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how many provinces do we have in nigeria

Provinces of Nigeria - wikipedia Provinces of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Map of the provinces of Nigeria in 1910 The Provinces of Nigeria are a former administrative division in Nigeria , which were in use in Colonial Nigeria and shortly after independence ; from 1900 to 1967 . They were altered many times through their history . They were divided into divisions , some of these were further subdivided into native authorities . Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria were also sometimes known as the Northern Provinces or Southern Provinces respectively . Currently Nigeria uses states as its administrative division . The first use of provinces was in Northern Nigeria after Britain took over administration of the area from the Royal Niger Company in 1900 . The British originally divided the area into eleven provinces which were : Bauchi Bida Bornu Kabba Kontagora Lower Benue or Nassarawa Illorin Muri Sokoto Upper Bema Zaria In 1903 six more provinces were added ; five following the Sokoto - Kano campaign , and also Gwandu province , making a total of 17 . The number of provinces was reduced to 13 in 1911 , and 12 after World War I. In 1926 Adamawa and Plateau became new provinces . The provinces and divisions in 1945 , with the names or number of Native Authorities in each division : Province Region Division Native Authorities Abeokuta Western Egba Abeokuta Abeokuta Western Egbado 5 Adamawa Northern Adamawa Adamawa Adamawa Northern Muri Muri Adamawa Northern Numan Numan , Shellen Bauchi Northern Bauchi Bauchi , Dass , Ningi Bauchi Northern Gombe Bauchi Northern Katagum Benin Western Asaba 23 Benin Western Benin Benin Benin Western Ishan 11 Benin Western Kukuruku 36 Benue Northern Idoma 21 Benue Northern Lafia Awe , Lafia Benue Northern Nasarawa Keffi , Nasarawa Benue Northern Tiv 55 Benue Northern Wukari 6 Bornu Northern Bedde Bedde Bornu Northern Biu Bornu Northern Bornu Bornu Bornu Northern Dikwa Dikwa Bornu Northern Potiskum Fika Calabar Eastern Abak 8 Calabar Eastern Calabar Calabar Eastern Eket 7 Calabar Eastern Enyong Aro 5 Calabar Eastern Enyong Itu 5 Calabar Eastern Ikot Ekpene Calabar Eastern Opobo Calabar Eastern Uyo 9 Cameroons Eastern Bamenda 23 Cameroons Eastern Kumba 12 Cameroons Eastern Mamfe 7 Cameroons Eastern Victoria Ijebu Western Ijebu - Odo Ijebu - Ode , Ijebu - Remo Ilorin Northern Borgu Bussa , Kaiama Ilorin Northern Ilorin Ilorin Ilorin Northern Pategi - Lafiagi Lafiagi , Pategi Kabba Northern Igala 5 Kabba Northern Igbirra Igbirra Kabba Northern Kabba 5 Kabba Northern Koton Karifi Kano Northern Kano Kanu , Kano Northern Hadejia Gumel , Hadejia Kazaure Katsina Northern Katsina Daura , Katsina Niger Northern Abuja Abuja , Lapai Niger Northern Bida Agaie , Bida Niger Northern Kontagora Kontagora , Wushishi , Zuru Niger Northern Minna Gwari , Kamuku Ogoja Eastern Abakaliki 6 Ogoja Eastern Afikpo 11 Ogoja Eastern Ikom 9 Ogoja Eastern Obobra 9 Ogoja Eastern Ogoja 12 Ondo Western Ekiti 16 Ondo Western Okitipupa 5 Ondo Western Ondo Ondo Western Owo 6 Onitsha Eastern Awka 9 Onitsha Eastern Awgu Onitsha Eastern Onitsha 20 Onitsha Eastern Nsukka 8 Onitsha Eastern Udi Owerri Eastern Aba Owerri Eastern Bende Owerri Eastern Okigwi Owerri Eastern Orlu 5 Owerri Eastern Owerri 22 Oyo Western Ibadan Ibadan Oyo Western Ife - Ilesha Ife , Ilesha Oyo Western Oyo Oyo Plateau Northern Jema'a Jema'a Plateau Northern Jos 5 Plateau Northern Pankshin 22 Plateau Northern Shendam Wase , 6 others Plateau Northern Southern Eggon , Nunku , Wamba Rivers Eastern Ahoada 7 Rivers Eastern Brass Rivers Eastern Degema Rivers Eastern Ogoni Sokoto Northern Argungu Argungu Sokoto Northern Gwandu Gwandu , Yauri Sokoto Northern Sokoto Sokoto Warri Western Aboh Warri Western Warri Warri Western Urhobo 28 Warri Western Western Ijaw 13 Zaria Northern Zaria Zaria , 4 others There were thirteen provinces in Northern Nigeria in 1966 which were abolished in May 1967 : Bauchi Benue Borno Ilorin Kano Katsina Plateau Zaria Niger Adamawa Kabba Sokoto Sardauna References ( edit ) Nigerian archives Statoids , Nigeria Northern Nigeria Eastern Nigeria Western Nigeria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Nigeria&oldid=759801509 '' Categories : Former Nigerian administrative divisions Talk About Wikipedia Português Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2017 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Provinces of Nigeria in colonial times 2. Administrative divisions in Nigeria 3. Northern and Southern Provinces of Nigeria 4. Changes in Nigeria's administrative divisions 5. Abolishment of provinces in Nigeria in 1967

which was the first international market which accepted dyson s vacuum cleaners

Dyson ( company ) - Wikipedia Dyson ( company ) Coordinates : 51 ° 35 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 06 ′ 18 '' W  /  51.595473 ° N 2.1050741 ° W  / 51.595473 ; - 2.1050741 This article needs to be updated . In particular : regarding lawsuits and current products . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) Dyson Ltd <Td_colspan="2"> Type Private company Industry Technology Founded 8 July 1991 ; 27 years ago ( 1991 - 07 - 08 ) ( as Barleta Ltd . ) Founder James Dyson Headquarters Malmesbury , Wiltshire , U.K. Key people James Dyson ( Chief engineer ) Jim Rowan ( CEO ) Products Vacuum cleaners , hand dryers , desk fans , Hair dryers ( see products listing ) Revenue £ 2.5 billion ( 2016 ) Net income £ 631 million ( 2016 ) Owner James Dyson Number of employees 8,500 ( 2017 ) Website www.dyson.com Dyson Tangle - free turbine tool Dyson DC07 Vacuum Cleaner Dyson Ltd is a British technology company established by James Dyson in 1991 . It designs and manufactures household appliances such as vacuum cleaners , hand dryers , bladeless fans , heaters and hair dryers . As of February 2017 , Dyson had more than 8,500 employees worldwide . Contents 1 History 2 Products 3 Research projects 4 James Dyson Award and James Dyson Foundation 5 Cyclonic separation technology 6 Production moves to Malaysia and Singapore 7 UK expansion in Hullavington 8 Controversies 8.1 Patent infringement lawsuits 8.1. 1 Amway and Hoover 8.1. 2 Qualtex 8.1. 3 Vax 8.1. 4 Samsung 8.1. 5 Excel Dryer 8.2 Criticisms regarding foreign students 8.3 Lobbying on copyright issues with China 8.4 Industrial espionage on motor technology 8.5 Siemens and Bosch energy requirements allegations 8.6 Dyson suit against European Commission 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) In 1974 , James Dyson bought a Hoover Junior vacuum cleaner , which became clogged quickly and lost suction over time . Frustrated , Dyson emptied the bag to try to restore the suction but this had no effect . On opening the bag to investigate , he noticed a layer of dust inside , clogging the fine material mesh . Later on , Dyson was working on his ballbarrow at a previous company he had founded ( but no longer entirely owned ) where a large vacuum system was used to contain the fusion bonded epoxy coating that was sprayed on the wheelbarrow arms as a powder coating . Dyson found the system inefficient , and was told by equipment manufacturers that giant cyclone systems were better . Centrifugal separators are a typical method of collecting dirt , dust and debris in industrial settings . Such methods usually were not applied on a smaller scale because of the higher cost . He knew sawmills used this type of equipment , and investigated by visiting a local sawmill in dark of night and taking measurements . He then built a 30 - foot model for the ballbarrow factory . While constructing this at home , Dyson realized the function of the cyclone was to extract dust without clogging . Wondering if this could be applied at a smaller scale to a home vacuum , he constructed a cardboard and Scotch tape model , connected it to his Hoover with its bag removed , and found it worked satisfactorily . The directors of the ballbarrow company thought if a better vacuum was possible , Hoover or Electrolux would have invented it . Dyson was undeterred , and was kicked out of his company . Jeremy Fry provided 49 % of the investment for cyclonic vacuum development , and the rest came from a loan . In the shed behind his house , Dyson developed 5,127 prototype designs between 1979 and 1984 . The first prototype vacuum cleaner , a red and blue machine , brought Dyson little success , as he struggled to find a licensee for his machine in the UK and America . Manufacturing companies such as Hoover did not want to license the design , probably because the vacuum bag market was worth $500 m so Dyson was a threat to their profits . The only company that expressed interest in the new cyclonic vacuum technology was Dyson 's former employer , Rotork . Built by Italian appliance maker Zanussi and sold by Kleeneze through mail order catalogue , the Kleeneze Rotork Cyclon was the first publicly sold vacuum cleaner of Dyson 's design . Only about 500 units were sold in 1983 . In April 1984 , Dyson claimed that he had sent the prototype machines , drawings , and confidential information to American consumer - products maker , Amway as part of a proposed licensing deal . The deal fell through , however in January 1985 , Amway produced the CMS - 1000 , a machine which was very similar to the Dyson design . Less than a month later , Dyson sued Amway for patent infringement . In 1985 a Japanese company , Apex Ltd. , expressed interest in licensing Dyson 's design and in March 1986 a reworked version of the Cyclon -- called G - Force -- was put into production and sold in Japan for the equivalent of US $2,000 . The G - Force had an attachment that could turn it into a table to save space in small Japanese apartments . In 1991 , it won the International Design Fair prize in Japan , and became a status symbol there . Using the income from the Japanese licence , James Dyson set up Dyson Appliances Ltd. in 1991 . The first dual - cyclone vacuum built under the Dyson name , the DA 001 , was produced by American company Phillips Plastics in a facility in Wrexham , Wales , beginning in January 1993 and sold for about £ 200 . Vacuum assembly took place in the unused half of the plastic factory . Due to quality control concerns and Phillips 's desire to renegotiate the terms of their contract to build the vacuum cleaner , Dyson severed the agreement in May 1993 . Within two months Dyson set up a new supply chain and opened a new production facility in Chippenham , Wiltshire , England ; the first vacuum built at the new facility was completed 1 July 1993 . The DA 001 was soon replaced by an almost identical vacuum called DC01 . Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies , after which Dyson entered the market directly . Even though market research showed that people would n't be happy with a transparent container for the dust , Dyson and his team decided to make a transparent container anyway and this turned out to be a popular and enduring feature which has been heavily copied . The DC01 became the biggest selling vacuum cleaner in the UK in just 18 months . By 2001 , the DC01 made up 47 % of the upright vacuum cleaner market . A Dyson Airblade Mk. 2 The company introduced a cylinder machine , the DC02 , and produced a number of special editions and revised models ( DC02 Absolute , DC02 De Stijl , DC05 , DC04 , DC06 , DC04 Zorbster ) . On 2 January 2001 the company name was shortened from Dyson Appliances Ltd. to simply Dyson Ltd . In April of that year the DC07 , a new upright vacuum cleaner using `` Root Cyclone '' technology with seven cyclone funnels instead of the original dual - cyclone design , was launched . By 2009 Dyson began creating other technologies : the AirBlade hand dryer , the Air Multiplier `` bladeless '' fan and Dyson Hot , the `` bladeless '' fan heater . Products ( edit ) Main article : List of Dyson products Research projects ( edit ) In 2014 , Dyson invested in a joint robotics lab with Imperial College London to investigate vision systems and engineer a generation of household robots . In 2001 they were close to launching a robot vacuum , the DC06 , but James Dyson pulled it from the production line as it was too heavy and slow . Dyson invested in a Dyson Chair at the University of Cambridge in November 2011 . The Dyson Professor of Fluid Mechanics focuses on teaching and researching the science and engineering behind air movement . In addition , Dyson invested hundreds of thousands pounds in a Dyson research branch at Newcastle University in May 2012 to investigate the next generation of Dyson digital motor and motor drive . In March 2015 , Dyson invested in its first outside business , paying $15 m for an undisclosed stake in US battery start - up Sakti3 , which is developing solid - state batteries . Dyson acquired the remaining stake in Sakti3 for $90 m in October 2015 . Dyson researchers had been working on battery technology since 2010 . In 2017 , Dyson abandoned its licensing of patents held by University of Michigan , fuelling doubts over Sakti3 's technology . In late September 2017 , company founder James Dyson announced via email to employees that the company has 400 people working on a battery electric vehicle , secretly in the works for two years , which it hopes to release by 2020 . Further information about the company 's plans emerged in February 2018 , with news of three electric vehicles in the works as part of an estimated $2.8 B project . Even with the company 's investment in solid state batteries , sources report that the initial lower - volume high - end model will likely still use current generation battery technology . James Dyson Award and James Dyson Foundation ( edit ) The James Dyson Award is an international student design award running in 18 countries . It is run by the James Dyson Foundation , James Dyson 's charitable trust , as part of its mission to encourage the next generation of design engineers to be creative , challenging and inventive . The James Dyson Award is presented jointly to students and their university . The James Dyson Foundation aims to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers . By visiting schools and universities and providing workshops for young people , the foundation hopes to encourage creativity and ingenuity . Over 727 schools in Great Britain and Northern Ireland have used Dyson 's educational `` Ideas Boxes '' , sent to teachers and pupils , in order to learn more about the design process . The James Dyson Foundation also provides bursaries and scholarships to aspiring engineers . Cyclonic separation technology ( edit ) See also : Dust collector A Dyson vacuum cleaner uses cyclonic separation to remove dust and other particles from the air stream , without enhancing or contributing to the suction needed to collect dirt . Dirty air enters a conical container called a cyclone , where it is made to flow in a tight spiral . Centrifugal force throws the particles out of the airflow onto the wall of the container , from which they can fall into a bin . The vacuum cleaner uses two stages of cyclones . Dyson states that centrifugal forces can reach up to 150,000 g . Although Dyson vacuum cleaners do not need a dustbag , there are several filters incorporated which must be kept reasonably clean , otherwise the partial blockage created will cause the performance of the cleaner to diminish . Many of the latest cleaners incorporate digital electric motors which are very compact for their performance . Naturally , the very high rotational speed ( e.g. 120,000 rpm ) advertised for these motors is necessary to enable the attached low diameter fan to achieve a reasonably high tip speed to satisfy the airflow / pressure rise requirements of the vacuum cleaner . Production moves to Malaysia and Singapore ( edit ) Dyson vacuum cleaners and washing machines were made in Malmesbury , Wiltshire until 2002 , when the company transferred vacuum cleaner production to Malaysia . There was some controversy over the reason for this move , as well as over plans to expand Dyson 's factory to increase production . Moreover , trade unionists in Wiltshire claimed that the move would negatively impact the local economy through the loss of jobs . The following year , washing machine production was also transferred to Malaysia . This move was driven by lower production costs in Malaysia ( lower by 30 % compared with the UK ) ; however , it created a loss of 65 jobs . In 2004 , the Meiban - Dyson Laundry Manufacturing Plant was launched in Johor , Malaysia . The newly opened RM10 million ( approx . US $2.63 million ) plant is a joint venture between Dyson and the Singapore - based Meiban Group Ltd. , which has manufacturing facilities in Singapore , Malaysia and China . Dyson stated that the cost savings from transferring production to Malaysia enabled investment in research & development at their Malmesbury head office . In 2007 , Dyson formed a partnership with the Malaysian electronics manufacturer VS Industry Bhd ( VSI ) to take on a major role in Dyson 's supply chain , from raw material sourcing and production to distribution . VSI also undertook an extensive production plan to supply finished product to Dyson 's destination markets around the globe ( America , UK , Japan , etc . ) . It is said that Dyson has around 7,000 employees . Dyson has not publicly stated where those employees are actually located , though it is known that VS Industry Bhd ( VSI ) currently has around 4,250 employees at their Malaysian facility which manufactures Dyson products , and in 2007 it was reported that Dyson alone was responsible for 80 % of VS Industry Bhd ( VSI ) revenue . Dyson launched a $360 million plant in Tuas , Singapore in 2013 , which can produce 4 million digital motors a year . In 2016 , Dyson injected $100 million to increase the production output to an estimated 11 million digital motors a year . UK expansion in Hullavington ( edit ) On 28 February 2017 , Dyson announced a significant expansion programme in the UK , by opening a new high tech campus on the former RAF Hullavington Airfield in Hullavington , Wiltshire near its Malmesbury headquarters . It has been suggested that research there will focus on battery technologies , following the acquisition of US start - up Sakti3 , and robotics . It will also house the Dyson Institute of Technology , a college founded by James Dyson to combat a perceived shortage of engineering skills in the UK . Controversies ( edit ) Patent infringement lawsuits ( edit ) Amway and Hoover ( edit ) In 1985 , Dyson sued Amway for copyright infringement of a Dyson dual cyclone prototype machine . Dyson claimed that he had sent the prototype machines , drawings , and confidential information to Amway as part of a contract in April 1984 . In January 1985 , Amway produced the CMS - 1000 , a machine which was very similar to the Dyson design . Less than a month later , Dyson sued Amway . In 1999 , the US company Hoover was found guilty of patent infringement . Qualtex ( edit ) In 2006 , Dyson sued the parts manufacturer Qualtex for copyright and unregistered design right infringement , for creating and selling deliberate imitations of Dyson 's original vacuum cleaner parts . Dyson was seeking to prevent the sale of spare parts made by Qualtex to fit and match Dyson vacuum cleaners . The Qualtex parts in question were intended to resemble closely the Dyson spares , not least as they were visible in the normal use of the vacuum cleaners . The Chinese manufacturer that produced certain parts for Qualtex was found to have copied the visual design of some of Dyson 's spare parts . Following the victory , £ 100,000 was donated to the Royal College of Art to help young designers protect their designs . Vax ( edit ) In 2010 , Dyson launched legal action against rival manufacturer Vax , claiming the design of its Mach Zen vacuum cleaner is an infringement of the registered design of its first `` bagless '' Dyson cylinder vacuum DC02 , which dates back to 1994 . Dyson also claimed the Chinese - owned rival had `` flagrantly copied '' Dyson 's iconic design . However , the court backed an earlier decision which rejected Dyson 's claims , as the two designs did not produce `` the same overall impression '' on the informed user . The courts held that the two cleaners were `` different designs '' , the Dyson cleaner being `` smooth , curving and elegant '' , the Vax cleaner being `` rugged , angular and industrial '' . Samsung ( edit ) In August 2013 , Dyson sued Samsung Electronics over claims his company 's steering technology was infringed . The product that was targeted , Samsung 's `` Motion Sync '' , allegedly infringed the design of a steering mechanism for cylinder cleaners , patented by Dyson in 2009 . It describes a way to allow a vacuum cleaner to spin quickly from one direction to another on the spot , and to follow the user 's path rather than just being dragged behind , in order to prevent the vacuum getting snagged on corners . But three months after it filed the lawsuit , Dyson voluntarily dropped the litigation for unknown reasons . Samsung filed a counter suit for ₤ 6 million for compensation for hurting Samsung 's corporate image . Excel Dryer ( edit ) On 5 December 2012 , a lawsuit by hand dryer manufacturer Excel Dryer was filed against Dyson , claiming that Dyson 's advertising comparing the Airblade to the Excel Dryer Xlerator was deceptive . Dyson 's advertisements stated that the Xlerator produced twice as much carbon dioxide , was worse for the environment , and cost more to operate than the Airblade . Excel Dryer claimed that Dyson was falsifying its comparisons by submitting a 20 - second dry time for the Xlerator to the Materials Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , rather than Excel Dryer 's tested 12 second dry time , thus inflating energy consumption figures in the Airblade 's favour . Criticisms regarding foreign students ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) In March 2011 , James Dyson reportedly said in an interview for The Sunday Times that British universities were allowing Chinese nationals to study engineering and spy on the departments where they were working , enabling them to take technology back to China after completing their studies . In the interview he was quoted as saying that `` Britain is very proud about the number of foreign students we educate at our universities , but actually all we are doing is educating our competitors . ( ... ) I 've seen frightening examples . Bugs are even left in computers so that the information continues to be transmitted after the researchers have returned home . '' David Willetts , the government minister responsible for British universities , said he would thoroughly investigate the statement provided by James Dyson . He has also criticised the Chinese authorities for failing to act on patent infringements . Lobbying on copyright issues with China ( edit ) In December 2011 , The Independent reported that Bell Pottinger executive Tim Collins had been filmed by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism saying that David Cameron had raised a copyright issue with Chinese premier Wen Jiabao on behalf of Dyson Limited `` because we asked him to '' . Industrial espionage on motor technology ( edit ) In 2012 , Yong Pang , an engineer specialist in electric motors , was accused of stealing Dyson 's digital motor technology which was a part of future product development projects . The motors , in development over 15 years , incorporated microchip `` digital impulse technology '' to spin at 104,000 rpm in order to draw high volumes of air through the appliance , and were not licensed to any other companies . Yong Pang and his wife Yali Li allegedly set up a front company `` ACE Electrical Machine Design '' to receive payments of £ 11,650 from Bosch while Pang was working for Dyson . Dyson claimed that trade secrets were passed to Bosch 's Chinese motor manufacturer . Siemens and Bosch energy requirements allegations ( edit ) In 2015 , Dyson charged that Siemens and Bosch vacuums were using a sensor that sent signals to its motor to increase its power while the machine sucked up dust remnants , making them appear more competent during European Union ( EU ) efficiency tests . Because tests are conducted in dust - free labs , Dyson claimed that this gave an unfair reading , because in a real home environment the machines used much more power . Dyson said both brands have `` capitalized on loopholes '' found within the EU regulations to be granted an AAAA energy consumption rating , when actual domestic use showed they performed similar to that of an `` E '' or `` F '' rating . Dyson issued proceedings against Bosch in Netherlands and France , and against Siemens in Germany and Belgium . However , BSH 's Hausgeräte , which makes household appliances under the Bosch and Siemens brands explained that many of its machines contain `` intelligent sensor technology '' to avoid loss of suction , which control the vacuum cleaner motor automatically . After weeks of court proceeedings , Dyson lost the court battle against Bosch ; the courts in the Netherlands decided that Dyson accusations were baseless . Dyson suit against European Commission ( edit ) Until 2017 , European Union regulations had required vacuum cleaners be tested when empty , a ruling which greatly favored bagged vacuum cleaners . Dyson sued the European Commission , resulting in a judgement requiring testing be done under normal usage conditions . See also ( edit ) James Dyson Award Dyson Institute of Technology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` DYSON LIMITED : Company number 02627406 '' . Companies House . Her Majesty the Queen . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asia sales power Dyson 's profits up 41 % '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tovey , Alan ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Dyson to increase UK base tenfold as it buys ex-RAF base to satisfy expansion plans '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dyson , James ( 2008 ) . Against The Odds . South Western . Jump up ^ `` A new idea '' . Inside Dyson . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NPR ( 12 Feb 2018 ) . `` How I Built This with Guy Raz - Dyson : James Dyson '' . ^ Jump up to : James Dyson - Against the Odds ^ Jump up to : Earl , Peter ; Wakeley , Tim ( 2005 ) . Business Economics : A Contemporary Approach . McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 142 -- 146 . ISBN 0077103920 . Jump up ^ `` How To Make It '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Dyson : Business whirlwind '' . BBC News . 5 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Clear Bin Policy '' . RGC Jenkins & Co. , Trade Mark and Patent Attorneys . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Crewe , Louise ; Gregson , Nicky ; Metcalfe , Alan ( 2009 ) . `` The Screen and the Drum : On Form , Function , Fit and Failure in Contemporary Home Consumption '' . Design and Culture . 1 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Dyson Vacuum Cleaners , Fans , Heaters & Tools - Official Site '' . dyson.com . Jump up ^ `` Sir James Dyson plans to make affordable household robots '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Colin Smith . `` Dyson and Imperial to develop next generation robots at new centre '' . imperial.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dyson invests £ 5m in robotic vision lab with Imperial '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Ingenious Britain : Dyson invests £ 1.4 m in academic research at Cambridge '' . cam.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dyson makes first external investment with move into batteries '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dyson buys up rest of ' solid - state ' battery company '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ LeVine , Steve . `` Dyson has abandoned patents aimed at creating a battery - and - car juggernaut resembling Tesla '' . Quartz . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/business-41399497 Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/26/news/dyson-electric-car/index.html Jump up ^ Campbell , Pooler . `` Dyson bets on electric cars to shake up industry '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ballaban , Michael . `` Dyson 's Plan To Build Three Electric Cars From Scratch Is Nuts And Just Might Work '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` There could be an entire line of Dyson electric cars '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the Award '' . James Dyson Award . James Dyson Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home - James Dyson Foundation '' . James Dyson Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson Animal vacuum cleaners for pet owners '' . Dyson Ltd . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAQTrS9zpeQ Jump up ^ Allbusiness - Dyson rekindles war of words on Malaysia switch Jump up ^ `` 800 jobs axed as Dyson moves to Far East '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - BUSINESS - Dyson to move to Far East '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - England - Wiltshire - Fresh blow for Dyson plant '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dyson production moves to Malaysia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Design News - Serving the 21st Century Design Engineer '' . appliancemagazine.com . Jump up ^ Dyson plant shuts up shop ( 26 September 2002 ) Jump up ^ The Star - VSI sees RM1b sales via Dyson tie - up ( 5 June 2007 ) Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Sir James Dyson upbeat about Brexit as company invests in expansion '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ EMIS - V.S. Industry Berhad Jump up ^ The Star - Contracts put VS Industry in good stead ( 8 October 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` British vacuum - maker Dyson is cleaning up in Asia '' . Jump up ^ `` Dyson injects $100 m to expand Tuas plant '' . Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 28 February 2017 ) . `` Dyson shrugs off Brexit fears with massive UK expansion plan '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dyson to increase UK base tenfold as it buys ex-RAF base to satisfy expansion plans '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Sean ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Inventor Sir James Dyson sets up college to tackle skills shortage '' . BBC News . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Inventor Claims Theft of Vacuum Idea v '' . The Argus Press . 9 May 1988 . Jump up ^ Robert Uhlig , Technology Correspondent ( 4 October 2000 ) . `` Dyson cleans up in patent battle with rival Hoover '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Lawdit Solicitors - Unregistered Design Rights and the Dyson Case '' . Jump up ^ `` Dyson sues rival Vax over vacuum cleaner design '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson loses Vax court battle about vac design '' . Which UK . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blood on the carpet as Dyson loses court battle '' . The Times . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Case No : A3 / 2010 / 2498 : IN THE COURT OF APPEAL ( CIVIL DIVISION ) ON APPEAL FROM THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE ( CHANCERY DIVISION ) '' . British and Irish Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Sued by Dyson Technology Over Vacuum Steering Patent '' . Bloomberg. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Leo Kelion ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Dyson sues Samsung over new vacuum 's steering mechanism '' . BBC Technology . Jump up ^ Kim Yoo - chul ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Samsung files $9.43 mil . suit against Dyson '' . Korea Times . Jump up ^ `` xcelerator v dyson '' . Docstoc.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overseas Students in UK Stealing Technology Secrets : James Dyson Told UK 's Sunday Times newspaper '' . Allvoices.com. 28 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Are British inventions at risk from Chinese students ? '' . Ibtimes.com. 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Tan ( 28 March 2011 ) . `` UK inventor Sir James Dyson : Chinese students are stealing our secrets '' . Shanghaiist . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spy ' at the centre of Dyson espionage case named '' . telegraph . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Watts and Jack Grimston ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` Chinese students steal secrets : inventor James Dyson '' . The Australian . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melanie ; Wright , Oliver ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Caught on camera : top lobbyists boasting how they influence the PM - UK Politics - UK - The Independent '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Conservatives under pressure to explain links to lobbying firms '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chinese spy ' furore over vacuum secrets '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturer Accuses Chinese Spy Of Stealing Secrets For German Rival '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson spy ' leaked files to Chinese ' '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson accuses Bosch of paying research spy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Next ' VW scandal ' ? Dyson accuses German vacuums of test cheating '' . CNBC . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` German vacuum cleaner firm set to sue Dyson over energy - test claims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson sucked into power struggle with German groups '' . The Finance Times . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson loses legal battle with Bosch over vacuum row '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson in Historic EU Court Win against EU Regulation '' . May 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dyson . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Dyson People James Dyson Products Ballbarrow Dyson Airblade List of Dyson products Related articles James Dyson Award <Th_colspan="2"> Home appliance brands <Td_colspan="2"> Bauknecht Bedazzler Beko Braun Breville BSH Hausgeräte Neff Bticino Candy Cleva North America Colston - Ariston Cuisinart Danby De Dietrich Remeha De'Longhi Dongbu Daewoo Electronics Dustbot Dyson Edesa Electrolux Eureka Frigidaire Lenhel Parkinson Cowan White - Westinghouse Zanussi Fukuda Fulgor Gaggenau Hausgeräte Gaggia Giacomini Gorenje Gree Electric Haier Hotpoint Hamilton Beach Brands Hisense Hisense Kelon IKEA IVLE InSinkErator iRobot Roomba Scooba KDK Kenmore Khind - Mistral Kleenmaid Lehel LG Electronics Lofra Magic Bullet Magic Chef Magister Medion Midea Group Miele Mitsubishi Electric Morphy Richards Newell Brands Crock - Pot Holmes Mr. Coffee Sunbeam Olympic Group OXO Panasonic Pars Khazar Peerless - Premier Appliance Company Pensonic PicaBot Bosch Rowenta Russell Hobbs Saeco Samsung Electronics Sanyo Servis Sharp Sisil Skyworth Smeg Snowa Sub-Zero Tiger Corporation Toastmaster Vestel Vestfrost West Bend Whirlpool Corporation Admiral Amana Bauknecht Hotpoint Indesit Company Maytag Inglis Jenn - Air KitchenAid Swash Zojirushi Zyliss BIBSYS : 5030437 ISNI : 0000 0004 0588 8651 LCCN : n00084804 NDL : 00831976 VIAF : 253610425 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyson_(company)&oldid=854309204 '' Categories : James Dyson Manufacturing companies established in 1993 British companies established in 1993 Engineering companies of the United Kingdom Dyson products Vacuum cleaner manufacturers British brands Companies based in Wiltshire Malmesbury Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom Family businesses of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 11 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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1. Dyson Ltd 2. Vacuum cleaners 3. Hand dryers 4. Bladeless fans 5. Hair dryers

who sang the song signs signs everywhere signs

Signs ( Five Man Electrical band song ) - Wikipedia Signs ( Five Man Electrical band song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Signs '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Five Man Electrical Band <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Good - byes and Butterflies B - side `` Hello Melinda Goodbye '' Released May 1971 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 05 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( single version ) Label Lionel Records Songwriter ( s ) Les Emmerson Producer ( s ) Dallas Smith <Th_colspan="2"> Five Man Electrical Band singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Signs '' ( 1971 ) `` Absolutely Right '' ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Signs '' ( 1971 ) `` Absolutely Right '' ( 1971 ) `` Signs '' is a song by the Canadian rock group Five Man Electrical Band . It was written by the band 's frontman , Les Emmerson and popularized the relatively unknown band , who recorded it for their second album , Good - byes and Butterflies , in 1970 . `` Signs '' was originally released that year as the B - side to the relatively unsuccessful single `` Hello Melinda Goodbye '' ( # 55 Canada ) . Re-released in 1971 as the A-side , `` Signs '' reached No. 4 in Canada and No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 24 song for 1971 . It became a gold record . It was briefly sung in a season four episode of Arrested Development . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Covers and sampling 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada 55 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Cash Box Top 100 17 Covers and sampling ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Signs '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tesla <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Five Man Acoustical Jam Released 1990 ( 1990 ) Songwriter ( s ) Les Emmerson `` Signs '' was covered and recorded live by Tesla for their Five Man Acoustical Jam album in 1990 , peaking at number 8 on the Pop charts . This cover had some minor changes to the lyrics : the line `` blockin ' out the scenery '' was changed to `` fuckin ' up the scenery , '' and `` made up my own little sign '' was changed to `` made up my own fuckin ' sign '' . A studio version recorded in 2007 used the original lyrics . The opening line of the song , `` And the sign said long haired freaky people need not apply '' , was sampled by Fatboy Slim for his song `` Do n't Let The Man Get You Down '' , from his Palookaville album . ApologetiX recorded a parody of the song titled `` Lions '' , telling a Biblical story of a character named Daniel in a lion 's den . It was originally included on the cassette of Radical History Tour , and was later re-issued on the `` Director 's Cut '' edition of Is n't Was n't Ai n't . The Evolution Control Committee used only part of the song 's opening line `` the sign said long haired freaky people '' on the track `` Freaky People '' from their 2011 album All Rights Reserved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Quality Rock Helps Labels Turnaround Their Profit Picture '' . Billboard. 6 November 1971 . p . RN - 34 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` RMP100 Singles , July 24 , 19751 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 04 / 71 '' . tropicalglen.com. 1971 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Music Outfitters . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . tropicalglen.com. 1971 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn ( 2008 ) . Joel Whitburn Presents Rock Tracks 1981 - 2008 . Record Research . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 174 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Five Man Electrical Band <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Gerow Les Emmerson Steve Hollingworth Rick Smithers Wes Reed Brian Slim Dean Hagopian Vern Craig Brian Rading Mike Belanger Rick Belanger J. Murray Davison Studio albums Good - byes and Butterflies Coming of Age Singles `` Signs '' <Th_colspan="2"> Tesla <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Wheat Frank Hannon Jeff Keith Troy Luccketta Dave Rude Steve Clausman Bobby Contreras Colleen Lloy Brook Bright Jeff Harper Joey Murrieta Curtis Chapman Tommy Skeoch Stefano Pasta Tommy Armstrong - Leavitt Studio albums Mechanical Resonance The Great Radio Controversy Psychotic Supper Bust a Nut Into the Now Forever More Simplicity Acoustic albums Twisted Wires & the Acoustic Sessions Cover albums Real to Reel Real to Reel , Vol. 2 EPs A Peace of Time Live albums Five Man Acoustical Jam Replugged Live Standing Room Only Alive in Europe Compilations Time 's Makin ' Changes -- The Best of Tesla Tesla - Gold 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection : The Best of Tesla Time Machine Singles `` Little Suzi '' `` Modern Day Cowboy '' `` Heaven 's Trail ( No Way Out ) '' `` Love Song '' `` Signs '' `` Thank You '' Related articles Discography Bar 7 Nikola Tesla Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signs_(Five_Man_Electrical_Band_song)&oldid=839165355 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1971 singles 1990 singles Environmental songs Five Man Electrical Band songs Protest songs Songs written by Les Emmerson Tesla ( band ) songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Canadian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 18 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. "Signs" by Five Man Electrical Band 2. Canadian rock group 3. Chart performance and covers of the song 4. Lyrics and changes in the Tesla cover version 5. Environmental and protest song

how are members of the civil service chosen

Civil service - wikipedia Civil service Jump to : navigation , search The civil service is a sector of government composed mainly of career bureaucrats hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected , whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership . A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency . The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the `` civil service '' varies from country to country . In the United Kingdom , for instance , only Crown ( national government ) employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not . Many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration . Workers in `` non-departmental public bodies '' ( sometimes called `` Quangos '' ) may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions . Collectively a state 's civil servants form its civil service or public service . An international civil servant or international staff member is a civilian employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization . These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation ( from which they have immunity of jurisdiction ) but are governed by internal staff regulations . All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as , for instance , the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO . Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission ( ICSC ) of the United Nations , an independent expert body established by the United Nations General Assembly . Its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system , while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In China 1.2 Modern civil service 2 By countries 2.1 Brazil 2.2 Canada 2.3 China 2.4 France 2.5 Germany 2.6 Greece 2.7 India 2.8 Ireland 2.9 Japan 2.10 Pakistan 2.11 Russia 2.12 Spain 2.13 Taiwan 2.14 United Kingdom 2.15 United States 2.16 European Union 3 See also 3.1 General 3.2 By continent or region 3.2. 1 Africa 3.2. 2 North America 3.2. 3 South America 3.2. 4 Asia 3.2. 5 Europe 3.3 Pay and benefits 3.3. 1 United States 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) In China ( edit ) Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in Guangdong , 1873 Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , who established the first civil service examination system in China ; a painting by the chancellor and artist Yan Liben ( 600 -- 673 ) . The origin of the modern meritocratic civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China . The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the state 's bureaucracy . This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar - bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree . Originally appointments to the bureaucracy were based on the patronage of aristocrats ; During Han dynasty , Emperor Wu of Han established the xiaolian system of recommendation by superiors for appointments to office . In the areas of administration , especially the military , appointments were based solely on merit . This was an early form of the imperial examinations , transitioning from inheritance and patronage to merit , in which local officials would select candidates to take part in an examination of the Confucian classics . After the fall of the Han dynasty , the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the nine - rank system . This system was reversed during the short - lived Sui dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) , which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations and recommendation . The first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui . Emperor Yang of Sui established a new category of recommended candidates for the mandarinate in AD 605 . The following Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) adopted the same measures for drafting officials , and decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations. The structure of the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of Wu Zetian The system reached its apogee during the Song dynasty . In theory , the Chinese civil service system provided one of the major outlets for social mobility in Chinese society , although in practice , due to the time - consuming nature of the study , the examination was generally only taken by sons of the landed gentry . The examination tested the candidate 's memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms and calligraphy . In the late 19th century the system came under increasing internal dissatisfaction , and it was criticized as not reflecting the candidate 's ability to govern well , and for giving precedence to style over content and originality of thought . The system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package . The Chinese system was often admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward . Modern civil service ( edit ) In the 18th century , in response to economic changes and the growth of the British Empire , the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works and the Navy Board greatly expanded . Each had its own system , but in general , staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase . By the 19th century , it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short . `` The origins of the British civil service are better known . During the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system , some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar . The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806 . '' In that year , the Honourable East India Company established a college , the East India Company College , near London to train and examine administrators of the Company 's territories in India . `` The proposal for establishing this college came , significantly , from members of the East India Company 's trading post in Canton , China . '' Examinations for the Indian ' civil service ' -- a term coined by the Company -- were introduced in 1829 . British efforts at reform were influenced by the imperial examinations system and meritocratic system of China . Thomas Taylor Meadows , Britain 's consul in Guangzhou , China argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China , published in 1847 , that `` the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only , '' and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic . Charles Trevelyan , an architect of Her Majesty 's Civil Service , established in 1855 on his recommendations . In 1853 the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone , commissioned Sir Stafford Northcote and Charles Trevelyan to look into the operation and organisation of the Civil Service . Influenced by the Chinese imperial examinations , the Northcote -- Trevelyan Report of 1854 made four principal recommendations : that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination , that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers , that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy and that promotion should be through achievement , rather than ' preferment , patronage or purchase ' . It also recommended a clear division between staff responsible for routine ( `` mechanical '' ) work , and those engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an `` administrative '' class . The report was well - timed , because bureaucratic chaos during the Crimean War was causing a clamour for the change . The report 's conclusions were immediately implemented , and a permanent , unified and politically neutral civil service was introduced as Her Majesty 's Civil Service . A Civil Service Commission was also set up in 1855 to oversee open recruitment and end patronage , and most of the other Northcote -- Trevelyan recommendations were implemented over some years . The same model , the Imperial Civil Service , was implemented in British India from 1858 , after the demise of the East India Company 's rule in India through the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which came close to toppling British rule in the country . The Northcote -- Trevelyan model remained essentially stable for a hundred years . This was a tribute to its success in removing corruption , delivering public services ( even under the stress of two world wars ) , and responding effectively to political change . It also had a great international influence and was adapted by members of the Commonwealth . The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act established a modern civil service in the United States , and by the turn of the 20th century almost all Western governments had implemented similar reforms . By countries ( edit ) India Brazil ( edit ) Main article : Brazilian Civil Service Civil servants in Brazil ( Portuguese : servidores públicos ) are those working in the executive , legislative , and judicial branches of the federal , state , or municipal government and the government of Brasília , including congressmen , senators , mayors , ministers , the president of the republic , and workers in government - owned corporations . Career civil servants ( not temporary workers or politicians ) are hired only externally on the basis of entrance examinations ( Portuguese : concurso público ) . It usually consists of a written test ; some posts may require physical tests ( such as policemen ) , or oral tests ( such as professors , judges , prosecutors and attorneys ) . The rank according to the examination score is used for filling the vacancies . Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate , such as CESPE ( which belongs to the University of Brasília ) and the Cesgranrio Foundation ( which is part of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro ) . The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are different from private workers ; even between government branches ( like different states or cities ) , the law and insurance differ . The posts usually are ranked by titles , the most common are technician for high school literates and analyst for undergraduates . There 's also higher post ranks like auditor , fiscal , chief of police , prosecutor , judge , attorney , etc . The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally ; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Public Service of Canada In Canada , the civil service at the federal level is known as the Public Service of Canada , with each of the ten provincial governments as well as the three territorial governments also having their own separate civil services . The federal civil service consists of all employees of the crown except for ministers ' exempt staff , members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , and members of the Canadian Armed Forces as they are not civil servants . There are approximately 257,000 federal civil servants ( 2015 ) , and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels . China ( edit ) One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on meritocracy is the Imperial bureaucracy of China , which can be traced as far back as the Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 207 BC ) . However , the civil service examinations were practiced on a much smaller scale in comparison to the stronger , centralized bureaucracy of the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . In response to the regional military rule of jiedushi and the loss of civil authority during the late Tang period and Five Dynasties ( 907 -- 960 ) , the Song emperors were eager to implement a system where civil officials would owe their social prestige to the central court and gain their salaries strictly from the central government . This ideal was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business affairs in an age of economic revolution in China . Nonetheless , gaining a degree through three levels of examination -- prefectural exams , provincial exams , and the prestigious palace exams -- was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant . This was because the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the scholar - official class . This class of state bureaucrats in the Song period were far less aristocratic than their Tang predecessors . The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of lesser means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy , landowning families were given a greater chance to pass the exams and obtain an official degree . This included the employment of a bureau of copyists who would rewrite all of the candidates ' exams in order to mask their handwriting and thus prevent favoritism by graders of the exams who might otherwise recognize a candidate 's handwriting . The advent of widespread printing in the Song period allowed many more examination candidates access to the Confucian texts whose mastery was required for passing the exams . Hong Kong and Macau have separate civil service systems : Hong Kong Civil Service Secretariat for Administration and Justice is responsible for the civil service in Macau France ( edit ) Main article : French Civil Service The civil service in France ( fonction publique ) is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations , such as SNCF . Public sector employment is classified into three services ; State service , Local service and Hospital service . According to government statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011 . Category Central Government Local Government Health service Total Education 1,360.6 1,360.6 Police 284.4 40 324.4 Defence 280.7 280.7 Health & Social 241 1,153 1,394.0 Other 516.1 1,631 2,147.1 Total 2,441.8 1,912 1,153 5,506.8 % Civil servants 62 % 75 % 72 % - Germany ( edit ) Main article : Civil Service of Germany The Public Service in Germany ( Öffentlicher Dienst ) employed 4.6 million persons as of 2011 . Public servants are organized into three categories : blue - collar workers ( Arbeiter ) , salaried employees , ( Angestellte ) , and directors ( Beamte ) . All three groups are employed by public bodies ( Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts ) , such as counties ( Kreise ) , states , the federal government , etc . In addition to employees directly employed by the state another 1.6 million persons are employed by state owned enterprises Category Federal Government Regional Government Municipal Government Social Security Total State employees 458 2,114.4 1,220.7 378.6 4,171.7 government owned enterprises 240.4 387.1 950.2 24.5 1,602.1 Total 698.4 2,501.5 2,170.9 403.1 5,733.8 Arbeiter in public service work mostly in low - skilled jobs such as construction , waste collection or manual office work . In some cases , training is not obligatory . Angestellte work in technical , vocational , and office work in a very large range of occupational fields . In most cases , they have received training aside from their government agency prior to employment - for example , they learned to program computers before a government agency hired them to do that . Beamte has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states , but became a standardized group in 1794 . Soldiers other than conscripted soldiers are not Beamte but have similar rights . Judges are not Beamte but have similar rights too . Public attorneys are all Beamte , while most ( but not all ) professors are Beamte . The group of Beamte have the most secure employment , and the amount they are paid is set by national pay regulations ( Besoldungsordnungen ) . Beamte are prohibited from striking . Arbeiter and Angestelle work with individual contracts , while Beamte are appointed , employed , and removed by the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law ( öffentlich - rechtliches Dienst - und Treueverhältnis ) . Beamte are divided into four levels : Einfacher Dienst : ordinary civil service , corresponding to enlisted ranks in the military , now largely obsolete Mittlerer Dienst : medium - level civil service , corresponding to non-commissioned officers in the military Gehobener Dienst : senior civil service , including civil servant positions such as Inspektor and above , corresponding to commissioned officers from lieutenant to captain in the military Höherer Dienst : higher civil service , including civil servant positions such as Rat ( Councillor ) and above as well as academic employees such as Professors , corresponding to major and above in the military Gehobener Dienst and Höherer Dienst both require a university education or equivalent , at the very least a bachelor 's or master 's degree , respectively . Greece ( edit ) Controversies about the institution of the Civil Service in Greece are widespread . Typically , they concern the allegedly large numbers of public employees , the lack of adequate meritocracy in their employment , the strong ties that significant portions of public employees maintain with political parties and the clientelism that this relationship incubates , internal inequalities of wages among public employees , and inequalities of the high income of public employees relevant to that of private sector workers . The Civil Service payscale is also controversial given the conditions before the financial crisis that made being a civil servant a dream - job . India ( edit ) Main article : Civil Services of India In India , the Civil Service is defined as `` appointive positions by the Government in connection with the affairs of the Union and includes a civilian in a Defence Service , except positions in the Indian Armed Forces . '' The members of civil service serve at the pleasure of the President of India and Article 311 of the constitution protects them from politically motivated or vindictive action . The Civil Services of India can be classified into three types -- the All India Services , the Central Civil Services ( Group A and B) and State / Provincial Civil Services . The recruits are university graduates ( or above ) selected through a rigorous system of examinations , called the Civil Services Examination ( CSE ) and its technical counterpart known as the Engineering Services Examination ( ESE ) both conducted by the Union Public Service Commission ( UPSC ) . The entry into the State Civil Services is through a competitive examination conducted by every state public service commission . Senior positions in civil service are listed and named in the Order of Precedence of India . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the Department of State ( excluded are government ministers and a small number of paid political advisors ) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the Office of the Revenue Commissioners , the Office of Public Works , and the Public Appointments Service . The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service , and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart . In Ireland , public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country 's police force , An Garda Síochána are not considered to be civil servants , but are rather described as `` public servants '' ( and form the public service of the Republic of Ireland ) . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Civil service of Japan Pakistan ( edit ) Main category : Civil service of Pakistan Main article : Central Superior Services of Pakistan In Pakistan the FPSC ( Federal Public Service Commission ) conducts a competitive examination for the Central Superior Services of Pakistan and other civil - service posts ; Pakistan inherited this system from the British Raj - era Indian Civil Service . Pakistan has federal civil servants serving in federal government offices , with staff selected through the Federal Public Service Commission . Similarly , Pakistani provinces select their own public servants through provincial Public Service Commissions . The federal services have some quota against provincial posts . while provincial services have some quota in federal services . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Civil Service of the Russian Federation Spain ( edit ) The civil service in Spain ( función pública ) is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration : central government , autonomous communities , as well as municipalities . There are three main categories of Spanish public positions : temporary political posts ( `` personal funcionario eventual '' ) , which require a simple procedure for hiring and dismissal and is associated to top level executives and advisors , statutory permanent posts ( `` funcionarios de carrera '' ) , which require a formal procedure for access that usually involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers , and non statutory permanent posts ( `` personal laboral '' ) , which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the `` funcionarios de carrera '' , but whose tenants are subject to normal working conditions and laws . Competitions differ notably among the state , the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils , and the `` funcionarios de carrera '' and `` personal laboral '' examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another . As of 2013 , there were 2.6 million public employees in Spain , of which 571,000 were civil servants and 2 million were non-civil servants . Category Employee type Central Government Regional Government Municipal University Total Police Civil servants 147 25 172 Defence Civil servants 124 124 Health & Social Civil servants 321 321 other public employees 170 170 Other Civil servants 180 218 74 472 other public employees 119 330 75 524 Total Civil servants 451 908 218 74 1651 other public employees 119 399 330 75 923 Total 570 1307 548 149 2574 In December 2011 , the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service . Taiwan ( edit ) The ROC constitution specifies that public servant can not be employed without examination . The employment is usually lifelong ( that is , until age about retirement ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Civil Service ( United Kingdom ) , Her Majesty 's Diplomatic Service , and Northern Ireland Civil Service A breakdown by department of civil servants employed in the United Kingdom in 2013 The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown ( i.e. central government ) employees , not parliamentary employees or local government employees . Public sector employees such as those in education and the NHS are not considered to be civil servants . Police officers and staff are also not civil servants . Total employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to UK Statistics office The number shown represents the number of thousands of people who are employed . 278 is 278,000 people . Category Central government Local government Health service Total Police 278 278 Defence 193 193 Health & Social 364 1,565 1,929 Other 1,989 42 2,031 Total 2,182 2,290 1,565 6,037 Civil servants in the devolved government in Northern Ireland are not part of the Home Civil Service , but constitute the separate Northern Ireland Civil Service . Some employees of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office are members of HM Diplomatic Service , which is associated with but separate from the Civil Service . United States ( edit ) Main articles : Government employees in the United States and United States federal civil service In the United States , the federal civil service was established in 1871 . The Federal Civil Service is defined as `` all appointive positions in the executive , judicial , and legislative branches of the Government of the United States , except positions in the uniformed services . '' ( 5 U.S.C. § 2101 ) . In the early 19th century , government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president -- a person could be fired at any time . The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the political parties . This was changed in slow stages by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws . By 1909 , almost two thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit , that is , qualifications measured by tests . Certain senior civil service positions , including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies are filled by political appointees . Under the Hatch Act of 1939 , civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties . The U.S. civil service includes the competitive service and the excepted service . The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the competitive service , but the Foreign Service , the FBI , and other National Security positions are made under the excepted service . ( U.S. Code Title V ) U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system , in varying degrees . As of January 2007 , the federal government , excluding the Postal Service , employed about 1.8 million civilian workers . The federal government is the nation 's single largest employer , although it employs only about 12 % of all government employees , compared to 24 % at the state level and 63 % at the local level . Although most federal agencies are based in the Washington D.C. region , only about 16 % ( or about 284,000 ) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region . As of 2014 , there are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of subagencies . European Union ( edit ) Main article : European Civil Service The European Civil Service is the civil service serving the institutions of the European Union , of which the largest employer is the European Commission . Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by EPSO , the official selection office . They are allocated to departments , known as Directorates - General ( DGs ) , each covering one or more related policy areas . See also ( edit ) General ( edit ) Civic technology Civil service commission Civil service examination Civil service organisation Community service Public service By continent or region ( edit ) Civil service reform in developing countries e.g. Nigeria , Congo , etc . Africa ( edit ) Nigerian Civil Service Civil Service Commission of Nigeria Rivers State Civil Service North America ( edit ) Public Service of Canada Minister responsible ( Manitoba ) Civil service in the United States Civil Service Commission Civil service reform Civil service reform act Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 South America ( edit ) Civil service in Brazil Asia ( edit ) Civil Service of the People 's Republic of China Civil Services of India Civil Service in early India Civil Services of Tamil Nadu Civil service of Japan Civil service in Malaysia Civil Services of Pakistan Civil Service Commission ( Philippines ) Civil Service of Singapore Europe ( edit ) Civil Service of the European Union Civil Service of Germany Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland Civil service of the United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners Civil Service Commission ( Isle of Man ) Civil Service Restoration Act Pay and benefits ( edit ) Performance - related pay Pay - for - Performance ( Federal Government ) Pay for performance ( healthcare ) Pay to play Performance - related pay Incentive program United States ( edit ) Civil Service Retirement System Merit pay ( Federal Government Merit Pay ) Pay - for - Performance ( Federal Government ) Pay for performance ( human resources ) 2014 Veterans Health Administration scandal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` China 's Examination Hell : The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China '' . History Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial China : Civil Service Examinations '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confucianism and the Chinese Scholastic System : The Chinese Imperial Examination System '' . California State Polytechnic University , Pomona . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2000 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paludan , Ann ( 1998 ) . Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors : The Reign - by - Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China . New York , New York : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05090 - 2 Jump up ^ Roberts , J.A.G. ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of China . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00075 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese civil service '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy ( 1999 ) . China and Historical Capitalism . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64029 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bodde , , Derke . `` China : A Teaching Workbook '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ ( Bodde 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mark W. Huddleston , William W. Boyer ( 1996 ) . The Higher Civil Service in the United States : Quest for Reform . University of Pittsburgh Press . p ... ISBN 9780822974734 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Edwards , and Rothman ( 2010 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Walker , David ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Fair game '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2003 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Naithani , Sadhana ( 2006 ) . In quest of Indian folktales : Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke . Indiana University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34544 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Concurso Público In Brazil '' . ^ Jump up to : Government of Canada . `` Population of the Federal Public Service '' . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ENAP - Canadian governments compared > Provincial '' . etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca . Jump up ^ `` Résultats de la recherche - Insee '' . www.insee.fr . Jump up ^ `` Local Government employment statistics '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` L'emploi dans la fonction publique en 2012 - Insee Première - 1496 '' . www.insee.fr . Jump up ^ Index Gute Arbeit : Sonderauswertung Öffentlicher Dienst 2011 DGB ( PDF , German ) Jump up ^ `` State employees as of June 2013 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Beihilfe für Richter gilt wie für Beamte - beihilferatgeber.de '' . www.beihilferatgeber.de . Jump up ^ `` Portales SEAT y SEFP : : Secretaría de Estado para las Administraciones Territoriales : : Secretaría de Estado de Función Pública : : '' ( PDF ) . www.seap.minhap.gob.es . Jump up ^ `` Los funcionarios trabajarán 37 , 5 horas y su sueldo sigue congelado Política EL PAÍS '' . Politica.elpais.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Statistics , David Matthews , Office for National . `` Public Sector Employment , Q2 2011 '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Census of Governments : Employment Summary Report '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Government , Excluding the Postal Service '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . March 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Libraries - Federal Agency Index '' . Lib.lsu.edu. 2009 - 09 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Further reading ( edit ) Albrow , M. , Bureaucracy ( 1970 ) Armstrong , J.A. , The European Administrative Elite ( 1973 ) Bodde , D. , Chinese Ideas in the West Brownlow , Louis , Charles E. Merriam , and Luther Gulick , Report of the President 's Committee on Administrative Management . ( 1937 ) du Gay , P. , In Praise of Bureaucracy : Weber , Organisation , Ethics ( 2000 ) du Gay , P. , ed. , The Values of Bureaucracy ( 2005 ) Hoogenboom , Ari , Outlawing the Spoils : A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement , 1865 - 1883 . ( 1961 ) Mathur , P.N. , The Civil Service of India , 1731 - 1894 : a study of the history , evolution and demand for reform ( 1977 ) Rao , S. 2013 . Civil service reform : Topic guide . Birmingham , UK : GSDRC , University of Birmingham . http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/civil-service-reform Schiesl , Martin , The Politics of Efficiency : Municipal Administration and Reform in America , 1880 - 1920 . ( 1977 ) Sullivan , Ceri , Literature in the Public Service : Sublime Bureaucracy ( 2013 ) Theakston , Kevin , The Civil Service Since 1945 ( Institute of Contemporary British History , 1995 ) Van Riper , Paul . History of the United States Civil Service ( 1958 ) . White , Leonard D. , Introduction to the Study of Public Administration . ( 1955 ) White , Leonard D. , Charles H. Bland , Walter R. Sharp , and Fritz Morstein Marx ; Civil Service Abroad , Great Britain , Canada , France , Germany ( 1935 ) online External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Civil Service . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil services . The UK Civil Service , official site Brazilian Civil servants `` Civil Service '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Civil service reform in developing countries GND : 4043169 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service&oldid=817628820 '' Categories : Civil servants Civil services Civil service by country Public administration Bureaucratic organization Hidden categories : Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Polski Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 16 : 08 . 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1. Civil service 2. Public sector 3. Government employees 4. Merit-based hiring 5. International civil service

where does growth in length occur in a long bone

Long bone - Wikipedia Long bone <Th_colspan="2"> Long bone <Td_colspan="2"> Structure of a long bone ( Femur ) <Td_colspan="2"> Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Os longum TA A02. 0.00. 011 FMA 7474 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide . They are one of five types of bones : long , short , flat , irregular and sesamoid . Long bones , especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility . They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ( `` articular cartilage '' ) . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone ( GH ) , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland . The long bones include the femora , tibiae , and fibulae of the legs ; the humeri , radii , and ulnae of the arms ; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet , the phalanges of the fingers and toes , and the clavicles or collar bones . The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height . The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull . The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum . Additionally , the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone , then a deeper layer of cancellous bone ( spongy bone ) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow . Contents 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone . This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum . Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone . Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow , it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells , made up of yellow marrow in the adult and red marrow in the child ... Clinical significance ( edit ) There are two congenital disorders of the long bones . In a disorder known as rachitis fetalis anularis the ends of the long bones ( epiphyses ) are enlarged . Another disorder is known as rachitis fetalis micromelica in which there is a deficiency in the growth ( as a shortness ) of the bones . There is a surgical procedure called distraction osteogenesis which is used to lengthen long bones . Additional images ( edit ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Parts of a long bone ( Femur ) Classification of bones by shape Distribution of forces on a long bone ( Femur ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : al . ) , consultants Daniel Albert ... ( et ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1570 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary , 27th Edition Anatomy of long bone Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long bones . <Th_colspan="2"> Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_bone&oldid=851089142 '' Categories : Long bones Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Long bones in the human skeleton 2. Structure and function of long bones 3. Growth and development of long bones 4. Clinical significance of long bone disorders 5. Surgical procedures for lengthening long bones

when does isaac come back in season 5

The Orville - Wikipedia The Orville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. TV series . For other uses , see Orville ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Orville <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Science fiction Comedy - drama Created by Seth MacFarlane Starring Seth MacFarlane Adrianne Palicki Penny Johnson Jerald Scott Grimes Peter Macon Halston Sage J. Lee Mark Jackson Chad L. Coleman Theme music composer Bruce Broughton Composer ( s ) Joel McNeely John Debney Andrew Cottee Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Brannon Braga David A. Goodman Jason Clark Jon Favreau ( pilot ) Liz Heldens Lili Fuller Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Fox Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.fox.com/the-orville/ The Orville is an American science fiction comedy - drama series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane that premiered on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , with new episodes airing Thursdays on Fox during the 2017 -- 18 season . Seth MacFarlane stars as Ed Mercer , an officer in the Planetary Union 's line of exploratory space vessels whose career took a downturn following his divorce , and who is given the titular ship as his first command , only to discover that his ex-wife , Kelly Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in service to the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar state encompassing Earth and many other worlds . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , a year before the pilot , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Since then , he was cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hungover , but was informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . Penny Johnson Jerald as Dr. Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lt. Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Scott Grimes as Lt. Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . Peter Macon as Lt. Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species . Bortus exhibits a degree of stoic formality . For example , Bortus disapproves of the bridge crew discussing Mercer and Grayson 's breakup after Mercer leaves the bridge in the pilot episode . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . Moclans reproduce through the laying of eggs , which are incubated for 21 days . Bortus and his mate , Klyden , become parents in the series ' second episode , when Bortus incubates and hatches an egg . When the child is revealed to be female , a rare occurrence among Moclans , Bortus and Klyden 's desire to have her undergo sex reassignment surgery provides the allegorical conflict of the series ' third episode . Halston Sage as Lt. Alara Kitan , the Orville 's 23 - year - old Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . J. Lee as Lt. John LaMarr , the navigator of the Orville . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the pilot , based on their ironic view that they are both `` jerks '' . Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . Recurring ( edit ) Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child . He first appears at the end of the series ' second episode . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville , who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Larry Joe Campbell as Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer . Guest stars ( edit ) Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father . He first appears in the series premiere . Brian George as Dr. Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station in the series premiere . Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker in Episodes 2 and 7 . Jeffrey Tambor as Captain Mercer 's father , Ben in Episode 2 . Holland Taylor as Captain Mercer 's mother , Jeannie in Episode 2 . Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator in Episode 3 . Rena Owen as Heveena in Episode 3 Robert Knepper as Hamelac in Episode 4 . Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict Bio Ship in Episode 4 . Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque , who appears in Episode 5 . Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa , who appears in Episode 6 Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar , in Episode 6 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' Jon Favreau Seth MacFarlane September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1LAB01 8.56 <Td_colspan="7"> 25th - century space pilot Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after he catches her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville and finds ( to his dismay ) that his ex-wife will serve as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill Captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that can accelerate time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . `` Command Performance '' Robert Duncan McNeill Seth MacFarlane September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1LAB03 6.63 <Td_colspan="7"> The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Ed presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . `` About a Girl '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1LAB04 4.05 <Td_colspan="7"> When Dr. Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life . `` If the Stars Should Appear '' James L. Conway Seth MacFarlane September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1LAB02 3.70 <Td_colspan="7"> The Orville encounters a huge , 2000 - year - old derelict ship drifting into a star . Mercer , Grayson , Kitan , Finn , and Isaac enter , discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl , and do not know they are on a ship . Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac , who imposes a death penalty on `` Reformers '' who believe anything exists beyond the known world . While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack , Grayson 's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship 's bridge . An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl ( played by Liam Neeson ) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm . Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull 's window , enabling the populace to see stars for the first time , moving even Hamelac . Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship . Meanwhile , Klyden is frustrated that Bortus ' duties leave him little time for family . 5 `` Pria '' Jonathan Frakes Seth MacFarlane October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 1LAB05 3.43 <Td_colspan="7"> The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship . Grayson is suspicious of their new guest , Pria Lavesque ( Charlize Theron ) , to whom Mercer is clearly attracted . Grayson 's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time - traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century . Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all , mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time . Meanwhile , Malloy tries to teach the concept of humor to Isaac , which soon backfires for him when Isaac pulls off a very unexpected practical joke . 6 `` Krill '' Jon Cassar David A. Goodman October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1LAB06 3.37 <Td_colspan="7"> After recovering a Krill shuttle intact , Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana , a sacred religious text . They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony . Rather than destroy the bomb , and therefore the ship , they exploit the Krill 's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members , with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya , who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill 's hatred for the Union . 7 `` Majority Rule '' Tucker Gates Seth MacFarlane October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1LAB07 4.18 <Td_colspan="7"> An undercover team led by Commander Grayson lands on Sargas 4 , an Earth - like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st - century human civilization , to locate two missing anthropologists . There , Lt. LaMarr is arrested for public indecency after receiving more than a million `` down '' votes , and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to `` treatment '' for his actions . Meanwhile , Alara and Claire locate one of the missing , but find him in a lobotomized state that ca n't be reversed . With John facing a final vote to determine his guilt , Mercer brings one of the planet 's inhabitants , Lysella , aboard the Orville and learns about the `` Master Feed '' , which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John , narrowly swinging the vote in his favor . Now free , John and the others return to the ship and depart . The next day , Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote . 8 `` Into the Fold '' Seth MacFarlane TBA November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1LAB08 TBD 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' Jamie Babbit TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1LAB09 TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' Jon Cassar TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1LAB10 TBD 11 TBA Kelly Cronin TBA TBA 1LAB11 TBD 12 TBA Kevin Hooks TBA TBA 1LAB12 TBD 13 TBA Seth MacFarlane TBA TBA 1LAB13 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script , which was given a 13 - episode order by Fox on May 4 , 2016 , making it the first live - action television series created by MacFarlane , as well as his first live - action starring role on television . Following the project 's greenlight , MacFarlane stated , `` I 've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid , and the timing finally feels right . ( ... ) I think this is gon na be something special . '' According to MacFarlane , The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek . He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool . Casting ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , MacFarlane 's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville , while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson , Ed 's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville , and Scott Grimes , who voices Steve Smith on American Dad ! ( another show created by MacFarlane ) , was cast as Gordon Malloy , Ed 's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville . On August 19 , Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars . On October 31 , Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast . On December 8 , Mark Jackson was cast . On April 3 , 2017 , Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role . At San Diego Comic Con , MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest - star in an episode . The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West . Filming ( edit ) On August 24 , 2016 , Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot . Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016 , and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27 , 2017 . Production wrapped on August 23 , 2017 . Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill also direct episodes of the show ; the two have directed Star Trek episodes in the past . Music ( edit ) The show uses a 75 - piece orchestra for the music in each episode , alongside several different composers . MacFarlane said `` We score it like a movie '' and `` We really put as much into that as we do into the effects . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 19 % approval rating , with an average rating of 4.61 / 10 based on 36 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity , homage and satire , The Orville never quite achieves liftoff . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' however the audience rating is highly at odds with the critics standing currently at 93 % approval rating . Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek , calling it a rip - off and `` Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . She criticized the lack of creativity , the blatant imitation , and was surprised that the show is `` uninterested in being a comedy '' . Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that `` All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here , and in many ways it 's kind of wonderful . I 'm honestly surprised something like this exists . '' He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor . Ratings ( edit ) The Orville has performed well in ratings . After its Sunday premiere on September 10 , the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 pm . In its first broadcast in the new time slot , The Orville became Fox 's highest rated Thursday 9pm broadcast in two years . After taking into account DVR and VOD , The Orville was Fox 's most - viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' September 10 , 2017 2.7 / 9 8.56 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Command Performance '' September 17 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.63 0.9 2.42 3.1 9.05 `` About a Girl '' September 21 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` If the Stars Should Appear '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.70 1.0 3.11 2.1 6.81 5 `` Pria '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.43 3.35 2.1 6.79 6 `` Krill '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.37 3.32 2.1 6.69 7 `` Majority Rule '' October 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Into the Fold '' November 2 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' November 9 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- orville , the on fox '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca . `` TV News Roundup : ' The Orville ' Becomes Fox 's Biggest Drama Debut in Two Years in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville : Seth MacFarlane Explains Why His New Show Is n't Just a Comedy '' . TV Line . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Gets Movie - Style Scoring From Emmy - Winning Composers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane to Create , Executive - Produce and Star in New Series '' . FOX.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Gifted , The Orville and Other Fox Shows Premiere '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville Is More Earnest Star Trek Homage Than ' Family Guy in Space ' '' `` '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Stars In Seth MacFarlane Fox Series , Scott Grimes Co-Stars '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville on FOX '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Look In 360 ° '' . YouTube . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About a Girl '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Command Performance '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Jackson Joins Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' ' '' . Deadline . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pria '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 5 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` MacFarlane is lost in space with ' Orville ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` If the Stars Should Appear '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 4 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael MacFarlane ( @ GirlMacFarlane ) '' . Twitter . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' adjusts down , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 108 ) `` Into the Fold '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kai Wener ( @ KaiWener ) ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` ✨ Our Director of the Day 🎬 @ SethMacFarlane ✨ Meet us this Fall @ TheOrville on # FoxTV 🙌 🏽 🌎 🚀 👽 # SethMacFarlane # TheOrville @ KaiWener @ Tannerboys1 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 109 ) `` Cupid 's Dagger '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` The awesomely talented @ BabbitJamie directing on @ TheOrville this week -- fun days '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 110 ) `` Firestorm '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't wait to have the genius of @ joncassar back for more ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Thanks to our awesome @ TheOrville episode 11 director Kelly Cronin for a great show ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` @ KevHooks bringing his brilliance to @ TheOrville this week '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` That is a wrap on season 1 of @ TheOrville -- Thanks to our incomparable cast and crew for everything ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Hh Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Talks New Comedy ' Orville ' '' . Access Hollywood YouTube Page . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Seth MacFarlane Got Charlize Theron To Be On ' The Orville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly YouTube Page . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Orville : Peter Macon and J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's New FOX Comedy '' . TV Series Finale . United States : DreamHost . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Halston Sage & Penny Johnson Jerald Join Seth MacFarlane 's Sci - Fi Dramedy At Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chad L. Coleman & Larry Joe Campbell Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlize Theron to guest on Seth MacFarlane 's space - set series The Orville '' . EW.com . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau To Direct Seth MacFarlane 's Space Comedic Drama Series For Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Miller , Liz ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Star Trek ' Rip - Off is Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2017/09/16/seth-macfarlane-on-the-orville-going-boldly-where-no-tv-show-has-gone-before/ Jump up ^ `` The Orville : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Critics Must Be Crazy : Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Captures The Spirit Of ' Star Trek ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` The Orville vs. Star Trek : Discovery Ratings : Both Open Competitively IndieWire '' . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 - 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Orville on IMDb The Orville on Facebook <Th_colspan="2"> Seth MacFarlane <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane <Th_colspan="2"> Fuzzy Door Productions <Td_colspan="2"> Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Night of the Hurricane <Th_colspan="2"> Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orville&oldid=808157996 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American science fiction television series Comic science fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Parodies of Star Trek Space adventure television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Television series set in the future Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 06 : 27 . 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1. The Orville TV series 2. Seth MacFarlane 3. Science fiction comedy-drama 4. Star Trek inspiration 5. Cast and characters

