denton Texas 136,268 113,383 7001201838018045029 ♠ + 20.18 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W  / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414  ( Denton ) 196 West Valley City Utah 136,170 129,480 7000516682113067650 ♠ + 5.17 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W  / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118  ( West Valley City ) 197 Midland Texas 136,089 111,147 7001224405517018000 ♠ + 22.44 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W  / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135  ( Midland ) 198 Carrollton Texas 135,710 119,097 7001139491338992590 ♠ + 13.95 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W  / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998  ( Carrollton ) 199 Roseville California 135,329 118,788 7001139248072195840 ♠ + 13.92 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W  /  38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W  / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189  ( Roseville ) 200 Warren Michigan 135,022 134,056 6999720594378468700 ♠ + 0.72 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W  /  42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W  / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250  ( Warren ) 201 Charleston South Carolina 134,875 120,083 7001123181466152580 ♠ + 12.32 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W  / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590  ( Charleston ) 202 Hampton Virginia 134,669 137,436 2999798669926365730 ♠ − 2.01 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W  /  37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W  / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971  ( Hampton ) 203 Surprise Arizona 134,085 117,517 7001140983857654640 ♠ + 14.10 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W  /  33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W  / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527  ( Surprise ) 204 Columbia South Carolina 133,114 129,272 7000297202797202800 ♠ + 2.97 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W  /  34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W  / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980  ( Columbia ) 205 Coral Springs Florida 133,037 121,096 7000986077161921120 ♠ + 9.86 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W  /  26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W  / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593  ( Coral Springs ) 206 Visalia California 133,010 124,442 7000688513524372800 ♠ + 6.89 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W  / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289  ( Visalia ) 207 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,631 129,699 7000226061881741570 ♠ + 2.26 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W  /  42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W  / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303  ( Sterling Heights ) 208 Gainesville Florida 132,249 124,354 7000634881065345710 ♠ + 6.35 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W  /  29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W  / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461  ( Gainesville ) 209 Cedar Rapids Iowa 132,228 126,326 7000467203901018000 ♠ + 4.67 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W  /  41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W  / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778  ( Cedar Rapids ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 131,014 129,779 6999951617750175290 ♠ + 0.95 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W  /  41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W  / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250  ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 130,824 122,643 7000667058046525280 ♠ + 6.67 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W  / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460  ( Stamford ) 212 Elizabeth New Jersey 130,215 124,969 7000419784106458400 ♠ + 4.20 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W  /  40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W  / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935  ( Elizabeth ) 213 Concord California 129,783 122,067 7000632111872987790 ♠ + 6.32 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W  /  37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W  / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016  ( Concord ) 214 Thousand Oaks California 128,995 126,683 7000182502782535940 ♠ + 1.83 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W  /  34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W  / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742  ( Thousand Oaks ) 215 Kent Washington 128,458 92,411 7001390072610403520 ♠ + 39.01 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W  / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127  ( Kent ) 216 Santa Clara California 127,134 116,468 7000915788027612729 ♠ + 9.16 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W  /  37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W  / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679  ( Santa Clara ) 217 Simi Valley California 126,878 124,237 7000212577573508700 ♠ + 2.13 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W  /  34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W  / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485  ( Simi Valley ) 218 Lafayette Louisiana 126,848 120,623 7000516070732778989 ♠ + 5.16 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W  / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285  ( Lafayette ) 219 Topeka Kansas 126,587 127,473 3000304950852337359 ♠ − 0.70 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W  /  39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W  / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962  ( Topeka ) 220 Athens Georgia 125,691 115,452 7000886862072549630 ♠ + 8.87 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W  / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701  ( Athens ) 221 Round Rock Texas 123,678 99,887 7001238179142430950 ♠ + 23.82 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W  /  30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W  / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660  ( Round Rock ) 222 Hartford Connecticut 123,400 124,775 2999889801642957320 ♠ − 1.10 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W  / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816  ( Hartford ) 223 Norman Oklahoma 122,843 110,925 7001107441965291860 ♠ + 10.74 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W  / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453  ( Norman ) 224 Victorville California 122,441 115,903 7000564092387599970 ♠ + 5.64 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W  / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536  ( Victorville ) 225 Fargo North Dakota 122,359 105,549 7001159262522619830 ♠ + 15.93 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W  / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290  ( Fargo ) 226 Berkeley California 122,324 112,580 7000865517853970510 ♠ + 8.66 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W  /  37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W  / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991  ( Berkeley ) 227 Vallejo California 122,105 115,942 7000531558882889720 ♠ + 5.32 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W  / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640  ( Vallejo ) 228 Abilene Texas 121,885 117,063 7000411914951778099 ♠ + 4.12 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W  /  32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W  / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381  ( Abilene ) 229 Columbia Missouri 121,717 108,500 7001121815668202760 ♠ + 12.18 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W  / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264  ( Columbia ) 230 Ann Arbor Michigan 121,477 113,934 7000662049958748050 ♠ + 6.62 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W  /  42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W  / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309  ( Ann Arbor ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 121,283 118,032 7000275433780669650 ♠ + 2.75 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W  / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784  ( Allentown ) 232 Pearland Texas 119,940 91,252 7001314382150528210 ♠ + 31.44 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W  /  29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W  / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231  ( Pearland ) 233 Beaumont Texas 119,114 118,296 6999691485764522890 ♠ + 0.69 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W  / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453  ( Beaumont ) 234 Wilmington North Carolina 119,045 106,476 7001118045381118750 ♠ + 11.80 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W  /  34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W  / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858  ( Wilmington ) 235 Evansville Indiana 118,930 117,429 7000127821917924870 ♠ + 1.28 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W  /  37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W  / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347  ( Evansville ) 236 Arvada Colorado 118,807 106,433 7001116260934108779 ♠ + 11.63 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W  /  39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W  / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503  ( Arvada ) 237 Provo Utah 117,335 112,488 7000430890406087760 ♠ + 4.31 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W  / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448  ( Provo ) 238 Independence Missouri 117,306 116,830 6999407429598562010 ♠ + 0.41 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W  /  39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W  / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521  ( Independence ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,986 114,297 7000235264267653569 ♠ + 2.35 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W  /  42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W  / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593  ( Lansing ) 240 Odessa Texas 116,861 99,940 7001169311586952170 ♠ + 16.93 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W  /  31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W  / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411  ( Odessa ) 241 Richardson Texas 116,783 99,223 7001176975096499800 ♠ + 17.70 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W  / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081  ( Richardson ) 242 Fairfield California 116,266 105,321 7001103920395742540 ♠ + 10.39 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W  / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321  ( Fairfield ) 243 El Monte California 116,109 113,475 7000232121612690020 ♠ + 2.32 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W  / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291  ( El Monte ) 244 Rochester Minnesota 115,733 106,769 7000839569537974500 ♠ + 8.40 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W  /  44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W  / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772  ( Rochester ) 245 Clearwater Florida 115,513 107,685 7000726935042020710 ♠ + 7.27 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W  /  27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W  / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666  ( Clearwater ) 246 Carlsbad California 115,330 105,328 7000949605043293330 ♠ + 9.50 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W  /  33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W  / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828  ( Carlsbad ) 247 Springfield Illinois 114,868 116,250 2999881118279569889 ♠ − 1.19 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W  / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446  ( Springfield ) 248 Temecula California 114,327 100,097 7001142162102760320 ♠ + 14.22 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W  / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317  ( Temecula ) 249 West Jordan Utah 113,905 103,712 7000982817803147180 ♠ + 9.83 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W  / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008  ( West Jordan ) 250 Costa Mesa California 113,825 109,960 7000351491451436890 ♠ + 3.51 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W  /  33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W  / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123  ( Costa Mesa ) 251 Miami Gardens Florida 113,750 107,167 7000614274916718770 ♠ + 6.14 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W  /  25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W  / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436  ( Miami Gardens ) 252 Cambridge Massachusetts 113,630 105,162 7000805233829710350 ♠ + 8.05 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W  /  42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W  / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187  ( Cambridge ) 253 College Station Texas 113,564 93,857 7001209968356116220 ♠ + 21.00 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W  /  30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W  / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964  ( College Station ) 254 Murrieta California 113,326 103,466 7000952970057796759 ♠ + 9.53 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W  /  33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W  / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904  ( Murrieta ) 255 Downey California 113,092 111,772 7000118097555738470 ♠ + 1.18 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W  / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309  ( Downey ) 256 Peoria Illinois 112,883 115,007 2999815315589485860 ♠ − 1.85 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W  / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174  ( Peoria ) 257 Westminster Colorado 112,812 106,114 7000631207946171100 ♠ + 6.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W  / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644  ( Westminster ) 258 Elgin Illinois 112,456 108,188 7000394498465633900 ♠ + 3.94 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W  /  42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W  / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217  ( Elgin ) 259 Antioch California 111,674 102,372 7000908646895635530 ♠ + 9.09 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W  /  37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W  / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962  ( Antioch ) 260 Palm Bay Florida 111,657 103,190 7000820525244694250 ♠ + 8.21 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W  /  27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W  / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626  ( Palm Bay ) 261 High Point North Carolina 111,513 104,371 7000684289697329720 ♠ + 6.84 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W  /  35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W  / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905  ( High Point ) 262 Lowell Massachusetts 111,346 106,519 7000453158591425000 ♠ + 4.53 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W  /  42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W  / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211  ( Lowell ) 263 Manchester New Hampshire 111,196 109,565 7000148861406471040 ♠ + 1.49 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W  /  42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W  / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441  ( Manchester ) 264 Pueblo Colorado 111,127 106,595 7000425160654814950 ♠ + 4.25 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W  / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123  ( Pueblo ) 265 Gresham Oregon 111,053 105,594 7000516980131446860 ♠ + 5.17 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W  /  45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W  / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416  ( Gresham ) 266 North Charleston South Carolina 110,861 97,471 7001137374193349820 ♠ + 13.74 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W  /  32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W  / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650  ( North Charleston ) 267 Ventura California 110,790 106,433 7000409365516334220 ♠ + 4.09 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W  / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542  ( Ventura ) 268 Inglewood California 110,598 109,673 6999843416337658320 ♠ + 0.84 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W  /  33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W  / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443  ( Inglewood ) 269 Pompano Beach Florida 110,473 99,845 7001106444989734090 ♠ + 10.64 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W  /  26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W  / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339  ( Pompano Beach ) 270 Centennial Colorado 110,250 100,377 7000983591858692729 ♠ + 9.84 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W  / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691  ( Centennial ) 271 West Palm Beach Florida 110,222 99,919 7001103113521952780 ♠ + 10.31 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W  / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251  ( West Palm Beach ) 272 Everett Washington 110,079 103,019 7000685310476708180 ♠ + 6.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W  /  47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W  / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914  ( Everett ) 273 Richmond California 110,040 103,701 7000611276651141260 ♠ + 6.11 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W  / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606  ( Richmond ) 274 Clovis California 109,691 95,631 7001147023454737480 ♠ + 14.70 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W  / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849  ( Clovis ) 275 Billings Montana 109,642 104,170 7000525295190553900 ♠ + 5.25 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W  / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499  ( Billings ) 276 Waterbury Connecticut 108,629 110,366 2999842614573328740 ♠ − 1.57 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W  /  41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W  / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367  ( Waterbury ) 277 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 108,303 98,850 7000956297420333840 ♠ + 9.56 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W  / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810  ( Broken Arrow ) 278 Lakeland Florida 108,054 97,422 7001109133460614650 ♠ + 10.91 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W  /  28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W  / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549  ( Lakeland ) 279 West Covina California 107,598 106,098 7000141378725329410 ♠ + 1.41 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W  /  34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W  / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099  ( West Covina ) 280 Boulder Colorado 107,125 97,385 7001100015402782770 ♠ + 10.00 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W  /  40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W  / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519  ( Boulder ) 281 Daly City California 107,074 101,123 7000588491243337320 ♠ + 5.88 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W  /  37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W  / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650  ( Daly City ) 282 Santa Maria California 107,014 99,553 7000749450041686340 ♠ + 7.49 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W  / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438  ( Santa Maria ) 283 Hillsboro Oregon 106,894 91,611 7001166824944602720 ♠ + 16.68 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W  /  45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W  / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357  ( Hillsboro ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 106,739 93,853 7001137299819931170 ♠ + 13.73 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W  /  33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W  / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687  ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Norwalk California 106,084 105,549 6999506873584780520 ♠ + 0.51 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W  /  33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W  / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835  ( Norwalk ) 286 Jurupa Valley California 106,028 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W  /  34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W  / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676  ( Jurupa Valley ) 287 Lewisville Texas 106,021 95,290 7001112614125301710 ♠ + 11.26 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W  / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818  ( Lewisville ) 288 Greeley Colorado 105,448 92,889 7001135204383726810 ♠ + 13.52 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W  / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697  ( Greeley ) 289 Davie Florida 105,149 91,992 7001143023306374470 ♠ + 14.30 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W  /  26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W  / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850  ( Davie ) 290 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,116 104,057 7000101771144661100 ♠ + 1.02 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W  /  44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W  / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842  ( Green Bay ) 291 Tyler Texas 104,991 96,900 7000834984520123840 ♠ + 8.35 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W  /  32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W  / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059  ( Tyler ) 292 League City Texas 104,903 83,560 7001255421254188610 ♠ + 25.54 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W  /  29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W  / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091  ( League City ) 293 Burbank California 104,834 103,340 7000144571317979480 ♠ + 1.45 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W  / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264  ( Burbank ) 294 San Mateo California 104,748 97,207 7000775767177260900 ♠ + 7.76 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W  / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106  ( San Mateo ) 295 Wichita Falls Texas 104,747 104,553 6999185551825390000 ♠ + 0.19 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W  / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259  ( Wichita Falls ) 296 El Cajon California 103,894 99,478 7000443917248034740 ♠ + 4.44 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W  /  32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W  / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604  ( El Cajon ) 297 Rialto California 103,562 99,171 7000442770568008790 ♠ + 4.43 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W  / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883  ( Rialto ) 298 Lakewood New Jersey 102,682 92,843 7001105974602285580 ♠ + 10.60 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W  / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004  ( Lakewood ) 299 Edison New Jersey 102,450 99,967 7000248381966048800 ♠ + 2.48 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W  /  40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W  / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494  ( Edison ) 300 Davenport Iowa 102,320 99,685 7000264332647840700 ♠ + 2.64 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W  /  41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W  / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040  ( Davenport ) 301 South Bend Indiana 102,245 101,168 7000106456587063100 ♠ + 1.06 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W  / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690  ( South Bend ) 302 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,965 99,585 7000238991816036550 ♠ + 2.39 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W  / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927  ( Woodbridge ) 303 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,712 97,618 7000419389866622960 ♠ + 4.19 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W  /  32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W  / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897  ( Las Cruces ) 304 Vista California 101,568 93,834 7000824221497538209 ♠ + 8.24 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W  / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386  ( Vista ) 305 Renton Washington 101,379 90,927 7001114949354977070 ♠ + 11.49 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W  /  47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W  / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920  ( Renton ) 306 Sparks Nevada 100,888 90,264 7001117699193476910 ♠ + 11.77 % 35.9 sq mi 93.0 km 2,810 / sq mi 1,080 / km 39 ° 33 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 44 ′ 08 '' W  /  39.5544 ° N 119.7356 ° W  / 39.5544 ; - 119.7356  ( Sparks ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,712 96,796 7000404562171990580 ♠ + 4.05 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W  /  42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W  / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170  ( Clinton ) 308 Allen Texas 100,685 84,246 7001195130926097380 ♠ + 19.51 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 3,715 / sq mi 1,434 / km 33 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 96 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W  /  33.0997 ° N 96.6631 ° W  / 33.0997 ; - 96.6631  ( Allen ) 309 Tuscaloosa Alabama 100,287 90,468 7001108535614803020 ♠ + 10.85 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 1,399 / sq mi 540 / km 33 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W  /  33.2065 ° N 87.5346 ° W  / 33.2065 ; - 87.5346  ( Tuscaloosa ) 310 San Angelo Texas 100,119 93,200 7000742381974248930 ♠ + 7.42 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W  /  31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W  / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505  ( San Angelo ) 311 Vacaville California 100,032 92,428 7000822694421603839 ♠ + 8.23 % 29.0 sq mi 75.1 km 3,449 / sq mi 1,332 / km 38 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.3539 ° N 121.9728 ° W  / 38.3539 ; - 121.9728  ( Vacaville ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 56 200,000 -- 299,999 50 100,000 -- 199,999 195 Total 311 State Number of cities CA 74 TX 39 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 AL , CT , KS , MA , MO , NV , NY , OR 5 IN , LA , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Fort Worth , Texas 16 . Indianapolis , Indiana 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . Washington , District of Columbia 21 . Boston , Massachusetts 22 . El Paso , Texas 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Omaha , Nebraska 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 43 . Miami , Florida 44 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2017 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2017 rank Municipio 2017 estimate 2010 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 population density Location San Juan 337,288 395,326 2998853189519535779 ♠ − 14.68 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,539 / sq mi 3,297 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W  /  18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W  / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640  ( San Juan ) Bayamón 179,565 208,116 2998862812085567660 ♠ − 13.72 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,651 / sq mi 2,568 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W  /  18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W  / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633  ( Bayamón ) Carolina 154,489 176,762 2998873994410563360 ♠ − 12.60 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,463 / sq mi 2,881 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W  /  18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W  / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798  ( Carolina ) Ponce 140,859 166,327 2998846879941320410 ♠ − 15.31 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,588 / sq mi 1,771 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W  /  17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W  / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097  ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 129,604 142,893 2999070003429139289 ♠ − 9.30 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 11,890 / sq mi 4,590 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W  /  18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W  / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390  ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 land area <Th_colspan="2"> 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 7001199371204385450 ♠ + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W  /  36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W  / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368  ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 7000959288055612739 ♠ + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W  / 38.880 ; - 77.183  ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 7001212990007686400 ♠ + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W  /  36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W  / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490  ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 7001519677996422180 ♠ + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W  / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619  ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W  /  29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W  / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779  ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 7000178061359960740 ♠ + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W  /  34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W  / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686  ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 7002639172799127830 ♠ + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W  /  36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W  / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154  ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 7001328493484819310 ♠ + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W  /  27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W  / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993  ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2017 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2017 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004982510000000000 ♠ 98,251 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,744 - 27.22 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004745320000000000 ♠ 74,532 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,023 - 40.16 % Canton Ohio 7004709090000000000 ♠ 70,909 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 46,003 - 39.35 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944910000000000 ♠ 94,491 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,516 - 15.64 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004860660000000000 ♠ 86,066 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,246 - 19.80 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004973690000000000 ♠ 97,369 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 41,071 - 29.67 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004894200000000000 ♠ 89,420 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,065 - 25.78 % Flint Michigan 7004964480000000000 ♠ 96,448 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 100,492 - 51.03 % Gary Indiana 7004760080000000000 ♠ 76,008 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 102,312 - 57.38 % Hammond Indiana 7004766180000000000 ♠ 76,618 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 35,080 - 31.41 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004998770000000000 ♠ 99,877 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 273 - 0.27 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004941050000000000 ♠ 94,105 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,004 - 14.53 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004940630000000000 ♠ 94,063 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 8,257 - 8.07 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004951200000000000 ♠ 95,120 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,097 - 21.53 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004484600000000000 ♠ 48,460 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,934 - 52.67 % Parma Ohio 7004791670000000000 ♠ 79,167 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 21,049 - 21.00 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004945720000000000 ♠ 94,572 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 20,201 - 17.60 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004884230000000000 ♠ 88,423 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 22,748 - 20.46 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004998370000000000 ♠ 99,837 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 383 - 0.38 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004776050000000000 ♠ 77,605 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 65,728 - 45.86 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813600000000000 ♠ 81,360 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,548 - 21.70 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764420000000000 ♠ 76,442 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,537 - 25.77 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004849640000000000 ♠ 84,964 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,045 - 33.63 % Utica New York 7004606350000000000 ♠ 60,635 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,105 - 40.40 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004711060000000000 ♠ 71,106 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,398 - 36.80 % Youngstown Ohio 7004646040000000000 ♠ 64,604 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,398 - 62.00 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2017 Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or Federal District in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,648,771 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,358,582 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,664,727 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,471,160 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 479,458 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . 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1. List of United States cities by population 2. Largest cities in the United States 3. Population tables of U.S. cities 4. Census-designated places 5. Cities formerly over 100,000 people

who does ursula's voice in the little mermaid

Pat Carroll ( actress ) - wikipedia Pat Carroll ( actress ) Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pat Carroll <Td_colspan="2"> Carroll in 1972 Patricia Ann Carroll ( 1927 - 05 - 05 ) May 5 , 1927 ( age 90 ) Shreveport , Louisiana , U.S. Other names Pat Ann Carroll Patricia Carroll Occupation Actress , voice actress , comedian Years active 1947 -- present Notable work Voice of Ursula the Sea Witch in Disney 's The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Television Make Room for Daddy , Laverne & Shirley , ER Spouse ( s ) Lee Karsian ( m . 1955 -- 1976 ) Children 3 ; including Tara Karsian Parent ( s ) Maurice Clifton Carroll ( father ) Kathryn Angela Meagher ( mother ) Patricia Ann Carroll ( born May 5 , 1927 ) is an American actress , voice actress and comedian . She is known for voicing Ursula in The Little Mermaid as well as having a long acting career , including appearances in CBS 's The Danny Thomas Show , ABC 's Laverne & Shirley , NBC 's ER , other guest - starring and series - regular roles on American television as well as voice - acting in several cartoon series . Carroll is an Emmy , Drama Desk and Grammy Award winner and a Tony Award nominee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other Achievements 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Carroll was born Patricia Ann Carroll in Shreveport , Louisiana , on May 5 , 1927 , to Maurice Clifton Carroll and Kathryn Angela ( née Meagher ) Her family moved to Los Angeles when Pat was five years old and she soon began acting in local productions . She graduated from Immaculate Heart High School and attended Catholic University of America after enlisting in the United States Army as a civilian actress technician . Career ( edit ) In 1956 , Carroll won an Emmy Award for her work on Caesar 's Hour and was a regular on the sitcom Make Room for Daddy from 1961 to 1964 . She guest starred in the drama anthology series , The DuPont Show with June Allyson . Carroll also appeared on many variety shows of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , such as The Red Buttons Show , The Danny Kaye Show , The Red Skelton Show , and The Carol Burnett Show . In 1965 , she co-starred as `` Prunella '' , one of the wicked stepsisters in the 1965 production of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's musical version of Cinderella . In the late 1970s Carroll 's successful one woman show on Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein ( by playwright Marty Martin ) , won several major theater awards , her recorded version won a 1980 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama . In early 1976 , Carroll was cast as Lily , the mother of Shirley Feeney ( played by Cindy Williams ) in the episode , `` Mother Knows Worst '' on the hit ABC situation comedy , Laverne & Shirley . She portrayed Pearl Markowitz , the mother of Adam Arkin 's character Lenny Markowitz , in the 1977 CBS situation comedy Busting Loose . Her frequent television roles in the 1980s included newspaper owner Hope Stinson on the syndicated The Ted Knight Show ( the former Too Close for Comfort ) during its final season in 1986 ; and that of Gussie Holt , the mother of Suzanne Somers ' lead character in the syndicated sitcom She 's the Sheriff ( 1987 -- 1989 ) . Since the late 1980s , Carroll has had a great deal of voice - over work on animated programs such as A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , Galaxy High , Foofur and A Goofy Movie . On TV 's Pound Puppies , she voiced Katrina Stoneheart . On two Garfield television specials ( A Garfield Christmas and Garfield 's Thanksgiving ) , she portrayed Jon 's feisty Grandmother ... She also voiced the character of Granny in the 2005 re-release of Hayao Miyazaki 's My Neighbor Totoro . In 1989 , Carroll portrayed the sea witch Ursula in Disney 's The Little Mermaid and sang `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' . In interviews , Carroll has referred to the role as one of the favorites of her career . She has since reprised the role in other forms of media , including the Kingdom Hearts series of video games , the spinoff television series , and in various Disney theme parks attractions and shows . Carroll also appeared on a variety of game shows including Celebrity Sweepstakes , You Do n't Say , To Tell the Truth , Password and I 've Got a Secret . A member of the Actors Studio , she has also had a successful career in the theater , appearing in numerous plays including productions of Our Town and Sophocles ' Electra . In 1990 , she starred in The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Shakespeare Theatre at the Folger in the role of Sir John Falstaff , a balding knight with whiskers . When drama critic Frank Rich of The New York Times reviewed her performance he wrote : `` Her performance is a triumph from start to finish , and , I think , a particularly brave and moving one , with implications that go beyond this one production . Ms. Carroll and Mr. Kahn help revivify the argument that the right actresses can perform some of the great classic roles traditionally denied to women and make them their own . It 's not a new argument , to be sure ; female Hamlets stretch back into history . But what separates Ms. Carroll 's Falstaff from some other similar casting experiments of late is that her performance exists to investigate a character rather than merely as ideological window dressing for a gimmicky production . '' Other achievements ( edit ) Patricia Ann Carroll participated in the U.S. Army as a nurse after the Vietnam War . She was sent across the world to Vietnam as a medical personnel . She graduated from The Catholic University of America in 1950 . However , her stage debut was in 1947 . Personal life ( edit ) Carroll married Lee Karsian in 1955 and they had three children - two daughters , Kerry and Tara Karsian and a son , Sean . In 1991 Carroll received an honorary doctorate from Siena College in Albany , New York . Carroll is a practicing Roman Catholic citing that her religious views help her to determine what projects to accept . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1963 The Incredible Journey Nell MacKenzie 1968 With Six You Get Eggroll Maxine Scott 1988 My Neighbor Totoro Granny Voice , 2005 Disney redub 1989 Asterix and the Big Fight Bacteria Voice The Little Mermaid Ursula Voice 2000 Songcatcher Viney Butler The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Morgana Voice Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse Ursula Voice 2002 Mickey 's House of Villains Ursula Voice 2007 Freedom Writers Miep Gies Nancy Drew Landlady Television ( edit ) The Red Buttons Show ( 1952 -- 1953 ) The Saturday Night Revue ( 1953 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1953 ) - Bunny Halper The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse ( 1954 ) Studio 57 ( 1954 ) - Sue Caesar 's Hour ( 1954 ) - Alice Brewster Producers ' Showcase ( 1955 ) - Gym teacher Kraft Television Theatre ( 1955 ) The Jimmy Durante Show ( 1955 ) The Steve Allen Show ( 1958 ) Hobby Lobby ( 1959 ) General Electric Theater ( 1959 ) - Frances Dowd The DuPont Show with June Allyson ( 1959 ) - Cherry The Ann Sothern Show ( 1961 ) - Pandora The Investigators ( 1961 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1961 ) The Red Skelton Show ( 1962 ) Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 1965 ) - Prunella Please Do n't Eat the Daisies ( 1966 ) - Carol Baker The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1971 ) - Loretta Kuhne The Interns ( 1971 ) - Maria Love , American Style ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Getting Together ( 1971 - 1972 ) - Rita Simon Police Story ( 1974 ) - Mrs. Bannister Nakia ( 1974 ) - Belle Jones in episode `` A Matter of Choice '' Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 ) - Mrs. Feeney Good Heavens ( 1976 ) - Harriet Busting Loose ( 1977 ) - Pearl Markowitz Police Woman ( 1977 ) - Miriam Stein The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Legends of the Superheroes ( 1979 ) - Esther Hall Trapper John , M.D. ( 1985 ) - Aunt Mo Crazy Like a Fox ( 1985 ) Yogi 's Treasure Hunt ( 1985 ) - Additional Voices Pound Puppies ( 1986 ) - Katrina Stoneheart Galaxy High School ( 1986 ) - Ms. Biddy McBrain Foofur ( 1986 -- 1987 ) - Hazel Too Close for Comfort ( 1986 ) - Mrs. Hope Stinson A Garfield Christmas Special ( 1987 ) - Grandma She 's the Sheriff ( 1987 -- 1989 ) - Gussie Holt Superman ( 1988 ) - Queen Hippolyta A Pup Named Scooby - Doo ( 1989 ) - Paula P. Casso Garfield 's Thanksgiving ( 1989 ) - Grandma Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers ( 1990 ) - Koo - Koo Designing Women ( 1993 ) - Mrs. Beecham The Little Mermaid ( 1993 -- 1994 ) - Ursula The Royale ( 1996 ) Songcatcher ( 2000 ) - Viney Butler House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 2002 ) - Ursula ( voice , 5 episodes ) ER ( 2005 ) - Rebecca Chadwick ( 3 episodes ) Tangled : The Series ( 2017 - 2018 ) - Old Lady Crowley ( short : `` Make me smile '' and episodes : `` One Angry Princess '' , `` Max 's Enemy '' , `` Secret of the Sun Drop '' . ) Video games ( edit ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 ) - Ursula ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories ( 2004 ) - Ursula ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts II ( 2005 ) - Ursula ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance ( 2012 ) - Ursula ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts 1.5 HD Remix ( 2013 ) - Ursula ( voice ) Kingdom Hearts 2.5 HD Remix ( 2014 ) - Ursula ( voice ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pat Carroll Biography ( 1927 - ) '' . FilmReference.Com/City-Data.Com . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pat Carroll '' . Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center Boston University . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casselberry Manuel , Diane ( January 8 , 1981 ) . `` Pat Carroll ; Gertrude Stein was never a bore '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Best Spoken Word , Documentary Or Drama '' . Grammy.Org/The Recording Academy . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim . `` Why ( For ) Pat Carroll was n't actually Disney 's first choice to voice Ursula in `` The Little Mermaid '' `` . JimHillMedia . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ; David Lefkowitz ( September 4 , 1998 ) . `` Stephen Spinella Joins Claire Bloom & Pat Carroll in NJ Electra Sept. 15 '' . Playbill.Com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation With Pat Carroll at the High Falls Film Festival , May 14 , 2009 '' . The Film Panel Notetaker . May 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Frank ( May 30 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Theater ; Pat Carroll as Falstaff in ' Merry Wives ' at Folger '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees - Past Recipients '' . Siena College . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Pat-Carroll/ Further reading ( edit ) Young , Jordan R. ( 1989 ) . Acting Solo : The Art of One - Person Shows . Beverly Hills : Past Times Publishing Co . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pat Carroll Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pat Carroll . Pat Carroll on IMDb Pat Carroll at the Internet Broadway Database Pat Carroll at the TCM Movie Database Pat Carroll at AllMovie Pat Carroll performs a live script reading of The Little Mermaid on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play <Td_colspan="2"> Ellen Burstyn ( 1975 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1976 ) Irene Worth ( 1977 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1978 ) Constance Cummings / Carole Shelley ( 1979 ) Pat Carroll ( 1980 ) Joan Copeland ( 1981 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1982 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1983 ) Joan Allen ( 1984 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1985 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1986 ) Linda Lavin ( 1987 ) Stockard Channing ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Geraldine James ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Laura Esterman ( 1992 ) Jane Alexander ( 1993 ) Myra Carter ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1996 ) Janet McTeer ( 1997 ) Cherry Jones ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker ( 2001 ) Lindsay Duncan ( 2002 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2003 ) Viola Davis / Phylicia Rashad ( 2004 ) Cherry Jones ( 2005 ) Lois Smith ( 2006 ) Eve Best ( 2007 ) Deanna Dunagan ( 2008 ) Janet McTeer ( 2009 ) Jan Maxwell ( 2010 ) Frances McDormand ( 2011 ) Tracie Bennett ( 2012 ) Cicely Tyson ( 2013 ) Audra McDonald ( 2014 ) Helen Mirren ( 2015 ) Jessica Lange ( 2016 ) Laura Linney ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series <Td_colspan="2"> Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper ( TIE ) ( 1972 ) Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) Betty White ( 1975 ) Betty White ( 1976 ) Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) Carol Kane ( 1983 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) Jean Smart ( 2008 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album ( 1980s ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 John Gielgud - Ages of Man - Readings From Shakespeare 1981 Pat Carroll - Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein , Gertrude Stein 1982 Orson Welles - Donovan 's Brain Tom Voegeli ( producer ) - Raiders of the Lost Ark - The Movie on Record performed by various artists 1984 William Warfield - Lincoln Portrait 1985 Ben Kingsley - The Words of Gandhi 1986 Mike Berniker ( producer ) & the original Broadway cast - Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom Johnny Cash , Jerry Lee Lewis , Chips Moman , Ricky Nelson , Roy Orbison , Carl Perkins , Sam Phillips - Interviews From the Class of ' 55 Recording Sessions 1988 Garrison Keillor - Lake Wobegon Days 1989 Jesse Jackson - Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1959 & 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) VIAF : 265864000 LCCN : n94051801 MusicBrainz : 94777427 - 0d93 - 4217 - 96e0 - db99823872fd SNAC : w6253wdf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_Carroll_(actress)&oldid=827842249 '' Categories : 1927 births Living people Actresses from Louisiana American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American video game actresses Drama Desk Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Grammy Award winners Actresses from Los Angeles Actors from Shreveport , Louisiana Catholic University of America alumni American Roman Catholics 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links BLP articles lacking sources from October 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Cebuano فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Winaray 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 01 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Pat Carroll - American actress, voice actress, and comedian 2. Ursula the Sea Witch - Voice role in Disney's The Little Mermaid 3. Emmy, Drama Desk, and Grammy Award winner 4. Long acting career in television and theater 5. Personal life and family

who played jonathan in arsenic and old lace

Arsenic and Old Lace ( film ) - wikipedia Arsenic and Old Lace ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other films , see Arsenic and Old Lace . <Th_colspan="2"> Arsenic and Old Lace <Td_colspan="2"> theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Capra Produced by Frank Capra Jack L. Warner Screenplay by Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Based on Arsenic and Old Lace 1941 play by Joseph Kesselring Starring Cary Grant Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Sol Polito Edited by Daniel Mandell Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date September 1 , 1944 ( 1944 - 09 - 01 ) ( New York City ) September 23 , 1944 ( 1944 - 09 - 23 ) ( USA ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,120,175 US ( est . ) Arsenic and Old Lace is a 1944 American dark comedy film directed by Frank Capra , starring Cary Grant , and based on Joseph Kesselring 's play Arsenic and Old Lace . The script adaptation was by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G. Epstein . Capra actually filmed the movie in 1941 because of star Cary Grant 's availability , but it was not released until 1944 , after the original stage version had finished its run on Broadway . The lead role of Mortimer Brewster was originally intended for Bob Hope , but he could not be released from his contract with Paramount . Capra had also approached Jack Benny and Ronald Reagan before learning that Grant would accept the role . Boris Karloff played Jonathan Brewster , who `` looks like Karloff , '' on the Broadway stage , but he was unable to do the movie as well because he was still appearing in the play during filming , and Raymond Massey took his place . The film 's supporting cast also features Priscilla Lane , Jack Carson , Edward Everett Horton and Peter Lorre . Josephine Hull and Jean Adair portray the Brewster sisters , Abby and Martha , respectively . Hull and Adair , as well as John Alexander ( who played Teddy Brewster ) , were reprising their roles from the 1941 stage production . Hull and Adair both received an eight - week leave of absence from the stage production that was still running , but Karloff did not as he was an investor in the stage production and its main draw . The entire film was shot within those eight weeks . The film cost just over $1.2 million of a $2 million budget to produce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Commentary 3 Cast 4 Reviews 5 Radio adaptations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The plot revolves around the Brewster family of Brooklyn , New York , descended from the Mayflower and composed of illustrious White Anglo - Saxon Protestant ancestors whose portraits line the walls . The religious theme is repeatedly mentioned , and Elaine is the daughter of the minister who lives next door , with some scenes held in its ancient cemetery . Today the Brewster clan comprises insane murderers . Jean Adair , Josephine Hull and Cary Grant in Arsenic and Old Lace Despite having written several books ridiculing marriage as an `` old - fashioned superstition '' , Mortimer Brewster ( Cary Grant ) falls in love with Elaine Harper ( Priscilla Lane ) , who grew up next door to him in Brooklyn , and , on Halloween day , they marry . Immediately after the wedding , Mortimer visits the eccentric but lovable relatives who raised him and who still live in his old family home : his elderly aunts Abby ( Josephine Hull ) and Martha ( Jean Adair ) , and his brother Teddy ( John Alexander ) , who believes he is Theodore Roosevelt . Each time Teddy goes upstairs , he yells `` Charge ! '' and takes the stairs at a run , imitating Roosevelt 's famous charge up San Juan Hill . Mortimer finds a corpse hidden in a window seat and assumes that Teddy has committed murder under some delusion , but his aunts explain that they are responsible ( `` It 's one of our charities '' ) . They explain in the most innocent terms that they have developed what Mortimer calls the `` very bad habit '' of ending the presumed suffering of lonely old bachelors by serving them elderberry wine spiked with arsenic , strychnine and `` just a pinch of cyanide '' . The bodies are buried in the basement by Teddy , who believes he is digging locks for the Panama Canal and burying yellow fever victims . To complicate matters further , Mortimer 's brother Jonathan ( Raymond Massey ) arrives with his alcoholic accomplice , plastic surgeon Dr. Herman Einstein ( Peter Lorre ) . Jonathan is a murderer trying to escape the police and find a place to dispose of the corpse of his latest victim , a certain Mr. Spenalzo . Jonathan 's face , as altered by Einstein while drunk , looks like Boris Karloff 's in his makeup as Frankenstein 's monster . This resemblance is frequently noted , much to Jonathan 's annoyance . Jonathan , upon finding out his aunts ' secret , decides to bury Spenalzo in the cellar ( to which Abby and Martha object vehemently , because their victims were all nice gentlemen while Mr. Spenalzo is a stranger and a `` foreigner '' ) and soon declares his intention to kill Mortimer . While Elaine waits at her family home next door for Mortimer to take her on their honeymoon , Mortimer makes increasingly frantic attempts to stay on top of the situation , including multiple efforts to alert the bumbling local cops to the threat Jonathan poses , as well as to get the paperwork filed that will have Teddy declared legally insane and committed to a mental asylum ( giving him a safe explanation for the bodies should the cops find them , and preventing his aunts from creating any more victims because they will no longer have any place to bury the bodies ) . He also worries that he will go insane like the rest of the Brewster family . As he puts it , `` Insanity runs in my family , practically gallops ! '' While explaining this to Elaine , he claims they 've been crazy since the first Brewsters came to America as pilgrims . But eventually Jonathan is arrested , Einstein flees ( after having signed Teddy 's commitment papers ) , and Teddy is safely consigned to an asylum where the two aunts insist upon joining him . Finally , Abby and Martha inform Mortimer that he is not biologically related to the Brewsters after all : his real mother was the aunts ' cook and his father had been a chef on a steamship . If he is not an upper - class Brewster then he realizes he will not become insane or a murderer . In the film 's closing scene , after lustily kissing Elaine and before whisking her away to their honeymoon , he gleefully exclaims `` I 'm not a Brewster , I 'm a son of a sea cook ! '' Commentary ( edit ) The play was written by Joseph Kesselring , son of German immigrants and a former professor at Bethel College , a pacifist Mennonite college . It was written in the antiwar atmosphere of the late 1930s . Capra scholar Matthew C. Gunter argues that the deep theme of the play and film is the conflict in American history between the liberty to do anything ( which the Brewsters demand ) , and America 's bloody hidden past . Cast ( edit ) Cary Grant as Mortimer Brewster Josephine Hull as Aunt Abby Brewster Jean Adair as Aunt Martha Brewster Raymond Massey as Jonathan Brewster Peter Lorre as Dr. Herman Einstein Priscilla Lane as Elaine Harper Brewster John Alexander as `` Teddy Roosevelt '' Brewster Jack Carson as Officer Patrick O'Hara John Ridgely as Officer Sanders Edward McNamara as Police Sgt . Brophy James Gleason as Police Lt. Rooney Edward Everett Horton as Mr. Witherspoon Grant Mitchell as Reverend Harper Vaughan Glaser as Judge Cullman Chester Clute as Dr. Gilchrist Edward McWade as Mr. Gibbs - the old man Garry Owen as Taxi Cab Driver Charles Lane as first reporter Hank Mann as Second reporter with camera Spencer Charters as Marriage License Clerk Reviews ( edit ) The contemporary critical reviews were uniformly positive . The New York Times critic summed up the majority view , `` As a whole , Arsenic and Old Lace , the Warner picture which came to the Strand yesterday , is good macabre fun . '' Variety declared , `` Capra 's production , not elaborate , captures the color and spirit of the play , while the able writing team of Julius J. and Philip G. Epstein has turned in a very workable , tightly - compressed script . Capra 's own intelligent direction rounds out . '' Harrison 's Reports wrote : `` An hilarious entertainment , it should turn out to be one of the year 's top box - office attractions . '' John Lardner of The New Yorker called the film `` practically as funny in picture form as it did on the stage , and that is very funny indeed . '' Twenty - four years after the film was released , Charles Higham and Joel Greenberg wrote Hollywood in the Forties where they stated that `` Frank Capra provided a rather overstated and strained version of Arsenic and Old Lace '' . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 30 Radio adaptations ( edit ) Arsenic and Old Lace was adapted as a radio play for the November 25 , 1946 , broadcast of The Screen Guild Theater with Boris Karloff and Eddie Albert , and the January 25 , 1948 , broadcast of the Ford Theatre . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1944 Amy Archer - Gilligan -- nursing home owner accused of murdering elderly men in her care 1910 -- 1917 Black Widow murders -- a real murder case whose events were compared to the fictional murders in the film References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ As stated in an episode of This Is Your Life , Karloff was actually an investor and a producer of the stage play who received royalties whenever it was performed . Jump up ^ The reference to Karloff was originally a self - referential joke due to the veteran actor renowned for monster roles playing the character of Jonathan Brewster on stage . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Review - Arsenic and Old Lace '' . The New York Times . September 2 , 1944 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGilligan 1986 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` Review : Arsenic and Old Lace . '' The New York Times , January 11 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon , Rob . `` The big idea behind Arsenic and Old Lace . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Arsenic and Old Lace . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special feature section . '' Arsenic and Old Lace , DVD release : 65025.1 B . Jump up ^ `` Arsenic and Old Lace Synopsis . '' gbproductions.org . Retrieved : October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See Keith L. Sprunger , `` Another Look : Joseph Kesselring , Bethel College , and the Origins of Arsenic and Old Lace , Menonnite Life ( May , 2013 ) . Archived 2014 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gunter 2012 , pp. 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ All credits : `` Credits : Arsenic and Old Lace . '' Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved : June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film Reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : p. 10 September 6 , 1944 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Arsenic and Old Lace ' with Cary Grant , Raymond Massey , Peter Lorre and Priscilla Lane '' . Harrison 's Reports : p. 143 . September 2 , 1944 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Lardner , John ( September 9 , 1944 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 51 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Higham and Greenberg 1968 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Karloff to Repeat ' Arsenic ' Role Monday , WHP '' . Harrisburg Telegraph . November 23 , 1946 . p. 19 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Bibliography Capra , Frank . Frank Capra , The Name Above the Title : An Autobiography . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80771 - 8 . Gunter , Matthew C. The Capra Touch : A Study of the Director 's Hollywood Classics and War Documentaries , 1934 - 1945 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6402 - 9 . Higham , Charles and Joel Greenberg . Hollywood in the Forties . London : A. Zwemmer Limited , 1968 . McGilligan , Pat , ed . Backstory : Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood 's Golden Age . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05689 - 2 . Stout , Kathryn and Richard . Movies as Literature . Wilmington , Delaware : Design - A-Study , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8919 - 7509 - 7 ( Study questions on the plot , pp. 41 -- 46 . ) , External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arsenic and Old Lace Arsenic and Old Lace on IMDb Arsenic and Old Lace at Rotten Tomatoes Arsenic and Old Lace at AllMovie Arsenic and Old Lace at the TCM Movie Database Arsenic and Old Lace at the American Film Institute Catalog Arsenic and Old Lace and Peter Lorre <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Frank Capra <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Feature films directed Fultah Fisher 's Boarding House The Strong Man Long Pants For the Love of Mike That Certain Thing So This Is Love ? The Matinee Idol The Way of the Strong Say It with Sables The Power of the Press Submarine The Younger Generation The Donovan Affair Flight Ladies of Leisure Rain or Shine Dirigible The Miracle Woman Platinum Blonde Forbidden American Madness The Bitter Tea of General Yen Lady for a Day It Happened One Night Broadway Bill Mr. Deeds Goes to Town Lost Horizon You Ca n't Take It with You Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Meet John Doe Arsenic and Old Lace It 's a Wonderful Life State of the Union Riding High Here Comes the Groom A Hole in the Head Pocketful of Miracles Why We Fight series Prelude to War The Nazis Strike Divide and Conquer The Battle of Britain The Battle of Russia The Battle of China War Comes to America Other works Know Your Enemy : Japan Here Is Germany Tunisian Victory Your Job in Germany Two Down and One to Go The Negro Soldier The Army -- Navy Screen Magazine The Fallbrook Story The Bell Laboratory Science Series Our Mr. Sun Hemo the Magnificent Rendezvous in Space Related Bibliography Frank Capra Jr. ( son ) Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) GND : 7551681 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(film)&oldid=789789957 '' Categories : 1944 films English - language films 1940s comedy films American black comedy films American films American comedy thriller films American criminal comedy films American screwball comedy films American black - and - white films Comedy mystery films Film noir Film scores by Max Steiner Films based on plays Films directed by Frank Capra Films set in Brooklyn Serial killer films Warner Bros. films Screenplays by Julius J. Epstein Screenplays by Philip G. Epstein Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2017 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Arsenic and Old Lace film 2. Dark comedy 3. Frank Capra 4. Cary Grant 5. Joseph Kesselring

when did the us purchase the louisiana territory