what is the meaning of the french words in lady marmalade

Lady Marmalade - wikipedia Lady Marmalade <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lady Marmalade '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Labelle <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Nightbirds B - side `` Space Children '' ( U.S. ) `` It Took a Long Time '' ( Europe ) Released November 5 , 1974 ( U.S. ) November 22 , 1974 ( UK ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded Studio Sea Saint Studios , New Orleans Genre Soul disco Length 3 : 56 Label Epic 50048 Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Kenny Nolan Producer ( s ) Allen Toussaint Vicki Wickham <Th_colspan="2"> Labelle singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Going on a Holiday '' ( 1973 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 1974 ) `` What Can I Do for You '' ( 1974 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' is a song written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan . The song is famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of `` Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ( ce soir ) ? '' , which translates into English as `` Do you want to sleep with me ( tonight ) ? '' . The song first became a popular hit when it was recorded in 1974 by the American girl group Labelle . Labelle held the number - one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week , and also topped the Canadian RPM national singles chart . The song has had many cover versions over the years . In 1998 , girl group All Saints released a cover of the song that peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart . The 2001 version by singers Christina Aguilera , Mýa , Pink and rapper Lil ' Kim , recorded for the Moulin Rouge ! soundtrack , was a number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 for 5 weeks , and also a number - one hit in the UK . `` Lady Marmalade '' was the ninth song to reach number one by two different musical acts in America . Contents 1 Origin 2 Labelle version 2.1 Background and release 2.2 Reception 2.3 Credits and personnel 2.4 Formats and tracklistings 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 Sabrina version 4.1 Background and release 4.2 Formats and tracklistings 4.3 Chart performance 4.4 Credits and personnel 5 All Saints version 5.1 Background and release 5.2 Reception 5.3 Music video 5.4 Formats and tracklistings 5.5 Charts 5.6 Certifications 6 Moulin Rouge ! version 6.1 Background and release 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Chart performance 6.4 Music video 6.5 Track listings 6.6 Charts 6.6. 1 Weekly charts 6.6. 2 Year - end charts 6.6. 3 Decade - end charts 6.7 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan , and was inspired by Crewe 's experiences in New Orleans and the sex workers in the area . A sex worker named Lady Marmalade shows up to a man named Joe , flirts with him and takes him home . Joe drinks wine and he screams French words while she is in the Boudoir . A demo of the song was first recorded by The Eleventh Hour , a disco group made up of studio musicians fronted by Nolan on vocals . It was released in 1974 as a track on the Eleventh Hour 's Greatest Hits LP which did not chart . Crewe showed the song to Allen Toussaint in New Orleans , and Toussaint then decided to record the song with Labelle . Labelle version ( edit ) Background and release ( edit ) Labelle 's version of `` Lady Marmalade '' was produced by Allen Toussaint and Vicki Wickham . It was released in November 1974 from Nightbirds , their first album after signing with Epic Records . Patti LaBelle sang lead vocals on `` Lady Marmalade '' with backing vocals being contributed by bandmates Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash . The song is best known for the French lyric `` Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ce soir ? '' ( English : `` Would you like to sleep with me tonight ? '' ) in the refrain . `` Lady Marmalade '' is a song about a prostitute , although Patti LaBelle , the lead female vocal of the band , was completely oblivious to its overall message , saying : `` I did n't know what it was about . I do n't know French and nobody , I swear this is God 's truth , nobody at all told me what I 'd just sung a song about . '' Reception ( edit ) Steve Huey from AllMusic selected the song as one of the best tracks on Labelle 's 1995 compilation Lady Marmalade : The Best of Patti and Labelle . Critic Robert Christgau described it as `` great synthetic French - quarter raunch . '' `` Lady Marmalade '' is billed as the song that made Labelle one of the `` hottest girl groups '' of the 1970s . It was a number - one hit for one week on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the United States during the early spring of 1975 , and charted at number one for one week on the Billboard Top Soul Singles chart . Along with the track , `` What Can I Do for You ? '' , `` Lady Marmalade '' peaked at number seven on the disco / dance charts . The single was also a major hit in the United Kingdom , where it charted at number seventeen . `` Lady Marmalade '' replaced another Crewe / Nolan composition , Frankie Valli 's `` My Eyes Adored You '' , as the Billboard Hot 100 number - one single . This feat made Crewe and Nolan the third songwriting team in Billboard history ( after Lennon -- McCartney and Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ) to replace themselves at number - one . Billboard ranked it as the No. 22 song for 1975 . Labelle performed `` Lady Marmalade '' on Soul Train on December 7 , 1974 . `` Lady Marmalade '' debuted at number 92 on the Canadian RPM singles chart on February 1 , 1975 . It subsequently peaked atop the chart on March 29 , 1975 , after five weeks on the chart . Labelle 's version of `` Lady Marmalade '' was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2003 . and was ranked number 479 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The Labelle version also appears in several films , including The Long Kiss Goodnight , Dick , and Jacob 's Ladder . It was featured on the video game Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 as a version performed with Patti LaBelle . Billboard named the song # 16 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Patti LaBelle , Nona Hendryx & Sarah Dash -- lead and backing vocals Instrumentation by The Meters Allen Toussaint -- RMI Electra Piano , percussion , arrangements Art Neville -- organ George Porter Jr. -- bass guitar Leo Nocentelli , Rev. Edward Levone Batts -- guitar Herman Ernest -- drums James `` Budd '' Ellison -- piano Earl Turbinton -- alto saxophone Alvin Thomas -- tenor saxophone Clyde Kerr , Jr. - trumpet Lester Caliste -- trombone Carl Blouin -- baritone saxophone Clarence Ford -- alto saxophone Formats and tracklistings ( edit ) US 7 '' single `` Lady Marmalade '' -- 3 : 14 `` Space Children '' -- 3 : 04 Europe 7 '' single `` Lady Marmalade '' -- 3 : 14 `` It Took a Long Time '' -- 4 : 04 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 21 UK Singles Chart 17 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Sabrina version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Voulez - Vous Coucher avec Moi ? ( Lady Marmalade ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sabrina <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Sabrina B - side `` Megamix '' Released Format Maxi 7 '' 12 '' Recorded Length 3 : 56 Label Baby Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Kenny Nolan <Th_colspan="2"> Sabrina singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Sexy Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Voulez - Vous Coucher avec Moi ? ( Lady Marmalade ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Boys ( Summertime Love ) '' ( 1987 ) Background and release ( edit ) `` Lady Marmalade '' was covered by Italian pop star Sabrina on her eponymous album . It was released in 1987 as the album 's second single by Baby Records . In some countries , including France and the Netherlands , the song was known as `` Voulez - vous coucher avec moi ? ( Lady Marmalade ) '' and was released in 1988 . Author James Arena named the cover among Sabrina 's `` relentlessly catchy '' singles . Formats and tracklistings ( edit ) 7 '' maxi `` Lady Marmalade '' -- 3 : 55 `` Boys , Hot Girl , Sexy Girl '' ( 7 '' megamix ) -- 4 : 10 12 '' maxi `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 12 '' remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Boys , Hot Girl , Sexy Girl '' ( 12 '' megamix ) -- 6 : 04 CD maxi `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 12 '' remix ) -- 6 : 08 `` Boys , Hot Girl , Sexy Girl '' ( megamix ) -- 6 : 04 `` Lady Marmalade '' -- 3 : 55 Remixed by Peter Vriends , produced by Claudio Cecchetto Chart performance ( edit ) The song charted at number 36 on the Belgian Flanders Singles Chart , number 40 on the Dutch Single Top 100 , and number 41 on the French Singles Chart . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for Sabrina 's version are adapted from CD liner notes : Written by Bob Crewe and Kelly Nolan Design -- Bart Falkmann Producer -- C. Cecchetto Remix -- Peter Vriends All Saints version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lady Marmalade '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by All Saints <Th_colspan="2"> from the album All Saints B - side `` No More Lies '' `` Get Bizzy '' Released January 27 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded Studio Metropolis Studios Genre Dance - pop disco Length 4 : 04 Label London Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Kenny Nolan Producer ( s ) Johnny Douglas Timbaland <Th_colspan="2"> All Saints singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Never Ever '' ( 1997 ) `` Under the Bridge '' / `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 1998 ) `` Bootie Call '' ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> Background and release ( edit ) In 1998 , English - Canadian girl group All Saints recorded a cover version of `` Lady Marmalade '' as part of the double A-sided single `` Under the Bridge '' / `` Lady Marmalade '' . In Europe , only the `` Lady Marmalade '' single was released . The All Saints version contains different lyrics for its verses ; the only lyrics retained from the original composition are the chorus . A version remixed by Timbaland appeared on the Dr. Dolittle soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) `` Lady Marmalade '' was the third single taken from their self - titled debut studio album ; it contained the `` Marmalade '' cover and a cover version of `` Under the Bridge '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers . The single reached number one on the official UK Top 40 chart , becoming the group 's second number - one hit . A total of 424,799 singles have been sold in the UK , with proceeds from the single going to breast cancer charities . Music video ( edit ) The video shows the band members and other people having a party in one of the buildings in a large city , at night . British actress Kathryn Allerston appears in the music video . Formats and tracklistings ( edit ) All Saints CD maxi single `` Lady Marmalade '' ( ' 98 mix ) -- 4 : 02 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Mark 's Miami Madness mix ) -- 7 : 55 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Sharp South Park vocal remix ) -- 8 : 09 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Henry & Hayne 's La Jam mix ) -- 6 : 47 All Saints CD 1 `` Under the Bridge '' -- 5 : 03 `` Lady Marmalade '' -- 4 : 04 `` No More Lies '' -- 4 : 08 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Henry & Haynes La Jam mix ) -- 9 : 23 `` Under the Bridge '' ( promo video ) -- 5 : 00 All Saints CD 2 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Mark ! 's Miami Madness mix ) -- 7 : 56 `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Sharp South Park vocal remix ) -- 8 : 10 `` Under the Bridge '' ( Ignorance remix featuring Jean Paul e.s.q ) -- 4 : 55 `` Get Bizzy '' -- 3 : 45 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 87 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 22 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Double A-side with `` Under the Bridge '' Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 45 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Double A-side with `` Under the Bridge '' UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) Double A-side with `` Under the Bridge '' Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Moulin Rouge ! Version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lady Marmalade '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa , and Pink <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Moulin Rouge ! Soundtrack Released March 27 , 2001 Format 12 '' maxi single Recorded January 2001 Genre Pop Hip hop hip hop soul R&B Length 4 : 24 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Kenny Nolan Lil ' Kim Missy Elliott Producer ( s ) Rockwilder Missy Elliott <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Christina Aguilera singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Falsas Esperanzas '' ( 2001 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 2001 ) `` Dirrty '' ( 2002 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lil ' Kim singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` How Many Licks ? '' ( 2000 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 2001 ) `` In the Air Tonite '' ( 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mýa singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Free '' ( 2001 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 2001 ) `` My Love Is Like ... Wo '' ( 2003 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pink singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Make Me Sick '' ( 2000 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( 2001 ) `` Get the Party Started '' ( 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lady Marmalade '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> Background and release ( edit ) In 2001 , the song `` Lady Marmalade '' was featured as part of a medley in the film Moulin Rouge ! . For the film 's soundtrack album , Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa , and Pink recorded a cover version ; it was released as the soundtrack 's first single in spring 2001 . Produced by Missy Elliott and writing partner Rockwilder , it features an intro and outro from Elliott . A lyric was changed from the original version , with the song 's setting being transferred from New Orleans to the Paris nightclub Moulin Rouge . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic 's Brand Kohlenstein praised the song by highlighting it , adding that the ladies `` teamed up for a surefire hit with their naughtier version of Patti Labelle 's `` Lady Marmalade . '' '' Slant Magazine editor praised the collaboration , too : `` the track is simply an accolade to the performers ' various distinctive styles , with Lil ' Kim trashing it up and Aguilera caterwauling her way through the second half of the song . '' However , Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called the cover `` god - awful '' . The Sun Journal opined that the Moulin ! Rouge version helped the song `` find a new life . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Andrew Hampp named it the best all - female collaboration of the time span 1988 -- 2018 . Chart performance ( edit ) This version of the song reached number - one in its eighth week on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and spent five weeks at the top of the chart , 26 years after Labelle 's version had reached number - one , making `` Lady Marmalade '' the ninth song in history to top the U.S. chart as performed as different artists . It was the third airplay - only song in Billboard chart history ( after Aaliyah 's 2000 single `` Try Again '' and Shaggy 's 2001 single `` Angel '' ) to hit number one without being released in a major commercially available single format . The song also holds the record for the longest reigning number one on Billboard 's Mainstream Top 40 chart for an all female collaboration , topping the chart for nine consecutive weeks . `` Lady Marmalade '' is the best - selling single for Lil ' Kim and Mýa . Lil ' Kim also held the record for having the longest number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 for a female rapper , with `` Lady Marmalade '' being on the top of the charts for 5 consecutive weeks , until Australian female rapper Iggy Azalea 's `` Fancy '' surpassed the record by holding on to the number one position for seven weeks in 2014 . The song was included on non-US versions of Aguilera 's first greatest hits album , Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits . Lady Marmalade was the top selling song of 2001 and has sold 5.2 million copies worldwide as of December 2001 . Music video ( edit ) The music video , directed by Paul Hunter , features all four performers in lingerie in a cabaret - style video ( rapper Missy Elliott made a cameo appearance ) and was filmed March 17 -- 18 , 2001 in Los Angeles with sets built to resemble the actual Moulin Rouge night club around the turn of the century ( 1899 ) . Interviewed by MTV News , the ladies expressed their excitement about the video . P ! nk predicted the clip would be like a `` circus on acid . '' Christina gushed , `` The video 's going to be dope , '' while elaborating on the video 's concept , `` We 're going to be having cabaret costumes . It 's something you 've never seen from us before . So , it 's going to be fun . '' The video 's art direction was anachronistically merged hip - hop sensibility with the film 's French cabaret setting , thanks to some props and costumes actually used in the movie , according to Hunter 's office . Choreographer Tina Landon was hired to choreograph the video . Speaking on the collaboration , Christina said she embraced the idea of collaborating with Elliott , Pink , Mýa and Lil ' Kim on the track as soon as it was pitched to her . `` I 'm a fan of all of theirs , and just to be in the same song doing something with them -- collaborating , which I love to do , is a really big thing for me , '' she said . `` And it 's cool to be out there before my next album comes out there , too . '' The video won the MTV Video Music Award for `` Best Video of the Year '' and `` Best Video from a Film '' ; it was also nominated for `` Best Dance Video '' , `` Best Pop Video '' , `` Best Choreography '' ( Tina Landon ) , and `` Best Art Direction '' . The song won a 2002 Grammy Award in the category of `` Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals '' . Track listings ( edit ) CD maxi Lady Marmalade ( Edit ) -- 4 : 24 Lady Marmalade ( Thunderpuss Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 09 Lady Marmalade ( Thunderpuss Club Mix ) -- 9 : 48 Lady Marmalade ( Thunderpuss Mixshow Mix ) -- 6 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 17 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) 23 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 21 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 43 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 27 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 30 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 France ( SNEP ) 51 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000s ) Position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 42 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 10,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 759,000 United States ( RIAA ) N / A 255,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Piccoli , Sean ( May 14 , 2001 ) . `` Today 's ingenues miss point in remake of ' Lady Marmalade ' '' . The Hour . Chet Valiante . p. 4 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rees , Caroline ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Lady Marmalade singer Patti Labelle : My Six Best Albums '' . ^ Jump up to : Fred , Bronson ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits : The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard 's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present ( 5th ed . ) . Billboard Books . pp. 399 , 913 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lady Marmalade by LaBelle . Song Facts . Jump up ^ `` The Eleventh Hour -- Greatest Hits 1974 AD '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Bob Leszczak ( March 13 , 2014 ) . Who Did It First ? : Great Pop Cover Songs and Their Original Artists . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 3068 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adam White , Fred Bronson ( 1993 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Rhythm & Blues Hits . Billboard Books . pp. 156 -- 157 . 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Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Articles related to `` Lady Marmalade '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Labelle <Td_colspan="2"> Patti LaBelle Nona Hendryx Sarah Dash Cindy Birdsong Sundray Tucker Studio albums Labelle Moon Shadow Pressure Cookin ' Nightbirds Phoenix Chameleon Back to Now Other albums Gonna Take a Miracle ( Laura Nyro featuring Labelle ) Singles `` I Sold My Heart to the Junkman '' `` Down the Aisle '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Over the Rainbow '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Lady Marmalade '' `` What Can I Do for You ? '' Related topics Discography Albums Songs Members <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Labelle <Th_colspan="2"> All Saints <Td_colspan="2"> Shaznay Lewis Melanie Blatt Nicole Appleton Natalie Appleton Studio albums and singles All Saints `` I Know Where It 's At '' `` Never Ever '' `` Under the Bridge '' / `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Bootie Call '' `` War of Nerves '' Saints & Sinners `` Pure Shores '' `` Black Coffee '' `` All Hooked Up '' Studio 1 `` Rock Steady '' `` Chick Fit '' Red Flag `` One Strike '' `` This Is A War '' `` One Woman Man '' Testament `` Love Lasts Forever '' Compilation albums The Remix Album All Hits Pure Shores : The Very Best of All Saints Other singles `` Silver Shadow '' `` If You Wanna Party ( I Found Lovin ' ) '' Concert tours Red Flag Tour Related articles Discography Appleton The Video <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Christina Aguilera songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Liberation `` Fall in Line '' `` Accelerate '' `` Twice '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' <Th_colspan="2"> Lil ' Kim <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums and singles Hard Core `` No Time '' `` Crush on You '' `` Not Tonight '' The Notorious K.I.M. `` No Matter What They Say '' `` How Many Licks ? '' La Bella Mafia `` The Jump Off '' `` Magic Stick '' The Naked Truth `` Lighters Up '' `` Whoa '' Mixtapes Ms. G.O.A.T. Black Friday Hard Core 2K14 Lil Kim Season Soundtrack and promotional `` Lady Marmalade '' `` In the Air Tonite '' `` Kimnotyze '' `` Ten Commandments '' `` Download '' `` Took Us a Break '' `` Nasty One '' Featured singles `` I Can Love You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Money , Power & Respect '' `` Hit Em wit da Hee '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Wait a Minute '' `` Get Down on It '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` Let It Go '' `` Wake Me Up '' Film work She 's All That Zoolander Those Who Walk in Darkness Gang of Roses You Got Served Lil ' Kim : Countdown to Lockdown Related articles Junior M.A.F.I.A. The Notorious B.I.G. Puff Daddy International Rock Star Records <Th_colspan="2"> Mýa songs Mýa `` It 's All About Me '' `` Movin ' On '' `` My First Night with You '' Fear of Flying `` The Best of Me '' `` Case of the Ex '' `` Free '' Moodring `` My Love Is Like ... Wo '' `` Fallen '' Liberation `` Lock U Down '' `` Ridin ' '' Sugar & Spice `` Paradise '' `` Wish You Were Here '' Beauty & the Streets Vol. 1 `` Black Out '' `` Show Me Somethin ' '' K.I.S.S. ( Keep It Sexy & Simple ) `` Fabulous Life '' `` Runnin ' Back '' `` Earthquake '' `` Somebody Come Get This Bitch '' `` Mr. Incredible '' `` Mess Up My Hair '' `` Evolve '' Smoove Jones `` Welcome To My World '' `` Team You '' `` Coolin ' '' TKO ( The Knock Out ) `` Ready for Whatever '' `` Ready , Part II '' `` You Got Me '' `` Damage '' `` Knock You Out '' As featured artist `` Alive '' `` Girls Dem Sugar '' `` Let There Be Light '' `` Love Is the Answer '' `` Somebody Like Me '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` Ayo ! '' `` Everything or Nothing '' `` Free '' `` Ghetto Supastar ( That Is What You Are ) '' `` Lady Marmalade '' `` My Bra '' `` Take Me There '' `` Best of Me , Part 2 '' `` Where the Dream Takes You '' <Th_colspan="2"> Pink songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Ca n't Take Me Home `` There You Go '' `` Most Girls '' `` You Make Me Sick '' Missundaztood `` Get the Party Started '' `` Do n't Let Me Get Me '' `` Just Like a Pill '' `` Family Portrait '' Try This `` Feel Good Time '' `` Trouble '' `` God is a DJ '' `` Last to Know '' I 'm Not Dead `` Stupid Girls '' `` Who Knew '' `` U + Ur Hand '' `` Nobody Knows '' `` Leave Me Alone ( I 'm Lonely ) '' `` Dear Mr. President '' Funhouse `` So What '' `` Sober '' `` Please Do n't Leave Me '' `` Bad Influence '' `` Funhouse '' `` I Do n't Believe You '' `` Glitter in the Air '' Greatest Hits ... So Far ! ! ! `` Raise Your Glass '' `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' `` Whataya Want from Me '' The Truth About Love `` Blow Me ( One Last Kiss ) '' `` Try '' `` Just Give Me a Reason '' `` True Love '' `` Walk of Shame '' Beautiful Trauma `` What About Us '' `` Beautiful Trauma '' `` Revenge '' `` Whatever You Want '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Setting the World on Fire '' `` Waterfall '' Other songs `` Bridge of Light '' `` I Am Not My Hair '' `` Sing '' `` I Walk Alone '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Just Like Fire '' `` White Rabbit '' `` Hands '' <Th_colspan="2"> Sabrina Salerno <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Sabrina Super Sabrina Over the Pop Maschio dove sei A Flower 's Broken Erase / Rewind Official Remix Compilations Something Special Super Remix Singles `` Sexy Girl '' `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Boys ( Summertime Love ) '' `` Hot Girl '' `` All of Me ( Boy Oh Boy ) '' `` My Chico '' `` Like a Yo - Yo '' `` Doctor 's Orders '' `` Gringo '' `` Yeah Yeah '' `` Siamo donne '' `` Angel Boy '' `` Erase / Rewind '' `` Call Me '' `` Ouragan '' <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year ( 2000s ) <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 Eminem -- `` The Real Slim Shady '' Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and P ! nk -- `` Lady Marmalade '' 2002 Eminem -- `` Without Me '' 2003 Missy Elliott -- `` Work It '' OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' 2005 Green Day -- `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' 2006 Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 2007 Rihanna ( featuring Jay - Z ) -- `` Umbrella '' 2008 Britney Spears -- `` Piece of Me '' 2009 Beyoncé -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Marmalade&oldid=853203845 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1987 singles 1998 singles 2001 singles Labelle songs Songs about New Orleans All Saints ( group ) songs Christina Aguilera songs Lil ' Kim songs Mýa songs George Michael songs Pink ( singer ) songs Sabrina Salerno songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles MTV Video of the Year Award Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Songs written for films Songs written by Bob Crewe Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Song recordings produced by Frank Farian Song recordings produced by Rockwilder Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Epic Records singles Interscope Records singles London Records singles Songs written by Kenny Nolan Works set in the Moulin Rouge 1974 songs Multilingual songs Universal Music Group singles Songs about prostitutes Hip hop soul songs Dance - pop songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 03 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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1. Lady Marmalade - song history and cover versions 2. Labelle version of Lady Marmalade 3. All Saints version of Lady Marmalade 4. Moulin Rouge! version of Lady Marmalade 5. Sabrina's cover of Lady Marmalade

how many episodes does heartland season 10 have

List of Heartland episodes - wikipedia List of Heartland episodes Heartland is a Canadian family drama television series which debuted on CBC on October 14 , 2007 . Heartland follows sisters Amy and Lou Fleming , their grandfather Jack Bartlett , and Ty Borden , through the highs and lows of life at the ranch . Heartland airs in Canada on the regional CBC channels at 7 pm ( 7 : 30 pm in Newfoundland ) on Sundays . Beginning April 23 , 2017 , the 10th season of Heartland airs in the United States on the Up TV network on Sunday evenings at 8 : 00 pm Eastern . From its first episode the plot focuses on Amy , who inherited her mother 's gift of being able to heal abused and damaged horses , after a tragic accident that led to big changes in everyone 's lives . The show became the longest - running one - hour scripted drama in the history of Canadian television , when it surpassed the 124 episodes of Street Legal on October 19 , 2014 . As of February 4 , 2018 , 189 episodes of Heartland have aired . Season 11 began on Sunday , September 24 , 2017 at its usual time . Filming for Season 12 began on June 1 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 - 10 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.5 Television film ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.9 Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.10 Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.11 Season 10 ( 2016 - 17 ) 2.12 Season 11 ( 2017 - 18 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Film <Td_colspan="2"> December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 10 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 11 <Td_colspan="2"> 18 <Td_colspan="1"> September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Coming Home '' Ron My Leila Basen and David Preston October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) 101 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is a 15 - year - old girl growing up in Hudson , Alberta with a serious love of horses . She discovers that a horse named Spartan is being abused at Mallen 's farm and convinces her mother , Marion , to rescue him . A storm on the way home sends their truck and trailer off the road and onto a steep hill , crashing into a tree . When Amy wakes up , she 's in the hospital and discovers that her mother died in the accident . Amy 's sister Lou comes home from New York City to help . Refusing to put Spartan down , Grandpa Jack brings the horse back to Heartland hoping that Amy can help him . Before Amy can help Spartan , she has to come to terms with what happened to her mom . A 17 - year - old boy named Ty , who was hired by Marion before she died , comes to work at Heartland . `` After the Storm '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) 102 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou accidentally sends home Mrs. Roach 's horse despite the fact that his fear of vehicles has yet to be cured , after misinterpreting Amy 's description of the horse as `` fine . '' Val Stanton begins spreading rumors about Heartland and their inability to be successful without Marion . Ashley is put in danger when Swallow gets spooked . Ty 's probation officer comes to the ranch while he is off showing Amy the jumping course he made for her in the woods . Jack agrees to be Ty 's sponsor in place of Marion . `` Breaking Free '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) 103 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland has its first `` Open House , '' and Lou invites her and Amy 's estranged dad Tim , who accepts the invitation . Amy works with world - famous horse breeder Lisa Stillman 's horse , Promise , who seems unusually aggressive when saddled . Val Stanton challenges Amy , saying that the horse is drugged to appear calmer . Amy proves her skills by fixing the problem that Val 's expensive horse is having with jumping . Jack kicks Tim off of the property when he discovers him in the barn . Pegasus is depressed because of Marion 's death . `` Taking Chances '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 104 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy and Lou empty their mother 's room , they find a letter dated seven years previous , from their father . Ben Stillman is sent to live at Heartland by his aunt , Lisa , while she 's in France . No one likes Ben , as he uses methods like whipping his horse , Red , to show him `` who 's boss '' , and he does n't participate in ranch duties . Ty is especially angry , challenging Amy to prove that Heartland is different than the other stables ( like Briar Ridge ) that tolerate this treatment of horses . Amy gets knocked off her horse while trying to take Ben 's horse across the river on a trail ride and sustains a minor head injury . Ty is offered a job at Briar Ridge even after Amy accidentally tells Ashley that Ty is on probation . When Amy hears that Ty might take the job , she snaps at him . Ty is eventually fired when Val discovers he has a record . 5 5 `` The Best Laid Plans '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 105 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou upsets her friends and family as she arranges to have a video made to promote Heartland and micromanages its filming . The video eventually airs on TV after the news and is popular with viewers , dramatically increasing the number of calls Heartland receives for help with troubled horses . 6 6 `` One Trick Pony '' Leila Basen and David Preston Don McBrearty December 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) 106 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou 's New York boyfriend Carl comes for a visit , but his big city attitudes clash with the ranch 's more laid - back lifestyle . Lou discovers that she has been fired from her job in New York . Carl proposes to Lou , but she discovers he has been trying to force her to move with him to Chicago . Amy is puzzled why a new horse at Heartland called Pirate wo n't obey commands . Scott unearths the horse 's unusual past . 7 7 `` Come What May '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston January 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) 107 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland takes in a pregnant mare named Melody . Mallory gives Ty riding lessons . Ben competes in a horse show and refuses to talk to his aunt Lisa . Meanwhile , Jack and Ty go on a cattle round - up , and Tim is introduced as the trail boss . Jack and Tim fight each other that night , and Ty learns that Tim is Lou and Amy 's father , and Jack 's ex-son - in - law . Lisa shows up to talk to Ben , and Jack invites her to stay for pancakes . 8 8 `` Out of the Darkness '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 108 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to help a champion stallion and his depressed trainer , who were injured in a stable fire . In the process , she confronts her own unresolved feelings about her mother 's accident . She is also able to clear the name of the trainer , who had been blamed for the stable fire and consequently lost his job . Meanwhile , Jack grows increasingly attracted to Lisa . She asks Jack to come look at a horse with her , and he agrees , but insists on driving his truck to the sale . Jack declares that it 's not a date but it turns into one , especially as they share a picnic lunch when Jack 's truck breaks down . Jack and Lisa enjoy themselves , until Dan Hartfield shows up at the sale and introduces himself as Lisa 's husband . Jack leaves her behind , feeling foolish , until Lisa shows up later at Heartland , and explains that Dan is actually her ex-husband . 9 9 `` Ghost from the Past '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 109 <Td_colspan="7"> After elderly Mrs. Bell has a heart attack , Amy takes in her Shetland pony Sugarfoot , to whom Lou grows surprisingly attached . Lou reminisces about learning to ride on Sugarfoot when she was young , and singing to him with Mrs. Bell . Ty 's old girlfriend , Kerry Anne , from his past group home shows up looking for him , having taken a job in the kitchens at Briar Ridge . She manages to cause her fair share of trouble in the process , ripping off Soraya and stealing from Ashley , as well as creating friction with the Heartland family . Amy initially feels threatened by her , but Ty sends Kerry Anne on her way to BC , knowing that she is bad news . 10 10 `` Born to Run '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) 110 <Td_colspan="7"> Prize - winning show jumper Nick Harwell stops by Heartland to train the uncooperative Ben and flirt with the interested Lou , with whom he almost has a lunch date . Mallory takes steps to ensure that her favourite horse Copper wo n't be sold by Lou , discovering in the process that an unscrupulous ranch hand named Wes has plans to sell a herd of wild mustangs to a slaughterhouse . With everyone 's help , Amy frees the mustangs and gets Wes fired . 11 11 `` Thicker Than Water '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen & David Preston February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 111 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy invites Tim up to the ranch , Lou tries to impress their estranged father , not wanting to admit to him her fear of horses . This fear stems from having witnessed his accident at the Calgary Stampede years before . Tim also brings Amy a roping horse with a fear of cattle for her to heal . Jack escapes from the family reunion by going on a second date with Lisa . Ty practises his cattle roping skills , but discovers he still has a lot to learn about cows . Lou blows up at Tim after he forces her to jump Spartan and pushes Amy working his horse until she gets hurt . 12 12 `` Rising From Ashes '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 112 <Td_colspan="7"> A sudden , yet deliberate , barn fire puts Jack in hospital and Heartland in financial straits , just as Lou was preparing to return to her old life in New York . As a result of his injuries , Jack suffers some amnesia surrounding the cause of the fire . As he heals , Jack remembers that Wes was the one who set it , and he is arrested as a result . Looking to expand neighbouring ranch Briar Ridge , Val makes an offer to buy some of Jack 's land , but Tim is n't so keen on the idea . Jack remembers a promise he made his grandfather long ago , and decides not to sell any land . The community pulls together to help the Heartland family . 13 13 `` Coming Together '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 113 <Td_colspan="7"> It 's time for Amy to compete with Spartan in the Fall Finale , with Ty as her coach . But she has to compete against Ashley and her prize horse Apollo . Mr. Mallen , Spartan 's abusive previous owner , arrives to take Spartan `` home '' after receiving a tip from Val . When Ashley confronts her mother about it , Val explains that Mr. Mallen has every right to take Spartan back . Jack lets Tim in the house during Amy 's post-competition party . Lou is thinking about taking the job she was offered in New York , and Scott tells Lou he loves her , fearing he wo n't have another chance to do so . Lou and Scott finally kiss . Amy and Ty kiss for the first time while talking in the stables . As Ty leaves for Calgary to `` help his dad '' -- whom he has n't seen in five years -- he ca n't bring himself to tell Amy , instead he leaves her a note in the loft . Jack warns Ty not to expect his father to be the hero that he may be hoping for , and promises that he can return later , if need be . Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 14 `` Ghost Horse '' TW Peacocke Heather Conkie October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) 201 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty has been gone for four months , and things have changed at Heartland . There is a new ranch hand , a cowboy named Caleb O'Dell , who came with his roping horse , Shorty . At the start of the episode , Amy watches as two wild stallions fight for control of a herd , and takes the losing wild stallion back to Heartland to treat his injuries and tame him . Lou has plans to create a `` corporate equine retreat '' at Heartland , which Jack rejects as being a `` dude ranch '' . She makes an effort to talk him around . At Amy 's surprise sweet - sixteen party , Jack gets a call from someone and leaves the party . George Canyon , the country singer , makes a cameo as Mallory 's dad Charlie and sings his hit song `` Just Like You '' at Amy 's party . The episode ends with Jack and Ty getting out of the truck , to a less - than - warm welcome from Amy . 15 `` Letting Go '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) 202 <Td_colspan="7"> After his return , Ty promptly clashes with Caleb , as the latter has stepped into most of Ty 's former duties . Caleb begins to emerge as a romantic rival to Ty for Amy , although Ashley is clearly interested in Caleb as well . Having given permission for Lou to establish her corporate equine retreat , Jack balks at tearing down old bunkhouses built by his grandfather , to make way for the new facilities . Lou gets a job as a waitress to prove she has no opportunity to use her skills if Jack wo n't let anything change at the ranch . Jack agrees to Lou renovating , rather than replacing , the old cabins for her corporate equine retreat . As a birthday present , Tim gives Amy a show jumping horse named Storm , and she is elated to receive such a gift . 16 `` Gift Horse '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston October 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 19 ) 203 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to balance school , chores , and training for show jumping . Her father helps to coach her and Ty offers to help with chores and training Spartan , but Amy is struggling . Her grades in Earth Science slip while she tries to keep up with a show circuit that has competitions every weekend . ( It should be noted that Earth Sciences is not actually a course offered in Alberta - parts of geological science are included in various other science courses in the province . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) Amy is forced to choose between her love of healing troubled horses and living up to her father 's show jumping expectations . With no way to balance it all , Amy makes the hard decision to quit show jumping and sell Storm . This allows her to focus on her grades , chores , and work with horses . Meanwhile , Lou is searching for dude ranch horses and she is at odds with Tim over which horses to buy . He knows someone with Quarter Horses to sell , but Jack explains that they are hard for beginners to handle effectively . Amy suggests looking at rescue horses , and Scott helps Lou choose gentle , reliable horses for the dude ranch . 17 `` Dancing in the Dark '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) 204 <Td_colspan="7"> Most of the family go away on the spring cattle drive , as Ray Phillips , the owner of Big River Ranch , had just passed away and a herd of cattle was part of his estate . Lou pushes them out the door as fast as possible , as she has planned a romantic weekend at the ranch with Scott . Their plans change because Scott happens to be on call , and the dude ranch 's first customers arrive a week early : an odd middle - aged couple who are travel bloggers , and Lou goes out of her way to please them , thinking that their reviews could make or break her new venture . Lucky for Lou , they do n't hold a grudge ; she backed into their car after having lunch with Marnie at Maggie 's , before they got to the ranch . While on the cattle drive , Amy and Ty talk for the first time about his absence and clear the air between them . Ty comes close to telling Amy how he feels , and they kiss . Lisa tells Jack that she loves him , and they kiss too . Tim buys Big River Ranch and the infamous longhorns , and finds himself attracted to Ray 's daughter Callie. Ty and Caleb get in a fight and accidentally release a group of cattle , who are easily returned to their pen with everyone 's help . Mallory is still trying to convince Jake to stop pursuing her , but ends up dancing with him . Lou and Scott realize that their relationship is n't working due to conflicting schedules . Scott suggests a break , while Lou suggests marriage , leaving them on an unclear footing for the near future . 18 5 `` Corporate Cowgirls '' Tim Southam Heather Conkie November 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) 205 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou puts a brave face on lingering insecurities when former coworkers from the high - powered career she gave up in New York become customers at her corporate equine retreat . Caleb bails on leading the trail ride because it would have meant Amy and Ty could have a romantic evening alone at the ranch . Amy helps Lou instead and takes Copper , who is a better trail horse , despite Mallory 's protests . When Amy is gone , Mallory does a bit of jumping on Spartan , then takes him on a ride . While checking a log on the trail to make sure it 's safe to jump , Mallory does n't notice Spartan leave . She finds him grazing at the side of the road relatively quickly , but does n't notice the signs indicating recent pesticide application . Once they return to the ranch , it becomes evident something is wrong , which Ty correctly guesses to be pesticide poisoning . Ty looks into Marion 's notebooks , and gets Mallory 's help to mix charcoal and water . Caleb and his friend Kit , who Ty met accidentally while she was bathing in the pond early that morning , show up . Ty explains the situation , and they get Spartan to drink all the jugs of charcoal water together . Meanwhile , Lou 's friends work out their problems with each other , themselves , and their love lives , on the overnight trip that Lou , Tim , Amy , and Jack took them on . Lou 's friend Lauren kisses Tim , who pushes her away , and Lou becomes upset with her friend . Lou admits Scott said no to her proposal because he was n't sure , and that she does n't know how they stand now . At the end of the trip , Lou feels bad for the fight that happened among the girls the previous night and tries to apologize , but the girls say it was therapeutic , and they will be sure to spread the word in New York about the Heartland Equestrian Connection . 19 6 `` Holding Fast '' Tim Southam Susin Nielsen November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) 206 <Td_colspan="7"> Out for a ride along the river , Amy comes across an RCMP officer trying to save a young boy from drowning . She tries to help his horse , Venture , who has developed a fear of water . She discovers the connection to the trauma of Constable Rodriguez 's brother drowning six years earlier , for which he still feels responsible , and ends up helping both the horse and the officer . Lou goes to a polo match for Nick Harwell 's polo team , as he gave her a number of free tickets , and upsets Scott when Nick talks about hiring him and Lou praises his work . Scott and Lou talk about the state of their relationship , and they break up for real . Lisa tries to convince Jack to go to the polo match with her , but he refuses . She even goes to the trouble of getting him a new suit so he wo n't stand out , but he still refuses . But he shows up just as the match starts and apologizes to Lisa for being so stubborn . Ashley takes Caleb to the polo club with her and shares her new pursuit of barrel racing ( which Kit is teaching her ) with her mother 's friends , much to Val 's chagrin . Ty asks Amy out on a date , but she already has plans with Caleb . Mallory tries to get rid of Jake , using lame excuses to avoid seeing him and ignoring his phone calls . Jack facilitates an honest conversation between the two , frustrated with their beating around the bush and hoping to get some peace . They walk off together , with Mallory reiterating that she is not a `` buckle bunny '' . 20 7 `` Sweetheart of the Rodeo '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston November 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 207 <Td_colspan="7"> With the annual Hudson Heritage Rodeo looming , everyone at Heartland gets roped into the action and intrigue of broncs , bulls , beer , beauty queens , and belt buckles . Amy and Caleb compete in team roping and he also competes in bronc riding , earning him the all - around cowboy buckle at the rodeo . Soraya , Lou , Ashley , and Kit compete for the title Queen of the Rodeo . Kit wins , Soraya is runner - up , and Ashley is second runner - up . Ty competes in bull riding when someone who was entered does n't show up , and Amy becomes upset , concerned for his safety , as bull riding seems to be perceived as the most dangerous event . Amy seems concerned over Ty and Kit 's budding friendship . Ashley is noticeably upset at the party that follows the rodeo and is drinking quite heavily , and Amy learns from her that Apollo , Ashley 's show jumping horse and the only horse that she had a bond with , has been sold . By the end of the night , Ashley is too intoxicated to take herself home , so Amy drives . She takes her eyes off the road and swerves , then Ashley yanks the wheel and they go off the road . Ty and Kit are headed home in his truck , and they help the girls . The next morning , Ty takes the blame for the accident , as Ashley was drunk and Amy has only a Class 7 license ( learner 's permit ) , as she has n't taken the basic road test to earn her Class 5 Probationary license yet . Ashley goes home with her mother , who is angry over the $3700 in damages to Ashley 's BMW . 21 8 `` Summer 's End '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie November 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 29 ) 208 <Td_colspan="7"> It 's the end of summer in Hudson , and the weather is sweltering . While most of the family are awake because of the heat , Brad Borden ( Ty 's father ) comes to Heartland with six horses in a livestock trailer designed for cattle . One of the horses is down on the floor with a bad head wound , and Jack is forced to do the merciful thing , though Amy is desperate to prevent it . The other five horses are badly dehydrated and in rough shape , but able to wait until morning , when Scott can get to Heartland from Red Deer . Amy has a feeling that she knows one of the horses , and after cleaning his face , realizes that it is Ashley 's former jumper , Apollo . When Amy calls Ashley , she is distraught thinking that her mother sold Apollo to a meat truck . In fairness , Val thought that the horse dealer she sold to was reputable . Ashley smashes the windows of Val 's SUV with a golf club and runs away from home , despite Val 's threats to cut her off financially . Ashley spends much of the episode working and living at the dude ranch , and considering dropping out of high school . Ty is upset with his father for leaving him alone in Calgary , resulting in the men Brad owed money to tracking Ty down and beating him up several times . Father and son spend some time talking and they make peace , even talking about taking a trip to the Grand Canyon together . Amy , Ty , Caleb , and Mallory care for the horses , and this heavy episode is lightened by Mallory 's efforts to stay cool , standing in front of the open fridge and taking a cool bath with several bags of ice . There 's even a lighthearted water fight while the four of them are washing down the horses one evening . Amy and Ty are getting closer to where they left things before Ty went to Calgary . When the rain finally comes and cools off the heat , they go outside and kiss , but Ty breaks it off , worrying he is like his dad and saying he does n't want to hurt Amy . Once the horses are cared for , Lou deals with the logistics by making a deal with their owner ( a horse dealer ) to buy the five healthy horses for $2000 . However , Brad takes the money and leaves abruptly in the middle of the night , after receiving a call from the men that are still expecting his to return their money . Constable Rodriguez comes to the rescue when it looks like the horses will have to go back to the dealer , and the family keep the horses to use on trail rides for the dude ranch . 22 9 `` Showdown ! '' Sudz Sutherland Leila Basen and David Preston December 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) 209 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Soraya return to school , and Amy makes a bunch of schedules so that Caleb and Ty will do most of the work , and she wo n't have to fall behind in her studies this year . However , there have been some mysterious cattle rustlers roaming about stealing many ranchers ' cows and the ranchers are getting worried . Tim is one such rancher , and he hires both Caleb and Ty to watch his herd . This angers Amy , as she knows they wo n't have enough time to do most of the regular chores at the ranch as well . When she expresses this anger to Caleb , he kisses her and tells her that she thinks too much . The next day , Ty and Kit are having fun while working on schoolwork in the back of his truck , and they kiss . By this time , they had become close , and she had helped Ty apply to take online courses to complete his high - school diploma . Mallory discovered at the start of the episode that her parents had important news that could only be shared face - to - face . Her father has a gold record , and is going on tour to promote it . Since they ca n't be around to take care of her , Mallory is to be sent to Blessed Virgin Academy , an all - girls boarding school . There is a touching moment as she leaves the ranch . The tension continues to increase in this episode , as the ranchers become more and more concerned about their cattle . The police try to help track the rustlers , but they work swiftly , observing herds from a helicopter , then cutting fence lines and rounding up the cattle , driving them into a livestock trailer and escaping . Lou feels torn , as she has started seeing Mark Rodriguez , to whom her father is becoming increasingly hostile , feeling that the constable is inept at his job of preventing livestock theft . The episode reaches its climax when Ty and Caleb watch as the cattle rustlers turn up to steal Tim 's herd of cattle . Amy rides off in search of the ranch hands when she finds no work completed in the barn , and comes across the same scene , but one of the rustlers causes Spartan to rear , dropping Amy to the ground . Ty and Caleb come to help her , and she manages to escape , but the rustler has a gun and they stop advancing towards the scene of the crime . Jack drives up with Tim in tow , tipped off by Ashley , and try to stop the rustlers , but they are outnumbered . Amy sees this , and comes running towards them , calling , `` Dad ! '' The rustlers turn , guns in hand , and shoot towards her ; Tim takes a bullet to protect Amy . The episode ends on a cliffhanger , with no indication of where the bullet got Tim or whether he will survive , and the cattle rustlers drive off with his entire herd ( minus the two longhorns ) . 23 10 `` True Enough '' Sudz Sutherland Heather Conkie January 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) 210 <Td_colspan="7"> The episode prolongs the cliffhanger as long as possible , not referring to what happened to Tim , showing an influx of food from friends of the family ( which usually corresponds with a funeral ) and a conversation between Lou and Jack about Amy , saying that it 's good she went on a ride . She is even seen riding past the cemetery where her mom was buried in the first episode . Tim turns out to have been injured in his right shoulder , and he is wearing a sling . Tim becomes a source of tension in the household , constantly ringing a bell and expecting to be served . Amy is feeling guilty for being the cause of his bullet wound ( although indirectly ) , and she heals while caring for another horse . Amy 's teacher , Ruth Adams , is trying to sell her father 's old chestnut , Boxer . Amy and Ty try to help him settle in while they work on rehoming him , by bringing Hank Adams to visit his horse . While he is there , Ruth shows up , very upset that her father was brought to the ranch , revealing that Hank has Alzheimer 's . Despite being fuzzy about who his daughter is , Hank clearly remembers Boxer and even Jack . Jack eventually remembers that Hank was the lead guitarist for his wife , Lyndy , when she was a singer professionally . Jack had brought out an old record of hers to listen to , and they listen to it while talking with the Adams . Hank spontaneously picks up a guitar and starts playing the song in time with the record . In the end , Amy offers to keep Boxer so that Hank can visit him while he is able , and Ruth accepts this offer . While Tim is wearing out his welcome with Jack , Callie Phillips shows up and starts taking care of Tim . It seems they have been seeing each other since the cattle drive earlier in the season , and she stays at Big River whenever she is in town . This is quite a shock to the girls , who had no idea that Tim had a girlfriend . Amy is the least comfortable with it , and is fairly rude to Callie while she stays with them overnight . In the meantime , Lou is still seeing Mark , and enjoying it , even making him a mixed CD of police - related songs ( whether by theme or artists ' name ) . However , they were supposed to take a trip to the Banff Springs Hotel and have lunch there , but Mark says he is busy going to a provincial review meeting in Edmonton . This turns out to be a lie when Lou sees him kissing a blonde in Hudson , in his truck . He tries to explain that he did n't think they were exclusive , but Lou dumps him without a second thought . Ty is on a date with Kit , and Caleb tells Amy that Ty gave her up too easily . Caleb then shares a kiss with an enthusiastic Amy . Callie and Tim get in a fight , but get back together , and she takes him back to Big River , and finally out of Jack 's hair . 24 11 `` Starstruck ! '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston January 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) 211 <Td_colspan="7"> Hollywood starlet and gossip - rag fodder Mindy Fanshaw arrives at Heartland under the pretext of honing her riding skills , which turn out to be non-existent . Mallory is found hiding in one of the dude ranch cabins , having been aided in her ' escape ' from the boarding school by Jake . Mallory collects items Mindy has used around Heartland , planning to sell them on eBay so she can repay Jake for the money he spent helping her . Mindy digs into the Ty / Amy / Caleb ' triangle ' , lying to all three about what the others had said and attempts to pit the three against each other . She attacks Amy in particular for being unable to choose between Ty and Caleb or express how she feels about either guy . When Mindy ropes Caleb into taking her on a trail ride , she insists on riding an ailing Pegasus , ignoring Amy 's warning that the horse should not be used . This results in a calculated photo - op for Mindy with paparazzi tipped off by her agent . The photographers get too close and spook Pegasus , dropping Mindy off his back , but causing stone bruises and a chipped bone for Pegasus . Lou eventually kicks Mindy out for behaving as a spoiled rich girl and disrupting the peace at Heartland , and she drives off into the sunset . She does leave Amy a parting gift , in the form of a very flashy , one of a kind belt , which was for sale at Maggie 's for $995 . Amy promptly gives this to Soraya , with whom she was fighting over Amy 's not sharing that Mindy was taking riding lessons at Heartland . 25 12 `` Divorce Horse '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 18 ) 212 <Td_colspan="7"> Mackenzie Hutton returns to Heartland with a fiancé , Ian , who she met after dumping her real estate agent boyfriend in New York . Mackenzie has changed quite a bit from her last visit to Heartland . She has given up the pretense of allergies to gluten , dairy , sugar , food that is not certified organic , and caffeine . She is also much more relaxed and happy with her easygoing husband - to - be in the picture . She has also taken a page from Lou 's book and quit her job to be her own boss , running a little art gallery in the Village . When Mackenzie arrives at Heartland , she is talking about a small wedding ( under 50 guests ) held outside near the dude ranch , with a BBQ cookout reception . Lisa ( with the best of intentions ) meddles with Lou 's plans for Mackenzie , since she knows the Huttons and their high - society lifestyle . Lisa and Mackenzie 's mom convince her that she would be happier with a sit - down reception dinner and a tent and roses and peonies for table settings , rather than what she and Ian had been hoping for . Lisa also meddles in Lou 's personal life , giving her email to a friend , who passed it on to another friend 's single son . Peter , the young man , emails Lou , but she has to decide if she wants to respond . In the meantime , Amy has been treating another horse for Lisa , an Andalusian beauty named Diva . Lisa claims the horse is cursed , calling her `` Diva girl , the divorce horse '' , as everyone who has owned the horse has become divorced . She is moody and temperamental , and Lisa asks Amy to figure her out , since Diva has been returned three times after being rehomed . With Ty and Caleb 's help , Amy determines that Diva just needs to be a horse , and hates to be kept in a stall . Unfortunately , this means that Lisa can not sell her as a show horse . She ultimately decides to give Diva to Mackenzie , who had taken a real shine to her , and would be able to keep her at her inlaws ' ranch in Montana . While Mackenzie and Ian had been fighting during the episode over whether to even get married after their plans were hijacked , they resolve their differences and remember how much they love one another . The episode ends with Mackenzie and Ian saying their vows in the company of the Heartland family , at sunset in front of the dude ranch cabins and overlooking the pond . 26 13 `` Seismic Shifts '' TW Peacocke Susin Nielsen February 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 08 ) 213 <Td_colspan="7"> Bedford Oil comes to Hudson and begins to conduct oil exploration on Jack 's property , using seismic testing and exploratory oil wells . Mallory tells Lou that there is little to be done , as the oil companies can do as they please . Feeling shocked by the injustice of it , Lou mobilizes the community against Bedford . She holds a town hall meeting where she invites local community members , their MLA , and a representative from Bedford Oil , who shows up and turns out to be PW ( Peter Walter ) Morris , the company owner . Tim shares a contrasting perspective with Lou privately , saying that he would be glad to have a well installed on his property , for the royalties he would be paid . Mallory is reading Wuthering Heights and becomes convinced that Amy and Ty are Catherine and Heathcliff , meant to be together but thwarted by circumstance . Amy is working on desensitizing a horse named Acorn to noise and struggles to make progress with the oil company blasting at the edge of Jack 's land . Ashley and Caleb become roommates , as Ashley leaves Briar Ridge again after fighting with her mother . Mallory discovers that the two fishermen staying at the dude ranch are actually working for the oil company , when she is cleaning their cabin and discovers their fishing gear left behind . Lou kicks them out , though they protest that they had paid for several days more . Lou continues to hold a grudge against Lisa and avoid her company , though she continues to instant message with the man that Lisa gave Lou 's email to . By the end of the episode , Lisa apologizes to Lou and they have an honest conversation , making up in the process . Lou meets PW in town twice , spilling coffee on his shirt both times . He seems somewhat interested in her , but she shuts him down . Lou agrees to meet `` Internet guy '' as Mallory has dubbed him , who turns out to be none other than PW . Neither one of them were able to make the connection , though , as both used their first names - Peter and Samantha . Lou lets practical considerations ( the fact that Peter is `` an oil guy '' ) get in the way of having a relationship ( or even a date ) with Peter . Nonetheless , they wind up kissing on the street in front of Maggie 's . Lou starts to leave , returns to kiss him again , and then says that their attraction can not go anywhere , ending the episode on a small cliffhanger . 27 14 `` Do or Die '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun February 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 214 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's former probation officer , Clint , brings two troubled kids to the ranch , hoping that they can learn something from Ty and the ranch where he sorted out his problems . The two kids , Tara and Badger , seem to be at the far end of the spectrum relative to Ty , starting off their stay by burning an Adirondack chair at the dude ranch and putting peanut butter in the muffin Clint was eating -- knowing he was allergic to peanuts . Tara is a goth , and Badger is a boy who never talks . They clash with most of the family , and especially Mallory . Tara teases her by calling her a cheerleader , Hilary Duff , and similar names that reflect her perception of Mallory as a peppy `` nice girl '' . Ty and Badger fight from the beginning , when he refuses to put out his cigarette and later lets all of the horses in the barn out . Tara follows Ty around a bit , making reference to them being alike , thinking she knows his experiences . Mallory eventually makes peace with Tara by sharing her own story about her parents leaving her at Heartland to go on the road . Tara responds dismissively , but Mallory says she should realize that other people have problems too . After this , Tara comes around . Mallory even persuades her to take a riding lesson , making a deal with Tara that Mallory will try out the goth look and attitude in exchange . Amy takes them back to the dude ranch so that she can watch them and there will be enough room for everyone , then sits outside with Ty by the fire as Mallory and Tara have a pillow fight . Ty confides that he did n't want the other foster kids at Heartland because he does n't want to be a poster boy for the rehabilitation program . Ty reveals that his mother remarried a man who was horrible to them both . He made a vow to pay him back for the pain he inflicted , and when he did , the neighbours called the cops . At this point , Ty met Clint , who was supposed to deal with the hopeless cases . Amy is happy that Ty finally shared his story , and tells him that she 's happy Clint brought him to Heartland . 28 15 `` Dark Horse '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) 215 <Td_colspan="7"> When a county by - law threatens to separate elderly Mrs. Bell from her beloved pony Sugarfoot , Lou revives the Hudson Charity Derby to raise money for a legal defense fund . This reawakens an old rivalry between Tim and Jack , who were the reason the derby became defunct many years previously . Both dispute who won , because Tim won by going off - course during the race . Both sign up for this derby to settle their score . Kit drops off her horse Money ( short for You 're so Money ) , whom she thought was a chuckwagon horse , to Heartland for rehoming . Scott looks at the horse and determines that he has a tattoo , meaning he was a racehorse . Ty looks up Money 's records and discovers that he was a success when racing . Amy helps get Tim 's palomino horse in shape for the race , as Tim is still having difficulty riding due to his shoulder . Ty helps Jack train on their `` secret weapon '' because Jack 's horse , Paint , is too old to race in the derby . Tim and Jack are doing well in the race , until Tim falls off his horse and Jack stops to help him . Scott wins the race and Tim and Jack tie for second ( although Tim 's horse was ahead by a little bit , if you watch closely ) . Amy and Ty are recruited to be spotters at the halfway point , which does n't work out , as the walkie talkies that Amy and Lou communicate on are unable to connect properly over such a distance . Ty and Amy start play - fighting and almost kiss . Ashley 's mom offers to sponsor Caleb so he can join the professional rodeo circuit and leave Hudson . This episode features some comic relief between Jack and Tim - Tim offers Jack hay , and Jack thinks it will be free . They haggle over price , and Jack plans to take the hay . They disagree later , and he comes back to return the hay . In all , the hay is lifted onto and taken off of the bed of Jack 's truck no less than four times . 29 16 `` The Ties That Bind '' Dean Bennett Penny Gummerson March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 216 <Td_colspan="7"> The episode opens with Amy and Spartan out on a ride as dusk is falling . For no clear reason , Spartan is acting a bit uneasy . This part of the episode is filmed as if through the eyes of someone watching Amy and her horse , always with trees between the scene and the audience . When they return to the barn , Amy also seems uneasy , and decides not to let Ty turn Spartan out with the other horses overnight . That night , Amy tosses and turns , seeing the night her mom died in her dreams , while Wes breaks into the barn and escapes with Spartan . When Amy wakes up in the middle of the night and goes to check on him , she discovers that Spartan is gone . The family speaks to the police to track Spartan , but Ty and Amy also spend the next couple weeks checking horse auctions to see if Spartan turns up . They visit the Highwood Auction , and Ty buys a two - year - old bay gelding named Harley . Amy is angry that he spent the money he 'd been saving for a motorcycle on a horse , but he says that he 's almost a motorcycle , due to the name . Amy starts to storm out , but Ty stops her when he sees Spartan turn up . Spartan is there and Wes buys him `` legally '' . Amy tries to prove that Spartan is her horse , but she does n't possess a bill of sale , and current registration papers do n't prove it without one . Wes is unable to leave with Spartan right away because Ty slashed his tires to ensure he could n't leave before they talked to the brand inspector . Ty chases down Wes later , hoping to buy Spartan back , but Wes refuses to sell him for any price . Amy later plans to return and steal Spartan from the auction house , and Ty tries to talk her out of it , saying it 's a felony . ( This is actually untrue in Alberta , as indictable offences are applied in Canada . This is one of a limited number of regional errors in this show . ) In the end , Ty reluctantly agrees to help her that evening . Ty gets caught and taken to jail , where Jack bails him out , but he may still be convicted . Jack and Tim track down Wes and force him to sign a bill of sale , returning Spartan and preventing similar problems for Amy in the future . Jack also talks to Constable Rodriguez , who promises to destroy the file on Ty 's theft attempt . Ty instead has to do 200 hours of community service , and Amy is grounded until further notice . Mallory 's horse , Copper , is scared of her because of her `` goth '' look , so she returns to her normal style by the end of the episode . Lou is apprehensive of revealing to her family that she is dating an oil guy , and goes to extreme measures to avoid them seeing her with Peter . Caleb gets his rodeo card , and Val offers him a sponsorship to go on the road and stay away from Ashley . Caleb debates whether to take it , and talks to both Ty and Kit about it . In the end , he decides to go , and does so at the end of the episode . 30 17 `` Full Circle '' Don McBrearty Penny Gummerson March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 217 <Td_colspan="7"> Spartan refuses to jump for Amy and she is suffering from the trauma of having him stolen , so Amy takes him to Marion 's Aboriginal Canadian friend Victor Whitetail who helps people connect with their horses . He helps Amy process her feelings and heal , using traditional Aboriginal methods . Victor was more than friends with Marion after Tim left . Peter books the entire dude ranch in order to spend time with Lou , who continues to keep him a secret from her family . Peter is forced to tell Lou he has an ex-wife when he has to take care of their dog , Max . Lou promises to let him meet her family , now that she knows more about his . Ty breaks Harley while Amy stays at Victor 's , but gets into a fight with Kit when she tries to show him her methods . Later , Ty breaks up with Kit , realizing he has feelings for Amy ; when she returns , he tells her he ca n't continue being only friends . Ashley mopes around because Caleb has n't spoken to her since leaving for the rodeo circuit . 31 18 `` Step By Step '' Don McBrearty Heather Conkie March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 218 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty tells Jack and Amy that this winter is very hard on the mustangs in the mountains , and Amy wants to go feed them . Jack says it will make them dependent on people . At dinner , Mallory reveals that Ty has earned his high school diploma and later tells Amy that he 's at a crossroads , and asks if Amy has any plans . She replies that she 's working on it . Her method is revealed when we see Amy talking about sneaking up to the fishing cabin with Ty to feed the horses , which will also give them a great opportunity to talk . Jack comes into the barn to tell them that it 's now necessary to feed the horses , and the three of them can go up that weekend . However , Lou has weekend plans and Mallory and Jake have nowhere to stay , so Jack winds up looking after them . This leaves Amy and Ty free to follow through with their plans , in the open . When they arrive , Amy and Ty spread out the hay for the horses , and Ty collapses after thinking he sees Ghost . ( This is the second time that Ghost shows up when Ty is in danger . ) Ty develops a high fever , but no one else can reach the fishing cabin because the highway is closed . Lou was heading to a spa with Peter along one of the mountain highways , but they were forced to turn back due to the closures . Lou made an attempt to tell Jack about Peter , but Mallory and Jake spilled something in the other room , and Jack took them to Maggie 's . When they return , Lou introduces Peter to Jack , who is incredibly unhappy that Lou is dating an oil guy , even calling him the enemy . However , after Amy contacts Jack via the cabin 's shortwave radio , Peter organizes snowplows to clear the highway in the morning , and Jack grudgingly accepts him . Amy cares for Ty overnight , and his fever eventually breaks . It turns out that Ghost really was there , not a hallucination of Ty 's brought on by illness . Upon seeing Ghost outside , the pair go out to greet him , and Amy begins to talk about what Ty said . She agrees they ca n't just be friends , admitting that she loves him . Ty finally tells Amy his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Val gets her test results back , and they are negative . Val tells Ashley that she sponsored Caleb , which causes Ashley to become upset with her mom and Caleb . When he returns to his trailer , Ashley kicks him out . Later , Val is driving along , and pulls over to answer her phone and discover that she needs further tests . Jack gives Tim a loan , since Tim was thinking of selling land to Val to be able to afford to continue after losing his herd of cattle , which would turn Val into Jack 's neighbour on both sides . Once they return to Heartland , Amy and Ty get cozy on the couch . He makes Amy say she loves him again , and they kiss . Season 3 ( 2009 - 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 32 `` Miracle '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) 301 <Td_colspan="7"> When a coach bus and a horse trailer collide on Highway 95 , they block the route for Amy 's school bus to get to her high school . Ignoring a command to stay on the bus , Amy goes to help Caesar , a grey gelding with Olympic prospects , stuck in a barbed wire fence . Amy calms him down while his trainer , Stuart Forrest , cuts the barbed wire to free him . When Amy turns around , a crowd has gathered to watch , with several individuals filming her . One of these recordings is presented on the news , causing Heartland to become famous overnight . Amy struggles to keep up with the pressure while trying to heal Caesar , who is spooked by loud noises , cars , and horse trailers after the accident . Amy earns the nickname `` Miracle Girl '' , which she likes even less than the comments of `` horse whispering '' when people talked about Marion 's and her gift previously . Ty applied for a vet program , and accepted an offer from Scott to apprentice / intern with him in the meantime . Ty begins to question his decision after his first job with Scott was to help at the scene of the accident , which included the euthanasia of a few severely injured horses . Caleb punches Ty for hurting Kit , saying that he had warned him not to . Jack lets Caleb stay in the loft with Ty , as Caleb is living in his truck , unable to get his trailer back from Ashley . She starts working at Maggie 's to afford to live on her own . Amy and Ty make plans to get Ashley and Caleb back together , so Ty does n't have to listen to his snoring . Lisa comes back from France and asks Jack if he misses her when she is away . Jack explains that he misses her , but there 's a lot going on at the ranch to occupy his time . Tim buys a new herd of cows with some of the money that Jack lent him . Jack gets upset , but Lisa tells him that he ca n't tell Tim how to use the loan . Jack asks Val about her deal with Tim , and she says there is n't one . He also asks her how she 's feeling , and she says that her doctor says she is in remission , but `` this blood thing 's a tricky customer '' . This seems to imply that Val had one of the blood cancers ( leukemia , lymphoma , or myeloma ) which was treated successfully in the time between seasons . Val has n't told Ashley , not wanting to worry her , and she thanks Jack for taking her to her appointments , saying he is a true friend . 33 `` Little Secrets '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston October 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 11 ) 302 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy finds herself caught in a family crisis when she tries to help a 10 - year - old girl , Taylor Kennedy , and her horse Trooper recover from what appears to be a freak accident . Taylor was in a full - body cast after Trooper started galloping apparently out of the blue , and she fell off . Trooper also lunges at Taylor when they first arrive , and Amy notes that she has only seen this with abused horses . Ty thinks it is unlikely that a young girl would abuse her horse , but Mallory cautions that they should n't underestimate Taylor . After Amy has been working with Trooper and Taylor together for a while , getting her to spend time with her horse and then grooming him together , she assesses that the horse is fine , and that perhaps the problem lies with Taylor . Amy also finds out that the Kennedys are getting divorced , and that Taylor will go to any lengths to get them to stay together . Taylor also almost hurts Trooper one night while he 's in Heartland 's care , advancing on him with a large branch in hand , while Mallory looks on . She also gets on and hits him with a riding crop to make him gallop like he did during the accident . Amy stops them before they reach a cliff , but then Taylor starts running . Amy catches her and reveals that she 's pieced together the mystery . When they return to the ranch , Amy takes Kate Kennedy aside and tells her that her daughter needs some professional help ( Amy says she can help Trooper , but she ca n't help Taylor ) . Amy offers to take care of Trooper while Taylor 's problems are sorted out , however long that takes . In the meantime , Heartland continues to be very busy thanks to Amy 's reputation as the `` Miracle Girl '' , meaning that Jack is making extra pens behind the barn to deal with more horses , and Lou and Tim are thinking about expansion plans for the dude ranch . Amy is also treating Roxy , a horse that is barn sour ( meaning she is reluctant to leave her stall ) . Ashley and Caleb continue to be at odds , and Amy brings Soraya into her and Ty 's plans to get them back together . The two girls talk to Ashley , but she has figured out what they are up to ( and why ) , and asks them to stay out of it . Lou continues to try to keep Amy 's schedule manageable , but Tim continues to interfere , promising service to people that Lou says will have to wait . 34 `` Man 's Best Friend '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 18 ) 303 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack 's truck breaks down more and more often , causing Lisa and him to miss a wedding they were supposed to go to . Lisa and the rest of the family try to convince him to upgrade . They persuade him to visit the Chevy dealership , and he comes home with a new grey Silverado , after trading in his old truck for $1000 . However , he continues to complain about the truck , its seat settings , its lack of comfort , etc . He becomes upset , and takes the truck up to the fishing cabin . The family ca n't understand why Jack is so attached to his old truck , but the audience learns through a flashback sequence that Jack 's late wife , Amy and Lou 's grandmother , Lyndy bought him the 1972 Chevrolet Cheyenne 10 as an anniversary gift early in their marriage . In the meantime , Amy is trying to help a horse named Duke , whose stable - mate died recently , by trying to get him to bond with Pegasus . Mallory and Jake stop by , looking for Kramer , Jake 's black - and - white paint cow pony , who has a habit of escaping from pens by jumping the fences . When they find him , they ask Amy to solve his problem . Amy recognizes that the horse actually jumps fences without provocation , simply because he loves to jump . Amy 's solution is for Mallory to take Kramer around a jumping course regularly , to keep his extra energy in check and make him behave for Jake 's family . Kramer also helps Amy with Duke , because the two horses become fast friends . She is then able to get Duke to socialize with the other horses and to get over his grief . The end - of - school dance is also coming up fast , and Amy and Ty are supposed to go together . Amy was going to use one of Lou 's old dresses , but Lisa gives her a beautiful turquoise gown from Paris . Ty is worried because he does n't know how to dance , so he takes lessons from Lou ( and Peter , who 's back from a business trip to Dubai ) . Amy and Ty head out to their dance , but Ty 's truck breaks down . Instead , they wind up dancing in the bed of the truck , and Ty presents Amy with a promise ring . Ashley asks a rich boy from a private school to go with her as a date to the dance to make Caleb jealous . Caleb hitches his trailer to his truck , and tries to pull it away , but he and Ashley wind up laughing about it before she drives off with the other boy . Jack 's problems with the new truck are solved when he finds a used truck , much like his old one , but in much better shape . Old Goldie ( the old truck ) is brought back to the farm as a `` lawn ornament '' and sits beside another old , dead truck . 35 `` The Haunting of Hanley Barn '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) 304 <Td_colspan="7"> Something is scaring the horses at night in the Hanley Barn and Amy is called in to investigate . At first , Amy thinks it might be the feed , but Mr. Hanley rejects this suggestion as he 'd already talked about it with the vet . Amy agrees to come back that night to investigate further , and Ty comes with her at Jack 's request . Meanwhile , Badger returns to Heartland , having run away from his foster home to see his birth parents , but they had moved without leaving him any contact information . He talks to Ty about it , saying that he needs somewhere to stay overnight . Ty lets him stay temporarily , and Mallory finds Badger sketching by the lake . Both seem interested in each other , as Badger almost tells Mallory she looks more grown - up than before , and Mallory asks about Tara , who Badger seemed to be dating when they first showed up in Season 2 . Clint stops by looking for Badger , and Ty pretends he has n't seen him , to give Badger some time to cool off before having to return to his foster home . Mallory steals food for Badger , and the story returns to Amy . She and Ty are at Maggie 's , and Ty asks why everyone thinks the barn is haunted . Soraya , Amy , Ashley , and Mallory recount the tale : A young man was working at the Hanley place , and fell in love with the farmer 's daughter . One night , the barn erupted into flame and all the horses , as well as the young man , died in the fire . Shortly thereafter , Mr. Hanley 's parents bought the farm from the previous owners and they built a new barn on top of the original 's location . Now it is believed that The Drifter , the young man , haunts the barn , and he is portrayed as wearing a black cloak , with a hook for a hand , and no face under his hood . Just then , Caleb bangs in , wearing a heavy black cloak because the weather 's turning . Amy and Ty go to the Hanley place , and spend several hours just playing cards . While they are there , Caleb , Soraya , and Ashley show up to scare them ( in which they succeed ) . Noises come from upstairs , which Amy had noticed earlier in the day . Amy and Ty investigate , despite Mr. Hanley 's previous warning that the loft is strictly off - limits . They discover Mallory and Badger upstairs , and tell them to go home . At this point , Mr. Hanley appears and explains that the loft has dry rot , which is why he told Amy not to go upstairs . In the end , Amy discovers that Mr. Hanley 's neighbour , Brett , has been spiking the horses ' feed with a glycogen loader , meant to give horses energy , which is the reason they are so worked up in the morning . He wants to force Mr. Hanley into foreclosure , so he can buy the land . Once that problem 's solved , Ty decides to help Badger by coaching him through how to apologize to Clint , which Badger does . Ty also tells Badger to come back to Heartland if he runs away again , so that he 'll be safe . Later , Mallory flips through Badger 's sketchpad while he 's not around and sees a drawing of her . She asks him about it , and they wind up kissing . Lou is planning on visiting Peter in Denver , Colorado , for a single day while he has a layover on his way back to Dubai . Jack disapproves , and says it 's an awful long distance to travel for a single day together . Lou ca n't understand why he 's so easy on Amy and hard on her , but Jack eventually reveals it 's because Amy reminds him so much of Marion , and Lou reminds him of himself . He also says that he worries about when she 'll leave again , possibly for New York , or worse ( in his eyes ) , Toronto . Mrs. Bell comes over to use the kitchen to make strawberry jam with Lou 's help . While she 's there , Mrs. Bell reminisces , and tells Mallory , about Thomas Ritter ( aka The Drifter ) , her first boyfriend . She gave him a jar of jam , and he returned the empty jar with a butterfly in it . Towards the end of the episode , Mrs. Bell brings a butterfly in a jar to the grave at the Hanley farm where he was buried , and releases it in his memory . 36 5 `` Glory Days '' Don McBrearty Leila Basen and David Preston November 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) 305 <Td_colspan="7"> In the hopes of impressing Ashley , Caleb takes lessons in bulldogging from former rodeo champion Tim , who considers getting back into competition , and refuses to acknowledge that he may no longer have what it takes . Amy helps them with this . Tim pays Jack back for his loan in cows , and Jack relives his glory days as well , working with the cattle herd . He realizes he ca n't do it alone , and gets Tim 's help , for a price . Tim wants a paycheque and grazing fees , meaning the herd of cattle might not be much of a return of the loan . Kit 's barrel horse is foaling , and Ty helps Scott check on the mare while waiting for her time to come . They talk , and Kit congratulates him on getting accepted to two pre-vet university programs ( at the University of Manitoba , and Grasslands Agricultural College ) . Kit says she knew he could do it , though he struggled with Grade 12 Algebra . ( This is another regional error : she means Math 30 Pure , as Alberta 's high school maths are broken down only into Pure ( university prep ) / Applied ( college prep ) and Math 31 ( calculus ) , not into algebra , geometry , etc. , like some other provinces . ) Ty assists Scott with the delivery , which is complicated by the fact that the foal is upside down . Its head and right foreleg get stuck while Scott tries to turn it , and the foal is stillborn . Kit and Ty sort out their lingering break - up issues while Ty comforts Kit , who is visibly upset . After the birth , the mare refuses to leave the dead foal alone , so they try to get her to bond with an orphaned foal , Merlin , instead . It 's hard going at first , but Amy comes over to help and rubs the foal with the blanket that was on the dead foal , making him smell like the mare 's foal . At that point , the mare accepts Merlin and he 's able to nurse , which seems to be a success . Lou invites Peter to manage his business from the Heartland facilities while his office in Calgary undergoes renovation , which soon turns out to be a mistake . Peter also interferes with Lou and Mallory 's agreement for Copper , telling Mallory that she has actually completely paid off her share of Copper 's ownership , and then some . Caleb repays Val for her sponsorship , and he talks about his reasons for trying bulldogging . He thinks it will be safer , but Tim later tells him that it 's even more dangerous than bronc riding , because there are more variables with more animals . Val tells Ashley that Caleb 's a good guy , and tells her that the money was repaid . Val asks Ashley to forgive her and give her a second chance and Ashley moves back to Briar Ridge . While she 's leaving , she seems to make her peace with Caleb . 37 6 `` Growing Pains '' Don McBrearty Susin Nielsen November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 306 <Td_colspan="7"> After Daisy rejects the orphan foal Merlin , Scott brings the colt ( played by a filly ) to Amy to care for him . Ty and Amy split the every two hour feedings 24x7 . The stress of the schedule and differences in foal ( read child ) rearing lead Amy and Ty to clash over how best to raise Merlin . Lou arranges a meeting for Peter with a famously wealthy and eco-minded oil billionaire Richard Chenoweth at the Heartland facilities . Something about Richard seems off whenever Peter is out of earshot . The local wildlife official warns Jack about a cougar in the area . The cougar 's presence in Heartland is unmistakable , eventually causing Richard to fall off his horse during a trail ride with Lou and Peter . After Peter comes to Lou 's defense following unwanted advances from Richard , Lou must defuse a threatened lawsuit from the unscrupulous businessman . Lou is successful and in a most satisfying manner . Meanwhile , Val is trying too hard to reconnect with her newly reconciled daughter Ashley and Ashley is feeling suffocated . The cougar is captured , revealing a secret and showing some of Jack 's character . 38 7 `` The Starting Gate '' Grant Harvey David Moses November 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 307 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty is working a job at the race track in Hudson . While cleaning a stall some of the other race track people stop by and greet Ty with a little light hazing with a Jockey 's buzzer . Lisa watches as her horse , Lightning Dexter , is brought to the starting gate where he rears and drops his jockey , Liam . When the stewards rule that Lightning Dexter ca n't load ( and thus race ) Lisa asks Amy if she can work with Dexter on his gate issues . Amy tells her that she can not take on another horse . Then Lisa decides to sell Dexter as a riding horse . Ty 's mom , Lily , unexpectedly comes to reconnect with him , surprising all . Amy is none too pleased that the woman who hurt Ty has come to visit . Jack offers Lily one of the cabins when she says she wants to stay for a few days . Ty is ambivalent about his mother , and skeptical when she says she left Wade , the man who abused them . Tim buys the racehorse from Lisa that she has given up on . He puts everything on the line , including pushing Amy to fix Dexter , to win big . Lisa is angry when she finds out that Tim has convinced Amy to work with him after she said she could n't help Lisa . Amy suggests foul play by Lisa 's jockey and makes Lisa even more angry . Jack is stuck in the middle of Lisa and Amy 's disagreement . 39 8 `` The Fix '' Grant Harvey Penny Gummerson November 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 22 ) 308 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim has entered the horse he bought from Lisa in a local race and hires Ty to keep an eye on it at the track . Tim 's rivalry with Lisa continues as she has another horse in the race , and Jack is caught in the middle . Ty 's stepfather Wade tries to work things out with Lily and creates problems for Ty at the track . Wade puts salt in Tim 's horse 's hay , causing him to lose the race . 40 9 `` Broken Arrow '' Ron Murphy Leila Basen and David Preston December 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) 309 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty is about to spend his last day at Heartland before leaving for vet school , and Amy wants quality time with her boyfriend . But when a wounded horse has Scott flying his plane to British Columbia to tend to the animal , Ty tags along . Caleb plans on getting a pay raise from Jack , who has a different idea , while Val hires Amy to help get Apollo back on the show jumping circuit . Lou struggles to find her maternal instincts when Marnie leaves her to look after Jerry Junior . Lou is also concerned that Jerry Junior might not be the only baby in her immediate future . 41 10 `` Eye of the Wolf '' Ron Murphy Heather Conkie January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) 310 <Td_colspan="7"> The search begins to find Scott and Ty . With Amy feeling helpless back at Heartland , she decides to lead a search on horseback . With Scott near death , Ty must help him survive . 42 11 `` Catch and Release '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) 311 <Td_colspan="7"> While the boys head off on a fishing trip , the girls are left at Heartland to deal with the havoc caused by a dog , a porcupine , and a herd of escaped cows . Ty is struggling with dreams about the wolf from his recent plane accident . Jack and Tim have `` words '' because of something Peter says . 43 12 `` The Reckoning '' TW Peacocke Penny Gummerson January 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) 312 <Td_colspan="7"> Victor Whitetail visits Heartland , leaving Tim to wonder if Victor was more than just friends with his ex-wife. Ty convinces Kit to give her star barrel horse to Amy to fix , but when Amy brings Kit into the healing process , Kit puts Ty between them . Meanwhile , Lou gets invited to Paris by Peter and is overjoyed until she learns that the trip is not exactly what she envisioned . Peter must change his `` big plans '' . Peter proposes to Lou . Amy has a memorial ceremony for her mom . 44 13 `` Quarantine '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) 313 <Td_colspan="7"> When Kit 's horse , Daisy , comes down with strangles while at Heartland , the stables are put under quarantine . Amy is furious when she finds out that Kit brought Daisy to Heartland almost straight from a rodeo where many other horses had contracted Strangles . When Pegasus catches the disease , it brings mixed feelings for Amy and Tim . Meanwhile , Mallory is trying to convince Jack to drive her to an Art Museum event where she hopes to bump into her former friend , Badger . Pegasus dies . 45 14 `` The Happy List '' Chris Potter Heather Conkie January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) 314 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty discovers a beat up classic Norton motorcycle offered up for sale . The Norton catches Jack 's fancy as well and soon enough Jack and Ty are seen bargaining for the motorcycle . Ty 's interest in the bike makes him a poor negotiator . Jack and Ty haul the motorcycle back to Heartland to the dismay of Amy who considers it a waste of his Vet School money and a danger , motorcycles are called donor - cycles after all . Amy and Ty bicker over the motorcycle with neither getting down to what is really troubling them . While watching rodeo videos Caleb and Ty manage to irritate Ashley and Amy with their testosterone poisoning and making plans to go to a rodeo in Montana together . Val having come through the medical tests and fears has composed a `` Happy List '' of things to do since life is short . Entry number one is to return to show jumping with Amy as her coach . Val , not wanting to be seen beginning to jump again obtains use of an indoor arena for her lessons . Amy does her best with the fractious Val who is not inclined to take instruction , resulting in one of those falls that jumping can induce . As time goes by , Val eventually gives Amy 's methods a try and jumps a series of training fences . Receiving congratulations from Jack . we see that Jack may also be on Val 's Happy List . Lou and Peter begin planning the wedding , which is soon overtaken by Lou 's obsession with Peter 's first wedding and Lou begins to venture into Bride - zilla territory . Peter , becoming increasingly uncomfortable calls for a break so that each of them can think about what they want . Mallory pines for Badger , but when Jake shows up with a new girlfriend , Chelsea , Mallory seems unable to let Jake go his own way . Jake seems a little unready to part with Mallory as well . Ty reconsiders going to Montana with Caleb , leaving Caleb preparing to leave on his own . Ashley and Caleb quarrel over his going on the road to Montana . Caleb hurts his case by not inviting Ashley to join him now that Ty backed out . Caleb adds insult to injury by explaining that having your girlfriend along is bad luck . Peter returns and he and Lou talk about the upcoming marriage . Lou suggest that they elope ( which has been recommended to her throughout the episode . ) Peter says he wants a wedding , with or without the fancy tents . Having actually talked about their feelings , things seem to be back on track . Amy and Ty talk about the motorcycle , and Amy explains that she has n't healed from Ty 's plane crash even if he has . Having actually talked about their feelings , Ty gives Amy a helmet and they happily head out for a spin on the Norton . Ashley talks to her mother who , remarkably , gives some good advice . Ashley sets out to join Caleb in Montana . The episode ends with everyone , including Val , watching the Montana rodeo on TV . Caleb comes on the TV riding a bareback bronc , and does well . After the whistle Caleb gets hung up in his rigging and winds up unconscious on the ground while a horrified Ashley watches her biggest fear play out in front of her , all while their friends and family watch from afar . 46 15 `` Second Chances '' Dean Bennett Susin Nielsen March 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) 315 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty discover that Mr. Hanley has abandoned his horses and is on the brink of losing his farm . Lisa comes back from Europe and feels that there may be something between Jack and Val. Lou is in the middle of wedding plans . Mallory is being extra nice to Lou because she wants to be asked to be one of her brides maids . Jack proposes to Lisa . Caleb is back and depressed . 47 16 `` Spin Out '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 316 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb becomes addicted to his pain medicine , he steals Ty 's bike and wrecks it . Lisa wants to tell Lou and Amy that she and Jack are engaged , but Jack does n't want to overshadow Lou and Peter 's wedding plans . The Hudson townspeople gossip over Jack and Lisa . After a visit with Val , Lisa has second thoughts . Jack and Lisa decide not to get married . Caleb gets back on his horse . 48 17 `` Ring of Fire '' Steve DiMarco Leila Basen and David Preston March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 317 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy follows in her mother 's footsteps and enters into a professional colt starting competition , her gift with horses and her self - confidence are put to the test . At first , Garrett seems to be the best and Amy is struggling . But Garrett encourages her and helps her win . Tim wants to take his racehorse to California . Ashley tells Caleb she loves him , but breaks up with him because he 's going on the rodeo circuit . 49 18 `` In The Cards '' Steve DiMarco Heather Conkie March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 318 <Td_colspan="7"> A surprise announcement by Peter throws Lou 's wedding plans into disarray while Amy and Ty make difficult decisions about their futures . Amy then gives back their `` Promise '' ring that Ty gave her , then asks for it back . Lisa is being careful not to interfere with Lou 's wedding even when Lou needs her help , making Lou feel responsible for Lisa and Jack changing their minds on the engagement . After his break - up with Ashley , Caleb decides to let her go on the rodeo circuit with him . They go to the circuit and elope while there . Amy treats one of the horses of a ring of fire contestant , which causes mixed feelings . Peter and Lou get married . Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 50 `` Homecoming '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 401 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty returns home after an absence of three months but brings a young woman , Blair , whom he says is a friend . Amy is not happy , and Ty is oblivious to why she is mad . Caleb and Ashley return from the rodeo circuit . Blair kisses Ty , but he does n't reciprocate her feelings , nor does he tell Amy . In the end , Blair leaves with her boyfriend , with Amy accepting that Ty and Blair are just friends . 51 `` What Dreams May Become '' Grant Harvey Ken Craw October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 402 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy scratches the surface to discover Nick Harwell 's problems with his polo horse , Dusty . All of the polo horses get sick , so it is up to Ty and Scott to find the problem . Lou hates Dubai , and Tim is dating his jockey , inviting her to Heartland without telling anyone about their true relationship . Jack and Caleb try to appease Lou by fitting a water system for the horses , but things do n't quite go to plan . 52 `` Road Curves '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 403 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is angry when Chase comes back and insists on her performing a horse clinic with him . When Amy refuses , Chase puts flyers up all over town advertising their show , and she can not back out . When the show is over , Chase kisses Amy , who kisses him back but does not reciprocate his feelings . She later tells Ty , who forgives her , but punches Chase when he next sees him . Lisa offers to buy the dude ranch . Mrs Bell and Sugarfoot are run off the road by Chase and Ty comes to their aid . Overhearing Ty 's concerns about how he will afford vet school , Mrs Bell offers to become his honourary grandmother and to pay for his education , an offer Ty happily accepts . 53 `` Graduation '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 404 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is offered a full scholarship for a equine program . With Lou thinking she is stupid not to take it , Amy has problems choosing , and with the fact she is graduating without her mom there . Badger is back and tries to fight for Mallory . Spartan colicks . Tim and Lisa clash over the price for the dude ranch . Amy decides to take a year off of school . 54 5 `` Where The Truth Lies '' John Fawcett Susin Nielsen October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 405 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty convince Sarah , the town hermit , to let them treat her sick horse at Heartland . Badger and Mallory go on an adventure neither of them will soon forget . They get trapped in a mine and Jake saves them . On the Dude Ranch front , Lisa and Lou are not seeing eye to eye , and Peter returns to Heartland . 55 6 `` Win , Place or Show '' John Fawcett Leila Basen and David Preston November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 406 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim gets Amy to ride Lightning Dexter in a stakes race when he finds out his girlfriend Janice has taken a jockeying position with another owner , Dan , who is also Lisa 's ex . Badger rolls into Heartland driving a sweet used car . Ty discovers that the car is stolen . Jake gets help from Jack with driving . Mallory is torn between Jake and Badger . Peter tries to buy his way out of the doghouse with Lou while Caleb buys his way into the poorhouse for Ashley . 56 7 `` Jackpot ! '' TW Peacocke Leila Basen and David Preston November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 407 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb turns to Kit to partner with him so they can win a team roping jackpot . This sets in motion a series of strange events , which results in some unusual team pairings . Kit and Amy pair up and win . Tim is concerned that Lightning Dexter is starting to cost him a lot of money but is not able to race . When the opportunity comes up to possibly sell the horse , he plots to get the maximum amount of cash . Jack finds himself in a bidding ' war ' with Lisa against her ex-husband Dan . Mallory and Badger 's relationship starts to heat up again , but Mallory wonders if she 's picked the right guy when she watches Jake and Jamie . She decides she wants Jake . Ashley 's mom buys the land Ashley and Caleb live on . 57 8 `` One Day '' TW Peacocke Mark Haroun November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 408 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is hired to do a horse clinic with a group of prisoners . One of them is Joe , an old friend of Ty 's . Ashley and Caleb attempt to deal with the new landlord / tenant relationship they now have with Ashley 's mom , Val . Meanwhile , Mallory , Jamie , Jake , and Badger go berry picking for Mrs. Bell . Mallory and Badger come to terms with their relationship after an incident where everyone finds out that Jake and Badger are both allergic to bees . Badger leaves . 58 9 `` Local Hero '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen and David Preston December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 409 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty and Amy find a calf in the woods which leads them to Tim 's stolen cattle . Tim convinces the family that they need to take the law into their own hands . But the cattle rescue and subsequent drive has to maneuver a dangerous course when they come face to face with the rustlers who shot Tim two years ago , and Mallory 's attempt to be part of the adventure puts her in harm 's way . Val 's efforts to convince Ashley and Caleb to sign a marriage contract leads to a shocking revelation . They are not legally married . Lou returns home from Dubai , in no mood to answer questions about her marriage or why she is n't with her husband . 59 10 `` Mood Swings '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) 410 <Td_colspan="7"> Grant and Blair -- Ty 's travel buddies -- return to Heartland . The issue of Blair kissing Ty and deciding not to tell Amy is resolved with Ty and Amy breaking up and Ty leaving Heartland to move in with Caleb and Ashley . Also , Caleb and Ashley have difficulty adjusting to the reality that they are n't legally married . Caleb receives advice from Tim . Mallory 's adventure of being locked in the horse trailer and being returned to Heartland by the police is still reverberating . Meanwhile , Lou gets news that will have a huge impact on her and Peter 's lives . 60 11 `` Family Business '' Francis Damberger Ken Craw January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 411 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy fights to keep Lightning Dexter in the family when she learns Tim is putting his horse up for sale in a claiming race . Ty neglects his schoolwork to help Caleb hustle money at a pool hall . Chase Powers gets involved in the Dexter claiming race ordeal and makes things awkward between Amy and Ty . Meanwhile , a pregnant Lou has a great idea for the baby 's nursery that does n't sit well with Jack . Peter has problems of his own as he tries to conduct his company 's business from Heartland . Mallory quits her job at Heartland and comes to work at Maggie 's . 61 12 `` Lost Song '' Francis Damberger Heather Conkie January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 412 <Td_colspan="7"> While Lou is having the troops clean out the closet in Marion 's old room , preparing to transform it into a nursery , some interesting items are found . A guitar which used to belong to Lyndy -- Jack 's late wife and Marion 's mother -- is found and Jack finds something interesting in its case . A trophy for `` all - round cowboy '' won by Tim in Ponoka two decades ago also gets uncovered . Repairs needed to the trophy prompt Caleb to offer to get it fixed . Jack says the most romantic thing he has ever muttered . And Caleb and Ashley get married again , for real . 62 13 `` The Road Home '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) 413 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty continues down his road of recent confusion , so Jack offers advice . To make a point , Jack does something quite dramatic and it puts Ty in a situation which causes his true nature to step up . Lisa and Lou have words deciding how the Dude Ranch will be run once Lou has her baby , and Lou has some words of wisdom for Amy as well . 63 14 `` Leap of Faith '' Eleanore Lindo Andrew Wreggitt February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 414 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps Stuart Forest , the trainer of the horse that got Amy a ton of hits on Youtube for being a `` Miracle Girl '' . His daughter Rihanna 's horse is too much for Rihanna to handle but he wo n't accept that . Chase tries to help by giving Rihanna a new bit , but she is too eager to make her dad proud and has an accident . Stuart then decides to sue Heartland for negligence . Peter is being sued and is bankrupt . Meanwhile , Jack is trying to persuade Mallory to come back to Heartland and care for Copper . 64 15 `` The River '' Chris Potter Leila Basen and David Preston February 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) 415 <Td_colspan="7"> There is a bear hanging around Heartland and getting into things on the farm . Amy is doing her best to put the whole lawsuit thing behind her . When Ty comes to talk to Amy about it , she kisses him and Ty kisses back . While Amy is out for a trail ride , she runs into the bear . Lou is feeling that it is the worst possible time to have a baby . Caleb comes back from him and Ashley 's honeymoon by himself , while Ashley is still in Italy . Stuart has a revelation when his daughter tells him that it is his fault that she does n't want to ride anymore and that she hates him . He decides not to go through with the law suit . Soraya and Chase argue and have disagreements . 65 16 `` Never Surrender '' Chris Potter Story by : Will Pascoe Teleplay by : Leila Basen , Ken Craw , Mark Haroun and David Preston March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 416 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb 's friend Bryce , a paralyzed military vet and ex-rodeo star , hires Amy to help sell his roping horse . However , Amy sees an opportunity to re-train both horse and rider , though she needs help to convince this cowboy that he can recapture his love for riding despite his injury . Tim shares a misunderstanding with Jack through a lack of communication . Ashley has n't returned yet and Caleb wonders if Ashley likes Italy more than she likes him . Lou agrees to be Marnie 's labour coach , but being around Marnie 's rambunctious toddler makes her wonder if she 's really cut out for motherhood . 66 17 `` Burning Down the House '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen and David Preston March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) 417 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim and his girlfriend announce that they are selling the ranch and moving to California . But one of Tim 's old girlfriends comes back and claims that Tim is the father of her son , Shane , and a paternity test says that he is . Ashley finally comes home . Ty is still having trouble just being friends with Amy . Ashley decides to go to school in British Columbia and Caleb is not sure if to go or to stay . 67 18 `` Passages '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) 418 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty work through their trust issues as they train a pair of Clydesdales . Tim is still reeling from the knowledge that Shane is in fact his son but he finds himself bonding with the boy despite himself . Bad feelings resurface between Caleb and Val when he accuses her of manipulating Ashley and her decision to go away to the university . Caleb decides to go with Ashley to British Columbia . Meanwhile , Lou 's due date is still three weeks away . Lou goes into labor at home , and Ty and Amy deliver a girl . Television film ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Viewers ( millions ) `` A Heartland Christmas '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 1.40 <Td_colspan="6"> Amy and Ty race to save starving horses trapped in the avalanching - mountains during Christmas . Jack and Tim decide to go with them . Lou starts stressing about how Peter and the rest of the family wont make it back in time for Christmas , while she is stuck looking after Christmas - obsessed - Mallory . Everybody makes it home for Christmas and Mallory 's parents make the flight through the storm . Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 68 `` Finding Freedom '' Heather Conkie John Fawcett September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 501 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is inspired to take her horsemanship to a new level when she works with a professional liberty horse trainer . She realizes she has to return to her roots when it comes to her work with horses and her relationship with Ty . Meanwhile , a leaky roof causes Ty to make a big decision that he thinks will help them grow as a couple by moving into Ashley and Caleb 's trailer . 69 `` Something In The Night '' David Preston John Fawcett September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 502 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim is coerced to go with Jack on a secret mission to find Shane and Miranda , Amy is left at Heartland with Janice to get a young race horse ready for his maiden run . Meanwhile , Ty has planned Amy a dinner but there 's been an animal hiding in the trailer , so they make a slight change of arrangements . 70 `` What 's In a Name ? '' Leila Basen Grant Harvey October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 503 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim accidentally reveals to the family that Shane is his son , it threatens to ruin the traditional Bartlett - Fleming naming ceremony for Lou 's baby girl . Lou names her baby Catherine Marion Minnie , or Katie , for short . Amy and Lou accept Shane into the family . 71 `` Beyond Hell 's Half Mile '' Ken Craw Grant Harvey October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 504 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy works with a chuck wagon horse , she discovers an impediment that could put the team in danger and change the dynamics of a prominent chuck wagon family . Caleb returns without Ashley . The whole family is sleep deprived from the new baby . Lou and Peter try to get Katie to sleep . 72 5 `` Never Let Go '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 505 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps to restore the confidence of a troubled trick - rider so that she can get back on her horse and perform again . With the house being overcrowded , Jack builds an outhouse to accommodate . Caleb continues to pine over Ashley , gets drunk , and meets a girl . Caleb says he and Ashley are separated . Lou and Peter decide to build a house at Heartland . 73 6 `` The Slippery Slope '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 506 <Td_colspan="7"> A friend from Jack 's past shows up at Heartland when one of their old band mates passes away . Lou & Lisa secretly try to gather the other remaining members for a reunion performance to celebrate Jack 's birthday . Caleb 's ' bar girl ' shows up at Heartland asking Amy for help with her horse . Caleb tries to teach her to bronc ride . Amy wonders if she worries too much and decides to ride a mechanical bull . 74 7 `` Over the Rise '' Ken Craw Tina Grewal November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 507 <Td_colspan="7"> When Shane arrives to stay for the summer , Tim tries to impress all three of his kids with a Western day trip and ends up stuck at an old western movie set . Caleb tries bull riding after he and Ty make a bathtub fly . Mallory finds out something about Lou that upsets her . Mallory found a nanny cam and thought Lou was spying , but Lou never turned it on . 75 8 `` Nothing for Granted '' Mark Haroun Tina Grewal November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 508 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty visits Mrs. Bell to thank her for paying his school fees , he and Amy are surprised to learn that she 's moved out of her home and away from Sugarfoot . When Ty and Amy find Mrs. Bell in a retirement home , they break her out and bring her home . Ty finds out Mrs. Bell was n't paying his school fees . Janice and Tim argue over Shane going to the races with them . Lou gets a job ... that Peter interviewed for . Soraya moves to London to be with her boyfriend . Ty 's stepdad paid his tuition . 76 9 `` Cover Me '' Leila Basen & David Preston Grant Harvey December 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 509 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim 's young racehorse , Cisco , is stolen on the way to his maiden race , Amy and Ty get help tracking him down from Ty 's step - father , Wade . 77 10 `` Trust '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey January 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 08 ) 510 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy tries to heal an abused and extremely violent racehorse , Ty and Jack think she 's taken on more than she can handle , but can Amy prove them wrong ? Meanwhile , Caleb gets a letter from Ashley stating that they 're getting a divorce . 78 11 `` Fool 's Gold '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 511 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's mother , Lily , returns to Heartland with shocking news about his father and a secret that threatens her relationship with her son ; she and Wade are back together . Meanwhile , Amy continues to work with Alcatraz , revealing anything is possible if you give it a chance . 79 12 `` Road to Nowhere '' Ken Craw Dean Bennett January 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) 512 <Td_colspan="7"> When Jack learns that Ty is riding his bike solo to a remote lake to spread his father 's ashes , he decides to join him . Still hurt that Ty decided to go his own way , Amy puts her mind back into working with Alcatraz . When Bryce -- the paralyzed war veteran - returns , Alcatraz is given another chance and finds a new purpose . 80 13 `` Aftermath '' Leila Basen Chris Potter February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 513 <Td_colspan="7"> To avoid hitting a wolf , Ty crashes his bike on a remote road and is badly injured , leaving Jack to search for help in the middle of nowhere . Meanwhile , Amy sees the mustang , Ghost , which she believes shows that something has befallen Ty and Jack . Ty and Jack are rescued . Peter and Lou both get a promotion . Tim begins his custody battle with Miranda over Shane . 81 14 `` Working On A Dream '' David Preston Chris Potter February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 514 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is roped into helping Tim project a positive image to the community , in hopes it will further his custody battle for Shane . Lou and Peter 's house is starting to be built , but they decide to buy a house instead . Ty gets back on his bike and Caleb returns . 82 15 `` Breaking Down and Building Up '' Heather Conkie Grant Harvey March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 515 <Td_colspan="7"> When tragedy strikes , Amy must find a way to save Mr. Hanley 's rescue horses from kill buyers , and Mallory tries to convince Mrs. Bell to save her childhood home . Peter and Lou are looking for a new home and find the perfect place , but things do n't go according to plan . Tim proposes to Janice to help him with the custody battle , and she accepts . When she finds out his real reason for proposing , she breaks up with him . Mrs. Bell buys the Hanley house , then sells it to Lou and Peter . 83 16 `` Wild Horses '' Jessalyn Coombe & Andrew Wreggitt Grant Harvey March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 516 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty join Scott on a trip back to his old reservation to save a herd of wild horses from the dangerous EHV - 1 virus . Tim is having trouble coping with his recent break up and the stress of his custody battle and starts to drink again . Mallory is having a big sweet sixteen party until she finds out heartbreaking news . 84 17 `` True Calling '' Mark Haroun Dean Bennett March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 517 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy 's dog Lobo is injured by a trigger - happy rancher , it 's up to Ty to save his life , meanwhile good old Jack has gone to Moosejaw to persuade Miranda to come back to Heartland to help sort out Tim 's struggle . Mallory tries to raise money to help her get an apartment so she will not have to move to Nashville . Jake saves Mallory from a lot of trouble with her dad . Mallory moves away . Tim gives up drinking . 85 18 `` Candles in the Wind '' Heather Conkie Dean Bennett March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) 518 <Td_colspan="7"> When a mystery horse arrives at Heartland , Amy and Ty are sent down a path that will alter their lives . Ty plans on proposing to Amy and is struggling to find the right moment to propose . Amy decides to stay at Heartland , and Jack goes to Paris . Shane shows up at Heartland , and Tim and Miranda realize they have to take into consideration what he wants . Miranda kisses Tim and decides to let Shane visit him anytime he wants . Amy finds the ring . Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 86 `` Running Against the Wind '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 601 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is bursting to ask Ty about the engagement ring , and why he has n't proposed yet , but a couple of `` runaways '' throw everything at Heartland into turmoil . One of the `` runaways '' is a horse that likes to jump fences ; Amy is trying to find the owner but she grows attached and gives the horse a name : Phoenix Rising . The other `` runaway '' is an eleven - year - old girl whose name is Georgina , but who wants to be called Georgie . Lou and Peter 's house is nothing but trouble . 87 `` Crossed Signals '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) 602 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty struggles to deal with the fact that Amy has found the engagement ring and has to decide how and whether he is going to propose to her . Kendra , Phoenix 's owner , comes to Heartland to take him home . Amy discovers that Kendra , although she loves her horses , has problems taking proper care of them . Meanwhile Georgie , the 11 - year - old runaway , is proving to be quite a handful . Ty and Amy decide to wait . 88 `` Keeping Up Appearances '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 603 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim hopes for a big commission when he helps a wealthy weekend cowboy look for his dream ranch , while Amy 's stuck teaching the client 's trophy wife how to ride . Mallory comes home . Ty is distracted by Amy 's decision to wait on getting engaged . 89 `` The Natural '' Dean Bennett Leila Basen October 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) 604 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to fulfill Mallory 's dream of being a show jumper but discovers that Georgie has the natural talent . Lou leaves for New York . Miranda and Tim hook up . Ty studies for his finals . Jack and Tim buy a buffalo . 90 5 `` Trial Run '' Grant Harvey David Preston October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 605 <Td_colspan="7"> Janice brings Cisco Kid ( and her emotional baggage over Tim ) to Heartland for Amy to figure out why Cisco 's lost that winning feeling . Georgie and Mallory try to rescue a stray dog from a well . Tim gives Cisco to Janice . Ty gets into vet school and a scholarship . 91 6 `` Helping Hands '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 606 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy seeks out an up - and - coming show jumper , Jeremy Hughes , to learn why he 's refusing Scott and Ty 's suggested treatment for his horse Buckingham . Mallory and Georgie finally get along . Lisa decides she and Jack need to take a break . 92 7 `` Life is a Highway '' Jim Donovan Leila Basen November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 607 <Td_colspan="7"> Chase Powers returns to Heartland with his wife , Hayley , who is an aspiring liberty horse rider . She wants Amy to be her coach . Lou comes home and quits her job . 93 8 `` Do The Right Thing '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun December 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) 608 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty needs some engine parts for his broken down truck he 's forced to turn to the last person on earth he wants help from - his stepfather Wade . In the meantime Lou tries to win Dan ( Lisa 's ex-husband ) over as a client and Georgie has to work with Mallory in order to prepare a party for Ty . Ty and Wade end up bonding . Lisa 's ex-husband says that him and Lisa are back together . Ty and Amy each begin to wonder what they are waiting for to get engaged . 94 9 `` Great Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) 609 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack has applied to become Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so Clint interviews them , but things do n't look good . Ty and Amy have a life - changing weekend when they get engaged . Georgie runs away from Heartland to Lou and Peter 's house , and it catches on fire . 95 10 `` The Road Ahead '' Dean Bennett Heather Cookie January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) 610 <Td_colspan="7"> A fire caused by electrical wiring destroys Lou and Peter 's home and puts the lives of Georgie and Phoenix at risk . Ty and Amy end up putting their good news about their engagement on hold . Amy helps Georgie when she has problems with a still spooked Phoenix . Clint turned down Jack for Georgie 's long - term foster parent , so both Tim and Lou try to help . Lou and Peter become Georgie 's long - term foster parents . 96 11 `` Blowing Smoke '' T.W. Peacocke Ken Craw January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) 611 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy must make a hard decision about Phoenix when Jeremy 's horse Buckingham gets hurt , which puts his jumping career in jeopardy . Caleb seems to like Lou , which leads him to punching Peter . Jeremy gets Amy drunk in an attempt to get Phoenix . 97 12 `` Playing With Fire '' TW Peacocke David Preston January 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 20 ) 612 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou hosts a horse show at Heartland while dealing with her problems with Peter . Both Mallory and Georgie are training for the showjumping . Mallory 's coach is Jeremy and she will ride Spartan , while Georgie will ride Phoenix and is being coached by Amy . Mallory discovers Jeremy kissing Cassandra just before her turn to jump . She rides distracted , leading to her and Spartan falling after a jump . 98 13 `` Waiting For Tomorrow '' Chris Potter Leila Basen February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) 613 <Td_colspan="7"> One of Spartan 's back legs is broken , and Amy faces a tough decision . Tim and Jack focus on how they are going to get the money for the vet bill . Mallory and Georgie are suffering from the events at the horse show , in very different ways . 99 14 `` Lost and Gone Forever '' Chris Potter David Preston February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 614 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty 's future as a vet is in jeopardy when there 's a fatality at Scott 's clinic . Lou has to deal with an overeager Caleb while she has to convince Georgie to play her new recorder for her music class . 100 15 `` After All We 've Been Through '' Stephen Reynolds Mark Haroun March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 615 <Td_colspan="7"> To prove Jeremy was responsible for Buckingham 's death , Ty searches for evidence . Jeremy is guilty of killing his horse , and Ty is rehired . Amy works with Spartan now that has finally come back home , but he refuses to leave the barn . Lou and Peter 's romantic weekend is interrupted by Eden , Peter 's ex-wife . Mallory tries to find Jack a date , since Lisa is in France and they have decided to put their relationship on hold . Spartan faces his fear . 101 16 `` Born to Buck '' Stephen Reynolds Ken Craw March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 616 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is having trouble dealing with a roping horse that only wants to buck and Caleb , who is n't sure he wants to ride broncs anymore . Shane and Miranda are back in Hudson . Lou and Amy find out that Miranda and Tim have been in a relationship for months . Miranda and Tim break up . Jack is offered a career opportunity and takes the job . 102 17 `` Breaking Point '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 617 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Lou help Georgie regain her confidence as a showjumper when classmate Olivia makes her question her place in the family . Eric Williams ( who has bought the farm where Phoenix used to live and its livestock ) sees his natural potential as a jumper . Amy does n't have the papers to prove she 's Phoenix 's new owner . Jack and Tim fight over their business partnership when they learn that their cattle may have been exposed to BSE ( Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ) . Jack wants to buy out Tim , and their cattle are fine . Lou tells Georgie that everyone is behind her adoption . 103 18 `` Under Pressure '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 618 <Td_colspan="7"> With the threat of losing Phoenix to Eric looming over their heads , things become even more complicated at Heartland when Georgie gets a surprise visit from her brother Jeff . When Jeff reveals he wants to raise Georgie , the family is faced with the possibility of losing her . Amy has second thoughts about going on a road trip to Las Vegas with Ty . Meanwhile , Peter 's idea of moving to Vancouver is impossible for Lou to wrap her head around , and Jack ends his partnership with Tim - for good . Georgie 's brother buys back Phoenix for her and tells her to stay at Heartland . In the end of the episode , Jack has a heart attack . Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 104 `` Picking Up the Pieces '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 701 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack returns from his trip to Arizona to find that Tim has made drastic changes to Heartland . Amy works with Emir , a horse frightened during a rough flight . Emir 's owner turns out to be Prince Ahmed who is n't very grateful . Georgie struggles to ask Peter if he will take her to a father - daughter dance at her school . Tim brings sheep to Heartland . 105 `` Living in the Moment '' David Frazee Heather Conkie October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 702 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou pressures Jack into going to the doctor after a scary accident , and Amy and Ty discuss buying a ranch together . Georgie gets fed up with Olivia picking on her and throws a punch , leading to her to be grounded by Peter , and almost missing the Spring Classic . Georgie wins the Spring Classic . Lou and Peter have officially adopted Georgie . 106 `` Wrecking Ball '' Stefan Scaini Leila Basen October 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 20 ) 703 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Georgie find a dead horse , which leads Scott and Ty on a mission to discover why it died and to learn if other horses could be in peril . At the same time , Lou and Tim find themselves on opposite ends of a fight when Tim attempts to rebrand Maggie 's into a soulless fast food franchise . Lou buys Maggie 's . Ty and Amy keep losing her engagement ring . 107 `` The Penny Drops '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 704 <Td_colspan="7"> As Amy and Ty help a mare and foal through a difficult weaning process , Jake and Mallory share an emotional goodbye as he leaves for Paris , and she struggles to decide if she will stay working as a manager at Maggie 's or join Jake in Paris . She finally decides to move to Paris . 108 5 `` Thread the Needle '' Jim Donovan Ken Craw November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 705 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy attempts to help a young Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) constable overcome a personal challenge to fulfill his lifelong dream of performing in the RCMP Musical Ride . Georgie 's brother comes to visit . Scott hires back Cassandra . 109 6 `` Now or Never '' Jim Donovan Mark Haroun November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 706 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie is enthralled when she sees one of Amy 's clients trick riding , and she 's determined to pursue it despite Lou 's misgivings . Georgie tries trick riding . Georgie 's brother bonds with her . Tim tells Lou he paid for Maggie 's . 110 7 `` Best Man '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) 707 <Td_colspan="7"> When an old friend turns to him for help , Ty is torn between his ties to the past and his loyalties to his family at Heartland . Caleb returns and so does Nicole , Lou 's friend . Ty asks Caleb to be his best man . 111 8 `` Hotshot '' Chris Potter David Preston December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 708 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou is determined to have a perfect family vacation , but it does n't go as planned when Peter 's job interferes . Lou and Peter go away for his job . Meanwhile , Jack and Georgie visit the fishing cabin to find Tim and his new ' friend ' and her trouble making daughter staying there . Amy and Ty babysit Katie back at the ranch . 112 9 `` There but for Fortune '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) 709 <Td_colspan="7"> Prince Ahmed and his groom , Adrian return with another horse : Zeus . Zeus is not performing well with Adrian so Ahmed asks Amy to work with Zeus . Amy works with Zeus but he 's not even cooperating with her . Lou gets an email from a publisher and they want to turn Lou 's blog into a book . Lou puts lies into her story to make it more exciting , but her family does n't appreciate that . Amy and Ty 's dream ranch is back on the market . Caleb and Nicole are starting to warm up to each other but then Ashley returns and Caleb is wondering why Ashley came back . During a massive thunderstorm , Amy gets a text from Ahmed saying to come and calm down his horse , Emir . When Amy arrives , all the horses are let out of their stalls and Emir and Zeus are fighting . Amy tries to stop Emir and Zeus but then Zeus gives Amy a violent kick in the head . The episode ends with an emergency helicopter taking Amy to the hospital . 113 10 `` Darkness and Light '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 710 <Td_colspan="7"> Family members are pitted against each other over Amy 's medical treatment as she struggles to come to terms with her injuries and uncertain future . Amy lost her vision due to the violent kick from Zeus . Ashley tries to get back together with Caleb but Caleb finds out that Ashley already had a boyfriend in Vancouver and he sends her back to Vancouver . Amy regains her vision . 114 11 `` Better Days '' Stephen Reynolds Leila Basen January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 711 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty forces Amy to confront her fear and work with the horse that injured her in order to save its life . Lou leaves for her book tour and Peter takes things over . She is still afraid to ride horses . 115 12 `` Walking Tall '' Stephen Reynolds Katherine Schlemmer January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 712 <Td_colspan="7"> Scott is called to look at an abandoned horse . The horse is a Tennessee Walker in poor condition , abused , neglected and has had his microchip removed to conceal his identity. Scott asks Ty to take the horse to Heartland . When Ty brings the maltreated Tennessee Walker to Heartland to convalesce , Amy recognizes the evidence of soring . Amy goes undercover to bring its abusers to justice . Georgie gets her own room . Lou is still away . In a close call with the horse abusers , Amy faces her fear and rides a horse again to save it . 116 13 `` Lost Highway '' Eleanore Lindo David Preston March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 713 <Td_colspan="7"> After being shocked by an electric fence that has fallen into a pond , Lisa 's horse , Cinders , develops an aversion to water . Scott has Ty bring Cinders to Heartland for Amy to help him overcome his fear of water . Sparks fly when Jack realizes Cinders is owned by Lisa , and that everyone knew Lisa was in town but said nothing to him . Lisa has returned to Hudson to facilitate the sale of Fairfield and the horses . After a few awkward meetings , Jack and Lisa take a road trip together to deliver Cinders . They set off in Fairfield 's rig and use the latest and greatest GPS to set their course . Before losing cell service , Lisa gets an offer for Fairfield . With Lou on tour , Katie is unhappy and crying . Desperate to settle Katie , Peter and Katie go to join Lou on her book tour . 117 14 `` Things We Lost '' Eleanore Lindo Mark Haroun March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 714 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Lisa are on a road trip to deliver Cinders . Low on fuel with the GPS recalculating and no cell signal , they decide to press on . When at last they run out of gas , Jack and Lisa unload Cinders and head out on foot only to find themselves lost in the woods . During the night , a thunderstorm panics Cinders and he runs off while Jack and Lisa sleep . Tim brings Jade to Heartland while Patricia is in Toronto . Jade and Georgie share a dislike of each other and trade accusations . It 's Ty 's birthday and Amy is trying to make a cake . It is clear that Amy is more of a horsewoman than a baker . When Cinders is located in a pit , Jack is forced to set out alone to try and reach cell service and get help . Eventually Jack is able to call Amy . Ty and Amy set out with chainsaw and fuel to rescue them . Once rescued Jack and Lisa drive back into cell range and Lisa prepares to accept the offer on Fairfield . Jack overcomes his reticence to talk about emotional matters and asks Lisa to stay . Ultimately , love and history allow Jack and Lisa to get back together . Georgie and Jade pull tricks on each other involving Georgie 's 4H lamb , Clover , and find common ground along with a beginning friendship . Amy and Ty celebrate his birthday in the loft trying to eat Amy 's attempt at a birthday cake . 118 15 `` Smoke ' n ' Mirrors '' Grant Harvey Leila Basen March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 715 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim goes through a mid-life crisis and buys a hot horse instead of the more traditional hot car , Amy does some dad whispering to help him come to his senses . Georgie gets better and better at trick riding . 119 16 `` The Comeback Kid '' Grant Harvey Pamela Pinch March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 716 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou returns home after her book tour was a failure . Amy 's client list has dwindled since her accident , so Lou convinces her to hold a `` comeback '' clinic . Ty and Caleb invest in a barrel racing horse . 120 17 `` On the Line '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 717 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty are at odds over Ty 's risky investment in a barrel racing horse , and Amy starts working closely with Prince Ahmed. Ty and Amy fight about his investment , because the horse has troubles . Georgie gets a new friend . Tim made improvements to the diner , but Lou is reluctant . 121 18 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 718 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy works with Ty and Caleb 's barrel racing horse and rides him in a high - stakes Futurity . They win with Amy riding . Jack proposes to Lisa , and they elope at the dude ranch , Tim attends . Amy accepts the prince 's offer to travel to Europe with his team for the World Equestrian Games . The season ends with Amy getting in a helicopter with the family and Ty watching her leave . Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 122 `` There and Back Again '' Stefan Scaini Heather Conkie September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 801 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy 's return to Heartland goes wrong when she finds herself questioning her place at the ranch and her relationship with Ty . Jack and Lisa struggle to tell the family about their marriage . After following Amy 's whereabouts on tour , Georgie becomes Amy 's biggest fan . When an online blog reveals a secret about Amy almost kissing Ahmed . Amy and Ty lost their dream ranch . 123 `` The Big Red Wall '' Stefan Scaini David Preston October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 802 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty becomes the middleman when Amy and Caleb butt heads over horse training . Reeling from her recent discovery , Georgie pulls away from Amy and focuses on donating money to an online animal sanctuary . She also learns that you ca n't always believe what you read online . Val 's son , Jesse Stanton , comes back to work at Briar Ridge . Lou finds about the kiss . Jack and Lisa have a wedding reception . Val comes back and her cancer has returned . 124 `` Severed Ties '' Bruce McDonald Ken Craw October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 803 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy 's attempts to reunite with Georgie are thwarted by the arrival of lavish gifts from afar . When Tim is captivated by an old acquaintance , he and Jack team up for a charity event . Meanwhile , Lou and Peter disagree about potential pre-schools and Lou takes Katie for an assessment . And an unexpected revelation forces Ty to question his career prospects . Ty takes a job at an animal reserve . Amy keeps getting lavish gifts from the Prince ; at the end of the episode she quits her job with the Prince . 125 `` Secrets and Lies '' David Preston Heather Conkie October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 804 <Td_colspan="7"> The Prince arrives at Heartland and takes Amy to an auction . They detour to a house that the Prince would like to buy , and he declares his love for her . Lou and Peter take Katie to a special child 's doctor to get her evaluated and are told that there is nothing wrong with her . Georgie finds out that Olivia is taking trick riding lessons and asks Ty to get her a trick riding horse so that she can practice more . At a family dinner that the Prince was invited to , Georgie tells everyone that the Prince told Amy that he loved her . This leads to Ty and the Prince getting in a fight . Amy and Ty then get into an argument , which leads to them having a ' break . ' 126 5 `` Endings And Beginnings '' Anne Wheeler Leila Basen October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 805 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles to turn a pair of horses into a team and goes head - to - head with a rival trainer . Ty discovers a dead bear with its gallbladder missing but when he begins asking too many questions , poachers threaten his life . When Ty asks Georgie to care for an orphan wolf pup , she sees it as an opportunity to reunite Amy and Ty . Lou hires Jade to work at the Dude Ranch but regrets her decision when she proves to be a problem employee who takes advantage of the situation . 127 6 `` Steal Away '' Anne Wheeler Pamela Pinch November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 806 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy blames Georgie and Jade when a client horse repeatedly escapes from his stall , but she is forced to reevaluate when she discovers that the horse has hidden skills . When his boss at the Reserve refuses to help him bring down a dangerous poaching ring , Ty turns to Scott for assistance . Jack enlists Georgie 's help to turn Jade into a ranch hand . Ty returns to Scott 's clinic after finding out his boss was involved in the poaching ring . 128 7 `` Walk a Mile '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) 807 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles to help a Hutterite family whose team of Percherons ran amok hayride . But Georgie forms a strong bond with the young Hutterite daughter who turns out to be the key to unraveling the mystery . While Tim had a fantastic time traveling the rodeo circuit with Casey , he returns to Heartland and second - guesses their relationship . Back at the clinic , a vet victory for Ty proves bittersweet when he realizes that all he wants to do is share the experience with Amy . Jack confronts his traditional ideals when Lisa informs him that she has no intention of taking his name . 129 8 `` The Family Tree '' Chris Potter David Preston November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 808 <Td_colspan="7"> A school project opens a door to Georgie 's past that could change her life at Heartland . Casey expresses interest in buying one of Ty and Caleb 's bulldogging horses , and Caleb enlists Amy 's help to train it in order to secure the deal . Then , while celebrating their first big sale , Ty tells Caleb that he wants to pull out of their business partnership , which results in Caleb forging an unlikely alliance . And Tim is forced to come clean about his senior rodeo circuit dreams when he learns that Casey is buying a bulldogging horse for him . 130 9 `` The Pike River Cull '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 809 <Td_colspan="7"> When a threat of a cull looms over a herd of wild horses , Jack and Amy aid an old friend in Pike River . Tim takes Ty to Pike River to force Amy and Ty to talk . Ty and Amy kiss and then get arrested . Lou and Peter are having major marriage problems and to top it off social services show up . 131 10 `` The Heart of a River '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 810 <Td_colspan="7"> With the fate of the wild horses in the balance , Amy and Ty make a desperate bid to save them . Lou and Peter form a united front against trumped - up child endangerment charges . Georgie is shattered when her aunt threatens her future at Heartland . Amy and Ty get back together . 132 11 `` The Silent Partner '' Gail Harvey David Preston January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 811 <Td_colspan="7"> A client reveals that Peter turned down a lucrative job offer in Calgary . With increasing demands on her time and two horses to care for , Georgie struggles to accept a friend 's help with Phoenix . Then , when Ty receives an unexpected windfall , he discovers that Caleb took Jesse up on his offer and forged a partnership with him . When a disagreement sends Jack back to Heartland early from his overnighter with Lisa , Lou struggles to accept their chosen form of communication : not talking . 133 12 `` Broken Heartland '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 812 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy is invited to do a horse clinic in Montana , she and Ty take a road trip together . Meanwhile , at Heartland , Jack and Lisa feel caught in the middle when Lou confronts Peter over his decision to choose his career in Vancouver over a job offer in Calgary , which would allow him to spend more time with his family . Georgie and Jade volunteer at the vet clinic . 134 13 `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' Stefan Scaini Mark Haroun February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 813 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim opens a rodeo school but is confronted with a problem student . Ty jumps to conclusions when he learns Lily has entered rehab again . Wade is working two jobs to pay for Lily 's rehab . And with Lou out of town , Georgie prepares to attend her first Sadie Hawkins dance . Georgie gets the chicken poxes and ca n't go to the dance . Then , despite Jack 's protestations that she not get involved , Lisa spearheads wedding preparations with a reluctant Amy . 135 14 `` Riders on the Storm '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 814 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty help Scott 's nephew realize he is worthy of continuing his family tradition of relay racing . Meanwhile , Georgie is caught in the middle when her brother Jeff and her friend Jade exchange half - truths and lies in order to impress each other . Tim refuses Jack 's offer to help with the rodeo school but is forced to swallow his pride and accept the offer . 136 15 `` Eclipse of the Heart '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 815 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou returns from Vancouver with an admission that threatens to change the Heartland family forever ; she and Peter are separating . Meanwhile , Jack intervenes when he discovers that Tim intends to crash Miranda 's wedding in Moose Jaw . Then , when Amy helps Caleb source a horse for Tim 's rodeo school , she learns just how precarious Caleb 's business partnership is with Jesse . And Georgie fights disappointment when it looks like Peter wo n't make it home to take in the lunar eclipse with her . 137 16 `` Faking it '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 816 <Td_colspan="7"> The family strives to support Georgie when Lou and Peter tell her about their separation , and Amy helps Georgie find the strength to deal with the news while training for a trick riding competition . Meanwhile , Ty jumps to Caleb 's defense when Jesse calls in Caleb 's loan , effectively ruining him . And when Tim enlists Casey to help him cover for Lou at the diner , he discovers that they still have a lot to learn about each other . Georgie makes the trick riding team . 138 17 `` All I need is You '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 817 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou spearheads preparations for the big day while Amy throws herself into gentling a rescue horse in order to avoid wedding craziness . But Amy and Ty 's future is jeopardized when Ty is arrested for assault . Meanwhile , Georgie observes an intimate moment between Lou and Peter and nurtures hope that they are getting back together . Tim risks telling Casey how he feels about her , then obsesses over her response . Ty and Amy decide to elope after Val gets Jesse to drop the charges . 139 18 `` Written in Stone '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 818 <Td_colspan="7"> To give Amy and Ty the wedding they really want , Lou struggles to deal with a slew of hurdles . Ty and Amy get married at Heartland . Val gives Caleb money for his debt with Jesse . Georgie is able to get through to a troubled horse following in Amy 's footsteps with Spartan . Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 140 `` Brave New World '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 901 <Td_colspan="7"> A dangerous bear lurks near Heartland , Amy and Georgie rescue an injured horse from the woods . Lou and Peter try to pretend they are working out okay , but fight over custody arrangements and end up getting lawyers involved 141 `` Begin Again '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 902 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty prepares to graduate , as he and Amy treat an abandoned horse together . 142 `` Riding For a Fall '' Dean Bennett Ken Craw October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 903 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie gets help from Amy on a trick for the rodeo , but gets pulled away by Lou and Peter who insist she focuses on her schoolwork 143 `` Ties of the Earth '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 904 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack struggles with the imminent loss of a friend . Georgie is struggling with math and gets a tutor . She and Jade try to get Lou to fire the new tutor . 144 5 `` Back in the Saddle '' Chris Potter Bonnie Fairweather November 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 905 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Georgie prepare to compete in a cowboy competition , Casey and Lisa disagree about how to plan the event . Georgie guilts Jack into helping her train on a new horse in the hopes he will fall in love with the animal . Tim and Peter work on the loft together and Tim gives Peter advice to mend his relationship with Lou . Ty asks Bob to take in an injured coyote . 145 6 `` Over and Out '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 906 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty and Amy 's attempt to rescue an injured eagle in the mountains takes a dangerous turn when Ty falls off of a cliff . Amy gets Bear to help her pull Ty back up to safety . Amy thinks Bear will make a good police horse . Jade , Georgie and Adam volunteer at the animal reserve . Adam and Georgie take a four wheeler and wrecks it . 146 7 `` Fearless '' Dawn Wilkinson Mark Haroun November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 907 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps a Medieval jouster who was badly injured during a competition regain his confidence so he can compete again . Caleb helps Amy practice jousting . Amy and Ty host a dinner party in their new loft . Caleb and Cass fight at dinner and breakup . But later they reconcile and make a commitment to each other . Katy starts kindergarten and pretends that she got married and divorced from a boy in her class . Lou worries what she might be teaching her . Tim feels like he missed out on his kids lives so he gives Georgie driving lessons , but it goes very badly and she later asks Ty for help . 147 8 `` Reckless Abandon '' Dawn Wilkinson Ken Craw November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 908 <Td_colspan="7"> Lisa encourages Lou to go on a date with the insurance inspector . Lou goes to coffee with him discovers she is not ready to date so she turns down a second date . He fails the inspection and she thinks it is because she turned him down , but there are just a few minor things that need to be fixed . Tim tries to fix Casey 's trailer , but Jack thinks it is a hint for Tim to ask her to move in with him . Tim and Casey have a misunderstanding when she buys a house . Amy 's applied Bear to become a police horse and attempts to help Georgie deal with the impending departure . Georgie gives Bear and Buddy the goodbye they need . Georgie and Stephen finally have their lunch together and Stephen breaks the news that he is moving away for good . Olivia brings her attitude and horse to Amy to look at , Georgie thinks the problem is all Olivia and rides him to prove her wrong , but the horse gets injured . 148 9 `` A Matter of Trust '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 909 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty finds some abandoned possums and Georgie accidentally releases them . Caleb brings a horse to Heartland for Ty and Amy to fix . But he gets sick Amy lets him drink from the contaminated river . Tim and Jack fix the wiring in the loft and find the missing possums . Georgie does n't have time to exercise Phoenix so Jack takes him out and lets him drink from the river . Lou surprises the girls with a vacation to the Dominican Republic . Georgie has the opportunity to become closer with her extreme team by going on a road trip but lies to Lou about it , argues with Lou and runs away from Heartland to Vancouver . 149 10 `` Darkness Before Dawn '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 910 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie begins to second - guess her decision to run away from Heartland , while the family bands together to find her . Meanwhile , Amy and Ty work frantically to save Phoenix from pesticide poisoning . And Jack , Tim and Caleb team up to trace the pesticide 's origins . 150 11 `` Making the Grade '' Gail Harvey Pamela Pinch January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 911 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty gets roped into helping Jack and Tim on a cattle drive but an unforeseen accident jeopardizes their plans . 151 12 `` The Real Deal '' Gail Harvey Ken Craw January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 912 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim wants to discourage Jade from taking a suspicious sponsorship deal and seeks help from Amy and Georgie . 152 13 `` Risky Business '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 913 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Cass team to save a racehorse with a career - threatening condition , while Tim 's former girlfriend visits and casts his current relationship in a new light . 153 14 `` No Regrets '' Eleanore Lindo Bonnie Fairweather February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 914 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie 's school project on Val Stanton inspires her to take a risk with Adam . 154 15 `` Making A Move '' Stefan Scaini Pamela Pinch February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 915 <Td_colspan="7"> When Lou returns from New York she is forced to confront two interlopers : Heartland 's new ranch hand , and a trendy food truck that is threatening Maggie 's business . 155 16 `` Pandora 's Box '' Stefan Scaini Ken Craw March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 916 <Td_colspan="7"> Lou finds herself trapped at the Dude Ranch with Mitch , the new ranch hand , and they both reveal the circumstances of their recent pasts. Ty is feeling conflicted about opening a package he received from his Dad . 156 17 `` Love is Just a Word '' Dean Bennett Mark Haroun March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 917 <Td_colspan="7"> While trying to help Cass learn to handle a spirited horse , Amy discovers there is more riding on their success than she initially realized . Tim insists the entire Heartland family attend a Hudson holiday party where Lou is forced to deal with a series of unexpected events . 157 18 `` Resolutions '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 918 <Td_colspan="7"> When their plans to get away are thwarted , Amy and Ty celebrate their first anniversary closer to home and Amy reveals that she is pregnant . Season 10 ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 158 `` There Will Be Changes '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 1001 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy and Ty work together to resolve a dangerous pregnancy issue , that involves a horse who is pregnant with twins . Georgie 's Extreme Team practices start back up with a new , stricter coach . Tim confronts Mitch . Lou makes a decision about a new business venture that involves going to new york . She decides to go to New York to open a new franchise of Maggie 's . Georgie almost quits Extreme Team because of the new coach , but she decides to stay . 159 `` You Just Know '' Bruce McDonald Mark Haroun October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 1002 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty has to perform surgery . Amy and Georgie take care of the new foals . Lou and Mitch deal with their attraction towards each other . Sam , the girl who wanted to go on a road trip to Jasper in Season 9 at the end before Georgie ran away , becomes Georgie 's friend but then loosens Olivia 's saddle so she falls off her horse . Georgie confronts Sam and the coach , Natalie , overhears and puts Sam on a temporary suspension from Extreme Team . 160 `` New Kid in Town '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 1003 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim is caught in the middle of Jade 's showdown with a new hotshot bronc rider . Meanwhile , Georgie is feeling trapped in a rivalry of her own with Adam . Amy and Jack work with a top - flight bronc that has lost his mojo , while Ty faces a dilemma when a new professional passion project threatens to upend his life with Amy . And old feelings are rekindled when Casey enlists Tim 's help with a new rodeo school student . 161 `` New Horizons '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1004 <Td_colspan="7"> The Heartland family must deal with Amy and Ty 's decision about their future . Georgie and Jade finally convince Tim to let them work at Maggie 's Diner . Casey has a barrel racing horse that has developed a reluctance to eat and Ty and Amy work together to find out what the problem is . 162 5 `` Something To Prove '' Ken Filewych Mark Haroun October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1005 <Td_colspan="7"> When one of Tim 's team - building events turns competitive , Georgie gets stuck partnering with Jade 's cocky rival . Meanwhile , Amy and Cass have a falling out over Ty 's partnership at the vet clinic until a close call forces them to reconcile . And Jack offers to help Tim with mounted orienteering in order to avoid lunch with Lisa 's uppity aunt . 163 6 `` The Green - Eyed Monster '' Pierre Tremblay Bonnie Fairweather November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1006 <Td_colspan="7"> When Amy helps a mounted archer reconnect with her horse , she also unravels the mystery behind Spartan 's recent behavior . Meanwhile , Georgie is keen to tackle an exciting new challenge but her relationship with Adam is tested when he finds her spending time with another guy . Hoping they will finally have a chance to talk , Lou is surprised by Mitch 's reaction when she unexpectedly descends on his solo fishing trip . And when Lisa accidentally throws out the key to his famous stew , Jack grows increasingly frustrated trying to recreate the recipe . 164 7 `` Riding Shotgun '' Chris Potter Pamela Pinch November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1007 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie and Adam have a falling out after he found her spending time with another boy . Mitch buys Lou a horse and she thinks that it is a sign about their relationship . Peter comes home to spend time with the girls and Lou reveals her new business venture with Maggie 's to him . Jack and Mitch find wolves killing cattle while checking on the herd . Mitch explains his past to Jack . Scott needs help at the Reserve and Georgie finds a way to get back together with Adam . Together they save the life of a pig from the reserve . Lou finds out that Mitch wants her to pay him back for the horse he got supposedly for her but actually it was for the Dude Ranch , making Lou realise that it may not have been a sign for their relationship . Mitch apologizes for being rude and explains why he was when she went to see him during his solo fishing trip . 165 8 `` Here and Now '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1008 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie is picked as the new Extreme Team headliner , but being the headliner comes with a demanding coach with dangerous expectations that threaten to break the team up . Jade gets a new sponsor and moves back into Caleb 's trailer with the sudden amount of money . But her choices may jeopardize her place with her sponsor . Jack 's old friend Will Vernon comes back to Heartland with a big surprise for Jack that will have a lasting impact on everyone . 166 9 `` A Horse With No Rider '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 1009 <Td_colspan="7"> An out - of - town horse clinic takes a dangerous turn for Amy , Tim and Georgie . Meanwhile , Lou 's flight home is delayed and Jack is caught in the middle when Mitch 's elevated status at Heartland begins to make Peter feel like an outsider . And when an endangered bear is shot by poachers Ty and Bob fight to save its life . 167 10 `` Together and Apart '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 1010 <Td_colspan="7"> While Amy deals with a panicked horse trapped in a trailer , Georgie heads off on a desperate search for Tim . 168 11 `` Change of Course '' Norma Bailey Pamela Pinch January 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) 1011 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim offers to accompany Amy to her prenatal class while also teaching a Barrel Racing course with Casey . Amy steps in to help Georgie with the course . Jack steps in to get Katie ready for the 1st Grade . 169 12 `` Sound of Silence '' Norma Bailey Ken Craw February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) 1012 <Td_colspan="7"> The Barn Tim had Casey board out of town horses for a Rodeo Event is destroyed by a fire , with the fate of the horses unknown . Tim insists the Rodeo continue for moral . Jade and Clay receive their Pro Rodeo cards but will the other contestants prove too much for Jade ? 170 13 `` Home Sweet Home '' Gail Harvey Bonnie Fairweather February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 1013 <Td_colspan="7"> Lisa and Lou are throwing Amy a surprise Baby Shower when an old friend expectantly shows up hiding the real reason for her visit . Adam is suspicious of Georgie which causes problems in their relationship . 171 14 `` Written in the Stars '' Gail Harvey Mark Haroun February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1014 <Td_colspan="7"> Jake 's unexpected arrival at Heartland forces Mallory to admit to Amy and Jack the real reason she came back to Heartland . Meanwhile , Georgie tries to move on after her break up with Adam by throwing herself into helping Amy with an underperforming cutting horse which Scott brings to Heartland . And Lou and Mitch struggle to find the right time to tell the family about their relationship . 172 15 `` Forest for the Trees '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1015 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy struggles with the feeling that something is not right with Ty when she and Jack strive to help Ghost , a wild horse linked with Ty 's past . Georgie goes on a fun date with Clay 's cousin . Tim steps up when Jade 's plans fall through . 173 16 `` A Long Shot '' Eleanore Lindo Pamela Pinch March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1016 <Td_colspan="7"> A secret from Jack 's past threatens to change his relationship with the family forever . Georgie comes clean about her true feelings for Adam . Forced to work together for the afternoon , Tim gives Mitch the gears when he learns of Lou and Mitch 's relationship . Ty grows increasingly ill as he attempts to get back to Amy . 174 17 `` Dreamer '' Alison Reid Mark Haroun March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1017 <Td_colspan="7"> When Ty is admitted to the hospital , Amy and the family come together . 175 18 `` Greater Expectations '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1018 <Td_colspan="7"> Caleb and Cassandra get married . Amy goes into labor and the Heartland family welcomes a baby girl . Season 11 ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 176 `` Baby on Board '' Grant Harvey Heather Conkie September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1101 <Td_colspan="7"> Heartland gets used to having a new baby around . 177 `` Highs and Lows '' Grant Harvey Mark Haroun October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1102 <Td_colspan="7"> The family supports Georgie as she decides whether or not to face a ghost from her past . 178 `` Decision Time '' Eleanore Lindo Ken Craw October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1103 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie has to decide between show jumping Flame or continuing with the Extreme Team. Tim steps up Jade 's training regimen when a new competitor shows up . 179 `` Hard to Say Goodbye '' Eleanore Lindo Heather Conkie October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1104 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy helps a Mongolian horse get ready to travel , leaving his mare and foal behind in Canada . 180 5 `` Measuring Up '' Ken Filewych Bonnie Fairweather October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1105 <Td_colspan="7"> Upon her return from New York , Lou discovers that things are n't running smoothly . 181 6 `` Strange Bedfellows '' Pierre Tremblay Pamela Pinch November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1106 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy is asked to work with Lisa 's racehorse , but when information is brought to light about the horse 's breeding , conflict arises . 182 7 `` Our Sons and Daughters '' Chris Potter Mark Haroun November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1107 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to teach some old friends about the power of connecting to a horse . 183 8 `` Truth be Told '' Chris Potter Ken Craw November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1108 <Td_colspan="7"> When Tim 's erratic behavior sparks concern from his loved ones , Jack suspects something else is going on . 184 9 `` Challenges '' Bruce McDonald Heather Conkie December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1109 <Td_colspan="7"> Amy tries to get everything at Heartland organized before joining Ty on a work - related journey . 185 10 `` A Fine Balance '' Bruce McDonald Alexandra Clarke & Heather Conkie January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1110 <Td_colspan="7"> Ty finds himself in a dangerous situation , and Amy must turn to an unexpected source for guidance in order to save him . 186 11 `` Somewhere in Between '' Rachel Leiterman Mark Haroun January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1111 <Td_colspan="7"> Tim is forced to open up when an emergency traps him with an unexpected visitor . 187 12 `` Out of the Shadow '' Rachel Leiterman Ken Craw January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1112 <Td_colspan="7"> Struggling with personal issues , Tim rallies the family to go on another memorial ride for Marion so he can face his deepest regret . 188 13 `` Reunion '' Alison Reid Alexandra Clarke January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1113 <Td_colspan="7"> As the family struggles to deal with Tim 's news , Lou throws herself into planning her high school reunion to impress an old rival . 189 14 `` Past Imperfect '' Alison Reid Pamela Pinch February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 1114 <Td_colspan="7"> A threat from Ty 's past arrives in Hudson , putting the entire Heartland family in danger . 190 15 `` Strength of Bonds '' Rachel Leiterman Ken Craw March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 1115 <Td_colspan="7"> As Thanksgiving approaches , Georgie convinces Amy to work with a high strung and dangerous jumping horse . 191 16 `` A Place to Call Home '' Rachel Leiterman Pamela Pinch March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 1116 <Td_colspan="7"> A training accident results in a serious injury and Georgie feels conflicted when an unlikely ally arrives at Heartland to show support . 192 17 `` Doubt '' Megan Follows Mark Haroun April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 1117 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgie reconsiders her future in show jumping after a video goes viral . 193 18 `` Naming Day '' Dean Bennett Heather Conkie April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 1118 <Td_colspan="7"> Just days before Lyndy 's naming ceremony , the family finds themselves keeping secrets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heartland 's record setting 125th episode '' . CBC . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown to Season 10 begins ! - Blog - Heartland '' . Jump up ^ `` Filming Season 12 : Day One - Blog - Heartland '' . Jump up ^ http://www.geoconvention.com/archives/2010/0295_GC2010_Pilot_High_School_Geology_Course.pdf Jump up ^ `` Field & Stream '' . 1 January 1998 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` A Heartland Christmas scores 1.4 million viewers ; repeats Christmas Day '' . 14 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Heartland USA List of Heartland episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Heartland episodes at TV.com List of Heartland episodes at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Heartland_episodes&oldid=845595418 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 20 : 44 . About Wikipedia