Louisiana Purchase - wikipedia Louisiana Purchase Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Louisiana Purchase ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane <Td_colspan="3"> Expansion of the United States <Td_colspan="3"> ← 1803 -- 1804 → → <Td_colspan="3"> The modern United States , with Louisiana Purchase overlay <Td_colspan="2"> History Established July 4 , 1803 Disestablished October 1 , 1804 <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French : Vente de la Louisiane `` Sale of Louisiana '' ) was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ( 828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km2 ) by the United States from France in 1803 . The U.S. paid fifty million francs ( $11,250,000 USD ) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ( $3,750,000 USD ) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ( $15,000,000 USD , or around $250 m in 2016 dollars ) . The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The territory contained land that forms Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Nebraska ; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River ; a large portion of North Dakota ; a large portion of South Dakota ; the northeastern section of New Mexico ; the northern portion of Texas ; the area of Montana , Wyoming , and Colorado east of the Continental Divide ; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( plus New Orleans ) ; and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants , of whom half were African slaves . The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762 . In 1800 , Napoleon , then the First Consul of the French Republic , hoping to re-establish an empire in North America , regained ownership of Louisiana . However , France 's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue , coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom , prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States . The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands , but quickly accepted the bargain . The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States , Thomas Jefferson . Before the purchase was finalized , the decision faced Federalist Party opposition ; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory . Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory , but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient . 1804 map of `` Louisiana '' , edged on the west by the Rocky Mountains Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans , marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States , December 20 , 1803 , as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiation 3 Domestic opposition and constitutionality 4 Treaty signing 5 Formal transfers and initial organization 6 Boundaries 7 Slavery 8 Asserting U.S. possession 9 Financing 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Throughout the second half of the 18th century , Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics . It was controlled by the French , who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers . France ceded the territory of Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) . Following French defeat in the Seven Years ' War , Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river . Following the establishment of the United States , the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans . The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea . As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants , many Americans , including Jefferson , assumed that the territory would be acquired `` piece by piece . '' The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a `` profound reconsideration '' of this policy necessary . New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains . Pinckney 's Treaty , signed with Spain on October 27 , 1795 , gave American merchants `` right of deposit '' in New Orleans , granting them use of the port to store goods for export . Americans used this right to transport products such as flour , tobacco , pork , bacon , lard , feathers , cider , butter , and cheese . The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi , which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories . In 1798 , Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans , greatly upsetting Americans . In 1801 , Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo , and restored the American right to deposit goods . However , in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon 's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . The territory nominally remained under Spanish control , until a transfer of power to France on 30 November 1803 , just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on 20 December 1803 . A further ceremony was held in St. Louis a few months later partially due to winter conditions impeding the arrival of news , Upper Louisiana , regarding the New Orleans formalities . The 9 -- 10 March 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day . James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston had traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in January 1803 . Their instructions were to negotiate or purchase control of New Orleans and its environs ; they did not anticipate the much larger acquisition which would follow . The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history . Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains , the purchase doubled the size of the United States . Before 1803 , Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years . Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War , the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory . Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional , Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states . In hindsight , the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States . On April 18 , 1802 , Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston . It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course . The letter began : The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully . Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally , so deep is the impression it makes in my mind . It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course . Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right , and the most points of a communion of interests . From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend , as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference . Her growth therefore we viewed as our own , her misfortunes ours . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market , and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants . France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance . Spain might have retained it quietly for years . Her pacific dispositions , her feeble state , would induce her to increase our facilities there , so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us , and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her . Not so can it ever be in the hands of France . The impetuosity of her temper , the energy and restlessness of her character , placed in a point of eternal friction with us ... Jefferson 's letter went on with the same heat to a much quoted passage about `` the day that France takes possession of New Orleans . '' Not only did he say that day would be a low point in France 's history , for it would seal America 's marriage with the British fleet and nation , but he added , astonishingly , that it would start a massive shipbuilding program . Negotiation While the transfer of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed , fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when , in 1801 , Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans . Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana , which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere . Though Jefferson urged moderation , Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France . Undercutting them , Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with the United Kingdom , although relations were uneasy in that direction . In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) , which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion . Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Livingston was authorized to purchase New Orleans . In January 1802 , France sent General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) to re-establish slavery , which had been abolished by the constitution of the French Republic of 1795 , as well as to reduce the rights of free people of color and take back control of the island from Toussaint Louverture . Louverture had fended off invasions of St. Domingue by the Spanish and British empires , but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island . Before the Revolution , France had derived enormous wealth from St. Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the slaves . Napoleon wanted its revenues and productivity for France restored . Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America , Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean , refusing credit and other assistance to the French , but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold . In November 1803 , France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint - Domingue ( more than two - thirds of its troops died there ) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere . In 1804 Haiti declared its independence ; but , fearing a slave revolt at home , Jefferson and Congress refused to recognize the new republic , the second in the Western Hemisphere , and imposed a trade embargo against it . This , together with later claims by France to reconquer Haiti , encouraged by the United Kingdom , made it more difficult for Haiti to recover after ten years of wars . In 1803 , Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours , a French nobleman , began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson . Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France . He engaged in back - channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson 's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America . Jefferson disliked the idea of purchasing Louisiana from France , as that could imply that France had a right to be in Louisiana . Jefferson had concerns that a U.S. president did not have the constitutional authority to make such a deal . He also thought that to do so would erode states ' rights by increasing federal executive power . On the other hand , he was aware of the potential threat that France could be in that region and was prepared to go to war to prevent a strong French presence there . Throughout this time , Jefferson had up - to - date intelligence on Napoleon 's military activities and intentions in North America . Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston . He also gave intentionally conflicting instructions to the two . Desperate to avoid possible war with France , Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement , with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed . Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France , which allowed American hostility to build . Also , Spain 's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible . Monroe had been formally expelled from France on his last diplomatic mission , and the choice to send him again conveyed a sense of seriousness . Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana . Otherwise , Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States . But in early 1803 , continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable . On March 11 , 1803 , Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK . As Napoleon had failed to re-enslave the emancipated population of Haiti , he abandoned his plans to rebuild France 's New World empire . Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean , Louisiana had little value to him . Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France , and war between France and the UK was imminent . Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet , Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory . Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan , on April 10 , 1803 , Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé - Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States . On April 11 , 1803 , just days before Monroe 's arrival , Barbé - Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million , equivalent to about $233 million in 2011 dollars , which averages to less than three cents per acre . The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs , but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million . Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans . However , Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer . The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time , preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans , so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30 , 1803 . On July 4 , 1803 , the treaty reached Washington , D.C. . The Louisiana Territory was vast , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert 's Land in the north , and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west . Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States , at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre . Domestic opposition and constitutionality Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) Henry Adams and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase , due to his position as a strict constructionist regarding the Constitution since he stretched the intent of that document to justify his purchase . This argument goes as follows : The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition . Jefferson 's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution . Many people believed that he and others , including James Madison , were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton . The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase , favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon , and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain . Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality . Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase . Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition . The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase , but it failed by two votes , 59 -- 57 . The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain , not France , but available records proved otherwise . The Federalists also feared that the power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West , whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of New England . There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave - holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South as well . A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy . Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French , Spanish , and free black people living in New Orleans , as the treaty would dictate . Critics in Congress worried whether these `` foreigners '' , unacquainted with democracy , could or should become citizens . Spain protested the transfer on two grounds : First , France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second , France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers . The French government replied that these objections were baseless since the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force , and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens . Henry Adams claimed `` The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid ; if it were French property , Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French Chambers ; if it were Spanish property , he could not alienate it at all ; if Spain had a right of reclamation , his sale was worthless . '' The sale of course was not `` worthless '' -- the U.S. actually did take possession . Furthermore , the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government `` the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests . '' Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30 , a month before France turned it over to American officials . Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson 's alleged hypocrisy as follows : Countries change their borders in two ways : ( 1 ) conquest , or ( 2 ) an agreement between nations , otherwise known as a treaty . The Louisiana Purchase was the latter , a treaty . The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties ( Art . II , Sec. 2 ) , which is just what Jefferson did . Jefferson 's Secretary of State , James Madison ( the `` Father of the Constitution '' ) , assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution . Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president , the only way extending the country 's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution ( which it was not ) . Jefferson , as a strict constructionist , was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution , but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to `` acquiesce with satisfaction '' if the Congress approved the treaty . The Senate quickly ratified the treaty , and the House , with equal alacrity , authorized the required funding , as the Constitution specifies . The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self - interest , not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory . The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports . Also , many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers , who might go west instead , if the Louisiana Purchase went through . They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed , which would likely be Republican , and dilute the political power of New England Federalists . When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France , Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property , but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory . Treaty signing Issue of 1953 , commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston , James Monroe , and Barbé Marbois in Paris . Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4 . After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803 , Livingston made this famous statement , `` We have lived long , but this is the noblest work of our whole lives ... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank . '' The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty - four to seven on October 20 . The Senators who voted against the treaty were : Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire , William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware , James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut , and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts . On the following day , October 21 , 1803 , the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government . In legislation enacted on October 31 , Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order . Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory , the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Formal transfers and initial organization France turned over New Orleans , the historic colonial capital , on December 20 , 1803 , at the Cabildo , with a flag - raising ceremony in the Plaza de Armas , now Jackson Square . Just three weeks earlier , on November 30 , 1803 , Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France . On March 9 and 10 , 1804 , another ceremony , commemorated as Three Flags Day , was conducted in St. Louis , to transfer ownership of Upper Louisiana from Spain to the French First Republic , and then from France to the United States . From March 10 to September 30 , 1804 , Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district , under Commandant Amos Stoddard . Effective October 1 , 1804 , the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans ( most of which would become the state of Louisiana ) and the District of Louisiana , which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory . The following year , the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana , aka Louisiana Territory ( 1805 -- 1812 ) . New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory , and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory . Boundaries The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S. A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana . The territory 's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain , nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France , nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States . The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida . Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis . The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west . The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas . Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain 's internal provinces . If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank , the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America , now part of Canada . The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel . However , the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River , from its source to the 31st parallel , though the source of the Mississippi was , at the time , unknown . The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear . The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River , and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River . In early 1804 , Congress passed the Mobile Act , which recognized West Florida as part of the United States . The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain ( 1819 ) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821 . Today , the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle , and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida . Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase , President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory . All three started from the Mississippi River . The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri , but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed . The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel , due north to the Red River , up the Red River to the 100th meridian , north to the Arkansas River , up the Arkansas River to its headwaters , due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary . Plan of Fort Madison , built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase ; drawn 1810 Slavery See also : History of slavery in Louisiana , History of slavery in Missouri , and Slavery in the United States Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it . Its European peoples , of ethnic French , Spanish and Mexican descent , were largely Catholic ; in addition , there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals , as Spain had continued the international slave trade . This was particularly true in the area of the present - day state of Louisiana , which also contained a large number of free people of color . Both present - day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century . During this period , south Louisiana received an influx of French - speaking refugee planters , who were permitted to bring their slaves with them , and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint - Domingue , today 's Haiti . Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American - held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint - Domingue and revolt . They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises , as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions . The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration , and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance , Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769 , but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ) . In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court , slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836 . The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later . As states organized within the territory , the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress , as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west , and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states . '' The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a temporary solution . Asserting U.S. possession After the early explorations , the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region , since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians , especially the Sauk and Fox . The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox . In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built , Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present - day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present - day Iowa . With tensions increasing with Great Britain , in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort , and was used for that purpose until 1826 . During the War of 1812 , Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison , as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war , including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby . After U.S. ownership of the region was confirmed in the Treaty of Ghent ( 1814 ) , the U.S. built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers , including adding to Fort Bellefontaine , and constructing Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin , Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota , and Fort Atkinson ( 1819 ) in Nebraska . Financing The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment , and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase . Earlier that year , Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government 's official banking agent in London . Because of this favored position , the U.S. asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction . Francis Baring 's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations . Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam . The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase . Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible , the two firms received the American bonds and shipped the gold to France . Napoleon used the money to finance his planned invasion of England , which never took place . See also Louisiana portal History portal Alaska Purchase Florida Purchase Corps of Discovery Franco - American alliance List of French possessions and colonies New France Historic regions of the United States Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps References Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Congressional series of United States public documents '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . January 1 , 1864 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Meinig ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warren , Rebecca ( 1976 ) . `` The Role of American Diplomacy in the Louisiana Purchase '' . pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase History , Facts , & Map '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Three Flags Day - Naked History '' . Naked History . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving Lewis and Clark : Louisiana Purchase Ceremony '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You May Not Know About the Louisiana Purchase '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ) , pp. 4 -- 48 Jump up ^ Cerami ( 2003 ) , pp. 57 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1801 -- 1829 - Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1996 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duke ( 1977 ) , pp. 77 -- 83 Jump up ^ Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Kuepper , Justin ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` 3 Of The Most Lucrative Land Deals In History '' . Jump up ^ Burgan ( 2002 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents of American History : Louisiana Purchase '' . Web Guides . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Roeder & Lang ( 1991 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( 2002 ) , pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 149ff Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 65 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Gayarre ( 1867 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Adams ( 2011 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lawson & Seidman ( 2008 ) , pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Banning ( 1995 ) , pp. 7 -- 9 , 178 , 326 -- 7 , 330 -- 3 , 345 -- 6 , 360 -- 1 , 371 , 384 . ^ Jump up to : Ketcham ( 2003 ) , pp. 420 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury ; it borrowed the sum from Great Britain , at an annual interest rate of six percent . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1974 ) . `` James Madison : A Biography in his Own Words '' . Newsweek . pp. 237 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Louisiana Purchase : Noble Bargain , Difficult Journey '' . Lpb.org . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello '' . www.monticello.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Schoultz ( 1998 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2010 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hämäläinen ( 2008 ) , p. 183 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1994 ) , pp. 223 , 293 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Foley , William E. ( October 1984 ) . `` Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott : The Case of Marie Jean Scypion 's Descendants '' . Missouri Historical Review . 79 ( 1 ) : 1 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 -- via The State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Luttig ( 1920 ) . ^ Jump up to : Prucha ( 1969 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ziegler ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ) , pp. 129ff . Works cited Adams , Henry ( 2011 ) ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America ( 1801 -- 1817 ) . vol. 2 : During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781108033039 . Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . Burgan , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Capstone . ISBN 9780756502102 . Cerami , Charles A. ( 2003 ) . Jefferson 's Great Gamble . Sourcebooks . ISBN 9781402234354 . Duke , Marc ( 1977 ) . The du Ponts : Portrait of a Dynasty . Saturday Review Press . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0429 - 6 . Fleming , Thomas J. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26738 - 6 . Gayarre , Charles ( 1867 ) . History of Louisiana . Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Haynes , Robert V. ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier , 1795 -- 1817 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2577 - 0 . Herring , George ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976553 - 7 . Ketcham , Ralph ( 2003 ) . James Madison : A Biography . Newtown CT : American Political Biography Press . ISBN 9780813912653 . Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth & Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 2008 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the American People . Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 16654 - 4 . Lawson , Gary & Seidman , Guy ( 2008 ) . The Constitution of Empire : Territorial Expansion and American Legal History . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300128967 . Lewis , James E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's Noble Bargain ? . UNC Press Books . Luttig , John C. ( 1920 ) . Journal of a Fur - trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri : 1812 -- 1813 . Kansas City MO : The Missouri Historical Society . Malone , Michael P. ; Roeder , Richard B. & Lang , William L. ( 1991 ) . Montana : A History of Two Centuries . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97129 - 0 . Meinig , D.W. ( 1995 ) . The Shaping of America : Volume 2 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300062908 . Matthewson , Tim ( May 1995 ) . `` Jefferson and Haiti '' . The Journal of Southern History . 61 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 48 . JSTOR 2211576 . Matthewson , Tim ( March 1996 ) . `` Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti '' . American Philosophical Society . 140 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 48 . JSTOR 987274 . Nugent , Walter ( 2009 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) . The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . New York : Macmillan . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576071885 . Schoultz , Lars ( 1998 ) . Beneath the United States . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92276 - 1 . Thompson , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Louisiana Purchase . Rourke Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59515 - 513 - 9 . Weber , David J. ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Frontier in North America . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5 . Ziegler , Philip ( 1988 ) . The Sixth Great Power : Barings 1762 -- 1929 . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217508 - 8 . Further reading Hermann ( 1900 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains : with a review of annexation by the United States . Hosmer , James Kendall ( 1902 ) . Louisiana Purchase . New York : D. Appleton & Co . Marshall ( 1914 ) . A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase , 1819 - 1841 . U.S. Dept. of State ( 1903 ) . State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Purchase . 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when does the new saw movie come out on dvd

Jigsaw ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia Jigsaw ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jigsaw <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by The Spierig Brothers Produced by Gregg Hoffman Oren Koules Mark Burg Screenplay by Josh Stolberg Peter Goldfinger Based on Saw by James Wan Leigh Whannell Starring Matt Passmore Callum Keith Rennie Clé Bennett Hannah Emily Anderson Music by Charlie Clouser Cinematography Ben Nott Edited by Kevin Greutert Production company Twisted Pictures Distributed by Lionsgate Films Release date October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $101.1 million Jigsaw is a 2017 American horror film directed by Michael and Peter Spierig , written by Josh Stolberg and Peter Goldfinger , and starring Matt Passmore , Callum Keith Rennie , Clé Bennett , and Hannah Emily Anderson . It is the eighth installment in the Saw franchise , picking up over a decade after the death of the eponymous Jigsaw killer , during the police investigation of a new succession of murders that fit his modus operandi . Saw 3D ( 2010 ) was originally deemed the final installment of the series , before Lionsgate Films commissioned the production of Jigsaw from a pitch by Stolberg and Goldfinger . Filming began in November 2016 , with post-production following in January . The film was released in the United States on October 27 , 2017 , receiving generally unfavorable reviews from critics , and has grossed $101 million worldwide , making it the second - lowest film of the franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 4.1 Poster releases 4.2 Halloween Blood Drive 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following a police pursuit of criminal Edgar Munson . Edgar , in an obvious panic and holding a ' triggering mechanism ' , begins to yell at the cops pursuing him about the beginning of another ' game ' , and how he must choose people to die , or otherwise he would be killed . Despite the police demanding he set the triggering mechanism down , Edgar pulls the trigger anyways , resulting in the police beginning to shoot at the triggering mechanism . Having been ordered by Halloran to not shoot at Edgar , but at the mechanism in his hand , the detectives are angry to find Edgar had been shot in the chest . In a metal room , empty aside from the unconscious bodies of five more victims , each with a bucket - like device on their head , and a chain noose around their necks . On the wall opposite to the five unconscious people , is a multitude of buzz saws . Four of the five victims wake up to John Kramer 's voice , explaining they must offer a sacrifice of blood in order to get a ' green light ' and proceed safely . He also mentions ' confessing their past sins ' and allowing ' the truth to set them free ' . As the explanation of the first part of the game ends , the saws on the other side of the room activate , and the chains around their necks begin to pull the victims forward . The four conscious victims begin to struggle , until one woman , Anna , realizes that in order to get the bucket off her head , she only has to offer a small sacrifice of blood . She cuts her finger on the saw blades , and the light on top of her bucket helmet turns green , allowing her to take it off . She helps the other three conscious victims realize what they need to do , but accidentally injures Carly badly during a struggle . The fifth man , who had been unconscious during the initial instructions , wakes up as the other four are pulled into the next room by their chains , all while Anna yells at him to cut himself in order to be free . We see the man hit the buzz saws , and it is assumed he dies . In the next room , which reveals them to be in a barn , the chains continue to pull them forward . Eventually , the chains stop , and a trio of near identical needles dispenses from the ceiling . John Kramer 's voice explains that a member of the group inadvertently caused the death of a victim , after robbing and refusing to help when they had the means to . He explains that said member has a poison coursing through their veins ; in one syringe is the antidote , in another is a saline solution , and in the final one is a deadly acid . He tells the person to ask themselves . He also warns that if they do n't make the correct choice , they would all be hung by the chains around their neck . It 's revealed that the group member John spoke of was Carly , who used to snatch purses . In one instance , an asthmatic woman began having an attack after Carly robbed her , and instead of helping , Carly allowed the woman to die , and ran off with $3.53 . Ryan , being impatient as the chains slowly begin to recede into the ceiling , demands Carly choose a needle . Speaking to herself , Carly realizes what ' How much is a life worth to you ? ' Meant , and remembers stealing $3.53 off of the woman who died . Each syringe has a number printed inside , but as Carly refuses the answer the question and choose a needle despite knowing the correct one , Ryan attempts to stab her with all three . As the four remaining victims are lifted off the ground , Ryan and Carly struggle , ending with Ryan sticking Carly with all three needles . The four are let go from their chains , and the side of Carly 's face is dissolved by the deadly acid . After the uncovering of two bodies with jigsaw pieces cut from them , seemingly belonging to the unnamed man killed in the first room , and Carly , Halloran and his partner , Keith Hunt , begin to investigate the ' game ' more seriously . Halloran becomes suspicious of forensic pathologists Logan Nelson and Eleanor Bonneville , specifically Eleanor . Though in turn Logan , a military veteran whose wife was killed two years prior , is suspicious of Halloran 's motives in investigating the case . Edgar , who had been put into a forced coma in order to heal properly from his injuries , is shown being kidnapped from the hospital by an unseen assailant . When the police captain orders John Kramer 's grave to be exhumed in order to put an end to the rumors that the ' game ' is really another Jigsaw game , and that somehow John is still alive , inside the coffin is instead Edgar 's body , with a jigsaw piece cut out of his cheek . In another room , Ryan tries to cheat by escaping through a door named `` No Exit '' and his leg is trapped by razor - sharp wires , immobilizing him . Fellow group members Anna and Mitch discover an unlocked door leading into a grain silo , but are quickly trapped inside . A taped message explains that Anna and Mitch will be buried in grain and then killed by falling debris unless Ryan pulls a lever that will free him from the wires around his leg . Ryan eventually agrees , but upon the lever , his leg is instantly severed , though Anna and Mitch survive . Mitch is then tested next , a taped message reveals that he sold a motorcycle with a faulty brake to a young man revealed to be John Kramer 's nephew , which resulted in his death in an automobile accident . Mitch will be lowered into a spiral - shaped trap lined with heated elements , which is being spun by the wheel of the same motorcycle Mitch sold to John \ s \ s nephew , unless he can reach for a brake lever . He is very close to reaching the lever when Anna , taking a nearby metal bar , attempts to jam the motorcycle 's wheel . It seems to work , momentarily , and Mitch seems relieved . That is , until the motorcycle breaks the bar , causing the trap to start up again , and Mitch is subsequently shredded by the trap . Logan and Eleanor speak in a bar about their distrust of Halloran , before Eleanor takes Logan to her `` studio '' , revealing that she is an obsessive fangirl of the Jigsaw case and has built many replicas of his previous traps , which she worries could incriminate her . Hunt has followed them and takes photos of her studio , which he shows to Halloran . Halloran orders the two to be arrested , though Logan is able to convince Hunt , an old friend , that Halloran is actually to blame , as he had past dealings with Edgar . Logan and Eleanor depart for the barn after Elanor traces the game 's location through Jill Tuck 's family , though Halloran pursues them . Anna tries to cheat and slip through a doorway to freedom , only to be captured . She awakens with a gravely wounded but still living Ryan , each chained up in a room with a hooded figure . The hooded figure removes his robe to reveal John Kramer . John reveals that Anna , an old neighbor of his when he was first diagnosed with cancer , suffocated her infant child in a fit of rage , and threw the blame on her husband by planting her child 's body next to him while he slept . Her husband later committed suicide in a fit of grief , believing he accidentally suffocated his own baby . John explains that the two have not yet earned their survival , and have gotten his message `` backwards '' . He places a loaded gun between them , telling them that it is the `` key '' to their survival . Anna misinterprets John 's message and attempts to shoot Ryan , only for the gun , which is revealed to be rigged , to backfire and kill her . Ryan begins to cry upon realizing that the keys to their chains was hidden inside of the gun , and destroyed when Anna pulled the trigger . He notices that the green key coordinating with Anna 's green lock has been bent and out of use and his coordinating yellow key and lock has been split in half , leaving no hope for neither of their escape . Logan and Eleanor begin to investigate the barn , only to be ambushed by Halloran . However , Eleanor escapes , while Logan is knocked out and Halloran is attacked by an unseen assailant . Logan and Halloran awaken inside of collars rigged with laser cutters . The two are told that they must confess all of their sins or else they will die , and they will have a choice of who will face their test first . Halloran forces Logan to go first , Logan , a former doctor , confesses that he made a mistake and mislabeled John Kramer 's X-Rays , which caused his cancer to go un-diagnosed until it was too late . Despite confessing , Logan appears to die . Halloran confesses at the last second , admitting he has allowed criminals and murders to walk free for personal gain despite being an officer of the law . Suddenly , Logan stands up , revealing to Halloran that he had faked his death only to trick him into confessing . Logan then goes on to reveal that the ' game ' that had taken place with Anna , Mitch , Ryan , Carly , and the unnamed fifth man had actually happened years beforehand , and that the bodies were never found , and instead had been left to rot in the barn . He then reveals that the unnamed fifth man who appeared to die at the beginning of the game was in fact Logan himself . Instead of being killed , however , Logan was spared by John due to the fact that Logan had been unconscious during the game 's initial instructions , and John felt he should not die because of a simple error . John took Logan on as his first apprentice , and the two are revealed to have worked together long . Logan also reveals that the bodies that were found by the police were the bodies of three criminals that Halloran had previously let off for his own gain . Logan states that his intention was to recreate the game in the barn , leaving himself and Halloran as the final two . However , because Halloran refused to confess all of his sins , and because he selfishly broke the rules and forced Logan to go first , he will die . Logan tells Halloran that he `` speaks for the dead '' and reactivates the laser - collar around his neck . Logan slams the door as Halloran 's head is sliced apart by the lasers , killing him . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the cast and characters , see List of Saw cast members and List of Saw characters . Matt Passmore as Logan Nelson Callum Keith Rennie as Det . Halloran Clé Bennett as Det . Keith Hunt Hannah Emily Anderson as Eleanor Bonneville Laura Vandervoort as Anna Paul Braunstein as Ryan Mandela Van Peebles as Mitch Brittany Allen as Carly Josiah Black as Edgar Munsen Shaquan Lewis as Officer Solomon Michael Boisvert as Lee James Tobin Bell as John Kramer / Jigsaw Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Saw 3D was intended to be the final Saw film . The film was set to be split into two parts , but Lionsgate Films only allowed the filmmakers to make one more film after Saw VI under - performed at the box office . According to Saw 3D writers Marcus Dunstan and Patrick Melton , because of the change , `` the big reveal of Dr. Gordon was a bit underserved ... perhaps creating more questions than answers . There were several ideas ( we ) never quite figured out . But ( I ) do n't want to say what they were , because you never know what might happen in the future . '' After the intended conclusion , Lionsgate ceased making Saw films , while waiting to hear a pitch that they thought made it worthwhile to resurrect the series . Jigsaw was conceived when writers Josh Stolberg and Peter Goldfinger , who had spent two years pursuing the opportunity to write a Saw entry , proposed their vision . It became known in July 2016 that brothers Michael and Peter Spierig would direct the film . The producers Mark Burg and Oren Koules had also produced the previous entries in the Saw series . Composer Charlie Clouser has described the film as a `` reinvention '' of the series , opining that `` the Spierig brothers can deliver a fresh take on the material that will establish a new story line and new characters that can carry the saga into the future . '' The directors further detailed their approach as being `` Saw for 2017 '' , and Michael Spierig explained , `` It 's perhaps not quite as vicious , and more fun . But it 's still full of gore , that 's for sure . It 's got a really great mystery , and there are very interesting twists . '' Filming ( edit ) In October 2016 , production was confirmed to have commenced under the working title of Saw : Legacy . The film was shot in November 2016 , and entered post-production by January . On March 2 , 2017 , Bloody Disgusting revealed the first plot details and a full actor list , confirming that Tobin Bell would return in the role of John Kramer . In June 2017 , the Motion Picture Association of America listed the film under the official title of Jigsaw , rating it R , for `` sequences of grisly bloody violence and torture , and for language '' . On August 14 , 2017 , the film passed uncut in the United Kingdom with an 18 Certificate by the BBFC . In regard to the new title , writer Josh Stolberg clarified that `` when a writer is writing a movie , they put something on the cover page to separate it from other films . So when we were writing this film , the title read Saw : Legacy but it was never official or ' decided ' . '' Marketing ( edit ) Poster releases ( edit ) On September 16 , 2017 , Lionsgate released five posters to promote Jigsaw . The posters show off people in the traditional Billy the Puppet makeup , captioned `` He is Everything . He is Everywhere . He is Everyone '' . The release of the posters was Lionsgate 's way of reasserting the series ' dominance over the Halloween season . Halloween blood Drive ( edit ) The Annual Blood Drive is the series ' tradition , where before the release of the films in October , mobile blood stations are set up around the United States , where fans who donate blood receive a free ticket to see the respective film of that year . The tradition started in 2004 , after the overwhelming success of Saw , and continued for each of the sequels until it stopped in 2009 before the release of Saw VI . Due to the arrival of Jigsaw in October , the blood drive was revived for another year , promoting the film with eight posters released by Lionsgate , featuring `` Nurses '' Grae Drake , Dan Rockwell , Susanne Bartch , Nyakim Gatwech , Shaun Dross , Mosh , Mykie and Amanda LePore . As of September 2017 , 120,000 pints ( 57,000 L ) of blood had been donated , which has led to over 360,000 lives being saved . Music ( edit ) Charlie Clouser , who provided the score for all previous entries in the Saw series , returned to score Jigsaw . Clouser re-imagined the music of the Saw franchise , following the six - year hiatus between Saw 3D and Jigsaw . Clouser stated , `` this will be an opportunity ( for me ) to re-imagine how ( I ) approach the score , and ( I ) will be trying a more stark , bold , and stripped - down approach that will be more in line with the strong vision that the Spierig brothers are bringing to the table . '' Release ( edit ) Jigsaw was released in the United Kingdom on October 26 , 2017 , and in the United States theatrically on October 27 , 2017 . It was featured in IMAX screenings for the first week of its theatrical run , and will be published on home video platforms , specifically 4K Ultra HD , Blu - Ray , DVD , and digital media , on January 9 , 2018 . Box office ( edit ) As of December 17 , 2017 , Jigsaw has grossed $38 million in the United States and Canada , and $63.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $101.1 million , against a production budget of $10 million . In the United States and Canada , Jigsaw was released alongside Thank You for Your Service and Suburbicon , and is projected to gross around $20 million from 2,941 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1.6 million from Thursday night previews at 2,400 theaters , just below the $1.7 million Saw 3D made from midnight screenings seven years prior , and $7.2 million on its first day . It went on to open to $16.64 million , finishing first at the box office but marking the second lowest debut of the franchise . In its second weekend the film dropped 61 % to $6.56 million , finishing third behind newcomers Thor : Ragnarok and A Bad Moms Christmas . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 34 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Jigsaw definitely wo n't win many converts to the Saw franchise , but for longtime fans , it should prove a respectably revolting -- if rarely scary -- diversion . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film holds a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN gave the film a score of 4.5 / 10 , writing `` The good news is , Jigsaw is not the worst horror movie of the year . The bad news is , it 's still bad enough that that 's the good news ... ( It ) does n't capture what made the Saw franchise work in the first place . '' Darren French of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C '' , calling it disappointing and overly long . Bloody Disgusting gave the film two and a half out of five , saying the film `` while being a fun ride , fails to justify its existence with a story that is overly familiar and a twist that does n't live up to most of its predecessors . '' Variety 's Owen Gleiberman found the film `` garishly rote '' saying `` For 92 minutes , it more or less succeeds in sawing through your boredom , slicing and dicing with a glum explicitness that raises the occasional tingle of gross - out suspense but no longer carries any kick of true shock value . '' io9 largely panned the film saying `` ( it ) is one of the better films in the franchise . Unfortunately , that 's not saying much . '' See also ( edit ) Saw ( 2004 film ) List of horror films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking : A New ' SAW ' is Coming Next Year ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . CraveOnline . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave . `` ' Laura Vandervoort , Hannah Anderson Join ' Saw : Legacy ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda . `` ' Mandela Van Peebles cast in ' Saw : Legacy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Saw ' : Lionsgate Begins Developing Next Sequel , ' Legacy ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . CraveOnline . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Niel . `` ' JIGSAW ' TRAILER : THE ' SAW ' FRANCHISE LIVES ON '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Chris . `` Jackals Review '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Dates New ' Saw ' Movie & Ryan Reynolds Action Comedy ' The Hitman 's Bodyguard ' '' . Deadline . Deadline . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` JIGSAW '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Jigsaw ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John . `` ( Exclusive ) We 've Got the First ' Saw : Legacy ' Plot Details ; Tobin Bell Returning ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.lionsgatepublicity.com/uploads/assets/Jigsaw%20-%20Production%20Notes.pdf ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max . `` New Jigsaw Photo Shows the Saw Series Up to Its Old Tricks '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark . `` Jigsaw first look : Directors tease next installment in Saw saga '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jigsaw ( 2017 ) Cast and Crew - Cast Photos and Info '' . Fandango . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott . `` ' Saw 3D ' will be the final cut for horror franchise '' . USA Today . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Previous ' SAW ' Entry Was Supposed to Be Split in Two ! ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . CraveOnline . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Josh ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` The studio was waiting to hear a pitch that they thought made it worth it to bring back the franchise . Pete and I spent two years -- '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Saw : Legacy Gets A Release Date '' . ComicBook.com . ComicBook.com . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Saw : Legacy ' to Be Scored by Franchise Veteran Charlie Clouser ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Saw : Legacy ' : Production Beginning ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . CraveOnline . October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jigsaw ( 2017 ) '' . The Classification and Rating Adiministration . Motion Picture Association of America . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` So when we 're were writing this film , the title read `` Saw : Legacy '' but it was never official or `` decided '' . ( 3 / 3 ) `` . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jigsaw ' Unveils New Jigsaw 's Army Character Posters '' . Showbiz Junkies . Jump up ^ Meldelson , Scott ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jigsaw ' Will Open In IMAX And May Send ' Saw ' Over The $1 Billion Mark '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jigsaw 's Nurses Are Back With the Saw Blood Drive '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ `` New Saw 8 Posters Unleash Jigsaw 's Blood - Starved Nurses '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MEET THE NURSES '' . Lionsgate . September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Saw 8 ' release date announced : Horror franchise to return with ' Jigsaw ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jigsaw ' Will Open In IMAX And May Send ' Saw ' Over The $1 Billion Mark '' . Forbes . September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Trap is Set ! ' Jigsaw ' Returns On 4K HD , Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital HD ! ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Jigsaw ' Looks To Keep ' Saw ' Franchise Sharp During Pre-Halloween Weekend With $20 M+ Opening '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Horror Has Few Scares At B.O. As ' Jigsaw ' Dulls To $16 M+ , ' Suburbicon ' Condemned With D - CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Flexes His Box Office Muscles To $120 M - $122 M Opening -- Early Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jigsaw ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jigsaw reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Jigsaw Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Jigsaw is a bloody mess : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) . `` ( Review ) The Overly Familiar ' Jigsaw ' Still Manages to Be Fun '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jigsaw ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Jigsaw Is Pretty Bad , Which Still Makes It One of the Better Saw Movies '' . io9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jigsaw on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Saw Films Saw Saw II Saw III Saw IV Saw V Saw VI Saw 3D Jigsaw Music Saw soundtrack Saw II score Saw III soundtrack Saw IV soundtrack score Saw V soundtrack score Saw VI soundtrack score Saw 3D score `` Hello Zepp '' Characters Billy Jigsaw Mark Hoffman Amanda Young Eric Matthews David Tapp Video games Saw Saw II : Flesh & Blood Miscellaneous Original short film Saw -- The Ride Cast Media Scream Queens <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Michael and Peter Spierig <Td_colspan="2"> Undead ( 2003 ) Daybreakers ( 2009 ) Predestination ( 2014 ) Jigsaw ( 2017 ) Winchester : The House That Ghosts Built ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(2017_film)&oldid=816263193 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films Crime horror films American films American horror films American sequel films Films scored by Charlie Clouser Films shot in Toronto Lions Gate Entertainment films Saw films Nonlinear narrative films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Jigsaw (2017 film) 2. Saw franchise 3. Plot summary 4. Cast and characters 5. Box office performance

which state has more elephant population in india

List of Indian states by wildlife population - wikipedia List of Indian states by wildlife population Jump to : navigation , search Bengal Tiger and Indian Elephant are endangered species which are protected by Project Tiger and Project Elephant programmes run by Ministry of Environment and Forests , Government of India . Indian Leopards are threatened and protected species . The tiger numbers are of animals aged above 1.5 years . The South Indian states of Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu are home to nearly 55 % of the elephants , 35 % of the tigers and 31 % of the leopards in India . The Northeast Indian states of Assam , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram , Meghalaya and Tripura together with West Bengal account for 30 % of the elephants and 5 % of the tiger population . Tiger , Leopard and Elephant population by state State Tigers ( 2014 ) Elephants ( 2012 ) Leopards ( 2015 ) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 68 41 343 Arunachal Pradesh 28 890 0 Assam 167 5620 0 Bihar 28 0 32 Chhattisgarh 45 247 846 Goa 0 71 Jharkhand 688 29 Karnataka 408 6068 1,129 Kerala 136 6182 472 Madhya Pradesh 308 0 1,817 Maharashtra 190 905 Meghalaya 0 1811 0 Mizoram 0 0 Nagaland 0 212 0 Odisha 28 1930 345 Rajasthan 46 0 0 Tamil Nadu 229 4015 815 Tripura 0 59 0 Uttar Pradesh 117 291 194 Uttarakhand 340 1346 703 West Bengal 79 647 0 Total 2,226 30,051 7,701 See also ( edit ) India portal Wildlife of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Project Elephant '' . wildlifeofindia.org . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Project Tiger '' . projecttiger.nic.in . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Project Elephant '' . Government of India . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger population grows '' . CNN IBN . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger numbers grow by 30 '' . Times of India . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_states_by_wildlife_population&oldid=799883320 '' Categories : States and territories of India - related lists Tigers in India Elephants in India Leopards Wildlife of India Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Indian states with highest tiger population 2. Wildlife population in South Indian states 3. Elephant population in Northeast Indian states 4. Leopard population in Indian states 5. Project Tiger and Project Elephant in India

how many seasons of heartland has there been

List of Heartland episodes - wikipedia List of Heartland episodes Heartland is a Canadian family drama television series which debuted on CBC on October 14 , 2007 . Heartland follows sisters Amy and Lou Fleming , their grandfather Jack Bartlett , and Ty Borden , through the highs and lows of life at the ranch . Heartland airs in Canada on the regional CBC channels at 7 pm ( 7 : 30 pm in Newfoundland ) on Sundays . Beginning April 23 , 2017 , the 10th season of Heartland airs in the United States on the Up TV network on Sunday evenings at 8 : 00 pm Eastern . From its first episode the plot focuses on Amy , who inherited her mother 's gift of being able to heal abused and damaged horses , after a tragic accident that led to big changes in everyone 's lives . The show became the longest - running one - hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television , when it surpassed the 124 episodes of Street Legal on October 19 , 2014 . As of February 4 , 2018 , 189 episodes of Heartland have aired . Season 11 began on Sunday , September 24 , 2017 at its usual time . Filming for Season 12 began on June 1 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Television film ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.9 Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.10 Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.11 Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.12 Season 11 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Film <Td_colspan="2"> December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 10 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Coming Home '' Ron My Leila Basen and David Preston October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) 101 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is a 15 - year - old girl growing up in Hudson , Alberta with a serious love of horses . She discovers that a horse named Spartan is being abused at Mallen 's farm and convinces her mother , Marion , to rescue him . A storm on the way home sends their truck and trailer off the road and onto a steep hill , crashing into a tree . When Amy wakes up , she 's in the hospital and discovers that her mother died in the accident . Amy 's sister Lou comes home from New York City to help . Refusing to put Spartan down , Grandpa Jack brings the horse back to Heartland hoping that Amy can help him . Before Amy can help Spartan , she has to come to terms with what happened to her mom . A 17 - year - old boy named Ty , who was hired by Marion before she died , comes to work at Heartland . `` After the Storm '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) 102 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou accidentally sends home Mrs. Roach 's horse despite the fact that his fear of vehicles has yet to be cured , after misinterpreting Amy 's description of the horse as `` fine . '' Val Stanton begins spreading rumors about Heartland and their inability to be successful without Marion . Ashley is put in danger when Swallow gets spooked . Ty 's probation officer comes to the ranch while he is off showing Amy the jumping course he made for her in the woods . Jack agrees to be Ty 's sponsor in place of Marion . `` Breaking Free '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) 103 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland has its first `` Open House , '' and Lou invites her and Amy 's estranged dad Tim , who accepts the invitation . Amy works with world - famous horse breeder Lisa Stillman 's horse , Promise , who seems unusually aggressive when saddled . Val Stanton challenges Amy , saying that the horse is drugged to appear calmer . Amy proves her skills by fixing the problem that Val 's expensive horse is having with jumping . Jack kicks Tim off of the property when he discovers him in the barn . Pegasus is depressed because of Marion 's death . `` Taking Chances '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 104 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy and Lou empty their mother 's room , they find a letter dated seven years previous , from their father . Ben Stillman is sent to live at Heartland by his aunt , Lisa , while she 's in France . No one likes Ben , as he uses methods like whipping his horse , Red , to show him `` who 's boss '' , and he does n't participate in ranch duties . Ty is especially angry , challenging Amy to prove that Heartland is different than the other stables ( like Briar Ridge ) that tolerate this treatment of horses . Amy gets knocked off her horse while trying to take Ben 's horse across the river on a trail ride and sustains a minor head injury . Ty is offered a job at Briar Ridge even after Amy accidentally tells Ashley that Ty is on probation . When Amy hears that Ty might take the job , she snaps at him . Ty is eventually fired when Val discovers he has a record . 5 5 `` The Best Laid Plans '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 105 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou upsets her friends and family as she arranges to have a video made to promote Heartland and micromanages its filming . The video eventually airs on TV after the news and is popular with viewers , dramatically increasing the number of calls Heartland receives for help with troubled horses . 6 6 `` One Trick Pony '' Leila Basen and David Preston Don McBrearty December 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) 106 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou 's New York boyfriend Carl comes for a visit , but his big city attitudes clash with the ranch 's more laid - back lifestyle . Lou discovers that she has been fired from her job in New York . Carl proposes to Lou , but she discovers he has been trying to force her to move with him to Chicago . Amy is puzzled why a new horse at Heartland called Pirate wo n't obey commands . Scott unearths the horse 's unusual past . 7 7 `` Come What May '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston January 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) 107 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland takes in a pregnant mare named Melody . Mallory gives Ty riding lessons . Ben competes in a horse show and refuses to talk to his aunt Lisa . Meanwhile , Jack and Ty go on a cattle round - up , and Tim is introduced as the trail boss . Jack and Tim fight each other that night , and Ty learns that Tim is Lou and Amy 's father , and Jack 's ex-son - in - law . Lisa shows up to talk to Ben , and Jack invites her to stay for pancakes . 8 8 `` Out of the Darkness '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 108 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to help a champion stallion and his depressed trainer , who were injured in a stable fire . In the process , she confronts her own unresolved feelings about her mother 's accident . She is also able to clear the name of the trainer , who had been blamed for the stable fire and consequently lost his job . Meanwhile , Jack grows increasingly attracted to Lisa . She asks Jack to come look at a horse with her , and he agrees , but insists on driving his truck to the sale . Jack declares that it 's not a date but it turns into one , especially as they share a picnic lunch when Jack 's truck breaks down . Jack and Lisa enjoy themselves , until Dan Hartfield shows up at the sale and introduces himself as Lisa 's husband . Jack leaves her behind , feeling foolish , until Lisa shows up later at Heartland , and explains that Dan is actually her ex-husband . 9 9 `` Ghost from the Past '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 109 <Td_colspan="7"> After elderly Mrs. Bell has a heart attack , Amy takes in her Shetland pony Sugarfoot , to whom Lou grows surprisingly attached . Lou reminisces about learning to ride on Sugarfoot when she was young , and singing to him with Mrs. Bell . Ty 's old girlfriend , Kerry Anne , from his past group home shows up looking for him , having taken a job in the kitchens at Briar Ridge . She manages to cause her fair share of trouble in the process , ripping off Soraya and stealing from Ashley , as well as creating friction with the Heartland family . Amy initially feels threatened by her , but Ty sends Kerry Anne on her way to BC , knowing that she is bad news . 10 10 `` Born to Run '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) 110 <Td_colspan="7"> Prize - winning show jumper Nick Harwell stops by Heartland to train the uncooperative Ben and flirt with the interested Lou , with whom he almost has a lunch date . Mallory takes steps to ensure that her favourite horse Copper wo n't be sold by Lou , discovering in the process that an unscrupulous ranch hand named Wes has plans to sell a herd of wild mustangs to a slaughterhouse . With everyone 's help , Amy frees the mustangs and gets Wes fired . 11 11 `` Thicker Than Water '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen & David Preston February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 111 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy invites Tim up to the ranch , Lou tries to impress their estranged father , not wanting to admit to him her fear of horses . This fear stems from having witnessed his accident at the Calgary Stampede years before . Tim also brings Amy a roping horse with a fear of cattle for her to heal . Jack escapes from the family reunion by going on a second date with Lisa . Ty practises his cattle roping skills , but discovers he still has a lot to learn about cows . Lou blows up at Tim after he forces her to jump Spartan and pushes Amy working his horse until she gets hurt . 