1. Heartland TV series 2. Canadian family drama 3. Amy and Lou Fleming 4. Healing abused horses 5. Longest-running Canadian drama

how many cards do you get in skip bo with 4 players

SKIP - BO - wikipedia SKIP - BO Cards in box SKIP - BO is a commercial version of the card game Spite and Malice . In 1967 , Minnie Hazel `` Skip '' Bowman of Brownfield , Texas , began producing a boxed edition of the game under the name SKIP - BO . In 1980 the game was purchased by International Games , which was subsequently bought by Mattel in 1992 . A mobile version of the game for iOS was released by Magmic in September , 2013 . There is a new version called `` SKIP - BO Mod '' that comes in a blue and white case . Contents 1 Card and deck styles 2 Game play 3 Scoring 4 Partnerships 5 Mobile version 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Card and deck styles ( edit ) Individual Card The deck consists of 162 cards , twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen `` SKIP - BO '' wild cards which may be played as any number . Alternatively , the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards , including the jokers , with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP - BO cards . Before 1980 , the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP - BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck . In addition , the aces , twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP - BO . The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded . Game play ( edit ) Deck Two to four people can play at a time as individuals , or , six or more players in teams ( no more than three partnerships ) . The object of the game is to be the first player or team to play out their entire stock pile ( s ) . The player with the middle age goes first . Each player is dealt 30 cards for their pile with only the top card visible , and a hand of five cards , and the remaining cards are placed face down to create a common draw pile . The shared play area allows up to four build piles , which must be started using either a `` 1 '' card or a Skip - Bo , and each player also has up to four personal discard piles . Each turn the active player draws until they have five cards in hand , though there are cases of not drawing more cards to equal five cards , instead doing a draw of a certain number of cards . They must play either the next card in sequential order or a wild Skip - Bo card , using either cards in hand , the top card of their stock pile , or the top card of any of their four discard piles . If the player can play all five cards from their hand , they draw five more and continue playing . When no more plays are available , the player discards one card to either an empty discard pile or on top of an existing one and play passes to the next player . When a build pile reaches 12 , it is removed from the board and that space becomes empty for another pile to be started ; play continues until one player has played their final start card . Scoring ( edit ) For single rounds , whoever goes out first is the winner . If multiple games are going to be played , either track the number of wins for each player or a point system may be used . For the points scoring , the winning player receives 25 points for winning plus 5 points for each card in his / her opponents ' stock piles . The first player to reach 500 points wins . Partnerships ( edit ) Another option for game play is to pair up players as partners . Game play remains the same except : Each partnership has two stock piles and two sets of four discard piles ( eight discard piles total ) regardless of the number of individuals per partnership The active player can use their partner 's stock and discard piles in addition to their own stock and discard piles The active player 's partner ( s ) must remain silent Mobile version ( edit ) Skip - Bo was released in the iTunes App Store on September 7 , 2013 and later released for Android . The game was developed by Magmic and licensed through Mattel . Various electronic handheld versions of Skip - Bo have been released over the years . Other versions ( edit ) Original cards for Starturn , from the 1940s and still in use . William Henry Storey designed a card game `` Starturn '' which was published by Chad Valley in 1935 . Two packs , 44 black and 52 red , are used in a game primarily for two players although there were versions for three or four players . Black cards are divided equally between the players , placed face down with only the top card visible , as the Stack . Five red cards are dealt to each player , made up to five on each pass , and the rest placed as the draw Pack . The aim is to make up to four Build piles starting at 1 through to 15 , using cards from the player 's Stack where possible . Each player must discard one card at the end of each pass ( except when all cards in the hand have been used on Build piles ) on to one of four discard piles in front of each player , from which cards may be used ( strictly , top card first ) in forming Build piles . Completed Build piles are shuffled into the Pack as soon as completed . The first player to use up all his / her Stack cards is the winner . Although the cards are of different design , the rules of Skip - bo are almost exactly the same . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1967 Skip - bo Rules ( PDF ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Mattel-43614-Electronic-SKIP-BO/dp/B000OKQXHU External links ( edit ) Rules for playing the Skip - bo game ( PDF ) <Th_colspan="3"> Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene BattleClaw Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite Turning Mecard ( except South Korea and Mainland China ) WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? Skip - Bo Toss Across U.B. Funkeys Uno Game platforms Aquarius Children 's Discovery System HyperScan Intellivision Pixter Nabi Business units Fisher - Price Mattel Creations HIT Entertainment Mega Brands Tyco Toys Corporate acquisitions Bluebird Toys Fuhu Ideal Toy Company Radica Games View - Master International Bought and sold Feld Entertainment Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc . Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skip-Bo&oldid=844118409 '' Categories : Card games introduced in 1967 Dedicated deck card games Competitive patience card games Mattel games Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. SKIP-BO card game 2. Spite and Malice 3. Minnie Hazel "Skip" Bowman 4. Mattel 5. Mobile version of SKIP-BO

government and politics in education in the philippines

Politics of the Philippines - wikipedia Politics of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Elections are administered by an independent Commission on Elections every three years starting 1992 . Held every second Monday of May , the winners in the elections take office on the following June 30 . Local government is produced by local government units from the provinces , cities , municipalities and barangays . While the most regions do not have political power , and exist merely for administration purposes , autonomous regions have expanded powers more than the other local government units . While local government units enjoy autonomy , much of their budget is derived from allocations from the national government , putting their true autonomy in doubt . The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Philippines as `` flawed democracy '' in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislature 2 Executive 3 Judiciary 4 Elections 5 Local government 6 History 6.1 Pre-Spanish era 6.2 Spanish era 6.3 American era 6.4 Independent era 6.5 Post-People Power era 7 See also 8 References Legislature ( edit ) The Batasang Pambansa Complex is the seat of the House of Representatives . The Senate shares its building with the Government Service Insurance System . Congress is a bicameral legislature . The upper house , the Senate , is composed of 24 senators elected via the plurality - at - large voting with the country as one at - large `` district . '' The senators elect amongst themselves a Senate President . The lower house is the House of Representatives , currently composed of 292 representatives , with no more than 20 % elected via party - list system , with the rest elected from legislative districts . The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker . Each bill needs the consent of both houses in order to be submitted to the president for his signature . If the president vetoes the bill , Congress can override the veto with a two - thirds supermajority . If either house voted down on a bill or fails to act on it after an adjournment sine die , the bill is lost and would have to be proposed to the next congress , with the process starting all over again . Congress ' decisions are mostly via majority vote , except for voting on constitutional amendments and other matters . Each house has its own inherent power , with the Senate given the power to vote on treaties , while the House of Representatives can only introduce money bills . The constitution provides Congress with impeachment powers , with the House of Representatives having the power to impeach , and the Senate having the power to try the impeached official . The Liberal Party , Nationalist People 's Coalition , the National Unity Party ( Philippines ) , the Nacionalista Party , the Lakas - CMD and the United Nationalist Alliance are the parties with largest membership in Congress . The party of the sitting president controls the House of Representatives , while the Senate has been more independent . From 1907 to 1941 , the Nacionalistas operated under a dominant - party system , with factions within that party becoming the primary political discouse . During World War II , the Japanese - sponsored Second Philippine Republic forced all the existing parties to merge into the KALIBAPI that controlled the party as a one - party state . From 1945 to 1972 , the Philippines was under a two - party system , with the Nacionalistas and their offshoots Liberals alternating power , until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law . Political discourse was kept into a minimum , until Marcos then merged the parties into the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ( KBL ) , which dominated elections until 1986 when Marcos was overthrown as a result of the People Power Revolution . The political climate ushered in a multi-party system which persists into this day . Executive ( edit ) Main article : President of the Philippines The Malacañang Palace , as viewed from the Pasig River , is the official residence of the President . Executive power is vested to the President ; in practice however , the president delegates his power to a cabinet . The president , who is both the head of state and head of government , is directly elected to a single six - year term via first past the post . In case of death , resignation or incapacitation , the Vice President acts as the president until the expiration of the term . The Vice President is elected separately from the president , and may be of differing political parties . While the vice president has no constitutional powers aside from acting as president when the latter is unable to do so , the president may give the former a cabinet office . The cabinet is mostly composed of the heads of the executive departments , which provide services to the people , and other cabinet - level officials . The president is also the commander in chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , thereby ensuring civilian supremacy over the military . The president is also given several military powers , although once exercised , Congress is able to prolong or end it . The president also proposes a national budget , in which Congress may adopt in full , with amendments , or a complete revision altogether . The president wields considerable political power and may be able to influence other branches via the so - called Padrino System . Judiciary ( edit ) Facade of the Supreme Court Building The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and other lower courts . The Supreme Court is the court of last resort , and decides on constitutionality of laws via judicial review . The president selects justices and judges from nominees given by the Judicial and Bar Council . The Court of Appeals is the second highest appellate court , the Court of Tax Appeals rules on tax matters , and the Sandiganbayan ( People 's Advocate ) is a special court for alleged government irregularities . The Regional Trial Courts ( RTC ) are the main trial courts . The Regional Trial Courts are based on judicial regions , which almost correspond to the administrative regions . Each RTC has at least one branch in each province and handles most of the criminal and civil cases ; several branches of an RTC may be designated as family courts and environmental courts . Metropolitan Trial Courts try lesser offenses . The Ombudsman investigates and prosecutes government officials on crimes while in dispensing powers given by the government . The Office of the Solicitor General represents the government in legal cases . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in the Philippines Elections are administered by the Commission on Elections ( COMELEC ) . The elected officials are the president , vice president , members of Congress , regional governors and assemblymen , provincial governors , vice governors and board members , city and municipal mayors , vice mayors and councilors , and barangay ( village ) chairmen and councilors . Elections are for fixed terms . All elected officials have three - year terms , except for the president , vice president and senators , which are six years . All terms begin and end on June 30 of the election year . Elections above the barangay level are held every three years since 1992 on the second Monday of May , all positions are disputed except for president and vice president ; presidential and vice presidential elections are held every six years since 1992 . Single - winner elections are done via the plurality voting system : the candidate with the highest number of votes is elected . Multiple - winner elections , except for representatives elected the party - list system , are done via plurality - at - large voting . Each voter has x votes , with the x candidates with the highest number of votes being elected . For representatives elected the party - list system , a party that won at least 2 % of the national vote wins one seat , with additional seats , but not exceeding three seats , depends on the number of votes it received . If the number of sectoral representatives does not reach 20 % of the membership of the House of Representatives , parties with less than 2 % of the vote are given a seat each until the 20 % membership is filled . Local government ( edit ) Main article : Local government in the Philippines The Philippines is divided into provinces , which are grouped into several regions . The constitution mandates that local governments must have local autonomy . The smallest local government unit , the barangay or village , is descended from the balangay of the Maragtas legend , where the first Austronesian people reached the Philippines via the boat . The prehistoric barangays were headed by datus . Currently , barangays are grouped into municipalities or cities , while municipalities and cities may be further grouped into provinces . Each barangay , municipality or city , and province is headed by a barangay chairman , mayor , or governor , respectively , with its legislatures being the Sangguniang Barangay ( village council ) , Sangguniang Bayan ( municipal council ) or Sangguniang Panlungsod ( city council ) , and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan ( provincial board ) . Regions are the highest administrative divisions but do not have powers possessed under them ; however , autonomous regions are given wider powers than other local government units . While the constitution allows autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and in Muslim Mindanao , only the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ) exists , with the proposed autonomous region in Cordillera being defeated after two plebiscites . The ARMM has a regional governor and a regional assembly . While local government units have autonomy , most of their budget is derived from the Internal Revenue Allotment , a disbursement from the national government which is ultimately derived from taxes . This makes most local government units ultimately dependent on the national government , unless they have other sources of income , such as property taxes . History ( edit ) Main article : Political history of the Philippines Pre-Spanish era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 900 -- 1521 ) Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan , the Philippines was split into numerous barangays , which were not unlike the Greek city - states . These barangays warred , made peace , traded and had relations with each other . In Mindanao , Islamic sultanates such as the Sultanate of Sulu and Maguindanao , prospered . Ferdinand Magellan 's death in 1521 can be partly attributed to a dispute between Lapu - Lapu and Rajah Humabon for control of Cebu . The Kingdom of Maynila was trading with China and other nearby empires when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi conquered the kingdom in 1565 and assimilated it with the other kingdoms he had conquered nearby to unite the Philippines under Spanish rule . Spanish era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) The Illustrados in Madrid . Upon the subjugation of the local population in Manila and Cebu , the Spaniards refused the locals any political participation . The old ruling class in the pre-Spanish era were given essentially powerless government posts . Several revolts erupted against Spain but were all defeated . In 1808 , when Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain , the liberal constitution of Cadiz was adopted , giving the Philippines representation to the Spanish Cortes . However , once the Spanish overthrew the Bonapartes , the Philippine , and indeed colonial , representation in the Spanish Cortes was rescinded . The restoration of Philippine representation to the Cortes was one of the grievances of the Illustrados , the learned indigenous class during the late 1800s . The Illustrados mounted a campaign that would include indigenous voices in running the government . However , the Katipunan advocated complete Philippine independence , thereby starting the Philippine Revolution in 1896 . After the execution of Jose Rizal in December 30 , 1896 , the leader of the Illustrados who disapproved of the revolution , the rebellion intensified . Cavite , Bulacan and Morong were the main areas of conflict ; the Katipunan in Cavite had won several battles against the Spaniards , but was split into the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions . A conference was held in 1897 to unite the two factions , but instead caused further division that led to the execution of Andres Bonifacio , who was then the leader of the Katipunan ; Bonifacio 's death passed the control of the Katipunan to Emilio Aguinaldo . The death of Bonifacio also caused several of the revolutionaries to be demoralized ; Aguinaldo and his men retreated northward until reaching Biak - na - Bato in San Miguel , Bulacan . The Spaniards and the revolutionaries signed the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , that provided for Aguinaldo 's surrender and exile to Hong Kong , and amnesty and payment of indemnities by the Spaniards to the revolutionaries . However , both sides eventually violated the agreement , and this gave an opportunity for the United States admiral George Dewey to lead his squadron to Manila Bay , defeating the Spanish navy . Aguinaldo returned from exile , most of the Philippine revolutionaries rallying to his cause , and negotiated with the Americans , while the Americans in 1898 defeated the Spaniards in what was called a mock battle in Manila , and took control of the city . Aguinaldo then proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12 , 1898 at his home in Cavite . A Congress was convened in January 1899 in Barasoain Church and inaugurated the first Philippine Republic . The Philippine -- American War erupted in February in a skirmish in Manila ; the Filipinos lost the battle , and Aguinaldo again began a northward retreat . Aguinaldo was captured on April 1 , 1901 at Palanan , Isabela , while the Americans had already started setting up civil governments in areas that had already been pacified . American era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) William Howard Taft addressing the Philippine Assembly . The Americans gave Filipinos limited self - government at the local level by 1901 , and the Americans passed the Philippine Organic Act in 1902 to introduce a national government ; by 1907 , an election to the Philippine Assembly was held . Led by Sergio Osmeña , the assembly was held predominantly by the Nacionalista Party , which advocated independence ; they were opposed by the Progresista Party , which advocated statehood within the United States . The Americans controlled the Philippine Commission , the upper house of the Philippine Legislature . The Nacionalista - dominated Philippine Assembly , and later the Philippine Senate , which was created by the Jones Law and replaced the Philippine Commission , was often at odds with the Governor - General . However , the Nacionalistas were split into camps loyal to Osmeña and Senate President Manuel L. Quezon . Several independence missions were sent to Washington , D.C. ; the OsRox Mission led by Osmeña and House Speaker Manuel Roxas resulted in the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act . However , the Senate rejected this ; a new law , the Tydings -- McDuffie Act which was marginally different and more importantly , was supported by Quezon , was approved and paved the way for the Commonwealth of the Philippines . Quezon and Osmeña reconciled , and both were easily elected as president and vice president respectively , in 1935 . The Nacionalistas controlled the now unicameral National Assembly for the entirety of the Commonwealth , with the understanding that the Americans would grant independence in the near future . Quezon pressed for constitutional amendments that would allow him to obtain a second term , and the restoration of a bicameral legislature . Quezon did obtain both amendments , with the newly restored Senate now being elected at - large instead of per districts , as what was done during the pre-Commonwealth era . Quezon , Osmeña and the Nacionalista Party as a whole both won the elections in 1941 in much larger margins . The Japanese invasion of 1941 at the onset of World War II delayed this granting of independence , forced the Commonwealth government to go into exile , and subjected the country to a puppet government . The KALIBAPI became the sole legal political party , and Jose P. Laurel was declared president of the Second Philippine Republic . This nationalist KALIBAPI government espoused anti-American sentiment . Exiled leaders of the previous first Commonwealth government , including Quezon and Osmeña , provided limited support to the U.S. Despite the relationship with Japanese officials and opposition to U.S. control , the nationalist KALIBAPI government of Laurel refused to declare war on the U.S. However , the Americans reconquered the country in 1944 , and Osmeña , who had succeeded Quezon upon the latter 's death , restored the Commonwealth government . The first meeting of a bicameral Commonwealth Congress occurred . The Nacionalistas were split anew in the 1946 presidential election , with Manuel Roxas setting up what would later be the Liberal Party . Roxas defeated Osmeña , and became the last president of the Commonwealth ; the Americans agreed to grant independence on July 4 , 1946 . Independent era ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 1965 ) and History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 1986 ) President Manuel Roxas ' inauguration as the first president of an independent Philippines . Roxas succumbed to a heart attack in 1948 , allowing Vice President Elpidio Quirino to rule the country for the next six years , after winning in 1949 . Quirino 's Liberal government was widely seen as corrupt , and was easily beaten by his former Defense secretary Ramon Magsaysay in the 1953 election . Magsaysay , who oversaw the surrender of the long - running Hukbalahap rebellion would not complete his term , dying in a plane crash in Cebu ; Vice President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him , won the 1957 election , and implemented a `` Filipino First '' policy and an austerity program . Garcia was defeated by his Vice President , Diosdado Macapagal of the Liberal Party , in 1961 . Macapagal initiated a return to a system of free enterprise not seen since the Quirino administration . However , Macapagal 's policies faced a stiff opposition in Congress , where the Nacionalistas hold the majority . Macapagal was defeated in 1965 by Senator Ferdinand Marcos . Marcos ' infrastructure projects was the feature policy of his term , he was the first president to be reelected , in 1969 , although the election was tainted by violence and allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his campaign . However , significant protests , such as the First Quarter Storm , the communist and Moro insurgencies , and civil unrest , heightened . This made Marcos in 1972 declare martial law and suspend the constitution . A new constitution calling for a semi-presidential government was approved in 1973 , but Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978 , when the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected . However , opposition groups , whose leaders mostly had already left in exile , boycotted the election , and Marcos still allowed martial law to continue . Marcos did end martial law in 1981 , but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election , which Marcos easily won . Opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in 1983 . By this time , the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption and allegations of human rights violations . The opposition participated in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats , but not enough to topple Marcos ' KBL . To counter growing opposition , Marcos called a snap election in 1986 , the opposition nominated Benigno 's widow Corazon as their candidate . Marcos was declared the winner , but the opposition refused to accept the result , alleging that the election was rigged . The People Power Revolution drove Marcos from power , and Aquino became president . Aquino ruled by decree in 1987 when a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved . In the ensuing legislative election , the administration parties won most of the seats in Congress . Post-people power era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) Corazon Aquino was inaugurated president on February 25 , 1986 ; it was one of two presidential inaugurations that day . Aquino 's government was mired by coup attempts , high inflation and unemployment , and natural calamities , but introduced land reform and market liberalization . Aquino 's administration also saw the pullout of the U.S. bases in Subic Bay and Clark . As the 1992 election grew closer , Aquino declined to run even though she could do so , and instead supported Ramon Mitra ; she later backtracked and threw her support to Fidel V. Ramos , who later won albeit under controversial circumstances . Ramos had to face an ongoing energy crisis which had started during the Aquino administration which was resolved when Ramos issued contracts favorable to power producers . The Ramos administration hosted the 1996 APEC summit , reinstated the death penalty , signed a peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front , and bore the brunt of the 1997 Asian financial crisis . He wanted to amend the constitution , but Aquino and other sectors opposed the measure and backed off . Ramos ' vice president Joseph Estrada defeated the former 's partymate Jose de Venecia and several others in the 1998 election in a comfortable margin ; meanwhile de Venecia 's running mate Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was elected vice president . Estrada expanded the land reform program and the death penalty , and refused to sign contracts with sovereign guarantees on public projects . Estrada also wanted to amend the constitution but was again rebuffed by Aquino , the Catholic Church and the left . The administration launched an `` all - out war '' against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front that saw the government retaking Camp Abubakar , the main rebel encampment . However , the administration was embroiled in charges of cronyism and corruption ; the Juetengate scandal led to his impeachment by the House of Representatives . In the impeachment trial , Estrada 's allies in the Senate successfully prevented evidence to be presented ; this triggered massive protests . Days later , in what would be called the 2001 EDSA Revolution , the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew their support to Estrada and transferred their allegiance to Vice President Arroyo ; the Supreme Court later ruled the presidency as vacant , and Estrada left Malacañang Palace . Arroyo was sworn in as president on January 20 , 2001 . Four months later , Estrada 's supporters lay siege to the presidential palace but were later expelled ; Arroyo 's People Power Coalition won a majority of seats in the 2001 elections and therefore consolidated power . In 2003 , Arroyo put down a coup attempt in the central business district . Arroyo faced Fernando Poe , Jr. , a friend of Estrada , along with three others in 2004 , and won on a slim plurality . Months after Poe died on December , it was exposed , via wiretapped conversations , that Arroyo rigged the election . On a national address , Arroyo said that she was `` sorry on a lapse of judgment . '' The opposition did not let up , and she had to put down two more coup attempts . The opposition united in the 2007 Senate election and won easily , but Arroyo 's allies still held the House of Representatives . At the end of her presidency , Arroyo became the most unpopular president on record , with increases on taxes , attempts to amend the constitution , and the alleged illegitimacy of her administration as the reasons . Before the 2010 election , Arroyo 's party nominated Gilberto Teodoro for president ; however , some quarters suggested that Arroyo was secretly supporting Manny Villar , who was the frontrunner . However , former president Aquino died , and her son , Benigno Aquino III , overtook Villar in the polls . Estrada overtook Villar in the polls , but still lost to Aquino . Aquino embarked on anti-corruption drive , saw the economy grew and maintain high popularity . However , with natural calamities , and scams on the use of pork barrel and other discretionary funds coming into light , the Aquino administration had to contend with rising opposition . In 2016 , Aquino 's handpicked successor , Mar Roxas , grandson of Manuel Roxas , was decisively defeated by Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016 Presidential Election . Duterte then implemented a massive War on Drugs , ostensibly to crack down on the proliferation of illegal drugs throughout the country , but resulting instead in the deaths of more than 12,000 poor Filipinos without any due process . ( As of July 2017 ) Duterte 's policies face increasing criticism from international bodies such as the United Nations , the European Union , and various international governments , although the administration maintains significant domestic support through a massive machinery of online ' trolls ' that has been criticized as `` Marcosian . '' See also ( edit ) Political dynasties in the Philippines Timeline of Philippine sovereignty Sovereignty of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . www.eiu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/07/24/1721044/duterte-camp-spent-200000-troll-army-oxford-study-finds <Th_colspan="3"> Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society <Td_colspan="2"> Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita <Td_colspan="3"> Philippines portal <Th_colspan="2"> Politics of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_Philippines&oldid=812896697 '' Categories : Politics of the Philippines Politics of Southeast Asia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Cebuano Español Français Ilokano Македонски Nederlands Português Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 14 : 50 . 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1. Elections in the Philippines 2. Local government autonomy 3. Bicameral legislature 4. Executive power of the President 5. Judicial system and Supreme Court

what xbox 360 games compatible with xbox one

List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One - wikipedia List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search `` Xbox One backwards compatibility '' redirects here . For Xbox games compatible with Xbox One , see List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . The following is a list of all Xbox 360 games compatible with the Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of compatible titles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . At E3 2017 , Microsoft announced Backward Compatibility with the original Xbox for the Xbox One . Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time . 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( if you have a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan Only Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan Only Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Including the ' Game of the Year ' edition Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store at xbox.com here Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Runner2 Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt RED 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft <Td_colspan="2"> Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Xbox_360_games_compatible_with_Xbox_One&oldid=802092160 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 23 : 20 . 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1. Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One 2. Backward compatibility on Xbox One 3. List of compatible Xbox 360 games 4. Xbox One backward compatibility history 5. Xbox One features for backward compatible games

who is the biggest owner of us debt

National debt of the United States - Wikipedia National debt of the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2018 ) United States national debt as a percent of GDP Intergovernmental and public US National debt This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1990 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution The national debt of the United States is the debt , or unpaid borrowed funds , carried by the federal government of the United States , which is measured as the face value of the currently outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative amount of debt . A deficit year increases the debt , while a surplus year decreases the debt as more money is received than spent . The US national debt can be divided between intragovernmental debt and intergovernmental debt . There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System , and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , are non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts of programs administered by the federal government , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year . In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic management operations . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . As of July 31 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total or `` National Debt '' of $21.3 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . As of December 2017 , $6.3 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest being China ( about $1.18 trillion ) then Japan ( about $1.06 trillion ) . Contents 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO ten - year outlook 2018 - 2028 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 , a period in which president Andrew Jackson completely paid the national debt . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion As of July 31 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.6 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars U.S. intra-governmental debt components , which totaled $5.47 trillion as of September 2016 . This debt mainly represents obligations to Social Security recipients and retired federal government employees , including military . Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' . The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security . Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion . So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits . Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections . To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . As of 2018 , the largest holders were China , Japan , Ireland , and Brazil . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities . However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Nonetheless , the country 's net investment position ( including both debt to and debt owed by other countries ) is a debt of more than $7 trillion and has recently been rising very rapidly . Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) baseline scenario comparisons : June 2017 ( essentially the deficit trajectory that President Trump inherited from President Obama ) , April 2018 ( which reflects Trump 's tax cuts and spending bills ) , and April 2018 alternate scenario ( which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts , among other current policy extensions ) . Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO ten - year Outlook 2018 - 2028 ( edit ) The CBO estimated the impact of Trump 's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018 - 2028 period in their annual `` Budget & Economic Outlook '' , released in April 2018 : The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 ( which runs from October 1 , 2017 to September 30 , 2018 , the first year budgeted by President Trump ) is forecast to be $804 billion , an increase of $139 billion ( 21 % ) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion ( 39 % ) over the previous baseline forecast ( June 2017 ) of $580 billion for 2018 . The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama ; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump . For the 2018 - 2027 period , CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits ( i.e. , debt increase ) to be $11.7 trillion , an increase of $1.6 trillion ( 16 % ) over the previous baseline ( June 2017 ) forecast of $10.1 trillion . The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements : 1 ) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts ; 2 ) $1.0 trillion more in spending ; and 3 ) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast . Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78 % of GDP ( $16 trillion ) at the end of 2018 to 96 % GDP ( $29 trillion ) by 2028 . That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two . CBO estimated under an alternative scenario ( in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration ) that deficits would be considerably higher , rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018 - 2027 period , an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast . Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025 , among other changes . The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household ( assuming 126.2 million households in 2017 ) , while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt . The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g. , Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e. under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government . CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ? There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt . The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt , $ Bln Total debt as % of GDP Public debt , $ Bln , 1996 -- Public debt as % of GDP GDP , $ Bln , BEA / OMB 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.00 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.80 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.20 27.0 % 1,049.0 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.90 25.5 % 2,796.0 1990 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400.00 40.8 % 5,915.0 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450.00 33.9 % 10,150.0 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350.00 31.6 % 10,550.0 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550.00 32.7 % 10,900.0 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900.00 34.6 % 11,350.0 7,379 61.0 % 4,300.00 35.6 % 12,100.0 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600.00 35.7 % 12,900.0 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850.00 35.4 % 13,700.0 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050.00 35.3 % 14,300.0 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800.00 39.4 % 14,750.0 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550.00 52.4 % 14,400.0 13,551 91.6 % 9,000.00 61.0 % 14,800.0 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150.00 65.8 % 15,400.0 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250.00 70.3 % 16,050.0 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000.00 72.6 % 16,500.0 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800.00 74.2 % 17,200.0 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100.00 73.3 % 17,900.0 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998.00 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again . Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Federal interest payments Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2017 20,244 458.5 2.26 % 2016 19,573 432.6 2.21 % 2015 18,150 402.4 2.22 % 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by August 2018 survey ) : <Th_colspan="4"> Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of June 2018 Country or region Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2017 GDP ( est . ) Percent change since June 2017 China 1,178.7 5 % + 3 % Japan 1,030.4 21 % − 5 % Brazil 300.1 14 % + 11 % Ireland 299.6 92 % − 2 % United Kingdom 274.0 11 % + 16 % Switzerland 236.5 35 % − 3 % Luxembourg 219.7 346 % + 4 % Cayman Islands 197.2 n / a − 21 % Hong Kong 196.1 57 % − 2 % Saudi Arabia 164.9 24 % + 16 % Taiwan 162.5 28 % -- 13 % Belgium 154.7 31 % + 57 % India 147.3 6 % + 13 % other 1,649.7 n / a + 0.5 % Grand total 6,211.4 n / a + 1 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S. household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 2017 / 2018 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % 108 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % 82 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % 78 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % 97 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % 64 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % 41 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % 61 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % 179 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % 35 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % 25 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % 35 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % 132 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % 57 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % 51 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % 98 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % 88 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % 236 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % 19 % Asia ( 2017 + ) 37 % 40 % 41 % 80 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) IMF , China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Afghanistan , Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Brunei Darussalam , Cambodia , China , People 's Republic of , Fiji , Georgia , Hong Kong SAR , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan , Kiribati , Korea , Republic of , Kyrgyz Republic , Lao P.D.R. , Macao SAR , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Fed . States of , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nauru , Nepal , New Zealand , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Taiwan Province of China , Tajikistan , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu , Vietnam Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 , the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 , the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website . In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> show Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 , 1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L. 99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L. 110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Soft power Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . 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International Monetary Fund ( website ) ; retrieved September 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Fiscal Service ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` United States Debt Clock '' . Jump up ^ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( March 9 , 2006 ) . `` Z. 1 - Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States '' , pp. 8 , 102 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( website ) ; retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` G. 19 - Consumer Credit '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( website ) ; retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce , United States Census Bureau ( February 19 , 2006 ) . Archived copy at the Portuguese Web Archive ( July 10 , 2009 ) ... U.S. Census Bureau ( website ) ; retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , treasury.gov , August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen I. Schwartz ; Bruce G. Blair , The Brookings Institution ; Thomas S. Blanton and William Burr , the National Security Archive ; Steven M. Kosiak , Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ; Arjun Makhijani , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research ; Robert S. Norris , Natural Resources Defense Council ; Kevin O'Neill , Institute for Science and International Security ; John E. Pike , Federation of American Scientists ; William J. Weida , Global Resource Action Center for the Environment ( 1998 ) . Atomic audit : the costs and consequences of U.S. nuclear weapons since 1940 . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 3 , 12 , 105 , 107 , 461 , 546 , 551 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 7774 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The peak U.S. inventory was around 35,000 nuclear weapons . The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. 51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table Retrieved April 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ Cecchetti , Stephen G. et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` The future of public debt : prospects and implications '' , p. 3 . Bank for International Settlements ( website ) ; retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ World Economic Outlook ( April 2018 ) - General government gross debt Retrieved April 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Debt to the Penny ( Daily History Search Application ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The United States enters the twilight zone -- MuniLand '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 7.1 -- Federal Debt at the End of Year : 1940 -- 2016 '' . Historical Tables . Office of Management and Budget . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1940 -- 1960 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1961 -- 1971 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1971 -- 1979 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1979 -- 1986 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The-privateer.com , 1987 -- 1997 '' . The-privateer.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Debt Limit : History and Recent Increases '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Raise US Debt Ceiling to $9 Trillion , Caused by Iraq War and Tax Breaks for the Rich '' . Usliberals.about.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FINANCIAL AUDIT - Bureau of the Public Debt 's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . 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1. United States national debt 2. Debt held by the public 3. Intragovernmental debt 4. Debt-to-GDP ratio 5. Government spending and deficits