12 12 `` Rising From Ashes '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 112 <Td_colspan="7"> A sudden , yet deliberate , barn fire puts Jack in hospital and Heartland in financial straits , just as Lou was preparing to return to her old life in New York . As a result of his injuries , Jack suffers some amnesia surrounding the cause of the fire . As he heals , Jack remembers that Wes was the one who set it , and he is arrested as a result . Looking to expand neighbouring ranch Briar Ridge , Val makes an offer to buy some of Jack 's land , but Tim is n't so keen on the idea . Jack remembers a promise he made his grandfather long ago , and decides not to sell any land . The community pulls together to help the Heartland family . 13 13 `` Coming Together '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 113 <Td_colspan="7"> It 's time for Amy to compete with Spartan in the Fall Finale , with Ty as her coach . But she has to compete against Ashley and her prize horse Apollo . Mr. Mallen , Spartan 's abusive previous owner , arrives to take Spartan `` home '' after receiving a tip from Val . When Ashley confronts her mother about it , Val explains that Mr. Mallen has every right to take Spartan back . Jack lets Tim in the house during Amy 's post-competition party . Lou is thinking about taking the job she was offered in New York , and Scott tells Lou he loves her , fearing he wo n't have another chance to do so . Lou and Scott finally kiss . Amy and Ty kiss for the first time while talking in the stables . As Ty leaves for Calgary to `` help his dad '' -- whom he has n't seen in five years -- he ca n't bring himself to tell Amy , instead he leaves her a note in the loft . Jack warns Ty not to expect his father to be the hero that he may be hoping for , and promises that he can return later , if need be . Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 14 `` Ghost Horse '' TW Peacocke Heather Conkie October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) 201 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty has been gone for four months , and things have changed at Heartland . There is a new ranch hand , a cowboy named Caleb O'Dell , who came with his roping horse , Shorty . At the start of the episode , Amy watches as two wild stallions fight for control of a herd , and takes the losing wild stallion back to Heartland to treat his injuries and tame him . Lou has plans to create a `` corporate equine retreat '' at Heartland , which Jack rejects as being a `` dude ranch '' . She makes an effort to talk him around . At Amy 's surprise sweet - sixteen party , Jack gets a call from someone and leaves the party . George Canyon , the country singer , makes a cameo as Mallory 's dad Charlie and sings his hit song `` Just Like You '' at Amy 's party . The episode ends with Jack and Ty getting out of the truck , to a less - than - warm welcome from Amy . 15 `` Letting Go '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) 202 <Td_colspan="7"> After his return , Ty promptly clashes with Caleb , as the latter has stepped into most of Ty 's former duties . Caleb begins to emerge as a romantic rival to Ty for Amy , although Ashley is clearly interested in Caleb as well . Having given permission for Lou to establish her corporate equine retreat , Jack balks at tearing down old bunkhouses built by his grandfather , to make way for the new facilities . Lou gets a job as a waitress to prove she has no opportunity to use her skills if Jack wo n't let anything change at the ranch . Jack agrees to Lou renovating , rather than replacing , the old cabins for her corporate equine retreat . As a birthday present , Tim gives Amy a show jumping horse named Storm , and she is elated to receive such a gift . 16 `` Gift Horse '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston October 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 19 ) 203 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to balance school , chores , and training for show jumping . Her father helps to coach her and Ty offers to help with chores and training Spartan , but Amy is struggling . Her grades in Earth Science slip while she tries to keep up with a show circuit that has competitions every weekend . ( It should be noted that Earth Sciences is not actually a course offered in Alberta - parts of geological science are included in various other science courses in the province . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) Amy is forced to choose between her love of healing troubled horses and living up to her father 's show jumping expectations . With no way to balance it all , Amy makes the hard decision to quit show jumping and sell Storm . This allows her to focus on her grades , chores , and work with horses . Meanwhile , Lou is searching for dude ranch horses and she is at odds with Tim over which horses to buy . He knows someone with Quarter Horses to sell , but Jack explains that they are hard for beginners to handle effectively . Amy suggests looking at rescue horses , and Scott helps Lou choose gentle , reliable horses for the dude ranch . 17 `` Dancing in the Dark '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) 204 <Td_colspan="7"> Most of the family go away on the spring cattle drive , as Ray Phillips , the owner of Big River Ranch , had just passed away and a herd of cattle was part of his estate . Lou pushes them out the door as fast as possible , as she has planned a romantic weekend at the ranch with Scott . Their plans change because Scott happens to be on call , and the dude ranch 's first customers arrive a week early : an odd middle - aged couple who are travel bloggers , and Lou goes out of her way to please them , thinking that their reviews could make or break her new venture . Lucky for Lou , they do n't hold a grudge ; she backed into their car after having lunch with Marnie at Maggie 's , before they got to the ranch . While on the cattle drive , Amy and Ty talk for the first time about his absence and clear the air between them . Ty comes close to telling Amy how he feels , and they kiss . Lisa tells Jack that she loves him , and they kiss too . Tim buys Big River Ranch and the infamous longhorns , and finds himself attracted to Ray 's daughter Callie. Ty and Caleb get in a fight and accidentally release a group of cattle , who are easily returned to their pen with everyone 's help . Mallory is still trying to convince Jake to stop pursuing her , but ends up dancing with him . Lou and Scott realize that their relationship is n't working due to conflicting schedules . Scott suggests a break , while Lou suggests marriage , leaving them on an unclear footing for the near future . 18 5 `` Corporate Cowgirls '' Tim Southam Heather Conkie November 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) 205 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou puts a brave face on lingering insecurities when former coworkers from the high - powered career she gave up in New York become customers at her corporate equine retreat . Caleb bails on leading the trail ride because it would have meant Amy and Ty could have a romantic evening alone at the ranch . Amy helps Lou instead and takes Copper , who is a better trail horse , despite Mallory 's protests . When Amy is gone , Mallory does a bit of jumping on Spartan , then takes him on a ride . While checking a log on the trail to make sure it 's safe to jump , Mallory does n't notice Spartan leave . She finds him grazing at the side of the road relatively quickly , but does n't notice the signs indicating recent pesticide application . Once they return to the ranch , it becomes evident something is wrong , which Ty correctly guesses to be pesticide poisoning . Ty looks into Marion 's notebooks , and gets Mallory 's help to mix charcoal and water . Caleb and his friend Kit , who Ty met accidentally while she was bathing in the pond early that morning , show up . Ty explains the situation , and they get Spartan to drink all the jugs of charcoal water together . Meanwhile , Lou 's friends work out their problems with each other , themselves , and their love lives , on the overnight trip that Lou , Tim , Amy , and Jack took them on . Lou 's friend Lauren kisses Tim , who pushes her away , and Lou becomes upset with her friend . Lou admits Scott said no to her proposal because he was n't sure , and that she does n't know how they stand now . At the end of the trip , Lou feels bad for the fight that happened among the girls the previous night and tries to apologize , but the girls say it was therapeutic , and they will be sure to spread the word in New York about the Heartland Equestrian Connection . 19 6 `` Holding Fast '' Tim Southam Susin Nielsen November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) 206 <Td_colspan="7"> Out for a ride along the river , Amy comes across an RCMP officer trying to save a young boy from drowning . She tries to help his horse , Venture , who has developed a fear of water . She discovers the connection to the trauma of Constable Rodriguez 's brother drowning six years earlier , for which he still feels responsible , and ends up helping both the horse and the officer . Lou goes to a polo match for Nick Harwell 's polo team , as he gave her a number of free tickets , and upsets Scott when Nick talks about hiring him and Lou praises his work . Scott and Lou talk about the state of their relationship , and they break up for real . Lisa tries to convince Jack to go to the polo match with her , but he refuses . She even goes to the trouble of getting him a new suit so he wo n't stand out , but he still refuses . But he shows up just as the match starts and apologizes to Lisa for being so stubborn . Ashley takes Caleb to the polo club with her and shares her new pursuit of barrel racing ( which Kit is teaching her ) with her mother 's friends , much to Val 's chagrin . Ty asks Amy out on a date , but she already has plans with Caleb . Mallory tries to get rid of Jake , using lame excuses to avoid seeing him and ignoring his phone calls . Jack facilitates an honest conversation between the two , frustrated with their beating around the bush and hoping to get some peace . They walk off together , with Mallory reiterating that she is not a `` buckle bunny '' . 20 7 `` Sweetheart of the Rodeo '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 207 <Td_colspan="7"> With the annual Hudson Heritage Rodeo looming , everyone at Heartland gets roped into the action and intrigue of broncs , bulls , beer , beauty queens , and belt buckles . Amy and Caleb compete in team roping and he also competes in bronc riding , earning him the all - around cowboy buckle at the rodeo . Soraya , Lou , Ashley , and Kit compete for the title Queen of the Rodeo . Kit wins , Soraya is runner - up , and Ashley is second runner - up . Ty competes in bull riding when someone who was entered does n't show up , and Amy becomes upset , concerned for his safety , as bull riding seems to be perceived as the most dangerous event . Amy seems concerned over Ty and Kit 's budding friendship . Ashley is noticeably upset at the party that follows the rodeo and is drinking quite heavily , and Amy learns from her that Apollo , Ashley 's show jumping horse and the only horse that she had a bond with , has been sold . By the end of the night , Ashley is too intoxicated to take herself home , so Amy drives . She takes her eyes off the road and swerves , then Ashley yanks the wheel and they go off the road . Ty and Kit are headed home in his truck , and they help the girls . The next morning , Ty takes the blame for the accident , as Ashley was drunk and Amy has only a Class 7 license ( learner 's permit ) , as she has n't taken the basic road test to earn her Class 5 Probationary license yet . Ashley goes home with her mother , who is angry over the $3700 in damages to Ashley 's BMW . 21 8 `` Summer 's End '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie November 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 29 ) 208 <Td_colspan="7"> It 's the end of summer in Hudson , and the weather is sweltering . While most of the family are awake because of the heat , Brad Borden ( Ty 's father ) comes to Heartland with six horses in a livestock trailer designed for cattle . One of the horses is down on the floor with a bad head wound , and Jack is forced to do the merciful thing , though Amy is desperate to prevent it . The other five horses are badly dehydrated and in rough shape , but able to wait until morning , when Scott can get to Heartland from Red Deer . Amy has a feeling that she knows one of the horses , and after cleaning his face , realizes that it is Ashley 's former jumper , Apollo . When Amy calls Ashley , she is distraught thinking that her mother sold Apollo to a meat truck . In fairness , Val thought that the horse dealer she sold to was reputable . Ashley smashes the windows of Val 's SUV with a golf club and runs away from home , despite Val 's threats to cut her off financially . Ashley spends much of the episode working and living at the dude ranch , and considering dropping out of high school . Ty is upset with his father for leaving him alone in Calgary , resulting in the men Brad owed money to tracking Ty down and beating him up several times . Father and son spend some time talking and they make peace , even talking about taking a trip to the Grand Canyon together . Amy , Ty , Caleb , and Mallory care for the horses , and this heavy episode is lightened by Mallory 's efforts to stay cool , standing in front of the open fridge and taking a cool bath with several bags of ice . There 's even a lighthearted water fight while the four of them are washing down the horses one evening . Amy and Ty are getting closer to where they left things before Ty went to Calgary . When the rain finally comes and cools off the heat , they go outside and kiss , but Ty breaks it off , worrying he is like his dad and saying he does n't want to hurt Amy . Once the horses are cared for , Lou deals with the logistics by making a deal with their owner ( a horse dealer ) to buy the five healthy horses for $2000 . However , Brad takes the money and leaves abruptly in the middle of the night , after receiving a call from the men that are still expecting his to return their money . Constable Rodriguez comes to the rescue when it looks like the horses will have to go back to the dealer , and the family keep the horses to use on trail rides for the dude ranch . 22 9 `` Showdown ! '' Sudz Sutherland Leila Basen and David Preston December 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) 209 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Soraya return to school , and Amy makes a bunch of schedules so that Caleb and Ty will do most of the work , and she wo n't have to fall behind in her studies this year . However , there have been some mysterious cattle rustlers roaming about stealing many ranchers ' cows and the ranchers are getting worried . Tim is one such rancher , and he hires both Caleb and Ty to watch his herd . This angers Amy , as she knows they wo n't have enough time to do most of the regular chores at the ranch as well . When she expresses this anger to Caleb , he kisses her and tells her that she thinks too much . The next day , Ty and Kit are having fun while working on schoolwork in the back of his truck , and they kiss . By this time , they had become close , and she had helped Ty apply to take online courses to complete his high - school diploma . Mallory discovered at the start of the episode that her parents had important news that could only be shared face - to - face . Her father has a gold record , and is going on tour to promote it . Since they ca n't be around to take care of her , Mallory is to be sent to Blessed Virgin Academy , an all - girls boarding school . There is a touching moment as she leaves the ranch . The tension continues to increase in this episode , as the ranchers become more and more concerned about their cattle . The police try to help track the rustlers , but they work swiftly , observing herds from a helicopter , then cutting fence lines and rounding up the cattle , driving them into a livestock trailer and escaping . Lou feels torn , as she has started seeing Mark Rodriguez , to whom her father is becoming increasingly hostile , feeling that the constable is inept at his job of preventing livestock theft . The episode reaches its climax when Ty and Caleb watch as the cattle rustlers turn up to steal Tim 's herd of cattle . Amy rides off in search of the ranch hands when she finds no work completed in the barn , and comes across the same scene , but one of the rustlers causes Spartan to rear , dropping Amy to the ground . Ty and Caleb come to help her , and she manages to escape , but the rustler has a gun and they stop advancing towards the scene of the crime . Jack drives up with Tim in tow , tipped off by Ashley , and try to stop the rustlers , but they are outnumbered . Amy sees this , and comes running towards them , calling , `` Dad ! '' The rustlers turn , guns in hand , and shoot towards her ; Tim takes a bullet to protect Amy . The episode ends on a cliffhanger , with no indication of where the bullet got Tim or whether he will survive , and the cattle rustlers drive off with his entire herd ( minus the two longhorns ) . 23 10 `` True Enough '' Sudz Sutherland Heather Conkie January 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) 210 <Td_colspan="7"> The episode prolongs the cliffhanger as long as possible , not referring to what happened to Tim , showing an influx of food from friends of the family ( which usually corresponds with a funeral ) and a conversation between Lou and Jack about Amy , saying that it 's good she went on a ride . She is even seen riding past the cemetery where her mom was buried in the first episode . Tim turns out to have been injured in his right shoulder , and he is wearing a sling . Tim becomes a source of tension in the household , constantly ringing a bell and expecting to be served . Amy is feeling guilty for being the cause of his bullet wound ( although indirectly ) , and she heals while caring for another horse . Amy 's teacher , Ruth Adams , is trying to sell her father 's old chestnut , Boxer . Amy and Ty try to help him settle in while they work on rehoming him , by bringing Hank Adams to visit his horse . While he is there , Ruth shows up , very upset that her father was brought to the ranch , revealing that Hank has Alzheimer 's . Despite being fuzzy about who his daughter is , Hank clearly remembers Boxer and even Jack . Jack eventually remembers that Hank was the lead guitarist for his wife , Lyndy , when she was a singer professionally . Jack had brought out an old record of hers to listen to , and they listen to it while talking with the Adams . Hank spontaneously picks up a guitar and starts playing the song in time with the record . In the end , Amy offers to keep Boxer so that Hank can visit him while he is able , and Ruth accepts this offer . While Tim is wearing out his welcome with Jack , Callie Phillips shows up and starts taking care of Tim . It seems they have been seeing each other since the cattle drive earlier in the season , and she stays at Big River whenever she is in town . This is quite a shock to the girls , who had no idea that Tim had a girlfriend . Amy is the least comfortable with it , and is fairly rude to Callie while she stays with them overnight . In the meantime , Lou is still seeing Mark , and enjoying it , even making him a mixed CD of police - related songs ( whether by theme or artists ' name ) . However , they were supposed to take a trip to the Banff Springs Hotel and have lunch there , but Mark says he is busy going to a provincial review meeting in Edmonton . This turns out to be a lie when Lou sees him kissing a blonde in Hudson , in his truck . He tries to explain that he did n't think they were exclusive , but Lou dumps him without a second thought . Ty is on a date with Kit , and Caleb tells Amy that Ty gave her up too easily . Caleb then shares a kiss with an enthusiastic Amy . Callie and Tim get in a fight , but get back together , and she takes him back to Big River , and finally out of Jack 's hair . 24 11 `` Starstruck ! '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) 211 <Td_colspan="7"> Hollywood starlet and gossip - rag fodder Mindy Fanshaw arrives at Heartland under the pretext of honing her riding skills , which turn out to be non-existent . Mallory is found hiding in one of the dude ranch cabins , having been aided in her ' escape ' from the boarding school by Jake . Mallory collects items Mindy has used around Heartland , planning to sell them on eBay so she can repay Jake for the money he spent helping her . Mindy digs into the Ty / Amy / Caleb ' triangle ' , lying to all three about what the others had said and attempts to pit the three against each other . She attacks Amy in particular for being unable to choose between Ty and Caleb or express how she feels about either guy . When Mindy ropes Caleb into taking her on a trail ride , she insists on riding an ailing Pegasus , ignoring Amy 's warning that the horse should not be used . This results in a calculated photo - op for Mindy with paparazzi tipped off by her agent . The photographers get too close and spook Pegasus , dropping Mindy off his back , but causing stone bruises and a chipped bone for Pegasus . Lou eventually kicks Mindy out for behaving as a spoiled rich girl and disrupting the peace at Heartland , and she drives off into the sunset . She does leave Amy a parting gift , in the form of a very flashy , one of a kind belt , which was for sale at Maggie 's for $995 . Amy promptly gives this to Soraya , with whom she was fighting over Amy 's not sharing that Mindy was taking riding lessons at Heartland . 25 12 `` Divorce Horse '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 18 ) 212 <Td_colspan="7"> Mackenzie Hutton returns to Heartland with a fiancé , Ian , who she met after dumping her real estate agent boyfriend in New York . Mackenzie has changed quite a bit from her last visit to Heartland . She has given up the pretense of allergies to gluten , dairy , sugar , food that is not certified organic , and caffeine . She is also much more relaxed and happy with her easygoing husband - to - be in the picture . She has also taken a page from Lou 's book and quit her job to be her own boss , running a little art gallery in the Village . When Mackenzie arrives at Heartland , she is talking about a small wedding ( under 50 guests ) held outside near the dude ranch , with a BBQ cookout reception . Lisa ( with the best of intentions ) meddles with Lou 's plans for Mackenzie , since she knows the Huttons and their high - society lifestyle . Lisa and Mackenzie 's mom convince her that she would be happier with a sit - down reception dinner and a tent and roses and peonies for table settings , rather than what she and Ian had been hoping for . Lisa also meddles in Lou 's personal life , giving her email to a friend , who passed it on to another friend 's single son . Peter , the young man , emails Lou , but she has to decide if she wants to respond . In the meantime , Amy has been treating another horse for Lisa , an Andalusian beauty named Diva . Lisa claims the horse is cursed , calling her `` Diva girl , the divorce horse '' , as everyone who has owned the horse has become divorced . She is moody and temperamental , and Lisa asks Amy to figure her out , since Diva has been returned three times after being rehomed . With Ty and Caleb 's help , Amy determines that Diva just needs to be a horse , and hates to be kept in a stall . Unfortunately , this means that Lisa can not sell her as a show horse . She ultimately decides to give Diva to Mackenzie , who had taken a real shine to her , and would be able to keep her at her inlaws ' ranch in Montana . While Mackenzie and Ian had been fighting during the episode over whether to even get married after their plans were hijacked , they resolve their differences and remember how much they love one another . The episode ends with Mackenzie and Ian saying their vows in the company of the Heartland family , at sunset in front of the dude ranch cabins and overlooking the pond . 26 13 `` Seismic Shifts '' TW Peacocke Susin Nielsen February 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 08 ) 213 <Td_colspan="7"> Bedford Oil comes to Hudson and begins to conduct oil exploration on Jack 's property , using seismic testing and exploratory oil wells . Mallory tells Lou that there is little to be done , as the oil companies can do as they please . Feeling shocked by the injustice of it , Lou mobilizes the community against Bedford . She holds a town hall meeting where she invites local community members , their MLA , and a representative from Bedford Oil , who shows up and turns out to be PW ( Peter Walter ) Morris , the company owner . Tim shares a contrasting perspective with Lou privately , saying that he would be glad to have a well installed on his property , for the royalties he would be paid . Mallory is reading Wuthering Heights and becomes convinced that Amy and Ty are Catherine and Heathcliff , meant to be together but thwarted by circumstance . Amy is working on desensitizing a horse named Acorn to noise and struggles to make progress with the oil company blasting at the edge of Jack 's land . Ashley and Caleb become roommates , as Ashley leaves Briar Ridge again after fighting with her mother . Mallory discovers that the two fishermen staying at the dude ranch are actually working for the oil company , when she is cleaning their cabin and discovers their fishing gear left behind . Lou kicks them out , though they protest that they had paid for several days more . Lou continues to hold a grudge against Lisa and avoid her company , though she continues to instant message with the man that Lisa gave Lou 's email to . By the end of the episode , Lisa apologizes to Lou and they have an honest conversation , making up in the process . Lou meets PW in town twice , spilling coffee on his shirt both times . He seems somewhat interested in her , but she shuts him down . Lou agrees to meet `` Internet guy '' as Mallory has dubbed him , who turns out to be none other than PW . Neither one of them were able to make the connection , though , as both used their first names - Peter and Samantha . Lou lets practical considerations ( the fact that Peter is `` an oil guy '' ) get in the way of having a relationship ( or even a date ) with Peter . Nonetheless , they wind up kissing on the street in front of Maggie 's . Lou starts to leave , returns to kiss him again , and then says that their attraction can not go anywhere , ending the episode on a small cliffhanger . 27 14 `` Do or Die '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun February 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 214 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's former probation officer , Clint , brings two troubled kids to the ranch , hoping that they can learn something from Ty and the ranch where he sorted out his problems . The two kids , Tara and Badger , seem to be at the far end of the spectrum relative to Ty , starting off their stay by burning an Adirondack chair at the dude ranch and putting peanut butter in the muffin Clint was eating -- knowing he was allergic to peanuts . Tara is a goth , and Badger is a boy who never talks . They clash with most of the family , and especially Mallory . Tara teases her by calling her a cheerleader , Hilary Duff , and similar names that reflect her perception of Mallory as a peppy `` nice girl '' . Ty and Badger fight from the beginning , when he refuses to put out his cigarette and later lets all of the horses in the barn out . Tara follows Ty around a bit , making reference to them being alike , thinking she knows his experiences . Mallory eventually makes peace with Tara by sharing her own story about her parents leaving her at Heartland to go on the road . Tara responds dismissively , but Mallory says she should realize that other people have problems too . After this , Tara comes around . Mallory even persuades her to take a riding lesson , making a deal with Tara that Mallory will try out the goth look and attitude in exchange . Amy takes them back to the dude ranch so that she can watch them and there will be enough room for everyone , then sits outside with Ty by the fire as Mallory and Tara have a pillow fight . Ty confides that he did n't want the other foster kids at Heartland because he does n't want to be a poster boy for the rehabilitation program . Ty reveals that his mother remarried a man who was horrible to them both . He made a vow to pay him back for the pain he inflicted , and when he did , the neighbours called the cops . At this point , Ty met Clint , who was supposed to deal with the hopeless cases . Amy is happy that Ty finally shared his story , and tells him that she 's happy Clint brought him to Heartland . 28 15 `` Dark Horse '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) 215 <Td_colspan="7"> When a county by - law threatens to separate elderly Mrs. Bell from her beloved pony Sugarfoot , Lou revives the Hudson Charity Derby to raise money for a legal defense fund . This reawakens an old rivalry between Tim and Jack , who were the reason the derby became defunct many years previously . Both dispute who won , because Tim won by going off - course during the race . Both sign up for this derby to settle their score . Kit drops off her horse Money ( short for You 're so Money ) , whom she thought was a chuckwagon horse , to Heartland for rehoming . Scott looks at the horse and determines that he has a tattoo , meaning he was a racehorse . Ty looks up Money 's records and discovers that he was a success when racing . Amy helps get Tim 's palomino horse in shape for the race , as Tim is still having difficulty riding due to his shoulder . Ty helps Jack train on their `` secret weapon '' because Jack 's horse , Paint , is too old to race in the derby . Tim and Jack are doing well in the race , until Tim falls off his horse and Jack stops to help him . Scott wins the race and Tim and Jack tie for second ( although Tim 's horse was ahead by a little bit , if you watch closely ) . Amy and Ty are recruited to be spotters at the halfway point , which does n't work out , as the walkie talkies that Amy and Lou communicate on are unable to connect properly over such a distance . Ty and Amy start play - fighting and almost kiss . Ashley 's mom offers to sponsor Caleb so he can join the professional rodeo circuit and leave Hudson . This episode features some comic relief between Jack and Tim - Tim offers Jack hay , and Jack thinks it will be free . They haggle over price , and Jack plans to take the hay . They disagree later , and he comes back to return the hay . In all , the hay is lifted onto and taken off of the bed of Jack 's truck no less than four times . 29 16 `` The Ties That Bind '' Dean Bennett Penny Gummerson March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 216 <Td_colspan="7"> The episode opens with Amy and Spartan out on a ride as dusk is falling . For no clear reason , Spartan is acting a bit uneasy . This part of the episode is filmed as if through the eyes of someone watching Amy and her horse , always with trees between the scene and the audience . When they return to the barn , Amy also seems uneasy , and decides not to let Ty turn Spartan out with the other horses overnight . That night , Amy tosses and turns , seeing the night her mom died in her dreams , while Wes breaks into the barn and escapes with Spartan . When Amy wakes up in the middle of the night and goes to check on him , she discovers that Spartan is gone . The family speaks to the police to track Spartan , but Ty and Amy also spend the next couple weeks checking horse auctions to see if Spartan turns up . They visit the Highwood Auction , and Ty buys a two - year - old bay gelding named Harley . Amy is angry that he spent the money he 'd been saving for a motorcycle on a horse , but he says that he 's almost a motorcycle , due to the name . Amy starts to storm out , but Ty stops her when he sees Spartan turn up . Spartan is there and Wes buys him `` legally '' . Amy tries to prove that Spartan is her horse , but she does n't possess a bill of sale , and current registration papers do n't prove it without one . Wes is unable to leave with Spartan right away because Ty slashed his tires to ensure he could n't leave before they talked to the brand inspector . Ty chases down Wes later , hoping to buy Spartan back , but Wes refuses to sell him for any price . Amy later plans to return and steal Spartan from the auction house , and Ty tries to talk her out of it , saying it 's a felony . ( This is actually untrue in Alberta , as indictable offences are applied in Canada . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) In the end , Ty reluctantly agrees to help her that evening . Ty gets caught and taken to jail , where Jack bails him out , but he may still be convicted . Jack and Tim track down Wes and force him to sign a bill of sale , returning Spartan and preventing similar problems for Amy in the future . Jack also talks to Constable Rodriguez , who promises to destroy the file on Ty 's theft attempt . Ty instead has to do 200 hours of community service , and Amy is grounded until further notice . Mallory 's horse , Copper , is scared of her because of her `` goth '' look , so she returns to her normal style by the end of the episode . Lou is apprehensive of revealing to her family that she is dating an oil guy , and goes to extreme measures to avoid them seeing her with Peter . Caleb gets his rodeo card , and Val offers him a sponsorship to go on the road and stay away from Ashley . Caleb debates whether to take it , and talks to both Ty and Kit about it . In the end , he decides to go , and does so at the end of the episode . 