who painted the girl with the pearl earing

Girl with a Pearl Earring - wikipedia Girl with a Pearl Earring Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Girl with a Pearl Earring ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Girl with a Pearl Earring <Td_colspan="2"> Dutch : Meisje met de parel <Td_colspan="2"> Artist Johannes Vermeer Year c. 1665 Type Tronie Medium Oil on canvas 44.5 cm × 39 cm ( 17.5 in × 15 in ) Location Mauritshuis , The Hague , Netherlands Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Dutch : Meisje met de parel ) is an oil painting by 17th - century Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer . It is a tronie of a girl with a headscarf and a pearl earring . The painting has been in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague since 1902 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Ownership and display 3 Painting technique 4 Cultural impact 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Description ( edit ) The painting is a tronie , the Dutch 17th - century description of a ' head ' that was not meant to be a portrait . It depicts a European girl wearing an exotic dress , an oriental turban , and an improbably large pearl earring . In 2014 , Dutch astrophysicist Vincent Icke raised doubts about the material of the earring and argued that it looks more like polished tin than pearl on the grounds of the specular reflection , the pear shape and the large size of the earring . The work is oil on canvas and is 44.5 cm ( 17.5 in ) high and 39 cm ( 15 in ) wide . It is signed `` IVMeer '' but not dated . It is estimated to have been painted around 1665 . After the most recent restoration of the painting in 1994 , the subtle colour scheme and the intimacy of the girl 's gaze toward the viewer have been greatly enhanced . During the restoration , it was discovered that the dark background , today somewhat mottled , was initially intended by the painter to be a deep enamel - like green . This effect was produced by applying a thin transparent layer of paint , called a glaze , over the present - day black background . However , the two organic pigments of the green glaze , indigo and weld , have faded . Ownership and display ( edit ) Mauritshuis in The Hague , 2011 . On the advice of Victor de Stuers , who for years tried to prevent Vermeer 's rare works from being sold to parties abroad , Arnoldus Andries des Tombe purchased the work at an auction in The Hague in 1881 , for only two guilders with a thirty cents buyer 's premium ( around € 24 at current purchasing power ) . At the time , it was in poor condition . Des Tombe had no heirs and donated this and other paintings to the Mauritshuis in 1902 . In 2012 , as part of a traveling exhibition while the Mauritshuis was being renovated and expanded , the painting was exhibited in Japan at the National Museum of Western Art , Tokyo , and in 2013 -- 2014 the United States , where it was shown at the High Museum in Atlanta , the de Young Museum in San Francisco and in New York City at the Frick Collection . Later in 2014 it was exhibited in Bologna , Italy . In June 2014 , it returned to the Mauritshuis museum which stated that the painting will not leave the museum in the future . Painting technique ( edit ) The painting was investigated by the scientists of the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage and FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics ( AMOLF ) Amsterdam . The ground is dense and yellowish in color and is composed of chalk , lead white , ocher and very little black . The dark background of the painting contains bone black , weld ( luteolin , reseda luteola ) , chalk , small amounts of red ochre , and indigo . The face and draperies were painted mainly using ochres , natural ultramarine , bone black , charcoal black and lead white . Cultural impact ( edit ) Tracy Chevalier wrote a historical novel , also entitled Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 1999 ) , fictionalizing the circumstances of the painting 's creation . In the novel , Johannes Vermeer becomes close with a fictional servant named Griet ( based on Chevalier 's close friend Georgia Kendall ) , whom he hires as an assistant and has sit for him as a painting model while wearing his wife 's pearl earrings . The novel inspired a 2003 film and 2008 play of the same name . The 2003 film stars Scarlett Johansson as Griet , the girl with the pearl earring . Johansson was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The painting also appears in the 2007 film St Trinian 's , when a group of unruly schoolgirls steal it to raise funds to save their school . English street artist Banksy has recreated the painting as a mural in Bristol , replacing the pearl earring with an alarm box and calling the artwork Girl with a Pierced Eardrum . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Girl with a Pearl Earring , Mauritshuis . Retrieved on 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Meisje met de parel , Mauritshuis . Retrieved on 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Icke , V. , Meisje met geen parel ( translation : Girl with no pearl earring ) , Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde 80 , 12 , 418 -- 419 ( december 2009 ) ( Dutch Journal of Physics ) Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Joris Janssen , `` Curieuze ontdekking : Meisje met de parel heeft geen parel '' , New Scientist , 2014 . Retrieved on 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Details : Johannes Vermeer , Girl with a Pearl Earring , c. 1665 , Mauritshuis . Retrieved on 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Wadum , Jørgen ( 1994 ) , Vermeer illuminated . Conservation , Restoration and Research. , With contributions by L. Struik van der Loeff and R. Hoppenbrouwers , The Hague Jump up ^ `` Value of the guilder / euro '' . www.iisg.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Vrij Nederland ( magazine ) ( February 26 , 1996 ) , p. 35 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Vermeer , Rembrandt , and Hals : Masterpieces of Dutch Painting from the Mauritshuis , Frick Collection . Jump up ^ Lestienne , Cécile . `` Grounded : the great art treasures that no longer go out on the road '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ K.M. Groen , I.D. Van der Werf , K.J. van den Berg , and J.J. Boon , Scientific Examination of Vermeer 's Girl with a Pearl Earring , in Gaskell , I. and Jonker , M. , Vermeer Studies , in Studies in the History of Art , 55 , National Gallery of Art , Washington 1998 , pp. 169 - 183 . Jump up ^ Vermeer , Girl with a Pearl Earring , illustrated pigment analysis at ColourLex . Jump up ^ Griet is asked to wear both earrings in the novel even though only one will be visible . Winant , Johanna ( 2000 - 01 - 26 ) , `` Novel paints a picture of a famous painting '' , Chicago Tribune , pp. Tempo , pg. 3 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2003 - 12 - 26 ) , `` ' Girl ' painted in subtle shades '' , Chicago Sun - Times , p. 43 Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 2008 - 10 - 01 ) , `` Pearl 's delicate shades get lost in the broad canvas of the stage '' , The Guardian , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` The 61st Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2004 ) '' . hfpa.org . Retrieved 13 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Actress in a Leading Role in 2004 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved 13 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Mark Jenkins , `` St. Trinian 's Girls Are n't As Bad As They Wanna Be '' , NPR , 2009 . Retrieved on 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Banksy ' earring ' mural appears in Bristol Harbourside -- BBC News '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Art portal Liedtke , Walter A ( 2001 ) . Vermeer and the Delft School . Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780870999734 . OCLC 893698712 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer . In - depth view of the Girl with a Pearl Earring An investigation into the illumination of Vermeer 's Girl with a Pearl Earring Vermeer , Girl with a Pearl Earring , ColourLex <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Johannes Vermeer Paintings The Allegory of Faith The Art of Painting The Astronomer Christ in the House of Martha and Mary The Concert Diana and Her Companions The Geographer A Girl Asleep Girl Interrupted at her Music Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window Girl with a Flute Girl with a Pearl Earring Girl with a Red Hat The Girl with the Wine Glass The Guitar Player The Lacemaker Lady Seated at a Virginal Lady Standing at a Virginal Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid A Lady Writing a Letter The Little Street The Love Letter The Milkmaid Mistress and Maid The Music Lesson Officer and Laughing Girl Portrait of a Young Woman The Procuress Saint Praxedis View of Delft The Wine Glass Woman Holding a Balance Woman in Blue Reading a Letter Woman with a Lute Woman with a Pearl Necklace Woman with a Water Jug A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals Other Dutch Golden Age painting Delft School ( painting ) Dutch School ( painting ) Genre painting Genre art Naturalism ( art ) Tronie Flemish Baroque painting Netherlandish art Art of the Dutch Golden Age Baroque art Hockney -- Falco thesis Related Maria Thins ( mother - in - law ) Pieter van Ruijven ( patron ) Han van Meegeren Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Scholarship Théophile Thoré - Bürger Jonathan Janson Walter Liedtke John Michael Montias Laura J. Snyder Arthur K. Wheelock , Jr Cultural depictions and portrayals The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table ( 1934 painting ) Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 1999 novel ) Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 film ) Chasing Vermeer ( 2004 novel ) Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2008 play ) Vermeer 's Hat ( 2008 history book ) Tim 's Vermeer ( 2013 documentary film ) VIAF : 174026082 LCCN : no2003027768 GND : 4388184 - 1 BNF : cb12548725b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring&oldid=804619363 '' Categories : 1660s paintings Paintings by Johannes Vermeer Paintings of the Mauritshuis Portraits of women Hidden categories : Articles with Dutch - language external links Pages using infobox artwork with the material parameter Articles containing Dutch - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Girl with a Pearl Earring - painting by Johannes Vermeer 2. Tronie - Dutch 17th-century description of a 'head' that was not meant to be a portrait 3. Ownership and display of the painting at the Mauritshuis in The Hague 4. Painting technique and restoration of the artwork 5. Cultural impact, including a novel, film, and mural inspired by the painting

when is the last time the chargers made the playoffs

List of Los Angeles Chargers seasons - wikipedia List of Los Angeles Chargers seasons Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of series of Los Angeles Chargers history Los Angeles Chargers ( 1960 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Los Angeles Chargers ( 2017 -- present ) List of seasons Qualcomm Stadium , where the Chargers played their home games from 1967 to 2016 . The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football franchise based in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Chargers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The club was founded in 1959 by Barron Hilton and played the 1960 season in Los Angeles as part of the American Football League ( AFL ) . In the next season , the Chargers moved to San Diego . In 2017 , the Chargers relocated back to the Los Angeles area . The franchise has experienced three major periods of success . The first was from 1960 to 1965 , when the Chargers were AFL West champions five times and AFL champions once . The second was from 1978 to 1982 , when the Chargers had winning seasons ( seasons with more wins than losses ) in each of these years , and won three consecutive division championships for the second time in franchise history . The most recent accomplishments range from 2004 to 2009 , with the franchise reaching the playoffs five times in six years . Their only Super Bowl appearance was in 1994 . The Chargers have experienced three notable periods of decline . Between 1970 and 1977 , the Chargers never won more games than they lost as part of a 13 - year period without playing in the postseason , including four consecutive years last in their division from 1972 to 1975 , in which year they bottomed out before two late wins avoided the NFL 's first 0 -- 14 season . From 1983 to 1991 , they never placed higher than third in their division and did not make the playoffs . From 1996 to 2003 , the team had no winning seasons , and had their worst season ever , winning only one of 16 games in 2000 . The Chargers have been division champions nine times including 2009 , all of them in the AFC West . They have been conference champions six times , but only once since the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . As of the end of the 2010 season , the Chargers had played 787 regular and post-season games in 51 seasons , and have appeared in the post-season 16 times . Seasons AFL Champions ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division <Th_colspan="4"> Regular season Postseason results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties <Td_colspan="12"> Los Angeles Chargers 1960 1960 AFL West 1st 10 0 Lost AFL Championship ( at Oilers ) 16 -- 24 Sid Gillman <Td_colspan="12"> San Diego Chargers 1961 1961 AFL West 1st 12 0 Lost AFL Championship ( Oilers ) 3 -- 10 Sid Gillman 1962 1962 AFL West 3rd 10 0 Earl Faison ( ASG MVP ) Sid Gillman 1963 1963 AFL West 1st 11 0 Won AFL Championship ( 1 ) ( Patriots ) 51 -- 10 Lance Alworth ( MVP ) Keith Lincoln ( ASG MVP ) Sid Gillman 1964 1964 AFL West 1st 8 5 Lost AFL Championship ( at Bills ) 7 -- 20 Keith Lincoln ( ASG MVP ) Sid Gillman 1965 1965 AFL West 1st 9 Lost AFL Championship ( Bills ) 0 -- 23 Frank Buncom ( ASG MVP ) Sid Gillman 1966 1966 AFL West 3rd 7 6 Sid Gillman 1967 1967 AFL West 3rd 8 5 Speedy Duncan ( ASG MVP ) Sid Gillman 1968 1968 AFL West 3rd 9 5 0 Sid Gillman 1969 1969 AFL West 3rd 8 6 0 John Hadl ( ASG MVP ) Charlie Waller 1970 1970 NFL AFC West 3rd 5 6 Charlie Waller 1971 1971 NFL AFC West 3rd 6 8 0 Harland Svare ( 2 -- 2 ) Sid Gillman ( 4 -- 6 ) 1972 1972 NFL AFC West 4th 9 Harland Svare 1973 1973 NFL AFC West 4th 11 Harland Svare ( 1 -- 6 -- 1 ) Ron Waller ( 1 -- 5 ) NFL AFC West 3rd 5 9 0 Don Woods ( OROY ) Tommy Prothro NFL AFC West 4th 12 0 Tommy Prothro 1976 1976 NFL AFC West 3rd 6 8 0 Tommy Prothro 1977 1977 NFL AFC West 3rd 7 7 0 Tommy Prothro 1978 1978 NFL AFC West 3rd 9 7 0 Tommy Prothro ( 1 -- 3 ) Don Coryell ( 8 -- 4 ) 1979 1979 NFL AFC West 1st 12 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Oilers ) 14 -- 17 Don Coryell 1980 1980 NFL AFC West 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 20 -- 14 Lost AFC Championship ( Raiders ) 27 -- 34 Don Coryell 1981 1981 NFL AFC West 1st 10 6 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Dolphins ) 41 -- 38 ( OT ) Lost AFC Championship ( at Bengals ) 7 -- 27 Kellen Winslow ( PB MVP ) Don Coryell 1982 1982 NFL AFC 6th 6 0 Won First - Round Playoffs ( at Steelers ) 31 -- 28 Lost Second - Round Playoffs ( at Dolphins ) 13 -- 34 Dan Fouts ( OPOY , PB MVP ) Don Coryell NFL AFC West 5th 6 10 0 Don Coryell 1984 1984 NFL AFC West 5th 7 9 0 Don Coryell 1985 1985 NFL AFC West 3rd 8 8 0 Don Coryell 1986 1986 NFL AFC West 5th 12 0 Leslie O'Neal ( DROY ) Don Coryell ( 1 -- 7 ) Al Saunders ( 3 -- 5 ) NFL AFC West 3rd 8 7 0 Dan Henning 1988 1988 NFL AFC West 4th 6 10 0 Dan Henning 1989 1989 NFL AFC West 5th 6 10 0 Dan Henning 1990 1990 NFL AFC West 4th 6 10 0 Bobby Ross 1991 1991 NFL AFC West 5th 12 0 Bobby Ross 1992 1992 NFL AFC West 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 17 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Dolphins ) 0 -- 31 Bobby Ross 1993 1993 NFL AFC West 4th 8 8 0 Bobby Ross 1994 1994 NFL AFC West 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 22 -- 21 Won AFC Championship ( at Steelers ) 17 -- 13 Lost Super Bowl XXIX ( vs. 49ers ) 26 -- 49 Bobby Ross 1995 1995 NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Colts ) 20 -- 35 Bobby Ross NFL AFC West 3rd 8 8 0 Bobby Ross 1997 1997 NFL AFC West 5th 12 0 Kevin Gilbride 1998 1998 NFL AFC West 5th 5 11 0 Kevin Gilbride ( 2 -- 4 ) June Jones ( 3 -- 7 ) 1999 1999 NFL AFC West 4th 8 8 0 Mike Riley 2000 2000 NFL AFC West 5th 15 0 Mike Riley 2001 2001 NFL AFC West 5th 5 11 0 Mike Riley 2002 2002 NFL AFC West 3rd 8 8 0 Marty Schottenheimer 2003 2003 NFL AFC West 4th 12 0 Marty Schottenheimer NFL AFC West 1st 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Jets ) 17 -- 20 ( OT ) Marty Schottenheimer ( COY ) Drew Brees ( CBPOY ) Marty Schottenheimer 2005 2005 NFL AFC West 3rd 9 7 0 Shawne Merriman ( DROY ) Marty Schottenheimer 2006 2006 NFL AFC West 1st 14 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 21 -- 24 LaDainian Tomlinson ( MVP , OPOY ) Marty Schottenheimer 2007 2007 NFL AFC West 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Titans ) 17 -- 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Colts ) 28 -- 24 Lost AFC Championship ( at Patriots ) 12 -- 21 Norv Turner 2008 2008 NFL AFC West 1st 8 8 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Colts ) 23 -- 17 ( OT ) Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Steelers ) 24 -- 35 Norv Turner 2009 2009 NFL AFC West 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Jets ) 14 -- 17 Norv Turner NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 Norv Turner 2011 2011 NFL AFC West 2nd 8 8 0 Norv Turner 2012 2012 NFL AFC West 2nd 7 9 0 Norv Turner 2013 2013 NFL AFC West 3rd 9 7 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( at Bengals ) 27 -- 10 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Broncos ) 17 -- 24 Philip Rivers ( CBPOY ) Mike McCoy 2014 2014 NFL AFC West 3rd 9 7 0 Mike McCoy 2015 2015 NFL AFC West 4th 12 0 Mike McCoy 2016 2016 NFL AFC West 4th 5 11 0 Joey Bosa ( DROY ) Mike McCoy <Td_colspan="12"> Los Angeles Chargers 2017 2017 NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 Keenan Allen ( CBPOY ) Anthony Lynn <Th_colspan="6"> Total 435 438 11 <Th_colspan="3"> ( 1960 -- 2017 , Regular season only ) 11 17 -- <Th_colspan="3"> ( 1960 -- 2017 , Post-season games only ) 446 455 11 <Th_colspan="3"> ( 1960 -- 2017 , Total for all games ; 1 AFL Championship , 3 NFL Titles ) Footnotes As a result of the AFL - NFL merger , the league was broken into two conferences ; the AFL teams moved into the American Football Conference . This season included the Holy Roller game . The Chargers finished ahead of Oakland in the AFC West based on better net points in division games . The Chargers finished ahead of the Denver Broncos based on better divisional record . This game is known as The Epic in Miami . This game was known as the Freezer Bowl . The 1982 season was shortened by a strike , so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment . The strike of 1987 reduced the regular season schedule from 16 to 15 games . References General `` San Diego Chargers ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` San Diego Chargers Season Records '' . Rauzulu 's Street . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` HickokSports.com '' . HickokSports.com -- History -- NFL Rookie of the Year Awards . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` chargers.com -- History -- Record Book '' . The National Football League -- San Diego Chargers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` San Diego Chargers ( 1970 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . `` San Diego Chargers History '' . Football @ JT-SW.com . John M. Troan . Retrieved Apr 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . chargers.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Diego Chargers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . <Th_colspan="2"> NFL team season lists <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Wild card berths ( 2 ) 1995 2013 Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers seasons <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles 1960 San Diego 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Los Angeles 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Bold indicates AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) victory Italics indicates AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 69 ) or Super Bowl ( 1966 -- ) appearance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Los_Angeles_Chargers_seasons&oldid=826933225 '' Categories : Los Angeles Chargers seasons National Football League teams seasons Los Angeles Chargers lists History of the Los Angeles Chargers Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages CS1 errors : dates Featured lists Talk View source About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 20 : 25 . 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1. Los Angeles Chargers history 2. AFL and NFL merger 3. Chargers' periods of success and decline 4. Division and conference championships 5. Chargers' seasons in San Diego and Los Angeles

who plays the captain in how i met your mother

Kyle MacLachlan - wikipedia Kyle MacLachlan Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Kyle MacLachlan <Td_colspan="2"> MacLachlan at the 70th annual Cannes Film Festival in 2017 Kyle Merritt MacLachlan ( 1959 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Yakima , Washington , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. New York City , New York , U.S. Alma mater University of Washington Occupation Actor Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Desiree Gruber ( m . 2002 ) Children Website www.kylemaclachlan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Signature <Td_colspan="2"> Kyle Merritt MacLachlan ( / məˈɡlɒklən / ; born February 22 , 1959 ) is an American actor . MacLachlan is best known for his role as Dale Cooper in Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , as well as roles in two of David Lynch 's films : Paul Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) and Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) . MacLachlan 's other film roles include Lloyd Gallagher in The Hidden ( 1987 ) , Ray Manzarek in The Doors ( 1991 ) , Clifford Vandercave in The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , Zack Carey in Showgirls ( 1995 ) , and the voice of Riley 's dad in Inside Out ( 2015 ) . He has had prominent roles in television shows including appearing as Trey MacDougal in Sex and the City ( 2000 -- 2002 ) , Orson Hodge in Desperate Housewives ( 2006 -- 2012 ) , The Captain in How I Met Your Mother ( 2010 -- 2014 ) , the Mayor of Portland in Portlandia ( 2011 -- 2017 ) , Josh Perotti in The Good Wife , and Calvin Zabo in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2014 -- 2015 ) . MacLachlan has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama and has been nominated for two Emmy Awards , all for Twin Peaks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 Winemaking 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Theatre 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) MacLachlan was born at Yakima Valley Memorial Hospital in Yakima , Washington . His mother , Catherine ( née Stone ) , was a public relations director for a school district and a homemaker who was active in community arts programs . His father , Kent Alan MacLachlan ( born McLachlan ) , was a stockbroker and lawyer . Kyle has Scottish , Cornish , and German ancestry . He grew up in Yakima , the eldest of three children . His two younger brothers , Craig and Kent Jr. , live in the Seattle area . Kyle graduated from Eisenhower High School in Yakima . His mother left his father when he was 17 . His parents divorced in his senior year of high school , close to when he started college in 1977 . MacLachlan was introduced to stage acting by his mother when she became director of a youth theater program for teenagers that she helped set up in Yakima . She also sent him to piano lessons from age 9 to 14 , when he also began to study classical singing . While in high school , he performed in plays and in class musicals , acting in his first play at age 15 . In 1982 , he graduated cum laude with a BFA in drama from the University of Washington , as a student of the Professional Actor Training Program . He initially planned to major in business and also studied classical voice at UW , before focusing on acting . He moved to Los Angeles in 1985 after the release of the movie Dune in 1984 , where he made his film debut in the starring role . Career ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) MacLachlan has worked extensively with David Lynch , with whom he has been friends for many years . He first appeared as Paul Atreides in the film Dune ( 1984 ) , Lynch 's adaptation of Frank Herbert 's novel , which was a flop and met with poor reviews from critics , and as Jeffrey Beaumont in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) . He starred in the 1987 Science Fiction Action film The Hidden as FBI agent Lloyd Gallagher . 1990s ( edit ) MacLachlan played Special Agent Dale Cooper in Lynch 's ABC television series Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 91 ) , reprising that role for Lynch 's 1992 prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me . Lynch commented on those roles in a GQ story about MacLachlan : `` Kyle plays innocents who are interested in the mysteries of life . He 's the person you trust enough to go into a strange world with . '' MacLachlan at the 1991 Emmy Awards . MacLachlan appeared as musician Ray Manzarek in Oliver Stone 's 1991 film The Doors , about the band of the same name . He had previously turned down Stone 's offer to play Chris in the 1986 movie Platoon , which ultimately went to Charlie Sheen . In the 1993 film version of Franz Kafka 's The Trial , with a screenplay by Harold Pinter , MacLachlan played the lead role of the persecuted Josef K . MacLachlan co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson as a rookie prison guard in John Frankenheimer 's 1994 Emmy - winning HBO film Against the Wall about the Attica prison riots . In 1994 , he was also featured in The Flintstones , a live - action movie adaptation of the animated sitcom of the same name , portraying Cliff Vandercave , the movie 's primary antagonist , opposite John Goodman and Rick Moranis . In 1995 , MacLachlan starred in Paul Verhoeven 's Showgirls . The movie was heavily panned by critics and it collected a record seven Golden Raspberry Awards . MacLachlan recalls that when he watched Showgirls for the first time before the premiere , he thought it was `` horrible '' . But he later realised that the movie was `` inadvertently funny '' and embraced for its campiness . According to MacLachlan , although he skipped the movie 's press tour , he had sat through the whole screening , contrary to reports that he walked out . In the 1990s , MacLachlan was offered by NBC to be one of the lead actors on the then - new soap opera Passions as a powerful , wealthy villain and head of a multimillion - dollar company , but MacLachlan turned it down . 2000s ( edit ) From 2000 to 2002 , MacLachlan had a recurring role in the American television series Sex and the City , portraying Dr. Trey MacDougal , the one - time husband of Charlotte York ( Kristin Davis ) . MacLachlan played King Claudius in the 2000 film Hamlet based on William Shakespeare 's play . In the video game Grand Theft Auto III released in 2001 , he voiced the character of the sociopathic real - estate developer Donald Love . In 2002 he made his West End debut in John Kolvenbach 's On an Average Day with Woody Harrelson . MacLachlan at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In 2003 , MacLachlan made his Broadway debut as Aston in Harold Pinter 's The Caretaker with Patrick Stewart . He portrayed the spirit of Cary Grant in the 2004 film Touch of Pink . His resemblance to Grant had been previously noted in an episode of Twin Peaks . In 2004 he also had a guest role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , in which he played a psychiatrist who shot and killed a sociopathic child who had murdered his son . He was a guest star on the show again in 2011 as a politician whose son is involved in a rape accusation . In 2006 , after starring in the short - lived In Justice , MacLachlan appeared in Desperate Housewives as the mysterious dentist Orson Hodge . He first appeared during the show 's second season , and became a full - time cast member at the start of season three . In 2007 , MacLachlan was one of the presenters at the London leg of Live Earth benefit concerts . He appeared in the 2008 film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 . In the English version of the cult 2006 Norwegian animated film Free Jimmy released in 2008 , he voiced the character of `` Marius '' , a militant animal rights activist . In 2010 , after four years of playing Orson Hodge , MacLachlan decided to quit Desperate Housewives as he found the commute from his home in New York City to the set in Los Angeles increasingly difficult since becoming a father in 2008 . However , he returned as a guest star in 2012 for season eight , the final season of Desperate Housewives . He also guest starred as `` The Captain '' in season 6 , 8 and 9 of How I Met Your Mother starting in 2010 and with a final appearance in 2014 . In 2011 , he began playing his current role as the Mayor of Portland , Oregon , in the IFC comedy Portlandia . After the end of the short - lived 2012 series Made in Jersey where he starred as lawyer Donovan Stark , he was cast as a guest star in The Good Wife . In 2013 and 2014 he appeared as prosecutor Josh Perotti in four episodes of The Good Wife . In 2014 and 2015 he appeared in a recurring role on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. television series as Calvin Zabo / The Doctor . In 2015 , he voiced the main character 's father in the Pixar animated feature Inside Out . In January 2015 , it was announced that MacLachlan would return as Special Agent Dale Cooper for the new limited television series Twin Peaks , which debuted on May 21 , 2017 . Winemaking ( edit ) A dedicated wine lover , Kyle is partners with vintner Eric Dunham in Pursued by Bear , a label of Dunham Cellars in Walla Walla , Washington that started in 2005 . The name , suggested over dinner by Fred Savage , comes from a stage direction ( `` Exit , pursued by a bear '' ) in Shakespeare 's The Winter 's Tale . It is regarded as one of Washington 's highest rated wine labels . Personal life ( edit ) MacLachlan with actress Lara Flynn Boyle , at the 1990 Emmy Awards MacLachlan was devastated when his mother died of ovarian cancer in 1986 at age 53 , shortly before Blue Velvet was released . She had been diagnosed while he was filming Dune in 1983 and delayed informing him of the diagnosis . She had fought the cancer for years . He was in a relationship with Blue Velvet co-star Laura Dern for three and a half years from 1985 to 1989 . Then he was in a relationship with Twin Peaks co-star Lara Flynn Boyle for two and a half years . In 1992 , after his relationship with Boyle ended , he began a relationship with supermodel Linda Evangelista after they met at a photo shoot they did together for Barneys New York . According to MacLachlan , they had been engaged for a few years when their six - year relationship ended in 1998 . A year later , he met and began a relationship with publicist Desirée Gruber in 1999 . Gruber runs her own public relations agency and would become an executive producer of Project Runway in 2004 . He moved to New York City because he was filming Sex and the City and Gruber was based there . They were married on April 20 , 2002 . Their son , Callum Lyon MacLachlan , was born in Los Angeles on July 26 , 2008 . The family has residences in Los Angeles and New York . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Dune Paul Atreides 1986 Blue Velvet Jeffrey Beaumont The Hidden Lloyd Gallagher 1990 Do n't Tell Her It 's Me Trout 1991 The Doors Ray Manzarek 1992 Where the Day Takes You Ted 1992 Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Special Agent Dale Cooper 1993 The Trial Josef K . 1993 Rich in Love Billy McQueen 1994 The Flintstones Clifford Vandercave 1995 Showgirls Zack Carey The Trigger Effect Matthew Mad Dog Time Jake Parker 1997 One Night Stand Vernon 2000 XChange Fisk / Toffler 2 2000 Hamlet Claudius 2000 Timecode Bunny Drysdale 2001 Me Without You Daniel 2002 Miranda Nailor 2003 Northfork Mr. Hope Touch of Pink Spirit of Cary Grant 2008 Free Jimmy Marius English dub 2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman Voice Direct - to - DVD 2008 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 Bill Kerr Uncredited 2009 Mao 's Last Dancer Charles C. Foster 2009 The Smell of Success Jimmy St James 2011 Peace , Love & Misunderstanding Mark 2013 Breathe In Peter Sebeck 2015 Inside Out Riley 's Dad Voice Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Dream Breakers Bobby O'Connor Television film 1990 -- 1991 Twin Peaks Dale Cooper 30 episodes 1990 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Kyle MacLachlan / Sinead O'Connor '' 1990 The American Experience Narrator Episode : `` Insanity on Trial '' 1991 Tales from the Crypt Earl Raymond Digs Episode : `` Carrion Death '' 1994 Roswell Maj . Jesse Marcel Television film 1994 Against the Wall Michael Smith Television film Moonshine Highway Jed Muldoon Television film 1997 Windsor Protocol Sean Dillon Television film 1998 Thunder Point Television film 1998 Route 9 Booth Parker Television film 2000 The Spring Dennis Conway Television film 2000 -- 2002 Sex and the City Trey MacDougal 23 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Dr. Brett Morton Episode : `` Conscience '' The Librarian : Quest for the Spear Edward Wilde Television film 2005 Mysterious Island Cyrus Television film 2006 In Justice David Swain 13 episodes 2006 -- 2012 Desperate Housewives Orson Hodge 96 episodes 2010 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother George Van Smoot / The Captain 7 episodes 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Andrew Raines Episode : `` Blood Brothers '' 2011 -- 2017 Portlandia Mayor 21 episodes 2012 Made in Jersey Donovan Stark 8 episodes 2013 -- 2014 The Good Wife Josh Perotti 4 episodes 2014 Believe Roman Skouras 12 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Calvin Johnson / The Doctor 13 episodes 2016 Gravity Falls Bus Driver Voice Episode : `` Weirdmageddon 3 : Take Back The Falls '' 2017 Twin Peaks Dale Cooper 18 episodes Dale Cooper 's Doppelgänger / Mr. C Douglas `` Dougie '' Jones Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2001 Grand Theft Auto III Donald Love Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Tartuffe Damis Empty Space Theatre The Palace of Amateurs Terrence Beebe Minetta Lane Theatre 2002 On An Average Day Jack Harold Pinter Theatre 2003 The Caretaker Aston American Airlines Theatre Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1990 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Twin Peaks Nominated 1991 Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Won Viewers for Quality Television Best Actor in a Quality Drama Series Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Showgirls Nominated 2005 Genie Awards Best Supporting Actor Touch of Pink Nominated Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on Television The Librarian : Quest for the Spear Nominated 2007 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Desperate Housewives Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated See also ( edit ) List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MacLachlan , Kyle 1959 - ( Kyle Maclachlan ) '' . Encyclopedia.com . Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television . The Gale Group . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Extract : Interview with Kyle Maclachlan of Pursued by Bear Wines '' . YouTube . October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kent Alan McLachlan Obituary '' . The Seattle Times . June 5 , 2011 -- via Legacy.com . ^ Jump up to : Schneller , Johanna ( August 1 , 1992 ) . `` The Secret World of Kyle MacLachlan '' . GQ . Vol. 62 no . 6 -- via Factiva . ^ Jump up to : Rumbold , Judy ( June 4 , 2001 ) . `` The art of darkness '' . The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : De Vries , Hilary ( September 23 , 1990 ) . `` ' Diane , Let Me Tell You About Kyle MacLachlan ' : ' Twin Peaks ' is a nice place to visit , but he probably would n't want to live there '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Chmiel , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` 9 Questions With Kyle MacLachlan '' . USGA.org . USGA . Jump up ^ Husband , Stuart ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` This much I know : Kyle MacLachlan , actor , 49 , London '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Tozer , Paul ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan : I , Claudius '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Swoon Over Miami '' . People.com . May 6 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle MacLachlan '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavendish , Lucy ( June 15 , 2003 ) . `` Kyle reaches new peaks '' . London Evening Standard . ^ Jump up to : Benedek , Emily ( May 23 , 1990 ) . `` Kyle Machlachlan , From Desert ' Dune ' to Lush Peaks '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Kyle MacLachlan '' . School of Drama - University of Washington . University of Washington . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duff , Deanna ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` A UW Star is Born : Actor Kyle MacLachlan reflects on Purple and Gold roots '' . University of Washington Alumni Magazine . University of Washington . ^ Jump up to : Mulkerrins , Jane ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` This much I know : Kyle MacLachlan '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Snyder , Daniel D. ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Messy , Misunderstood Glory of David Lynch 's Dune '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ D'Addario , David ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` The New Twin Peaks Needs Kyle MacLachlan '' . Time . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( March 1 , 1991 ) . `` ' The Doors ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . ; Gleiberman , Owen ( March 8 , 1991 ) . `` The Doors '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Will . ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan on David Lynch , Showgirls , and Billy Idol - isms ( Random Roles ) '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 24 , 1993 ) . `` Review / Film ; Kafka 's Sinister World by Way of Pinter '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Randle , Nancy ( March 20 , 1994 ) . `` ` Wall ' Relives Drama , Tragedy Of Attica Uprising '' . The Chicago Tribune . ; Mukherjee , Tiarra ( April 1 , 1994 ) . `` Attica Revisted '' . Vibe . Vol. 2 no . 3 . p. 95 -- via Google Books . ; `` Museum of Television and Radio Screening Series , The : directed by John Frankenheimer : The Television Work , Package 1 : Against the Wall '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showgirls 1995 '' Metacritic . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Raspberry Awards Rain On ' Showgirls , ' Star '' . The Orlando Sentinel . March 26 , 1996 . Names & Faces . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyle MacLachlan '' . Innerviews with Ernie Manouse . Season 8 . Episode 11 . University of Houston . March 6 , 2011 . 12 : 58 minutes in . Houston Public Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuniga , Adrian Todd ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Incredible Voice Actors of Legendary ' Grand Theft Auto III ' '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Libby ( July 24 , 2002 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan on his West End debut : Hitting peaks '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( August 9 , 2002 ) . `` On an Average Day , Comedy Theatre , London '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( November 9 , 2003 ) . `` Patrick Stewart and Kyle MacLachlan Open Broadway 's The Caretaker , Nov. 9 '' . Playbill . ; Als , Hilton ( November 17 , 2003 ) . `` Sons and Lovers '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Kyle MacLachaln Reflects on ' Touch of Pink ' '' . movies.about.com . About.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LAW & ORDER : SPECIAL VICTIMS UNIT ( LAW AND ORDER : SVU ) : CONSCIENCE ( TV ) '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ; `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - Season 6 , Episode 6 : Conscience '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law and Order : Special Victims Unit : Blood Brothers '' . Vudu . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle MacLachlan Profile ( TV ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Former Twin Peaks G - man Kyle MacLachlan ... '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` London Live Earth line - up revealed '' . NME . July 5 , 2007 . ; `` Live Earth London - Show ( Kyle MacLachlan ) '' . Zimbio . July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 '' . Popmatters . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( May 27 , 2006 ) . `` Review : ' Free Jimmy ' '' . Variety . ; Enigmax ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` Stoners , Vegans and a Junky Elephant Conquer BitTorrent '' . TorrentFreak . Jump up ^ `` MacLachlan to Quit `` Desperate Housewives ? '' Contact Music . WENN . June 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Kyle MacLachlan to exit ' Desperate Housewives ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Desperate Housewives Exclusive : Dana Delany , Kyle MacLachlan Book Final Season Comebacks '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Ross , Robynl ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan to Guest - Star on How I Met Your Mother '' . TV Guide . ; Bell , Josh . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 8 Episode Guide '' . tvcomedies.about.com . About.com . p. 2 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ; Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Review : ' Daisy ' '' . ScreenCrush . Jump up ^ `` ' Made In Jersey ' Not Canceled Yet ; Moves To Saturdays On CBS '' . The Huffington Post . November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Good Wife ' Nabs Kyle MacLachlan And More Casting News '' . The Huffington Post . November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jamie . `` The Good Wife Cast and Characters '' . TV guide . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ; Hale , Mike ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Recap : How to Make Will Gardner Go Away '' . The New York Times . ArtsBeat . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Web ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Scoop : Kyle MacLachlan to Play ( Huge Spoiler ) '' . TV Line . ; Barbash , Tamar ; Galloway , Lauren ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` EW Community MVP of the Week : Kyle MacLachlan '' . Entertainment Weekly . The Community . Jump up ^ Vick , Megan ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan is ready for his ' Agents of SHIELD ' return '' . Screener . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Parents speak their mind in Pixar 's ' Inside Out ' '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan Confirmed for ' Twin Peaks ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Twin Peaks ' Gets Premiere Date , Episode Count On Showtime - TCA '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Martinez , Alanna ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Keep Kyle MacLachlan Weird : David Lynch 's Muse Happily Returns Home '' . Observer . Jump up ^ Pursued by Bear with Kyle MacLachlan , Dunham Cellars , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Vondersmith , John ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` All hail mayor of zany town '' . Portland Tribune . Jump up ^ `` TV Kyle MacLachlan Dishes on an Important Cause and Desperate Housewives '' . People.com . August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Odd celeb couples : can you believe they dated ? ( slide 23 ) '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion Exchange '' . People . Vol. 50 no . 5 . August 17 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Strugatz , Rachel ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Desiree Gruber : Under the Radar , On Top of Her Game '' . WWD . Jump up ^ `` Kyle MacLachlan and Desiree Gruber Welcome Callum Lyon '' . celebritybabies.people.com . Time , Inc . July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kyle MacLachlan To Let Sunset Strip Pad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/article/yep-kyle-maclachlan-will-star-new-twin-peaks-213746 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyle MacLachlan . Kyle MacLachlan on IMDb Playbill - Kyle MacLachlan : Who 's Who Bio <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Connors ( 1969 ) Peter Graves ( 1970 ) Robert Young ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) James Stewart ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake / Telly Savalas ( 1975 ) Richard Jordan ( 1976 ) Edward Asner ( 1977 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Edward Asner ( 1979 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1980 ) Daniel J. 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when was the last time liverpool were in champions league

Liverpool F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. in European football <Td_colspan="2"> The European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy won by Liverpool for a fifth time in 2005 Club Liverpool F.C. Most appearance Jamie Carragher 150 Top scorer Steven Gerrard 41 First entry 1964 -- 65 European Cup Latest entry 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League <Th_colspan="2"> Titles Champions League 5 ( show ) 1977 1978 1981 1984 2005 Europa League 3 ( show ) 1973 1976 2001 Cup Winners ' Cup 0 Super Cup 3 ( show ) 1977 2001 2005 Liverpool Football Club , an English professional association football club , is Britain 's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) competitions . Since 1964 , they have won eleven European trophies : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly known as the European Cup ) five times , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly known as the UEFA Cup ) three times , and the UEFA Super Cup three times . Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team 's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season . Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European Cup Final , the occasion of the Heysel Stadium disaster , following which the club was banned from European competitions for six seasons . Since being readmitted in 1991 , they have qualified for the Champions League ( the successor to the European Cup ) nine times and the Europa League ( the successor to the Uefa Cup ) nine times . As a result of their victory in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final , Liverpool won the European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy outright , and were awarded a multiple winner badge . Liverpool 's total of three UEFA Cup wins has been bettered only by Sevilla , who have won the competition five times . They have also won the UEFA Super Cup on three occasions , a total only Milan and Barcelona ( five titles each ) have bettered . Bob Paisley is the club 's most successful manager in Europe , with five trophies . Liverpool 's biggest - margin win in Europe is an 11 -- 0 victory over Strømsgodset in the 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup . In European competitions , Jamie Carragher holds the club record for the most appearances , with 150 , and Steven Gerrard is the club 's record goalscorer , with 41 goals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) 2.2 European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) 2.3 Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) 2.4 Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) 2.6 Decline and Resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) 3 Records 3.1 By season 3.2 By competition 3.3 By country 4 Honours 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) Further information on the origins of European football : European Cup and UEFA Champions League history Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 , when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , who did not meet under normal circumstances . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy , named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton , was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy , Great Britain , Germany and Switzerland ; the competition lasted for two years . The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette . Founded in 1930 , the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success . Due to financial reasons , the competition was abandoned . The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955 . Conceived by Gabriel Hanot , the editor of L'Équipe , as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues , it is considered the most prestigious European football competition . When the European Cup was first played , Liverpool were in the Second Division , following relegation from the First Division after the 1953 -- 54 season , and thus were ineligible for the competition . During their time in the Second Division , two further competitions were created : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Established in 1955 , the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971 . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League . The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions . In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division . Two years later , they won the Football League championship , thus making their European debut in the 1964 -- 65 European Cup . In the following years , further European competitions were inaugurated . The first , the UEFA Super Cup , was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners ' Cup . First established in 1973 , it changed formats in 2000 ; since then , it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League ( formerly the European Cup ) and the Europa League ( formerly the UEFA Cup ) , following the Cup Winners ' Cup amalgamation into the latter . The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup ( later , the UEFA Champions League ) and the South American equivalent , the Copa Libertadores . Established in 1960 , the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) . It ran until 2004 , when the FIFA Club World Cup , which includes the winners of all six confederations ' regional championships replaced it . History ( edit ) First steps in Europe -- the Shankly years ( 1965 -- 74 ) ( edit ) Statue of Bill Shankly outside Anfield . Shankly was the first Liverpool manager to win a European trophy . Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959 , and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964 -- 65 , qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season . The club 's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland , who they played in the preliminary round . Liverpool won 11 -- 1 on aggregate . The next round , against Belgian club Anderlecht , was the first time in Liverpool 's history that they wore their now common all - red strip . The decision was made to change from red shirts , white shorts and socks by Shankly , who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents . They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals , where they met Italian team Internazionale . Before the first leg at Anfield , Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup , which Liverpool had won the previous week , to intimidate the Italians . The team won the match 3 -- 1 , but Inter won the second leg 3 -- 0 , securing a 4 -- 3 aggregate victory . The second leg was controversial ; Shankly described it as `` a war '' . He felt that the referee , Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel , had shown bias towards Internazionale , and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions . The club 's 1964 -- 65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup the following season , and in that competition , they reached their first European final . Borussia Dortmund , Liverpool 's opponents , employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again , with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 after extra time . Liverpool face Petrolul in the first round of the 1966 -- 67 European Cup . In the next four seasons , they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , but failed to progress past the third round in either competition . A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966 -- 67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition . Ajax beat Liverpool 7 -- 3 on aggregate . However , the style of football that Ajax played -- a patient passing game , inspired by Johann Cruyff -- convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe . Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , losing 1 -- 0 on aggregate to Leeds United . They competed in the 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup , despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final , as the FA Cup winners , Arsenal , had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship . Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany , losing 3 -- 1 on aggregate . The changes made to Liverpool 's tactics came to fruition during the 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup . The club reached their second European final , where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany . Liverpool won the first leg 3 -- 0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd . Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final . This influenced their tactics -- The Times reported that Liverpool employed a `` holding action '' against the `` attacking Germans '' . The tactics worked , allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals , granting Liverpool a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory . Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season , and as a result qualified for the 1973 -- 74 European Cup , where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia . At the end of that season , Shankly retired . European domination -- the Paisley years ( 1974 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Shankly was succeeded by his assistant , Bob Paisley , in 1974 . Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners ' Cup during Paisley 's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11 -- 0 at Anfield . This remains the club 's largest margin of victory in all matches . They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule . In 1975 -- 76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second - place finish in the First Division . Victories over Hibernian ( Scotland ) , Real Sociedad ( Spain ) , Śląsk Wrocław ( Poland ) , Dynamo Dresden ( East Germany ) and Barcelona ( Spain ) took Liverpool to their third European final . Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence , who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden , saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions . Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium . Liverpool recovered from a two - goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3 -- 2 , with Ray Kennedy , Jimmy Case , and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes . A 1 -- 1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4 -- 3 on aggregate , earning their second UEFA Cup . The Paisley Gateway is a tribute to former manager Bob Paisley , who won a record three European Cups -- and three European trophies in successive seasons -- as Liverpool manager . As the 1975 -- 76 league champions , the club entered the 1976 -- 77 European Cup . They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter - finals , where they faced the runners - up from the previous season , Saint - Étienne . The French team won the first leg 1 -- 0 . The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes . Saint - Étienne equalised to make the score 2 -- 1 on aggregate in their favour . Kennedy scored for Liverpool , but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie . With six minutes remaining , David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack ; he immediately scored in front of the Kop , ensuring a 3 -- 2 aggregate victory for Liverpool . In the semi-finals , they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6 -- 1 on aggregate to reach the final , where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final , Borussia Mönchengladbach . The final was held in Rome , four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United . Before the match , Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start . However , he was not named in the matchday squad . This change upset the Germans ' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker , Berti Vogts . Liverpool won 3 -- 1 to become European champions for the first time . By winning the European Cup , they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup , German team Hamburg , who had just signed Keegan . Liverpool won the tie 7 -- 1 on aggregate . Liverpool entered the 1977 -- 78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round . They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter - finals , respectively . In the semi-final , the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach , who won the first leg 2 -- 1 . Liverpool won the second leg 3 -- 0 , progressing to a second successive European Cup final , this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London . In the final Kenny Dalglish , who had been signed to replace Keegan , scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass . The 1 -- 0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup . They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup , but failed to retain the trophy , losing 4 -- 3 on aggregate against the Belgian side . Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978 -- 79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest . Nottingham Forest won the tie 2 -- 0 on aggregate , and went on to win the competition . Liverpool entered the 1979 -- 80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round , this time beaten 4 -- 2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union . Liverpool participated in the 1980 -- 81 European Cup as English league champions , defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura , Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals , where they faced three - time champions Bayern Munich . The first leg at Anfield finished goalless . In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and , although the German side equalised , Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule . They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final , held at the Parc des Princes in Paris . Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1 -- 0 victory , which secured the club 's -- and Paisley 's -- third European Cup . As champions of Europe , Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil . Liverpool lost the match 3 -- 0 . The club 's defence of the European Cup in 1981 -- 82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter - finals . Another quarter - final exit occurred in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4 -- 3 on aggregate . Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Triumph and tragedy -- the Fagan years ( 1983 -- 85 ) ( edit ) Replicas of the four European Cups Liverpool won from 1977 to 1984 on display in the club 's museum Liverpool entered the 1983 -- 84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons . Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter - finals . Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1 -- 0 . In the second leg , their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica 's game plan into disarray , leading to a 4 -- 1 match victory and a 5 -- 1 aggregate victory . Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania . The tie proved a brutal encounter , characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă , and was won 3 -- 1 on aggregate by Liverpool . Fagan 's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one . When they reached their fourth European Cup final , they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship ; victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble . The final was played at Rome 's Stadio Olimpico , and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored , though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half . The score remained the same throughout full and extra time ; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot - out , with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani , causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar . After the game , gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels . Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup . However , they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores , Independiente of Argentina , who claimed a 1 -- 0 victory . Liverpool entered the 1984 -- 85 European Cup as champions , and once again progressed to the final , where their opponents were Juventus of Italy . They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy . The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels . The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium , and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue . Before the kick - off , Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more . Despite calls for an abandonment , the match was played , as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise . Juventus won the match 1 -- 0 ; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup . UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans : the official UEFA observer stated , `` Only the English fans were responsible . Of that there is no doubt '' . Three days after the final , UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period . Liverpool were initially given an additional three - year ban . Fagan retired after the 1984 -- 85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish , who took over as player - manager . The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years , and even when the ban was lifted in 1990 , Liverpool were not re-admitted ; they had to serve an extra year . The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 ( as league champions and FA Cup winners ) , the UEFA Cup in 1987 ( as league runners - up ) , the European Cup in 1988 ( as league champions ) , the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1989 ( as FA Cup winners ) and the European Cup in 1990 ( as league champions ) . Return to Europe ( 1991 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991 -- 92 season , a year later than other English clubs . They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners - up in the English league . Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness , who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish 's resignation . Their first match , in the UEFA Cup , was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti , which they won 6 -- 1 . A 6 -- 2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3 -- 2 on aggregate . The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6 -- 0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa ( Italy ) 4 -- 1 over two legs in the quarter finals . Liverpool 's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992 -- 93 European Cup Winners ' Cup , but this campaign was short - lived , as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow . Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons , thus failing to qualify for European competition . In the 1995 -- 96 season , they entered the UEFA Cup , but again progressed no further than the second round , this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark . Paris SG halted Liverpool 's progress at the semi-final stage of the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . As runners - up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final , Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . This proved the club 's most successful campaign since their return to European competition , as they reached the semi-finals , where they were eliminated 3 -- 2 on aggregate by Paris Saint -- Germain . In the next two seasons , Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition , by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo , respectively . A seventh - place finish in the 1998 -- 99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999 -- 2000 . Having finished fourth in the 1999 -- 2000 FA Premier League , Liverpool qualified for the 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup . Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club . The entire season was the club 's most successful since the 1983 -- 84 season , as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup , the FA Cup and the League Cup . Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain . The match was tied at 4 -- 4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule . The performance of Gary McAllister , whose free - kick resulted in the winning goal , was praised as `` outstanding '' by Trevor Brooking . This was the club 's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984 . As UEFA Cup winners , Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3 -- 2 . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Liverpool returned to the European Cup , now called the UEFA Champions League , for the first time since the Heysel disaster . A 2 -- 0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter - finals . They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1 -- 0 . The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool 's advantage , as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season ; however , they lost the second leg 4 -- 2 and were eliminated 4 -- 3 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season , but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition . The third - place finish meant they entered the 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup . Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all - British tie with Scottish team Celtic . A 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield . However , Celtic scored before half - time and again in the second half to win 3 -- 1 on aggregate . Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003 -- 04 season , after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League . Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners - up Marseille of France . At the end of the season , manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez . Renewed European success -- the Benítez years ( 2004 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Fans in the Kop hold a mosaic during the match with Juventus , 6 April 2005 . Amicizia means `` friendship '' in Italian . Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003 -- 04 season , which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004 -- 05 season . A poor start in the group stages , with two losses in their first five games , had the club facing elimination . A 3 -- 1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos , however , eventually ensured their passage to the knock - out rounds . Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals , and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1 -- 0 on aggregate ; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a `` ghost goal '' by Chelsea manager José Mourinho , as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line . Liverpool 's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form , where they struggled to finish in the top - four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season . Liverpool faced six - time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005 . Trailing 3 -- 0 at half - time , they scored three goals in a six - minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3 -- 3 . There were no goals during extra time , so the match was decided by a penalty shoot - out . With the shoot - out score at 3 -- 2 , Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko 's penalty to give Liverpool victory . The nature of Liverpool 's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the `` miracle of Istanbul . '' As this was the club 's fifth European Cup victory , Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup permanently , and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year 's competition . The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II , Monaco in August . They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3 -- 1 ( aet . ) to win their third Super Cup . Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship , where they lost 1 -- 0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo . A fifth - place finish in the Premier League in 2004 -- 05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League , and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title . UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so , but would be required to start in the first qualifying round , with no country protection , meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages . This turned out to be the case -- Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages . They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock - out round . In the 2006 -- 07 Champions League , Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona , PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final . The Liverpool team , which contained only five players from the 2005 final , enjoyed more possession than in 2005 , but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2 -- 1 win . Liverpool lining up at Arsenal in the quarter - finals of the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007 -- 08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea , who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007 . A fourth - place finish in the 2007 -- 08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008 -- 09 Champions League . Liverpool reached the quarter - finals and again faced Chelsea , but lost 7 -- 5 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the 2008 -- 09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League , but their campaign was short - lived ; they finished third in their group , and were eliminated from the competition . They entered the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League , progressing to the semi-finals , where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2 -- 2 on aggregate . Decline and resurgence ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) Jürgen Klopp managing Liverpool in a 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League match against FC Augsburg . Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009 -- 10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson . A seventh - place finish in the 2009 -- 10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010 -- 11 Europa League . They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage , where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli , FC Utrecht and Steaua București . They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32 . They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round . Before the tie was played , however , Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish , who initially served as a caretaker manager . A 1 -- 0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16 , in which Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 on aggregate to eventual runners - up Braga . A sixth - place finish in the 2010 -- 11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999 . On the following season , victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012 -- 13 Europa League . Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012 -- 13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage , but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0 -- 2 loss away and a 3 -- 1 win at home . A seventh - place finish in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013 -- 14 season . A second - placed finish in the 2013 -- 14 Premier League , ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014 -- 15 Champions League . One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014 -- 15 Europa League . The campaign was short - lived , as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32 . Finishing sixth in the 2014 -- 15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015 -- 16 Europa League , where they faced Sion , Bordeaux and for the first time , Russian side Rubin Kazan . During the group stage , manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . After winning the group , Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase , beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16 , the two clubs ' first meeting in Europe . Liverpool defeated them 3 -- 1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter - final tie with Klopp 's former team Borussia Dortmund . After a 1 -- 1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park , Dortmund went 3 -- 1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining , requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule . Goals from Philippe Coutinho , Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren , however , saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010 . There they faced Villarreal , completing a second comeback after overturning a 1 -- 0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3 -- 1 aggregate win . Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob - Park , Basel , on 18 May , losing 3 -- 1 . A 4th - place finish in the 2016 -- 17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe 's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s . On 17 October 2017 , Liverpool won 7 - 0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup . After qualifying top of their group , they proceeded to defeat Porto 5 - 0 at the Estadio de Dragao , before holding them to a 0 - 0 draw on the return leg , then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3 - 0 and 2 - 1 , and in the semi-finals , defeated Roma 5 - 2 at Anfield , before a 4 - 2 loss led to a 7 - 6 aggregate win , taking them to the final , against holders Real Madrid . Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Liverpool F.C. statistics and records Jamie Carragher 's 150 European appearances -- including the pictured 2006 clash with Benfica -- is a club record . Most appearances in European competition : Jamie Carragher , 150 Most goals in European competition : Steven Gerrard , 41 First European match : Liverpool 6 -- 0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur , European Cup , first round , 17 August 1964 First goal scored in Europe : Gordon Wallace , against KR Reykjavik Biggest win : Liverpool 11 -- 0 Strømsgodset , in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , 17 September 1974 Biggest defeat : Liverpool 1 -- 5 Ajax , in the European Cup , 7 December 1966 Highest European home attendance : 55,104 , against Barcelona in the 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup , 14 April 1976 Lowest European home attendance : 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982 -- 83 European Cup By season ( edit ) Key P = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost F = Goals for A = Goals against GD = Goal difference Grp = Group stage R1 = First round R2 = Second round R3 = Third round R4 = Fourth round R16 = Round of 16 R32 = Round of 32 QF = Quarter - final SF = Semi-final Key to colours : Gold Winners Silver Runners - up Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season Season Competition Round 1964 -- 65 European Cup 9 5 18 5 R6 ! SF 1965 -- 66 European Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 12 6 Runners - up 1966 -- 67 European Cup 6 8 R2 1967 -- 68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 0 13 5 R3 1968 -- 69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 R1 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 0 17 R2 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 10 5 13 R6 ! SF 1971 -- 72 European Cup Winners ' Cup 5 R2 1972 -- 73 UEFA Cup 12 8 17 6 Winners 1973 -- 74 European Cup 5 5 R2 1974 -- 75 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 12 R2 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup 12 8 25 8 Winners 1976 -- 77 European Cup 9 7 0 22 5 Winners 1977 European Super Cup 0 7 Winners 1977 -- 78 European Cup 7 5 0 17 7 Winners 1978 European Super Cup 0 Runners - up 1978 -- 79 European Cup 0 0 R1 1979 -- 80 European Cup 0 R1 1980 -- 81 European Cup 9 6 0 24 Winners 1981 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1981 -- 82 European Cup 6 14 6 R5 ! QF 1982 -- 83 European Cup 6 0 13 6 R5 ! QF 1983 -- 84 European Cup 9 7 0 16 Winners 1984 European Super Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 Runners - up 1984 -- 85 European Cup 9 6 18 5 Runners - up 1991 -- 92 UEFA Cup 8 0 16 8 R5 ! QF 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 0 10 8 R2 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup R2 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 8 6 18 9 R6 ! SF 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup 5 R2 1998 -- 99 UEFA Cup 6 11 5 R3 2000 -- 01 UEFA Cup 13 8 19 9 Winners 2001 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2001 -- 02 UEFA Champions League 14 5 7 14 11 R5 ! QF 2002 -- 03 UEFA Champions League 6 12 8 Grp 2002 -- 03 UEFA Cup 6 6 R5 ! QF 2003 -- 04 UEFA Cup 8 14 7 R4 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League 15 8 14 11 Winners 2005 UEFA Super Cup 0 0 Winners 2005 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Runners - up 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League 14 8 20 7 R16 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League 15 8 23 12 Runners - up 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League 14 8 34 11 R6 ! SF 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League 12 7 22 12 R5 ! QF 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 6 5 7 Grp 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League 8 5 0 14 8 R6 ! SF 2010 -- 11 UEFA Europa League 14 7 6 16 5 R16 2012 -- 13 UEFA Europa League 12 7 20 13 R32 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League 6 5 9 Grp 2014 -- 15 UEFA Europa League 0 R32 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League 15 6 7 19 13 Runners - up 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League 15 9 47 19 Runners - up By competition ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition Competition European Cup / UEFA Champions League 196 110 45 41 368 171 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 29 16 5 8 57 29 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 124 66 34 24 186 94 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 22 12 6 46 15 UEFA Super Cup 7 16 10 Intercontinental Cup 0 0 0 FIFA Club World Cup 0 Total 382 208 89 85 677 325 By country ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country Country Pld GD Win % Argentina 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Austria 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 10 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Belarus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 13 07001769200000000000 ♠ 76.92 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 4 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Bulgaria 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 10 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Costa Rica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 3 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 + 4 07001318200000000000 ♠ 31.82 Finland 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 36 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 France 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 18 07001576900000000000 ♠ 57.69 Germany 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 + 39 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Georgia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Greece 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 13 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 3 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Iceland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 10 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 18 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 + 0 07001370400000000000 ♠ 37.04 Lithuania 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Luxembourg 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Macedonia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Netherlands 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 10 07001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Norway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 15 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Poland 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Portugal 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 + 17 07001454500000000000 ♠ 45.45 Romania 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 15 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Russia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 13 07001538500000000000 ♠ 53.85 Scotland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 9 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Serbia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 − 2 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 8 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Slovenia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 13 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Spain 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 + 6 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Sweden 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Switzerland 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 + 11 07001461500000000000 ♠ 46.15 Turkey 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 11 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Honours ( edit ) Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition Honour No . Years European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 1973 , 1976 , 2001 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wearmouth , Rachel ( 1 September 2008 ) . `` BBC films story of World Cup winners '' . The Northern Echo . Darlington . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemzeti Sport , 9 July 1930 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Moore 2000 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Football 's premier club competition '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 2000 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa Cup given new name in revamp '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club competition winners do battle '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 13 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` Reds sport all - red kit for first time '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 5 May 1965 ) . `` From the archive : Liverpool 3 -- 1 Internazionale '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Guy ( 3 March 1999 ) . `` Football : History not on United 's side -- European Cup quarter - final : Italian clubs have usually had the upper hand on some pulsating nights of action '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 52 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Survive Test Of Character '' . The Times . London . 24 May 1973 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Matches '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 26 May 2007 ) . `` Technocrat to blame for Athens anti-climax '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 : Anderlecht back on top '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Cup 1981 '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Keith , John ( 5 April 2005 ) . `` Heysel remembered : the horror of a tragedy waiting to happen '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobrowsky , Josef ; José Gorgazzi , Osvaldo ( 13 February 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup 1984 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fagan steps down after Heysel tragedy '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Coslett , Paul ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Heysel Disaster '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Hanley , James ( 2 April 2005 ) . `` English fans were responsible . No doubt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool legend Fagan dies '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 July 2001 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manager : Kenny Dalglish '' . This Is Anfield . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` On Second Thoughts : Graeme Souness '' . The guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Brierley , Stephen ( 19 September 1991 ) . `` Saunders spells end for Finnish '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hale & Ponting 1992 , p. 206 . 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UEFA.com. 16 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Brooking , Trevor ( 17 May 2001 ) . `` McAllister the man '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dortmund delight as Reds win thriller '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 : Owen keeps Reds rolling '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 1 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool reach last eight '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool gain upper hand '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool suffer Euro woe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 April 2002 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 13 November 2002 ) . `` Liverpool revival comes too late '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic brush aside Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 March 2003 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 12 May 2003 ) . `` Ranieri 's men finally show their mettle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool appoint Benitez '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The world according to Mourinho '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 October 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 14 April 2005 ) . `` Liverpool set up Chelsea clash '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AC Milan 3 -- 3 Liverpool ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ; Oliver , Brian ; Mochlinski , Kaz ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` The miracle of Istanbul '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations for the UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 07 '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 CSKA Moscow ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 August 2005 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo 1 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 December 2005 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 0 -- 2 Benfica ( agg 0 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 March 2006 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Group Stage '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson exits and Kenny Dalglish takes over '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Liverpool 0 -- 0 Braga ( agg 0 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ McVay , David ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Aston Villa 1 Liverpool 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European qualification : The permutations '' . Premier League . 26 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool fall short against Zenit despite Luis Suárez free - kick goals '' . Guardian . 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League draw : Liverpool face Real Madrid , while Manchester City are drawn in group of death '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Basel '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Whalley , Mike ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Besiktas 1 -- 0 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Group B '' . UEFA.com. 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Confirm Juergen Klopp appointment '' . Liverpoolfc.com. 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League : Liverpool edge out Augsburg '' . UEFA.com. 25 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United draw Liverpool in the Europa League '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 March 2016 ) . `` Manchester United 1 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp faces Dortmund reunion in Europa League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Liverpool 4 - 3 Borussia Dortmund ( 5 - 4 agg . ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 First Leg '' . UEFA.com. 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 UEFA Europa League Semi Final - Semi Final 1 Second Leg '' . UEFA.com. 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Firmino and Mohamed Salah lead Liverpool rout of Maribor '' . Guardian . 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maribor 0 Liverpool 7 '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Carragher '' . LFC History . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard '' . LFC History . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matches '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Platt , Mark ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Reds first ever Euro tie '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attendances '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Barcelona '' . UEFA . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool in Europe -- Season by Season '' . LFC History . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` Fixtures and results '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Competition Stats '' . LFC History . Archived from the original on 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Head - To - Head '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Twickenham : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Hale , Steve ; Ponting , Ivan ( 1992 ) . Liverpool in Europe . Enfield : Guinness . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 569 - 7 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Liverpool FC : You 'll Never Walk Alone . London : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . London : Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Moore , Glenn ( 2000 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of World Football . London : Parragon . ISBN 0 - 7525 - 4466 - 7 . External links ( edit ) English football portal Merseyside portal Official Liverpool FC website Official UEFA site <Th_colspan="2"> Liverpool Football Club <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool L.F.C. Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal <Td_colspan="2"> Book WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> English football clubs in international competitions <Td_colspan="2"> Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers <Td_colspan="2"> English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=843350388 '' Categories : English football clubs in European football Liverpool F.C. Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Liverpool F.C. European success 2. UEFA Champions League titles 3. European Cup history 4. Bob Paisley's managerial achievements 5. Heysel Stadium disaster

when is season 30 of amazing race starting

The Amazing Race 30 - wikipedia The Amazing Race 30 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Amazing Race 30 Filming dates October 1 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Stats <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 29 The Amazing Race 30 is the upcoming thirtieth installment of the reality television show The Amazing Race . It will feature teams of two in a race around the world for a US $1 million grand prize . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and filming 1.1 Development 1.2 Casting 2 Race summary 2.1 Future legs 3 References Production and filming ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The 30th season of The Amazing Race started filming on October 1 , 2017 , at Washington Square Park in New York City . Like seen before in seasons 25 and 27 , the show 's website announced it would begin filming on October 1 at Washington Square Park in New York City , and invited fans to join them as they saw the new teams off . Casting ( edit ) The cast will include Big Brother houseguests Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson from the recently - concluded Season 19 participating in the race , as well as IndyCar racers Conor Daly and Alexander Rossi . Race summary ( edit ) Future legs ( edit ) Leg 1 ( United States → Iceland ) New York City , New York , United States ( Washington Square Park ) ( Starting Line ) New York City to Iceland Upcoming legs Belgium Antwerp ( Grote Markt ) France Saint - Tropez ( Place des Lices ) Zimbabwe Harare ( Harare Gardens ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother 19 's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race '' . CBS . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://cartermatt.com/272151/amazing-race-30-filming-already-jessica-graf-confirms/ Jump up ^ `` F1 hopefuls Rossi , Daly gear up for `` The Amazing Race '' `` . mystatesman . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` # amazingrace 30 has begun ! First stop # Iceland ! Thank you to # amazingracefans who cheered on the teams ! # cbs @ PhilKeoghan @ BvMProfilesTV '' . Elise Doganieri . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO Frietrace op de Grote Markt '' ( in Dutch ) . ATV . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La chaîne CBS a tourné le Pékin Express américain à Saint - Tropez '' ( in French ) . Var - matin . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Race lights up Harare '' . dailynews . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Amazing Race Original U.S. version Seasons 5 6 7 8 : Family Edition 9 10 11 : All - Stars 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 : Unfinished Business 19 20 21 22 23 24 : All - Stars 25 26 27 28 29 30 <Td_colspan="2"> Contestants Versions outside the U.S. Asia 5 Asia contestants Australia 3 : Australia v New Zealand Australia contestants A Corrida Milionária Canada 5 Canada contestants China Rush China Rush contestants China French version HaMerotz LaMillion 5 6 HaMerotz LaMillion contestants Latin American version 4 : Edição Brasil 5 6 : Ecuador Latin American version contestants Norge Norge contestants Philippines Philippines contestants Velyki perehony Vietnam 2 : Celebrity Edition 3 : Celebrity Edition 2 4 : Celebrity vs. TAR Fans Edition 5 : All - Star Edition Related Shanghai Rush The Ridonculous Race Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Amazing_Race_30&oldid=809133915 '' Categories : The Amazing Race Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Amazing Race 30 2. Reality television show 3. Teams of two 4. Race around the world 5. $1 million grand prize

thermal energy at room temperature kj/mol

KT ( energy ) - wikipedia KT ( energy ) Values of kT at 25 ° C ( 298 K ) Units kT = 6979411000000000000 ♠ 4.11 × 10 J kT = 7000411400000000000 ♠ 4.114 pN ⋅ nm kT = 6978983000000000000 ♠ 9.83 × 10 cal kT = 7001257000000000000 ♠ 25.7 meV <Th_colspan="2"> Related quantities kT / hc = 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 cm kT / e = 25.7 mV RT = kT ⋅ N = 7000247900000000000 ♠ 2.479 kJ ⋅ mol RT = 0.593 kcal ⋅ mol h / kT = 0.16 ps kT is the product of the Boltzmann constant , k , and the temperature , T . This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular - scale systems ( sometimes it is used as a unit of energy ) , as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone , but on the ratio of that energy and kT , that is , on E / kT ( see Arrhenius equation , Boltzmann factor ) . For a system in equilibrium in canonical ensemble , the probability of the system being in state with energy E is proportional to e . More fundamentally , kT is the amount of heat required to increase the thermodynamic entropy of a system , in natural units , by one nat . E / kT therefore represents an amount of entropy per molecule , measured in natural units . In macroscopic scale systems , with large numbers of molecules , RT value is commonly used ; its SI units are joules per mole ( J / mol ) : ( RT = kT ⋅ N ) . RT ( edit ) RT is the product of the molar gas constant , R , and the temperature , T . This product is used in physics as a scaling factor for energy values in macroscopic scale ( sometimes it is used as a pseudo-unit of energy ) , as many processes and phenomena depend not on the energy alone , but on the ratio of energy and RT , i.e. E / RT . The SI units for RT are joules per mole ( J / mol ) . It differs from kT only by a factor of Avogadro 's number . Its dimension is energy or ( M L T ) , expressed in SI units as joules ( J ) : kT = RT / N References ( edit ) Atkins ' Physical Chemistry , 9th ed. , by P. Atkins and J. dePaula , Oxford University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KT_(energy)&oldid=811012069 '' Categories : Thermodynamics Statistical mechanics Talk About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. kT as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems 2. Relationship between kT and Boltzmann constant and temperature 3. Use of kT in the Arrhenius equation and Boltzmann factor 4. RT as a scaling factor for energy values in macroscopic-scale systems 5. Difference between kT and RT, and their relationship to Avogadro's number

who is new englands number 1 running back

New England Patriots - wikipedia New England Patriots Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> New England Patriots <Td_colspan="2"> Current season <Td_colspan="2"> Established November 16 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( November 16 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo Wordmark <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick <Th_colspan="2"> Team history <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> The Pats <Th_colspan="2"> Championships <Td_colspan="2"> League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conference championships ( 9 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Division championships ( 20 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 25 ) <Td_colspan="2"> AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields <Td_colspan="2"> Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history , the most of any team , seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won nine straight division titles from 2009 to 2017 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( seven ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . The Patriots hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances with nine , and are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five before the Steelers who have six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Coaches 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Culture 9.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 9.2 Radio and television 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the New England Patriots . `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots , '' with `` Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of New England Patriots seasons . Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records <Th_colspan="4"> All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 64,123 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,537 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 280 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens Main article : Ravens -- Patriots rivalry The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) `` Spygate '' Main article : 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' . This remains the team 's logo today , with the blue being darkened in 2000 . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster <Th_colspan="10"> New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady 2 Brian Hoyer Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 34 Rex Burkhead 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 33 Dion Lewis KR 28 James White Wide receivers 80 Danny Amendola PR 85 Kenny Britt 14 Brandin Cooks 13 Phillip Dorsett 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 74 Cole Croston G 71 Cameron Fleming T 75 Ted Karras G 69 Shaq Mason G 77 Nate Solder T 62 Joe Thuney G 68 LaAdrian Waddle T Defensive linemen 97 Alan Branch DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 98 Trey Flowers DE 92 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DT 94 Ricky Jean Francois DT 55 Eric Lee DE 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Linebackers 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB 45 David Harris MLB 51 Trevor Reilly OLB 52 Elandon Roberts OLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 29 Johnson Bademosi CB 21 Malcolm Butler CB 23 Patrick Chung SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 30 Duron Harmon FS 31 Jonathan Jones CB 36 Brandon King FS 32 Devin McCourty FS 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists 88 Martellus Bennett TE ( IR ) 61 Marcus Cannon T ( IR ) 42 Keionta Davis DE ( NF - Inj . ) 43 Nate Ebner SS ( IR ) 11 Julian Edelman WR ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia T ( NF - Ill . ) 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB ( IR ) 76 Andrew Jelks T ( NF - Inj . ) 41 Cyrus Jones CB ( IR ) 48 Harvey Langi OLB ( NF - Inj . ) 58 Shea McClellin OLB ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell WR ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers DE ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine DT ( IR ) Practice squad 64 James Ferentz C 96 Marcus Hardison DT 81 Cody Hollister WR 26 David Jones FS 72 Jason King G 27 Ryan Lewis CB 84 Riley McCarron WR 39 Damarius Travis SS 82 Will Tye TE 22 Jomal Wiltz CB Rookies in italics Roster updated December 14 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 14 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters <Td_colspan="10"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers <Td_colspan="4"> New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . <Th_colspan="10"> New England Patriots Hall of Fame <Th_colspan="10"> Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 <Th_colspan="10"> Contributors No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted -- Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 -- Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 , 1991 -- 2012 2013 Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots : 28 Curtis Martin , RB ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , elected in 2012 . Bill Parcells , head coach ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , elected in 2013 . 55 Junior Seau , LB ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , elected in 2015 . All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks <Th_colspan="2"> New England Patriots All - 1980s Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry <Th_colspan="2"> New England Patriots All - 1990s Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches Patriots head coach Bill Belichick delivers remarks during the team 's visit to the White House This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Current staff <Th_colspan="7"> New England Patriots staff <Td_colspan="7"> Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head coaches Head Coach / General Manager -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Matt Patricia Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Raymond Ventrone Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs <Td_colspan="7"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV , and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the `` NBC Boston '' network of stations led by WBTS - LD . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . 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Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . 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Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . 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who is the gun dealer in john wick 2