30 17 `` Full Circle '' Don McBrearty Penny Gummerson March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 217 <Td_colspan="7"> Spartan refuses to jump for Amy and she is suffering from the trauma of having him stolen , so Amy takes him to Marion 's Aboriginal Canadian friend Victor Whitetail who helps people connect with their horses . He helps Amy process her feelings and heal , using traditional Aboriginal methods . Victor was more than friends with Marion after Tim left . Peter books the entire dude ranch in order to spend time with Lou , who continues to keep him a secret from her family . Peter is forced to tell Lou he has an ex-wife when he has to take care of their dog , Max . Lou promises to let him meet her family , now that she knows more about his . Ty breaks Harley while Amy stays at Victor 's , but gets into a fight with Kit when she tries to show him her methods . Later , Ty breaks up with Kit , realizing he has feelings for Amy ; when she returns , he tells her he ca n't continue being only friends . Ashley mopes around because Caleb has n't spoken to her since leaving for the rodeo circuit . 31 18 `` Step By Step '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 218 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty tells Jack and Amy that this winter is very hard on the mustangs in the mountains , and Amy wants to go feed them . Jack says it will make them dependent on people . At dinner , Mallory reveals that Ty has earned his high school diploma and later tells Amy that he 's at a crossroads , and asks if Amy has any plans . She replies that she 's working on it . Her method is revealed when we see Amy talking about sneaking up to the fishing cabin with Ty to feed the horses , which will also give them a great opportunity to talk . Jack comes into the barn to tell them that it 's now necessary to feed the horses , and the three of them can go up that weekend . However , Lou has weekend plans and Mallory and Jake have nowhere to stay , so Jack winds up looking after them . This leaves Amy and Ty free to follow through with their plans , in the open . When they arrive , Amy and Ty spread out the hay for the horses , and Ty collapses after thinking he sees Ghost . ( This is the second time that Ghost shows up when Ty is in danger . ) Ty develops a high fever , but no one else can reach the fishing cabin because the highway is closed . Lou was heading to a spa with Peter along one of the mountain highways , but they were forced to turn back due to the closures . Lou made an attempt to tell Jack about Peter , but Mallory and Jake spilled something in the other room , and Jack took them to Maggie 's . When they return , Lou introduces Peter to Jack , who is incredibly unhappy that Lou is dating an oil guy , even calling him the enemy . However , after Amy contacts Jack via the cabin 's shortwave radio , Peter organizes snowplows to clear the highway in the morning , and Jack grudgingly accepts him . Amy cares for Ty overnight , and his fever eventually breaks . It turns out that Ghost really was there , not a hallucination of Ty 's brought on by illness . Upon seeing Ghost outside , the pair go out to greet him , and Amy begins to talk about what Ty said . She agrees they ca n't just be friends , admitting that she loves him . Ty finally tells Amy his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Val gets her test results back , and they are negative . Val tells Ashley that she sponsored Caleb , which causes Ashley to become upset with her mom and Caleb . When he returns to his trailer , Ashley kicks him out . Later , Val is driving along , and pulls over to answer her phone and discover that she needs further tests . Jack gives Tim a loan , since Tim was thinking of selling land to Val to be able to afford to continue after losing his herd of cattle , which would turn Val into Jack 's neighbour on both sides . Once they return to Heartland , Amy and Ty get cozy on the couch . He makes Amy say she loves him again , and they kiss . Season 3 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 32 `` Miracle '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) 301 <Td_colspan="7"> When a coach bus and a horse trailer collide on Highway 95 , they block the route for Amy 's school bus to get to her high school . Ignoring a command to stay on the bus , Amy goes to help Caesar , a grey gelding with Olympic prospects , stuck in a barbed wire fence . Amy calms him down while his trainer , Stuart Forrest , cuts the barbed wire to free him . When Amy turns around , a crowd has gathered to watch , with several individuals filming her . One of these recordings is presented on the news , causing Heartland to become famous overnight . Amy struggles to keep up with the pressure while trying to heal Caesar , who is spooked by loud noises , cars , and horse trailers after the accident . Amy earns the nickname `` Miracle Girl '' , which she likes even less than the comments of `` horse whispering '' when people talked about Marion 's and her gift previously . Ty applied for a vet program , and accepted an offer from Scott to apprentice / intern with him in the meantime . Ty begins to question his decision after his first job with Scott was to help at the scene of the accident , which included the euthanasia of a few severely injured horses . Caleb punches Ty for hurting Kit , saying that he had warned him not to . Jack lets Caleb stay in the loft with Ty , as Caleb is living in his truck , unable to get his trailer back from Ashley . She starts working at Maggie 's to afford to live on her own . Amy and Ty make plans to get Ashley and Caleb back together , so Ty does n't have to listen to his snoring . Lisa comes back from France and asks Jack if he misses her when she is away . Jack explains that he misses her , but there 's a lot going on at the ranch to occupy his time . Tim buys a new herd of cows with some of the money that Jack lent him . Jack gets upset , but Lisa tells him that he ca n't tell Tim how to use the loan . Jack asks Val about her deal with Tim , and she says there is n't one . He also asks her how she 's feeling , and she says that her doctor says she is in remission , but `` this blood thing 's a tricky customer '' . This seems to imply that Val had one of the blood cancers ( leukemia , lymphoma , or myeloma ) which was treated successfully in the time between seasons . Val has n't told Ashley , not wanting to worry her , and she thanks Jack for taking her to her appointments , saying he is a true friend . 33 `` Little Secrets '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston October 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 11 ) 302 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy finds herself caught in a family crisis when she tries to help a 10 - year - old girl , Taylor Kennedy , and her horse Trooper recover from what appears to be a freak accident . Taylor was in a full - body cast after Trooper started galloping apparently out of the blue , and she fell off . Trooper also lunges at Taylor when they first arrive , and Amy notes that she has only seen this with abused horses . Ty thinks it is unlikely that a young girl would abuse her horse , but Mallory cautions that they should n't underestimate Taylor . After Amy has been working with Trooper and Taylor together for a while , getting her to spend time with her horse and then grooming him together , she assesses that the horse is fine , and that perhaps the problem lies with Taylor . Amy also finds out that the Kennedys are getting divorced , and that Taylor will go to any lengths to get them to stay together . Taylor also almost hurts Trooper one night while he 's in Heartland 's care , advancing on him with a large branch in hand , while Mallory looks on . She also gets on and hits him with a riding crop to make him gallop like he did during the accident . Amy stops them before they reach a cliff , but then Taylor starts running . Amy catches her and reveals that she 's pieced together the mystery . When they return to the ranch , Amy takes Kate Kennedy aside and tells her that her daughter needs some professional help ( Amy says she can help Trooper , but she ca n't help Taylor ) . Amy offers to take care of Trooper while Taylor 's problems are sorted out , however long that takes . In the meantime , Heartland continues to be very busy thanks to Amy 's reputation as the `` Miracle Girl '' , meaning that Jack is making extra pens behind the barn to deal with more horses , and Lou and Tim are thinking about expansion plans for the dude ranch . Amy is also treating Roxy , a horse that is barn sour ( meaning she is reluctant to leave her stall ) . Ashley and Caleb continue to be at odds , and Amy brings Soraya into her and Ty 's plans to get them back together . The two girls talk to Ashley , but she has figured out what they are up to ( and why ) , and asks them to stay out of it . Lou continues to try to keep Amy 's schedule manageable , but Tim continues to interfere , promising service to people that Lou says will have to wait . 34 `` Man 's Best Friend '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) 303 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack 's truck breaks down more and more often , causing Lisa and him to miss a wedding they were supposed to go to . Lisa and the rest of the family try to convince him to upgrade . They persuade him to visit the Chevy dealership , and he comes home with a new grey Silverado , after trading in his old truck for $1000 . However , he continues to complain about the truck , its seat settings , its lack of comfort , etc . He becomes upset , and takes the truck up to the fishing cabin . The family ca n't understand why Jack is so attached to his old truck , but the audience learns through a flashback sequence that Jack 's late wife , Amy and Lou 's grandmother , Lyndy bought him the 1972 Chevrolet Cheyenne 10 as an anniversary gift early in their marriage . In the meantime , Amy is trying to help a horse named Duke , whose stable - mate died recently , by trying to get him to bond with Pegasus . Mallory and Jake stop by , looking for Kramer , Jake 's black - and - white paint cow pony , who has a habit of escaping from pens by jumping the fences . When they find him , they ask Amy to solve his problem . Amy recognizes that the horse actually jumps fences without provocation , simply because he loves to jump . Amy 's solution is for Mallory to take Kramer around a jumping course regularly , to keep his extra energy in check and make him behave for Jake 's family . Kramer also helps Amy with Duke , because the two horses become fast friends . She is then able to get Duke to socialize with the other horses and to get over his grief . The end - of - school dance is also coming up fast , and Amy and Ty are supposed to go together . Amy was going to use one of Lou 's old dresses , but Lisa gives her a beautiful turquoise gown from Paris . Ty is worried because he does n't know how to dance , so he takes lessons from Lou ( and Peter , who 's back from a business trip to Dubai ) . Amy and Ty head out to their dance , but Ty 's truck breaks down . Instead , they wind up dancing in the bed of the truck , and Ty presents Amy with a promise ring . Ashley asks a rich boy from a private school to go with her as a date to the dance to make Caleb jealous . Caleb hitches his trailer to his truck , and tries to pull it away , but he and Ashley wind up laughing about it before she drives off with the other boy . Jack 's problems with the new truck are solved when he finds a used truck , much like his old one , but in much better shape . Old Goldie ( the old truck ) is brought back to the farm as a `` lawn ornament '' and sits beside another old , dead truck . 35 `` The Haunting of Hanley Barn '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) 304 <Td_colspan="7"> Something is scaring the horses at night in the Hanley Barn and Amy is called in to investigate . At first , Amy thinks it might be the feed , but Mr. Hanley rejects this suggestion as he 'd already talked about it with the vet . Amy agrees to come back that night to investigate further , and Ty comes with her at Jack 's request . Meanwhile , Badger returns to Heartland , having run away from his foster home to see his birth parents , but they had moved without leaving him any contact information . He talks to Ty about it , saying that he needs somewhere to stay overnight . Ty lets him stay temporarily , and Mallory finds Badger sketching by the lake . Both seem interested in each other , as Badger almost tells Mallory she looks more grown - up than before , and Mallory asks about Tara , who Badger seemed to be dating when they first showed up in Season 2 . Clint stops by looking for Badger , and Ty pretends he has n't seen him , to give Badger some time to cool off before having to return to his foster home . Mallory steals food for Badger , and the story returns to Amy . She and Ty are at Maggie 's , and Ty asks why everyone thinks the barn is haunted . Soraya , Amy , Ashley , and Mallory recount the tale : A young man was working at the Hanley place , and fell in love with the farmer 's daughter . One night , the barn erupted into flame and all the horses , as well as the young man , died in the fire . Shortly thereafter , Mr. Hanley 's parents bought the farm from the previous owners and they built a new barn on top of the original 's location . Now it is believed that The Drifter , the young man , haunts the barn , and he is portrayed as wearing a black cloak , with a hook for a hand , and no face under his hood . Just then , Caleb bangs in , wearing a heavy black cloak because the weather 's turning . Amy and Ty go to the Hanley place , and spend several hours just playing cards . While they are there , Caleb , Soraya , and Ashley show up to scare them ( in which they succeed ) . Noises come from upstairs , which Amy had noticed earlier in the day . Amy and Ty investigate , despite Mr. Hanley 's previous warning that the loft is strictly off - limits . They discover Mallory and Badger upstairs , and tell them to go home . At this point , Mr. Hanley appears and explains that the loft has dry rot , which is why he told Amy not to go upstairs . In the end , Amy discovers that Mr. Hanley 's neighbour , Brett , has been spiking the horses ' feed with a glycogen loader , meant to give horses energy , which is the reason they are so worked up in the morning . He wants to force Mr. Hanley into foreclosure , so he can buy the land . Once that problem 's solved , Ty decides to help Badger by coaching him through how to apologize to Clint , which Badger does . Ty also tells Badger to come back to Heartland if he runs away again , so that he 'll be safe . Later , Mallory flips through Badger 's sketchpad while he 's not around and sees a drawing of her . She asks him about it , and they wind up kissing . Lou is planning on visiting Peter in Denver , Colorado , for a single day while he has a layover on his way back to Dubai . Jack disapproves , and says it 's an awful long distance to travel for a single day together . Lou ca n't understand why he 's so easy on Amy and hard on her , but Jack eventually reveals it 's because Amy reminds him so much of Marion , and Lou reminds him of himself . He also says that he worries about when she 'll leave again , possibly for New York , or worse ( in his eyes ) , Toronto . Mrs. Bell comes over to use the kitchen to make strawberry jam with Lou 's help . While she 's there , Mrs. Bell reminisces , and tells Mallory , about Thomas Ritter ( aka The Drifter ) , her first boyfriend . She gave him a jar of jam , and he returned the empty jar with a butterfly in it . Towards the end of the episode , Mrs. Bell brings a butterfly in a jar to the grave at the Hanley farm where he was buried , and releases it in his memory . 36 5 `` Glory Days '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston November 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) 305 <Td_colspan="7"> In the hopes of impressing Ashley , Caleb takes lessons in bulldogging from former rodeo champion Tim , who considers getting back into competition , and refuses to acknowledge that he may no longer have what it takes . Amy helps them with this . Tim pays Jack back for his loan in cows , and Jack relives his glory days as well , working with the cattle herd . He realizes he ca n't do it alone , and gets Tim 's help , for a price . Tim wants a paycheque and grazing fees , meaning the herd of cattle might not be much of a return of the loan . Kit 's barrel horse is foaling , and Ty helps Scott check on the mare while waiting for her time to come . They talk , and Kit congratulates him on getting accepted to two pre-vet university programs ( at the University of Manitoba , and Grasslands Agricultural College ) . Kit says she knew he could do it , though he struggled with Grade 12 Algebra . ( This is another regional error : she means Math 30 Pure , as Alberta 's high school maths are broken down only into Pure ( university prep ) / Applied ( college prep ) and Math 31 ( calculus ) , not into algebra , geometry , etc. , like some other provinces . ) Ty assists Scott with the delivery , which is complicated by the fact that the foal is upside down . Its head and right foreleg get stuck while Scott tries to turn it , and the foal is stillborn . Kit and Ty sort out their lingering break - up issues while Ty comforts Kit , who is visibly upset . After the birth , the mare refuses to leave the dead foal alone , so they try to get her to bond with an orphaned foal , Merlin , instead . It 's hard going at first , but Amy comes over to help and rubs the foal with the blanket that was on the dead foal , making him smell like the mare 's foal . At that point , the mare accepts Merlin and he 's able to nurse , which seems to be a success . Lou invites Peter to manage his business from the Heartland facilities while his office in Calgary undergoes renovation , which soon turns out to be a mistake . Peter also interferes with Lou and Mallory 's agreement for Copper , telling Mallory that she has actually completely paid off her share of Copper 's ownership , and then some . Caleb repays Val for her sponsorship , and he talks about his reasons for trying bulldogging . He thinks it will be safer , but Tim later tells him that it 's even more dangerous than bronc riding , because there are more variables with more animals . Val tells Ashley that Caleb 's a good guy , and tells her that the money was repaid . Val asks Ashley to forgive her and give her a second chance and Ashley moves back to Briar Ridge . While she 's leaving , she seems to make her peace with Caleb . 37 6 `` Growing Pains '' Don McBrearty Susin Nielsen November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 306 <Td_colspan="7"> After Daisy rejects the orphan foal Merlin , Scott brings the colt ( played by a filly ) to Amy to care for him . Ty and Amy split the every two hour feedings 24x7 . The stress of the schedule and differences in foal ( read child ) rearing lead Amy and Ty to clash over how best to raise Merlin . Lou arranges a meeting for Peter with a famously wealthy and eco-minded oil billionaire Richard Chenoweth at the Heartland facilities . Something about Richard seems off whenever Peter is out of earshot . The local wildlife official warns Jack about a cougar in the area . The cougar 's presence in Heartland is unmistakable , eventually causing Richard to fall off his horse during a trail ride with Lou and Peter . After Peter comes to Lou 's defense following unwanted advances from Richard , Lou must defuse a threatened lawsuit from the unscrupulous businessman . Lou is successful and in a most satisfying manner . Meanwhile , Val is trying too hard to reconnect with her newly reconciled daughter Ashley and Ashley is feeling suffocated . The cougar is captured , revealing a secret and showing some of Jack 's character . 38 7 `` The Starting Gate '' Grant Harvey David Moses November 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 307 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty is working a job at the race track in Hudson . While cleaning a stall some of the other race track people stop by and greet Ty with a little light hazing with a Jockey 's buzzer . Lisa watches as her horse , Lightning Dexter , is brought to the starting gate where he rears and drops his jockey , Liam . When the stewards rule that Lightning Dexter ca n't load ( and thus race ) Lisa asks Amy if she can work with Dexter on his gate issues . Amy tells her that she can not take on another horse . Then Lisa decides to sell Dexter as a riding horse . Ty 's mom , Lily , unexpectedly comes to reconnect with him , surprising all . Amy is none too pleased that the woman who hurt Ty has come to visit . Jack offers Lily one of the cabins when she says she wants to stay for a few days . Ty is ambivalent about his mother , and skeptical when she says she left Wade , the man who abused them . Tim buys the racehorse from Lisa that she has given up on . He puts everything on the line , including pushing Amy to fix Dexter , to win big . Lisa is angry when she finds out that Tim has convinced Amy to work with him after she said she could n't help Lisa . Amy suggests foul play by Lisa 's jockey and makes Lisa even more angry . Jack is stuck in the middle of Lisa and Amy 's disagreement . 39 8 `` The Fix '' Grant Harvey Penny Gummerson November 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 22 ) 308 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim has entered the horse he bought from Lisa in a local race and hires Ty to keep an eye on it at the track . Tim 's rivalry with Lisa continues as she has another horse in the race , and Jack is caught in the middle . Ty 's stepfather Wade tries to work things out with Lily and creates problems for Ty at the track . Wade puts salt in Tim 's horse 's hay , causing him to lose the race . 40 9 `` Broken Arrow '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston December 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) 309 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty is about to spend his last day at Heartland before leaving for vet school , and Amy wants quality time with her boyfriend . But when a wounded horse has Scott flying his plane to British Columbia to tend to the animal , Ty tags along . Caleb plans on getting a pay raise from Jack , who has a different idea , while Val hires Amy to help get Apollo back on the show jumping circuit . Lou struggles to find her maternal instincts when Marnie leaves her to look after Jerry Junior . Lou is also concerned that Jerry Junior might not be the only baby in her immediate future . 41 10 `` Eye of the Wolf '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) 310 <Td_colspan="7"> The search begins to find Scott and Ty . With Amy feeling helpless back at Heartland , she decides to lead a search on horseback . With Scott near death , Ty must help him survive . 42 11 `` Catch and Release '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) 311 <Td_colspan="7"> While the boys head off on a fishing trip , the girls are left at Heartland to deal with the havoc caused by a dog , a porcupine , and a herd of escaped cows . Ty is struggling with dreams about the wolf from his recent plane accident . Jack and Tim have `` words '' because of something Peter says . 43 12 `` The Reckoning '' TW Peacocke Penny Gummerson January 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) 312 <Td_colspan="7"> Victor Whitetail visits Heartland , leaving Tim to wonder if Victor was more than just friends with his ex-wife. Ty convinces Kit to give her star barrel horse to Amy to fix , but when Amy brings Kit into the healing process , Kit puts Ty between them . Meanwhile , Lou gets invited to Paris by Peter and is overjoyed until she learns that the trip is not exactly what she envisioned . Peter must change his `` big plans '' . Peter proposes to Lou . Amy has a memorial ceremony for her mom . 44 13 `` Quarantine '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) 313 <Td_colspan="7"> When Kit 's horse , Daisy , comes down with strangles while at Heartland , the stables are put under quarantine . Amy is furious when she finds out that Kit brought Daisy to Heartland almost straight from a rodeo where many other horses had contracted Strangles . When Pegasus catches the disease , it brings mixed feelings for Amy and Tim . Meanwhile , Mallory is trying to convince Jack to drive her to an Art Museum event where she hopes to bump into her former friend , Badger . Pegasus dies . 45 14 `` The Happy List '' Chris Potter Heather Conkie January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) 314 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty discovers a beat up classic Norton motorcycle offered up for sale . The Norton catches Jack 's fancy as well and soon enough Jack and Ty are seen bargaining for the motorcycle . Ty 's interest in the bike makes him a poor negotiator . Jack and Ty haul the motorcycle back to Heartland to the dismay of Amy who considers it a waste of his Vet School money and a danger , motorcycles are called donor - cycles after all . Amy and Ty bicker over the motorcycle with neither getting down to what is really troubling them . While watching rodeo videos Caleb and Ty manage to irritate Ashley and Amy with their testosterone poisoning and making plans to go to a rodeo in Montana together . Val having come through the medical tests and fears has composed a `` Happy List '' of things to do since life is short . Entry number one is to return to show jumping with Amy as her coach . Val , not wanting to be seen beginning to jump again obtains use of an indoor arena for her lessons . Amy does her best with the fractious Val who is not inclined to take instruction , resulting in one of those falls that jumping can induce . As time goes by , Val eventually gives Amy 's methods a try and jumps a series of training fences . Receiving congratulations from Jack . we see that Jack may also be on Val 's Happy List . Lou and Peter begin planning the wedding , which is soon overtaken by Lou 's obsession with Peter 's first wedding and Lou begins to venture into Bride - zilla territory . Peter , becoming increasingly uncomfortable calls for a break so that each of them can think about what they want . Mallory pines for Badger , but when Jake shows up with a new girlfriend , Chelsea , Mallory seems unable to let Jake go his own way . Jake seems a little unready to part with Mallory as well . Ty reconsiders going to Montana with Caleb , leaving Caleb preparing to leave on his own . Ashley and Caleb quarrel over his going on the road to Montana . Caleb hurts his case by not inviting Ashley to join him now that Ty backed out . Caleb adds insult to injury by explaining that having your girlfriend along is bad luck . Peter returns and he and Lou talk about the upcoming marriage . Lou suggest that they elope ( which has been recommended to her throughout the episode . ) Peter says he wants a wedding , with or without the fancy tents . Having actually talked about their feelings , things seem to be back on track . Amy and Ty talk about the motorcycle , and Amy explains that she has n't healed from Ty 's plane crash even if he has . Having actually talked about their feelings , Ty gives Amy a helmet and they happily head out for a spin on the Norton . Ashley talks to her mother who , remarkably , gives some good advice . Ashley sets out to join Caleb in Montana . The episode ends with everyone , including Val , watching the Montana rodeo on TV . Caleb comes on the TV riding a bareback bronc , and does well . After the whistle Caleb gets hung up in his rigging and winds up unconscious on the ground while a horrified Ashley watches her biggest fear play out in front of her , all while their friends and family watch from afar . 46 15 `` Second Chances '' Dean Bennett Susin Nielsen March 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) 315 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty discover that Mr. Hanley has abandoned his horses and is on the brink of losing his farm . Lisa comes back from Europe and feels that there may be something between Jack and Val. Lou is in the middle of wedding plans . Mallory is being extra nice to Lou because she wants to be asked to be one of her brides maids . Jack proposes to Lisa . Caleb is back and depressed . 47 16 `` Spin Out '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 316 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb becomes addicted to his pain medicine , he steals Ty 's bike and wrecks it . Lisa wants to tell Lou and Amy that she and Jack are engaged , but Jack does n't want to overshadow Lou and Peter 's wedding plans . The Hudson townspeople gossip over Jack and Lisa . After a visit with Val , Lisa has second thoughts . Jack and Lisa decide not to get married . Caleb gets back on his horse . 48 17 `` Ring of Fire '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 317 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy follows in her mother 's footsteps and enters into a professional colt starting competition , her gift with horses and her self - confidence are put to the test . At first , Garrett seems to be the best and Amy is struggling . But Garrett encourages her and helps her win . Tim wants to take his racehorse to California . Ashley tells Caleb she loves him , but breaks up with him because he 's going on the rodeo circuit . 49 18 `` In The Cards '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 318 <Td_colspan="7"> A surprise announcement by Peter throws Lou 's wedding plans into disarray while Amy and Ty make difficult decisions about their futures . Amy then gives back their `` Promise '' ring that Ty gave her , then asks for it back . Lisa is being careful not to interfere with Lou 's wedding even when Lou needs her help , making Lou feel responsible for Lisa and Jack changing their minds on the engagement . After his break - up with Ashley , Caleb decides to let her go on the rodeo circuit with him . Amy treats one of the horses of a ring of fire contestant , which causes mixed feelings . Lou and Peter get married . Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 50 `` Homecoming '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 401 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty returns home after an absence of three months but brings a young woman , Blair , whom he says is a friend . Amy is not happy , and Ty is oblivious to why she is mad . Blair kisses Ty , but he does n't reciprocate her feelings , nor does he tell Amy . In the end , Blair leaves with her boyfriend , with Amy accepting that Ty and Blair are just friends . 51 `` What Dreams May Become '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 402 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy scratches the surface to discover Nick Harwell 's problems with his polo horse , Dusty . All of the polo horses get sick , so it is up to Ty and Scott to find the problem . Lou hates Dubai , and Tim is dating his jockey , inviting her to Heartland without telling anyone about their true relationship . Jack and Caleb try to appease Lou by fitting a water system for the horses , but things do n't quite go to plan . 52 `` Road Curves '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 403 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is angry when Chase comes back and insists on her performing a horse clinic with him . When Amy refuses , Chase puts flyers up all over town advertising their show , and she can not back out . When the show is over , Chase kisses Amy , who kisses him back but does not reciprocate his feelings . She later tells Ty , who forgives her , but punches Chase when he next sees him . Lisa offers to buy the dude ranch . Mrs Bell and Sugarfoot are run off the road by Chase and Ty comes to their aid . Overhearing Ty 's concerns about how he will afford vet school , Mrs Bell offers to become his honourary grandmother and to pay for his education , an offer Ty happily accepts . 53 `` Graduation '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 404 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is offered a full scholarship for a equine program . With Lou thinking she is stupid not to take it , Amy has problems choosing , and with the fact she is graduating without her mom there . Badger is back and tries to fight for Mallory . Spartan colicks . Tim and Lisa clash over the price for the dude ranch . Amy decides to take a year off of school . 54 5 `` Where The Truth Lies '' John Fawcett Susin Nielsen October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 405 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty convince Sarah , the town hermit , to let them treat her sick horse at Heartland . Badger and Mallory go on an adventure neither of them will soon forget . They get trapped in a mine and Jake saves them . On the Dude Ranch front , Lisa and Lou are not seeing eye to eye , and Peter returns to Heartland . 55 6 `` Win , Place or Show '' John Fawcett Leila Basen and David Preston November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 406 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim gets Amy to ride Lightning Dexter in a stakes race when he finds out his girlfriend Janice has taken a jockeying position with another owner , Dan , who is also Lisa 's ex . Badger rolls into Heartland driving a sweet used car . Ty discovers that the car is stolen . Jake gets help from Jack with driving . Mallory is torn between Jake and Badger . Peter tries to buy his way out of the doghouse with Lou while Caleb buys his way into the poorhouse for Ashley . 56 7 `` Jackpot ! '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 407 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb turns to Kit to partner with him so they can win a team roping jackpot . This sets in motion a series of strange events , which results in some unusual team pairings . Kit and Amy pair up and win . Tim is concerned that Lightning Dexter is starting to cost him a lot of money but is not able to race . When the opportunity comes up to possibly sell the horse , he plots to get the maximum amount of cash . Jack finds himself in a bidding ' war ' with Lisa against her ex-husband Dan . Mallory and Badger 's relationship starts to heat up again , but Mallory wonders if she 's picked the right guy when she watches Jake and Jamie . She decides she wants Jake . Ashley 's mom buys the land Ashley and Caleb live on . 57 8 `` One Day '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 408 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is hired to do a horse clinic with a group of prisoners . One of them is Joe , an old friend of Ty 's . Ashley and Caleb attempt to deal with the new landlord / tenant relationship they now have with Ashley 's mom , Val . Meanwhile , Mallory , Jamie , Jake , and Badger go berry picking for Mrs. Bell . Mallory and Badger come to terms with their relationship after an incident where everyone finds out that Jake and Badger are both allergic to bees . Badger leaves . 58 9 `` Local Hero '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen and David Preston December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 409 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty and Amy find a calf in the woods which leads them to Tim 's stolen cattle . Tim convinces the family that they need to take the law into their own hands . But the cattle rescue and subsequent drive has to maneuver a dangerous course when they come face to face with the rustlers who shot Tim two years ago , and Mallory 's attempt to be part of the adventure puts her in harm 's way . Val 's efforts to convince Ashley and Caleb to sign a marriage contract leads to a shocking revelation . They are not legally married . Lou returns home from Dubai , in no mood to answer questions about her marriage or why she is n't with her husband . 59 10 `` Mood Swings '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) 410 <Td_colspan="7"> Grant and Blair -- Ty 's travel buddies -- return to Heartland . The issue of Blair kissing Ty and deciding not to tell Amy is resolved with Ty and Amy breaking up and Ty leaving Heartland to move in with Caleb and Ashley . Also , Caleb and Ashley have difficulty adjusting to the reality that they are n't legally married . Caleb receives advice from Tim . Mallory 's adventure of being locked in the horse trailer and being returned to Heartland by the police is still reverberating . Meanwhile , Lou gets news that will have a huge impact on her and Peter 's lives . 60 11 `` Family Business '' Francis Damberger Ken Craw January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 411 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy fights to keep Lightning Dexter in the family when she learns Tim is putting his horse up for sale in a claiming race . Ty neglects his schoolwork to help Caleb hustle money at a pool hall . Chase Powers gets involved in the Dexter claiming race ordeal and makes things awkward between Amy and Ty . Meanwhile , a pregnant Lou has a great idea for the baby 's nursery that does n't sit well with Jack . Peter has problems of his own as he tries to conduct his company 's business from Heartland . Mallory quits her job at Heartland and comes to work at Maggie 's . 61 12 `` Lost Song '' Francis Damberger Heather Conkie January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 412 <Td_colspan="7"> While Lou is having the troops clean out the closet in Marion 's old room , preparing to transform it into a nursery , some interesting items are found . A guitar which used to belong to Lyndy -- Jack 's late wife and Marion 's mother -- is found and Jack finds something interesting in its case . A trophy for `` all - round cowboy '' won by Tim in Ponoka two decades ago also gets uncovered . Repairs needed to the trophy prompt Caleb to offer to get it fixed . Jack says the most romantic thing he has ever muttered . And Caleb and Ashley get married again , for real . 62 13 `` The Road Home '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) 413 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty continues down his road of recent confusion , so Jack offers advice . To make a point , Jack does something quite dramatic and it puts Ty in a situation which causes his true nature to step up . Lisa and Lou have words deciding how the Dude Ranch will be run once Lou has her baby , and Lou has some words of wisdom for Amy as well . 63 14 `` Leap of Faith '' Eleanore Lindo Andrew Wreggitt February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 414 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps Stuart Forest , the trainer of the horse that got Amy a ton of hits on Youtube for being a `` Miracle Girl '' . His daughter Rihanna 's horse is too much for Rihanna to handle but he wo n't accept that . Chase tries to help by giving Rihanna a new bit , but she is too eager to make her dad proud and has an accident . Stuart then decides to sue Heartland for negligence . Peter is being sued and is bankrupt . Meanwhile , Jack is trying to persuade Mallory to come back to Heartland and care for Copper . 64 15 `` The River '' Chris Potter Leila Basen and David Preston February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) 415 <Td_colspan="7"> There is a bear hanging around Heartland and getting into things on the farm . Amy is doing her best to put the whole lawsuit thing behind her . When Ty comes to talk to Amy about it , she kisses him and Ty kisses back . While Amy is out for a trail ride , she runs into the bear . Lou is feeling that it is the worst possible time to have a baby . Caleb comes back from him and Ashley 's honeymoon by himself , while Ashley is still in Italy . Stuart has a revelation when his daughter tells him that it is his fault that she does n't want to ride anymore and that she hates him . He decides not to go through with the law suit . Soraya and Chase argue and have disagreements . 65 16 `` Never Surrender '' Chris Potter Story by : Will Pascoe Teleplay by : Leila Basen , Ken Craw , Mark Haroun and David Preston March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 416 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb 's friend Bryce , a paralyzed military vet and ex-rodeo star , hires Amy to help sell his roping horse . However , Amy sees an opportunity to re-train both horse and rider , though she needs help to convince this cowboy that he can recapture his love for riding despite his injury . Tim shares a misunderstanding with Jack through a lack of communication . Ashley has n't returned yet and Caleb wonders if Ashley likes Italy more than she likes him . Lou agrees to be Marnie 's labour coach , but being around Marnie 's rambunctious toddler makes her wonder if she 's really cut out for motherhood . 66 17 `` Burning Down the House '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 417 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim and his girlfriend announce that they are selling the ranch and moving to California . But one of Tim 's old girlfriends comes back and claims that Tim is the father of her son , Shane , and a paternity test says that he is . Ashley finally comes home . Ty is still having trouble just being friends with Amy . Ashley decides to go to school in British Columbia and Caleb is not sure if to go or to stay . 67 18 `` Passages '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 418 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty work through their trust issues as they train a pair of Clydesdales . Tim is still reeling from the knowledge that Shane is in fact his son but he finds himself bonding with the boy despite himself . Bad feelings resurface between Caleb and Val when he accuses her of manipulating Ashley and her decision to go away to the university . Caleb decides to go with Ashley to British Columbia . Meanwhile , Lou 's due date is still three weeks away . Lou goes into labor at home , and Ty and Amy deliver a girl . Television film ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` A Heartland Christmas '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 1.40 <Td_colspan="6"> Amy and Ty race to save starving horses trapped in the avalanching - mountains during Christmas . Jack and Tim decide to go with them . Lou starts stressing about how Peter and the rest of the family wont make it back in time for Christmas , while she is stuck looking after Christmas - obsessed - Mallory . Everybody makes it home for Christmas and Mallory 's parents make the flight through the storm . Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 68 `` Finding Freedom '' Heather Conkie John Fawcett September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 501 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is inspired to take her horsemanship to a new level when she works with a professional liberty horse trainer . She realizes she has to return to her roots when it comes to her work with horses and her relationship with Ty . Meanwhile , a leaky roof causes Ty to make a big decision that he thinks will help them grow as a couple by moving into Ashley and Caleb 's trailer . 69 `` Something In The Night '' David Preston John Fawcett September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 502 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim is coerced to go with Jack on a secret mission to find Shane and Miranda , Amy is left at Heartland with Janice to get a young race horse ready for his maiden run . Meanwhile , Ty has planned Amy a dinner but there 's been an animal hiding in the trailer , so they make a slight change of arrangements . 70 `` What 's In a Name ? '' Leila Basen Grant Harvey October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 503 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim accidentally reveals to the family that Shane is his son , it threatens to ruin the traditional Bartlett - Fleming naming ceremony for Lou 's baby girl . Lou names her baby Catherine Marion Minnie , or Katie , for short . Amy and Lou accept Shane into the family . 71 `` Beyond Hell 's Half Mile '' Ken Craw Grant Harvey October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 504 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy works with a chuck wagon horse , she discovers an impediment that could put the team in danger and change the dynamics of a prominent chuck wagon family . Caleb returns without Ashley . The whole family is sleep deprived from the new baby . Lou and Peter try to get Katie to sleep . 72 5 `` Never Let Go '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 505 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps to restore the confidence of a troubled trick - rider so that she can get back on her horse and perform again . With the house being overcrowded , Jack builds an outhouse to accommodate . Caleb continues to pine over Ashley , gets drunk , and meets a girl . Caleb says he and Ashley are separated . Lou and Peter decide to build a house at Heartland . 73 6 `` The Slippery Slope '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 506 <Td_colspan="7"> A friend from Jack 's past shows up at Heartland when one of their old band mates passes away . Lou & Lisa secretly try to gather the other remaining members for a reunion performance to celebrate Jack 's birthday . Caleb 's ' bar girl ' shows up at Heartland asking Amy for help with her horse . Caleb tries to teach her to bronc ride . Amy wonders if she worries too much and decides to ride a mechanical bull . 74 7 `` Over the Rise '' Ken Craw Tina Grewal November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 507 <Td_colspan="7"> When Shane arrives to stay for the summer , Tim tries to impress all three of his kids with a Western day trip and ends up stuck at an old western movie set . Caleb tries bull riding after he and Ty make a bathtub fly . Mallory finds out something about Lou that upsets her . Mallory found a nanny cam and thought Lou was spying , but Lou never turned it on . 75 8 `` Nothing for Granted '' Mark Haroun Tina Grewal November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 508 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty visits Mrs. Bell to thank her for paying his school fees , he and Amy are surprised to learn that she 's moved out of her home and away from Sugarfoot . When Ty and Amy find Mrs. Bell in a retirement home , they break her out and bring her home . Ty finds out Mrs. Bell was n't paying his school fees . Janice and Tim argue over Shane going to the races with them . Lou gets a job ... that Peter interviewed for . Soraya moves to London to be with her boyfriend . Ty 's stepdad paid his tuition . 76 9 `` Cover Me '' Leila Basen & David Preston Grant Harvey December 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 509 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim 's young racehorse , Cisco , is stolen on the way to his maiden race , Amy and Ty get help tracking him down from Ty 's step - father , Wade . 77 10 `` Trust '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey January 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 08 ) 510 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy tries to heal an abused and extremely violent racehorse , Ty and Jack think she 's taken on more than she can handle , but can Amy prove them wrong ? Meanwhile , Caleb gets a letter from Ashley stating that they 're getting a divorce . 78 11 `` Fool 's Gold '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 511 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's mother , Lily , returns to Heartland with shocking news about his father and a secret that threatens her relationship with her son ; she and Wade are back together . Meanwhile , Amy continues to work with Alcatraz , revealing anything is possible if you give it a chance . 79 12 `` Road to Nowhere '' Ken Craw Dean Bennett January 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) 512 <Td_colspan="7"> When Jack learns that Ty is riding his bike solo to a remote lake to spread his father 's ashes , he decides to join him . Still hurt that Ty decided to go his own way , Amy puts her mind back into working with Alcatraz . When Bryce -- the paralyzed war veteran - returns , Alcatraz is given another chance and finds a new purpose . 80 13 `` Aftermath '' Leila Basen Chris Potter February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 513 <Td_colspan="7"> To avoid hitting a wolf , Ty crashes his bike on a remote road and is badly injured , leaving Jack to search for help in the middle of nowhere . Meanwhile , Amy sees the mustang , Ghost , which she believes shows that something has befallen Ty and Jack . Ty and Jack are rescued . Peter and Lou both get a promotion . Tim begins his custody battle with Miranda over Shane . 81 14 `` Working On A Dream '' David Preston Chris Potter February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 514 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is roped into helping Tim project a positive image to the community , in hopes it will further his custody battle for Shane . Lou and Peter 's house is starting to be built , but they decide to buy a house instead . Ty gets back on his bike and Caleb returns . 82 15 `` Breaking Down and Building Up '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 515 <Td_colspan="7"> When tragedy strikes , Amy must find a way to save Mr. Hanley 's rescue horses from kill buyers , and Mallory tries to convince Mrs. Bell to save her childhood home . Peter and Lou are looking for a new home and find the perfect place , but things do n't go according to plan . Tim proposes to Janice to help him with the custody battle , and she accepts . When she finds out his real reason for proposing , she breaks up with him . Mrs. Bell buys the Hanley house , then sells it to Lou and Peter . 83 16 `` Wild Horses '' Jessalyn Coombe & Andrew Wreggitt Grant Harvey March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 516 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty join Scott on a trip back to his old reservation to save a herd of wild horses from the dangerous EHV - 1 virus . Tim is having trouble coping with his recent break up and the stress of his custody battle and starts to drink again . Mallory is having a big sweet sixteen party until she finds out heartbreaking news . 84 17 `` True Calling '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 517 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy 's dog Lobo is injured by a trigger - happy rancher , it 's up to Ty to save his life , meanwhile good old Jack has gone to Moosejaw to persuade Miranda to come back to Heartland to help sort out Tim 's struggle . Mallory tries to raise money to help her get an apartment so she will not have to move to Nashville . Jake saves Mallory from a lot of trouble with her dad . Mallory moves away . Tim gives up drinking . 85 18 `` Candles in the Wind '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 518 <Td_colspan="7"> When a mystery horse arrives at Heartland , Amy and Ty are sent down a path that will alter their lives . Ty plans on proposing to Amy and is struggling to find the right moment to propose . Amy decides to stay at Heartland , and Jack goes to Paris . Shane shows up at Heartland , and Tim and Miranda realize they have to take into consideration what he wants . Miranda kisses Tim and decides to let Shane visit him anytime he wants . Amy finds the ring . Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 86 `` Running Against the Wind '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 601 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is bursting to ask Ty about the engagement ring , and why he has n't proposed yet , but a couple of `` runaways '' throw everything at Heartland into turmoil . One of the `` runaways '' is a horse that likes to jump fences ; Amy is trying to find the owner but she grows attached and gives the horse a name : Phoenix Rising . The other `` runaway '' is an eleven - year - old girl whose name is Georgina , but who wants to be called Georgie . Lou and Peter 's house is nothing but trouble . 87 `` Crossed Signals '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) 602 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty struggles to deal with the fact that Amy has found the engagement ring and has to decide how and whether he is going to propose to her . Kendra , Phoenix 's owner , comes to Heartland to take him home . Amy discovers that Kendra , although she loves her horses , has problems taking proper care of them . Meanwhile Georgie , the 11 - year - old runaway , is proving to be quite a handful . Ty and Amy decide to wait . 88 `` Keeping Up Appearances '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 603 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim hopes for a big commission when he helps a wealthy weekend cowboy look for his dream ranch , while Amy 's stuck teaching the client 's trophy wife how to ride . Lisa is back but Georgie keeps interrupting Jack and Lisa 's time together . Mallory comes home . There 's a new vet student at the clinic named Cassandra Fay . 89 `` The Natural '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen October 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) 604 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to fulfill Mallory 's dream of being a show jumper but discovers that Georgie has the natural talent . Lisa buys a digital picture frame with all of her and Jack 's pictures from France . Ty studies for his finals with the new vet student , Cassandra . Miranda and Tim kiss . Lou leaves for New York . Jack and Tim buy a buffalo . 90 5 `` Trial Run '' Grant Harvey David Preston October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 605 <Td_colspan="7"> Janice brings Cisco Kid ( and her emotional baggage over Tim ) to Heartland for Amy to figure out why Cisco 's lost that winning feeling . Georgie and Mallory try to rescue a stray dog from a well . Tim gives Cisco to Janice . Ty gets into vet school and a scholarship . 91 6 `` Helping Hands '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 606 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy seeks out an up - and - coming show jumper , Jeremy Hughes , to learn why he 's refusing Scott and Ty 's suggested treatment for his horse Buckingham . Mallory and Georgie finally get along . Lisa decides she and Jack need to take a break . 92 7 `` Life is a Highway '' Jim Donovan Leila Basen November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 607 <Td_colspan="7"> Chase Powers returns to Heartland with his wife , Hayley , who is an aspiring liberty horse rider . She wants Amy to be her coach . Lou comes home and quits her job . 93 8 `` Do The Right Thing '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun December 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) 608 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty needs some engine parts for his broken down truck he 's forced to turn to the last person on earth he wants help from - his stepfather Wade . In the meantime Lou tries to win Dan ( Lisa 's ex-husband ) over as a client and Georgie has to work with Mallory in order to prepare a party for Ty . Ty and Wade end up bonding . Lisa 's ex-husband says that him and Lisa are back together . Ty and Amy each begin to wonder what they are waiting for to get engaged . 94 9 `` Great Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) 609 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack has applied to become Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so Clint interviews them , but things do n't look good . Ty and Amy have a life - changing weekend when they get engaged . Georgie runs away from Heartland to Lou and Peter 's house , and it catches on fire . 95 10 `` The Road Ahead '' Dean Bennett Heather Cookie January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) 610 <Td_colspan="7"> A fire caused by electrical wiring destroys Lou and Peter 's home and puts the lives of Georgie and Phoenix at risk . Ty and Amy end up putting their good news about their engagement on hold . Amy helps Georgie when she has problems with a still spooked Phoenix . Clint turned down Jack for Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so both Tim and Lou try to help . Lou and Peter become Georgie 's long - term foster parents . 96 11 `` Blowing Smoke '' T.W. Peacocke Ken Craw January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) 611 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy must make a hard decision about Phoenix when Jeremy 's horse Buckingham gets hurt , which puts his jumping career in jeopardy . Caleb seems to like Lou , which leads him to punching Peter . Jeremy gets Amy drunk in an attempt to get Phoenix . 97 12 `` Playing With Fire '' TW Peacocke David Preston January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) 612 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou hosts a horse show at Heartland while dealing with her problems with Peter . Both Mallory and Georgie are training for the showjumping . Mallory 's coach is Jeremy and she will ride Spartan , while Georgie will ride Phoenix and is being coached by Amy . Mallory discovers Jeremy kissing Cassandra just before her turn to jump . She rides distracted , leading to her and Spartan falling after a jump . 98 13 `` Waiting For Tomorrow '' Chris Potter Leila Basen February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) 613 <Td_colspan="7"> One of Spartan 's back legs is broken , and Amy faces a tough decision . Tim and Jack focus on how they are going to get the money for the vet bill . Mallory and Georgie are suffering from the events at the horse show , in very different ways . 99 14 `` Lost and Gone Forever '' Chris Potter David Preston February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 614 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's future as a vet is in jeopardy when there 's a fatality at Scott 's clinic . Lou has to deal with an overeager Caleb while she has to convince Georgie to play her new recorder for her music class . 100 15 `` After All We 've Been Through '' Stephen Reynolds Mark Haroun March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 615 <Td_colspan="7"> To prove Jeremy was responsible for Buckingham 's death , Ty searches for evidence . Jeremy is guilty of killing his horse , and Ty is rehired . Amy works with Spartan now that has finally come back home , but he refuses to leave the barn . Lou and Peter 's romantic weekend is interrupted by Eden , Peter 's ex-wife . Mallory tries to find Jack a date , since Lisa is in France and they have decided to put their relationship on hold . Spartan faces his fear . 101 16 `` Born to Buck '' Stephen Reynolds Ken Craw March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 616 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is having trouble dealing with a roping horse that only wants to buck and Caleb , who is n't sure he wants to ride broncs anymore . Shane and Miranda are back in Hudson . Lou and Amy find out that Miranda and Tim have been in a relationship for months . Miranda and Tim break up . Jack is offered a career opportunity and takes the job . 102 17 `` Breaking Point '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 617 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Lou help Georgie regain her confidence as a showjumper when classmate Olivia makes her question her place in the family . Eric Williams ( who has bought the farm where Phoenix used to live and its livestock ) sees his natural potential as a jumper . Amy does n't have the papers to prove she 's Phoenix 's new owner . Jack and Tim fight over their business partnership when they learn that their cattle may have been exposed to BSE ( Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) . Jack wants to buy out Tim , and their cattle are fine . Lou tells Georgie that everyone is behind her adoption . 103 18 `` Under Pressure '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 618 <Td_colspan="7"> With the threat of losing Phoenix to Eric looming over their heads , things become even more complicated at Heartland when Georgie gets a surprise visit from her brother Jeff . When Jeff reveals he wants to raise Georgie , the family is faced with the possibility of losing her . Amy has second thoughts about going on a road trip to Las Vegas with Ty . Meanwhile , Peter 's idea of moving to Vancouver is impossible for Lou to wrap her head around , and Jack ends his partnership with Tim - for good . Georgie 's brother buys back Phoenix for her and tells her to stay at Heartland . In the end of the episode , Jack has a heart attack . Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 104 `` Picking Up the Pieces '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 701 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack returns from his trip to Arizona to find that Tim has made drastic changes to Heartland . Amy works with Emir , a horse frightened during a rough flight . Emir 's owner turns out to be Prince Ahmed who is n't very grateful . Georgie struggles to ask Peter if he will take her to a father - daughter dance at her school . Tim brings sheep to Heartland . 105 `` Living in the Moment '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 702 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou pressures Jack into going to the doctor after a scary accident , and Amy and Ty discuss buying a ranch together . Georgie gets fed up with Olivia picking on her and throws a punch , leading to her to be grounded by Peter , and almost missing the Spring Classic . Georgie wins the Spring Classic . Lou and Peter have officially adopted Georgie . 106 `` Wrecking Ball '' Stefan Scaini Leila Basen October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 703 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Georgie find a dead horse , which leads Scott and Ty on a mission to discover why it died and to learn if other horses could be in peril . At the same time , Lou and Tim find themselves on opposite ends of a fight when Tim attempts to rebrand Maggie 's into a soulless fast food franchise . Lou buys Maggie 's . Ty and Amy keep losing her engagement ring . 107 `` The Penny Drops '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 704 <Td_colspan="7"> As Amy and Ty help a mare and foal through a difficult weaning process , Jake and Mallory share an emotional goodbye as he leaves for Paris , and she struggles to decide if she will stay working as a manager at Maggie 's or join Jake in Paris . She finally decides to move to Paris . 108 5 `` Thread the Needle '' Jim Donovan Ken Craw November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 705 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy attempts to help a young Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) constable overcome a personal challenge to fulfill his lifelong dream of performing in the RCMP Musical Ride . Georgie 's brother comes to visit . Scott hires back Cassandra . 109 6 `` Now or Never '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 706 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie is enthralled when she sees one of Amy 's clients trick riding , and she 's determined to pursue it despite Lou 's misgivings . Georgie tries trick riding . Georgie 's brother bonds with her . Tim tells Lou he paid for Maggie 's . 110 7 `` Best Man '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 707 <Td_colspan="7"> When an old friend turns to him for help , Ty is torn between his ties to the past and his loyalties to his family at Heartland . Caleb returns and so does Nicole , Lou 's friend . Ty asks Caleb to be his best man . 111 8 `` Hotshot '' Chris Potter David Preston December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 708 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou is determined to have a perfect family vacation , but it does n't go as planned when Peter 's job interferes . Lou and Peter go away for his job . Meanwhile , Jack and Georgie visit the fishing cabin to find Tim and his new ' friend ' and her trouble making daughter staying there . Amy and Ty babysit Katie back at the ranch . 112 9 `` There but for Fortune '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 709 <Td_colspan="7"> Prince Ahmed and his groom , Adrian return with another horse : Zeus . Zeus is not performing well with Adrian so Ahmed asks Amy to work with Zeus . Amy works with Zeus but he 's not even cooperating with her . Lou gets an email from a publisher and they want to turn Lou 's blog into a book . Lou puts lies into her story to make it more exciting , but her family does n't appreciate that . Amy and Ty 's dream ranch is back on the market . Caleb and Nicole are starting to warm up to each other but then Ashley returns and Caleb is wondering why Ashley came back . During a massive thunderstorm , Amy gets a text from Ahmed saying to come and calm down his horse , Emir . When Amy arrives , all the horses are let out of their stalls and Emir and Zeus are fighting . Amy tries to stop Emir and Zeus but then Zeus gives Amy a violent kick in the head . The episode ends with an emergency helicopter taking Amy to the hospital . 113 10 `` Darkness and Light '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 710 <Td_colspan="7"> Family members are pitted against each other over Amy 's medical treatment as she struggles to come to terms with her injuries and uncertain future . Amy lost her vision due to the violent kick from Zeus . Ashley tries to get back together with Caleb but Caleb finds out that Ashley already had a boyfriend in Vancouver and he sends her back to Vancouver . Amy regains her vision . 114 11 `` Better Days '' Stephen Reynolds Leila Basen January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 711 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty forces Amy to confront her fear and work with the horse that injured her in order to save its life . Lou leaves for her book tour and Peter takes things over . She is still afraid to ride horses . 115 12 `` Walking Tall '' Stephen Reynolds Katherine Schlemmer January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 712 <Td_colspan="7"> Scott is called to look at an abandoned horse . The horse is a Tennessee Walker in poor condition , abused , neglected and has had his microchip removed to conceal his identity. Scott asks Ty to take the horse to Heartland . When Ty brings the maltreated Tennessee Walker to Heartland to convalesce , Amy recognizes the evidence of soring . Amy goes undercover to bring its abusers to justice . Georgie gets her own room . Lou is still away . In a close call with the horse abusers , Amy faces her fear and rides a horse again to save it . 116 13 `` Lost Highway '' Eleanore Lindo David Preston March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 713 <Td_colspan="7"> After being shocked by an electric fence that has fallen into a pond , Lisa 's horse , Cinders , develops an aversion to water . Scott has Ty bring Cinders to Heartland for Amy to help him overcome his fear of water . Sparks fly when Jack realizes Cinders is owned by Lisa , and that everyone knew Lisa was in town but said nothing to him . Lisa has returned to Hudson to facilitate the sale of Fairfield and the horses . After a few awkward meetings , Jack and Lisa take a road trip together to deliver Cinders . They set off in Fairfield 's rig and use the latest and greatest GPS to set their course . Before losing cell service , Lisa gets an offer for Fairfield . With Lou on tour , Katie is unhappy and crying . Desperate to settle Katie , Peter and Katie go to join Lou on her book tour . 117 14 `` Things We Lost '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 714 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Lisa are on a road trip to deliver Cinders . Low on fuel with the GPS recalculating and no cell signal , they decide to press on . When at last they run out of gas , Jack and Lisa unload Cinders and head out on foot only to find themselves lost in the woods . During the night , a thunderstorm panics Cinders and he runs off while Jack and Lisa sleep . Tim brings Jade to Heartland while Patricia is in Toronto . Jade and Georgie share a dislike of each other and trade accusations . It 's Ty 's birthday and Amy is trying to make a cake . It is clear that Amy is more of a horsewoman than a baker . When Cinders is located in a pit , Jack is forced to set out alone to try and reach cell service and get help . Eventually Jack is able to call Amy . Ty and Amy set out with chainsaw and fuel to rescue them . Once rescued Jack and Lisa drive back into cell range and Lisa prepares to accept the offer on Fairfield . Jack overcomes his reticence to talk about emotional matters and asks Lisa to stay . Ultimately , love and history allow Jack and Lisa to get back together . Georgie and Jade pull tricks on each other involving Georgie 's 4H lamb , Clover , and find common ground along with a beginning friendship . Amy and Ty celebrate his birthday in the loft trying to eat Amy 's attempt at a birthday cake . 