John Wick : Chapter 2 - wikipedia John Wick : Chapter 2 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> John Wick : Chapter 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Chad Stahelski Produced by Basil Iwanyk Erica Lee Written by Derek Kolstad Based on Characters by Derek Kolstad Starring Keanu Reeves Common Laurence Fishburne Riccardo Scamarcio Ruby Rose John Leguizamo Ian McShane Music by Tyler Bates Joel J. Richard Cinematography Dan Laustsen Edited by Evan Schiff Production company Lionsgate Thunder Road Pictures 87Eleven Productions Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) ( Arclight Hollywood ) February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $171.5 million John Wick : Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad . The second installment in the John Wick film series , the plot follows hitman John Wick , who goes on the run after a bounty is placed on his head . It stars Keanu Reeves , Common , Laurence Fishburne , Riccardo Scamarcio , Ruby Rose , John Leguizamo and Ian McShane , and marks the first collaboration between Reeves and Fishburne since appearing together in The Matrix trilogy . Principal photography began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . The film premiered in Los Angeles on January 30 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and grossed $171.5 million worldwide , over four times its $40 million budget and nearly twice the $88 million gross of the original film . A sequel , titled John Wick : Chapter 3 , is set to be released in May 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home release 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Four days after the events of the first film , former assassin John Wick tracks down his stolen 1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 at a chop shop owned by Abram Tarasov , brother of Viggo and uncle of Iosef . John dispatches Tarasov 's men in a violent fight that heavily damages the Mustang . He then spares Tarasov under the auspices of peace and returns home . After Aurelio takes John 's Mustang for repairs , John is visited by Italian crime lord Santino D'Antonio . It is revealed that to complete his `` impossible task '' -- which allowed him to retire and marry Helen -- John asked Santino for help . As a form of contract , Santino swore John to a `` Marker , '' an unbreakable promise symbolized by a `` blood oath '' medallion . Santino presents the medallion to demand services from John , but John refuses , claiming that he is retired . In retaliation , Santino destroys John 's house with a grenade launcher . Winston , the owner of the Continental hotel in New York City , reminds John that if he rejects the Marker , he will be violating one of the two unbreakable rules of the underworld : no killing on Continental grounds , and Markers must be honored . John accepts his commitment and meets with Santino , who tasks him with assassinating his sister Gianna so he can claim her seat on the `` High Table , '' a council of high - level crime lords . Santino sends Ares ( Ruby Rose ) , his personal bodyguard , to surveil John . In Rome , John infiltrates Gianna 's coronation party and confronts her . Faced with certain death , Gianna slashes her wrists . Before she dies , John kills her , fulfilling his commitment to Santino . While retreating , John is ambushed by Santino 's men , who intend to `` tie up loose ends '' by killing him . After killing most of them , John is pursued by Gianna 's bodyguard Cassian . Their brutal fight is halted when they crash into the reception area of the Rome Continental , which -- like the New York Continental -- prohibits any `` business '' on its grounds . As the two share a tense drink , Cassian vows revenge for Gianna 's death . After John returns to New York City , Santino opens a $7 million contract for John 's death under the guise of avenging his sister , leading numerous assassins to attack John . Cassian confronts John once again in the subway . John wins the ensuing fight , but leaves Cassian alive out of professional respect . Injured and desperate , John seeks help from the underground crime lord The Bowery King , whose subordinates treat his injuries and guide him to Santino 's location . John kills Santino 's bodyguards and mortally wounds Ares , but Santino is able to escape to the Continental . Santino smugly makes it clear that he intends to remain in its sanctuary indefinitely . Despite Winston 's warnings , John shoots and kills Santino in the Continental lounge . The next day , Winston sends for John and explains that , per the High Table , the contract on John has been doubled and offered globally . Winston declares John `` excommunicado '' from the Continental , losing all access and privileges to underworld resources . However , Winston delays announcing John 's excommunication and global bounty by one hour to give him a head start , and provides him with a Marker for future use . Before leaving , John says to Winston : `` Tell them ... tell them all ... whoever comes , whoever it is , I 'll kill them . I 'll kill them all . '' Suspecting hitmen all around him , John runs into the night with his dog . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as John Wick , an ex-hitman Riccardo Scamarcio as Santino D'Antonio , a camorra lord who forces Wick to perform an assassination Common as Cassian , Gianna 's chief bodyguard Laurence Fishburne as The Bowery King , an underground crime lord Ruby Rose as Ares , an assassin and Santino 's mute security enforcer John Leguizamo as Aurelio , the owner of a high - end chop shop Ian McShane as Winston , the owner and manager of the Continental Hotel in New York Bridget Moynahan as Helen Wick , John 's deceased wife Lance Reddick as Charon , the concierge at the Continental Hotel in New York Thomas Sadoski as Jimmy , a police officer and friend of John 's David Patrick Kelly as Charlie , the cleaner Peter Stormare as Abram Tarasov , Viggo 's brother , Iosef 's uncle and a desk - bound Russian gangster . Franco Nero as Julius , the manager of the Continental Hotel in Rome Peter Serafinowicz as the Sommelier Claudia Gerini as Gianna D'Antonio , Santino 's sister Tobias Segal as Earl , a homeless man who serves The Bowery King . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2015 , directors Chad Stahelski and David Leitch stated that a John Wick sequel had begun development . The same month Jon Feltheimer , CEO of Lionsgate , stated during a conference call that `` We see John Wick as a multiple - title action franchise '' . Additionally , it was reported that Kolstad would return to write the screenplay . In May 2015 , it was confirmed that a sequel was greenlit , and Lionsgate would be selling the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Reeves and Stahelski appeared in a 30 - minute Aol. build interview in early February 2017 to discuss the development and casting of the film . Casting ( edit ) It was announced that Keanu Reeves , Leitch , and Stahelski would return , with filming set to begin in late 2015 . In October 2015 , Common joined the film to play the head of security for a female crime lord , and Ian McShane was confirmed to return as Winston , the owner of the Continental Hotel . In November 2015 , Bridget Moynahan , John Leguizamo , Thomas Sadoski , and Lance Reddick were confirmed to return , while Ruby Rose , Riccardo Scamarcio , and Peter Stormare were added to the cast . In December 2015 , it was announced that Laurence Fishburne would appear in a supporting role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . At the end of first week , filming had taken place in Manhattan . Filming moved to Rome , Italy next , and later resumed in Montreal , Canada on October 28 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) In 2016 , it was announced that Tyler Bates and Joel J. Richard would return to write and compose the film 's soundtrack . Along with the return of Ciscandra Nostalghia , the soundtrack has also featured Alice In Chains guitarist and co-vocalist Jerry Cantrell in the song `` A Job To Do '' . Release ( edit ) John Wick : Chapter 2 premiered at Arclight Hollywood in Los Angeles on January 30 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 , by Summit Entertainment . In the United Kingdom , the film was granted a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification , after 23 seconds of a bloody injury within a suicide scene were removed to avoid an 18 rating . The film opened in UK cinemas on February 17 , 2017 , and was distributed by Warner Bros. , with co-production from Lionsgate studio Summit Entertainment . Australia was one of the last major countries to receive the film , with a release on May 18 . Box Office ( edit ) John Wick : Chapter 2 grossed $92 million in the United States and Canada and $79.5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $171.5 million . The film grossed $90.5 million worldwide in its first nine days of release , surpassing the entire theatrical gross of the first film ( $88.8 million ) . In the United States and Canada , the film opened alongside two other sequels , The Lego Batman Movie and Fifty Shades Darker , and was projected to gross around $20 million in its opening weekend . It earned $2.2 million from Thursday night previews at 2,400 theaters , an improvement over the $870,000 made by its predecessor . It made $11 million on its first day , nearly totaling the $14.4 million the first film made in its entire opening weekend . It went on to open to $30.4 million , more than double the opening weekend of the original film and finishing third at the box office behind The Lego Batman Movie ( $53 million ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( $46.6 million ) . In its second weekend the film grossed $16.2 million ( a drop of 46.7 % ) , finishing 4th at the box office and making more in its second weekend than the original film made in its first . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 89 % based on 197 reviews , and an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` John Wick : Chapter 2 does what a sequel should -- which in this case means doubling down on the non-stop , thrillingly choreographed action that made its predecessor so much fun . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Tobias of Uproxx said the film improved upon the original , writing : `` For better or worse -- though mostly for better -- it 's a full - scale assault on the senses , constantly pushing itself to greater feats of excess . At this rate , a third John Wick might trigger the apocalypse . '' Mike Rougeau of IGN gave the film an 8.5 / 10 , stating that it `` takes joy in expanding on the original 's lore '' , and praised the film as a vast improvement of its predecessor , in terms of action set pieces , fight choreography , cinematography , and writing . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it `` the real deal '' and `` pure cinema '' . Writing for Time magazine in February Stephanie Zacharek stated : `` The pleasures of John Wick : Chapter 2 may be even greater than those of its predecessor -- itself a symphonic achievement in scrappy , balls - out , action filmmaking -- because in this one , there 's no puppy murder to endure ... it 's lovers of humankind who are put to the test . John Wick : Chapter 2 asks the classic pulp question -- Are human beings worth saving ? -- and delivers , with the right proportions of joy and sorrow , the classic pulp answer : Sometimes , no . '' Both Richard Brody writing for The New Yorker and Stephen M. Colbert writing for screenrant.com saw secret societies as a significant motif in the film . In his article `` The World of John Wick Explained '' , Colbert stated : `` John Wick introduced audiences to a dark , polished , and sharply dressed , underground criminal society full of assassins who ( mostly ) abide by an unspoken code of conduct and two explicit rules . While the first movie told a more intimate story that only hinted at the larger world of this secret society , John Wick : Chapter Two takes the titular character through several of the corners of this complex underworld , revealing even more about the world of John Wick . While very few of these customs are explicitly explained , there are still enough hints about the inner functionings of the various entities presented , giving us enough puzzle pieces to put together a loose sketch of this mysterious world of assassins . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club complained that it `` lacks the first film 's domino - effect momentum '' , though overall he reacted positively . In part , he praised the action scenes as `` entertainingly surreal '' . Home release ( edit ) The movie was released on DVD , Blu - ray and 4K Ultra HD on June 13 , 2017 , from Summit Inc / Lionsgate . Sequel ( edit ) In October 2016 , Stahelski stated that a third film is in the works , and in June 2017 it was reported that Kolstad will return to write the screenplay . In September 2017 , Lionsgate set the sequel 's release date for May 17 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Wick : Chapter 2 '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Lego Batman ' Hooks $54 M+ , ' Fifty Shades ' Rachets Up $48 M+ , ' John Wick 2 ' Targets $29 M+ -- Saturday Update '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia . `` John Wick : Chapter 2 Takes Place Four Days After First Film , Features ... '' . Polygon . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen M. `` John Wick 's Blood Oath Explained '' . SCREENRANT . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' John Wick 2 ' Fills Out Cast , Old Favorites Return '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Common to Play Villain in Keanu Reeves ' ' John Wick 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Wick : Chapter 2 Movie Update : Keanu Reeves Talks About Laurence Fishburne 's Role '' . 2017 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McShane Returns for Keanu Reeves ' ' John Wick 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves talks John Wicks 2 '' . cosmicbooknews . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' John Wick : Chapter 2 ' Trailer : Keanu Reeves Is Back in Action '' . / Film . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' John Wick : Chapter 2 ' Teaser Arrives Before The Full Trailer Debuts At NYCC '' . / Film . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' John Wick ' Directors Are Already Working on a Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Movies.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick Sequel Already In The Works '' . Final Reel . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Planning ' John Wick ' Sequel '' . Variety . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Interview with Aol. build for John Wick 2 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Selling ' John Wick ' Sequel At Cannes '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` John Wick 2 Filming Begins This Fall ! '' . Coming Soon . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steven ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Chad Stahelski To Direct ' John Wick 2 ' Solo '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' John Wick 2 ′ Story Details Revealed '' . Collider . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Laurence Fishburne Reunites With Keanu Reeves for ' John Wick 2 ' Cameo '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 10 / 30 / 15 : Keanu Reeves Starts on John Wick Sequel , Seth Rogen and Zac Efron Wrap Up Neighbors 2 '' . SSN Insider . October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves has bloody cuts on face as he takes on foes in dramatic scenes while filming John Wick 2 '' . The Daily Mail . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` John Wick : Chapter Two Gets a Release Date '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) - Release Info '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Another Holiday Weekend Where Holdovers Reign & New Studio Releases Tank : Presidents ' Day B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Poised To Submit To ' Lego Batman ' : Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Can ' Lego Batman , ' ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' John Wick 2 ' Outperform Their Tracking ? '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wick : Chapter 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` John Wick : Chapter 2 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' John Wick : Chapter Two ' Is A Skull - Shattering Sequel Determined To Outdo The Original '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Mike ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` John Wick : Chapter 2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' John Wick : Chapter 2 ' Review : Keanu Reeves Is Back in Delirious , Mayhem - Filled Sequel '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The guns of John Wick 2 '' , By David Maccar , February 10 , 2017. ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen M. Colbert , The World of John Wick Explained 02.13. 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` John Wick : Chapter 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : John Wick : Chapter 2 ( DVD ) . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : John Wick : Chapter 2 ( Blu - ray ) . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : John Wick : Chapter 2 - 4K Ultra HD ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Aubrey ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' John Wick 3 ' Already in the Works , Reveals Director Chad Stahelski ; ' Chapter 2 ' Details Teased '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' John Wick 3 ' Brings Back Writer Derek Kolstad ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Wick : Chapter Three ' Targets Early Summer 2019 Date '' . Deadline.com . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official trailer on YouTube John Wick : Chapter 2 on IMDb John Wick : Chapter 2 at AllMovie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wick:_Chapter_2&oldid=800702045 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s crime thriller films American films American action thriller films American crime thriller films American sequel films Films about contract killing Films directed by Chad Stahelski Film scores by Tyler Bates Films set in New York City Films set in Rome Films shot in New York City Gun fu films Heroic bloodshed films Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Films shot in Montreal Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 04 : 31 . 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1. John Wick: Chapter 2 2. Action thriller film 3. Keanu Reeves 4. Hitman on the run 5. Positive reviews and box office success

who described position as a brick in the classification wall

Brickwork - wikipedia Brickwork Jump to : navigation , search Decorative Tudor brick chimneys , Hampton Court Palace , UK Twelfth - century temple brickwork , Ayutthaya , Thailand Courtyard 2 , Yemen Polychromatic and indented brickwork in a Mid Victorian terrace in West London Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer , using bricks and mortar . Typically , rows of bricks -- called courses -- are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall . Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings , and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the Bronze Age . The fired - brick faces of the ziggurat of ancient Dur - Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1400 BC , and the brick buildings of ancient Mohenjo - daro in Pakistan were built around 2600 BC . Much older examples of brickwork made with dried ( but not fired ) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in Judea , Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia , and Mehrgarh in Pakistan . These structures have survived from the Stone Age to the present day . Parts of brickwork include bricks , beds and perpends . The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid . A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually -- but not always -- filled with mortar . The dimensions of these parts are usually co-ordinated such that two bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of a perpend have a total width identical to the length of a single brick laid transversely on top of them . An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows : Bricks of dimensions 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm ; Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm . In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick ( 215 mm ) is equal to the total of the width of a brick ( 102.5 mm ) plus a perpend ( 10 mm ) plus the width of a second brick ( 102.5 mm ) . There are many other brick sizes worldwide , and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orientation 2 Cut 3 Bonding 4 Thickness ( and leaves ) 4.1 Cavity walls and ties 5 Load - bearing bonds 5.1 Courses of mixed headers and stretchers 5.1. 1 Flemish bond 5.1. 2 Monk bond 5.1. 2.1 Raking monk bonds 5.1. 3 Sussex bond 5.2 One stretching course per heading course 5.2. 1 English bond 5.2. 2 English cross bond 5.2. 3 Dutch bond 5.3 Two or more stretching course per heading course 5.3. 1 English garden wall bond 5.3. 2 Scottish bond 5.3. 3 American , or common bond 5.4 Only stretching or heading courses 5.4. 1 Header bond 5.4. 2 Stretcher , or running bond 5.4. 3 Raking stretcher bond 5.5 One or more stretching courses per alternating course 5.5. 1 Flemish stretcher bond 5.6 Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners 5.6. 1 Rat - trap bond 5.7 One shiner course per heading course 5.7. 1 Dearne 's bond 6 Non-load - bearing bonds 6.1 Courses of mixed shiners and sailors 6.1. 1 Single basket weave bond 6.1. 2 Double basket weave bond 6.1. 3 Herringbone bond 6.2 Brickwork built around square fractional - sized bricks 6.2. 1 Pinwheel bond 6.2. 2 Della Robbia bond 7 Diapering 7.1 Flemish diagonal bond 8 Damp - proof courses 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Orientation ( edit ) Six positions A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid , and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall . Stretcher or stretching brick A brick laid flat with its long narrow side exposed . Header or heading brick A brick laid flat with its width exposed . Soldier A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed . Sailor A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed . Rowlock A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed . Shiner or rowlock stretcher A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed . Cut ( edit ) The practice of laying uncut full - sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength . In the diagrams below , such uncut full - sized bricks are coloured as follows : Stretcher Header Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space , or to be the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as generating an offset -- called a lap -- at the beginning of a course . In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured . In the diagrams below , some of the cuts most commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows : Three - quarter bat , stretching A brick cut to three - quarters of its length , and laid flat with its long , narrow side exposed . Three - quarter bat , heading A brick cut to three - quarters of its length , and laid flat with its short side exposed . Half bat A brick cut in half across its length , and laid flat . Queen closer A brick cut in half down its width , and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically . A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap . Less frequently used cuts are all coloured as follows : Quarter bat A brick cut to a quarter of its length . Three - quarter queen closer A queen closer cut to three - quarters of its length . King closer A brick with one corner cut away , leaving one header face at half its standard width . BONDING ( edit ) A nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not be contiguous across courses . Walls , running linearly and extending upwards , can be of varying depth or thickness . Typically , the bricks are laid also running linearly and extending upwards , forming wythes or leafs . It is as important as with the perpends to bond these leaves together . Historically , the dominant method for consolidating the leaves together was to lay bricks across them , rather than running linearly . Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another bond . Thickness ( and leaves ) ( edit ) A leaf is as thick as the width of one brick , but a wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick . Accordingly , a single - leaf wall is a half brick thickness ; a wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond is said to be one brick thick , and so on . The thickness specified for a wall is determined by such factors as damp proofing considerations , whether or not the wall has a cavity , load - bearing requirements , expense , and the era during which the architect was or is working . Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various , and while some non-load - bearing brick walls may be as little as half a brick thick , or even less when shiners are laid stretcher bond in partition walls , others brick walls are much thicker . The Monadnock Building in Chicago , for example , is a very tall masonry building , and has load - bearing brick walls nearly two metres thick at the base . The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick . At these more modest wall thicknesses , distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall . Cavity walls and ties ( edit ) The advent during the mid twentieth century of the cavity wall saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickwork -- the wall tie . A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls , separated by an air gap , which serves both as barrier to moisture and heat . Typically the main loads taken by the foundations are carried there by the inner leaf , and the major functions of the external leaf are to protect the whole from weather , and to provide a fitting aesthetic finish . Despite there being no masonry connection between the leaves , their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed . The device used to satisfy this need is the insertion at regular intervals of wall ties into the cavity wall 's mortar beds . Load - bearing bonds ( edit ) Courses of mixed headers and stretchers ( edit ) Flemish bond Monk bond Sussex bond Flemish bond ( edit ) This bond has one stretcher between headers , with the headers centred over the stretchers in the course below . Where a course begins with a quoin stretcher , the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin stretcher at the other end . The next course up will begin with a quoin header . For the course 's second brick , a queen closer is laid , generating the lap of the bond . The third brick along is a stretcher , and is -- on account of the lap -- centred above the header below . This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header , until the final pair is reached , whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick , mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course , and duly closing the bond . Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another . This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process . Some of the header faces are exposed to wood smoke , generating a grey - blue colour , while other simply vitrified until they reach a deeper blue colour . Some headers have a glazed face , caused by using salt in the firing . Sometimes Staffordshire Blue bricks are used for the heading bricks . Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front and the rear is double Flemish bond , so called on account of the front and rear duplication of the pattern . If the wall is arranged such that the bricks at the rear do not have this pattern , then the brickwork is said to be single Flemish bond . Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a stretcher laid immediately to the rear of the face stretcher , and then next along the course , a header . A lap ( correct overlap ) is generated by a queen closer on every alternate course : Double Flemish bond of one brick 's thickness : overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses , and side elevation The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . A simple way to add some width to the wall would be to add stretching bricks at the rear , making a Single Flemish bond one and a half bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of single Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness , facing bricks and the bricks behind the facing bricks may be laid in groups of four bricks and a half - bat . The half - bat sits at the centre of the group and the four bricks are placed about the half - bat , in a square formation . These groups are laid next to each other for the length of a course , making brickwork one and a half bricks thick . To preserve the bond , it is necessary to lay a three - quarter bat instead of a header following a quoin stretcher at the corner of the wall . This fact has no bearing on the appearance of the wall ; the choice of brick appears to the spectator like any ordinary header : Overhead plans of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a more substantial wall , a header may be laid directly behind the face header , a further two headers laid at 90 ° behind the face stretcher , and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these two headers . This pattern generates brickwork a full two bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of two bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of two and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a still more substantial wall , two headers may be laid directly behind the face header , a further two pairs of headers laid at 90 ° behind the face stretcher , and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these four headers . This pattern generates brickwork a full three bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of three bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Monk bond ( edit ) Monk bond variations New Malden Library , Kingston upon Thames , Greater London . Private building , Solna , Sweden . Pyramids highlighted . This bond has two stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the two stretchers in the course below in the bond 's most symmetric form . The great variety of monk bond patterns allow for many possible layouts at the quoins , and many possible arrangements for generating a lap . A quoin brick may be a stretcher , a three - quarter bat , or a header . Queen closers may be used next to the quoins , but the practice is not mandatory . Raking monk bonds ( edit ) Monk bond may however take any of a number of arrangements for course staggering . The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking patterns can be a challenging task for the bricklayer to correctly maintain while constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold , and interrupted by door or window openings , or other bond - disrupting obstacles . If the bricklayer frequently stops to check that bricks are correctly arranged , then masonry in a raking monk bond can be expensive to build . Occasionally , brickwork in such a raking monk bond may contain minor errors of header and stretcher alignment some of which may have been silently corrected by incorporating a compensating irregularity into the brickwork in a course further up the wall . In spite of these complexities and their associated costs , the bond has proven a common choice for constructing brickwork in the north of Europe . Raking courses in monk bond may -- for instance -- be staggered in such a way as to generate the appearance of diagonal lines of stretchers . One method of achieving this effect relies on the use of a repeating sequence of courses with back - and - forth header staggering . In this grouping , a header appears at a given point in the group 's first course . In the next course up , a header is offset one and a half stretcher lengths to the left of the header in the course below , and then in the third course , a header is offset one stretcher length to the right of the header in the middle course . This accented swing of headers , one and a half to the left , and one to the right , generates the appearance of lines of stretchers running from the upper left hand side of the wall down to the lower right . Such an example of a raking monk bond layout is shown in the New Malden Library , Kingston upon Thames , Greater London . Elsewhere , raking courses in monk bond may be staggered in such a way as to generate a subtle appearance of indented pyramid - like diagonals . Such an arrangement appears in the picture here from the building in Solna , Sweden . Many other particular adjustments of course alignment exist in monk bond , generating a variety of visual effects which differ in detail , but often having the effect of directing a viewing eye diagonally down the wall . Overhead plan for alternate courses of monk bond of one brick 's thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Sussex bond ( edit ) This bond has three stretchers between every header , with the headers centred above the midpoint of three stretchers in the course below . The bond 's horizontally extended proportion suits long stretches of masonry such as garden walls or the run of brickwork over a ribbon window ; conversely , the bond is less suitable for a surface occupied by many features , such as a Georgian façade . The relatively infrequent use of headers serves to make Sussex bond one of the less expensive bonds in which to build a wall , as it allows for the bricklayer to proceed rapidly with run after run of three stretchers at a time . One stretching course per heading course ( edit ) English bond English cross bond Double English cross bond One of the two kinds of course in this family of bonds is called a stretching course , and this typically comprises nothing but stretchers at the face from quoin to quoin . The other kind of course is the heading course , and this usually consists of headers , with two queen closers -- one by the quoin header at either end -- to generate the bond . English bond ( edit ) This bond has alternating stretching and heading courses , with the headers centred over the midpoint of the stretchers , and perpends in each alternate course aligned . Queen closers appear as the second brick , and the penultimate brick in heading courses . A muted colour scheme for occasional headers is sometimes used in English bond to lend a subtle texture to the brickwork . Examples of such schemes include blue - grey headers among otherwise red bricks -- seen in the south of England -- and light brown headers in a dark brown wall , more often found in parts of the north of England . An ancient example of alternating courses of headers and stretchers , is found on Malta . The ruins of the Ggantija Temple on the island of Gozo consist of two temples and a surrounding wall dating back to the Neolithic Age ( 3600 -- 250 BCE ) ; some stones are as long as 5 meters weighing over 50 tonnes . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one brick 's thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of two bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . English cross bond ( edit ) Dutch Bond , Linacre College , Oxford . This bond also has alternating stretching and heading courses . However , whilst the heading courses are identical with those found in the standard English bond , the stretching courses alternate between a course composed entirely of stretchers , and a course composed of stretchers half off - set relative to the stretchers two courses above or below , by reason of a header placed just before the quoins at either end . The bond is widely found in Northern France , Belgium and the Netherlands . Large areas of English cross bond can appear to have a twill like characteristic , an effect caused by the unbroken series of perpends moving diagonally down the bond . Dutch bond ( edit ) This bond is exactly like English cross bond except in the generating of the lap at the quoins . In Dutch bond , all quoins are three - quarter bats -- placed in alternately stretching and heading orientation with successive courses -- and no use whatever is made of queen closers . To the Dutch this is simply a variant of what they call a cross bond . Two or more stretching course per heading course ( edit ) A raking English garden wall bond Scottish bond American bond English garden wall bond ( edit ) This bond has three courses of stretchers between every course of headers . For the standard English garden wall bond , headers are used as quoins for the middle stretching course in order to generate the lap , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . A more complex set of quoins and queen closers is necessary to achieve the lap for a raking English garden wall bond . The heading course in English garden wall bond sometimes features bricks of a different colour to its surrounding stretchers . In English chalk districts , flint is substituted for the stretchers , and the headers constitute a lacing course . Scottish bond ( edit ) This bond has five courses of stretchers between every course of headers . The lap is generated by the use of headers as quoins for the even numbered stretching courses , counting up from the previous heading course , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . American , or common bond ( edit ) American bond , 5th Ave , Harlem , New York This bond may have between three and nine courses of stretchers between each course of headers . Headers are used as quoins for the even numbered stretching courses , counting up from the previous heading course , in order to achieve the necessary off - set in a standard American bond , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . The brick Clarke - Palmore House in Henrico County , Virginia , has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of three to five stretching courses between each heading course , and an upper level built in 1855 with American bond of six to seven stretching courses between each heading course . Only stretching or heading courses ( edit ) Header bond Stretcher bond A raking stretcher bond Header bond ( edit ) All bricks in this bond are headers , but for the lap - generating quoin three - quarter bat which offsets each successive course by half a header . Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature . In Lewes , Sussex , England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond , using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces . Stretcher , or running bond ( edit ) All bricks in this bond are stretchers , with the bricks in each successive course staggered by half a stretcher . Headers are used as quoins on alternating stretching courses in order to achieve the necessary off - set . It is the simplest repeating pattern , and will create a wall only one - half brick thick . Such a thin wall is not stable enough to stand alone , and must be tied to a supporting structure . This practice is common in modern buildings , where stretcher bonded brickwork may be the outer face of a cavity wall , or the facing to a timber or steel - framed structure . Raking stretcher bond ( edit ) Also consists entirely of courses of stretchers , but with the bricks in each successive course staggered in some pattern other than that of standard stretcher bond . One or more stretching courses per alternating course ( edit ) Flemish stretcher bond ( edit ) Flemish stretcher bond Flemish stretcher bond separates courses of alternately laid stretchers and headers , with a number of courses of stretchers alone . Brickwork in this bond may have between one and four courses of stretchers to one course after the Flemish manner . The courses of stretchers are often but not always staggered in a raking pattern . Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners ( edit ) Rat - trap bond Rat - trap bond ( edit ) Brick wall laid in rat - trap bond photographed near Angelsea Road , Wivenhoe , Essex , England . Rat - trap bond substantially observes the same pattern as Flemish bond , but consists of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers . This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlocks , hence the reference to rat - traps . One shiner course per heading course ( edit ) Dearne 's bond ( edit ) Dearne 's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English bond , but uses shiners in place of stretchers . Non-load - bearing bonds ( edit ) Courses of mixed shiners and sailors ( edit ) Single basket weave bond Double basket weave bond 90 ° herringbone bond 45 ° herringbone bond Single basket weave bond ( edit ) 45 ° herringbone bond , Canterbury , UK A row of single basket weave bond comprises pairs of sailors laid side - by - side , capped with a shiner , alternating with pairs of sailors laid side - by - side sat atop a shiner . Subsequent rows are identical and aligned with those above . Double basket weave bond ( edit ) A row of double basket weave bond comprises pairs of shiners laid atop one another , alternating with pairs of sailors laid side - by - side . The following row is off - set so the pair of shiners sits below the pair of sailors in the row above . This results in bricks arranged in pairs in a square grid so that the join between each pair is perpendicular to the join of the four pairs around it . Herringbone bond ( edit ) Main article : Opus spicatum The herringbone pattern ( opus spicatum ) made by placing soldiers next to stretchers or vice versa ( i.e. headers perpendicular ) making ' L ' shapes , nesting each L in the same order of laying . Thin bricks are more common . The pattern is usually rotated by 45 ° to create a completely vertical ( plumb ) succession of ' V ' shapes . It follows either the left or right brick forms the tip of the v in any wall . Herringbone is sometimes used as infill in timber framed buildings . Brickwork built around square fractional - sized bricks ( edit ) Pinwheel bond Della Robbia bond Pinwheel bond ( edit ) Pinwheel bond is made of four bricks surrounding a square half - brick , repeated in a square grid . Della robbia bond ( edit ) A pattern made of four bricks surrounding a square brick , one - quarter the size of a half - brick . It is designed to resemble woven cloth . Another , similar pattern is called the interlacing bond . Diapering ( edit ) Flemish diagonal bond , St John 's College , Cambridge Flemish diagonal bond Brickwork formed into a diamond pattern is called diapering . Flemish diagonal bond ( edit ) Flemish diagonal bond comprises a complex pattern of stretcher courses alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers , at various offsets such that over ten courses a diamond - shaped pattern appears . Damp - proof courses ( edit ) Main article : Rising damp Moisture may ascend into a building from the foundation of a wall or gain ingress into a building from a wet patch of ground , where it meets a solid wall . The manifest result of this process is called damp . One of many methods of resisting such ingresses of water is to construct the wall with several low courses of dense engineering bricks such as Staffordshire blue bricks . This method of damp proofing appears as a distinctive navy blue band running around the circumference of a building . The efficacy of this means of keeping out damp is more limited by the permeability of the mortar bedding and perpends joining the bricks , than by that of the bricks themselves . See also ( edit ) Brick Expressionism Ceramic building material Construction Glossary of British bricklaying Masonry Tuckpointing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph Moxon . Mechanick Exercises : Or , The Doctrine of Handy - Works . Applied to the Arts of Smithing , Joinery , Carpentry , Turning , Bricklayery . Printed for Daniel Midwinter and Thomas Leigh . 1703 . London . Page 129 . `` Three or four or five course of Bricks to be laid . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson . `` By a Course , in walling , is meant the bricks contained between two planes parallel to the horizon , and terminated by the faces of the wall . The thickness is that of one brick with mortar . The mass formed by bricks laid in concentric order , for arches or vaults , is also denominated a Course . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 166 . `` BED. -- The under - surface of bricks when laid in any kind of work . '' Jump up ^ Reports of artisans selected by a committee appointed by the council of the Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal exhibition , 1867 . Published for the Society for the Encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce . Published by Bell and Daldy , York Street , Covent Garden , London . Printed by W. Trounce , Cursitor Street , Chancery Lane , London . 1867 . Part 1 . Bricklaying by George Howell . Page 194 . `` The beauty of brickwork will very much depend upon the ' perpends ' being perfectly kept , that is , the prefect regularity of the perpendicular joints right up the building . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 39 . `` British Standard 3921 of 1969 , gave dimensions of 215 mm by 102.5 mm by 65 mm ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ British Standards Institution . Specification for Masonry Units . Part 1 : Clay Masonry Units . BSI , London , 2003 , BS EN 771 . Jump up ^ The Compressive Strength of Modern Earth Masonry , Andrew Heath , Mike Lawrence , Peter Walker and Clyde Fourie . BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials , University of Bath and Natural Building Technologies ( NBT ) . Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies ( NOCMAT 2009 ) . 6 -- 9 September 2009 , Bath , UK . `` All earth masonry units were intended to be ' standard ' brick size ( 215x102. 5x65mm ) if they were fired , but because they did not have additional shrinkage from firing , the average size was 223x106x67mm . '' ^ Jump up to : John Houghton . A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade . 1693 . Issue 74 . Published by Randal Taylor near Stationers - Hall . London . `` A Brick - wall of a Foot and half thick is commonly made by Stretchers and Headers , that is , by laying on the out - side one Brick , so as to have the narrowest side of it to be seen longways , and the next to have only the end seen , and the Brick lying on the broad side , and so on , a Stretcher and a Header . '' Jump up ^ Whitney Clark Huntington . Building Construction . Types of Construction , Materials , and Cost Estimating . New York : Wiley . London : Chapman & Hall . 1929 . Page 130 . `` Belt courses and flat arches may be formed of brick ( s ) set on end with the narrow side exposed . Such bricks are called soldiers . '' Jump up ^ Sovinski , p. 43 . `` Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called stretcher , header , rowlock stretcher , and rowlock . A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a shiner . The two corresponding vertical orientations are the soldier and sailor positions . '' Jump up ^ Samuel Y. Harris . Building Pathology . Wiley . New York . 2001 . Page 212 . `` The short face , or the end laid horizontally , is a header ; laid vertically , a rowlock . '' Jump up ^ Sovinski , p. 43 . `` Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called stretcher , header , rowlock stretcher , and rowlock . A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a shiner . '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 22 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . BRICKWORK . `` ( ... ) portions of a brick ( ... ) a half header in width , ( ... ) are called queen closers ( . ) '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 18 . `` King Closers are bricks cut so that one end is half the width of a brick , and ( are ) used in positions where the greater width at back would add strength to the bond ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 167 . `` ( ... ) an arrangement , or combination of bricks when laid upon each other , ( such ) that the perpendicular joint formed by any two adjacent bricks may , at all times , be covered by the centre ( or nearly so ) of one laid immediately over the joint , by which means the nearest approximation to solidity will be attained that such materials are capable of producing . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 347 . `` BRICKS ARE LAID in a varied , but regular , form of connection , or Bond , as exhibited in Plate LXXXV . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 329 . `` BOND. -- That regular connection , in lapping the stones upon one another , when carrying up the work , which forms an inseparable mass of building . '' Jump up ^ CITB CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD Training Workbook Setting Out Brickwork Positioning Ranging Lines , Gauge , Dry Bonding , Broken Bonding WB 272 Construction Industry Training Board , Bircham Newton , Kings Lynn , Norfolk PE31 6RH. 1994 . ISBN 185751095X . Page 35 -- 37 . `` Wall thickness terms relate to a stretcher dimension of a brick . Wall ( A ) ( pictured ) is termed a half brick wall . Wall ( B ) ( pictured ) is termed a one brick wall ( ... ) . This wall is a half brick thick wall ( ... ) . This wall is a one brick thick wall ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ Bricks and Brickwork . Cecil C. Handisyde and Barry A. Haseltine . The Brick Development Association . 19 Grafton Street , London , W1X 3LE. 1974 . Page 68 . `` Old buildings of solid wall construction were accepted as ' waterproof ' , often when brickwork was only 9 inches thick . Now it is generally agreed that solid walls of less than ( one and a half ) brick thickness are inadequate . Code of Practice 121 still includes unrendered one brick thick walls as acceptable for sheltered positions but this seems a questionable recommendation . Walling of ( one and a half ) brick thickness should be satisfactory for sheltered positions and may be adequate for moderate exposure . '' Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 206 . `` In exposed positions such as high ground and near the coast , a wall 2B thick may be needed to resist penetration to inside faces ( ... ) . In positions of very severe exposure to wind - driven rain , as on high open ground facing the prevailing wind and on the coast facing open sea , it is necessary to protect both solid and cavity walls with an external cladding . '' Jump up ^ Fuller , Chicago Tribune , December 7 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Denzil Nield . Walls & Wall Facings . Spon , London . 1949 . Page 145 . `` Cavity walls ... are being increasingly built with hollow blocks or other material in place of bricks for the internal leaf . '' Jump up ^ New Civil Engineer. Oct 3rd , 1991 . Thomas Telford Ltd . London . Advertisement . `` Single leaf wall with vertical and lateral load . '' Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 7 Jump up ^ Emmitt , pp. 232 , 233 . `` Early cavity walls were constructed with bonding bricks laid across the cavity at internals to tie the two leaves together . ( ... ) Later , iron ties were used to tie the two leaves together . '' Jump up ^ David Yeomans . Construction Since 1900 : Materials . BT Batsford Ltd , 583 Fulham Road , London , SW6 5BY. 1997 . ISBN 0713466847 . Page 60 . `` In 1974 , a large section of the outer leaf of a wall of a comprehensive school at Newnham collapsed revealing a complete absence of ties over a considerable area ( and ) in 1983 , a much larger section of a wall at Plymouth Polytechnic collapsed due to corrosion of the cavity ties . '' Jump up ^ Smeaton , pp. 29 -- 30 . `` The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond . ( ... ) Flemish bond consists in placing a header and a stretcher alternately throughout every course . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 91 . `` SINGLE FLEMISH BOND : gives the appearance of Flemish Bond on the outside face only of a wall more than 9 inches thick . The same appearance on both inner and outer faces is given by DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 102 . `` ( ... ) the bricks are disposed alike on both sides of the wall , the tail of the headers being placed contiguous to each other , so as to form square spaces in the core of the wall for half - bricks . '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 25 , figures 37 & 38 . ^ Jump up to : The Dictionary of Art . Grove . Volume Four , Biardeau TO Brüggemann . Edited by Jane Turner . Macmillan Publishers Limited . 1996 . ISBN 1884446000 . Page 769 . Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 242 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . `` An extra cost over Flemish has to be met for labour on Monk bond and its derivatives , because the process is not so straightforward as Flemish , and the bricklayers have to stop and think more frequently . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 241 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . `` Monk bond ( ... ) is popular in the North of Europe . Two stretchers are followed by one header in every course , the headers being so disposed that verticality of their axial lines is little apparent , and a striking result is obtained of diagonal lines of stretchers , which look like a series of corbels or cantilevers embedded in the wall . '' Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` FLEMISH GARDEN WALL or SUSSEX BOND . Three stretchers , then one header in every course . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 241 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 23 . Jump up ^ Smeaton , pp. 29 -- 30 . `` The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond ... English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers ; thus , one course is formed with headers , that is , with bricks crossing the wall ; the next with stretchers , that is , with bricks having their length in the same direction as that of the wall ( . ) '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 21 , figures 28 & 29 . ^ Jump up to : Arch . Review , p. 242 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ( 7 . Ggantija In Malta ) Jump up ^ `` INSAP 2 '' . www.insap.org . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ching , Francis ( 1995 ) . A Visual Dictionary of Architecture . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 28451 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` ENGLISH CROSS BOND . Stretchers breaking joint . The second brick of alternate stretching courses is a header . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 37 . Jump up ^ Mulder , Koen ( 2016 ) . Het Zinderend Oppervlak ( The Thrilling Surface ) ( in Dutch ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Steenwijk ( published January 2016 ) . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 824668 - 0 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND . Three stretching courses to each heading course . '' Jump up ^ Susan Reed Smither ( January 29 , 2004 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Clarke - Palmore House / Clarke Home '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . and Accompanying four photos at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission , undated Archived 2010 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` HEADING BOND . All headers except a three - quarters brick at quoin in alternate courses . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , pp. 242 , 245 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ Campbell , James W. P ; Pryce , Will ( 2003 ) . Brick : A World History . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 304 -- 305 and 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 34195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brick Patterns '' . Peter Stewart . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Boral Best Block '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Get It Right '' ( PDF ) . Ibstock Brick . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 154 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brunskill , R.W. ( 1997 ) . Brick Building in Britain . Wellington House , 125 Strand , London WC2R 0BB : Victor Gollancz in association with Peter Crawley . An imprint of the Cassell Group . ISBN 0575065354 . Emmitt , Stephen & Gorse , Christopher A. ( 2010 ) . Barry 's Introduction to Construction of Buildings . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781405188548 . Lloyd , Nathaniel ( 1925 ) . A History of English Brickwork . The Antique Collectors ' Club Ltd . ISBN 0907462367 . Nicholson , Peter ( 1823 ) . The New Practical Builder , and Workman 's Companion . Thomas Kelly , 17 Paternoster Row , London . The Architectural Review . 9 Queen Anne 's Gate , Westminster , S.W. 1 . London : The Architectural Press . May 1936 . Smeaton , A.C. ( 1837 ) . The Builder 's Pocket Manual ; Containing the Elements of Building , Surveying and Architecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions in Carpentry , Bricklaying , Masonry &c . Barnard 's Inn , Holborn : M. Taylor . Sovinski , Rob W. ( 1999 ) . Brick in the Landscape . A Practical Guide to Specification and Design . New York : John Wiley & Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brick walls . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brickwork . Look up brickwork in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Joshi , A. & Ryan , D. ( 20 June 2013 ) . Bricks : A Light Foundation <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Stonemasonry Types Ashlar Rustication Carving Dry stone Letter cutting Masonry Monumental Rubble Sculpture Slipform Materials List of stone Artificial stone Brick Cast stone Decorative stones Dimension stone Fieldstone Flagstone Gabion Granite Marble Mortar Sandstone Slate Tools Angle grinder Bush hammer Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Diamond blade Lewis ( lifting appliance ) Non-explosive demolition agents Plug and feather Stonemason 's hammer Straightedge Techniques Brickwork Flaming Flushwork Knapping Polygonal masonry Repointing Scabbling Tuckpointing Products Hardstone carving Headstone ( Footstone ) Mosaic Sculpture Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland Mason Contractors Association of America Operative Plasterers ' and Cement Masons ' International Association Worshipful Company of Masons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&oldid=838716591 '' Categories : Bricks Construction Construction terminology Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русиньскый Русский سنڌي Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 21 : 24 . 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1. Brickwork construction 2. Bonding techniques in brickwork 3. Different types of brick bonds 4. Thickness and structure of brick walls 5. Cavity walls and wall ties

who had brought the lauh stambh in delhi

Iron pillar of Delhi - Wikipedia Iron pillar of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search The iron pillar of Delhi The iron pillar of Delhi is a 7 m ( 23 ft ) kirti stambha ( column of fame or victory column ) , originally erected and dedicated as dhvaja ( banner ) to Hindu deity lord Vishnu in 3rd to 4th century CE by king Chandra , currently standing in the Qutb complex at Mehrauli in Delhi , India . It is notable for the rust - resistant composition of the metals used in its construction . The pillar has attracted the attention of archaeologists and materials scientists because of its high resistance to corrosion and has been called a `` testimony to the high level of skill achieved by the ancient Indian iron smiths in the extraction and processing of iron . '' The corrosion resistance results from an even layer of crystalline iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate forming on the high - phosphorus - content iron , which serves to protect it from the effects of the Delhi climate . The pillar weighs over 6,000 kg ( 13,000 lb ) and is thought to have originally been erected in what is now Udayagiri by one of the Gupta monarchs in approximately 402 CE , though the precise date and location are a matter of dispute . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical description 2 Inscriptions 2.1 Inscription of King Chandra 2.1. 1 Orthography 2.1. 2 History of study 2.1. 3 Issuance 2.1. 4 Text 2.2 Samvat 1109 inscription 3 Original location 3.1 Relocation 4 Scientific analysis 5 Evidence of cannonball strike 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Physical description ( edit ) The iron pillar stands within the courtyard of Quwwat - ul - Islam Mosque The height of the pillar , from the top of its capital to the bottom of its base , is 7.21 m ( 23 ft 8 in ) , 1.12 m ( 3 ft 8 in ) of which is below ground . Its bell pattern capital is 1.07 m ( 3 ft 6 in ) in height , and its bulb - shaped base is 0.71 m ( 2 ft 4 in ) high . The base rests on a grid of iron bars soldered with lead into the upper layer of the dressed stone pavement . The pillar 's lower diameter is 420 mm ( 17 in ) , and its upper diameter 306 mm ( 12 in ) . It is estimated to weigh more than six tonnes ( 13,228 lb ) . A fence was erected around the pillar in 1997 in response to damage caused by visitors . There is a popular tradition that it was considered good luck if one could stand with one 's back to the pillar and make one 's hands meet behind it . The practice led to significant wear and visible discolouration on the lower portion of the pillar . Inscriptions ( edit ) The pillar carries a number of inscriptions and graffiti of different dates , some of which have not been studied systematically despite the pillar 's prominent location and easy access . Inscription of king Chandra ( edit ) Detail showing the inscription of King Chandragupta II The oldest inscription on the pillar is that of a king named Chandra ( IAST : Candra ) , generally identified as the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II . Orthography ( edit ) The inscription covers an area of 2'9.5 '' × 10.5 `` . The ancient writing is preserved well because of the corrosion - resistant iron on which it is engraved . However , during the engraving process , iron appears to have closed up over some of the strokes , making some of the letters imperfect . It contains verses composed in Sanskrit language , in shardulvikridita metre . It is written in the eastern variety of the Gupta script . The letters vary from 0.3125 '' to 0.5 '' in size , and resemble closely to the letters on the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta . However , it had distinctive matras ( diacritics ) , similar to the ones in the Bilsad inscription of Kumaragupta I. While the edges of the characters on the Allahabad inscription are more curved , the ones on the Delhi inscription have more straight edges . This can be attributed to the fact that the Allahabad inscription was inscribed on softer sandstone , while the Delhi inscription is engraved on the harder material ( iron ) . The text has some unusual deviations from the standard Sanskrit spelling , such as : pranśu instead of praṃśu : the use of dental nasal instead of anusvara mūrtyā instead of mūrttyā : : omission of the second t kīrtyā instead of kīrttyā : omission of the second t śattru instead of śatru ( enemy ) : an extra t History of Study ( edit ) In 1831 , the East India Company officer William Elliott made a facsimile of the inscription . Based on this facsimile , in 1834 , James Prinsep published a lithograph in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( JASB ) . However , this lithograph did not represent even a single letter of the inscription correctly . Some years later , British engineer T.S. Burt made an ink impression of the inscription . Based on this , in 1838 , Prinsep published an improved lithograph in the same journal , with his reading of the script and translation of the text . Decades later , Bhagwan Lal Indraji made another copy of the inscription on a cloth . Based on this copy , Bhau Daji Lad published a revised text and translation in 1875 , in Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ( JBBRAS ) . This reading was the first one to correctly mention the king 's name as Chandra . In 1888 , John Faithfull Fleet published a critical edition of the text in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum . In 1945 , Govardhan Rai Sharma dated the inscription to the first half of the 5th century CE , on paleographic grounds . He observed that its script was similar to the writing on other Gupta - era inscriptions , including the ones discovered at Bilsad ( 415 CE ) , Baigram ( 449 CE ) , and Kahanum ( 449 CE ) . R. Balasubramaniam ( 2005 ) noted that the characters of the Delhi inscription closely resembled the dated inscriptions of Chandragupta II , found at Udayagiri in Madhya Pradesh . Issuance ( edit ) The inscription is undated , and contains a eulogy of a king named Chandra , whose dynasty it does not mention . The identity of this king , and thus the date of the pillar , has been the subject of much debate . The various viewpoints about the identity of the issuer were assembled and analyzed in a volume edited by M.C. Joshi and published in 1989 . The king is now generally identified with the Gupta King Chandragupta II . This identification is based on several points : The script and the poetic style of the inscription , which point to a date in the late fourth or early fifth century CE : the Gupta period . The inscription describes the king as a devotee of the god Vishnu , and records the erection of a dhvaja ( `` standard '' , or pillar ) of Vishnu , on a hill called Vishnupada ( `` hill of the footprint of Vishnu '' ) . Other Gupta inscriptions also describe Chandragupta II as a Bhagavata ( devotee of Vishnu ) . The names of the places mentioned in the inscription are also characteristic of the Gupta era . For example , Dakshina Jalanidhi ( the Indian Ocean ) and Vanga ( the Bengal region ) . The short name `` Chandra '' is inscribed on the archer - type gold coins of Chandragupta II , while his full name and titles appear in a separate , circular legend on the coin . A royal seal of Chandragupta 's wife Dhruvadevi contains the phrase Shri Vishnupada - svami Narayana ( `` Narayana , the lord of the illustrious Vishnupada '' ) . As the inscription is a eulogy and states that the king has abandoned the earth , there has been some discussion as to whether it is posthumous , i.e. whether king Chandra was dead when the record was created . Dasharatha Sharma ( 1938 ) argued that it was non-posthumous . According to B. Chhabra and G.S. Gai , the inscription states that the king 's mind is `` fixed upon Vishnu with devotion '' , and therefore , indicates that the king was alive at the time . They theorize that it may have been recorded when Chandragupta II abdicated his throne , and settled down as a vanaprastha ( retiree ) in Vishnupada . In a volume published in 2009 , Michael Willis has summarised the debates and re-translated the relevant portions of the epigraph . He concludes : `` Candragupta may have passed away but the legacy of his achievement is so great that he seems to remain on earth by virtue of his fame . Emphasis is placed on Candragupta 's conquest of enemies and the merit of his deeds , ideas which are also found in coin legends : kṣitim avajitya sucaritair divaṃ jayati vikramādityaḥ , i.e. ' Having conquered the earth with good conduct , Vikramāditya conquered heaven ' . The king 's conquest of heaven combined with the description of him resorting to the other world in bodily form ( gām āśritasyetarāṃ mūrtyā ) , confirms our understanding of the worthy dead as autonomous theomorphic entities . '' Text ( edit ) Bankelal 's 1903 tablets Following is the Roman script transliteration of the text : Yasy odvarttayah - pratīpamurasā śattrun sametyāgatan Vańgeshvāhava varttinosbhilikhitā khadgena kīrttir bhuje Tirtvā sapta mukhāni yena samare sindhor jjitā Vāhlikāyasyādya pyadhivāsyate jalanidhir vviryyānilair ddakshinah Khinnasy eva visrijya gām narapater ggāmāśritasyaetrām mūr ( t ) yā karmma - jitāvanim gatavatah kīrt ( t ) yā sthitasyakshitau Śāntasyeva mahāvane hutabhujo yasya pratāpo mahānnadhayā pyutsrijati pranāśista - ripor Yyatnasya śesahkshitim Prāptena sva bhuj ārjitan cha suchiran ch aikādhirājayam kshitau chandrāhvena samagra chandra sadriśīm vaktra - śriyam bibhratā Tenāyam pranidhāya bhūmipatinā bhāveva vishno ( shnau ) matim prānśurvisnupade girau bhagavato Vishnuordhidhvajah sthāpitah J.F. Fleet 's 1888 translation is as follows : ( Verse 1 ) He , on whose arm fame was inscribed by the sword , when , in battle in the Vanga countries ( Bengal ) , he kneaded ( and turned ) back with ( his ) breast the enemies who , uniting together , came against ( him ) ; - he , by whom , having crossed in warfare the seven mouths of the ( river ) Sindhu , the Vahlikas were conquered ; - he , by the breezes of whose prowess the southern ocean is even still perfumed ; - ( Verse 2 ) He , the remnant of the great zeal of whose energy , which utterly destroyed ( his ) enemies , like ( the remnant of the great glowing heat ) of a burned - out fire in a great forest , even now leaves not the earth ; though he , the king , as if wearied , has quit this earth , and has gone to the other world , moving in ( bodily ) from to the land ( of paradise ) won by ( the merit of his ) actions , ( but ) remaining on ( this ) earth by ( the memory of his ) fame ; - ( Verse 3 ) By him , the king , attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world , acquired by his own arm and ( enjoyed ) for a very long time ; ( and ) who , having the name of Chandra , carried a beauty of countenance like ( the beauty of ) the full - moon , - having in faith fixed his mind upon ( the god ) Vishnu , this lofty standard of the divine Vishnu was set up on the hill ( called ) Vishnupada . Due to the tablets installed on the building in 1903 by Pandit Banke Rai , the reading provided by him enjoys wide currency . However , Bankelal 's reading and interpretation have been challenged by more recent scholarship . The inscription has been revisited by Michael Willis in his book Archaeology of Hindu Ritual , his special concern being the nature of the king 's spiritual identity after death . His reading and translation of verse 2 is as follows : ( khi ) nnasyeva visṛjya gāṃ narapater ggām āśritasyetarāṃ mūrtyā karrmajitāvaniṃ gatavataḥ kīrtyā sthitasya kṣitau ( * ) śāntasyeva mahāvane hutabhujo yasya pratāpo mahān nādyāpy utsṛjati praṇāśitaripor yyatnasya śeṣaḥ kṣitim ( * ) The Sanskrit portion given above can be translated as follows : The residue of the king 's effort -- a burning splendour which utterly destroyed his enemies -- leaves not the earth even now , just like ( the residual heat of ) a burned - out conflagration in a great forest . He , as if wearied , has abandoned this world , and resorted in actual form to the other world -- a place won by the merit of his deeds -- ( and although ) he has departed , he remains on earth through ( the memory of his ) fame ( kīrti ) . Willis concludes : `` Candragupta may have passed away but the legacy of his achievement is so great that he seems to remain on earth by virtue of his fame . Emphasis is placed on Candragupta 's conquest of enemies and the merit of his deeds , ideas which are also found in coin legends : kṣitim avajitya sucaritair divaṃ jayati vikramādityaḥ , i.e. ' Having conquered the earth with good conduct , Vikramāditya conquered heaven ' . The king 's conquest of heaven combined with the description of him resorting to the other world in bodily form ( gām āśritasyetarāṃ mūrtyā ) , confirms our understanding of the worthy dead as autonomous theomorphic entities . '' Samvat 1109 inscription ( edit ) One short inscription on the pillar is associated with the Tomara king Anangpal , although it is hard to decipher . Alexander Cunningham ( 1862 - 63 ) read the inscription as follows : Samvat Dihali 1109 Ang Pāl bahi Translation : `` In Samvat 1109 ( 1052 CE ) , Ang ( Anang ) Pāl peopled Dilli '' Based on this reading , Cunningham theorized that Anangpal had moved the pillar to its current location while establishing the city of Delhi . However , his reading has been contested by the later scholars . Buddha Rashmi Mani ( 1997 ) read it as follows : Samvat Kinllī 1109 Angapala bādi Translation : `` Anangpal tightened the nail ( iron pillar ) in Samvat 1109 '' Original location ( edit ) While the pillar was certainly used as a trophy in building the Quwwat - ul - Islam mosque and the Qutb complex , its original location , whether on the site itself or from elsewhere , is debated . According to the inscription of king Chandra , the pillar was erected at Vishnupadagiri ( Vishnupada ) . J.F. Fleet ( 1898 ) identified this place with Mathura , because of its proximity to Delhi ( the find spot of the inscription ) and the city 's reputation as a Vasihnavite pilgrimage centre . However , archaeological evidence indicates that during the Gupta period , Mathura was a major centre of Buddhism , although Vaishnavism may have existed there . Moreover , Mathura lies in plains , and only contains some small hillocks and mounds : there is no true giri ( hill ) in Mathura . Based on paleographic similarity to the dated inscriptions from Udayagiri , the Gupta - era iconography , analysis of metallurgy and other evidence , Meera Dass and R. Balasubramaniam ( 2004 ) theorized that the iron pillar was originally erected at Udayagiri . According to them , the pillar , with a wheel or discus at the top , was originally located at the Udayagiri Caves . This conclusion was partly based on the fact that the inscription mentions Vishnupada - giri ( IAST : Viṣṇupadagiri , meaning `` hill with footprint of Viṣṇu '' ) . This conclusion was endorsed and elaborated by Michael Willis in his Archaeology of Hindu Ritual , published in 2009 . The key point in favour of placing the iron pillar at Udayagiri is that this site was closely associated with Chandragupta and the worship of Vishnu in the Gupta period . In addition , there are well - established traditions of mining and working iron in central India , documented particularly by the iron pillar at Dhar and local place names like Lohapura and Lohangī Pīr ( see Vidisha ) . The king of Delhi , Iltutmish , is known to have attacked and sacked Vidisha in the thirteenth century and this would have given him an opportunity to remove the pillar as a trophy to Delhi , just as the Tughluq rulers brought Asokan pillars to Delhi in the 1300s . Relocation ( edit ) It is not certain when the pillar was moved to Delhi from its original location . Alexander Cunningham attributed the relocation to the Tomara king Anangpal , based on the short pillar inscription ascribed to this king . Pasanaha Chariu , a 1132 CE Jain Apabhramsha text composed by Vibudh Shridhar , states that `` the weight of his pillar caused the Lord of the Snakes to tremble '' . The identification of this pillar with the iron pillar lends support to the theory that the pillar was already in Delhi during Anangpal 's reign . Another theory is that the relocation happened during the Muslim rule in Delhi . Some scholars have assumed that it happened around 1200 CE , when Qutb al - Din Aibak commenced the construction of the Qutb complex as a general of Muhammad of Ghor . Finbarr Barry Flood ( 2009 ) theorizes that it was Qutb al - Din 's successor Iltutmish ( r . 1210 - 36 CE ) , who moved the pillar to Delhi . Scientific analysis ( edit ) Details of the top of iron pillar , Qutub Minar , Delhi . The pillar was manufactured by the forge welding of pieces of wrought iron . In a report published in the journal Current Science , R. Balasubramaniam of the IIT Kanpur explains how the pillar 's resistance to corrosion is due to a passive protective film at the iron - rust interface . The presence of second - phase particles ( slag and unreduced iron oxides ) in the microstructure of the iron , that of high amounts of phosphorus in the metal , and the alternate wetting and drying existing under atmospheric conditions are the three main factors in the three - stage formation of that protective passive film . Lepidocrocite and goethite are the first amorphous iron oxyhydroxides that appear upon oxidation of iron . High corrosion rates are initially observed . Then , an essential chemical reaction intervenes : slag and unreduced iron oxides ( second phase particles ) in the iron microstructure alter the polarisation characteristics and enrich the metal -- scale interface with phosphorus , thus indirectly promoting passivation of the iron ( cessation of rusting activity ) . The second - phase particles act as a cathode , and the metal itself serves as anode , for a mini-galvanic corrosion reaction during environment exposure . Part of the initial iron oxyhydroxides is also transformed into magnetite , which somewhat slows down the process of corrosion . The ongoing reduction of lepidocrocite and the diffusion of oxygen and complementary corrosion through the cracks and pores in the rust still contribute to the corrosion mechanism from atmospheric conditions . The Iron Pillar in Qutub Minar , c. 1905 The next main agent to intervene in protection from oxidation is phosphorus , enhanced at the metal -- scale interface by the same chemical interaction previously described between the slags and the metal . The ancient Indian smiths did not add lime to their furnaces . The use of limestone as in modern blast furnaces yields pig iron that is later converted into steel ; in the process , most phosphorus is carried away by the slag . The absence of lime in the slag and the use of specific quantities of wood with high phosphorus content ( for example , Cassia auriculata ) during the smelting induces a higher phosphorus content ( > 0.1 % , average 0.25 % ) than in modern iron produced in blast furnaces ( usually less than 0.05 % ) . One analysis gives 0.10 % in the slags for 0.18 % in the iron itself . This high phosphorus content and particular repartition are essential catalysts in the formation of a passive protective film of misawite ( d - FeOOH ) , an amorphous iron oxyhydroxide that forms a barrier by adhering next to the interface between metal and rust . Misawite , the initial corrosion - resistance agent , was thus named because of the pioneering studies of Misawa and co-workers on the effects of phosphorus and copper and those of alternating atmospheric conditions in rust formation . The most critical corrosion - resistance agent is iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate ( FePO - H PO - 4H O ) under its crystalline form and building up as a thin layer next to the interface between metal and rust . Rust initially contains iron oxide / oxyhydroxides in their amorphous forms . Due to the initial corrosion of metal , there is more phosphorus at the metal -- scale interface than in the bulk of the metal . Alternate environmental wetting and drying cycles provide the moisture for phosphoric - acid formation . Over time , the amorphous phosphate is precipitated into its crystalline form ( the latter being therefore an indicator of old age , as this precipitation is a rather slow happening ) . The crystalline phosphate eventually forms a continuous layer next to the metal , which results in an excellent corrosion resistance layer . In 1,600 years , the film has grown just one - twentieth of a millimetre thick . In 1969 , in his first book , Chariots of the Gods ? , Erich von Däniken cited the absence of corrosion on the Delhi pillar and the unknown nature of its creation as evidence of extraterrestrial visitation . When informed by an interviewer , in 1974 , that the column was not in fact rust - free , and that its method of construction was well - understood , von Däniken responded that he no longer considered the pillar or its creation to be a mystery . Balasubramaniam states that the pillar is `` a living testimony to the skill of metallurgists of ancient India '' . An interview with Balasubramaniam and his work can be seen in the 2005 article by Veazy . Further research published in 2009 showed that corrosion has developed evenly over the surface of the pillar . It was claimed in the 1920s that iron manufactured in Mirjati near Jamshedpur is similar to the iron of the Delhi pillar . Further work on Adivasi ( tribal ) iron by the National Metallurgical Laboratory in the 1960s did not verify this claim . Evidence of cannonball strike ( edit ) Upper half of pillar , demonstrating horizontal fissuring thought to be caused by cannonball strike A significant indentation on the middle section of the pillar , approximately 4 m ( 13 ft ) from the current courtyard ground level , has been shown to be the result of a cannonball fired at close range . The impact caused horizontal fissuring of the column in the area diametrically opposite to the indentation site , but the column itself remained intact . While no contemporaneous records , inscriptions , or documents describing the event are known to exist , historians generally agree that Nadir Shah is likely to have ordered the pillar 's destruction during his invasion of Delhi in 1739 CE , as he would have considered a Hindu temple monument undesirable within an Islamic mosque complex . Alternatively , he may have sought to dislodge the decorative top portion of the pillar in search of hidden precious stones or other items of value . No additional damage attributable to cannon fire has been found on the pillar , suggesting that no further shots were taken . Historians have speculated that ricocheting fragments of the cannonball may have damaged the nearby Quwwat - ul - Islam mosque -- which is known to have suffered damage to its southwestern portion during the same period -- and the assault on the pillar might have been abandoned as a result . See also ( edit ) Pillars of Ashoka History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent Wootz steel Parkerizing Serpent Column References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Finbarr Barry Flood , 2003 , `` Pillar , palimpsets , and princely practices '' , Res , Xliii , New York University , pp97 . ^ Jump up to : On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar , R. Balasubramaniam , Corrosion Science , Volume 42 ( 2000 ) pp. 2103 -- 2129 . `` Corrosion Science '' is a publication specialized in corrosion science and engineering . Jump up ^ Yoshio Waseda ; Shigeru Suzuki ( 2006 ) . Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces . Springer . p. vii . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 35177 - 1 . Jump up ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Joshi , M.C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Mehrauli Iron Pillar '' . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87358 - 29 - 9 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Ashvini ( 1989 - 01 - 01 ) . Rise and fall of the imperial Guptas . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0592 - 7 . Jump up ^ B. Chhabra & G.S. Gai 2006 , pp. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ B. Chhabra & G.S. Gai 2006 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : B. Chhabra & G.S. Gai 2006 , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : B. Chhabra & G.S. Gai 2006 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ G.R. Sharma . `` Chandra of the Mehrauli Pillar Inscription '' . Indian Historical Quarterly . XXI : 202 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : M.C. Joshi , ed . King Chandra and the Mehrauli Pillar ( Meerut , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Delhi Iron Pillar : New Insights . R. Balasubramaniam , Aryan Books International , Delhi , and Indian Institute of Advanced Study , Shimla , 2002 , Hardbound , ISBN 81 - 7305 - 223 - 9 . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Dasharatha Sharma . `` The Non-Posthumous Character of the Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription '' . Indian Culture . 5 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Michael D. Willis , The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual ( Cambridge , 2009 ) : chapter 3 . Jump up ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , pp. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ James Allan , Catalogue of the Coins of the Gupta Dynasties , pp. 34 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Cynthia Talbot 2015 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ M.C. Joshi , S.K. Gupta and Shankar Goyal , eds. , King Chandra and the Mehrauli Pillar ( Meerut , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Javid , Ali ; Javeed , Tabassum ( 2007 ) . World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India Vol 1 . Pg. 107 . Algora Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 482 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ R. Balasubramaniam 2005 , pp. 13 - 14 . Jump up ^ Identity of Chandra and Vishnupadagiri of the Delhi Iron Pillar Inscription : Numismatic , Archaeological and Literary Evidence , R Balasubramaniam , Bulletin of Metals Museum , 32 ( 2000 ) 42 -- 64 . Jump up ^ On the Astronomical Significance of the Delhi Iron Pillar , R Balasubramaniam and Meera I Dass , Current Science , volume 86 ( 2004 ) pp. 1134 -- 1142. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Michael D. Willis , The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual ( Cambridge , 2009 ) . Partly available online , see http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2427416/?site_locale=en_GB Jump up ^ Cynthia Talbot 2015 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Talbot 2015 , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar , R. Balasubramaniam , Corrosion Science , Volume 42 ( 2000 ) pp. 2103 -- 2129 . ^ Jump up to : On the growth kinetics of the protective passive film of the Delhi Iron Pillar , R. Balasubramaniam , Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur 208 016 , India . Current Science , vol. 82 , no . 11 , 10 June 2002 . Jump up ^ On the Origin of High Phosphorus Content in Ancient Indian Iron , Vikas Kumar and R. Balasubramaniam , International Journal of Metals , Materials and Processes , vol. 14 , pp. 1 -- 14 . 2002 Jump up ^ The mechanism of atmospheric rusting and the effect of Cu and P on the rust formation of low alloy steels , T. Misawa , T. Kyuno , W. Suetaka , S. Shimodaira , Corrosion Science 11 ( 1971 ) 35 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Däniken , Erich von : Chariots of the Gods ? , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Playboy magazine , page 64 , Volume 21 Number 8 , 1974 Jump up ^ Story , R . The Space Gods Revealed : A Close Look at the Theories of Erich von Däniken . New York : Harper & Row ( 1976 ) , pp. 88 - 9 . ISBN 0060141417 Jump up ^ 1600 Years Young , Materials Performance , July , 2005 . Jump up ^ Kamachi Mudali , U. ; Baldev Raj ( February 2009 ) . `` Insitu corrosion investigations on Delhi iron pillar '' . Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 62 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 33 . doi : 10.1007 / s12666 - 009 - 0004 - 2 . Jump up ^ Andrew McWilliam 1920 , cited in Chakrabarti 1992 Jump up ^ Some Observations on Corrosion - Resistance of Ancient Delhi Iron Pillar and Present - time Adivasi Iron Made by Primitive Methods , A.K. Lahiri , T. Banerjee and B.R. Nijhawan . NML Tech . J. , 5 ( 1963 ) 46 - 5 . Cited in On the corrosion resistance of the Delhi iron pillar , R. Balasubramaniam . Jump up ^ Prasad KK , Ray HS . The Making of ( and attempts at breaking ) the Iron Pillar of Delhi . Steel World , No. 1 ( 2001 ) pp. 51 - 56 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hearne GR . The Seven Cities of Delhi . Nabu Press ( 2010 ) , p. 62 . ISBN 114954399X . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam R. Decorative Bell Capital of the Delhi Iron Pillar . Journal of Operations Management , 50 ( 3 ) ( 1998 ) , pp. 40 - 47 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam R , Prabhakar VN , Shankar M. On Technical Analysis of Cannon Shot Crater on Delhi Iron Pillar . Indian Journal of History of Science , 44.1 ( 2009 ) , pp. 29 - 46 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) B. Chhabra ; G.S. Gai ( 2006 ) . `` Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription of Chandra '' . In Upinder Singh . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87358 - 29 - 9 . Cynthia Talbot ( 2015 ) . The Last Hindu Emperor : Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past , 1200 -- 2000 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107118560 . R. Balasubramaniam ( 2005 ) . Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar . Foundation Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7596 - 278 - 1 . King Chandra and the Mehrauli Pillar , M.C. Joshi , S.K. Gupta and Shankar Goyal , Eds. , Kusumanjali Publications , Meerut , 1989 . The Rustless Wonder -- A Study of the Iron Pillar at Delhi , T.R. Anantharaman , Vigyan Prasar New Delhi , 1996 . Delhi Iron Pillar : New Insights . R. Balasubramaniam , Aryan Books International , Delhi , and Indian Institute of Advanced Study , Shimla , 2002 , Hardbound , ISBN 81 - 7305 - 223 - 9 . ( 4 ) ( 5 ) The Delhi Iron Pillar : Its Art , Metallurgy and Inscriptions , M.C. Joshi , S.K. Gupta and Shankar Goyal , Eds. , Kusumanjali Publications , Meerut , 1996 . The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub , R. Balasubramaniam , Aryan Books International , New Delhi , 2005 , Hardbound , ISBN 81 - 7305 - 293 - X . `` Delhi Iron Pillar '' ( in two parts ) , R. Balasubramaniam , IIM Metal News Volume 7 , No. 2 , April 2004 , pp. 11 -- 17 and IIM Metal News Volume 7 , No. 3 , June 2004 , pp. 5 -- 13 . ( 6 ) New Insights on the 1600 - Year Old Corrosion Resistant Delhi Iron Pillar , R. Balasubramaniam , Indian Journal of History of Science 36 ( 2001 ) 1 -- 49 . The Early use of Iron in India , Dilip K. Chakrabarti , Oxford University Press , New Delhi , 1992 , ISBN 0195629922 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to iron pillar . Detailed list of Publications on Delhi Iron Pillar by Balasubramaniam , IIT Kanpur Corrosion resistance of Delhi iron pillar Nondestructive evaluation of the Delhi iron pillar Current Science , Indian Academy of Sciences , Vol. 88 , No. 12 , 25 June 2005 ( PDF ) The Delhi Iron Pillar IIT team solves the pillar mystery , 21 Mar 2005 , Times of India ( About Nondestructive evaluation of the Delhi iron pillar ) ( General article on Delhi Iron Pillar in `` One India One People '' , May 2006 , By Prof R Balasubramanium , IIT Kanpur and SM Khened , Nehru Science Centre , Mumbai ) Coordinates : 28 ° 31 ′ 28.76 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 6.25 '' E  /  28.5246556 ° N 77.1850694 ° E  / 28.5246556 ; 77.1850694 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_pillar_of_Delhi&oldid=808220189 '' Categories : Monumental columns in India Buildings and structures in Delhi Tourist attractions in Delhi Mehrauli Out - of - place artifacts Archaeological monuments in Delhi Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions Metallurgical industry in India History of metallurgy Lost inventions Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 16 : 22 . 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1. Iron pillar of Delhi 2. Rust-resistant composition 3. Corrosion resistance 4. Inscriptions and history 5. Original location and scientific analysis

what county is marco island in in florida

Marco Island , Florida - wikipedia Marco Island , Florida Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Marco Island , Florida <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> City of Marco Island <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : La Isla de San Marco <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Collier County and the state of Florida <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 25 ° 56 ′ 26 '' N 81 ° 42 ′ 53 '' W  /  25.94056 ° N 81.71472 ° W  / 25.94056 ; - 81.71472 Coordinates : 25 ° 56 ′ 26 '' N 81 ° 42 ′ 53 '' W  /  25.94056 ° N 81.71472 ° W  / 25.94056 ; - 81.71472 Country United States of America State Florida County Collier <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 22.79 sq mi ( 59.03 km ) Land 12.14 sq mi ( 31.46 km ) Water 10.65 sq mi ( 27.58 km ) Elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) Total 16,413 Estimate ( 2016 ) 17,847 Density 1,469.49 / sq mi ( 567.38 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 34145 -- 34146 Area code ( s ) 239 FIPS code 12 - 43083 GNIS feature ID 0286403 Website Official website Marco Island is a city in Collier County , Florida , United States , located on an island by the same name in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Southwest Florida . It is a principal city of the Naples -- Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 16,413 at the 2010 census . Marco Island is the largest barrier island within Southwest Florida 's Ten Thousand Islands area extending southerly to Cape Sable . Parts of the island have some scenic , high elevations relative to the generally flat south Florida landscape . Like the city of Naples to the north , Marco Island has a tropical climate ; specifically a tropical wet and dry or savanna type ( Aw under the Köppen system ) . It is known for distinct wet and dry seasons , with most of the rainfall falling between the months of June and October . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Education 5 Transportation 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The history of Marco Island can be traced as far back as 500 A.D. , when the Calusa people inhabited the island as well as the rest of southwest Florida . A number of Calusa artifacts were discovered on Marco Island in 1896 by anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing as part of the Pepper - Hearst Expedition . The most notable artifact discovered was the carved wooden `` Key Marco Cat '' which is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution . When Spanish explorers came to the island in the mid 1500s , they gave the island the name La Isla de San Marcos after Gospel writer St. Mark . Early development of the island began in the late 1800s after the arrival of William Thomas Collier and his family . Collier founded the village of Marco on the island in 1870 , and in 1896 Collier 's son , William D. `` Capt . Bill '' Collier , opened a hotel on the island , known today as the Olde Marco Inn . Clam digging became a major industry on Marco Island and throughout the Ten Thousand Islands in the early 1900s . The Burnham Clam Cannery began operation near Caxambas Pass in 1903 and operated until 1929 . The Doxsee Clam Cannery also operated from 1911 to 1947 . Ferry service began to the island in 1912 , which operated between Marco Island and the Isles of Capri . A road on the mainland linked the ferry landing with East Naples ( just west of State Road 951 ) . A small piece of this road still exists today and is known as Barefoot Williams Road . Barron G. Collier ( whom Collier County is named after , and of no relation to William T. Collier ) purchased a large amount of land on Marco Island in 1922 , and in 1927 the island incorporated as Collier City . Collier City was abolished in 1957 . James Harvey Doxsee Sr. served as Collier City 's only mayor . Play media Marco Island in the 1960s Also in 1927 , the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad began service to the island after extending their route from Fort Myers and Naples . The railroad ran to the island along the present route of State Road 951 . Rail service was discontinued in 1944 . The first vehicle bridge to the island was a small wooden swing bridge built in 1938 near Goodland on the southeast side of the island . Remnants of this bridge can be seen today next to the current Goodland Bridge ( built in 1975 ) . The island 's ferry service was discontinued after the original Goodland Bridge opened . Significant development of Marco Island took place in the 1960s that made it into the tourist destination it is known as today . The Mackle brothers of the Deltona Corporation led the development of the island after purchasing large amounts of land there for $7 million . As a result of development , the S.S. Jolley Bridge opened for traffic in 1969 . Marco Island was reincorporated as a city on August 28 , 1997 . On September 10 , 2017 , Hurricane Irma made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on the island . Geography ( edit ) Marco Island is located in southwestern Collier County at 25 ° 56 ′ 26 '' N 81 ° 42 ′ 53 '' W  /  25.94056 ° N 81.71472 ° W  / 25.94056 ; - 81.71472 ( 25.940619 , - 81.714843 ) , along the Gulf of Mexico . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles ( 59.0 km ) , of which 12.1 square miles ( 31.4 km ) is land and 10.7 square miles ( 27.6 km ) ( 46.73 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1980 4,694 -- 9,493 102.2 % 2000 14,879 56.7 % 16,413 10.3 % Est. 2016 17,847 8.7 % <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 , there were 16,413 people , 7,517 households , and 17,134 housing units in the city . The population density was 1,352.0 inhabitants per square mile ( 543.5 / km2 ) . There were 14,826 housing units at an average density of 1,402.1 per square mile ( 12.14 square miles ) . The racial makeup of the city was 95.9 % White , 0.5 % African American , 0.1 % American Indian , 1.1 % Asian and 7.1 % Hispanic or Latino . There were 7,517 households out of which 9.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.7 % were 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.21 . The median income for a household in the city was $73,373 , and the per capita income was $52,089. 2.1 % of the population were below the poverty level . Education ( edit ) The District School Board of Collier County operates the following schools serving Marco Island : Marco Island Academy High School Marco Island Charter Middle School Tommie Barfield Elementary School Private school : Island Montessori Academy Transportation ( edit ) Marco Island is served by Collier Area Transit 's Route # 21 and Route # 121 ( Express : Immokalee to Marco Island ) Notable people ( edit ) John Boehner Michael Collins , astronaut William J. Cullerton , World War II flying ace Leighton Meester See also ( edit ) Florida portal Key Marco References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Marco Island city , Florida '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Layden , Laura ( 3 April 2012 ) . `` Lighthouse Project - History : Marco began as a place for catching , canning clams '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Island 's History '' . Marco Island Visitor Guide . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Markers of Marco Island '' . Marco Sun . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Cousineau , Bonnie Jean . `` Barefoot Williams '' . Naples , Florida History . Naples Historical Society . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Gregg M. ( December 1 , 1999 ) . Railroads of Southwest Florida . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Modern Marco '' . Marco Island Historical Society . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Present Day Marco Island '' . City of Marco Island . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Island Academy '' . www.marcoislandacademy.com . Jump up ^ `` Marco Island Charter Middle School '' . micms.org . Jump up ^ `` Tommie Barfield Elementary / Homepage '' . collier.k12.fl.us . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` House Speaker John Boehner bringing tan , tears to Marco Island after buying luxury condo '' . February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Megan , Graydon ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` William Cullerton , 1923 - 2013 WWII pilot , entrepreneur , radio host and well - known outdoorsman championed conservation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Marco Island at Wikimedia Commons Official website Marco Island Living magazine <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Collier County , Florida , United States <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : East Naples Cities Everglades City Marco Island Naples CDPs Chokoloskee Golden Gate Goodland Immokalee Island Walk Lely Lely Resort Naples Manor Naples Park Orangetree Pelican Bay Pine Ridge Plantation Island Verona Walk Vineyards Unincorporated communities Ave Maria Carnestown Copeland East Naples Jerome Miles City North Naples Ochopee Vanderbilt Beach Vanderbilt Beach Estates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Island,_Florida&oldid=826220724 '' Categories : Cities in Collier County , Florida Populated coastal places in Florida on the Gulf of Mexico Cities in Florida Former census - designated places in Florida Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Marco Island, Florida - location and geography 2. History of Marco Island, including early inhabitants and development 3. Demographics and population of Marco Island 4. Education and transportation in Marco Island 5. Notable people associated with Marco Island