118 15 `` Smoke ' n ' Mirrors '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 715 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim goes through a mid-life crisis and buys a hot horse instead of the more traditional hot car , Amy does some dad whispering to help him come to his senses . Georgie gets better and better at trick riding . 119 16 `` The Comeback Kid '' Grant Harvey Pamela Pinch March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 716 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou returns home after her book tour was a failure . Amy 's client list has dwindled since her accident , so Lou convinces her to hold a `` comeback '' clinic . Ty and Caleb invest in a barrel racing horse . 120 17 `` On the Line '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 717 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty are at odds over Ty 's risky investment in a barrel racing horse , and Amy starts working closely with Prince Ahmed. Ty and Amy fight about his investment , because the horse has troubles . Georgie gets a new friend . Tim made improvements to the diner , but Lou is reluctant . 121 18 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 718 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy works with Ty and Caleb 's barrel racing horse and rides him in a high - stakes Futurity . They win with Amy riding . Jack proposes to Lisa , and they elope at the dude ranch , Tim attends . Amy accepts the prince 's offer to travel to Europe with his team for the World Equestrian Games . The season ends with Amy getting in a helicopter with the family and Ty watching her leave . Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 122 `` There and Back Again '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 801 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy 's return to Heartland goes wrong when she finds herself questioning her place at the ranch and her relationship with Ty . Jack and Lisa struggle to tell the family about their marriage . After following Amy 's whereabouts on tour , Georgie becomes Amy 's biggest fan . When an online blog reveals a secret about Amy almost kissing Ahmed . Amy and Ty lost their dream ranch . 123 `` The Big Red Wall '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 802 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty becomes the middleman when Amy and Caleb butt heads over horse training . Reeling from her recent discovery , Georgie pulls away from Amy and focuses on donating money to an online animal sanctuary . She also learns that you ca n't always believe what you read online . Val 's son , Jesse Stanton , comes back to work at Briar Ridge . Lou finds about the kiss . Jack and Lisa have a wedding reception . Val comes back and her cancer has returned . 124 `` Severed Ties '' Bruce McDonald Ken Craw October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 803 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy 's attempts to reunite with Georgie are thwarted by the arrival of lavish gifts from afar . When Tim is captivated by an old acquaintance , he and Jack team up for a charity event . Meanwhile , Lou and Peter disagree about potential pre-schools and Lou takes Katie for an assessment . And an unexpected revelation forces Ty to question his career prospects . Ty takes a job at an animal reserve . Amy keeps getting lavish gifts from the Prince ; at the end of the episode she quits her job with the Prince . 125 `` Secrets and Lies '' David Preston Heather Conkie October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 804 <Td_colspan="7"> The Prince arrives at Heartland and takes Amy to an auction . They detour to a house that the Prince would like to buy , and he declares his love for her . Lou and Peter take Katie to a special child 's doctor to get her evaluated and are told that there is nothing wrong with her . Georgie finds out that Olivia is taking trick riding lessons and asks Ty to get her a trick riding horse so that she can practice more . At a family dinner that the Prince was invited to , Georgie tells everyone that the Prince told Amy that he loved her . This leads to Ty and the Prince getting in a fight . Amy and Ty then get into an argument , which leads to them having a ' break . ' 126 5 `` Endings And Beginnings '' Anne Wheeler Leila Basen October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 805 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles to turn a pair of horses into a team and goes head - to - head with a rival trainer . Ty discovers a dead bear with its gallbladder missing but when he begins asking too many questions , poachers threaten his life . When Ty asks Georgie to care for an orphan wolf pup , she sees it as an opportunity to reunite Amy and Ty . Lou hires Jade to work at the Dude Ranch but regrets her decision when she proves to be a problem employee who takes advantage of the situation . 127 6 `` Steal Away '' Anne Wheeler Pamela Pinch November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 806 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy blames Georgie and Jade when a client horse repeatedly escapes from his stall , but she is forced to reevaluate when she discovers that the horse has hidden skills . When his boss at the Reserve refuses to help him bring down a dangerous poaching ring , Ty turns to Scott for assistance . Jack enlists Georgie 's help to turn Jade into a ranch hand . Ty returns to Scott 's clinic after finding out his boss was involved in the poaching ring . 128 7 `` Walk a Mile '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 807 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles to help a Hutterite family whose team of Percherons ran amok hayride . But Georgie forms a strong bond with the young Hutterite daughter who turns out to be the key to unraveling the mystery . While Tim had a fantastic time traveling the rodeo circuit with Casey , he returns to Heartland and second - guesses their relationship . Back at the clinic , a vet victory for Ty proves bittersweet when he realizes that all he wants to do is share the experience with Amy . Jack confronts his traditional ideals when Lisa informs him that she has no intention of taking his name . 129 8 `` The Family Tree '' Chris Potter David Preston November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 808 <Td_colspan="7"> A school project opens a door to Georgie 's past that could change her life at Heartland . Casey expresses interest in buying one of Ty and Caleb 's bulldogging horses , and Caleb enlists Amy 's help to train it in order to secure the deal . Then , while celebrating their first big sale , Ty tells Caleb that he wants to pull out of their business partnership , which results in Caleb forging an unlikely alliance . And Tim is forced to come clean about his senior rodeo circuit dreams when he learns that Casey is buying a bulldogging horse for him . 130 9 `` The Pike River Cull '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 809 <Td_colspan="7"> When a threat of a cull looms over a herd of wild horses , Jack and Amy aid an old friend in Pike River . Tim takes Ty to Pike River to force Amy and Ty to talk . Ty and Amy kiss and then get arrested . Lou and Peter are having major marriage problems and to top it off social services show up . 131 10 `` The Heart of a River '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 810 <Td_colspan="7"> With the fate of the wild horses in the balance , Amy and Ty make a desperate bid to save them . Lou and Peter form a united front against trumped - up child endangerment charges . Georgie is shattered when her aunt threatens her future at Heartland . Amy and Ty get back together . 132 11 `` The Silent Partner '' Gail Harvey David Preston January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 811 <Td_colspan="7"> A client reveals that Peter turned down a lucrative job offer in Calgary . With increasing demands on her time and two horses to care for , Georgie struggles to accept a friend 's help with Phoenix . Then , when Ty receives an unexpected windfall , he discovers that Caleb took Jesse up on his offer and forged a partnership with him . When a disagreement sends Jack back to Heartland early from his overnighter with Lisa , Lou struggles to accept their chosen form of communication : not talking . 133 12 `` Broken Heartland '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 812 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy is invited to do a horse clinic in Montana , she and Ty take a road trip together . Meanwhile , at Heartland , Jack and Lisa feel caught in the middle when Lou confronts Peter over his decision to choose his career in Vancouver over a job offer in Calgary , which would allow him to spend more time with his family . Georgie and Jade volunteer at the vet clinic . 134 13 `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' Stefan Scaini Mark Haroun February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 813 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim opens a rodeo school but is confronted with a problem student . Ty jumps to conclusions when he learns Lily has entered rehab again . Wade is working two jobs to pay for Lily 's rehab . And with Lou out of town , Georgie prepares to attend her first Sadie Hawkins dance . Georgie gets the chicken poxes and ca n't go to the dance . Then , despite Jack 's protestations that she not get involved , Lisa spearheads wedding preparations with a reluctant Amy . 135 14 `` Riders on the Storm '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 814 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty help Scott 's nephew realize he is worthy of continuing his family tradition of relay racing . Meanwhile , Georgie is caught in the middle when her brother Jeff and her friend Jade exchange half - truths and lies in order to impress each other . Tim refuses Jack 's offer to help with the rodeo school but is forced to swallow his pride and accept the offer . 136 15 `` Eclipse of the Heart '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 815 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou returns from Vancouver with an admission that threatens to change the Heartland family forever ; she and Peter are separating . Meanwhile , Jack intervenes when he discovers that Tim intends to crash Miranda 's wedding in Moose Jaw . Then , when Amy helps Caleb source a horse for Tim 's rodeo school , she learns just how precarious Caleb 's business partnership is with Jesse . And Georgie fights disappointment when it looks like Peter wo n't make it home to take in the lunar eclipse with her . 137 16 `` Faking it '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 816 <Td_colspan="7"> The family strives to support Georgie when Lou and Peter tell her about their separation , and Amy helps Georgie find the strength to deal with the news while training for a trick riding competition . Meanwhile , Ty jumps to Caleb 's defense when Jesse calls in Caleb 's loan , effectively ruining him . And when Tim enlists Casey to help him cover for Lou at the diner , he discovers that they still have a lot to learn about each other . Georgie makes the trick riding team . 138 17 `` All I need is You '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 817 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou spearheads preparations for the big day while Amy throws herself into gentling a rescue horse in order to avoid wedding craziness . But Amy and Ty 's future is jeopardized when Ty is arrested for assault . Meanwhile , Georgie observes an intimate moment between Lou and Peter and nurtures hope that they are getting back together . Tim risks telling Casey how he feels about her , then obsesses over her response . Ty and Amy decide to elope after Val gets Jesse to drop the charges . 139 18 `` Written in Stone '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 818 <Td_colspan="7"> To give Amy and Ty the wedding they really want , Lou struggles to deal with a slew of hurdles . Ty and Amy get married at Heartland . Val gives Caleb money for his debt with Jesse . Georgie is able to get through to a troubled horse following in Amy 's footsteps with Spartan . Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 140 `` Brave New World '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 901 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty are back from their honeymoon and living in Caleb 's trailer . Georgie is learning how to `` Roman Ride '' that is , standing with one foot on each of two linked horses . After spotting an injured horse , Amy and Georgie attempt a rescue but are turned back after discovering a dangerous bear lurking near Heartland . Amy and Georgie eventually rescue the injured horse from the woods . The horse has been injured by the bear , and is given the name Bear . Ty and Amy work to treat Bear who is very agitated . Georgie intuits that Bear needs to be turned loose and followed which she does against Amy 's orders . Amy and Georgie follow Bear to another abandoned horse , which they rescue and bring back to Heartland . The second horse is given the name Buddy . Tim , Jack and Ty are remodeling the loft . Lou and Peter try to pretend they are working out okay , but fight over custody arrangements and end up getting lawyers involved 141 `` Begin Again '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 902 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty prepares to graduate , as he and Amy treat an abandoned horse together . 142 `` Riding For a Fall '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 903 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie gets help from Amy on a trick for the rodeo , but gets pulled away by Lou and Peter who insist she focuses on her schoolwork 143 `` Ties of the Earth '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 904 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack struggles with the imminent loss of a friend . Georgie is struggling with math and gets a tutor . She and Jade try to get Lou to fire the new tutor . 144 5 `` Back in the Saddle '' Chris Potter Bonnie Fairweather November 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 905 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Georgie prepare to compete in a cowboy competition , Casey and Lisa disagree about how to plan the event . Georgie guilts Jack into helping her train on a new horse in the hopes he will fall in love with the animal . Tim and Peter work on the loft together and Tim gives Peter advice to mend his relationship with Lou . Ty asks Bob to take in an injured coyote . 145 6 `` Over and Out '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 906 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty and Amy 's attempt to rescue an injured eagle in the mountains takes a dangerous turn when Ty falls off of a cliff . Amy gets Bear to help her pull Ty back up to safety . Amy thinks Bear will make a good police horse . Jade , Georgie and Adam volunteer at the animal reserve . Adam and Georgie take a four wheeler and wrecks it . 146 7 `` Fearless '' Dawn Wilkinson Mark Haroun November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 907 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps a Medieval jouster who was badly injured during a competition regain his confidence so he can compete again . Caleb helps Amy practice jousting . Amy and Ty host a dinner party in their new loft . Caleb and Cass fight at dinner and breakup . But later they reconcile and make a commitment to each other . Katy starts kindergarten and pretends that she got married and divorced from a boy in her class . Lou worries what she might be teaching her . Tim feels like he missed out on his kids lives so he gives Georgie driving lessons , but it goes very badly and she later asks Ty for help . 147 8 `` Reckless Abandon '' Dawn Wilkinson Ken Craw November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 908 <Td_colspan="7"> Lisa encourages Lou to go on a date with the insurance inspector . Lou goes to coffee with him discovers she is not ready to date so she turns down a second date . He fails the inspection and she thinks it is because she turned him down , but there are just a few minor things that need to be fixed . Tim tries to fix Casey 's trailer , but Jack thinks it is a hint for Tim to ask her to move in with him . Tim and Casey have a misunderstanding when she buys a house . Amy 's applied Bear to become a police horse and attempts to help Georgie deal with the impending departure . Georgie gives Bear and Buddy the goodbye they need . Georgie and Stephen finally have their lunch together and Stephen breaks the news that he is moving away for good . Olivia brings her attitude and horse to Amy to look at , Georgie thinks the problem is all Olivia and rides him to prove her wrong , but the horse gets injured . 148 9 `` A Matter of Trust '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 909 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty finds some abandoned possums and Georgie accidentally releases them . Caleb brings a horse to Heartland for Ty and Amy to fix . But he gets sick Amy lets him drink from the contaminated river . Tim and Jack fix the wiring in the loft and find the missing possums . Georgie does n't have time to exercise Phoenix so Jack takes him out and lets him drink from the river . Lou surprises the girls with a vacation to the Dominican Republic . Georgie has the opportunity to become closer with her extreme team by going on a road trip but lies to Lou about it , argues with Lou and runs away from Heartland to Vancouver . 149 10 `` Darkness Before Dawn '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 910 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie begins to second - guess her decision to run away from Heartland , while the family bands together to find her . Meanwhile , Amy and Ty work frantically to save Phoenix from pesticide poisoning . And Jack , Tim and Caleb team up to trace the pesticide 's origins . 150 11 `` Making the Grade '' Gail Harvey Pamela Pinch January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 911 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty gets roped into helping Jack and Tim on a cattle drive but an unforeseen accident jeopardizes their plans . 151 12 `` The Real Deal '' Gail Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 912 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim wants to discourage Jade from taking a suspicious sponsorship deal and seeks help from Amy and Georgie . 152 13 `` Risky Business '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 913 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Cass team to save a racehorse with a career - threatening condition , while Tim 's former girlfriend visits and casts his current relationship in a new light . Caleb discovers a positive pregnancy test in Ty and Amy 's bathroom while making a repair for Amy . 153 14 `` No Regrets '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 914 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb congratulates Ty on their pregnancy , only the test was n't Amy 's . Ty becomes way over-protective of a totally confused Amy . Jack meets a helpful rider with an aggressive horse and invites them to contact Amy . The rider is Mitch Cutty and Jack offers him the job of ranch hand . Georgie 's school project on Val Stanton inspires her to take a risk with Adam . 154 15 `` Making A Move '' Stefan Scaini Pamela Pinch February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 915 <Td_colspan="7"> When Lou returns from New York she is forced to confront two interlopers : Heartland 's new ranch hand , and a trendy food truck that is threatening Maggie 's business . 155 16 `` Pandora 's Box '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 916 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou finds herself trapped at the Dude Ranch with Mitch , the new ranch hand , and they both reveal the circumstances of their recent pasts. Ty is feeling conflicted about opening a package he received from his Dad . 156 17 `` Love is Just a Word '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 917 <Td_colspan="7"> While trying to help Cass learn to handle a spirited horse , Amy discovers there is more riding on their success than she initially realized . Tim insists the entire Heartland family attend a Hudson holiday party where Lou is forced to deal with a series of unexpected events . 157 18 `` Resolutions '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 918 <Td_colspan="7"> When their plans to get away are thwarted , Amy and Ty celebrate their first anniversary closer to home and Amy reveals that she is pregnant . Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 158 `` There Will Be Changes '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 1001 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty work together to resolve a dangerous pregnancy issue , that involves a horse who is pregnant with twins . Georgie 's Extreme Team practices start back up with a new , stricter coach . Tim confronts Mitch . Lou makes a decision about a new business venture that involves going to new york . She decides to go to New York to open a new franchise of Maggie 's . Georgie almost quits Extreme Team because of the new coach , but she decides to stay . 159 `` You Just Know '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1002 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty has to perform surgery . Amy and Georgie take care of the new foals . Lou and Mitch deal with their attraction towards each other . Sam , the girl who wanted to go on a road trip to Jasper in Season 9 at the end before Georgie ran away , becomes Georgie 's friend but then loosens Olivia 's saddle so she falls off her horse . Georgie confronts Sam and the coach , Natalie , overhears and puts Sam on a temporary suspension from Extreme Team . 160 `` New Kid in Town '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 1003 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim is caught in the middle of Jade 's showdown with a new hotshot bronc rider . Meanwhile , Georgie is feeling trapped in a rivalry of her own with Adam . Amy and Jack work with a top - flight bronc that has lost his mojo , while Ty faces a dilemma when a new professional passion project threatens to upend his life with Amy . And old feelings are rekindled when Casey enlists Tim 's help with a new rodeo school student . 161 `` New Horizons '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1004 <Td_colspan="7"> The Heartland family must deal with Amy and Ty 's decision about their future . Georgie and Jade finally convince Tim to let them work at Maggie 's Diner . Casey has a barrel racing horse that has developed a reluctance to eat and Ty and Amy work together to find out what the problem is . 162 5 `` Something To Prove '' Ken Filewych Mark Haroun October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1005 <Td_colspan="7"> When one of Tim 's team - building events turns competitive , Georgie gets stuck partnering with Jade 's cocky rival . Meanwhile , Amy and Cass have a falling out over Ty 's partnership at the vet clinic until a close call forces them to reconcile . And Jack offers to help Tim with mounted orienteering in order to avoid lunch with Lisa 's uppity aunt . 163 6 `` The Green - Eyed Monster '' Pierre Tremblay Bonnie Fairweather November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1006 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy helps a mounted archer reconnect with her horse , she also unravels the mystery behind Spartan 's recent behavior . Meanwhile , Georgie is keen to tackle an exciting new challenge but her relationship with Adam is tested when he finds her spending time with another guy . Hoping they will finally have a chance to talk , Lou is surprised by Mitch 's reaction when she unexpectedly descends on his solo fishing trip . And when Lisa accidentally throws out the key to his famous stew , Jack grows increasingly frustrated trying to recreate the recipe . 164 7 `` Riding Shotgun '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1007 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie and Adam have a falling out after he found her spending time with another boy . Mitch buys Lou a horse and she thinks that it is a sign about their relationship . Peter comes home to spend time with the girls and Lou reveals her new business venture with Maggie 's to him . Jack and Mitch find wolves killing cattle while checking on the herd . Mitch explains his past to Jack . Scott needs help at the Reserve and Georgie finds a way to get back together with Adam . Together they save the life of a pig from the reserve . Lou finds out that Mitch wants her to pay him back for the horse he got supposedly for her but actually it was for the Dude Ranch , making Lou realise that it may not have been a sign for their relationship . Mitch apologizes for being rude and explains why he was when she went to see him during his solo fishing trip . 165 8 `` Here and Now '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1008 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie is picked as the new Extreme Team headliner , but being the headliner comes with a demanding coach with dangerous expectations that threaten to break the team up . Jade gets a new sponsor and moves back into Caleb 's trailer with the sudden amount of money . But her choices may jeopardize her place with her sponsor . Jack 's old friend Will Vernon comes back to Heartland with a big surprise for Jack that will have a lasting impact on everyone . 166 9 `` A Horse With No Rider '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 1009 <Td_colspan="7"> An out - of - town horse clinic takes a dangerous turn for Amy , Tim and Georgie . Meanwhile , Lou 's flight home is delayed and Jack is caught in the middle when Mitch 's elevated status at Heartland begins to make Peter feel like an outsider . And when an endangered bear is shot by poachers Ty and Bob fight to save its life . 167 10 `` Together and Apart '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 1010 <Td_colspan="7"> While Amy deals with a panicked horse trapped in a trailer , Georgie heads off on a desperate search for Tim . 168 11 `` Change of Course '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) 1011 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim offers to accompany Amy to her prenatal class while also teaching a Barrel Racing course with Casey . Amy steps in to help Georgie with the course . Jack steps in to get Katie ready for the 1st Grade . 169 12 `` Sound of Silence '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) 1012 <Td_colspan="7"> The Barn Tim had Casey board out of town horses for a Rodeo Event is destroyed by a fire , with the fate of the horses unknown . Tim insists the Rodeo continue for moral . Jade and Clay receive their Pro Rodeo cards but will the other contestants prove too much for Jade ? 170 13 `` Home Sweet Home '' Gail Harvey Bonnie Fairweather February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 1013 <Td_colspan="7"> Lisa and Lou are throwing Amy a surprise Baby Shower when an old friend expectantly shows up hiding the real reason for her visit . Adam is suspicious of Georgie which causes problems in their relationship . 171 14 `` Written in the Stars '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1014 <Td_colspan="7"> Jake 's unexpected arrival at Heartland forces Mallory to admit to Amy and Jack the real reason she came back to Heartland . Meanwhile , Georgie tries to move on after her break up with Adam by throwing herself into helping Amy with an underperforming cutting horse which Scott brings to Heartland . And Lou and Mitch struggle to find the right time to tell the family about their relationship . 172 15 `` Forest for the Trees '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1015 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles with the feeling that something is not right with Ty when she and Jack strive to help Ghost , a wild horse linked with Ty 's past . Georgie goes on a fun date with Clay 's cousin . Tim steps up when Jade 's plans fall through . 173 16 `` A Long Shot '' Eleanore Lindo Pamela Pinch March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1016 <Td_colspan="7"> A secret from Jack 's past threatens to change his relationship with the family forever . Georgie comes clean about her true feelings for Adam . Forced to work together for the afternoon , Tim gives Mitch the gears when he learns of Lou and Mitch 's relationship . Ty grows increasingly ill as he attempts to get back to Amy . 174 17 `` Dreamer '' Alison Reid Mark Haroun March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1017 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty is admitted to the hospital , Amy and the family come together . 175 18 `` Greater Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1018 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb and Cassandra get married . Amy goes into labor and the Heartland family welcomes a baby girl . Season 11 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 176 `` Baby on Board '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1101 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland gets used to having a new baby around . 177 `` Highs and Lows '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1102 <Td_colspan="7"> The family supports Georgie as she decides whether or not to face a ghost from her past . 178 `` Decision Time '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1103 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie has to decide between show jumping Flame or continuing with the Extreme Team. Tim steps up Jade 's training regimen when a new competitor shows up . 179 `` Hard to Say Goodbye '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1104 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps a Mongolian horse get ready to travel , leaving his mare and foal behind in Canada . 180 5 `` Measuring Up '' Ken Filewych Bonnie Fairweather October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1105 <Td_colspan="7"> Upon her return from New York , Lou discovers that things are n't running smoothly . 181 6 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Pierre Tremblay Pamela Pinch November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1106 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is asked to work with Lisa 's racehorse , but when information is brought to light about the horse 's breeding , conflict arises . 182 7 `` Our Sons and Daughters '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1107 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to teach some old friends about the power of connecting to a horse . 183 8 `` Truth be Told '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1108 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim 's erratic behavior sparks concern from his loved ones , Jack suspects something else is going on . 184 9 `` Challenges '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1109 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to get everything at Heartland organized before joining Ty on a work - related journey . 185 10 `` A Fine Balance '' Bruce McDonald Alexandra Clarke & Heather Conkie January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1110 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty finds himself in a dangerous situation , and Amy must turn to an unexpected source for guidance in order to save him . 186 11 `` Somewhere in Between '' Rachel Leiterman Mark Haroun January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1111 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim is forced to open up when an emergency traps him with an unexpected visitor . 187 12 `` Out of the Shadow '' Rachel Leiterman Ken Craw January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1112 <Td_colspan="7"> Struggling with personal issues , Tim rallies the family to go on another memorial ride for Marion so he can face his deepest regret . 188 13 `` Reunion '' Alison Reid Alexandra Clarke January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1113 <Td_colspan="7"> As the family struggles to deal with Tim 's news , Lou throws herself into planning her high school reunion to impress an old rival . 189 14 `` Past Imperfect '' Alison Reid Pamela Pinch February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 1114 <Td_colspan="7"> A threat from Ty 's past arrives in Hudson , putting the entire Heartland family in danger . 190 15 `` Strength of Bonds '' Rachel Leiterman Ken Craw March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 1115 <Td_colspan="7"> As Thanksgiving approaches , Georgie convinces Amy to work with a high strung and dangerous jumping horse . 191 16 `` A Place to Call Home '' Rachel Leiterman Pamela Pinch March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 1116 <Td_colspan="7"> A training accident results in a serious injury and Georgie feels conflicted when an unlikely ally arrives at Heartland to show support . 192 17 `` Doubt '' Megan Follows Mark Haroun April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 1117 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie reconsiders her future in show jumping after a video goes viral . 193 18 `` Naming Day '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 1118 <Td_colspan="7"> Just days before Lyndy 's naming ceremony , the family finds themselves keeping secrets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heartland 's record setting 125th episode '' . CBC . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown to Season 10 begins ! - Blog - Heartland '' . Jump up ^ `` Filming Season 12 : Day One - Blog - Heartland '' . Jump up ^ http://www.geoconvention.com/archives/2010/0295_GC2010_Pilot_High_School_Geology_Course.pdf Jump up ^ `` Field & Stream '' . 1 January 1998 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` A Heartland Christmas scores 1.4 million viewers ; repeats Christmas Day '' . 14 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Heartland USA List of Heartland episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Heartland episodes at TV.com List of Heartland episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Heartland_episodes&oldid=849259349 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Heartland TV series 2. Canadian family drama 3. Amy and Lou Fleming 4. Life at the ranch 5. Healing abused horses