what was the point of the movie legion

Legion ( 2010 film ) - wikipedia Legion ( 2010 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Legion <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Scott Stewart Produced by David Lancaster Michel Litvak Written by Peter Schink Scott Stewart Starring Paul Bettany Lucas Black Tyrese Gibson Adrianne Palicki Charles S. Dutton Jon Tenney Kevin Durand Willa Holland Kate Walsh Dennis Quaid Doug Jones Jeanette Miller Music by John Frizzell Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Steven Kemper Production company Bold Films Distributed by Screen Gems Release date January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $26 million Box office $67.9 million Legion is a 2010 American apocalyptic supernatural action horror film directed by Scott Stewart and co-written by Stewart and Peter Schink . The cast includes Paul Bettany , Lucas Black , Tyrese Gibson , Adrianne Palicki , Kate Walsh , and Dennis Quaid . Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group acquired most of this film 's worldwide distribution rights , and the group opened this film in North America theatrically on January 22 , 2010 through Screen Gems . A television series called Dominion , set 25 years after the end of the film , premiered on the American cable television network Syfy on June 19 , 2014 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 In other media 6.1 Television 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The Archangel Michael ( Paul Bettany ) falls to Earth in Los Angeles and cuts off his own wings . He steals a police car after a policeman is killed by another officer who is possessed . He travels towards the Paradise Falls Diner , near the edge of the Mojave Desert . Meanwhile , Kyle ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a single father driving to Los Angeles , stops at the diner . He meets the owner , Bob Hanson ( Dennis Quaid ) ; Bob 's son , Jeep ( Lucas Black ) ; Percy ( Charles S. Dutton ) , the short - order cook ; Charlie ( Adrianne Palicki ) , a pregnant waitress ; Howard ( Jon Tenney ) and Sandra ( Kate Walsh ) Anderson , a married couple ; and Audrey ( Willa Holland ) , their rebellious teenage daughter . The elderly Gladys ( Jeanette Miller ) enters the diner and begins taunting the diner 's patrons . When Howard confronts her , she rips his throat open with her teeth before screeching that they are all going to die , and climbs up the ceiling . Kyle shoots her before she can kill Jeep . Percy , Kyle , Sandra , Audrey and Charlie try to get Howard to the hospital , but they are forced to turn back after passing through an apocalyptic swarm of flies . Michael arrives and arms the patrons as the entire sky turns black . Hundreds of cars approach , filled with possessed people who begin to attack the diner . Michael leads the patrons in the fight , but Howard is dragged away . Later , Michael explains that God has lost faith in mankind and has sent his angels to destroy the human race . He also reveals that Charlie 's baby must stay alive , as it is destined to be the savior of mankind ; Michael disobeyed God 's order to kill Charlie 's baby , as he still has faith in humanity . The next morning , Sandra discovers Howard crucified behind the restaurant and covered with huge boils . She tries to rescue him , but he violently explodes into acid . Percy dies shielding Sandra from the blast . Sandra is driven insane and must be restrained . Meanwhile , the remaining survivors hear a radio transmission that reveals there are other pockets of resistance . One such refuge is nearby , but Michael advises them not to go , since they would be too vulnerable on the move . That night , a second wave of possessed people attack . Kyle is lured into a trap and killed while Charlie goes into labor . Audrey and Michael help to deliver the baby as trumpets sound , signaling the approach of the Archangel Gabriel ( Kevin Durand ) . In a panic , Sandra breaks her restraints and tries to give the baby to the possessed , but she is executed by Michael . Moments later , Gabriel enters the diner and fatally wounds Bob . Michael urges the group to escape and tells Jeep to `` find the prophets , learn to read the instructions '' . The hordes of possessed humans are unable to approach Charlie 's baby ; Jeep , Audrey , Charlie , and the baby go to Michael 's cruiser . Gabriel and Michael fight to a standstill before Gabriel stabs Michael through the chest with his morning star . Michael dies and his body disappears . Dying , Bob uses his lighter , which is engraved with `` hope , '' to ignite the diner 's gas main and blow up the diner , incinerating himself and the remaining possessed . Jeep 's body is covered in the same mysterious drawings seen on Michael 's body ; Jeep concludes that the tattoos are his instructions . Gabriel appears and flies onto the fleeing car . Audrey jumps on him and yells at Jeep to slam on the brakes , sending her and Gabriel through the front windshield , as the car crashes , and buying Jeep and Charlie time to get away , but in the process Audrey is killed . Eventually Gabriel corners them in the nearby mountains and is about to kill them when Michael descends from Heaven , an Archangel again . Michael tells Gabriel that Gabriel gave God what he asked for , but Michael did what God needed , giving humanity another chance ; Michael says this was God 's plan to test his angels and that Gabriel failed Him . Ashamed , Gabriel leaves . Michael explains to Jeep that he is the child 's true protector and that they will see Michael again , before flying away . Charlie and Jeep reach the top of the mountain and see a small town in the valley below . Sometime later , Charlie , Jeep , and the baby drive away in a station wagon . The shot widens to show that the back of the car is full of weapons . Cast ( edit ) Paul Bettany as Michael , a fallen archangel and leader of the human survivors . Dennis Quaid as Bob Hanson , the diner 's atheist owner . Lucas Black as Jeep Hanson , Bob 's son , who works as a mechanic . He 's in love with Charlie . Adrianne Palicki as Charlie , a downtrodden , pregnant waitress whose baby is humanity 's savior . Tyrese Gibson as Kyle Williams , a divorced man heading to L.A. to battle over custody of his son . Charles S. Dutton as Percy Walker , the diner 's religious short order cook . He lost a hand serving as a soldier . Jon Tenney as Howard Anderson , Sandra 's husband and Audrey 's father . Kate Walsh as Sandra Anderson , Howard 's wife and Audrey 's mother . Willa Holland as Audrey Anderson , Howard and Sandra 's daughter . Kevin Durand as Gabriel , leader of the angel army sent against humanity . Doug Jones as a possessed ice cream man who attacks the diner . Jeanette Miller as Gladys , the possessed old woman who 's the first to attack the diner . Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place in New Mexico in the spring of 2008 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Legion was released on January 22 , 2010 in 2,476 theaters and took in $6,686,233 -- $2,700 per theater its opening day . On its opening weekend it grossed $17,501,625 -- $7,069 per theater and placed second behind Avatar . It placed No. 6 on its second weekend , and grossed an estimated $6,800,000 -- $2,746 per theater , a 61.1 % drop from the previous weekend . The film has come to gross $67,918,658 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 19 % based on reviews from 101 critics , with an average rating average of 3.8 out of 10 . The site 's general consensus is : `` Despite a solid cast and intermittent thrills , Legion suffers from a curiously languid pace , confused plot , and an excess of dialogue . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 0 -- 100 reviews from film critics , has a rating score of 32 % based on 14 reviews . Paul Nicholasi of Dread Central gave the film a one and a half out of five stars , saying , `` The finished product is shockingly bad . If countless angles of people firing guns with spent shells clinking to the ground is all your heart yearns for , then Legion may be your ideal Saturday night . Hoping for anything more is an exercise in futility . Spare yourself the agony . '' Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting gave it 1 out of 5 stars , calling it `` a prude film with some potential . It 's boring , slow paced and it takes itself way too seriously . '' Variety film critic Joe Leydon gave the film a mixed analysis . Leydon claimed `` Even when the blood - and - thunder hokiness of the over-the - top plot tilts perilously close to absurdity , the admirably straight - faced performances by well - cast lead players provide just enough counterbalance to sustain curiosity and sympathy . '' Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a mixed review stating , `` the goings - on in Legion are seriously silly ( not to mention more than a little derivative of endless movies , especially the Terminator series ) , but director Scott Stewart has provided enough stylish finesse to make the proceedings a real hoot . '' Home Media ( edit ) Legion was released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 11 , 2010 . In other Media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : Dominion ( TV series ) In 2014 , Syfy began airing the television series Dominion , a sequel set 25 years after the end of the film . Scott Stewart , the writer / director of Legion , served as executive producer . Stewart also directed Dominion 's pilot episode , which was written by Vaun Wilmott and aired on June 19 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LEGION ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pics unit ups Shooman '' . Login.vnuemedia.com. 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Announces Premiere Dates for ' Defiance ' and ' Dominion ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` Quaid , Walsh join Stewart 's ' Legion ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` A Whole Lotta ' Legion ' Character Banners '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 22 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 22 -- 24 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Legion ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legion : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicholasi , Paul ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Legion ( 2010 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Legion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Legion Review '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Legion -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` Blu - ray and DVD Specs : Legion '' . Dread Central . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dominion ' Ordered to Series at Syfy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Announces Premiere Dates for ' Defiance ' and ' Dominion ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Legion on IMDb Legion at the American Film Institute Catalog Legion at Box Office Mojo Legion at Rotten Tomatoes Legion at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Scott Stewart <Td_colspan="2"> Legion ( 2010 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Dark Skies ( 2013 ) Holidays ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legion_(2010_film)&oldid=847569292 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films American films 2010 horror films 2010s action thriller films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s supernatural films American action thriller films American fantasy adventure films American horror films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films Horror adventure films Action horror films Apocalyptic films Films about angels Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Scott Stewart ( director ) Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in New Mexico Pregnancy films Religious horror films Bold Films films Screen Gems films Directorial debut films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 08 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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1. Legion (2010 film) 2. Apocalyptic supernatural action horror film 3. Directed by Scott Stewart 4. Cast includes Paul Bettany, Lucas Black, Tyrese Gibson, Adrianne Palicki, Kate Walsh, and Dennis Quaid 5. Released on January 22, 2010

who sings dirty dancing time of my life

( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life - wikipedia ( I 've Had ) the Time of My Life Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia Released September 1987 Format 7 '' single 12 '' maxi cassette CD single Recorded Genre Soft rock , adult contemporary , pop Length 4 : 47 ( LP and single version ) 6 : 46 ( extended version ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola Donald Markowitz Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` ( I 've Had ) The Time Of My Life '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 '' - U.S. <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte , John DeNicola , and Donald Markowitz . It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing . The song has won a number of awards , including an Academy Award for `` Best Original Song '' , a Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song '' , and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Awards 6 Cover versions and samples 7 Formats and track listings 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts . He had success with the song `` Sweetheart '' in 1981 , but by 1986 was without a recording contract . In late 1986 or early 1987 , producer and head of Millennium Records , Jimmy Ienner , asked Previte about writing some music for `` a little movie called Dirty Dancing '' . Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal , but Ienner was persistent , and got Previte to write several songs for the film , including `` Hungry Eyes '' , later recorded by singer Eric Carmen , which also became a top 10 hit . Previte wrote the lyrics , and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz . After getting further approval , Previte created a demo of the song , performing on it himself , along with singer Rachele Cappelli . The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used , employing a `` cold open '' , or a slow build - up of the song to its finale . This demo was n't used in the final cut of the film − the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was . However , because the Warnes / Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed ( it was shot first , due to the tight budget ) , Previte and Capelli 's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track , so that the actors , Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey , and the dancers , could have something to dance to ( Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version , even including all the subsequent remakes ) . The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte 's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts , but is only listed as `` Bonus Track '' . The song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito , but they turned it down . Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording , but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born , and he had promised his wife he would be there . After the birth of his daughter , Medley was approached again , because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley . Medley then agreed to record the track . With the release of the film it became a worldwide hit , and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio . A song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing , but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison ( who also played Vivian in the film ) selected `` The Time of My Life '' instead . Music video ( edit ) A music video was produced for this song in October 1987 . The video features several couples dancing like in the movie , and it also featured clips from it . Personnel ( edit ) Bill Medley - vocals Jennifer Warnes - vocals Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks . In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings : in November 1987 , after the film 's initial release , the song peaked at No. 6 ; in January 1991 , after the film was shown on mainstream television , the song reached No. 8 . Awards ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song , 1987 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , 1988 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , 1988 ASCAP `` Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures '' and `` ASCAP Songwriter Of The Year '' for its writer . In 2004 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey placed it # 86 among the top tunes in American cinema . Cover versions and samples ( edit ) In 2003 , the top 11 contestants of the first season of Canadian Idol performed it as a group number during the season finale . The song was covered in 2004 by Carmen & Piero and their version features on Best of Mundart and Duets . Taylor Hicks and Katharine McPhee performed a version as their final duet during the fifth - season finale of American Idol in 2006 . The song was covered in 2006 by British glamour model Katie Price and her then - husband , pop singer Peter Andre . The track is included on their 2006 album of duets A Whole New World . In 2007 , the song was performed by British girl group Girls Aloud on their concert The Greatest Hits Tour ( Girls Aloud ) The 2007 compilation Over The Rainbow featured a cover of the song by Jermaine Jackson and R&B / dance music singer Jocelyn Brown . Barry Manilow covered the song on his 2008 album of cover songs , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . The song appeared on the Fox series Glee in the second - season episode `` Special Education '' . It was sung by Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) & Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) as the opening ballad at Sectionals . It is also featured on the soundtrack Glee : The Music , Volume 4 and charted at # 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga covered this song on their 2009 album Love Duets . In 2009 , Namibian singer Nianell and South African singer Dozi included a version on their duet covers album It Takes Two . In 2010 , The Black Eyed Peas sampled the chorus in their song , `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' ( from the album The Beginning ) , with the line `` Yes , I swear it 's the truth '' changed to `` And I swear this is true '' . The song 's original recording is a regular staple at live shows of the Norwegian electro rock band , Datarock , and is frequently performed as a sing - along by band and audience . In 2011 , Kris Lawrence and Kyla record their version for the show Time of My Life as the show 's theme song . The song has also been used as a commercial jingle for Sandals Resorts . German jazz - metal band Panzerballett covered this song in their 2012 album Tank Goodness . This song was covered by the Strictly Come Dancing band and singers , led by David Arch , in 2012 , as the backing for gymnast Louis Smith and professional dancer Flavia Cacace 's salsa in week 3 and the first part of the final . In the Major Crimes episode `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , a suspect 's alibi was that he was doing the song karaoke . The Major Crimes squad watched his performance for a minute but quickly shut it off when the suspect started dancing . At the end of the episode , the credits were played over a scene of the man singing and dancing to the song with a partner rather than the regular black screen . In 2014 , the song was recorded by Kerry Ellis and Joe McElderry for Ellis ' self - titled album . In 2015 , on the 21th season of U.S reality / competition show Dancing with the Stars wildlife expert Bindi Irwin and her dance partner Derek Hough danced the rumba to it on week 6 and got the highest score of the night . In 2016 , Jodie Sweetin and Macy Gray covered the song in the third episode of Fuller House `` Funner House '' while Candace Cameron Bure and Andrea Barber danced to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' in the same episode . In 2016 , The Netherlands LuckyTV released a video that lip - synched the second Clinton - Trump presidential debate to the song so that it looked like Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were singing a duet . The video later went viral on YouTube , with approximately 777,000 views in the first day . British rock band The Darkness play the song after their gigs are finished . In 2017 , during the credits of the Bob 's Burgers episode `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' , Teddy ( Larry Murphy ) and Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) sing it . In 2018 , the song was featured in an ad for the NFL during Super Bowl LII , with Eli Manning and Odell Beckham Jr. recreating the dance scene from Dirty Dancing . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 52 ) 12 '' maxi and CD single `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Cassette `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 4 : 47 ) `` In the Still of the Night '' by The Five Satins ( 2 : 59 ) `` Love Is Strange '' by Mickey & Sylvia ( 2 : 53 ) `` Overload '' by Zappacosta ( 3 : 39 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 5 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 48 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 28 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 1988 35,000 Canada Gold January 12 , 1988 50,000 Netherlands Platinum 1988 60,000 U.S. Gold February 24 , 1989 500,000 See also ( edit ) The Time ( Dirty Bit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1987 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1988 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Dye ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Times In His Life : A Q&A With Franke Previte '' . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Bill Medley ( April 24 , 2014 ) . The Time of My Life : A Righteous Brother 's Memoir . Da Capo Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0306823169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 359 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` John DeNicola Bio '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Best of Mundart and Duets , track listings and charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sam Milby and Toni Gonzaga -- I 've had the time of my life Cover https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRABcfKRnLQ Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 7 January 2014 '' . Kalahari.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Ellis by Kerry Ellis on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spata , Christopher ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton Sing ' Time of My Life ' During the Presidential Debate '' . Complex . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ernst , Douglas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Hillary Clinton ' ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ' debate video goes viral '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 7 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( 1990 issue ) , UK Singles Chart . Chartstats.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Bill Medley & Jennifer Warnes -- ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart . aria.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1988 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1988 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 1989 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada certifications Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... cria.ca . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dutch certifications . nvpi.nl . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ U.S. certifications Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... riaa.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' <Td_colspan="2"> Portal : R&B and Soul Music <Th_colspan="2"> Jennifer Warnes Studio albums Jennifer Jennifer Warnes Shot Through the Heart Famous Blue Raincoat The Hunter The Well Singles `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Right Time of the Night '' `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` It Goes Like It Goes '' `` Up Where We Belong '' `` All the Right Moves '' `` First We Take Manhattan '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Compilations Best of Jennifer Warnes Love Lifts Us Up : A Collection 1968 - 83 <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s <Td_colspan="2"> `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27ve_Had)_The_Time_of_My_Life&oldid=830449916 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1992 singles Bill Medley songs Jennifer Warnes songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Vocal duets 1987 songs Songs written by Franke Previte Songs written by John DeNicola Hidden categories : CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . 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1. "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" - song by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes 2. Dirty Dancing - 1987 film 3. Academy Award for Best Original Song 4. Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 5. Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals

who played super bowl halftime show last year

List of Super Bowl halftime shows - wikipedia List of Super Bowl halftime shows Jump to : navigation , search Katy Perry performing at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show , February 2015 Halftime shows are a tradition during American football games at all levels of competition . Entertainment during the Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) , represents a fundamental link to pop culture , which helps broaden the television audience and nationwide interest . As the Super Bowl itself is typically the most - watched event on television in the United States annually , the halftime show has been equally - viewed in recent years : the halftime show of Super Bowl XLIX featuring Katy Perry was viewed by 118.5 million , as part of an overall telecast that peaked at 120.3 million at its conclusion -- the most - watched television broadcast in U.S. history . The NFL claims that the Super Bowl LI halftime show , with Lady Gaga was the `` most - watched musical event of all - time , '' citing a figure of 150 million viewers based on the television audience , as well as unique viewership of video postings of the halftime show on the league 's platforms , and social media interactions ( a metric that was never calculated prior to 2017 ) . However , the show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers , making it the second - highest - rated halftime show . Prior to the early 1990s , the halftime show was based around a theme , and featured university marching bands ( the Grambling State University Marching Band has performed at the most Super Bowl halftime shows , featuring in six shows including at least one per decade from the 1960s to the 1990s ) , drill teams , and other performance ensembles such as Up with People . Beginning in 1991 , the halftime show began to feature pop music acts such as New Kids on the Block and Gloria Estefan . In an effort to boost the prominence of the halftime show to increase viewer interest , Super Bowl XXVII featured a headlining performance by Michael Jackson . After Super Bowl XXXVIII , whose halftime show featured an incident where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts , the halftime show began to feature classic rock acts until the return of headlining pop musicians in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 1960s 2.2 1970s 2.3 1980s 2.4 1990s 2.5 2000s 2.6 2010s 3 Details on specific shows 3.1 Super Bowl XXXVI 3.2 Super Bowl XL 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) View of the halftime show at Super Bowl I Beyoncé performing the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show During most of the Super Bowl 's first decade , the halftime show featured a college marching band . The show 's second decade featured a more varied show , often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles ; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances . The middle of the third decade , in an effort to counter other networks ' efforts to counterprogram the game , saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block , Gloria Estefan , Michael Jackson , Clint Black , Patti LaBelle , and Tony Bennett . Starting with Super Bowl XXXII , commercial sponsors presented the halftime show ; within five years , the tradition of having a theme -- begun with Super Bowl III -- ended , replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high - profile acts . In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts in an alleged `` wardrobe malfunction '' , all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group , with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . These shows were considered `` family friendly '' and the time in which they took place has been described as `` the age of reactionary halftime shows . Since Super Bowl XLV , the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians , with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts . The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee , though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management , technical crew , security personnel , family , and friends . Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception , as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson 's Heal the World Foundation . According to Nielsen SoundScan data , the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure . For Super Bowl XLIX , it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance , in the form of either an up - front fee , or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl . While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman , the request had , according to the Journal , received a `` chilly '' response from those involved . History ( edit ) The following is a list of the performers , producers , themes , and sponsors for each Super Bowl game 's show . 1960s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details Date : Jan 15 , 1967 Location : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( University Park , Los Angeles , California ) Performers : University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band , Al Hirt , Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls Producer : Tommy Walker Setlist : `` The Liberty Bell '' ( The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band ) References : II Date : Jan 14 , 1968 Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) Performers : Grambling State University Marching Band References : III Date : Jan 12 , 1969 Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) Theme : America Thanks Performers : Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands References : 1970s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details IV Date : Jan 11 , 1970 Lon : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Tribute to Mardi Gras Performers : Marguerite Piazza , Doc Severinsen , Al Hirt , Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band References : Setlist : `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' V Date : Jan 17 , 1971 Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) Performers : Southeast Missouri State Marching Band References : VI Date : Jan 16 , 1972 Location : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Salute to Louis Armstrong Performers : Ella Fitzgerald , Carol Channing , Al Hirt , USAFA Cadet Chorale , & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team Producer : Jim Skinner References : Setlist : `` Mack the Knife '' ( Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt ) VII Date : Jan 14 , 1973 Location : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( University Park , Los Angeles , California ) Theme : Happiness Is Performers : University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams Producer : Tommy Walker References : Setlist : ( partial ) `` Put on a Happy Face '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) `` La Virgen de la Macarena '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) `` Marmalade , Molasses & Honey '' ( Andy Williams ) `` People '' ( Andy Williams ) VIII Date : Jan 13 , 1974 Location : Rice Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) Theme : A Musical America Performers : University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett ( Miss Texas 1973 ) on fiddle Producer : Jim Skinner References : IX Date : Jan 12 , 1975 Location : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Tribute to Duke Ellington Performers : Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands Producer : Jim Skinner References : X Date : Jan 18 , 1976 Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) Theme : 200 Years and Just a Baby : A Tribute to America 's Bicentennial Performer : Up with People References : XI Date : Jan 9 , 1977 Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Theme : It 's a Small World Performers : Los Angeles Unified All - City Band & Audience card stunt Producer : The Walt Disney Company References : XII Date : Jan 15 , 1978 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : From Paris to Paris of America Performers : Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team , and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt References : XIII Date : Jan 21 , 1979 Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) Theme : Salute to Caribbean Performers : Ken Hamilton , various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica Producer : Bob Jani Sponsor : Carnival References : 1980s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details XIV Date : Jan 20 , 1980 Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Theme : A Salute to the Big Band Era Performers : Up with People , Grambling State University Marching Bands References : XV Date : Jan 25 , 1981 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Mardi Gras Festival Performers : Southern University Marching Band , Helen O'Connell Producer : Jim Skinner References : XVI Date : Jan 24 , 1982 Location : Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac , Michigan ) Theme : Salute to the 1960s and Motown Performer : Up with People References : XVII Date : Jan 30 , 1983 Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Theme : KaleidoSUPERscope Performer : Los Angeles Super Drill Team Producer : Bob Jani References : XVIII Date : Jan 22 , 1984 Location : Tampa Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Theme : Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen Performers : University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands Producer : The Walt Disney Company Setlist : Introduction by Phyllis George `` Hooray for Hollywood '' `` You Oughta Be in Pictures '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' `` 42nd Street '' `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' XIX Date : Jan 20 , 1985 Location : Stanford Stadium ( Stanford , California ) Theme : World of Children 's Dreams Performer : Tops In Blue Producer : Air Force Entertainment References : XX Date : Jan 26 , 1986 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Beat of the Future Performer : Up with People References : XXI Date : Jan 25 , 1987 Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Theme : Salute to Hollywood 's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe Performers : George Burns , Mickey Rooney , Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands , Disney characters , Southern California - area high school drill teams and dancers Producer : The Walt Disney Company References : Setlist : `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' Theme songs from Bonanza , Indiana Jones , and Footloose Hoedown song `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` What a Feeling '' ( Theme from Flashdance ) `` That 's Entertainment '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' XXII Date : Jan 31 , 1988 Location : Jack Murphy Stadium ( San Diego , California ) Theme : Something Grand Performers : Chubby Checker , The Rockettes , 88 grand pianos , and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands Producer : Radio City Music Hall References : XXIII Date : Jan 22 , 1989 Location : Joe Robbie Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Theme : 1950 's Rock and Roll ( Be Bop Bamboozled in 3 - D ) Performers : Elvis Presto , South Florida - area dancers and performers Producer : MagicCom Entertainment , Dan Witkowski Sponsor : Diet Coke Setlist : Introduction by Bob Costas and 3 - D commercial for Diet Coke `` Rock This Town '' audience participation card trick `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Do You Love Me '' `` Devil with a Blue Dress On '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` True Love '' References : 1990s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details XXIV Date : Jan 28 , 1990 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts Performers : Pete Fountain , Doug Kershaw , Irma Thomas , Nicholls State University Marching Band , Southern University Marching Band , USL Marching Band Producer : Select Productions References : Setlist : `` ( Up A ) Lazy River '' `` Waiting For The Robert E. Lee '' `` Here Comes the Showboat '' `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' ( Pete Fountain on clarinet ) `` Happy Birthday to You '' XXV Date : Jan 27 , 1991 Location : Tampa Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Theme : Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl Performers : New Kids on the Block ( NKOTB ) , Disney characters , Warren Moon , 2,000 local children , audience card stunt Producer : The Walt Disney Company Sponsor : Walt Disney World and Coca - Cola References : Setlist : `` It 's a Small World After All '' / `` We Are the World '' / `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' ( children ) `` Step by Step '' ( NKOTB ) `` This One 's For The Children '' ( NKOTB and children ) `` It 's a Small World After All '' ( children ) Notes : The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm XXVI Date : Jan 26 , 1992 Location : Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Theme : Winter Magic , salute to 1992 Winter Olympics Performers : Gloria Estefan , Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill , members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team , and the University of Minnesota Marching Band Producer : Timberline Productions References : Setlist : `` Winter Magic '' `` Walking in a Winter Wonderland '' `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' `` Frosty '' ( University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` One Moment in Time '' ( featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill ) `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' ( featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team ) `` Live for Loving You '' ( Gloria Estefan ) `` Get on Your Feet '' ( Gloria Estefan ) Notes : During the halftime , rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color , one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming . The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast . In mid-1992 , citing this , Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert - type performances from top contemporary musical artists . The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions ' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson . XXVII Main article : Super Bowl XXVII halftime show Date : Jan 31 , 1993 Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Performer : Michael Jackson Producer : Radio City , Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions References : Setlist : `` Jam '' ( M. Jackson ) `` Billie Jean '' ( M. Jackson ) `` Black or White '' ( M. Jackson ) `` We Are the World '' ( children 's choir ) `` Heal the World '' ( M. Jackson ) Notes : This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount . It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history . After 1993 , the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows . XXVIII Date : Jan 30 , 1994 Location : Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Theme : Rockin ' Country Sunday Performers : Clint Black , Tanya Tucker , Travis Tritt , The Judds Producer : Select Productions References : Setlist : `` Tuckered Out '' ( Clint Black ) `` It 's a Little Too Late '' ( Tanya Tucker ) `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' ( Travis Tritt ) `` No One Else on Earth '' ( Wynonna Judd ) `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' ( The Judds , joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse ) Notes : Travis Tritt of Atlanta , joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown . The special guests for the finale included : Stevie Wonder , Ashley Judd , Lisa Hartman Black , The Georgia Satellites , Joe Namath , Elijah Wood , and Charlie Daniels . XXIX Date : Jan 29 , 1995 Location : Joe Robbie Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Theme : Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye Performers : Patti Labelle , Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood , Teddy Pendergrass , Tony Bennett , Arturo Sandoval , Miami Sound Machine Producer : The Walt Disney Company References : Setlist : `` Release Yourself '' ( Patti Labelle ) `` Caravan '' ( Tony Bennett , Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine ) `` New Attitude '' ( Patti Labelle ) `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight '' ( Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett ) XXX Date : Jan 28 , 1996 Location : Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe , Arizona ) Theme : Take Me Higher : A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl Performer : Diana Ross Producer : Radio City Music Hall Sponsor : Oscar Mayer References : Setlist : A medley of the following songs : `` Stop In The Name Of Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' `` Baby Love '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Chain Reaction '' `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Take Me Higher '' XXXI Date : Jan 26 , 1997 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Blues Brothers Bash Performers : The Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , John Goodman and James Belushi ) , ZZ Top , James Brown , Catherine Crier ( `` news '' intro ) Producer : Select Productions , Radio City , House of Blues Sponsor : Oscar Mayer References : Setlist : `` Everybody Needs Somebody to Love '' ( The Blues Brothers ) `` Soul Man '' ( The Blues Brothers ) `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' ( James Brown ) `` Get Up ( I Feel Like Being a ) Sex Machine '' ( James Brown ) `` Tush '' ( ZZ Top ) `` Legs '' ( ZZ Top ) `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' ( all performers joined together ) XXXII Date : Jan 25 , 1998 Location : Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego , California ) Theme : Salute to Motown 's 40th Anniversary Performers : Boyz II Men , Smokey Robinson , Martha Reeves , The Temptations , Queen Latifah , Grambling State University Marching Band Producer : Radio City Music Hall Sponsor : Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises References : Setlist : `` Get Ready '' ( The Temptations ) `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( The Temptations ) `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( Smokey Robinson ) `` My Girl '' ( The Temptations with Smokey Robinson ) `` Heat Wave '' ( Martha and the Vandellas ) `` Paper '' ( Queen Latifah ) `` Motownphilly '' ( Boyz II Men ) `` A Song for Mama '' ( Boyz II Men ) `` Dancing in the Street '' ( all artists joined by GSU Marching Band ) XXXIII Date : Jan 31 , 1999 Location : Pro Player Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Theme : Celebration of Soul , Salsa and Swing Performers : Gloria Estefan , Stevie Wonder , Big Bad Voodoo Daddy , Savion Glover Producer : Radio City Music Hall Sponsor : Progressive Auto Insurance References : Setlist : `` Go Daddy O '' ( Big Bad Voodoo Daddy ) `` Sir Duke '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` You Are The Sunshine Of My Life '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` I Wish '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Oye ! '' ( Gloria Estefan ) `` Turn The Beat Around '' ( Gloria Estefan ) `` You 'll Be Mine ( Party Time ) / Another Star / My Cherie Amour '' ( Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder ) 2000s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details XXXIV Date : Jan 30 , 2000 Location : Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Theme : Tapestry of Nations Performers : Phil Collins , Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton , 80 - person choir , Edward James Olmos ( narrator ) Producer : Disney Sponsor : E-Trade References : Setlist : `` Reflections of Earth '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) `` Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand '' ( Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias ) `` Tapestry of Nations '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) `` Two Worlds '' ( Phil Collins ) `` We Go On '' ( Toni Braxton ) XXXV Date : Jan 28 , 2001 Location : Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Theme : The Kings of Rock and Pop Performers : Aerosmith , ' N Sync , Britney Spears , Mary J. Blige , Nelly Producer : MTV Sponsor : E-Trade References : Setlist : Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller , Adam Sandler , Chris Rock , Aerosmith , and ' N Sync `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( ' N Sync ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Aerosmith ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me ( ' N Sync ) `` Jaded '' ( Aerosmith ) `` Walk This Way '' ( Aerosmith , ' N Sync , Britney Spears , Mary J. Blige , Nelly ) XXXVI Date : Feb 3 , 2002 Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Theme : Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks Performer : U2 Producer : Clear Channel Entertainment Sponsor : E-Trade References : Setlist : `` Beautiful Day '' `` MLK '' `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' XXXVII Date : Jan 26 , 2003 Location : Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego , California ) Performers : Shania Twain , No Doubt , Sting Producer : Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen Sponsor : AT&T Wireless References : Setlist : `` Man ! I Feel like a Woman ! '' ( Shania Twain ) `` Up ! '' ( Shania Twain ) `` Just a Girl '' ( No Doubt ) `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Sting with No Doubt ) XXXVIII Date : Feb 1 , 2004 Location : Reliant Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) Theme : Choose or Lose Performers : Jessica Simpson , the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston , and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands , Janet Jackson , P. Diddy , Nelly , Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake Producer : MTV Sponsor : AOL TopSpeed References : Setlist : ' Choose to Party ! ' Intro ( Jessica Simpson ) Marching bands `` All for You '' ( Janet Jackson ) `` Bad Boy for Life '' ( P. Diddy ) `` Diddy '' to the tune of `` Mickey '' ( P. Diddy ) `` Hot in Herre '' ( Nelly ) , `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( P. Diddy ) `` Bawitdaba '' ( Kid Rock ) , `` Cowboy '' ( Kid Rock ) `` Rhythm Nation '' ( Janet Jackson ) `` Rock Your Body '' ( Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson ) Further information : Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy XXXIX Date : Feb 6 , 2005 Location : Alltel Stadium ( Jacksonville , Florida ) Performer : Paul McCartney Producer : Don Mischer Productions Sponsor : Ameriquest Mortgage References : Setlist : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Hey Jude '' XL Date : Feb 5 , 2006 Location : Ford Field ( Detroit , Michigan ) Performer : The Rolling Stones Producer : Don Mischer Production Sponsor : Sprint Nextel References : Setlist : `` Start Me Up '' `` Rough Justice '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' XLI Date : Feb 4 , 2007 Location : Dolphin Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Performers : Prince , Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` We Will Rock You '' ( Intro ) `` Let 's Go Crazy '' `` Baby I 'm a Star '' `` Proud Mary '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Best of You '' `` Purple Rain '' XLII Date : Feb 3 , 2008 Location : University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) Performer : Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment Sponsor : Bridgestone References : Setlist : `` American Girl '' `` I Wo n't Back Down '' `` Free Fallin ' '' `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' XLIII Date : Feb 1 , 2009 Location : Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Performers : Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment Sponsor : Bridgestone References : Setlist : `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' `` Born to Run '' `` Working on a Dream '' `` Glory Days '' 2010s ( edit ) Super Bowl Show details XLIV Date : Feb 7 , 2010 Location : Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Performer : The Who Producer : White Cherry Entertainment Sponsor : Bridgestone References : Setlist : `` Pinball Wizard '' `` Baba O'Riley '' `` Who Are You '' `` See Me , Feel Me '' `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' XLV Date : Feb 6 , 2011 Location : Cowboys Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) Performers : The Black Eyed Peas , Usher , Slash , Dallas / Ft . Worth - area area high school drill teams and dancers Producer : Ricky Kirshner Sponsor : Bridgestone References : Setlist : `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) `` Sweet Child O ' Mine '' ( Slash & Fergie ) `` Pump It '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) `` OMG '' ( Usher & will.i.am ) `` Where Is The Love ? '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' with `` I Gotta Feeling '' reprise ( The Black Eyed Peas ) XLVI Main article : Super Bowl XLVI halftime show Date : Feb 5 , 2012 Location : Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Performers : Madonna , LMFAO , Cirque du Soleil , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. , Cee Lo Green , Andy Lewis , Avon High School Drumline , Center Grove High School Drumline , Fishers High School Drumline , Franklin Central High School Drumline , Southern University Dancing Dolls , 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals Producer : Ricky Kirshner Sponsor : Bridgestone Setlist : `` Vogue '' ( Madonna ) `` Music '' / `` Party Rock Anthem '' / `` Sexy and I Know It '' ( Madonna with LMFAO ) `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' ( Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. ) `` Open Your Heart '' / `` Express Yourself '' ( Madonna with Cee Lo Green ) `` Like a Prayer '' ( Madonna with Cee Lo Green ) XLVII Main article : Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Date : Feb 3 , 2013 Location : Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Performers : Beyoncé , Destiny 's Child Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` Run The World ( Girls ) '' ( Intro ) / Vince Lombardi `` Excellence '' speech voiceover `` Love on Top '' ( chorus a cappella ) ( Beyoncé ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( Beyoncé ) `` End of Time '' ( Beyoncé ) `` Baby Boy '' ( Beyoncé ) `` Bootylicious '' ( Destiny 's Child ) `` Independent Women Part I '' ( Destiny 's Child ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams ) `` Halo '' ( Beyoncé ) XLVIII Main article : Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show Date : Feb 2 , 2014 Location : MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) Performers : Bruno Mars , Red Hot Chili Peppers Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` Billionaire '' ( Intro ) ( children 's choir ) `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Bruno Mars ) `` Treasure '' ( Bruno Mars ) `` Runaway Baby '' ( Bruno Mars ) `` Give It Away '' ( Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Bruno Mars ) XLIX Main article : Super Bowl XLIX halftime show Date : Feb 1 , 2015 Location : University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) Performers : Katy Perry , Lenny Kravitz , Missy Elliott , and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` Roar '' ( Katy Perry ) `` Dark Horse '' ( Katy Perry ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry ) `` Teenage Dream '' ( Katy Perry ) `` California Gurls '' ( Katy Perry ) `` Get Ur Freak On '' ( Missy Elliott and Katy Perry ) `` Work It '' ( Missy Elliott and Katy Perry ) `` Lose Control '' ( Missy Elliott ) `` Firework '' ( Katy Perry ) 50 Main article : Super Bowl 50 halftime show Date : Feb 7 , 2016 Location : Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , California ) Performers : Coldplay , Beyoncé , Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , Gustavo Dudamel , University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A. Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` Yellow '' ( intro a cappella ) ( Coldplay ) `` Viva la Vida '' ( Coldplay ) `` Paradise '' ( Coldplay ) `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' ( Coldplay ) `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars ) `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) `` Crazy In Love '' / `` Uptown Funk '' ( Beyoncé , Bruno Mars ) `` Clocks '' ( instrumental ) ( Coldplay ) `` Fix You '' / `` Up & Up '' ( Coldplay , Beyoncé and Bruno Mars ) LI Main article : Super Bowl LI halftime show Date : Feb 5 , 2017 Location : NRG Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) Performer : Lady Gaga Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi Zero Sugar References : Setlist : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' LII Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Date : Feb 4 , 2018 Location : U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Performer : Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Sponsor : Pepsi References : Setlist : `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Suit & Tie '' ( Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( Pre-recorded video of Prince ( displayed on a projection screen ) with Justin Timberlake ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Details on specific shows ( edit ) Super Bowl xxxvi ( edit ) U2 performed 3 songs : `` Beautiful Day , '' `` MLK , '' and `` Where the Streets Have No Name . '' During the beginning of `` MLK '' and continuing until the end of `` Where The Streets Have No Name , '' a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks . Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket , the inside of which displayed the American flag . Super Bowl XL ( edit ) For The Rolling Stones , the stage was in the form of the group 's iconic tongue logo ( John Pasche 's `` Cunning Linguist '' first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album ) . It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show , with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600 - member volunteer stage crew . The group performed three songs : `` Start Me Up , '' `` Rough Justice , '' and `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction . '' The show was viewed by 89.9 million people , more than the audiences for the Oscars , Grammys and Emmy Awards combined . In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake , ABC and the NFL imposed a five - second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger 's microphone -- censoring to which the group had previously agreed . However , the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit `` Motown Sound , '' and no artists from the area were included . See also ( edit ) American football portal National Football League portal List of AFL Grand Final pre-match performances List of Grey Cup halftime shows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/02/super-bowl-xlix-is-most-watched-show-in-u-s-television-history/358523/ Jump up ^ Campbell ( 1995 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX is Most - Watched Show in U.S. Television History With 114.4 Million Viewers '' . TV By The Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Roundup : Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Is Most - Watched Musical Event In History ; NHRA on Fox Revs Up '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI halftime show was the most - watched musical event in history across all platforms '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Scores Second-Most Watched Super Bowl Halftime Show Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` If NFL does n't put on a halftime show , someone else will '' . ProFootballTalk.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/05/boobs-beyonce-brass-bands-the-evolution-of-the-super-bowl-halftime-show.html Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Who , and the Super Bowl 's Evolving Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heal the Kids : Rebuilding : Michael Jackson announces a $1.25 - million program to help children in riot - torn areas . Drug education , immunizations and mentor services will be provided '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pabst , Georgia ( 1993 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Jackson 's Foundation Aimed At Helping Children '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Arizona Republic ( January 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Nielsen Company 's Guide To Super Bowl XLIII '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to Coldplay : Pay to Play the Super Bowl '' . The Wall Street Journal . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl History - Entertainment '' . NFL.com. 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Krasnow , Lonny . `` Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' . Photos . SI.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GSU Tiger Marching Band '' . History of Tiger Marching Band . Grambling State University . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Eagles Marching Band '' . Southeast Missouri State University . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Sherman ( January 23 , 1972 ) . `` Al and Ella were Good '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Band Super Bowl VII halftime 1973 Remaster Part 1 of 2 '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Band Super Bowl VII halftime 1973 Remaster Part 2 of 2 '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Up with People '' . UpWithPeople.org . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ J. Knapfel . `` How an Elvis Impersonator Helped Change Super Bowl History '' . VIPTickets.com . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/02/02/from-elvis-presto-to-michael-jackson-how-the-super-bowl-halftime-show-found-its-groove/ Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` 17 Notable Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' `` . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tina ; Basham , David ( January 6 , 2000 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton To Play Super Bowl Halftime '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII Halftime Show - Decalz - BMW of TX ( vodpod ) Lockerz '' . vodpod . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stengle , Jamie ( February 4 , 2011 ) . Halftime gig ' dream come true ' for Black Eyed Peas . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aquí está el setlist de la Super Bowl de Madonna '' . cromosomax.com . Jump up ^ Madonna to perform at halftime of Super Bowl . Associated Press . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicki Minaj To Perform During Super Bowl With M.I.A & Madonna . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M.I.A. '' Billboard . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl 47 Halftime Show - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Fekadu , Mesfin ( October 16 , 2012 ) . AP source : Beyonce set for Super Bowl halftime . Associated Press . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers will perform at Super Bowl halftime show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Iyengar , Rishi ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Will Play Next Year 's Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . TIME . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry to headline Pepsi Super Bowl XLIX Halftime show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Who Will Join Katy Perry During Her Super Bowl Halftime Performance ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay will perform at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . nfl.com ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Coldplay Will Play Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shotgun Spratling ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé to perform at Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ng , Davig ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gustavo Dudamel and Youth Orchestra L.A. to perform at Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars to join Beyoncé in Super Bowl halftime show '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Coldplay , Beyonce and Bruno Mars Rock Super Bowl 50 Halftime '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga headlines Pepsi Zero Sugar Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . NFL . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mustard , Extra . `` Here is Lady Gaga 's complete Super Bowl setlist '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Headline Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show February 4 on NBC '' . NFL . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Perform at 2018 Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL confirms Justin Timberlake as Super Bowl halftime performer '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Shuts Down Janet Jackson Reunion Rumors at Super Bowl LII Press Conference '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U Of M Marching Band Plays Halftime Show With Justin Timberlake '' . 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Unknown . `` The Rolling Stones Super Bowl XL halftime show '' ; February 6 , 2006 , Don Mischer Productions ; URL accessed May 24 , 2008 . Archived March 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unknown . `` Rolling Stones agreed to censor Super Bowl show : NFL '' ; February 6 , 2006 , Agence France - Presse ; URL accessed July 3 , 2006 . Archived February 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGraw , Bill . `` JOURNAL : No R-E-S-P-E-C-T for Motown halftime '' ; December 1 , 2005 , Detroit Free Press ; URL accessed July 3 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Story Behind New Kids on the Block 's Insane ( and Preempted ) 1991 Show NFL does n't have to beg , or pay , for acts from USA Today 2004 Super Bowl Weekend from MTV Anti-Rock : The 10 All - Time Worst Choices for Super Bowl Halftime Performer from cracked.com How Michael Jackson redefined the Super Bowl , a June 2009 article from The New York Times Goal of spectacle colors NFL 's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show from the Chicago Tribune Top Super Bowl halftime performances - Fox Sports List 10 Greatest Super Bowl Halftime Shows from USASuperBowl.com The Top 5 Best and Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows of the Last Decade - Midwest Sports Fans 5 Worst Super Bowl Halftime Performances Ever Bleacher Report Best & Worst Super Bowl halftime performances - Zap2it Halftime shows : From marching bands to Michael , wardrobe malfunctions and beyond - Dallas News 7 WORST SUPER BOWL HALFTIME SHOWS OF ALL TIME - Guyism Super Bowl Halftime Performances : A Look Back At The Many Musicians Who Graced The Big Game 's Stage from the Huffington Post The case of the increasingly rare Super Bowl halftime headliner - AVClub Power ranking every Super Bowl halftime show , ever - SBNation Super Bowl halftime shows : rating the 5 best and worst from the Seattle Times 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Super Bowl Halftime Show - Mental Floss The 10 Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows We 've Had To Suffer Through - Uproxx The 5 best and worst Super Bowl halftime shows - canoe.ca The last 21 Super Bowl halftime shows , ranked - USA Today These are the 5 worst Super Bowl halftime shows ever from the Denver Post 10 of the Most ( In ) Famous Super Bowl Halftime Shows Shmoop News 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Super Bowl Halftime Show - Complex.com 10 Most Unforgettable Super Bowl Halftime Performances Ever - WhatCulture The 17 best and worst Super Bowl halftime shows - vox.com Super Bowl 49 : Ranking best , worst halftime shows of past 20 years - CBS Sports Every Super Bowl Halftime Show that matters , ranked A ranking of the last ten Super Bowl Halftime shows : How Katy stacks up - take40.com Half - remembered halftime fumbles - robesonian.com The 8 Ball : Top 8 Super Bowl Halftime Shows - 411mania.com Super Bowl half - time shows : the good , bad and the Phil Collins - Sydney Morning Herald Super Bowl 2015 : The 7 best & worst performances in halftime history ; where will Katy Perry rank ? - silive.com Best And Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows Ranked : From Worst To Best - Gossip and Gab Top 10 Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows - The Sportster Super Bowl halftime shows : Ranking the best and worst of the 21st century - San Jose Mercury News 10 All - Time Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows ( Videos ) - The Wrap Scoring The Super Bowl Halftime Performances Since NippleGate On A Safety Scale - UPROXX Super Bowl 2016 : A History of Halftime Performances - ABC News 10 Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows - Billboard 10 Most Unforgettable Super Bowl Halftime Performances Ever - WhatCulture FROM WARDROBE MALFUNCTIONS TO LEFT SHARK : SUPER BOWL HALFTIME SHOWS , RANKED - The Comeback Every Super Bowl Halftime Show Since 1993 , Ranked From Worst to Best - Vulture Last 25 Super Bowl Halftime Shows Ranked , Including Lady Gaga in Super Bowl LI ( Videos ) - The Wrap Nipplegate Revisited : How Justin Timberlake 's Previous Super Bowl Performance Rocked the World and Changed the Internet - Variety <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Super Bowl <Td_colspan="2"> NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) <Td_colspan="2"> People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_halftime_shows&oldid=825664010 '' Categories : Super Bowl halftime shows American entertainment - related lists American music history Lists of concerts and performances Super Bowl lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 48 . 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1. Super Bowl halftime shows 2. Pop culture and the Super Bowl 3. History of halftime shows 4. Performers and themes of halftime shows 5. Impact of halftime shows on album sales and digital downloads

who do you love marianas trench song meaning

Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) - wikipedia Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marianas Trench song . For other uses , see Who Do You Love ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Who Do You Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Marianas Trench <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Astoria Released September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 52 Label 604 Songwriter ( s ) Josh Ramsay Producer ( s ) Josh Ramsay <Th_colspan="2"> Marianas Trench singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( stylized as `` Who Do You Love ? '' ) is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock group Marianas Trench for their fourth studio album , Astoria ( 2015 ) . The song was written and produced by lead singer Josh Ramsay . `` Who Do You Love '' was released through 604 Records on September 8 , 2016 as the record 's third and final official single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Promotion 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Charts 6 Certifications and sales 7 References Content ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love . Promotion ( edit ) The band released a lyric video for `` Who Do You Love '' on September 7 , 2016 when the song was announced as a single . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart dated December 3 , 2016 . It has since reached a peak position of 56 , on the chart dated February 11 , 2017 . The song also peaked at number 50 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs component chart . `` Who Do You Love '' has become the group 's most successful single at adult contemporary radio , reaching peak positions of 15 and 9 on the Canada AC and Canada Hot AC airplay charts , respectively . These positions represent the group 's highest peak on either chart since Billboard implemented them in late 2012 . The song also reached a peak position of 31 on the Canada CHR / Top 40 chart . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for `` Who Do You Love '' premiered on October 10 , 2016 . In lieu of a conventional video shoot , the group opted to direct the clip 's $50,000 budget towards charitable endeavours , in keeping with the `` vibe '' of the song . A camera crew followed the four members around Vancouver , British Columbia as they performed random acts of kindness , contributed towards a school 's music program , and spent time with their families . According to drummer Ian Casselman , they were `` trying to inspire people to do good things , '' with this video and thus ended it with the song 's title displayed across the screen with the word `` you '' italicized for emphasis . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love ( Single ) `` . 604 Records . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love ( Lyric Video ) '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of February 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs for Marianas Trench . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saxberg , Lynn ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench spent video budget on good deeds '' . Ottawa Citizen . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Marianas Trench <Td_colspan="2"> Josh Ramsay Matt Webb Mike Ayley Ian Casselman Steve Marshall Morgan Hempsted Studio albums Fix Me Masterpiece Theatre Ever After Astoria EPs Marianas Trench Face the Music Something Old / Something New Notable singles `` Have n't Had Enough '' `` Fallout '' `` Pop 101 '' `` One Love '' `` This Means War '' `` Who Do You Love '' Videography Say Anything Related Discography Kate Voegele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Love_(Marianas_Trench_song)&oldid=820301392 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles 604 Records singles Pop ballads Songs written by Josh Ramsay Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Who Do You Love" - Marianas Trench song 2. Marianas Trench - Canadian pop rock group 3. Astoria - Fourth studio album by Marianas Trench 4. Lyric video for "Who Do You Love" 5. Music video for "Who Do You Love" featuring charitable endeavors

spider man's girlfriend in the comic books

Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Gwen Stacy <Td_colspan="2"> Gwen Stacy on the cover of The Spectacular Spider - Man vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) Art by Greg Land <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . In the upcoming 2018 film Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.2. 3 Animation 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker met Gwen while both were studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter was troubled and ignored her advances . She dated both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous . Gradually , however , a romance developed ; Gwen , a science major , appreciated Peter 's intellect . Their relationship began almost immediately after Peter stopped going out with Mary Jane Watson , whom he began to see as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , NYPD Captain George Stacy . Though her father was both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately strained Peter 's relationship with Gwen after being killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blamed Spider - Man for his death , and left for Europe to cope with her loss . She wanted Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stopped him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompted her to return to New York , and their relationship was rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen Stacy and throws her off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically , nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall , Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge , and as she was falling to her death . She overheard their conversation and discovered Peter is Spider - Man . She was angry at Peter for keeping this secret and for his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still has all her memories , including those of her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people the Jackal revived , who were all clones , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one . He is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman who assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this Earth to assist Spider - Man because they saw that Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she is the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone . She tries kissing him , to no avail which only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . Doctor Octopus pulls a switch that activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived , including Gwen and George , and causes them to start rapidly decaying . After Gwen 's father deteriorates in her arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give him more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen , and she accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension , shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . In the `` Spider Island '' event , she becomes Spider - Gwen after being exposed to the Jackal 's chemicals and assists Spider - Man as a hero , but is later mutated into a giant spider as the experiment starts affecting the rest of New York ( similar to Carlie Cooper 's role in the original story ) . She is later cured in the climax of the story . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) A student in Peter Parker 's university class in Spider - Man 2 , portrayed by Ellen Pompeo , is identified as Gwen Stacy in the film 's novelization . Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon reveals his secret identity as Spider - Man to her . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study medicine at Somerville College , Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . As viral marketing for the film , a Tumblr page was created for the character . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Animation ( edit ) Gwen Stacy will appear in Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . Gwen Stacy is playable once again in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , but this time she can switch to her Spider - Gwen persona . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Cowsill , Alan ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , England : Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://missgwen-stacy.tumblr.com/ Jump up ^ Nyrem , Erin ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Into the Spider Verse ' Casts Hailee Steinfeld , Mahershala Ali and Lily Tomlin '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider By public identity Peter Parker Otto Octavius Ben Reilly Miguel O'Hara Miles Morales Billy Braddock Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Jessica Drew Cindy Moon Gwen Stacy Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Aunt May Betty Brant Black Cat Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ned Leeds Madame Web Harry Osborn Richard and Mary Parker Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson George Stacy Gwen Stacy Flash Thompson Uncle Ben Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Other Sally Avril Martha Connors Billy Connors Cloak and Dagger Ezekiel Vin Gonzales Ashley Kafka Anna Maria Marconi Kenny McFarlane Max Modell Normie Osborn Yuri Watanabe Sarah Stacy Steel Spider Debra Whitman Superhero allies Avengers Black Widow Captain America Captain Marvel Daredevil Deadpool Doctor Strange Fantastic Four Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Firestar Gambit Hawkeye Hulk Iceman Iron Man Luke Cage Mockingbird Moon Knight Nick Fury Nightcrawler Nightwatch Punisher S.H.I.E.L.D. Silver Surfer Thor Wolverine X-Men Antagonists Central rogues gallery Alistair Smythe Black Cat Carnage Cletus Kasady Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Harry Osborn Hammerhead Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Tombstone Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Crime lords and mobsters Big Man Frederick Foswell Burglar Crime Master Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Hammerhead Kingpin Moses Magnum Man Mountain Marko Mister Negative Rose Richard Fisk Silvermane Tombstone Scientists / Inventors Jackal Jonas Harrow Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Mendel Stromm Tinkerer Other supervillains Beetle Abner Jenkins Leila Davis Janice Lincoln Big Wheel Boomerang Calypso Carrion Clash Cyclone Demogoblin Doctor Doom Doppleganger Foreigner Gibbon Gog Grey Goblin Grim Hunter Grizzly Hippo Human Fly Hypno - Hustler Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Jigsaw Juggernaut Kangaroo Living Brain Lobo Brothers Looter Man - Wolf Kraven the Hunter ( Ana Kravinoff ) Kraven the Hunter ( Alyosha Kravinoff ) Lady Octopus Massacre Mephisto Menace Molten Man Morlun Overdrive Owl Ringer Scarecrow Scorcher Scorpia Scream Shathra Shriek Sin - Eater Speed Demon Spot Stegron Styx and Stone Swarm Tarantula Trapster Phil Urich Vermin Walrus White Rabbit Will o ' the Wisp Group teams Enforcers Feme Fatales Frightful Four Sinister Six List of members Sinister Syndicate Spider - Slayer List of Spider - Slayers Neutral characters Anti-Venom Black Cat Cardiac Morbius , the Living Vampire Prowler Puma Punisher Rocket Racer Silver Sable Toxin Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Girl Spider - UK Spider - Ham Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Marvel Mangaverse version Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) Spider - Man ( Pavitr Prabhakar ) Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) Ultimate Marvel Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom In other media Firestar Gentleman Spider - Man ( 1994 TV series ) characters The Spectacular Spider - Man characters Other topics Goblin Symbiotes Slingers <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Spider - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Symbiote family and hosts <Td_colspan="2"> Alternative versions of Venom Alternative versions of Spider - Man Symbiotes Venom Carnage Scream Hybrid Toxin Anti-Venom Venom hosts Peter Parker Eddie Brock Anne Weying ( She - Venom ) Mac Gargan Flash Thompson ( Agent Venom ) Carnage hosts Cletus Kasady Silver Surfer ( Carnage Cosmic ) Ben Reilly ( Spider - Carnage ) Karl Malus ( Superior Carnage ) Norman Osborn ( Red Goblin ) Normie Osborn ( Goblin Childe ) Enemies Crime Master Jack O'Lantern The Jury Life Foundation Mercurio the 4 - D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Publications Venom Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Venomverse In other media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety Venom <Th_colspan="2"> Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - 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1. Gwen Stacy - Marvel Comics character 2. Spider-Man's love interest 3. Death of Gwen Stacy 4. Clones of Gwen Stacy 5. Alternate versions of Gwen Stacy

members of the executive branch of the philippines

Executive departments of the Philippines - wikipedia Executive departments of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The executive departments of the Philippines are the largest component of the national executive branch of the government of the Philippines . There are a total of twenty executive departments . The departments comprise the largest part of the country 's bureaucracy . The heads of these departments are referred to as the Cabinet of the Philippines . During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos , upon the mandate of the then 1973 Constitution , he changed the departments into ministries from 1978 to the end of his administration . For example , the Department of Education became Ministry of Education , Culture and Sports . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of current executive departments ( as of June 2016 ) 2 List of former executive departments 2.1 First Republic 2.2 Commonwealth Period 2.3 Third Republic 2.4 Martial Law Era ( Fourth Republic ) 2.5 Fifth Republic 2.6 Other agencies elevated to Department rank 3 See also 4 External links List of current executive departments ( as of june 2016 ) ( edit ) All departments are listed by their present - day name with their English names on top and Filipino names at the bottom . Department heads are listed at the Cabinet of the Philippines article . Seal Department Acronym Date Established Head Office Location Department of Agrarian Reform Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan DAR ( KRP ) September 1 , 1971 Elliptical Road , Quezon City Department of Agriculture Kagawaran ng Pagsasaka DA ( KPS ) June 23 , 1898 Elliptical Road , Quezon City Department of Budget and Management Kagawaran ng Pagbabadyet at Pamamahala DBM ( KPP ) April 25 , 1936 San Miguel , Manila Department of Education Kagawaran ng Edukasyon DepEd ( KEd ) January 21 , 1901 Meralco Avenue , Pasig City Department of Energy Kagawaran ng Enerhiya DOE ( KEn ) December 9 , 1992 Bonifacio Global City , Taguig City Department of Environment and Natural Resources Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Yaman DENR ( KKLY ) January 1 , 1917 Visayas Avenue , Quezon City Department of Finance Kagawaran ng Pananalapi DOF ( KNPN ) March 17 , 1897 Roxas Boulevard , Manila Department of Foreign Affairs Kagawaran ng Ugnayang Panlabas DFA ( KUP ) June 23 , 1898 Roxas Boulevard , Pasay City Department of Health Kagawaran ng Kalusugan DOH ( KNKL ) September 29 , 1898 Tayuman , Manila Department of Information and Communications Technology Kagawaran ng Teknolohiyang Pang - Impormasyon at Komunikasyon DICT ( KTIK ) June 9 , 2016 UP Diliman , Quezon City Department of the Interior and Local Government Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal DILG ( KIPL ) March 22 , 1897 Quezon Avenue , Quezon City Department of Justice Kagawaran ng Katarungan DOJ ( KNKT ) September 26 , 1898 Padre Faura , Manila Department of Labor and Employment Kagawaran ng Paggawa at Empleyo DOLE ( KNPE ) December 8 , 1933 Intramuros , Manila Department of National Defense Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa DND ( KTP ) December 21 , 1935 Camp Aguinaldo , Quezon City Department of Public Works and Highways Kagawaran ng Pagawaing Bayan at Lansangan DPWH ( KPBL ) January 30 , 1987 Port Area , Manila Department of Science and Technology Kagawaran ng Agham at Teknolohiya DOST ( KNAT ) January 30 , 1987 Bicutan , Taguig City Department of Social Welfare and Development Kagawaran ng Kalingang Panlipunan at Pagpapaunlad DSWD ( KKPP ) November 1 , 1939 Batasan Hills , Quezon City Department of Tourism Kagawaran ng Turismo DOT ( KNT ) May 11 , 1973 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue , Makati City Department of Trade and Industry Kagawaran ng Kalakalan at Industriya DTI ( KKI ) June 23 , 1898 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue , Makati City Department of Transportation Kagawaran ng Transportasyon DOTr ( KNTr ) January 23 , 1899 Clark Freeport Zone , Mabalacat , Pampanga List of former executive departments ( edit ) The departments listed below are defunct agencies which have been abolished , integrated , reorganised or renamed into the existing executive departments of the Philippines . First Republic ( edit ) Department of Agriculture , Industry and Commerce Department of Communications and Public Works Department of Interior Department of Foreign Relations Department of Public Education Department of Wars and Marine Commonwealth Period ( edit ) Department of Agriculture and Commerce Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of Commerce and Police Department of Health and Public Welfare Department of Finance and Justice Department of Instruction Department of Labor Department of Public Instruction Department of National Defense Third Republic ( edit ) Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Department of Commerce and Industry Department of General Services Department of Social Welfare Martial Law Era ( Fourth Republic ) ( edit ) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Education , Culture and Sports Ministry of Human Settlements Ministry of Industry Ministry of Labor Ministry of Local Government and Community Development Ministry of National Defense Ministry of Natural Resources Ministry of Public Highways Ministry of Public Information Ministry of Public Works , Transportation and Communications Ministry of Social Services and Development Ministry of Trade and Tourism Ministry of Youth and Sports Development Fifth Republic ( edit ) Department of Education , Culture and Sports Department of Environment , Energy and Natural Resources Department of Land Reform Department of Transportation and Communications Other agencies elevated to Department rank ( edit ) Budget Commission to Department of Budget and Management National Science and Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology Office of Energy Affairs to Department of Energy Office of Information and Communications Technology to Department of Information and Communications Technology See also ( edit ) Cabinet of the Philippines - the heads of the executive departments of the Philippines List of Cabinets of the Philippines External links ( edit ) Philippine government portal <Th_colspan="2"> Executive departments of the Philippines <Td_colspan="2"> Agrarian Reform ( List ) Agriculture ( List ) Budget and Management ( List ) Education ( List ) Energy ( List ) Environment and Natural Resources ( List ) Finance ( List ) Foreign Affairs ( List ) Health ( List ) Information and Communications Technology Interior and Local Government ( List ) Justice ( List ) Labor and Employment ( List ) National Defense ( List ) Public Works and Highways ( List ) Science and Technology ( List ) Social Welfare and Development ( List ) Tourism ( List ) Trade and Industry ( List ) Transportation ( List ) <Th_colspan="3"> Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic List of artifacts in Philippine history Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society <Td_colspan="2"> Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita <Td_colspan="3"> Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines&oldid=806835204 '' Categories : Executive departments of the Philippines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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george harrison all things must pass album tracklist

All Things Must Pass - wikipedia All Things Must Pass Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album . For other uses , see All Things Must Pass ( disambiguation ) . `` Apple Jam '' redirects here . For jam made from apples , see apple jam and apple sauce . <Th_colspan="2"> All Things Must Pass <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by George Harrison Released 27 November 1970 ( 1970 - 11 - 27 ) Recorded 26 May -- late October 1970 Studio Abbey Road Studios , London ; Trident Studios , London ; Apple Studio , London Genre Folk rock gospel hard rock country Length 105 : 59 Label Apple Producer George Harrison , Phil Spector <Th_colspan="2"> George Harrison chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Electronic Sound ( 1969 ) All Things Must Pass ( 1970 ) The Concert for Bangladesh ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from All Things Must Pass <Td_colspan="2"> `` My Sweet Lord '' Released : 23 November 1970 ( US ) ; 15 January 1971 ( UK ) `` What Is Life '' Released : 15 February 1971 ( US ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Album artwork of the 2001 re-release of All Things Must Pass <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> All Things Must Pass is a triple album by English musician George Harrison . Recorded and released in 1970 , the album was Harrison 's first solo work since the break - up of the Beatles in April that year , and his third solo album overall . It includes the hit singles `` My Sweet Lord '' and `` What Is Life '' , as well as songs such as `` Is n't It a Pity '' and the title track that had been turned down for inclusion on releases by the Beatles . The album reflects the influence of Harrison 's musical activities with artists such as Bob Dylan , the Band , Delaney & Bonnie and Billy Preston during 1968 -- 70 , and his growth as an artist beyond his supporting role to former bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . All Things Must Pass introduced Harrison 's signature sound , the slide guitar , and the spiritual themes that would be present throughout his subsequent solo work . The original vinyl release consisted of two LPs of songs and a third disc of informal jams , titled Apple Jam . Several commentators interpret Barry Feinstein 's album cover photo , showing Harrison surrounded by four garden gnomes , as a statement on his independence from the Beatles . Production began at London 's Abbey Road Studios in May 1970 , with extensive overdubbing and mixing continuing through October . Among the large cast of backing musicians were Eric Clapton and Delaney & Bonnie 's Friends band -- three of whom formed Derek and the Dominos with Clapton during the recording -- as well as Ringo Starr , Gary Wright , Preston , Klaus Voormann , John Barham , Badfinger and Pete Drake . The sessions produced a double album 's worth of extra material , most of which remains unissued . All Things Must Pass was critically and commercially successful on release , with long stays at number 1 on charts around the world . The album was co-produced by Phil Spector and employs his Wall of Sound production technique to notable effect ; Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described the sound as `` Wagnerian , Brucknerian , the music of mountain tops and vast horizons '' . Reflecting the widespread surprise at the assuredness of Harrison 's post-Beatles debut , Melody Maker 's Richard Williams likened the album to Greta Garbo 's first role in a talking picture and declared : `` Garbo talks ! -- Harrison is free ! '' According to Colin Larkin , writing in the 2011 edition of his Encyclopedia of Popular Music , All Things Must Pass is `` generally rated '' as the best of all the former Beatles ' solo albums . During the final year of his life , Harrison oversaw a successful reissue campaign to mark the 30th anniversary of the album 's release . Following this reissue , in March 2001 , the set was certified six - times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Among its appearances in critics ' best - album lists , All Things Must Pass was ranked 79th on The Times ' `` The 100 Best Albums of All Time '' in 1993 , while Rolling Stone currently places it 433rd on the magazine 's `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . In January 2014 , All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Songs 2.1 Main body 2.2 Apple Jam 2.3 Demo tracks and outtakes 3 Contributing musicians 4 Production 4.1 Initial recording 4.2 Overdubbing 4.3 Mixing and mastering 5 Artwork 6 Release 7 Critical reception 7.1 Contemporary reviews 7.2 Retrospective reviews and legacy 8 Subsequent releases 8.1 2001 8.2 2010 8.3 2014 9 Track listing 9.1 Original release 9.2 2001 remaster 10 Personnel 11 Accolades 11.1 Grammy Awards 12 Charts 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year - end charts 13 Certifications 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Background ( edit ) Music journalist John Harris has identified the start of George Harrison 's `` journey '' to making All Things Must Pass as his visit to America in late 1968 , following the acrimonious sessions for the Beatles ' White Album . While in Woodstock in November , Harrison established a long - lasting friendship with Bob Dylan and experienced a creative equality among the Band that contrasted sharply with John Lennon and Paul McCartney 's domination in the Beatles . Coinciding with this visit was a surge in Harrison 's songwriting output , following his renewed interest in the guitar , after three years spent studying the Indian sitar . As well as being one of the few musicians to co-write songs with Dylan , Harrison had recently collaborated with Eric Clapton on `` Badge '' , which became a hit single for Cream in the spring of 1969 . Billboard ad for Harrison 's Wonderwall Music soundtrack ( 1968 ) Once back in London , and with his compositions continually overlooked for inclusion on releases by the Beatles , Harrison found creative fulfilment in extracurricular projects that , in the words of his musical biographer , Simon Leng , served as an `` emancipating force '' from the restrictions imposed on him in the band . His activities during 1969 included producing Apple signings Billy Preston and Doris Troy , two American singer - songwriters whose soul and gospel roots proved as influential on All Things Must Pass as the music of the Band . He also recorded with artists such as Leon Russell and Jack Bruce , and accompanied Clapton on a short tour with Delaney Bramlett 's soul revue , Delaney & Bonnie and Friends . In addition , Harrison identified his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement as providing `` another piece of a jigsaw puzzle '' that represented the spiritual journey he had begun in 1966 . As well as embracing the Vaishnavist branch of Hinduism , Harrison produced two hit singles during 1969 -- 70 by the UK - based devotees , credited as Radha Krishna Temple ( London ) . In January 1970 , Harrison invited American producer Phil Spector to participate in the recording of Lennon 's Plastic Ono Band single `` Instant Karma ! '' This association led to Spector being given the task of salvaging the Beatles ' Get Back rehearsal tapes , released officially as the Let It Be album ( 1970 ) , and later co-producing All Things Must Pass . Harrison first discussed the possibility of making a solo album of his unused songs during the ill - tempered Get Back sessions , held at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969 . At Abbey Road Studios on 25 February , his 26th birthday , Harrison recorded demos of `` All Things Must Pass '' and two other compositions that had received little interest from Lennon and McCartney at Twickenham . With the inclusion of one of these songs -- `` Something '' -- and `` Here Comes the Sun '' on the Beatles ' Abbey Road album in September 1969 , music critics acknowledged that Harrison had bloomed into a songwriter to match Lennon and McCartney . Although he began talking publicly about recording his own album from the autumn of 1969 , it was only after McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles , in April 1970 , signalling the band 's break - up , that Harrison committed to the idea . Despite having already made Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) , a mostly instrumental soundtrack album , and the experimental Electronic Sound ( 1969 ) , Harrison considered All Things Must Pass to be his first solo album . Songs ( edit ) Main body ( edit ) I went to George 's Friar Park ... and he said , `` I have a few ditties for you to hear . '' It was endless ! He had literally hundreds of songs and each one was better than the rest . He had all this emotion built up when it was released to me . -- Phil Spector , on first hearing Harrison 's backlog of songs in early 1970 Spector first heard Harrison 's stockpile of unreleased compositions early in 1970 , when visiting his recently purchased home , Friar Park . `` It was endless ! '' Spector later recalled of the recital , noting the quantity and quality of Harrison 's material . Harrison had accumulated songs from as far back as 1966 ; both `` Is n't It a Pity '' and `` Art of Dying '' date from that year . He co-wrote at least two songs with Dylan while in Woodstock , one of which , `` I 'd Have You Anytime '' , appeared on All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote `` Let It Down '' in late 1968 also . He introduced the Band - inspired `` All Things Must Pass '' , along with `` Hear Me Lord '' and `` Let It Down '' , at the Beatles ' Get Back rehearsals , only to have them rejected by Lennon and McCartney . The tense atmosphere at Twickenham fuelled another All Things Must Pass song , `` Wah - Wah '' , which Harrison wrote in the wake of his temporary departure from the band on 10 January 1969 . `` Run of the Mill '' followed soon afterwards , its lyrics focusing on the failure of friendships within the Beatles amid the business problems surrounding their Apple organisation . Harrison 's musical activities outside the band during 1969 inspired other compositions on the album : `` What Is Life '' came to him while driving to a London session that spring for Preston 's That 's the Way God Planned It album ; `` Behind That Locked Door '' was Harrison 's message of encouragement to Dylan , written the night before the latter 's comeback performance at the Isle of Wight Festival ; and Harrison began `` My Sweet Lord '' as an exercise in writing a gospel song during Delaney & Bonnie 's stopover in Copenhagen in December 1969 . `` I Dig Love '' resulted from Harrison 's early experiments with slide guitar , a technique that Bramlett had introduced him to , in order to cover for guitarist Dave Mason 's departure from the Friends line - up . Other songs on All Things Must Pass , all written during the first half of 1970 , include `` Awaiting on You All '' , which reflected Harrison 's adoption of chanting through his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement ; `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) '' , a tribute to the original owner of Friar Park ; and `` Beware of Darkness '' . The latter was another composition influenced by Harrison 's association with the Radha Krishna Temple , and was written while some of the devotees were staying with him at Friar Park . Shortly before beginning work on All Things Must Pass , Harrison attended a Dylan session in New York on 1 May 1970 , during which he acquired a new song of Dylan 's , `` If Not for You '' . Harrison wrote `` Apple Scruffs '' , which was one of a number of Dylan - influenced compositions on the album , towards the end of production on All Things Must Pass , as a tribute to the diehard fans who had kept a vigil outside the studios where he was working . According to Leng , All Things Must Pass represents the completion of Harrison 's `` musical - philosophical circle '' , in which his 1966 -- 68 immersion in Indian music found a Western equivalent in gospel music . While identifying hard rock , country , and Motown among the other genres on the album , Leng writes of the `` plethora of new sounds and influences '' that Harrison had absorbed through 1969 and now incorporated , including `` Krishna chants , gospel ecstasy , Southern blues - rock ( and ) slide guitar '' . The melodies of `` Is n't It a Pity '' and `` Beware of Darkness '' have aspects of Indian classical music , and on `` My Sweet Lord '' , Harrison combined the Hindu bhajan tradition with gospel . The recurrent lyrical themes on the album are Harrison 's spiritual quest , as it would be throughout his solo career , and friendship , particularly the failure of relationships among the Beatles . Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media describes the album as `` dark - tinged Krishna folk - rock '' . Apple Jam ( edit ) On the original LP 's third disc , entitled Apple Jam , four of the five tracks -- `` Out of the Blue '' , `` Plug Me In '' , `` I Remember Jeep '' and `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' -- are improvised instrumentals built around minimal chord changes , or in the case of `` Out of the Blue '' , a single - chord riff . The title for `` I Remember Jeep '' originated from the name of Clapton 's dog , Jeep , and `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' came from a line on a Lenny Bruce comedy album . In a December 2000 interview with Billboard magazine , Harrison explained : `` For the jams , I did n't want to just throw ( them ) in the cupboard , and yet at the same time it was n't part of the record ; that 's why I put it on a separate label to go in the package as a kind of bonus . '' The only vocal selection on Apple Jam is `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' , sung to the tune of Cliff Richard 's 1968 hit `` Congratulations '' , and recorded as a gift from Harrison to Lennon to mark the latter 's 30th birthday . Like all the `` free '' tracks on the bonus disc , `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' carried a Harrison songwriting credit on the original UK release of All Things Must Pass , while on the first US copies , the only songwriting information on the record 's face labels was the standard inclusion of a performing rights organisation , BMI . In December 1970 , `` Congratulations '' songwriters Bill Martin and Phil Coulter claimed for royalties , with the result that the composer 's credit for Harrison 's track was swiftly changed to acknowledge Martin and Coulter . Demo tracks and outtakes ( edit ) Aside from the seventeen compositions issued on discs one and two of the original album , Harrison recorded at least twenty other songs -- either in demo form for Spector 's benefit , just before recording got officially under way in late May , or as outtakes from the sessions . In a 1992 interview , Harrison commented on the volume of material : `` I did n't have many tunes on Beatles records , so doing an album like All Things Must Pass was like going to the bathroom and letting it out . '' As well as `` Wah - Wah '' , `` Art of Dying '' and others that would soon be developed in a band setting , Harrison 's solo performance for Spector included the following songs , all of which remain unreleased : `` Window , Window '' -- another composition turned down by the Beatles in January 1969 `` Everybody , Nobody '' -- the melody of which Harrison adapted for `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp '' `` Nowhere to Go '' -- a second Harrison -- Dylan collaboration from November 1968 , originally known as `` When Everybody Comes to Town '' `` Cosmic Empire '' , `` Mother Divine '' and `` Tell Me What Has Happened to You '' . Also from this performance were two tracks that Harrison returned to in later years . `` Beautiful Girl '' appeared on his 1976 album Thirty Three & 1 / 3 , and the Dylan - written `` I Do n't Want to Do It '' was Harrison 's contribution to the soundtrack for Porky 's Revenge ! ( 1985 ) . During the main sessions for All Things Must Pass , Harrison taped or routined early versions of `` You '' , `` Try Some , Buy Some '' and `` When Every Song Is Sung '' . Harrison offered these three songs to Ronnie Spector in February 1971 for her proposed ( and soon abandoned ) solo album on Apple Records . After releasing his own versions of `` Try Some , Buy Some '' and `` You '' between 1973 and 1975 , he offered `` When Every Song Is Sung '' ( since retitled `` I 'll Still Love You '' ) to former bandmate Ringo Starr for his 1976 album Ringo 's Rotogravure . `` Woman Do n't You Cry for Me '' , written in December 1969 as his first slide - guitar composition , was another song that Harrison revisited on Thirty Three & 1 / 3 . Harrison included `` I Live for You '' as the only all - new bonus track on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass . `` Down to the River '' remained unused until he reworked it as `` Rocking Chair in Hawaii '' for his final studio album , the posthumously released Brainwashed ( 2002 ) . Harrison recorded the following compositions during the All Things Must Pass sessions but they have never received an official release : `` Dehradun '' -- written during the Beatles ' stay in Rishikesh in early 1968 , and unveiled by Harrison in a brief performance on ukulele for the 1995 TV broadcast of The Beatles Anthology `` Gopala Krishna '' -- also known as `` Om Hare Om '' , with all - Sanskrit lyrics , and described by Simon Leng as a `` rocking companion '' to `` Awaiting on You All '' `` Going Down to Golders Green '' -- a Sun Records - era Presley parody based on the melody of `` Baby Let 's Play House '' . Contributing musicians ( edit ) Jim Gordon , Carl Radle , Bobby Whitlock and Eric Clapton formed Derek and the Dominos while participating in the sessions for All Things Must Pass . The precise line - up of contributing musicians is open to conjecture . Due to the album 's big sound and the many participants on the sessions , commentators have traditionally referred to the grand , orchestral nature of this line - up . In 2002 , music critic Greg Kot described it as `` a who 's who of the decade 's rock royalty '' , while Harris writes of the cast taking on `` a Cecil B. De Mille aspect '' . The musicians included Bobby Whitlock , Jim Gordon , Carl Radle , Bobby Keys , Jim Price and Dave Mason , all of whom had recently toured with Delaney & Bonnie . Along with Eric Clapton , there were also musicians whose link with Harrison went back some years , such as Ringo Starr and Billy Preston , and German bassist Klaus Voormann , formerly of Manfred Mann and a friend since the Beatles ' years in Hamburg . Handling much of the keyboard work with Whitlock was Gary Wright , who went on to collaborate regularly with Harrison throughout the 1970s . That was the great thing about ( the Beatles ) splitting up : to be able to go off and make my own record ... And also to be able to record with all these new people , which was like a breath of fresh air . -- George Harrison , December 2000 From within Apple 's stable of musicians , Harrison recruited the band Badfinger , future Yes drummer Alan White , and Beatles assistant Mal Evans on percussion . Badfinger drummer Mike Gibbins ' powerful tambourine work led to Spector giving him the nickname `` Mr Tambourine Man '' , after the Dylan song , while bandmates Pete Ham , Tom Evans and Joey Molland provided rhythm acoustic - guitar parts that , in keeping with Spector 's Wall of Sound principles , were to be `` felt but not heard '' . Orchestral arranger John Barham also sat in on the sessions , occasionally contributing on harmonium and vibraphone . Other guests included Nashville pedal steel player Pete Drake , Procol Harum 's Gary Brooker and a pre-Genesis Phil Collins . An uncredited Peter Frampton played acoustic guitar on the country tracks featuring Drake . For contractual reasons , on UK pressings of All Things Must Pass , Clapton 's participation on the first two discs of the album remained unacknowledged for many years , although he was listed among the musicians appearing on the Apple Jam disc in Britain . Harrison was unaware of Collins 's contribution until putting together the 30th anniversary reissue of the album in 2000 , at which point he offered Collins his belated thanks . Clapton 's former bandmate in Cream and Blind Faith , Ginger Baker , participated in the session for `` I Remember Jeep '' only , according to the album 's sleeve notes . Simon Leng consulted Voormann , Barham , Molland and Delaney Bramlett for his chapter covering the making of All Things Must Pass and credits Tony Ashton as one of the keyboard players on both versions of `` Is n't It a Pity '' . Unsubstantiated claims exist regarding possible guest appearances from John Lennon , Maurice Gibb and Pink Floyd 's Richard Wright . In addition , for some years after the album 's release , rumours claimed that the Band backed Harrison on the country - influenced `` Behind That Locked Door '' . Production ( edit ) Initial recording ( edit ) You could feel after the first few sessions that it was going to be a great album . -- Klaus Voormann , 2003 The date for Harrison 's run - through of songs for Spector , at Abbey Road Studios , is generally thought to have been 20 May 1970 , the same day as the Let It Be film 's world premiere , with recording sessions beginning on 26 May . With assistance from former Beatles engineers Ken Scott and Phil McDonald , Spector recorded most of the album 's backing tracks live , in some cases featuring multiple drummers and keyboard players , and as many as five rhythm guitarists . Abbey Road Studios , where Harrison recorded much of All Things Must Pass According to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , the majority of these backing tracks were taped on 8 - track at Abbey Road , with the first batch of sessions taking place from late May through to the second week of June . The first song recorded was `` Wah - Wah '' ; `` What Is Life '' , versions one and two of `` Is n't It a Pity '' , and the songs on which Drake participated , such as `` All Things Must Pass '' and `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp '' , were among the other tracks taped then . The Apple Jam instrumentals `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' and `` Plug Me In '' , featuring Harrison , Clapton and Mason each taking extended guitar solos , were recorded later in June , at the Beatles ' Apple Studio , and marked the formation of Clapton , Whitlock , Radle and Gordon 's short - lived band Derek and the Dominos . Harrison also contributed on guitar to both sides of the band 's debut single , `` Tell the Truth '' and `` Roll It Over '' , which were produced by Spector and recorded at Apple on 18 June . The eleven - minute `` Out of the Blue '' featured contributions from Keys and Price , both of whom began working with the Rolling Stones around this time . Although Harrison had estimated in a New York radio interview that the solo album would take no more than eight weeks to complete , recording , overdubbing and mixing on All Things Must Pass lasted for five months , until late October . Part of the reason for this was Harrison 's need to make regular visits to Liverpool to tend to his mother , who had been diagnosed with cancer . Participants at the recording sessions identify Spector 's erratic behaviour as another factor affecting progress on the album . Harrison later referred to Spector needing `` eighteen cherry brandies '' before he could start work , a situation that forced much of the production duties onto Harrison alone . In July 1970 , by which time sessions had resumed at Trident Studios , Spector fell over in the studio and broke his arm . Early that month , work on All Things Must Pass was temporarily brought to a halt as Harrison headed north to see his dying mother for the last time . EMI 's growing concerns regarding studio costs added to the pressure on Harrison , and a further complication , John Harris notes , was that Clapton had become infatuated with Harrison 's wife , Pattie Boyd , and adopted a heroin habit as a means of coping with his guilt . Overdubbing ( edit ) In Spector 's absence , Harrison had completed the album 's backing tracks and preliminary overdubs by 12 August . He then sent early mixes of many of the songs to his co-producer , who was convalescing in Los Angeles , and Spector replied by letter dated 19 August with suggestions for further overdubs and final mixing . Among Spector 's comments were detailed suggestions regarding `` Let It Down '' , the released recording of which Madinger and Easter describe as `` the best example of Spector running rampant with the ' Wall of Sound ' '' , and an urging that he and Harrison carry out further work on the songs at the superior , 16 - track Trident Studios facility . Spector then returned to oversee conversion of the 8 - track recordings to 16 - track masters , a process that allowed for more freedom when overdubbing new instruments . John Barham 's orchestrations were recorded during the next phase of the album 's production , starting in early September , along with many further contributions from Harrison , such as his lead vocals , slide guitar parts and multi-tracked backing vocals ( the latter credited to `` the George O'Hara - Smith Singers '' ) . Leng recognises Barham 's arrangements on `` pivotal '' songs such as `` Is n't It a Pity '' , `` My Sweet Lord '' , `` Beware of Darkness '' and `` All Things Must Pass '' as important elements of the album 's sound , while Spector has praised Harrison 's guitar and vocal work on the overdubs , saying : `` Perfectionist is not the right word . Anyone can be a perfectionist . He was beyond that ... '' Harrison 's style of slide guitar playing incorporated aspects of both Indian music and the blues tradition ; from its introduction on All Things Must Pass , Leng writes , Harrison 's slide guitar became his musical signature -- `` as instantly recognisable as Dylan 's harmonica or Stevie Wonder 's '' . Mixing and mastering ( edit ) If I were doing ( All Things Must Pass ) now , it would not be so produced . But it was the first record ... And anybody who 's familiar with Phil ( Spector ) 's work -- it was like Cinemascope sound . -- George Harrison , January 2001 On 9 October , while carrying out final mixing at Abbey Road , Harrison presented Lennon with the recently recorded `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' . The track featured Harrison on vocals , harmonium and all other instruments , and vocal contributions from Mal Evans and assistant engineer Eddie Klein . That same month , Harrison finished his production work on Starr 's 1971 single `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , the basic track for which they had recorded with Voormann in March at Trident . Aside from his contributions to projects by Starr , Clapton , Preston and Ashton during 1970 , over the following year Harrison would reciprocate the help that his fellow musicians on All Things Must Pass had given him by contributing to albums by Whitlock , Wright , Badfinger and Keys . On 28 October , Harrison and Boyd arrived in New York , where he and Spector carried out final preparation for the album 's release , such as sequencing . Harrison harboured doubts about whether all the songs they had finished were worthy of inclusion ; Allan Steckler , Apple Records ' US manager , was `` stunned '' by the quality of the material and assured Harrison that he should issue all the songs . Spector 's signature production style gave All Things Must Pass a heavy , reverb - oriented sound , which Harrison came to regret with the passage of time . Outtakes from the recording sessions became available on bootlegs in the 1990s . One such unofficial release , the three - disc The Making of All Things Must Pass , contains multiple takes of some of the songs on the album , providing a work - in - progress on the sequence of overdubs onto the backing tracks . Artwork ( edit ) Harrison commissioned Tom Wilkes to design a hinged box in which to house the three vinyl discs , rather than have them packaged in a triple gatefold cover . Apple insider Tony Bramwell later recalled : `` It was a bloody big thing ... You needed arms like an orang - utan to carry half a dozen . '' The packaging caused some confusion among retailers , who , at that time , associated boxed albums with opera or classical works . The stark black - and - white cover photo was taken on the main lawn at Friar Park by Wilkes ' Camouflage Productions partner , Barry Feinstein . Commentators interpret the photograph -- showing Harrison seated in the centre of , and towering over , four comical - looking garden gnomes -- as representing his removal from the Beatles ' collective identity . The gnomes had recently been delivered to Friar Park and placed on the lawn ; seeing the four figures there , and mindful of the message in the album 's title , Feinstein immediately drew parallels with Harrison 's former band . Author and music journalist Mikal Gilmore has written that Lennon 's initial negativity regarding All Things Must Pass was possibly because he was `` irritated '' by this cover photo ; Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley attributes this reaction to envy on Lennon 's part during a time when `` everything ( Harrison ) touched turned to gold '' . Apple included a poster with the album , showing Harrison in a darkened corridor of his home , standing in front of an iron - framed window . Wilkes had designed a more adventurous poster , but according to Beatles author Bruce Spizer , Harrison was uncomfortable with the imagery . Some of the Feinstein photographs that Wilkes had incorporated into this original poster design appeared instead on the picture sleeves for the `` My Sweet Lord '' single and its follow - up , `` What Is Life '' . Release ( edit ) Music should be used for the perception of God , not jitterbugging . -- George Harrison , January 1971 EMI and its US counterpart , Capitol Records , had originally scheduled the album for release in October 1970 , and advance promotion began in September . An `` intangible buzz '' had been `` in the air for months '' regarding Harrison 's solo album , according to Alan Clayson , and `` for reasons other than still - potent loyalty to the Fab Four '' . Harrison 's stature as an artist had grown over the past year through the acclaim afforded his songs on Abbey Road , as well as the speculation caused by his and Dylan 's joint recording session in New York . Noting also Harrison 's role in popularising new acts such as the Band and Delaney & Bonnie , and his association with Clapton and Cream , NME critic Bob Woffinden concluded in 1981 : `` All in all , Harrison 's credibility was building to a peak . '' Trade ad for the `` What Is Life '' single , February 1971 All Things Must Pass was released on 27 November 1970 in the United States , and on 30 November in Britain , with the rare distinction of having the same Apple catalogue number ( STCH 639 ) in both countries . Often credited as rock 's first triple album , it was the first triple set of previously unissued music by a single act , the multi-artist Woodstock live album having preceded it by six months . Adding to the commercial appeal of Harrison 's songs , Clayson writes , All Things Must Pass appeared at a time when religion and spirituality had become `` a turn - of - the - decade craze '' among Western youth , just as the Twist had been in 1960 . Another factor behind the album 's first weeks of release was Harrison 's meeting with McCartney in New York , the failure of which led to McCartney filing suit in London 's High Court to dissolve the Beatles ' legal partnership . Apple issued `` My Sweet Lord '' as the album 's first single , as a double A-side with `` Is n't It a Pity '' in the majority of countries . It was highly successful , topping singles charts around the world during the first few months of 1971 , on its way to becoming the most performed song of that year . Discussing the song 's cultural impact , Gilmore credits `` My Sweet Lord '' with being `` as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced '' . Issued in February 1971 , the second single , `` What Is Life '' backed with `` Apple Scruffs '' , was also successful . All Things Must Pass was number 1 on the UK 's official albums chart for eight weeks , although until 2006 , chart records incorrectly stated that it had peaked at number 4 . On Melody Maker 's national chart , the album was also number 1 for eight weeks , from 6 February to 27 March , six of which coincided with `` My Sweet Lord '' topping the magazine 's singles chart . In America , All Things Must Pass spent seven weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Top LP 's chart , from 2 January until 20 February , and a similarly long period atop the listings compiled by Cash Box and Record World ; for three of those weeks , `` My Sweet Lord '' held the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . Writing in the April 2001 issue of Record Collector , managing editor Peter Doggett described Harrison as `` arguably the most successful rock star on the planet '' at the start of 1971 , with All Things Must Pass `` easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year , such as ( McCartney 's ) Ram and ( Lennon 's ) Imagine '' . Harrison 's so - called `` Billboard double '' -- whereby one artist simultaneously holds the top positions on the magazine 's albums and singles listings -- was a feat that none of his former bandmates equalled until Paul McCartney and Wings repeated the achievement in June 1973 . At the 1972 Grammy Awards , All Things Must Pass was nominated for Album of the Year and `` My Sweet Lord '' for Record of the Year , but Harrison lost out in both categories to Carole King . All Things Must Pass was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America on 17 December 1970 and it has since been certified six times platinum . According to John Bergstrom of PopMatters , as of January 2011 , All Things Must Pass had sold more than Imagine and McCartney and Wings ' Band on the Run ( 1973 ) combined . Also writing in 2011 , Lennon and Harrison biographer Gary Tillery describes it as `` the most successful album ever released by an ex-Beatle '' . In his 2004 book The 100 Best - Selling Albums of the 70s , Hamish Champ ranks it as the 36th best - selling album of that decade . Critical reception ( edit ) Contemporary Reviews ( edit ) All Things Must Pass received almost universal critical acclaim on release -- as much for the music and lyrical content as for the fact that , of all the former Beatles , it was the work of supposed junior partner George Harrison . Beatles author Robert Rodriguez has written of critics ' attention being centred on `` a major talent unleashed , one who 'd been hidden in plain sight all those years '' behind Lennon and McCartney . `` That the Quiet Beatle was capable of such range , '' Rodriguez continues , `` from the joyful ' What Is Life ' to the meditative ' Is n't It a Pity ' to the steamrolling ' Art of Dying ' to the playful ' I Dig Love ' -- was revelatory . '' Most reviewers tended to discount the third disc of studio jams , accepting that it was a `` free '' addition to justify the set 's high retail price , although Anthony DeCurtis recognises Apple Jam as further evidence of the album 's `` bracing air of creative liberation '' . Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone deemed All Things Must Pass `` both an intensely personal statement and a grandiose gesture , a triumph over artistic modesty '' and referenced the three - record set as an `` extravaganza of piety and sacrifice and joy , whose sheer magnitude and ambition may dub it the War and Peace of rock and roll '' . Gerson also lauded the album 's production as being `` of classic Spectorian proportions , Wagnerian , Brucknerian , the music of mountain tops and vast horizons '' . In the NME , Alan Smith referred to Harrison 's songs as `` music of the mind '' , adding : `` they search and they wander , as if in the soft rhythms of a dream , and in the end he has set them to words which are often both profound and profoundly beautiful . '' Billboard magazine hailed All Things Must Pass as `` a masterful blend of rock and piety , technical brilliance and mystic mood , and relief from the tedium of everyday rock '' . Melody Maker 's Richard Williams summed up the surprise many felt at Harrison 's apparent transformation : All Things Must Pass , he said , provided `` the rock equivalent of the shock felt by pre-war moviegoers when Garbo first opened her mouth in a talkie : Garbo talks ! -- Harrison is free ! '' In another review , for The Times , Williams opined that , of all the Beatles ' solo releases thus far , Harrison 's album `` makes far and away the best listening , perhaps because it is the one which most nearly continues the tradition they began eight years ago '' . William Bender of Time magazine described it as an `` expressive , classically executed personal statement ... one of the outstanding rock albums in years '' , while Don Heckman wrote in The New York Times : `` If anyone had any doubts that George Harrison was a major talent , they can relax ... This is a release that should n't be missed . '' That the album sounded so contemporary in 1970 contributed to All Things Must Pass seeming dated and faddish later in the decade . Village Voice critic Robert Christgau , having bemoaned in 1971 that the album was characterised by `` overblown fatuity '' and uninteresting music , wrote in a 1981 review of its `` featurelessness '' , `` right down to the anonymity of the multitracked vocals '' . In their book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Roy Carr and Tony Tyler were likewise lukewarm in their assessment , criticising the `` homogeneity '' of the production and `` the lugubrious nature of Harrison 's composing '' . Writing in The Beatles Forever in 1977 , however , Nicholas Schaffner praised the album as the `` crowning glory '' of Harrison and Spector 's careers , and highlighted `` All Things Must Pass '' and `` Beware of Darkness '' as the `` two most eloquent songs ... musically as well as lyrically '' . Retrospective Reviews and legacy ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Christgau 's Record Guide Encyclopedia of Popular Music Mojo MusicHound Rock 5 / 5 Pitchfork 9.0 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Uncut AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger views All Things Must Pass as `` ( Harrison 's ) best ... a very moving work '' , while Roger Catlin of MusicHound describes the set as `` epic and audacious '' , its `` dense production and rich songs topped off by the extra album of jamming '' . Q magazine considers it to be an exemplary fusion of `` rock and religion '' , as well as `` the single most satisfying collection of any solo Beatle '' . Filmmaker Martin Scorsese has written of the `` powerful sense of the ritualistic on the album '' , adding : `` I remember feeling that it had the grandeur of liturgical music , of the bells used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies . '' Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot described this grandeur as an `` echo - laden cathedral of rock in excelsis '' where the `` real stars '' are Harrison 's songs ; in the same publication , Mikal Gilmore labelled the album `` the finest solo work any ex-Beatle ever produced '' . In his July 2001 feature for Mojo , John Harris called it `` the inaugural solo album that still stands as the best Beatles solo record '' , while earlier that year the magazine 's album review read in part : `` This remains the best Beatles solo album ... oozing both the goggle - eyed joy of creative emancipation and the sense of someone pushing himself to the limit ... '' George Harrison confronted the breakup head - on , with the graceful , philosophical All Things Must Pass . A series of elegies , dream sequences , and thoughts on the limits of idealism , it is arguably the most fully realized solo statement from any of the Beatles . -- Author Tom Moon , in 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die ( 2008 ) In his PopMatters review , John Bergstrom likens All Things Must Pass to `` the sound of Harrison exhaling '' , noting : `` He was quite possibly the only Beatle who was completely satisfied with the Beatles being gone . '' Bergstrom credits the album with heavily influencing bands such as ELO , My Morning Jacket , Fleet Foxes and Grizzly Bear , as well as helping bring about the dream pop phenomenon . Another Rolling Stone critic , James Hunter , commented in 2001 on how All Things Must Pass `` helped define the decade it ushered in '' , in that `` the cast , the length , the long hair falling on suede - covered shoulders ... foretold the sprawl and sleepy ambition of the Seventies . '' In The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Mac Randall writes that the album is exceptional , but `` a tad overrated '' by those critics who tend to overlook how its last 30 minutes comprise `` a bunch of instrumental blues jams that nobody listens to more than once '' . Unterberger similarly cites the inclusion of Apple Jam as `` a very significant flaw '' , while recognising that its content `` proved to be of immense musical importance '' , with the formation of Derek and the Dominos . Writing for Pitchfork Media in 2016 , Jayson Green said that Harrison was the only former Beatle who `` changed the terms of what an album could be '' since , although All Things Must Pass was not the first rock triple LP , `` in the cultural imagination , it is the first triple album , the first one released as a pointed statement . '' Among Harrison 's biographers , Simon Leng views All Things Must Pass as a `` paradox of an album '' : as eager as Harrison was to break free from his identity as a Beatle , Leng suggests , many of the songs document the `` Kafkaesque chain of events '' of life within the band and so added to the `` mythologized history '' he was looking to escape . Ian Inglis notes 1970 's place in an era marking `` the new supremacy of the singer - songwriter '' , through such memorable albums as Simon & Garfunkel 's Bridge Over Troubled Water , Neil Young 's After the Gold Rush , Van Morrison 's Moondance and Joni Mitchell 's Ladies of the Canyon , but that none of these `` possessed the startling impact '' of All Things Must Pass . Harrison 's triple album , Inglis writes , `` ( would ) elevate ' the third Beatle ' into a position that , for a time at least , comfortably eclipsed that of his former bandmates '' . All Things Must Pass features in music reference books such as The Mojo Collection : The Greatest Albums of All Time , Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die and Tom Moon 's 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . In 1999 , All Things Must Pass appeared at number 9 on The Guardian 's `` Alternative Top 100 Albums '' list , where the editor described it as the `` best , mellowest and most sophisticated '' of all the Beatles ' solo efforts . In 2006 , Pitchfork Media placed it at number 82 on the site 's `` Top 100 Albums of the 1970s '' . Six year later , it was voted 433rd on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . According to the website Acclaimed Music , All Things Must Pass has also appeared in the following critics ' best - album books and lists , among others : Paul Gambaccini 's The World Critics Best Albums of All Time ( 1977 ; ranked number 79 ) , The Times ' `` 100 Best Albums of All Time '' ( 1993 ; number 79 ) , Allan Kozinn 's The 100 Greatest Pop Albums of the Century ( published in 2000 ) , Q 's `` The 50 ( + 50 ) Best British Albums Ever '' ( 2004 ) , Mojo 's `` 70 of the Greatest Albums of the 70s '' ( 2006 ) , the NME 's `` 100 Greatest British Albums Ever '' ( 2006 ; number 86 ) , Paste magazine 's `` The 70 Best Albums of the 1970s '' ( 2012 ; number 27 ) , and Craig Mathieson and Toby Creswell 's The 100 Best Albums of All Time ( 2013 ) . In January 2014 , All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , an award bestowed by the Recording Academy `` to honor recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance that are at least 25 years old '' . Subsequent releases ( edit ) 2001 ( edit ) Front cover of the 2001 album booklet , reflecting Harrison 's environmental concerns at the start of the 21st century ; copyright Gnome Records To mark the 30th anniversary of the album 's release , Harrison supervised a remastered edition of All Things Must Pass , which was issued in January 2001 , less than a year before his death from cancer at the age of 58 . The reissue appeared on Gnome Records , a label specifically set up by him for the project . Harrison oversaw revisions to Wilkes and Feinstein 's album artwork , which included a colorised `` George & the Gnomes '' front cover and , on the two CD sleeves and the album booklet , further examples of this cover image showing an imaginary , gradual encroachment of urbanisation on the Friar Park landscape . The latter series served to illustrate Harrison 's dismay at `` the direction the world seemed headed at the start of the millennium '' , Gary Tillery observes , a direction that was `` so far afield from the Age of Aquarius that had been the dream of the sixties '' . Harrison launched a website dedicated to the reissue , which offered , in the description of Chuck Miller of Goldmine magazine , `` graphics and sounds and little Macromedia - created gnomes dancing and giggling and playing guitars in a Terry Gilliam-esque world '' . As a further example of his willingness to embrace modern media , Harrison prepared an electronic press kit , which he described as `` not exactly an EPK but it is a threat to world order as we know it '' . Titled All Things Must Pass : 30th Anniversary Edition , the new album contained five bonus tracks , including `` I Live For You '' , two of the songs performed for Spector at Abbey Road in May 1970 ( `` Beware of Darkness '' and `` Let It Down '' ) and `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' , a partial re-recording of Harrison 's biggest solo hit . In addition , Harrison resequenced the content of Apple Jam so that the album closed with `` Out of the Blue '' , as he had originally intended . Assisting Harrison with overdubs on the bonus tracks were his son , Dhani Harrison , singer Sam Brown and percussionist Ray Cooper , all of whom contributed to the recording of Brainwashed around this time . With Harrison undertaking extensive promotional work , the 2001 reissue was a critical and commercial success . Having underestimated the album 's popularity , Capitol faced a back order of 20,000 copies in America . There , the reissue debuted at number 4 on Billboard 's Top Pop Catalog Albums chart and topped the magazine 's Internet Album Sales listings . In the UK , it peaked at number 68 on the national albums chart . Writing in Record Collector , Doggett described this success as `` a previously unheard - of achievement for a reissue '' . Following Harrison 's death on 29 November 2001 , All Things Must Pass returned to the US charts , climbing to number 6 and number 7 , respectively , on the Top Pop Catalog and Internet Album Sales charts . With the release on iTunes of much of the Harrison catalogue , in October 2007 , the album re-entered the US Top Pop Catalog chart , peaking at number 3 . For the 40th anniversary of All Things Must Pass , EMI reissued the album in its original configuration , in a limited - edition box set of three vinyl LPs . Available via participating Record Store Day retailers , with each copy individually numbered , the release took place on 26 November 2010 . In what Bergstrom notes as a contrast to the more aggressive marketing campaign run simultaneously by John Lennon 's estate , to commemorate Lennon 's 70th birthday , a digitally remastered 24 - bit version of the album was made available for download from Harrison 's official website . The reissue coincided with the Harrison estate 's similarly low - key release of the Ravi Shankar -- George Harrison box set Collaborations and East Meets West Music 's reissue of Raga , the long - unavailable documentary on Shankar that Harrison had helped release through Apple Films in 1971 . 2014 ( edit ) All Things Must Pass was remastered again for inclusion in the eight - disc Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 , issued in September 2014 . Also available as a separate , double CD release , the reissue reproduces Harrison 's 2001 liner notes and includes the same five bonus tracks that appeared on the 30th anniversary edition . In addition , the box set 's DVD contains the promotional film created for the 2001 reissue . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by George Harrison , except where noted . Original release ( edit ) Side one `` I 'd Have You Anytime '' ( Harrison , Bob Dylan ) -- 2 : 56 `` My Sweet Lord '' -- 4 : 38 `` Wah - Wah '' -- 5 : 35 `` Is n't It a Pity ( Version One ) '' -- 7 : 10 Side two `` What Is Life '' -- 4 : 22 `` If Not for You '' ( Dylan ) -- 3 : 29 `` Behind That Locked Door '' -- 3 : 05 `` Let It Down '' -- 4 : 57 `` Run of the Mill '' -- 2 : 49 Side three `` Beware of Darkness '' -- 3 : 48 `` Apple Scruffs '' -- 3 : 04 `` Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) '' -- 3 : 48 `` Awaiting on You All '' -- 2 : 45 `` All Things Must Pass '' -- 3 : 44 Side four `` I Dig Love '' -- 4 : 55 `` Art of Dying '' -- 3 : 37 `` Is n't It a Pity ( Version Two ) '' -- 4 : 45 `` Hear Me Lord '' -- 5 : 46 Side five ( Apple Jam ) `` Out of the Blue '' -- 11 : 14 `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' ( Bill Martin , Phil Coulter , Harrison ) -- 0 : 49 `` Plug Me In '' -- 3 : 18 Side six ( Apple Jam ) `` I Remember Jeep '' -- 8 : 07 `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' -- 5 : 31 2001 remaster ( edit ) Disc one Tracks 1 -- 9 as per sides one and two of original issue , with the following additional tracks : `` I Live for You '' -- 3 : 35 `` Beware of Darkness '' ( acoustic demo ) -- 3 : 19 `` Let It Down '' ( alternate version ) -- 3 : 54 `` What Is Life '' ( backing track / alternate mix ) -- 4 : 27 `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' -- 4 : 57 Disc two Tracks 1 -- 9 as per sides three and four of original issue , followed by the reordered Apple Jam tracks , for which all participants are believed to now be credited as composers also . `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' ( Martin , Coulter ; new lyrics by Mal Evans , Harrison , Eddie Klein ) -- 0 : 49 `` Plug Me In '' ( Eric Clapton , Jim Gordon , Harrison , Dave Mason , Carl Radle , Bobby Whitlock ) -- 3 : 18 `` I Remember Jeep '' ( Ginger Baker , Clapton , Harrison , Billy Preston , Klaus Voormann ) -- 8 : 07 `` Thanks for the Pepperoni '' ( Clapton , Gordon , Harrison , Mason , Radle , Whitlock ) -- 5 : 31 `` Out of the Blue '' ( Al Aronowitz , Clapton , Gordon , Harrison , Bobby Keys , Jim Price , Radle , Whitlock , Gary Wright ) -- 11 : 16 Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians are either credited on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass or are acknowledged as having contributed after subsequent research : George Harrison -- vocals , electric and acoustic guitars , Dobro , harmonica , Moog synthesizer , harmonium , backing vocals ; bass ( 2001 reissue only ) Eric Clapton -- electric and acoustic guitars , backing vocals Gary Wright -- piano , organ , electric piano Bobby Whitlock -- organ , harmonium , piano , tubular bells , backing vocals Klaus Voormann -- bass , electric guitar Jim Gordon -- drums Carl Radle -- bass Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion Billy Preston -- organ , piano Jim Price -- trumpet , trombone , horn arrangements Bobby Keys -- saxophones Alan White -- drums , vibraphone Pete Drake -- pedal steel John Barham -- orchestral arrangements , choral arrangement , harmonium , vibraphone Pete Ham -- acoustic guitar Tom Evans -- acoustic guitar Joey Molland -- acoustic guitar Mike Gibbins -- percussion Peter Frampton -- acoustic guitar Dave Mason -- electric and acoustic guitars Tony Ashton -- piano Gary Brooker -- piano Mal Evans -- percussion , backing vocals , `` tea and sympathy '' Ginger Baker -- drums Al Aronowitz -- unspecified Eddie Klein -- backing vocals Dhani Harrison -- acoustic guitar , electric piano , backing vocals ( 2001 reissue only ) Sam Brown -- vocals , backing vocals ( 2001 reissue only ) Ray Cooper -- percussion , synthesizer ( 2001 reissue only ) Accolades ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1972 All Things Must Pass Album of the Year Nominated `` My Sweet Lord '' Record of the Year Nominated 2014 All Things Must Pass Hall of Fame Award Won Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Position Australian Go - Set Top 20 Albums Australian Kent Music Report Canadian RPM 100 Albums Dutch MegaCharts Albums Italian Albums Chart Japanese Oricon LP Chart Norwegian VG - lista Albums Spanish Albums Chart Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart UK Albums Chart US Billboard Top LPs US Cash Box Top 100 Albums US Record World Album Chart West German Media Control Albums 10 Reissue Chart ( 2001 ) Position French SNEP Albums Chart 68 Japanese Oricon Albums Chart 46 UK Albums Chart 68 US Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Position Australian Kent Music Report 5 Dutch Albums Chart 11 Italian Albums Chart 18 US Billboard Year - End 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In conversation with Lennon , Harrison remarked that he already had enough compositions for the next ten years of Beatle releases , given his usual quota of two tracks per album and the occasional B - side . Jump up ^ This is a view held by biographers Leng and Joshua Greene also , as well as by music writers and critics such as John Harris , David Fricke , Richie Unterberger and Harry Shapiro . Jump up ^ `` Is n't It a Pity '' was another song passed over during these sessions , having similarly been turned down , by Lennon , for inclusion on the Beatles ' Revolver album ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Soon after the tour , Harrison gave `` My Sweet Lord '' and `` All Things Must Pass '' to Preston , who released the songs on his Encouraging Words album in September 1970 , two months before Harrison 's versions appeared . Jump up ^ The `` separate label '' was a face label that appeared on each side of disc three , containing a jam jar painted by designer Tom Wilkes to show a piece of fruit inside the jar and two apple leaves on the outside . To complete the literal pun on the words `` apple jam '' , Wilkes painted the title of the bonus disc on the jar 's lid . Jump up ^ In other interviews , Harrison similarly likened his situation to being `` constipated for years '' artistically while in the Beatles . Jump up ^ Fifteen of these tracks are available unofficially on the Beware of ABKCO ! bootleg . Jump up ^ For similar reasons regarding record companies being `` possessive '' of their artists , the musician credits on Cream 's Goodbye album ( 1969 ) , Jack Bruce 's Songs for a Tailor ( 1969 ) and Delaney & Bonnie 's On Tour ( 1970 ) could only list Harrison under a pseudonym , `` L'Angelo Misterioso '' . Jump up ^ Like Barham , Tony Ashton had been a significant contributor to Harrison 's Wonderwall Music album . In March 1970 , Harrison and Clapton participated in the recording of `` I 'm Your Spiritual Breadman '' by Ashton 's new band , Ashton , Gardner and Dyke . Jump up ^ In his liner notes accompanying the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass , however , Harrison gives the date for the run - through as 27 May . Jump up ^ Drake also played on the bootlegged instrumental `` Pete Drake and His Amazing Talking Guitar '' , before returning to Nashville to gather material for Starr 's country album , Beaucoups of Blues ( 1970 ) , sessions for which began in the last week of June . Jump up ^ This personal tragedy was the inspiration for a new Harrison composition , the 1971 B - side `` Deep Blue '' . Jump up ^ Clapton 's feelings for Boyd inspired many of his songs on Derek and the Dominos ' only studio album , Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs ( 1970 ) . After Boyd rejected him in November 1970 , Clapton descended into full - blown heroin addiction , which led to the break - up of the band in early 1971 and the sidelining of his career until 1974 . Jump up ^ Session tapes reveal that Lennon was recording his song `` Remember '' in one of the other studios there when Harrison arrived . Jump up ^ The albums were released , respectively , as Bobby Whitlock ( 1972 ) , Footprint ( 1971 ) , Straight Up ( 1971 ) and Bobby Keys ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ According to Harrison 's recollection in a 1977 interview for Crawdaddy magazine , Lennon first saw the artwork at Friar Park and remarked to a mutual friend of theirs that Harrison `` must be fucking mad '' to be releasing a triple album , and described him as `` look ( ing ) like an asthmatic Leon Russell '' on the cover . Later , in what author Alan Clayson views as a case of `` needling Paul rather than praising George '' , Lennon told Rolling Stone editor Jann Wenner that he `` preferred '' All Things Must Pass to the `` rubbish '' on McCartney 's eponymous solo album , released in April 1970 . Jump up ^ Part of this original poster was a painting of a bathing scene featuring naked women ( one of whom was blonde , representing Pattie Boyd ) and a `` mischievous '' Lord Krishna , who had hidden the bathers ' clothing in the branches of a nearby tree . Jump up ^ Aside from the popularity of Harrison 's recording , the song attracted a large number of cover versions in 1971 . The widespread success of `` My Sweet Lord '' worked against Harrison when a near - bankrupt music publisher , Bright Tunes , pursued an ultimately successful claim of plagiarism against him in the US district court , for unauthorised copyright infringement of the 1963 song `` He 's So Fine '' . Jump up ^ This error was due to a postal strike in Britain during February and March of 1971 , when the national chart compiler failed to receive any sales data from retailers . In July 2006 , the Official UK Charts Company changed its records to show that All Things Must Pass was the top - selling album throughout that time . Jump up ^ Immediately after Wings ' success , Harrison again held both number 1 positions , with his `` Give Me Love '' single and its parent album , Living in the Material World . Jump up ^ Aside from non-vocal albums such as Harrison 's Wonderwall Music and Electronic Sound , and Lennon 's experimental work with Yoko Ono , beginning with Two Virgins ( 1968 ) , the solo albums up to January 1971 were as follows : Lennon 's Live Peace in Toronto ( 1969 ) , Starr 's Sentimental Journey ( 1970 ) , McCartney , Beaucoups of Blues , All Things Must Pass , and John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ EMI had scheduled the release for 21 November 2000 , close to the true date for the anniversary , but the album was delayed for two months . Jump up ^ In Britain , Gnome / EMI released the remastered album on vinyl also , the packaging for which contained four stages in this pictorial series compared with the three available in the CD box . The revised artwork for All Things Must Pass was credited to WhereforeArt ? Jump up ^ Adding to this ecological message , during promotion for the reissue , Harrison jokingly suggested that the title for his next studio album , the long - awaited follow - up to Cloud Nine ( 1987 ) , might be Your Planet Is Doomed -- Volume One . Jump up ^ The 2001 album booklet lists the musicians on these tracks straight after the song titles although publishing rights for all bar `` It 's Johnny 's Birthday '' are with Harrisongs only . Inglis gives composers ' credit to all the participants , while Leng acknowledges Harrison alone . Jump up ^ In Leng 's book , Voormann claims it was him playing lead guitar with Harrison on `` Out of the Blue '' and not Clapton , as credited by Harrison on the Apple Jam sleeve : `` ( George ) thought it was Eric , because I was playing a little thing like Eric . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ben Gerson , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' , Rolling Stone , 21 January 1971 , p. 46 ( retrieved 5 June 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Schaffner , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Larkin , p. 2635 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 68 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 39 , 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 39 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , pp. 55 , 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli , pp. 176 , 177 , 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 39 , 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Artist : Cream '' , Official Charts Company ( retrieved 16 January 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , pp. 1 , 85 , 124 . Jump up ^ Martin O'Gorman , `` Film on Four '' , Mojo Special Limited Edition : 1000 Days of Revolution ( The Beatles ' Final Years -- Jan 1 , 1968 to Sept 27 , 1970 ) , Emap ( London , 2003 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 39 , 55 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 60 -- 62 , 71 -- 72 , 319 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , pp. 106 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Miles , pp. 351 , 360 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 206 -- 08 , 267 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Miles , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 21 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , in George Harrison : Living in the Material World DVD , Village Roadshow , 2011 ( directed by Martin Scorsese ; produced by Olivia Harrison , Nigel Sinclair & Martin Scorsese ) . Jump up ^ The Beatles , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 137 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hertsgaard , p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Tillery , pp. 68 , 87 . Jump up ^ Miles , p. 335 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard , p. 277 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Greene , pp. 179 , 221 . ^ Jump up to : Richie Unterberger , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' , AllMusic ( retrieved 28 April 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Harry Shapiro , `` The Prince of Love ... Or How the Recording of ' Layla ' , Clapton 's Ode to Forbidden Love , Made Victims of Derek and the Dominos '' , Mojo , January 2001 ; available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ; retrieved 27 September 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Olivia Harrison , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 212 , 225 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lavezzoli , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 21 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , pp. 38 , 187 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt , p. 269 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 302fn . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 91 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Preston Encouraging Words '' , Apple Records ( retrieved 19 January 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 273 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 67 , 71 , 88 , 89 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : George Harrison , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Allison , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffner , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Inglis , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 426 , 431 . Jump up ^ Inglis , p. 28 . Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 6 , 7 . Jump up ^ Inglis , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 68 , 102 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 87 , 92 , 102 , 157 . Jump up ^ Lavezzoli , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 53 , 56 , 61 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 76 , 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Albums of the 1970s '' , Pitchfork Media , 23 April 2006 ( archived version retrieved 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 101 -- 02 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy White , `` George Harrison : ' All Things ' In Good Time '' , billboard.com , 8 January 2001 ( retrieved 3 June 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 432 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Smith , `` George Harrison : All Things Must Pass ( Apple ) '' , NME , 5 December 1970 , p. 2 ; available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ; retrieved 15 July 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Badman , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , pp. 426 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Womack , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger , `` George Harrison Beware of ABKCO ! '' , AllMusic ( retrieved 2 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 52 , 78 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 286 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 433 , 434 . Jump up ^ Badman , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 305 , 306 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 60 , 325 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 292 , 303 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 82fn . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 142 , 147 . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Album review by Andrew Gilbert , in Robert Dimery , 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , Universe ( New York , NY , 2005 ) ; quoted in The Super Seventies `` Classic 500 '' , George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass ( retrieved 19 January 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 220 , 222 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 63 , 78 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 56 , 81 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 80 , 82fn , 83fn . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , pp. 39 -- 40 , 187 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Woffinden , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Carr & Tyler , p. 92 . Jump up ^ original UK artwork : `` All Things Must Pass '' , Graham Calkin 's Beatles Pages , 2002 ( retrieved 20 January 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Harris , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 176 . Jump up ^ A Conversation with George Harrison ; event occurs between 3 : 14 and 3 : 41 . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , pp. 199 , 205 . ^ Jump up to : George Harrison 's liner notes , booklet accompanying All Things Must Pass reissue ( Gnome Records , 2001 ; produced by George Harrison & Phil Spector ) . ^ Jump up to : Huntley , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 78 , 82fn , 86 , 98 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Mike Tiano , `` Alan White & The Beatles '' , Notes From The Edge , 2002 ( archived version retrieved 17 August 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Gibb Songs : 1970 , Columbia.edu ( retrieved 10 November 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 24 , 260 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 222 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , p. 429 . ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 8 , 10 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 80 . 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Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Badman , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 221 , 226 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 226 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Woffinden , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Ingham , p. 127 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 148 -- 49 , 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , pp. 254 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Clayson , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Woffinden , pp. 99 , 102 . Jump up ^ Spizer , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 296 . ^ Jump up to : `` Number one for Harrison at last '' , Liverpool Echo , 31 July 2006 ( retrieved 24 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , pp. 340 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Spizer , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , pp. 352 , 362 . Jump up ^ Peter Doggett , `` George Harrison : The Apple Years '' , Record Collector , April 2001 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik , pp. 353 , 364 . Jump up ^ Spizer , pp. 153 , 156 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards 1972 '' , awardsandshows.com ( retrieved 17 September 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Grammy Champions '' , Billboard , 25 March 1972 , p. 6 ( retrieved 17 September 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum Database Search : `` Harrison '' , Recording Industry Association of America ( retrieved 12 February 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : John Bergstrom , `` George Harrison : All Things Must Pass '' , PopMatters , 14 January 2011 ( retrieved 10 March 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Hamish Champ , The 100 Best - Selling Albums of the 70s , Amber Books ( London , 2004 ) ; quoted in The Super Seventies `` Classic 500 '' , `` George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' ( retrieved 10 December 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Chris Hunt ( ed . ) , NME Originals : Beatles -- The Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 , IPC Ignite ! ( London , 2005 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Badman , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony DeCurtis , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' , Rolling Stone , 12 October 2000 ( archived version retrieved 1 April 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Album Reviews '' , Billboard , 19 December 1970 , p. 50 ( retrieved 28 November 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 207 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Frontani , p. 158 , note 19 ( p. 266 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Christgau , `` Living Without the Beatles '' , robertchristgau.com ( retrieved 8 February 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 138 , 142 . Jump up ^ Paul Du Noyer , `` Back Catalogue : George Harrison '' , Blender , April 2004 , pp. 152 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Larkin , p. 2650 . ^ Jump up to : Graff & Durchholz , p. 529 . ^ Jump up to : Jayson Greene , `` George Harrison : All Things Must Pass '' , Pitchfork , 19 June 2016 ( retrieved 3 July 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Album review , Q , March 2001 , pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Nigel Williamson , `` All Things Must Pass : George Harrison 's post-Beatles solo albums '' , Uncut , February 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Olivia Harrison , p. 7 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass CD Album '' > Product description , CD Universe / Muze ( retrieved 29 October 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Moon , p. 345 . Jump up ^ James Hunter , `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass 30th Anniversary reissue '' , Rolling Stone , 29 March 2001 ; quoted in The Super Seventies `` Classic 500 '' , `` George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' ( retrieved 4 June 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Brackett & Hoard , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 76 , 103 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Irvin , pp. 238 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Harrison All Things Must Pass '' , Acclaimed Music ( retrieved 2 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Moon , pp. 345 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Tom Cox , `` The alternative top 10 '' , The Guardian , 29 January 1999 ( retrieved 17 August 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time : George Harrison , ' All Things Must Pass ' '' , Rolling Stone ( retrieved 12 June 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kyle McGovern , `` Grammy Hall of Fame 2014 Inductees : U2 , Neil Young , Run - D.M.C. , Rolling Stones , and More '' , Spin , 3 December 2013 ( retrieved 3 March 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Hall of Fame '' , grammy.org ( archived version retrieved 7 July 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 686 , 689 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 309 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Chuck Miller , `` Collectormania ! : Death and Silly Prices -- All Things Must ( and Will ) Pass '' , Goldmine , 25 January 2002 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 308 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Graham Reid , `` George Harrison Revisited , Part One ( 2014 ) : The dark horse bolting out of the gate '' , Elsewhere , 24 October 2014 ( retrieved 2 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Ingham , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 284 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 299 , 304 . Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 307 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Huntley , p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums '' , Billboard , 10 February 2001 , p. 13 ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` All Things Must Pass '' > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums , AllMusic ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist : George Harrison '' > Albums > `` All Things Must Pass : Chart Facts '' , Official Charts Company ( retrieved 3 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Doggett , `` Editorial : The Virtues of Vinyl ? '' , Record Collector , April 2001 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard charts '' , Billboard , 26 January 2002 , p. 66 ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Jonathan Cohen , `` George Harrison Catalog Goes Digital '' , billboard.com , 10 October 2007 ( retrieved 10 December 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Top Pop Catalog '' , Billboard , 27 October 2007 , p. 78 ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mike Duquette , `` All Things Come to Pass '' , theseconddisc.com , 19 October 2010 ( retrieved 16 November 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` George Harrison 40th Anniv ' All Things Must Pass ' 3 LP Collection '' , Glide Magazine , 4 November 2010 ( retrieved 7 December 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps , `` George Harrison 's ' All Things Must Pass ' to Be Reissued '' , rollingstone.com , 20 October 2010 ( retrieved 22 November 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Emily Costantino , `` In the News : Robert Pollard , The Pains of Being Pure at Heart , Massive Attack , Smashing Pumpkins , George Harrison , INXS , Bad Religion and more '' , Magnet , October 2010 ( retrieved 16 November 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Marchese , `` Review : Ravi Shankar and George Harrison , ' Collaborations ' '' , theseconddisc.com , 8 November 2010 ( retrieved 10 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Sophie Harris , Jay Ruttenberg & Mikael Wood , `` Even though the Beatles are finally on iTunes , you 'll want these groovy sets '' , Time Out New York , 22 November 2010 ( retrieved 10 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ News : `` 8 / 15 / 10 Raga DVD '' , eastmeetswest.com , 15 August 2010 ( archived version retrieved 12 August 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Jeff Kaliss , `` Ravi Shankar Raga : A Film Journey into the Soul of India '' , Songlines , 26 November 2010 , p. 85 ( archived version retrieved 10 March 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kory Grow , `` George Harrison 's First Six Studio Albums to Get Lavish Reissues '' , rollingstone.com , 2 September 2014 ( retrieved 4 October 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Hal Horowitz , `` George Harrison : The Apple Years , 1968 -- 75 '' , American Songwriter , 23 September 2014 ( retrieved 4 October 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Marchese , `` Review : The George Harrison Remasters -- ' The Apple Years 1968 -- 1975 ' '' , theseconddisc.com , 23 September 2014 ( retrieved 4 October 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Marchese , `` Give Me Love : George Harrison 's ' Apple Years ' Are Collected On New Box Set '' , theseconddisc.com , 2 September 2014 ( retrieved 4 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Booklet accompanying All Things Must Pass reissue ( Gnome Records , 2001 ; produced by George Harrison & Phil Spector ) . Jump up ^ Inglis , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 78 , 82 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , pp. 75 -- 76 , 79 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Leng , p. 102fn . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 3 April 1971 '' , poparchives.com.au ( retrieved 22 February 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : David Kent , Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 , Australian Chart Book ( St Ives , NSW , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Albums , 26 December 1970 '' , Library and Archives Canada ( retrieved 2 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' , dutchcharts.nl ( retrieved 12 September 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 1971 '' , hitparadeitalia.it ( retrieved 3 October 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` George Harrison : Chart Action ( Japan ) '' , homepage1.nifty.com ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' , norwegiancharts.com ( retrieved 12 September 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri , Sólo éxitos : Año a año , 1959 -- 2002 , Fundación Autor - SGAE ( Spain , 2005 ; ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts 1969 -- 1972 / Kvällstoppen -- Listresultaten vecka för vecka '' > Februari 1971 > 9 Februari ( in Swedish ) , hitsallertijden.nl ( retrieved 13 February 2013 ) . Note : Kvällstoppen combined sales for albums and singles in the one chart ; All Things Must Pass topped the albums listings for six weeks from 2 February to 9 March 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Albums '' , Cash Box , 9 January 1971 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Mitchell ( ed . ) , `` The Album Chart '' , Record World , 16 January 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- George Harrison , All Things Must Pass '' , charts.de ( retrieved 11 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Tous les Albums classés par Artiste '' > Choisir un Artiste dans la Liste ( in French ) , infodisc.fr ( archive version retrieved 13 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Album 1971 '' , dutchcharts.nl ( retrieved 10 March 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 1970 's Album Top 50 ( Part 1 ) '' > 1971 , 7 December 2007 ( retrieved 13 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter All Things Must Pass in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- George Harrison -- All Things Must Pass '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) Dale C. Allison Jr. , The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 ) . Keith Badman , The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 0 ) . The Beatles , The Beatles Anthology , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 ) . Nathan Brackett & Christian Hoard ( eds ) , The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th edn ) , Fireside / Simon & Schuster ( New York , NY , 2004 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 ) . Roy Carr & Tony Tyler , The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Trewin Copplestone Publishing ( London , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 ) . Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik , All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 , Ballantine Books ( New York , NY , 1976 ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 ) . Robert Christgau , Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the Seventies , Ticknor & Fields ( Boston , MA , 1981 ; ISBN 0 - 89919 - 025 - 1 ) . Alan Clayson , George Harrison , Sanctuary ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 ) . A Conversation with George Harrison , Discussing the 30th Anniversary Reissue of `` All Things Must Pass '' ( interview with Chris Carter , recorded Hollywood , CA , 15 February 2001 ) , Capitol Records , DPRO - 7087 - 6 - 15950 - 2 - 4 . Stephen Davis , Old Gods Almost Dead : The 40 - Year Odyssey of the Rolling Stones , Broadway Books ( New York , NY , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0312 - 9 ) . Peter Doggett , You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup , It Books ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 ) . The Editors of Rolling Stone , Harrison , Rolling Stone Press / Simon & Schuster ( New York , NY , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 9 ) . Michael Frontani , `` The Solo Years '' , in Kenneth Womack ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles , Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge , UK , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 82806 - 2 ) , pp. 153 -- 82 . Gary Graff & Daniel Durchholz ( eds ) , MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide , Visible Ink Press ( Farmington Hills , MI , 1999 ; ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 ) . Joshua M. Greene , Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison , John Wiley & Sons ( Hoboken , NJ , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 ) . John Harris , `` A Quiet Storm '' , Mojo , July 2001 , pp. 66 -- 74 . George Harrison , I Me Mine , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3793 - 9 ) . Olivia Harrison , George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Abrams ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0220 - 4 ) . Bill Harry , The George Harrison Encyclopedia , Virgin Books ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0822 - 0 ) . Mark Hertsgaard , A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles , Pan Books ( London , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 ) . Elliot J. Huntley , Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles , Guernica Editions ( Toronto , ON , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 55071 - 197 - 0 ) . Chris Ingham , The Rough Guide to the Beatles , Rough Guides / Penguin ( London , 2006 ; 2nd edn ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 ) . Ian Inglis , The Words and Music of George Harrison , Praeger ( Santa Barbara , CA , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 ) . Jim Irvin ( ed . ) , The Mojo Collection : The Greatest Albums of All Time , Mojo Books ( Edinburgh , 2001 ; ISBN 1 - 84195 - 067 - X ) . Colin Larkin , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th edn ) , Omnibus Press ( London , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 ) . Peter Lavezzoli , The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 ) . Simon Leng , While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison , Hal Leonard ( Milwaukee , WI , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 5 ) . Ian MacDonald , Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties , Pimlico ( London , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 ) . Chip Madinger & Mark Easter , Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium , 44.1 Productions ( Chesterfield , MO , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 ) . Barry Miles , The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 ) . Tom Moon , 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die , Workman Publishing ( New York , NY , 2008 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 5385 - 6 ) . Chris O'Dell with Katherine Ketcham , Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved , Touchstone ( New York , NY , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 ) . Jan Reid , Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs by Derek and the Dominos , Rodale ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 369 - 1 ) . Robert Rodriguez , Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 , Backbeat Books ( Milwaukee , WI , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 ) . Patricia Romanowski & Holly George - Warren ( eds ) , The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll , Fireside / Rolling Stone Press ( New York , NY , 1995 ; ISBN 0 - 684 - 81044 - 1 ) . Nicholas Schaffner , The Beatles Forever , McGraw - Hill ( New York , NY , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 ) . Bruce Spizer , The Beatles Solo on Apple Records , 498 Productions ( New Orleans , LA , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 ) . Doug Sulpy & Ray Schweighardt , Get Back : The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles ' Let It Be Disaster , St. Martin 's Griffin ( New York , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 312 - 19981 - 3 ) . Gary Tillery , Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison , Quest Books ( Wheaton , IL , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 ) . Richie Unterberger , The Unreleased Beatles : Music & Film , Backbeat Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 87930 - 892 - 3 ) . Bobby Whitlock with Marc Roberty , Bobby Whitlock : A Rock ' n ' Roll Autobiography , McFarland ( Jefferson , NC , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6190 - 5 ) . Richard Williams , Phil Spector : Out of His Head , Omnibus Press ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 9864 - 3 ) . Bob Woffinden , The Beatles Apart , Proteus ( London , 1981 ; ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 ) . Kenneth Womack , The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four , ABC - CLIO ( Santa Barbara , CA , 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 ) . External links ( edit ) Official website All Things Must Pass ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net ( streamed copy where licensed ) All Things Must Pass at Discogs ( list of releases ) <Th_colspan="2"> George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison Early Takes : Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection Books I , Me , Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala ( as editor ) Related Articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Asian Music Circle Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Friar Park Harrisongs `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' `` Horse to the Water '' Kinfauns Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India 1974 North American tour 1991 Japanese tour Wonderful Today People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison ( wife ) Dhani Harrison ( son ) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want ? That 's the Way God Planned It Doris Troy Encouraging Words The Radha Krsna Temple Joi Bangla ( EP ) Footprint Straight Up Raga Brother In Concert 1972 Shankar Family & Friends The Place I Love Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Ravi Shankar : In Celebration Chants of India Films HandMade Films All You Need Is Cash Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session The Concert for Bangladesh ( film ) Concert for George ( film ) George Harrison : Living in the Material World Little Malcolm Monty Python 's Life of Brian Raga Tributes Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison `` Never Without You '' Concert for George ( album ) Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison Tribute To George Fest <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Phil Spector Productions Albums Twist Uptown He 's A Rebel A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes Featuring Veronica Just Once in My Life River Deep - Mountain High Let It Be All Things Must Pass John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band The Concert for Bangladesh Imagine Living in the Material World Some Time in New York City Rock ' n ' Roll Born To Be With You Death of a Ladies ' Man End of the Century Season of Glass Silence Is Easy Singles `` Corrine , Corrina '' `` Pretty Little Angel Eyes '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Under the Moon of Love '' `` There 's No Other ( Like My Baby ) '' `` Uptown '' `` He Hit Me ( It Felt Like a Kiss ) '' `` He 's a Rebel '' `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' `` He 's Sure the Boy I Love '' `` Why Do Lovers Break Each Other 's Heart '' `` ( Let 's Dance ) The Screw '' `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' `` Then He Kissed Me '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Christmas ( Baby , Please Come Home ) '' `` ( The Best Part of ) Breakin ' Up '' `` Do I Love You ? '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` Ringo , I Love You '' `` Why Do n't They Let Us Fall in Love '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin '' `` Just Once in My Life '' `` Is This What I Get for Loving You ? '' `` Hung Up on You / Unchained Melody '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` River Deep - Mountain High '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Proud Mary '' `` You Came , You Saw , You Conquered ! '' `` Black Pearl '' `` Instant Karma ( We All Shine On ) '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` What Is Life '' `` Power to the People '' `` Mother '' `` Try Some , Buy Some '' `` Bangla - Desh '' `` Imagine '' `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' `` A Woman 's Story '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Baby , Let 's Stick Together '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll High School '' `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' `` Silence Is Easy '' Compilations Menlove Ave . Back to Mono ( 1958 - 1969 ) Other songs `` To Know Him is to Love Him '' `` Do n't You Worry My Little Pet '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` I Can Hear Music '' `` Little by Little '' `` Spanish Harlem '' `` This Could Be the Night '' Associates The Beatles ( John Lennon George Harrison ) Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans Leonard Cohen The Crystals Sonny Charles and the Checkmates , Ltd . Dion DiMucci Larry Levine Jack Nitzsche Yoko Ono Ramones The Righteous Brothers Ronnie Spector The Ronettes The Teddy Bears Ike and Tina Turner The Wrecking Crew Related articles `` B Boy Baby '' `` Take Me Home Tonight '' Wall of Sound Gold Star Studios Philles Records Phil Spector International Recording studio as musical instrument Warner - Spector Records Easy Rider Let It Be ... Naked Tearing Down the Wall of Sound Murder of Lana Clarkson Phil Spector <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Chart succession <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by Close to You by the Carpenters Canadian RPM Chart number - one album 26 December 1970 -- 27 February 1971 Succeeded by Jesus Christ Superstar by Original Cast Preceded by Abraxas by Santana Billboard 200 number - one album 2 January -- 19 February 1971 Succeeded by Jesus Christ Superstar by Original Cast Preceded by Ekseption 3 by Ekseption Dutch Mega Chart number - one album 30 January -- 6 February 1971 Succeeded by Plastic Ono Band by John Lennon Preceded by Pendulum by Creedence Clearwater Revival Australian Kent Music Report number - one album 22 March -- 16 May 1971 Succeeded by Pearl by Janis Joplin Preceded by Bridge Over Troubled Water by Simon & Garfunkel UK Albums Chart number - one album 6 February 1971 -- 3 April 1971 Succeeded by Home Lovin ' Man by Andy Williams Preceded by Pendulum by Creedence Clearwater Revival Pendulum by Creedence Clearwater Revival Norwegian VG - lista number - one album 06 / 1971 08 -- 15 / 1971 Succeeded by Pendulum by Creedence Clearwater Revival Pendulum by Creedence Clearwater Revival Preceded by Sinfonias by Waldo de los Rios Spanish Chart number - one album 20 March 1971 -- 8 May 1971 Succeeded by Love Story ( soundtrack ) by Francis Lai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Things_Must_Pass&oldid=843172253 '' Categories : 1970 albums George Harrison albums Albums produced by George Harrison Albums produced by Phil Spector Apple Records albums Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios Albums recorded at Trident Studios Albums recorded at Apple Studios Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use British English from March 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 01 . 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1. All Things Must Pass album 2. George Harrison 3. Solo work 4. Phil Spector 5. Spiritual themes

what are the red steps in new york

TKTS - wikipedia TKTS Jump to : navigation , search 47th Street booth in New York City From Broadway From Seventh Avenue Views looking south The TKTS ticket booths in New York City and London sell Broadway and Off - Broadway shows , music , and dance events and West End theatre tickets , respectively , at discounts of 20 -- 50 % off the face value . Contents ( hide ) 1 New York City 1.1 Main location 1.1. 1 Pavilion 1.1. 2 Operations 1.1. 3 Awards and recognition 2 Controversy and the 50 % Off Claims 3 London 4 References 5 External links New York City ( edit ) New York City 's TKTS ( which is pronounced phonetically as spelled - out `` tee kay tee ess '' ) first opened in 1973 and is operated by the Theatre Development Fund . There are four locations : one in Duffy Square ( at West 47th Street and Broadway , the north end of Times Square ) ; another in Downtown Brooklyn ( Jay Street and Myrtle Avenue Promenade ) ; another at the South Street Seaport in Lower Manhattan ( replacing the office formerly located in the lobby of the World Trade Center , which was destroyed in the September 11 , 2001 attacks ) . The Seaport location has reopened after sustaining damage from Hurricane Sandy in the fall of 2012 . The Fourth location is now located permanently at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in the David Rubenstein Atrium . Main location ( edit ) Pavilion ( edit ) Bleacher seats on south ( rear ) side of Duffy Square booth Times Square as seen from bleacher seats The original TKTS pavilion in Times Square was designed by the Manhattan architecture firm of Mayers & Schiff Associates and was inaugurated by Mayor John Lindsay . The city had a capital budget of $5,000 to build the pavilion , a sum that was obviously insufficient . But the city did have an `` operating '' budget , which the architects used in a plan based on renting , rather than buying , the pavilion 's parts . The sales booth was housed in a rented construction trailer ; the armature around and on top of the trailer was made from rented scaffolding parts . Interwoven through the armature was a continuous white canvas ribbon emblazoned with the `` TKTS '' logo . Foundations could not be dug under the booth because the subway structure is just below ground level . To hold down this giant `` wind kite '' the architects utilized pile driving test weights ( also rented ) . The pavilion received many design awards , including the American Institute of Graphic Arts ' Excellence in Communications Graphics ; The City Club of New York 's Albert S. Bard Award for Architecture and Urban Design ; and the N.Y. State Association of Architects Certificate of Merit for Design Excellence . A new TKTS booth for the Times Square location began construction in May 2006 and was completed in October 2008 . During this time , the TKTS booth was temporarily relocated to the nearby Marriott Marquis hotel . After many delays , the new TKTS booth opened for business on October 16 , 2008 on a renovated Duffy Square , with a ceremony featuring Mayor Michael Bloomberg and various Broadway performers . The booth is wedge - shaped , with wide , bleacher - like stairs covering the roof , allowing pedestrians to sit down or climb the steps for a panoramic , unobstructed view of Times Square . According to the Theater Development Fund , the final cost of the new booth was $19 million . The new TKTS Booth and the redevelopment of Father Duffy Square was completed as a partnership between Theatre Development Fund , Times Square Alliance , and Father Duffy Coalition . The project began in 1999 with an international design competition sponsored the Van Alen Institute to re-design the popular TKTS Discount Booth . The competition 's winner , Australian firm Choi Ropiha , reframed the challenge as a broader urban design response to invigorate and provide a center for Times Square . In 2001 Theatre Development Fund commissioned a feasibility study . New York City - based Perkins Eastman developed several approaches , and from those a final design , informed and inspired by the original concept , employed glass as the sole structural component for the steps and the TKTS Booth itself would be a free - standing structure within the glass enclosure . Completing the transformation of Father Duffy Square was the work of the plaza 's architect , William Fellows of William Fellows Architects ( and now with PKSB Architects ) . The transformation of the square allows for increased pedestrian traffic and more prominence for Father Duffy 's commanding statue . Booth at the South Street Seaport Operations ( edit ) In the 35 years since the booth first opened , there have been 51 million tickets sold . Theaters release tickets for sale by TKTS throughout the day , with more tickets often available within a few hours of showtime . TKTS accepts cash , travelers checks , and credit cards . Waiting times at Duffy Square are normally longer than at the Seaport and Brooklyn locations . Available shows are displayed on large signs near the ticket windows . The booth has twelve sales windows . Awards and recognition ( edit ) The TKTS booth in Times Square has won more than two dozen awards for design , lighting , and technical innovation including American Planning Association , William H. White Award ; American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) , Institute Honor Awards for Architecture ; American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) New York State Chapter , Best in New York State ; Travel + Leisure , Design Award : Best Public Space ; and the Engineering Grand Award in Popular Science magazine 's Best of `` What 's New 2009 '' . At the time , it was the largest load - bearing glass structure in the world , designed by engineers at Dewhurst Macfarlane using a plastic film called SentryGlas Plus from DuPont . Controversy and the 50 % off claims ( edit ) The TKTS booth , theater development fund , and broadway show producers have come under fire in recent years around their claimed `` 50 % Off '' ticket prices . The prevailing belief is that TKTS offers 50 % off of the normal sale price of a ticket , when in fact , those tickets are often subject to markups through a practice called `` Dynamic Pricing . '' As Broadway Producer Ken Davenport states in multiple articles and seminars , Dynamic Pricing is applied in theaters to help a show get more money for a seat . There have also been several documented case studies where a ticket found at the theater at full price for $89 to Kinky Boots , which is a Ken Davenport production , were sold at the TKTS booth at `` 50 % off '' for $75 plus the $5 TDF Fee . The same case studies found similar incidents at Chicago , Phantom of the Opera , and Jersey Boys at the time . London ( edit ) London 's TKTS , originally known as ' The Half Price Ticket Booth ' , is run by the Society of London Theatre on behalf of the theatre industry . Operating since 1980 in the heart of Leicester Square , this discounted ticket booth offers customers a wide choice of discount theatre tickets on the day of the performance and in advance . There are also regularly full price tickets available through the booth . Tickets can only be bought from TKTS in person , providing personal service from knowledgeable staff . Each TKTS ticket includes a booking fee of £ 3 on discount theatre tickets and £ 1 on full price tickets . All profits made from SOLT , including TKTS , go straight back into the industry . TKTS is also accredited by the Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers ( STAR ) and all ticket sales are made following the STAR code of practice . The Society of London Theatre has licensed the TKTS trademark from the Theatre Development Fund , but the two organizations are otherwise unrelated . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam . `` Light the Lights : Duffy Square and TKTS Booth Reopen Oct. 16 '' , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.playbill.com/article/lincoln-center-tkts-discount-booth-will-become-permanent Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Spring 2008 Is Target for New TKTS Booth Opening in Times Square '' , playbill.com , October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Dunlap , David . `` Atop the New TKTS Booth , Ruby - Red Stairs With a View of the Great White Way '' , The New York Times , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.popsci.com/node/42027 Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/tkts-booth-is-a-ripoff-2015-6 Jump up ^ https://apnews.com/ac01ad4cea8348b4a01cab3219df0820/how-much-tequila-shot-price-always-changing Jump up ^ https://apnews.com/ac01ad4cea8348b4a01cab3219df0820/how-much-tequila-shot-price-always-changing Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/travel/deals/la-tr-0522-money-20160511-snap-story.html Jump up ^ https://www.theproducersperspective.com/my_weblog/2012/05/at-the-broadway-league-conference-day-35-tips-on-dynamic-pricing.html Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/tkts-booth-is-a-ripoff-2015-6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to TKTS Booth . New York TKTS , Theatre Development Fund website London TKTS , Official London Theatre website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TKTS&oldid=812901630 '' Categories : West End theatre Theatre in New York City Theatre in London Media and communications in the City of Westminster Media and communications in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Broadway theatre Times Square Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. TKTS ticket booths in New York City and London 2. Discounts on Broadway and West End theatre tickets 3. Locations and operations of TKTS booths 4. Design and construction of the TKTS booth in Times Square 5. Controversy surrounding the claimed "50% off" ticket prices

what does it mean to ice someone smirnoff

Icing ( game ) - wikipedia Icing ( game ) Jump to : navigation , search Icing <Th_colspan="2"> Drinking Game Players 2 + Setup time none Playing time ongoing Skill ( s ) required None Alcohol used Smirnoff ice Icing is a drinking game in which certain individuals or groups of individuals are required to drink a bottle of Smirnoff Ice ( original ice only ) . The game has been featured on CNN Money / Fortune and TNA Impact ! , Tosh. 0 , and ridiculed by Cracked.com . Participants are encouraged to come up with elaborate ways to present the Smirnoff Ice to their targets by hiding bottles or cans in inconspicuous locations , or in situations where drinking it would be dangerous or embarrassing ( e.g. before they attend a meeting ) . Failure to drink , no matter the circumstance , results in the victim owing one Smirnoff Ice to each of the other players who must drink them . The game objective is to make someone consume an entire Smirnoff ice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Popularity 3 See also 4 References Gameplay ( edit ) A player hides a bottle for another person to come across . When the iced person touches or discovers it , he / she must drop to one knee and chug the entire Ice . Other players who see the icer hide the Ice are exempt from drinking the ice . If the first person to come across the ice ( the ' iced ' ) fails to drink the whole bottle , the iced person can not ice someone else for at least 24 hours . An Ice block occurs when the icee can find another Ice within one step and arm 's reach . If this happens , the icer must drop and chug both ices , the original presented Ice and the new blocking Ice . Popularity ( edit ) Icing , which was described by The New York Times in June 2010 as `` the nation 's biggest viral drinking game '' , grew in popularity shortly after the appearance of the website BrosIcingBros.com in May 2010 . The game has featured some notable victims , including wrestler Ric Flair , rapper Coolio , actor Dustin Diamond ( who was later accused of trying to `` ice '' brothers at a Wisconsin bar not long before a brawl and stabbing that led to Diamond being sentenced to four months in prison ) , model and singer Sky Ferreira , Ben Bruce and Danny Worsnop of the band Asking Alexandria , and professional gamer Fatal1ty . The goal of an online marketing campaign has been to make Ashton Kutcher an Icing victim . There has been some doubt over whether this is an organic phenomenon or a marketing stunt by Smirnoff , which the company has denied . Advertising executive Dick Martin said `` Beyond the implicit slur on the beverage 's taste , I doubt any alcoholic beverage company would want to be associated with a drinking game that stretches the boundaries of good taste and common sense like this one does '' . The viral spread of the game has seen a boost in sales for the company . Smirnoff insists that the game is `` consumer - generated '' and has reminded the public to drink responsibly , and Diageo , the product 's maker , stated `` that ' icing ' does not comply with our marketing code , and was not created or promoted by Diageo , Smirnoff Ice , or anyone associated with Diageo . See also ( edit ) Drink portal List of drinking games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CNN Money : Bros Icing Bros '' . Jump up ^ `` Cracked : Icing ? More Like Bullshit '' . Jump up ^ http://www.icingrules.com/ ^ Jump up to : Goodman , J. David . `` Popular New Drinking Game Raises Question , Who 's ' Icing ' Whom ? '' The New York Times , June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved on June 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ Harvey , Matt . `` Iced , iced baby '' , The New York Post , June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on June 14 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Quittner , Ella . ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Bro Culture : Icing on the Social - Marketing Cake ? '' . Time . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Drinking games <Td_colspan="3"> List of drinking games Word games 21 Fuzzy Duck La vache qui tache Never Have I Ever Pong games Baseball Beer pong / Beirut Beer pong with paddles Slam Table games Beer die Boat race Flip cup Moose Quarters Card games Around the World Horserace Kings Pyramid Scum / Asshole Ride the bus Dice games Biscuit Liar 's dice Three Man 7 / 11 / 2x Binge drinking games Beer mile Boot of beer Edward Fortyhands Funneling Goon of Fortune Kastenlauf Keg stand Neknominate Power hour Shotgunning Wizard Staff Yard of ale Miscellaneous Beerdarts Buffalo Detonator Fingers Ice luge Icing <Td_colspan="3"> Book : Drinking games Category : Drinking games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icing_(game)&oldid=800889972 '' Categories : Drinking games Viral marketing 2010s fads and trends Hidden categories : Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Icing drinking game 2. Smirnoff Ice 3. Viral drinking game 4. Elaborate ways to present the Smirnoff Ice 5. Notable victims of the game

rupauls drag race all stars season 1 episode 4

RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 1 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars <Th_colspan="2"> Season 1 Broadcast from October 22 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) -- November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Santino Rice Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Winner <Td_colspan="2"> Chad Michaels <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Raven <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Season 1 ▶ The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars premiered on the Logo network on October 22 , 2012 . Contestants from the original RuPaul 's Drag Race show returned to compete again . Cast members were announced on August 6 . This season features 12 returning contestants representing all four seasons . It aired six one - hour episodes . Contestants were judged on their `` charisma , uniqueness , nerve and talent '' and , since they competed in teams of two , also `` synergy '' . The winner received a supply of MAC cosmetics , a `` one of a kind trip '' and $100,000 . The theme song playing during the runway every episode is `` Sexy Drag Queen '' ( dootdoot ' doot - swift ' Remix ) and the song playing during the credits is `` Responsitrannity '' ( Matt Pop 's Edit ) , the latter of which is originally from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The first episode introduced several changes to the rules for the All Stars competition . Queens competed in teams of two , determined by the contestants themselves . Both members of the losing team would be eliminated each week . The bottom two teams chose one member to `` lip synch for their lives '' . The non-lip synching teammates had the option during the first minute of the performance to declare a `` she - mergency '' , hit a panic button and `` tag in '' to complete the performance . RuPaul dedicated the first episode in memory of Sahara Davenport , a former competitor in season 2 of RuPaul 's Drag Race who died due to heart failure . The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Chad Michaels , with Raven being the runner - up . Contents 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Judges 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( Edit ) The drag queens who competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Chad Michaels Chad Michaels 41 San Diego , CA Season 4 Runner - up Winner Raven David Petruschin 33 Riverside , CA Season 2 Runner - up Runner - up Jujubee Airline Inthyrath 28 Boston , MA Season 2 3rd Place 3rd / 4th Place Shannel Bryan Watkins 32 Las Vegas , NV Season 1 4th Place Alexis Mateo Alexis Mateo Pacheco 32 St. Petersburg , FL Season 3 3rd Place 5th / 6th Place Yara Sofia Gabriel Burgos Ortiz 28 Manatí , Puerto Rico Season 3 4th Place Latrice Royale Timothy Wilcots 40 South Beach , FL Season 4 4th Place 7th / 8th Place Manila Luzon Karl Westerberg 30 New York City , New York Season 3 Runner - up Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sánchez 37 Bayamón , PR Season 1 Runner - up 9th / 10th Place Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 32 Long Beach , CA Season 1 8th Place Mimi Imfurst Braden Chapman 29 New York , NY Season 3 11th Place 11th / 12th Place Pandora Boxx Michael Steck 40 Rochester , NY Season 2 5th Place ^ Jump up to : This contestant won Miss Congeniality in her original season . Contestant progress ( Edit ) Contestant Team 5 6 Chad Michaels Shad BTM2 HIGH WIN WIN WIN Winner Raven Rujubee HIGH LOW BTM2 BTM2 BTM2 Runner - up Jujubee HIGH LOW BTM2 BTM2 BTM2 Eliminated Shannel Shad BTM2 HIGH WIN WIN WIN Eliminated Alexis Mateo Yarlexis LOW WIN SAFE ELIM <Td_colspan="2"> Yara Sofia LOW WIN SAFE ELIM <Td_colspan="2"> Latrice Royale Latrila WIN BTM2 ELIM <Td_colspan="3"> Manila Luzon WIN BTM2 ELIM <Td_colspan="3"> Nina Flowers Brown Flowers SAFE ELIM <Td_colspan="4"> Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM <Td_colspan="4"> Mimi Imfurst Mandora ELIM <Td_colspan="5"> Pandora Boxx ELIM <Td_colspan="5"> The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant was on the team who won the challenge . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but were ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but were ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but were ultimately declared safe . The contestant was in the bottom two and lip synced for their life . The contestant was in the bottom two but did not lip sync for their life . The contestant did not lip sync for their life but was on the losing team and was eliminated . The contestant lip synced for their life and was eliminated . The contestant replaced her partner during the lip sync , finished the lip sync and was eliminated . Lip - syncs ( Edit ) Episode <Th_colspan="3"> Teams ( Lip - syncer ) Song Eliminated Team Mandora ( Mimi Imfurst ) vs . Team Shad ( Chad Michaels ) `` Opposites Attract '' ( Paula Abdul ) Team Mandora ( Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx ) Team Brown Flowers ( Tammie Brown ) vs . Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale ) `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' ( Ethel Merman ) Team Brown Flowers ( Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown ) Team Latrila ( Manila Luzon ) vs . Team Rujubee ( Jujubee ) `` Nasty '' ( Janet Jackson ) Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon ) Team Rujubee ( Raven ) vs . Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( The Pussycat Dolls ) Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) 5 Jujubee vs . Raven `` Dancing on My Own '' ( Robyn ) None 6 Chad Michaels vs . Raven `` Responsitrannity ( Matt Pop Remix ) '' ( RuPaul ) Raven The contestant / team was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant / team was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Judges ( Edit ) The complete roster of guest judges includes : Janice Dickinson ( model , photographer , author , and talent agent ) Beth Ditto ( singer , songwriter and model ) Rachel Dratch ( actress and comedian ) Elvira , Mistress of the Dark ( actress and horror hostess ) Rachel Hunter ( actress and reality television show host ) Vicki Lawrence ( actress , comedian , and singer ) Ross Mathews ( comedian and television personality ) Wendi McLendon - Covey ( actress , writer , producer and comedian ) Cheri Oteri ( actress and comedian ) Rosie Perez ( actress , dancer , choreographer , director and community activist ) Busy Philipps ( actress ) Mary Wilson ( singer , author , and actress ) Episodes ( Edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` It Takes Two '' October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="4"> The twelve returning queens are surprised to learn they will be competing in teams of two and that both team members will be eliminated together . The contestants then voted for their team formations in two rounds ; Chad Michaels and Shannel matched on the first round of voting to form Team Shad . Raven and Jujubee matched on the first round of voting to form Team Rujubee . Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown matched on the first round of voting to form Team Brown Flowers . Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia matched on the second round of voting to form Team Yarlexis . Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon matched on the second round of voting to form Team Latrila . Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx were matched by consolation as the last two left and formed Team Mandora . Guest Judges : Rachel Hunter and Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Create an `` Opposites Attract '' photoshoot and a `` half - baked '' photo Runway Theme : Outfits showing off Team Unity . Challenge Winner : Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon ) Bottom Two Teams : Team Shad ( Chad Michaels and Shannel ) and Team Mandora ( Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx ) Lip Sync Song : `` Opposites Attract '' by Paula Abdul Lip Sync Contestants : Chad Michaels and Mimi Imfurst Eliminated : Team Mandora ( Mimi Imfurst and Pandora Boxx ) `` RuPaul 's Gaff - In '' October 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="4"> The mini-challenge , `` In Da Butt Ru '' , tests how well the teams know each other by asking them questions in the style of The Newlywed Game . The winning team received cream pies to the face as its `` prize '' . For the main challenge , teams had to write original comedy material for a Laugh - In style sketch show . For the show the queens delivered celebrity impersonations . In the companion series Untucked , Chad Michaels received a supportive video message from his father , from whom he had been estranged for 25 years . Guest Judges : Busy Philipps and Vicki Lawrence Mini Challenge : In Da Butt Ru ( Knowing each their own partners ) Challenge Winner : Team Rujubee ( Jujubee and Raven ) Main Challenge : RuPaul Gaff - In Variety Show Doing Celebrity Impersonations Runway Theme : 60 's Glam Challenge Winner : Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) Bottom Two Teams : Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon ) and Team Brown Flowers ( Nina Flowers and Tammie Brown ) Lip Sync Song : `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' by Ethel Merman Lip Sync Contestants : Latrice Royale and Tammie Brown Eliminated : Team Brown Flowers ( Tammie Brown and Nina Flowers ) `` Queens Behaving Badly '' November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="4"> In the mini-challenge , the queens had to take a photographic self - portrait posed as a sexy macho male . Team Yarlexis won . For the main challenge each queen , under the direction of their partner via earpiece , had to go to Hollywood Boulevard and convince passers - by to participate in pranks , for example slapping the queen with a novelty foam hand or allowing the queen to spray whipped cream down the pedestrian 's pants . Each prank was assigned a point value . In the companion series Untucked , former contestant Tatianna served `` Tea with Tati '' , in which she `` read '' ( insulted ) several of the remaining contestants . Guest Judges : Rachel Dratch and Janice Dickinson Mini Challenge : Queens With Guy Phones Mini Challenge Winner : Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) Main Challenge : The Queens had to act `` naughty '' on the streets of Hollywood and do pranks . Runway Theme : Bad Girls Chic Challenge Winner : Team Shad ( Chad Michaels and Shannel ) Bottom Two Teams : Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon ) and Team Rujubee ( Jujubee and Raven ) Lip Sync Song : `` Nasty '' by Janet Jackson Lip Sync Contestants : Jujubee and Manila Luzon Eliminated : Team Latrila ( Latrice Royale and Manila Luzon ) `` All Star Girl Groups '' November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="4"> In the mini challenge the girls had to dress up in cheer - leading costumes and `` read '' the other contestants in a cheer format . Team Yarlexis were the winners of this mini challenge . The main challenge was to form a girl group with celebrity women and drag them up into a Drag Girl Group . Team Yarlexis selected Kelly Osbourne ( daughter of Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne ) , Team Shad chose Jillian Hervey ( Vanessa L. Williams 's daughter ) while Team Rujubee opted for Kady Z ( Pia Zadora 's daughter ) . Team Yarlexis ' song to perform is `` Cover Girl '' , Team Shad 's song to perform is `` Glamazon '' , and Team Rujubee 's song to perform is `` Jealous of My Boogie '' . Guest Judges : Mary Wilson and Rosie Perez Mini Challenge : Cheer - reading routine Mini Challenge Winner : Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) Main Challenge : Form girl groups with a celebrity , and perform a RuPaul song in front of a live audience Main Challenge Winner : Team Shad ( Shannel and Chad Michaels ) Bottom Two Teams : Team Yarlexis ( Alexis Mateo and Yara Sofia ) and Team Rujubee ( Jujubee and Raven ) Lip Sync Song : `` Do n't Cha '' by The Pussycat Dolls Lip Sync Contestants : Raven and Alexis Mateo / Yara Sofia Eliminated : Team Yarlexis ( Yara Sofia and Alexis Mateo ) 5 5 `` Dynamic Drag Duos '' November 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="4"> In the mini challenge , the remaining pairs played a basketball mini-challenge : Fish instead of Horse . Team Rujubee won and got a chance to talk to their love ones . For the main challenge , the teams created a story about a Super Hero and a Super Villain . Chad and Jujubee play their teams ' superheroes , while Raven and Shannel play the villains . Guest Judges : Wendi McClendon - Lovey and Elvira Mini Challenge : Basketball game of `` FISH '' Mini Challenge Winner : Team Rujubee ( Jujubee and Raven ) Main Challenge : Super Heroes vs Super Villains Main Challenge Winner : Team Shad ( Shannel and Chad Michaels ) Lip Sync Song : `` Dancing on My Own '' by Robyn Lip Sync Contestants : Team Rujubee ( Jujubee and Raven ) 6 6 `` The Grand Finale '' November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="4"> For their final challenge , the final queens have to go to different locations within minutes of each other and perform different shows , consisting of a group interview , followed by an appearance at Hamburger Mary 's to accept an award in their honor , and finish up with a comedy routine in front of a live audience . Guest Judges : Beth Ditto and Cheri Oteri Main Challenge : Drag on a Time ( group interview session , public appearances at Hamburger Mary 's , and a stand - up comedy routine ) Eliminated : Jujubee and Shannel Final Two : Chad Michaels and Raven Lip Sync Song : `` Responsitrannity ( Matt 's Pop Edit ) '' by RuPaul Lip Sync Contestants : Chad Michaels and Raven Runner - up : Raven Winner of RuPaul 's All - Stars Drag Race Season One : Chad Michaels References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race : Meet the Queens from www.newnownext.com 6 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Logo launching all - stars edition of ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race Premiere : Never Too Early to Throw Shade Jump up ^ RuPaul will crown an all - star queen in new season of ' Drag Race ' Jump up ^ Miyasato , Kiko ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Bryan Watkins '' . Las Vegas Magazine . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Additional WebCitation archive on March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's All - Star Drag Race Contestant Photos and Guest Judges Revealed External links ( Edit ) Official website RuPaul 's Drag Race All - Stars on the Internet Movie Database <Th_colspan="2"> RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour Aquaria All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Other contestants Adore Delano Aja Alexis Mateo Alexis Michelle Alyssa Edwards Asia O'Hara BenDeLaCreme Blair St. Clair Carmen Carrera Charlie Hides Chi Chi DeVayne Coco Montrese Courtney Act Cynthia Lee Fontaine Delta Work Derrick Barry Detox Eureka Farrah Moan Gia Gunn Ginger Minj Honey Mahogany Ivy Winters Jasmine Masters Jessica Wild Jiggly Caliente Jujubee Kameron Michaels Katya Kelly Mantle Kennedy Davenport Kim Chi Laganja Estranja Latrice Royale Manila Luzon Mayhem Miller Milk Mimi Imfurst Miss Fame Miz Cracker Monét X Change Monica Beverly Hillz Morgan McMichaels Naomi Smalls Nina Bo'nina Brown Nina Flowers Ongina Pandora Boxx Pearl Peppermint Phi Phi O'Hara Raven Roxxxy Andrews Sahara Davenport Shangela Shannel Shea Couleé Tammie Brown Tatianna Thorgy Thor Valentina Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Venus D - Lite Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker The Vixen Willam Yara Sofia Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand Natalia Pliacam The Switch Drag Race Miss Leona <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_1)&oldid=856270334 '' Categories : RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons 2012 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 01 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1 2. Contestants and winner of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1 3. Challenges and episodes of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1 4. Lip-syncs and judges of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1 5. Format and changes in RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 1

when does the piccadilly line stop at turnham green

Turnham Green Tube station - wikipedia Turnham Green Tube station <Th_colspan="2"> Turnham Green <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Turnham Green Location of Turnham Green in Greater London Location Chiswick Local authority London Borough of Hounslow Managed by London Underground Number of platforms Fare zone 2 and 3 <Th_colspan="2"> London Underground annual entry and exit 2013 6.20 million 2014 6.46 million 2015 6.45 million 2016 5.65 million <Th_colspan="2"> Key dates 1869 Opened ( L&SWR ) 1870 Started and Ended ( GWR ) 1877 Started ( MR and DR ) 1878 Started `` Super Outer Circle '' ( Midland ) 1879 Opened Ealing Broadway branch ( DR ) 1880 Ended `` Super Outer Circle '' 1894 Started ( GWR ) 1906 Ended ( MR ) 1910 Ended ( GWR ) 1916 Ended ( L&SWR ) 1963 Started ( Piccadilly ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other information Lists of stations DLR Underground National Rail Tramlink External links TfL station info page WGS84 51 ° 29 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 18 '' W  /  51.49527 ° N 0.255 ° W  / 51.49527 ; - 0.255 Coordinates : 51 ° 29 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 18 '' W  /  51.49527 ° N 0.255 ° W  / 51.49527 ; - 0.255 <Td_colspan="2"> London transport portal Turnham Green is a London Underground station in Chiswick of the London Borough of Hounslow , west London . The station is served by the District and Piccadilly lines although currently Piccadilly line trains normally stop at the station only at the beginning and end of the day , running through non-stop at other times . To the east , District line trains stop at Stamford Brook and Piccadilly line trains stop at Hammersmith . To the west , District line trains run to either Chiswick Park or Gunnersbury and Piccadilly line trains stop at Acton Town . The station is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3 . The station is located on Turnham Green Terrace ( B491 ) on the eastern edge of Chiswick Common , but the actual green is much closer to Chiswick Park station . It is about 200 m north of Chiswick High Road ( A315 ) and as well as Central Chiswick , the station serves the Bedford Park area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 District line 1.2 Piccadilly line 2 The station today 3 Services and connections 3.1 Services 3.1. 1 District line 3.1. 2 Piccadilly line 3.2 Connections 4 Abandoned Proposal 5 Notes and references 5.1 Notes 5.2 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The station is located close to the site of the Battle of Turnham Green ( 1642 ) , during the First English Civil War . District line ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Turnham Green station was opened on 1 January 1869 by the London and South Western Railway ( L&SWR ) on a new branch line to Richmond built from the West London Joint Railway starting north of Addison Road station ( now Kensington ( Olympia ) ) . The line ran through Shepherd 's Bush and Hammersmith via a now unused curve and initially the next station towards central London was Grove Road station in Hammersmith ( also now closed ) . Between 1 June 1870 and 31 October 1870 the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) briefly ran services from Paddington to Richmond via the Hammersmith & City Railway ( now the Hammersmith & City line ) tracks to Grove Road then on the L&SWR tracks through Turnham Green . On 1 June 1877 , the District Railway ( DR , now the District line ) opened a short extension from its terminus at Hammersmith to connect to the L&SWR tracks east of Ravenscourt Park station ( which had opened in 1873 ) . The DR then began running trains over the L&SWR tracks to Richmond . On 1 October 1877 , the Metropolitan Railway ( MR , now the Metropolitan line ) restarted the GWR 's former service to Richmond via Grove Road station . On 5 May 1878 The Midland Railway began running a circuitous service known as the Super Outer Circle from St Pancras to Earl 's Court via Cricklewood and South Acton . It operated over a now disused connection between the North London Railway and the L&SWR Richmond branch . The service was not a success and was ended on 30 September 1880 . The DR 's service between Richmond , Hammersmith and central London was more direct than either the L&SWR 's or the MR 's routes via Grove Road station or the L&SWR 's other route from Richmond via Clapham Junction . The success of the DR 's operations lead it , on 1 July 1879 , to open a branch from Turnham Green to Ealing Broadway . From 1 January 1894 , the GWR began sharing the MR 's Richmond service and served Turnham Green once again , meaning that passengers from Turnham Green could travel on the services of four operators . Following the electrification of the DR 's own tracks north of Acton Town in 1903 , the DR funded the electrification of the tracks through Turnham Green . The tracks between Acton Town and central London were electrified on 1 July 1905 and those on the Richmond branch on 1 August 1905 . Whilst DR services were operated with electric trains , the L&SWR , GWR and MR services continued to be steam hauled . MR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1906 and GWR services were withdrawn on 31 December 1910 leaving operations at Turnham Green to the DR ( by then known as the District Railway ) and L&SWR . The L&SWR constructed an additional pair of non-electrified tracks between Turnham Green and its junction with the District at Hammersmith and opened these on 3 December 1911 although their use was short - lived as the District 's trains out - competed the L&SWR 's to the extent that the L&SWR withdrew its service between Richmond and Addison Road on 3 June 1916 , leaving the District as the sole operator . Piccadilly line ( edit ) In the early 1930s , the London Electric Railway , precursor of the London Underground and owner of the District and Piccadilly lines , began the reconstruction of the tracks between Hammersmith and Acton Town to enable the Piccadilly line to be extended from Hammersmith to Uxbridge and Hounslow West ( then the terminus of what is now the Heathrow branch ) . Express non-stop tracks were provided for the Piccadilly line between the stopping lines of the District line . Services on the Piccadilly line began running through Turnham Green on 4 July 1932 . To provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line , Piccadilly line trains began stopping at Turnham Green station in the early mornings ( from the first train until 06 : 50 Monday to Saturday , 07 : 45 on Sunday ) and late evenings ( from 22 : 30 until the last train ) only from 23 June 1963 . During the rest of the day they run non-stop through the station as before . Local residents have been campaigning for more Piccadilly line trains to stop at Turnham Green with trains only stopping in the event of delays to the District line whereby large numbers of passengers are left waiting on the platform or occasionally while scheduled maintenance work is carried out . However , in December 2013 , it was announced that Turnham Green will be made a permanent stop on the Piccadilly line once the line has been upgraded , with work scheduled to commence in 2019 and introduction of the first new train in 2022 . A consultation published in January 2014 , concluded that the business case would currently have an overall negative impact on business across London from introducing increased stopping at Turnham Green , but did outline the future plans to do so when upgrades had taken place , with passengers benefiting from improvements to the District line and the Night Tube ( on Friday and Saturday nights , beginning with the Jubilee , Victoria , Central , Northern and most of the Piccadilly line , then expanding across other lines in subsequent years ) from Autumn 2015 in the interim , giving the following conclusion : However , we recognise the continued frustration among those who wish for the Piccadilly line to stop for more of the day at Turnham Green station . The signalling constraints and the size of the train fleet mean that we are unlikely to be able to implement changes in the short term . TfL therefore plans to stop Piccadilly line trains at Turnham Green station all day once the line is modernised and we have a new and larger fleet of trains and a new signalling system . This upgrade is set to commence in 2019 with introduction of the first new train in 2022 . In the interim , passengers using Turnham Green station will benefit from the upgrade of the District line . The introduction of a fleet of new larger and walk - through , air - conditioned trains will start this year and be complete by 2016 . This will be followed by a new signalling system enabling a faster , more frequent and more reliable service from 2018 . Additionally , the Piccadilly line will stop throughout the night at Turnham Green when the Night Tube network starts in 2015 . The station today ( edit ) Flower seller outside Turnham Green station . There is a flower seller located outside Turnham Green station . There are four ticket barriers and a gate that control access to all platforms . Refurbishment work in the station was completed in 2006 . Services and connections ( edit ) Services ( edit ) District line ( edit ) Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally every 2 -- 8 minutes between 05 : 16 and 00 : 15 eastbound , every 6 -- 12 minutes between 06 : 59 and 01 : 08 westbound to Ealing Broadway and between 06 : 28 and 00 : 37 westbound to Richmond . Piccadilly line ( edit ) During late nights , early mornings and evenings , Piccadilly line trains stop here in order to provide a better interchange with the Richmond branch of the District line . Until 06 : 50 Mondays to Saturdays and 07 : 45 on Sundays , and after 22 : 30 , trains stop at this station . Late night trains and Night Tube services also stop at Turnham Green . At all other times ( rush hours , middays and weekends ) , the Piccadilly line does not stop here . Connections ( edit ) London Bus routes 94 , 272 and E3 serve the station directly , while routes 27 , 237 , 267 , 391 , and H91 run along Chiswick High Road , about 300 yards south of the station . Routes 27 and 94 run 24 hours a day , and night bus route N11 serves the station itself . Abandoned proposal ( edit ) In 1913 the Central London Railway ( now the Central line ) obtained parliamentary approval for an extension to Richmond . This would have had a deep - level station at Turnham Green . The stations each side would have been at Heathfield Terrace and Emlyn Road . The plan was delayed by the First World War and an alternative route was adopted in 1920 , which was not progressed . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Piccadilly line will only operate between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 2 , 3 and 5 for Night Tube . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Multi-year station entry - and - exit figures '' ( XLS ) . London Underground station passenger usage data . Transport for London . March 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Transport for London ( December 2017 ) . Standard Tube Map ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Not to scale . Transport for London . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Google Maps - Turnham Green Tube Station Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Turnham Green '' . Chiswick 's Local Website. 19 November 2004 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chronology of London Railways by H.V. Borley ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Hammersmith & City line ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - District line ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Piccadilly line ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line '' . Consultations . TfL . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cumber , Robert ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` MPs call for tube to stop at Turnham Green '' . Ealing Gazette . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Piccadilly line Stop for Turnham Green '' . Consultations . Chiswick W4. 18 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The future of the Tube -- Transport for London -- Night Tube '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Tube -- Transport for London '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Tube map -- Transport for London '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transport for London - Piccadilly line engagement - Conclusions report - January 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Refurbishment Summary '' ( PDF ) . London Underground Railway Society . July 2007 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Stamford Brook Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Chiswick Park Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Gunnersbury Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Hammersmith ( Dist&Picc Line ) Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Acton Town Underground Station '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Hammersmith ( Dist&Picc Line ) Underground Station ( Sundays ) '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piccadilly line timetable : From Turnham Green Underground Station to Acton Town Underground Station ( Sundays ) '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buses from Chiswick High Road ( Turnham Green station ) '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . January 2016 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clive 's Underground Line Guides - Central line External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turnham Green tube station . `` Turnham Green '' . Photographic Archive . London Transport Museum . Turnham Green station , circa 1911 Turnham Green station , 1934 Booking Hall , 1939 Booking Hall , 1965 Preceding station London Underground Following station Chiswick Park towards Ealing Broadway District line Stamford Brook towards Upminster or High Street Kensington Gunnersbury towards Richmond Acton Town towards Uxbridge or Heathrow Airport ( Terminal 4 or Terminal 5 ) Piccadilly line Early morning and late evening service only Hammersmith towards Cockfosters <Td_colspan="3"> Former services Gunnersbury Terminus London and South Western Railway ( 1869 - 1916 ) Stamford Brook towards West Brompton Metropolitan Railway ( 1877 - 1906 ) Ravenscourt Park towards Paddington Great Western Railway ( 1894 - 1910 ) South Acton towards St Pancras Midland Railway ( 1878 - 80 ) Ravenscourt Park towards Earl 's Court <Td_colspan="3"> Abandoned Plans Preceding station London Underground Following station Heathfield Terrace towards Richmond Central line ( 1913 ) Emlyn Road towards Liverpool Street Gunnersbury towards Richmond Central line ( 1920 ) Stamford Brook towards Liverpool Street <Th_colspan="2"> District line Stations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley - by - Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington ( Olympia ) Rolling stock D78 ( decommissioned ) S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill and Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh - on - Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O / P / CO / CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge See also Other sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line <Td_colspan="2"> London Underground Transport for London London transport portal <Th_colspan="2"> Piccadilly line Stations Main route Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King 's Cross St. Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrow branch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridge branch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stock Present stock 1973 Stock Future stock Siemens Inspiro History Former companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace , Hornsey and Harringay Goldhawk Road and Acton Parsons Green Shepherd 's Bush Waterloo <Td_colspan="2"> London Underground Transport for London London transport portal <Th_colspan="2"> Metropolitan line Stations Central London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King 's Cross St. Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow - on - the - Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section & branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stock Present rolling stock S8 Stock History Former lines Brill Tramway 1863 -- 1933 1933 -- 1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) Lord 's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith Highbury & Islington Kensington ( Olympia ) Kew Gardens Kilburn Kingsbury Ladbroke Grove Latimer Road New Cross New Cross Gate Mile End Moorgate Neasden Old Street Paddington Plaistow Queensbury Ravenscourt Park Richmond Rotherhithe Royal Oak Shadwell Shepherd 's Bush Stanmore Stepney Green Stoke Mandeville Surrey Quays Turnham Green Upton Park Wapping Wendover West Ham West Hampstead Whitechapel Willesden Green Abandoned plans Lothbury Clerkenwell Watford Central Transferred lines Aylesbury line Bakerloo line East London line Hammersmith & City line Jubilee line Great Northern & City Railway Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units GN&C Stock S Stock T Stock Circle Stock O / P / CP / CO / P1 Stock F Stock Main Line Stock A60 and A62 Stock Former locomotives A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G Class H Class K Class Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives Metropolitan departmental ex GWR Wotton Tramway Metro - Land Metro - land Metro - Land ( 1973 film ) Future proposals Croxley Rail link Croxley Rail Link Cassiobridge Watford Vicarage Road Watford High Street Watford Junction Other West Hampstead interchange <Td_colspan="2"> London Underground Transport for London London transport portal <Th_colspan="2"> Central line Stations Epping branch Epping Theydon Bois Debden Loughton Buckhurst Hill Woodford South Woodford Snaresbrook Hainault loop Roding Valley Chigwell Grange Hill Hainault Fairlop Barkingside Newbury Park Gants Hill Redbridge Wanstead <Td_colspan="2"> Leytonstone Leyton Stratford Mile End Bethnal Green Liverpool Street Bank St Paul 's Chancery Lane Holborn Tottenham Court Road Oxford Circus Bond Street Marble Arch Lancaster Gate Queensway Notting Hill Gate Holland Park Shepherd 's Bush White City East Acton North Acton Ealing branch West Acton Ealing Broadway Ruislip branch Hanger Lane Perivale Greenford Northolt South Ruislip Ruislip Gardens West Ruislip Rolling stock 1992 Stock History Former stations Blake Hall British Museum North Weald Ongar Wood Lane Former companies Central London Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Abandoned plans Richmond extension ( 1913 ) The Grove Paddenswick Road Rylett Road Emlyn Road Turnham Green Heathfield Terrace Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Richmond extension ( 1920 ) Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Denham extension Denham Harefield Road Former rolling stock 1900 Stock 1903 Stock 1915 Stock 1920 Stock Standard Stock 1935 Stock 1960 Stock 1962 Stock Proposed stations First Central Uxbridge Shoreditch High Street Depots Hainault Ruislip <Td_colspan="2"> London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnham_Green_tube_station&oldid=846110714 '' Categories : Rail transport stations in London fare zone 2 Rail transport stations in London fare zone 3 District line stations Piccadilly line stations London Underground Night Tube stations Tube stations in the London Borough of Hounslow Former London and South Western Railway stations Railway stations opened in 1869 Chiswick 1869 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 贛 語 Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English ייִדיש 粵語 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 11 : 17 . 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1. Turnham Green Tube station 2. London Underground 3. District line 4. Piccadilly line 5. Transport for London

when did shaq get traded to the lakers

Shaquille O'Neal - wikipedia Shaquille O'Neal `` Shaquille '' redirects here . For other people called Shaquille , see Shaquille ( given name ) . `` Shaq '' redirects here . For other people called Shaq , see Shaq ( disambiguation ) . Shaquille O'Neal <Td_colspan="2"> O'Neal in 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1972 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1972 ( age 46 ) Newark , New Jersey Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) Listed weight 330 lb ( 150 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school Robert G. Cole ( San Antonio , Texas ) College LSU ( 1989 -- 1992 ) NBA draft 1992 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall <Td_colspan="2"> Selected by the Orlando Magic Playing career 1992 -- 2011 Position Center Number 32 , 34 , 33 , 36 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history 1992 -- 1996 Orlando Magic 1996 -- 2004 Los Angeles Lakers 2004 -- 2008 Miami Heat 2008 -- 2009 Phoenix Suns 2009 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2011 Boston Celtics <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> 4 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2006 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2000 -- 2002 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2000 ) 15 × NBA All - Star ( 1993 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2007 , 2009 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2000 , 2004 , 2009 ) 8 × All - NBA First Team ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2006 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 1995 , 1999 ) 4 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2009 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 1993 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 1995 , 2000 ) NBA 50th Anniversary Team No. 34 retired by Los Angeles Lakers No. 32 retired by Miami Heat College national player of the year ( 1991 ) 2 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1991 , 1992 ) 2 × SEC Player of the Year ( 1991 , 1992 ) No. 33 retired by LSU FIBA World Championship MVP ( 1994 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 1994 ) McDonald 's All - American MVP ( 1989 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career statistics Points 28,596 ( 23.7 ppg ) Rebounds 13,099 ( 10.9 rpg ) Blocks 2,732 ( 2.3 bpg ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Basketball Hall of Fame as player <Td_colspan="2"> FIBA Hall of Fame as player <Td_colspan="2"> College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Medals ( hide ) <Th_colspan="3"> Men 's basketball <Th_colspan="3"> Representing United States <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta Team competition <Th_colspan="3"> World Championship 1994 Canada Team competition Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal ( / ʃəˈkiːl / shə - KEEL ; born March 6 , 1972 ) , nicknamed `` Shaq '' ( / ʃæk / SHAK ) , is an American retired professional basketball player currently serving as a sports analyst on the television program Inside the NBA . He is widely considered one of the greatest players in NBA history . At 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) tall and 330 pounds ( 150 kg ) , he was one of the tallest and heaviest men ever to play in the NBA , where he played for six teams throughout his 19 - year career . Following his time at Louisiana State University , O'Neal was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the first overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft . He quickly became one of the best centers in the league , winning Rookie of the Year in 1992 -- 93 and leading his team to the 1995 NBA Finals . After four years with the Magic , O'Neal signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers . They won three consecutive championships in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . Amid tension between O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat in 2004 , and his fourth NBA championship followed in 2006 . Midway through the 2007 -- 2008 season he was traded to the Phoenix Suns . After a season - and - a-half with the Suns , O'Neal was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2009 -- 10 season . O'Neal played for the Boston Celtics in the 2010 -- 11 season before retiring . O'Neal's individual accolades include the 1999 -- 2000 MVP award , the 1992 -- 93 NBA Rookie of the Year award , 15 All - Star game selections , three All - Star Game MVP awards , three Finals MVP awards , two scoring titles , 14 All - NBA team selections , and three NBA All - Defensive Team selections . He is one of only three players to win NBA MVP , All - Star game MVP and Finals MVP awards in the same year ( 2000 ) ; the other players are Willis Reed in 1970 and Michael Jordan in 1996 and 1998 . He ranks 8th all - time in points scored , 6th in field goals , 15th in rebounds , and 8th in blocks . Largely due to his ability to dunk the basketball , O'Neal also ranks third all - time in field goal percentage ( 58.2 % ) . O'Neal was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016 . He was elected to the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2017 . In addition to his basketball career , O'Neal has released four rap albums , with his first , Shaq Diesel , going platinum . He has appeared in numerous films and has starred in his own reality shows , Shaq 's Big Challenge and Shaq Vs ... He hosts The Big Podcast with Shaq . He is also the general manager of Kings Guard Gaming of the NBA 2K League . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 3 NBA career 3.1 Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 3.2 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) 3.2. 1 Championship seasons 3.2. 2 Toe surgery to departure 3.3 Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 3.3. 1 Fourth championship 3.3. 2 Surgery and Wade 's injury 3.3. 3 2007 -- 2008 season 3.4 Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3.5 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.6 Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Media personality 7 Off the court 7.1 Education 7.2 Law enforcement 7.3 Music career 7.4 Acting 7.5 Video games 7.6 Television 7.7 Advertising 7.8 Mixed martial arts 7.9 Professional wrestling 7.10 Business ventures 8 Personal life 8.1 Marriage to Shaunie 8.2 Girlfriends 8.3 Outside of Basketball 9 NBA career statistics 9.1 Regular season 9.2 Playoffs 10 Discography 11 Filmography 11.1 Films 11.2 Television 11.3 Awards and nominations 12 Bibliography 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Early life O'Neal playing for the Cole High School varsity basketball team in 1988 -- 89 . O'Neal was born on March 6 , 1972 , in Newark , New Jersey , to Lucille O'Neal and Joe Toney , who played high school basketball ( he was an All - State guard ) and was offered a basketball scholarship to play at Seton Hall . Toney struggled with drug addiction and was imprisoned for drug possession when O'Neal was an infant . Upon his release , he did not resume a place in O'Neal's life and instead agreed to relinquish his parental rights to O'Neal's stepfather , Phillip A. Harrison , a career Army sergeant . O'Neal remained estranged from his biological father for decades ; O'Neal had not spoken with Toney or expressed an interest in establishing a relationship . On his 1994 rap album , Shaq Fu : The Return , O'Neal voiced his feelings of disdain for Toney in the song `` Biological Did n't Bother '' , dismissing him with the line `` Phil is my father . '' However , O'Neal's feelings toward Toney mellowed in the years following Harrison 's death in 2013 , and the two met for the first time in March 2016 , with O'Neal telling him , `` I do n't hate you . I had a good life . I had Phil . '' O'Neal credits the Boys and Girls Club of America in Newark with giving him a safe place to play and keeping him off the streets . `` It gave me something to do , '' he said . `` I 'd just go there to shoot . I did n't even play on a team . '' Because of his stepfather 's career in the military , the family left Newark , moving to military bases in Germany and Texas . At Robert G. Cole High School in San Antonio , Texas , O'Neal led his team to a 68 -- 1 record over two years and helped the team win the state championship during his senior year . His 791 rebounds during the 1989 season remains a state record for a player in any classification . O'Neal's tendency to make hook shots earned comparisons to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , inspiring him to wear the same jersey number as Abdul - Jabbar , 33 . However , his high school team did not have a 33 jersey , so O'Neal chose to wear 32 before college . College career After graduating from high school , O'Neal studied business at Louisiana State University . He had first met Dale Brown , LSU 's men 's basketball coach , years earlier in Europe . O'Neal's stepfather was stationed on a U.S. Army base at Wildflecken , West Germany . While playing for Brown at LSU , O'Neal was a two - time All - American , two - time SEC Player of the Year , and received the Adolph Rupp Trophy as NCAA men 's basketball player of the year in 1991 ; he was also named college player of the year by AP and UPI . O'Neal left LSU early to pursue his NBA career , but continued his education even after becoming a professional player . He was later inducted into the LSU Hall of Fame . A 900 - pound bronze statue of O'Neal is located in front of the LSU Tigers Basketball Practice Facility . NBA career Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) The Orlando Magic drafted O'Neal with the 1st overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft . During that summer , prior to moving to Orlando , he spent a significant amount of time in Los Angeles under the tutelage of Hall of Famer Magic Johnson . Given Terry Catledge eventually refused to give O'Neal the 33 jersey , he relented by going back to the 32 from his high school days . O'Neal was named the Player of the Week in his first week in the NBA , becoming the first player to do so . During his rookie season , O'Neal averaged 23.4 points on 56.2 % shooting , 13.9 rebounds , and 3.5 blocks per game for the season . He was named the 1993 NBA Rookie of the Year and became the first rookie to be voted an All - Star starter since Michael Jordan in 1985 . The Magic finished 41 -- 41 , winning 20 more games than the previous season ; however , the team ultimately missed the playoffs by virtue of a tie - breaker with the Indiana Pacers . On more than one occasion during the year , Sports Illustrated writer Jack McCallum overheard O'Neal saying , `` We 've got to get ( head coach ) Matty ( Guokas ) out of here and bring in ( assistant ) Brian ( Hill ) . '' In 1993 -- 1994 , O'Neal's second season , Hill was the coach and Guokas was reassigned to the front office . O'Neal improved his scoring average to 29.4 points ( second in the league to David Robinson ) while leading the NBA in field goal percentage at 60 % . On November 20 , 1993 , against the New Jersey Nets , O'Neal registered the first triple - double of his career , recording 24 points to go along with career highs of 28 rebounds and 15 blocks . He was voted into the All - Star game and also made the All - NBA 3rd Team . Teamed with newly drafted Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway , the Magic finished with a record of 50 -- 32 and made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history . In his first playoff series , O'Neal averaged 20.7 points and 13.3 rebounds in a losing effort as the Magic lost every game to the Indiana Pacers . O'Neal's third season in 1994 -- 95 had him leading the NBA in scoring with a 29.3 point average , while finishing second in MVP voting to David Robinson and entering his third straight All - Star Game along with Hardaway . They formed one of the league 's top duos and helped Orlando to a 57 -- 25 record and the Atlantic Division crown . The Magic won their first ever playoff series against the Boston Celtics in the 1995 NBA Playoffs . They then defeated the Chicago Bulls in the conference semifinals . After beating Reggie Miller 's Indiana Pacers , the Magic reached the NBA Finals , facing the defending NBA champion Houston Rockets . O'Neal played well in his first Finals appearance , averaging 28 points on 59.5 % shooting , 12.5 rebounds , and 6.3 assists . Despite this , the Rockets , led by future Hall - of - Famers Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler , swept the series in four games . O'Neal was injured for a great deal of the 1995 -- 96 season , missing 28 games . He averaged 26.6 points and 11 rebounds per game , made the All - NBA 3rd Team , and played in his 4th All - Star Game . Despite O'Neal's injuries , the Magic finished with a regular season record of 60 -- 22 , second in the Eastern conference to the Chicago Bulls , who finished with an NBA record 72 wins . Orlando easily defeated the Detroit Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks in the first two rounds of the 1996 NBA Playoffs ; however , they were no match for Jordan 's Bulls , who swept them in the Eastern Conference Finals . Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) In 8 seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) , O'Neal won three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 and appeared in the 2004 NBA Finals . O'Neal became a free agent after the 1995 -- 96 NBA season . In the summer of 1996 , O'Neal was named to the United States Olympic basketball team , and was later part of the gold medal - winning team at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . While the Olympic basketball team was training in Orlando , the Orlando Sentinel published a poll that asked whether the Magic should fire Hill if that were one of O'Neal's conditions for returning . 82 % answered `` no '' . O'Neal had a power struggle while playing under Hill . He said the team `` just did n't respect ( Hill ) . '' Another question in the poll asked , `` Is Shaq worth $115 million ? '' in reference to the amount of the Magic 's offer . 91.3 % of the response was `` no '' . O'Neal's Olympic teammates rode him hard over the poll . He was also upset that the Orlando media implied O'Neal was not a good role model for having a child with his longtime girlfriend with no immediate plans to marry . O'Neal compared his lack of privacy in Orlando to `` feeling like a big fish in a dried - up pond . '' O'Neal also learned that Hardaway considered himself the leader of the Magic and did not want O'Neal making more money than him . On the team 's first full day at the Olympics in Atlanta , the media announced that O'Neal would join the Los Angeles Lakers on a seven - year , $121 million contract . He insisted he did not choose Los Angeles for the money . `` I 'm tired of hearing about money , money , money , money , money '' , O'Neal said after the signing . `` I just want to play the game , drink Pepsi , wear Reebok , '' he added , referring to a couple of his product endorsements . The Lakers won 56 games during the 1996 -- 97 season . O'Neal averaged 26.2 points and 12.5 rebounds in his first season with Los Angeles ; however , he again missed over 30 games due to injury . The Lakers made the playoffs , but were eliminated in the second round by the Utah Jazz in five games . In his first playoff game for the Lakers , O'Neal scored 46 points against the Portland Trail Blazers , the most for the Lakers in a playoff game since Jerry West had 53 in 1969 . On December 17 , 1996 , O'Neal shoved Dennis Rodman of the Chicago Bulls ; Rodman 's teammates Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan restrained Rodman and prevented further conflict . The Los Angeles Daily News reported that O'Neal was willing to be suspended for fighting Rodman , and O'Neal said : `` It 's one thing to talk tough and one thing to be tough . '' The following season , O'Neal averaged 28.3 points and 11.4 rebounds . He led the league with a 58.4 field goal percentage , the first of five consecutive seasons in which he did so . The Lakers finished the season 61 -- 21 , first in the Pacific Division , and were the second seed in the western conference during the 1998 NBA Playoffs . After defeating the Portland Trail Blazers and Seattle SuperSonics in the first two rounds , the Lakers again fell to the Jazz , this time in a 4 -- 0 sweep . With the tandem of O'Neal and teenage superstar Kobe Bryant , expectations for the Lakers increased . However , personnel changes were a source of instability during the 1998 -- 99 season . Long - time Laker point guard Nick Van Exel was traded to the Denver Nuggets ; his former backcourt partner Eddie Jones was packaged with back - up center Elden Campbell for Glen Rice to satisfy a demand by O'Neal for a shooter . Coach Del Harris was fired , and former Lakers forward Kurt Rambis finished the season as head coach . The Lakers finished with a 31 -- 19 record during the lockout - shortened season . Although they made the playoffs , they were swept by the San Antonio Spurs , led by Tim Duncan and David Robinson in the second round of the Western Conference playoffs . The Spurs would go on to win their first NBA title in 1999 . Championship seasons In 1999 , prior to the 1999 -- 2000 season , the Lakers hired Phil Jackson as head coach , and the team 's fortunes soon changed . Jackson immediately challenged O'Neal , telling him `` the ( NBA 's ) MVP trophy should be named after him when he retired . '' Using Jackson 's triangle offense , O'Neal and Bryant enjoyed tremendous success , leading the Lakers to three consecutive titles ( 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 ) . O'Neal was named MVP of the NBA Finals all three times and had the highest scoring average for a center in NBA Finals history . In the November 10 , 1999 , game against the Houston Rockets , O'Neal and Charles Barkley were ejected . After O'Neal blocked a layup by Barkley , O'Neal shoved Barkley , who then threw the ball at O'Neal . O'Neal was also voted the 1999 -- 2000 regular season Most Valuable Player , one vote short of becoming the first unanimous MVP in NBA history . Fred Hickman , then of CNN , instead chose Allen Iverson , then of the Philadelphia 76ers who would go on to win MVP the next season . O'Neal also won the scoring title while finishing second in rebounds and third in blocked shots . Jackson 's influence resulted in a newfound commitment by O'Neal to defense , resulting in his first All - Defensive Team selection ( second - team ) in 2000 . In the 2001 NBA Finals against the 76ers , O'Neal fouled out in Game 3 backing over Dikembe Mutombo , the 2000 -- 2001 Defensive Player of the Year . `` I did n't think the best defensive player in the game would be flopping like that . It 's a shame that the referees buy into that '' , O'Neal said . `` I wish he 'd stand up and play me like a man instead of flopping and crying every time I back him down . A month before the 2001 -- 02 season 's training camp , O'Neal had corrective surgery for a claw toe deformity in the smallest toe of his left foot . He opted against a more involved surgery to return quicker . He was ready for the start of the 2001 -- 02 regular season , but the toe frequently bothered him . In January 2002 , he was involved in a spectacular on - court brawl in a game against the Chicago Bulls . He punched center Brad Miller after an intentional foul to prevent a basket , resulting in a melee with Miller , forward Charles Oakley , and several other players . O'Neal was suspended for three games without pay and fined $15,000 . For the season , O'Neal averaged 27.2 points and 10.7 rebounds , excellent statistics but below his career average ; he was less of a defensive force during the season . O'Neal at the White House greeting President George W. Bush with his fellow Lakers Matched up against the Sacramento Kings in the 2002 Western Conference finals , O'Neal said , `` There is only one way to beat us . It starts with c and ends with t . '' O'Neal meant `` cheat '' in reference to the alleged flopping of Kings ' center Vlade Divac . O'Neal referred to Divac as `` she '' , and said he would never exaggerate contact to draw a foul . `` I 'm a guy with no talent who has gotten this way with hard work . '' After the 2001 -- 2002 season , O'Neal told friends that he did not want another season of limping and being in virtually constant pain from his big right toe . His trademark mobility and explosion had been often absent . The corrective options ranged from reconstructive surgery on the toe to rehabilitation exercises with more shoe inserts and anti-inflammation medication . O'Neal was already wary of the long - term damage his frequent consumption of these medications might have . He did not want to rush a decision with his career potentially at risk . Toe surgery to departure O'Neal missed the first 12 games of the 2002 -- 03 season recovering from toe surgery . He was sidelined with hallux rigidus , a degenerative arthritis in his toe . He waited the whole summer until just before training camp for the surgery and explained , `` I got hurt on company time , so I 'll heal on company time . '' O'Neal debated whether to have a more invasive surgery that would have kept him out an additional three months , but he opted against the more involved procedure . The Lakers started the season with a record of 11 -- 19 . At the end of the season , the Lakers had fallen to the fifth seed and failed to reach the Finals in 2003 . For the 2003 - 04 season , the team made a concerted off - season effort to improve its roster . They sought the free - agent services of forward Karl Malone and aging guard Gary Payton , but due to salary cap restrictions , could not offer either one nearly as much money as they could have made with some other teams . O'Neal assisted in the recruitment efforts and personally persuaded both men to join the squad . Ultimately , both signed , each forgoing larger salaries in favor of a chance to win an NBA championship , which neither had accomplished in his career ( and which neither would achieve with the Lakers ) . At the beginning of the 2003 -- 04 season , O'Neal wanted a contract extension with a pay raise on his remaining three years for $30 million . The Lakers had hoped O'Neal would take less money due to his age , physical conditioning , and games missed due to injuries . During a preseason game , O'Neal had yelled at Lakers owner Jerry Buss , `` Pay me . '' There had been increasing tension between O'Neal and Bryant . The feud climaxed during training camp prior to the 2003 -- 2004 season when Bryant , in an interview with ESPN journalist Jim Gray , criticized O'Neal for being out of shape , a poor leader , and putting his salary demands over the best interest of the Lakers . The Lakers made the playoffs in 2004 and lost to the Detroit Pistons in the 2004 NBA Finals . Lakers assistant coach Tex Winter said , `` Shaq defeated himself against Detroit . He played way too passively . He had one big game ... He 's always interested in being a scorer , but he has n't had nearly enough concentration on defense and rebounding . '' After the series , O'Neal was angered by comments made by Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak regarding O'Neal's future with the club , as well as by the departure of Lakers coach Phil Jackson at the request of Buss . O'Neal made comments indicating that he felt the team 's decisions were centered on a desire to appease Bryant to the exclusion of all other concerns , and O'Neal promptly demanded a trade . Kupchak wanted the Dallas Mavericks ' Dirk Nowitzki in return but Mavericks owner Mark Cuban refused to let his 7 - footer go . However , Miami showed interest , and eventually the two clubs agreed . Winter said , `` ( O'Neal ) left because he could n't get what he wanted -- a huge pay raise . There was no way ownership could give him what he wanted . Shaq 's demands held the franchise hostage , and the way he went about it did n't please the owner too much . '' Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) O'Neal with Miami in 2007 On July 14 , 2004 , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Caron Butler , Lamar Odom , Brian Grant , and a future first - round draft choice ( who would turn into Jordan Farmar in the 2006 draft ) . O'Neal reverted from ( his Lakers jersey ) number 34 to number 32 , which he had worn while playing for the Magic . Upon signing with the Heat , O'Neal promised the fans that he would bring a championship to Miami . He claimed one of the main reasons for wanting to be traded to Miami was because of their up - and - coming star Dwyane Wade , to whom he gave the nickname `` Flash '' . With O'Neal on board , the new - look Heat surpassed expectations , claiming the best record in the Eastern Conference in 2004 -- 05 with 59 wins . He played in 73 games , his most since 2001 season , averaged 22.9 points a game along with 10.4 rebounds and 2.3 blocks . Shaq also made his 12th consecutive All - Star Team , made the All - NBA 1st Team , and won the Eastern Conference player of the Month award for his performance in March . O'Neal also narrowly lost the 2004 -- 05 MVP Award to Phoenix Suns guard Steve Nash in one of the closest votes in NBA history . Despite being hobbled by a deep thigh bruise , O'Neal led the Heat to the Eastern Conference Finals and a Game 7 against the defending champion Detroit Pistons , losing by a narrow margin . Afterwards , O'Neal and others criticized Heat head coach Stan Van Gundy for not calling enough plays for O'Neal . In August 2005 , O'Neal signed a 5 - year - extension with the Heat for $100 million . Supporters applauded O'Neal's willingness to take what amounted to a pay cut and the Heat 's decision to secure O'Neal's services for the long term . They contended that O'Neal was worth more than $20 million per year , particularly given that lesser players earned almost the same amount . In the second game of the 2005 -- 06 season , O'Neal injured his right ankle and subsequently missed the following 18 games . Upon O'Neal's return , Van Gundy resigned , citing family reasons , and Pat Riley assumed head coach responsibilities . O'Neal later referred to Van Gundy as a `` frontrunner '' and a `` master of panic . '' Many critics stated that Heat coach Riley correctly managed O'Neal during the rest of the season , limiting his minutes to a career low . Riley felt doing so would allow O'Neal to be healthier and fresher come playoff time . Although O'Neal averaged career lows ( or near - lows ) in points , rebounds , and blocks , he said in an interview `` Stats do n't matter . I care about winning , not stats . If I score 0 points and we win I 'm happy . If I score 50 , 60 points , break the records , and we lose , I 'm pissed off . ' Cause I knew I did something wrong . I 'll have a hell of a season if I win the championship and average 20 points a game . '' During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Heat recorded only a . 500 record without O'Neal in the line - up . On April 11 , 2006 , O'Neal recorded his second career triple - double against the Toronto Raptors with 15 points , 11 rebounds and a career high 10 assists . O'Neal finished the 2005 -- 06 season as the league leader in field goal percentage . Fourth championship O'Neal holding the championship ball when the NBA Champion Heat visited the White House In the 2006 NBA Playoffs , the Heat first faced the younger Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal delivered a dominating 27 point , 16 rebound and 5 blocks performance in game 1 followed by a 22 - point effort in game 2 to help Miami take a 2 - 0 lead in the series . Chicago would respond with two dominating performances at home to tie the series , but Miami would respond right back with a victory at home in game 5 . Miami returned to Chicago and closed out the series in the 6th game , highlighted by another dominating performance by O'Neal who finished with 30 points and 20 rebounds . Miami advanced to face New Jersey , who won a surprising game 1 victory before the Heat won four straight to assure a rematch with Detroit . The Pistons had no answer for Wade throughout the series , while O'Neal delivered 21 points and 12 rebounds in game 3 followed by 27 points and 12 boards in game 4 to help Miami take a 3 - 2 series lead . The Pistons would win game 5 in Detroit , and Wade would once again get injured , but the Heat held on to win game 6 with O'Neal scoring 28 points with 16 rebounds and 5 blocks to help Miami reach their first ever NBA Finals . In the Finals , the Heat were underdogs against the Dallas Mavericks led by Dirk Nowitzki , and the Mavericks won the first two games at home in dominating fashion . The Heat led by Wade and a balanced effort by O'Neal , Antoine Walker and Jason Williams would go on to win all three of the next games at home , before closing out the series in Dallas to deliver the first NBA title for the franchise and O'Neal's fourth title . With Wade carrying the offensive load , O'Neal did not need to have a dominating series , and finished with an average of 13.7 points and 10.2 rebounds for the series . Surgery and Wade 's injury In the 2006 -- 07 season , O'Neal missed 35 games after an injury to his left knee in November required surgery . After one of those missed games , a Christmas Day match - up against the Lakers , he ripped Jackson , who O'Neal had once called a second father , referring to his former coach as `` Benedict Arnold '' . Jackson had previously said , `` The only person I 've ever ( coached ) that has n't been a worker ... is probably Shaq . '' The Heat struggled during O'Neal's absence , but with his return won seven of their next eight games . Bad luck still haunted the squad , however , as Wade dislocated his left shoulder , leaving O'Neal as the focus of the team . Critics doubted that O'Neal , now in his mid-thirties , could carry the team into the playoffs . The Heat went on a winning streak that kept them in the race for a playoff spot , which they finally secured against the Cleveland Cavaliers on April 5 . In a rematch of the year before , the Heat faced the Bulls in the first round of the 2006 -- 07 NBA playoffs . The Heat struggled against the Bulls and although O'Neal put up reasonable numbers , he was not able to dominate the series . The Bulls swept the Heat , the first time in 50 years a defending NBA champion was swept in the opening round . It was the first time in 13 years that O'Neal did not advance into the second round . In the 2006 -- 07 season O'Neal reached 25,000 career points , becoming the 14th player in NBA history to accomplish that milestone . However , it was the first season in O'Neal's career that his scoring average dropped below 20 points per game . 2007 -- 2008 season O'Neal experienced a rough start for the 2007 -- 08 season , averaging career lows in points , rebounds , and blocks . His role in the offense diminished , as he attempted only 10 field goals per game , versus his career average of 17 . In addition , O'Neal was plagued by fouls , and during one stretch fouled out of five consecutive games . O'Neal's streak of 14 straight All - Star appearances ended that season . O'Neal again missed games due to injuries , and the Heat had a 15 -- game losing streak . According to O'Neal , Riley thought he was faking the injury . During a practice in February 2008 , O'Neal got into an altercation with Riley over the coach ordering a tardy Jason Williams to leave practice . The two argued face - to - face , with O'Neal poking Riley in the chest and Riley slapping his finger away . Riley soon after decided to trade O'Neal . O'Neal said his relationship with Wade was not `` all that good '' by the time he left Miami , but he did not express disappointment at Wade for failing to stand up for him . O'Neal played 33 games for the Miami Heat in the 2007 -- 08 season prior to being traded to the Phoenix Suns . O'Neal started all 33 games and averaged 14.2 points per game . Following the trade to Phoenix , O'Neal averaged 12.9 ppg while starting all 28 games with the Suns . Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Phoenix Suns acquired O'Neal in February 2008 from the league - worst Miami Heat , who had a record at the time of the trade of 9 - 37 , in exchange for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks . O'Neal made his Suns debut on February 20 , 2008 , against his former Lakers team , scoring 15 points and grabbing 9 rebounds in the process . The Lakers won , 130 -- 124 . O'Neal was upbeat in a post-game press conference , stating : `` I will take the blame for this loss because I was n't in tune with the guys ( ... ) But give me four or five days to really get in tune and I 'll get it . '' In 28 regular - season games , O'Neal averaged 12.9 points and 10.6 rebounds , good enough to make the playoffs . One of the reasons for the trade was to limit Tim Duncan in the event of a postseason matchup between the Suns and the San Antonio Spurs , especially after the Suns ' six - game elimination by the Spurs in the 2007 NBA Playoffs . O'Neal and the Phoenix Suns did face the Spurs in the first round of the playoffs , but they were once again eliminated , in five games . O'Neal averaged 15.2 points , 9.2 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game . O'Neal preferred his new situation with the Suns over the Heat . `` I love playing for this coach and I love playing with these guys '' , O'Neal said . `` We have professionals who know what to do . No one is asking me to play with ( his former Heat teammates ) Chris Quinn or Ricky Davis . I 'm actually on a team again . '' Riley felt O'Neal was wrong for maligning his former teammates . O'Neal responded with an expletive toward Riley , whom he often referred to as the `` great Pat Riley '' while playing for the Heat . O'Neal credited the Suns training staff with prolonging his career . They connected his arthritic toe , which would not bend , to the alteration of his jump that consequently was straining his leg . The trainers had him concentrate on building his core strength , flexibility , and balance . The 2008 -- 09 season improved for O'Neal , who averaged 18 pts , 9 rebounds , and 1.6 blocks through the first half ( 41 games ) of the season , leading the Suns to a 23 -- 18 record and 2nd place in their division . He returned to the All - Star Game in 2009 and emerged as co-MVP along with ex-teammate Kobe Bryant . O'Neal with Phoenix teammate Steve Nash . On February 27 , 2009 , O'Neal scored 45 points and grabbed 11 rebounds , his 49th career 40 - point game , beating the Toronto Raptors 133 -- 113 . In a matchup against Orlando on March 3 , 2009 , O'Neal was outscored by Magic center Dwight Howard , 21 -- 19 . `` I 'm really too old to be trying to outscore 18 - year - olds '' , O'Neal said , referring to the then 23 - year - old Howard . `` It 's not really my role anymore . '' O'Neal was double - teamed most of the night . `` I like to play people one - on - one . My whole career I had to play people one - on - one . Never once had to double or ask for a double . But it 's cool '' , said O'Neal . During the game , O'Neal flopped against Howard . Magic coach Stan Van Gundy , who had coached O'Neal with the Heat , was `` very disappointed cause ( O'Neal ) knows what it 's like . Let 's stand up and play like men , and I think our guy did that tonight . '' O'Neal responded , `` Flopping is playing like that your whole career . I was trying to take the charge , trying to get a call . It probably was a flop , but flopping is the wrong use of words . Flopping would describe his coaching . '' Mark Madsen , a Lakers teammate of O'Neal's for three years , found it amusing since `` everyone in the league tries to flop on Shaq and Shaq never flops back . '' In a 2006 interview in TIME , O'Neal said if he were NBA commissioner , he would `` Make a guy have to beat a guy -- not flop and get calls and be nice to the referees and kiss ass . '' On March 6 , O'Neal talked about the upcoming game against the Rockets and Yao Ming . `` It 's not going to be man - on - man , so do n't even try that , '' says O'Neal with an incredulous laugh . `` They 're going to double and triple me like everybody else ... I rarely get to play ( Yao ) one - on - one ... But when I play him ( on defense ) , it 's just going to be me down there . So do n't try to make it a Yao versus Shaq thing , when it 's Shaq versus four other guys . '' The 2009 NBA Playoffs was also the first time since O'Neal's rookie season in 1992 -- 93 that he did not participate in the playoffs . He was named as a member of the All - NBA Third Team . The Suns notified O'Neal he might be traded to cut costs . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On June 25 , 2009 , O'Neal was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Sasha Pavlovic , Ben Wallace , $500,000 , and a 2010 - second round draft pick . Upon arriving in Cleveland , O'Neal said , `` My motto is very simple : Win a Ring for the King '' , referring to LeBron James . James was the leader of the team , and O'Neal deferred to him . On February 25 , 2010 , O'Neal suffered a severe right thumb injury while attempting to go up for a shot against Glen Davis of the Boston Celtics . He had surgery on the thumb on March 1 and returned to play in time for the first round of the playoffs . After defeating the Chicago Bulls in the first round , the Cavaliers went on to lose to the Boston Celtics in the second round . In September 2016 , O'Neal said : `` When I was in Cleveland , we were in first place . Big Baby ( Glen Davis ) breaks my hand and I had to sit out five weeks late in the year . I come back finally in the first round of the playoffs , and we lost to Boston in the second round . I was upset . I know for a fact if I was healthy , we would have gotten it done that year and won a ring . '' O'Neal averaged career lows in almost every major statistical category during the 2009 -- 10 season , taking on a much less significant role than in previous years . Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) O'Neal finished his career with the Boston Celtics Upon hearing Bryant comment that he had more rings than O'Neal , Wyc Grousbeck , principal owner of the Celtics , saw an opportunity to acquire O'Neal . Celtics coach Doc Rivers agreed to the signing on the condition that O'Neal would not receive preferential treatment nor could he cause any locker room problems like in Los Angeles or Miami . On August 4 , 2010 , the Celtics announced that they had signed O'Neal . The contract was for two years at the veteran minimum salary for a total contract value of $2.8 million . O'Neal wanted the larger mid-level exception contract , but the Celtics chose instead to give it to Jermaine O'Neal . The Atlanta Hawks and the Dallas Mavericks also expressed interest but had stalled on O'Neal's salary demands . He was introduced by the Celtics on August 10 , 2010 , and chose the number 36 . O'Neal said he did n't `` compete with little guys who run around dominating the ball , throwing up 30 shots a night -- like D -- Wade , Kobe . '' O'Neal added that he was only competing against Duncan : `` If Tim Duncan gets five rings , then that gives some writer the chance to say ' Duncan is the best , ' and I ca n't have that . '' Publicly , he insisted he did not care whether he started or substituted for the Celtics , but expected to be part of the second unit . Privately , he wanted to start , but kept it to himself . O'Neal missed games throughout the season due to an assortment of ailments to his right leg including knee , calf , hip , and Achilles injuries . The Celtics traded away center Kendrick Perkins in February partially due to the expectation that O'Neal would return to fill Perkins ' role . The Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , and they were 19 -- 3 in games that O'Neal played over 20 minutes . After requesting a cortisone shot , O'Neal returned April 3 after missing 27 games due to his Achilles ; he played only five minutes due to a strained right calf . It was the last regular season game he would play that year . O'Neal missed the first round of the 2011 playoffs . He insisted on more cortisone shots and returned in the second round , but he was limited to 12 minutes in two games as the Heat eliminated the Celtics from the playoffs . On June 1 , 2011 , O'Neal announced his retirement via social media . On a short tape on Twitter , O'Neal tweeted , `` We did it . Nineteen years , baby . I want to thank you very much . That 's why I 'm telling you first . I 'm about to retire . Love you . Talk to you soon . '' On June 3 , 2011 , O'Neal held a press conference at his home in Orlando to officially announce his retirement . National team career While in college , O'Neal was considered for the Dream Team to fill the college spot , but it eventually went to future teammate Christian Laettner . His national team career began in the 1994 FIBA World Championship in which he was named MVP of the Tournament . While he led the Dream Team II to the gold medal with an 8 -- 0 record , O'Neal averaged 18 points and 8.5 rebounds and recorded two double - doubles . In four games , he scored more than 20 points . Before 2010 , he was the last active American player to have a gold from the FIBA World Cup . He was one of two players ( the other being Reggie Miller ) from the 1994 roster to be also named to the Dream Team III . Due to more star - power , he rotated with Hakeem Olajuwon and David Robinson and started 3 games . He averaged 9.3 points and 5.3 rebounds with 8 total blocks . Again , a perfect 8 -- 0 record landed him another gold medal at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . O'Neal was upset that coach Lenny Wilkens played Robinson more minutes in the final game ; Wilkens previously explained to O'Neal that it would probably be Robinson 's last Olympics . After his 1996 experience , he declined to play in international competition . He was angered by being overlooked for the 1999 FIBA AmeriCup squad , saying it was a `` lack of respect '' . He forwent an opportunity to participate in the 2000 Olympics , explaining that two gold medals were enough . Shaq also chose not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . He rejected an offer to play in the 2004 Olympics , and although he was initially interested in being named for 2006 -- 2008 US preliminary roster , he eventually declined the invitation . Player profile O'Neal's free throw shooting was regarded as one of his major weaknesses . O'Neal established himself as an overpowering low post presence , putting up career averages of 23.7 points on . 582 field goal accuracy , 10.9 rebounds and 2.3 blocks per game . At 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) , 330 lb ( 150 kg ; 24 st ) and U.S. shoe size 23 , he became famous for his physical stature . His physical frame gave him a power advantage over most opponents . On two occasions during his first season in the NBA his powerful dunks broke the steel backboard supports , prompting the league to increase the brace strength and stability of the backboards for the following 1993 -- 94 season . O'Neal's `` drop step '' , ( called the `` Black Tornado '' by O'Neal ) in which he posted up a defender , turned around and , using his elbows for leverage , powered past him for a very high - percentage slam dunk , proved an effective offensive weapon . In addition , O'Neal frequently used a right - handed jump hook shot to score near the basket . The ability to dunk contributed to his career field goal accuracy of . 582 , second only to Artis Gilmore as the highest field goal percentage of all time . He led the NBA in field goal percentage 10 times , breaking Wilt Chamberlain 's record of nine . Opposing teams often used up many fouls on O'Neal , reducing the playing time of their own big men . O'Neal's imposing physical presence inside the paint caused dramatic changes in many teams ' offensive and defensive strategies . O'Neal's primary weakness was his free throw shooting , with a career average of 52.7 % . He once missed all 11 of his free throw attempts in a game against the Seattle SuperSonics on December 8 , 2000 , a record . O'Neal believes his free throw woes were a mental issue , as he often shot 80 percent in practice . In hope of exploiting O'Neal's poor foul shooting , opponents often committed intentional fouls against him , a tactic known as `` Hack - a-Shaq '' . O'Neal was the third - ranked player all - time in free throws taken , having attempted 11,252 free - throws in 1,207 games up to and including the 2010 -- 11 season . On December 25 , 2008 , O'Neal missed his 5,000 th free throw , becoming the second player in NBA history to do so , along with Chamberlain . O'Neal only made one three point shot during his entire career . He made the shot during the 1995 -- 96 NBA season with the Orlando Magic . His career three point shot record is 1 for 22 ( a 4.5 % career percentage ) . O'Neal was a capable defender , named three times to the All - NBA Second Defensive Team . His presence intimidated opposing players shooting near the basket , and he averaged 2.3 blocked shots per game over the course of his career . Phil Jackson believed O'Neal underachieved in his career , saying he `` could and should have been the MVP player for 10 consecutive seasons . '' The Lakers retired his No. 34 jersey on April 2 , 2013 . On February 26 , 2016 , the Miami Heat announced that it would retire O'Neal's No. 32 jersey during the 2016 -- 17 season , making O'Neal one of just 32 athletes in American professional sports history to have their jersey retired by multiple teams . The Heat eventually retired his jersey on December 22 , 2016 , during halftime of a game against his former team , the Los Angeles Lakers . Media personality O'Neal called himself `` The Big Aristotle '' and `` Hobo Master '' for his composure and insights during interviews . Journalists and others gave O'Neal several nicknames including `` ' Shaq ' '' , `` The Diesel '' , `` Shaq Fu '' , `` The Big Daddy '' , `` Superman '' , `` The Big Agave '' , `` The Big Cactus '' , `` The Big Shaqtus '' , `` The Big Galactus '' , `` Wilt Chamberneezy '' , `` The Big Baryshnikov '' , `` The Real Deal '' , `` The Big Shamrock '' , `` The Big Leprechaun '' , `` Shaqovic '' , and `` The Big Conductor '' . Although he was a favorite interviewee of the press , O'Neal was sensitive and often went weeks without speaking . When he did not want to speak with the press , he employed an interview technique whereby , sitting in front of his cubicle , he would murmur in his low - pitched voice . During the 2000 Screen Actors Guild strike , O'Neal performed in a commercial for Disney . O'Neal was fined by the union for crossing the picket line . O'Neal's humorous and sometimes incendiary comments fueled the Los Angeles Lakers ' long - standing rivalry with the Sacramento Kings ; O'Neal frequently referred to the Sacramento team as the `` Queens . '' During the 2002 victory parade , O'Neal declared that Sacramento would never be the capital of California , after the Lakers beat the Kings in a tough seven game series en route to its third championship with O'Neal . He also received media flak for mocking Chinese people when interviewed about newcomer center Yao Ming . O'Neal told a reporter , `` you tell Yao Ming , ching chong yang , wah , ah so . '' O'Neal later said it was locker room humor and he meant no offense . Yao believed that O'Neal was joking , but he said a lot of Asians would n't see the humor . Yao joked , `` Chinese is hard to learn . I had trouble with it when I was little . '' O'Neal later admitted that he regretted how he treated Yao early in his career . During the 2005 NBA playoffs , O'Neal compared his poor play to Erick Dampier , a Dallas Mavericks center who had failed to score a single point in one of their recent games . The quip inspired countless citations and references by announcers during those playoffs , though Dampier himself offered little response to the insult . The two would meet in the 2006 NBA Finals . O'Neal was very vocal with the media , often making jabs at former Laker teammate Kobe Bryant . In the summer of 2005 , when asked about Bryant , he responded , `` I 'm sorry , who ? '' and continued to pretend that he did not know who Bryant was until well into the 2005 -- 06 season . O'Neal also appeared on television on Saturday Night Live ( he was initially picked to host the second episode of season 24 in 1998 , but had to back down due to scheduling conflicts , being replaced by Kelsey Grammer ) ; however , he did appear in two sketches during the episode ) and in 2007 hosted Shaq 's Big Challenge , a reality show on ABC in which he challenged Florida kids to lose weight and stay in shape . When the Lakers faced the Heat on January 16 , 2006 , O'Neal and Bryant made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , an event that was believed to signify the end of the so - called `` Bryant -- O'Neal feud '' that had festered since the center left Los Angeles . O'Neal was quoted as saying that he accepted the advice of NBA legend Bill Russell to make peace with Bryant . However , on June 22 , 2008 , O'Neal freestyled a diss rap about Bryant in a New York club . While rapping , O'Neal blamed Bryant for his divorce from his wife Shaunie and claims to have received a vasectomy , as part of a rhyme . He also taunted Bryant for not being able to win a championship without him . O'Neal led the audience to mockingly chant several times `` Kobe , tell me how my ass tastes . '' O'Neal justified his act by saying `` I was freestyling . That 's all . It was all done in fun . Nothing serious whatsoever . That is what MCs do . They freestyle when called upon . I 'm totally cool with Kobe . No issue at all . '' Although even other exponents of hip hop , such as Snoop Dogg , Nas and Cory Gunz , agreed with O'Neal , Maricopa County , Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio expressed his intention to relieve O'Neal of his Maricopa County sheriff posse badge , due to `` use of a racially derogatory word and other foul language '' . The racial quote from his song was `` it 's like a white boy trying to be more nigga than me . '' Off the court Education O'Neal left LSU for the NBA after three years . However , he promised his mother he would eventually return to his studies and complete his bachelor 's degree . He fulfilled that promise in 2000 , earning his bachelor of arts in general studies . Coach Phil Jackson let O'Neal miss a home game so he could attend graduation . At the ceremony , he told the crowd `` now I can go and get a real job '' . Subsequently , O'Neal earned an MBA online through the University of Phoenix in 2005 . In reference to his completion of his MBA degree , he stated : `` It 's just something to have on my resume for when I go back into reality . Someday I might have to put down a basketball and have a regular 9 - to - 5 like everybody else . '' Toward the end of his playing career , he began work on an Ed. D. in Human Resource Development at Barry University . His doctoral capstone topic was `` The Duality of Humor and Aggression in Leadership Styles '' . O'Neal received his degree in 2012 . O'Neal told a reporter for ABC News that he plans to further his education still by attending law school . O'Neal has also studied directing and cinematography with the New York Film Academy 's Filmmaking Conservatory . Law enforcement O'Neal maintained a high level of interest in the workings of police departments and became personally involved in law enforcement . O'Neal went through the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Reserve Academy and became a reserve officer with the Los Angeles Port Police . He appeared in a commercial for ESPN in Miami Police garb climbing a tree to rescue LSU 's costumed mascot Mike the Tiger . On March 2 , 2005 , O'Neal was given an honorary U.S. Deputy Marshal title and named the spokesman for the Safe Surfin ' Foundation ; he served an honorary role on the task force of the same name , which tracks down sexual predators who target children on the Internet . Upon his trade to Miami , O'Neal began training to become a Miami Beach reserve officer . On December 8 , 2005 , he was sworn in , but elected for a private ceremony to avoid distracting attention from the other officers . He assumed a $1 per year salary in this capacity . Shortly thereafter , in Miami , O'Neal witnessed a hate crime ( assaulting a man while calling out homophobic slurs ) and called Miami - Dade police , describing the suspect and helping police , over his cell phone , track the offender . O'Neal's actions resulted in the arrest of two suspects on charges of aggravated battery , assault , and a hate crime . In September 2006 , O'Neal took part in a raid on a home in rural Bedford County , Virginia . O'Neal had been made an `` honorary deputy '' by the local sheriff 's department . O'Neal was not qualified as a SWAT officer . In December 2016 , O'Neal was sworn in as a sheriff 's deputy in Jonesboro , Georgia as part of Clayton County , Georgia Sheriff 's Department . O'Neal holds the county record of Tallest Sheriff 's Deputy . Music career <Th_colspan="2"> Shaquille O'Neal Genres Hip hop Occupation ( s ) Rapper Years active 1993 -- 2001 ; 2017 Labels Jive , Interscope , A&M , Trauma Associated acts Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz , DJ Kayslay Beginning in 1993 , O'Neal began to compose rap music . He released five studio albums and 1 compilation album . Although his rapping abilities were criticized at the outset , one critic credited him with `` progressing as a rapper in small steps , not leaps and bounds '' . His 1993 debut album , Shaq Diesel , received platinum certification from the RIAA . O'Neal was featured alongside Michael Jackson as a guest rapper on `` 2 Bad '' , a song from Jackson 's 1995 album HIStory . He contributed three tracks , including the song `` We Genie '' , to the Kazaam soundtrack . O'Neal was also featured in Aaron Carter 's 2001 hit single `` That 's How I Beat Shaq '' . Shaq also appears on the music video for the release . Shaquille O'Neal conducted the Boston Pops Orchestra at the Boston Symphony Hall on December 20 , 2010 . In July 2017 , O'Neal released a diss track aimed at LaVar Ball , the father of NBA point guard Lonzo Ball . The three minute song was released in response to Ball claiming him and his younger son LaMelo , would beat O'Neal and his son Shareef in a game of basketball . Acting Starting with Blue Chips and Kazaam , O'Neal appeared in movies that were panned by some critics . O'Neal is one of the first African Americans to portray a major comic book superhero in a motion picture , having starred as John Henry Irons , the protagonist in the 1997 film Steel . He is preceded only by Michael Jai White , whose film Spawn was released two weeks before Steel . O'Neal appeared as himself on an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm , bedridden after Larry David 's character accidentally tripped him while stretching , and in two episodes each of My Wife and Kids and The Parkers . He appeared in cameo roles in the films , Freddy Got Fingered , Jack and Jill and Scary Movie 4 . O'Neal appeared in the 311 music video for the hit single `` You Would n't Believe '' in 2001 , in P. Diddy 's video for `` Bad Boys 4 Life '' , the video for Aaron Carter 's `` That 's How I Beat Shaq '' , and the video for Owl City 's `` Vanilla Twilight '' . O'Neal appeared in the movie CB4 in a small `` interviewing '' scene . O'Neal appeared in a SportsCenter commercial dressed in his Miami police uniform , rescuing Mike the Tiger from a tree . O'Neal reportedly wanted a role in the film X2 ( the second in the X-Men film series ) , but was ignored by the filmmakers . O'Neal appeared as Officer Fluzoo in the comedy sequel Grown Ups 2 . He voiced animated versions of himself on several occasions , including in the animated series Static Shock ( episode `` Static Shaq '' ) , in Johnny Bravo ( episode `` Back on Shaq '' ) , in Uncle Grandpa ( episode `` Perfect Kid '' ) , and in The Lego Movie . He also had a voice over role in the 2013 film , The Smurfs 2 . Video games O'Neal was featured on the covers of video games NBA Live 96 , NBA 2K6 , NBA 2K7 , NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC , NBA Hoopz , and NBA Inside Drive 2004 . O'Neal appeared in the arcade version of NBA Jam ( 1993 ) , NBA Jam ( 2003 ) and NBA Live 2004 as a current player and as a 1990s All - Star . O'Neal starred in Shaq Fu , a fighting game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis . O'Neal also appeared in Backyard Basketball in 2004 , Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 as a playable boxer , and as an unlockable character in Delta Force : Black Hawk Down . O'Neal was also an unlockable character in UFC Undisputed 2010 . A sequel , Shaq Fu : A Legend Reborn , is set for release in 2018 . Television O'Neal and his mother , Lucille Harrison , were featured in the documentary film Apple Pie , which aired on ESPN . O'Neal had a 2005 reality series on ESPN , Shaquille , and hosted a series called Shaq 's Big Challenge on ABC . O'Neal appeared on NBA Ballers and NBA Ballers : Phenom , in the 2002 Discovery Channel special Motorcycle Mania 2 requesting an exceptionally large bike to fit his large size famed custom motorcycle builder Jesse James , in the first Idol Gives Back in 2007 , on an episode of Fear Factor , and on an episode of MTV 's Jackass , where he was lifted off the ground on Wee Man 's back . O'Neal was a wrestling fan and made appearances at many WWE events . O'Neal was pranked on the MTV show Punk 'd when a crew member accused him of stealing his parking space . After O'Neal and his wife went into a restaurant , Ashton Kutcher 's crew members let the air out of O'Neal's tires . O'Neal and the crew member then got into an altercation and after Kutcher told O'Neal he had been Punk 'd , O'Neal made an obscene gesture at the camera . O'Neal starred in a reality show called Shaq Vs. which premiered on August 18 , 2009 , on ABC . The show featured O'Neal competing against other athletes at their own sports . On July 14 , 2011 , O'Neal announced that he would join Turner Network Television ( TNT ) as an analyst on its NBA basketball games , joining Ernie Johnson , Kenny Smith , and Charles Barkley . He hosted the show Upload with Shaquille O'Neal which aired on TruTV for one season . In September 2015 whilst promoting sportswear giant Reebok in South Korea , O'Neal joined the cast in the South Korean variety television show Off to School where he went to Seo Incheon High School . The show features various celebrities attending a selected high school as students for three days . The producer of the show , Kim No Eun said , `` We 've worked hard on our guest list this season , so Chu Sung Hoon will be appearing on a cable channel for the first time . Shaquille O'Neal will be on the show as well . We succeeded in casting him after a lot of effort . O'Neal will be visiting Korea for a promotion and will be visiting the school on the last day . He will have lunch with the students . We 're even preparing a big match between Chu Sung Hoon and Shaquille O'Neal . We 're specially preparing a uniform for Shaquille O'Neal . '' Advertising O'Neal has made numerous appearances in television commercials , including several Pepsi commercials , such as one from 1995 which parodied shows like I Love Lucy ( the `` Job Switching '' episode ) , Bonanza , and Woody Woodpecker ; various 1990s Reebok commercials ; Nestlé Crunch commercials ; Gold Bond products ; The General insurance commercials ; and IcyHot commercials . Mixed martial arts O'Neal began training in mixed martial arts ( MMA ) in 2000 . At Jonathan Burke 's Gracie Gym , he trained in boxing , jiu - jitsu , Muay Thai and wrestling . At the gym , he used the nickname Diesel . O'Neal challenged kickboxer and mixed martial artist Choi Hong - man to a mixed martial arts rules bout in a YouTube video posted on June 17 , 2009 . Hong - man replied to an email asking him if he would like to fight O'Neal saying `` Yes , if there is a chance . '' Hong - man also responded to a question asking if O'Neal had a chance of winning with a simple `` No . '' On August 28 , 2010 , at UFC 118 in Boston , O'Neal reiterated his desire to fight Choi in an interview . Professional Wrestling A lifelong professional wrestling fan , O'Neal has made numerous appearances at televised events over the years for three different promotions . In 1994 , O'Neal made several appearances in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , including at the Bash at the Beach pay per view , where he presented the title belt to the winner of the WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair . In July 2009 , O'Neal served as the guest host for a live broadcast of WWE 's Monday Night Raw . As part of the show , O'Neal got into a physical altercation with seven - foot tall wrestler Big Show . In September 2012 , O'Neal made a guest appearance on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 's Impact Wrestling program , where he had a backstage segment with Hulk Hogan . In April 2016 , O'Neal participated in his first ever match , when he was a surprise celebrity entry in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 32 . O'Neal eliminated Damien Sandow , and had another confrontation with Big Show before being eliminated himself by most of the other wrestlers . In July at the 2016 ESPY Awards on the red carpet , Show and Shaq had another brief confrontation . A match was proposed for WrestleMania 33 , which Shaq accepted . In January 2017 , the two began calling each other out on social media , posting workout videos of themselves preparing for the potential match . After weeks of discussion , the match was cancelled . According to Dave Meltzer of Wrestling Observer Newsletter , the match was canceled due to monetary reasons , as both parties could not agree on a deal . Big Show later stated it was scheduling issues on Shaq 's part that caused the cancellation . Business ventures O'Neal is also an active businessman and investor . He was an active bond investor in the early 1990s but continued to wade into stocks and made investments in various companies such as General Electric , Apple , and PepsiCo . He described what has worked best for him in stock investing was where he felt a personal connection with the company . He has also been an active real estate entrepreneur . O'Neal was looking to expand his business ventures with real - estate development projects aimed at assisting Orlando home owners facing foreclosure . His plans involved buying the mortgages of those who had fallen into foreclosure and then selling the homes back to them under more affordable terms . He would make a small profit in return , but wanted to make an investment in Orlando and help out homeowners . In conjunction with Boraie Development , O'Neal has developed projects in his hometown of Newark , New Jersey including , CityPlex12 and One Riverview . O'Neal is on the advisory board for Tout Industries , a social video service startup company based in San Francisco . He received the position in return for breaking news of his NBA retirement on the service . In September 2013 , O'Neal became a minority owner of the Sacramento Kings . In June 2015 , O'Neal invested in technology startup Loyale3 Holdings Inc. , a San Francisco brokerage firm whose website and mobile app enables companies to sell a piece of their IPOs directly to small investors who put up as a little as $100 and also allows investors to regularly buy small amounts of shares in already public companies . O'Neal is an investor for eSports team NRG Esports . He has also appeared in television commercials promoting the Counter-Strike : Global Offensive league ELeague . In late 2016 O'Neal purchased the Krispy Kreme location at 295 Ponce de Leon Avenue Atlanta , GA . O'Neal is also the Global Spokesperson for the company . Personal life O'Neal at the 2009 NBA All - Star game O'Neal was raised by a Baptist mother and a Muslim stepfather . Both Robin Wright in her book Rock the Casbah as well as the Los Angeles Times have identified O'Neal as a Muslim . However , O'Neal has said , `` I 'm Muslim , I 'm Jewish , I 'm Buddhist , I 'm everybody ' cause I 'm a people person . '' Marriage to Shaunie O'Neal married Shaunie Nelson on December 26 , 2002 . The couple have four children : Shareef , Amirah , Shaqir , and Mearah . Nelson also has one son from a previous relationship , Myles . On September 4 , 2007 , O'Neal filed for divorce from Shaunie in a Miami - Dade Circuit court . Shaunie later said that the couple had gotten back together and that the divorce was withdrawn . However , on November 10 , 2009 , Shaunie filed an intent to divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . In 2015 , Shareef was seen in high school basketball highlights as a 6 - foot - 7 - inch ( 2.01 m ) freshman power forward , and had been described to have `` polar opposite playing style to his father '' due to his more athletic build and better shooting range . Shareef , later rated as a top - 30 prospect in the recruiting class of 2018 , had committed to play college basketball at the University of Arizona , but rescinded the commitment in February 2018 after Arizona head coach Sean Miller was linked to potential major violations of NCAA recruiting rules . Girlfriends O'Neal also has a daughter from a previous relationship with his ex-girlfriend Arnetta Yarbourgh , Taheara O'Neal . In summer 2010 , O'Neal began dating reality TV star Nicole `` Hoopz '' Alexander . The couple resided at O'Neal's home in Sudbury , Massachusetts , and later split in 2012 . Since 2014 O'Neal has been dating Laticia Rolle , a model , originally from Gardner , Massachusetts . Outside of basketball In June 2005 when Hall of Fame center George Mikan died , O'Neal , who considered Mikan to be a major influence , extended an offer to his family to pay all of the funeral expenses , which they accepted . O'Neal is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame . O'Neal became a Freemason in 2011 , becoming a member of Widow 's Son Lodge No. 28 in Boston . O'Neal is a Prince Hall Freemason . On January 31 , 2012 , O'Neal was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . O'Neal is a fan of the National Hockey League 's New Jersey Devils , who play in his hometown of Newark , and has been seen at several games over the years . On January 11 , 2014 , O'Neal performed the ceremonial first puck and drove a Zamboni for a game between the Devils and the Florida Panthers . O'Neal is also a fan of English football club Northampton Town , and has posted videos of support to their official YouTube page . O'Neal endorsed Republican New Jersey governor Chris Christie in his 2013 reelection bid , appearing in a television advertisement . NBA career statistics See also : List of career achievements by Shaquille O'Neal <Th_colspan="6"> Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which O'Neal won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1992 -- 93 Orlando 81 81 37.9 . 562 . 000 . 592 13.9 1.9 . 7 3.5 23.4 1993 -- 94 Orlando 81 81 39.8 . 599 * . 000 . 554 13.2 2.4 . 9 2.9 29.3 1994 -- 95 Orlando 79 79 37.0 . 583 . 000 . 533 11.4 2.7 . 9 2.4 29.3 * 1995 -- 96 Orlando 54 52 36.0 . 573 . 500 . 487 11.0 2.9 . 6 2.1 26.6 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 51 51 38.1 . 557 . 000 . 484 12.5 3.1 . 9 2.9 26.2 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 60 57 36.3 . 584 * . 000 . 527 11.4 2.4 . 7 2.4 28.3 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 49 49 34.8 . 576 * . 000 . 540 10.7 2.3 . 7 1.7 26.3 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 79 79 40.0 . 574 * . 000 . 524 13.6 3.8 . 5 3.0 29.7 * 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 74 74 39.5 . 572 * . 000 . 513 12.7 3.7 . 6 2.8 28.7 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 67 66 36.1 . 579 * . 000 . 555 10.7 3.0 . 6 2.0 27.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 67 66 37.8 . 574 . 000 . 622 11.1 3.1 . 6 2.4 27.5 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 67 67 36.8 . 584 * . 000 . 490 11.5 2.9 . 5 2.5 21.5 2004 -- 05 Miami 73 73 34.1 . 601 * . 000 . 461 10.4 2.7 . 5 2.3 22.9 2005 -- 06 † Miami 59 58 30.6 . 600 * . 000 . 469 9.2 1.9 . 4 1.8 20.0 2006 -- 07 Miami 40 39 28.4 . 591 . 000 . 422 7.4 2.0 . 2 1.4 17.3 2007 -- 08 Miami 33 33 28.6 . 581 . 000 . 494 7.8 1.4 . 6 1.6 14.2 2007 -- 08 Phoenix 28 28 28.7 . 611 . 000 . 513 10.6 1.7 . 5 1.2 12.9 2008 -- 09 Phoenix 75 75 30.0 . 609 * . 000 . 595 8.4 1.7 . 6 1.4 17.8 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 53 53 23.4 . 566 . 000 . 496 6.7 1.5 . 3 1.2 12.0 2010 -- 11 Boston 37 36 20.3 . 667 . 000 . 557 4.8 . 7 . 4 1.1 9.2 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 1,207 1,197 34.7 . 582 . 045 . 527 10.9 2.5 . 6 2.3 23.7 <Td_colspan="2"> All - Star 12 9 22.8 . 551 . 000 . 452 8.1 1.4 1.1 1.6 16.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1994 Orlando 42.0 . 511 . 000 . 471 13.3 2.3 . 7 3.0 20.7 1995 Orlando 21 21 38.3 . 577 . 000 . 571 11.9 3.3 . 9 1.9 25.7 Orlando 12 12 38.3 . 606 . 000 . 393 10.0 4.6 . 8 1.3 25.8 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 9 36.2 . 514 . 000 . 610 10.6 3.2 . 6 1.9 26.9 1998 L.A. Lakers 13 13 38.5 . 612 . 000 . 503 10.2 2.9 . 5 2.6 30.5 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 510 . 000 . 466 11.6 2.3 . 9 2.9 26.6 2000 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 43.5 . 566 . 000 . 456 15.4 3.1 . 6 2.4 30.7 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 42.3 . 555 . 000 . 525 15.4 3.2 . 4 2.4 30.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 40.8 . 529 . 000 . 649 12.6 2.8 . 5 2.5 28.5 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 40.1 . 535 . 000 . 621 14.8 3.7 . 6 2.8 27.0 L.A. Lakers 22 22 41.7 . 593 . 000 . 429 13.2 2.5 . 3 2.8 21.5 2005 Miami 13 13 33.2 . 558 . 000 . 472 7.8 1.9 . 4 1.5 19.4 2006 † Miami 23 23 33.0 . 612 . 000 . 374 9.8 1.7 . 5 1.5 18.4 2007 Miami 30.3 . 559 . 000 . 333 8.5 1.3 . 3 1.5 18.8 2008 Phoenix 5 5 30.0 . 440 . 000 . 500 9.2 1.0 1.0 2.6 15.2 Cleveland 11 11 22.1 . 516 . 000 . 660 5.5 1.4 . 2 1.2 11.5 2011 Boston 0 6.0 . 500 . 000 . 000 . 0 . 5 . 5 . 0 1.0 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 216 214 37.5 . 563 . 000 . 504 11.6 2.7 . 5 2.1 24.3 Discography Main article : Shaquille O'Neal discography Shaq Diesel ( 1993 ) Shaq Fu : Da Return ( 1994 ) You Ca n't Stop the Reign ( 1996 ) Respect ( 1998 ) Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 ( Unreleased ) Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes 1994 Blue Chips Neon Boudeaux Kazaam Kazaam 1997 Good Burger Himself Steel John Henry Irons / Steel 1998 He Got Game Himself 2001 The Wash Norman Freddy Got Fingered Himself After the Sunset 2006 Scary Movie 4 2008 The House Bunny 2011 Jack and Jill 2013 Grown Ups 2 Officer Fluzoo The Smurfs 2 Smooth Smurf ( Voice ) 2014 The Lego Movie Himself ( Voice ) Blended Doug 2018 Show Dogs Karma ( Voice ) Uncle Drew Big Fella Television Year Title Role Notes Arliss Himself Episode : `` A Man of Our Times '' 2001 For Your Love Episode : '' The Model Client '' My Wife and Kids 2 Episodes Curb Your Enthusiasm Episode : `` Shaq '' 2002 Static Shock Episode : `` Static Shaq '' 2002 -- 04 The Parkers 2 Episodes 2003 The Bernie Mac Show Episode : `` Eye of the Tiger '' The Tracy Morgan Show Episode : `` Career Day '' Johnny Bravo ' Episode : `` Back on Shaq '' 2009 WWE Raw 2011 The Cleveland Show Episode : `` A Short Story and a Tall Tale '' 2013 Real Husbands of Hollywood Episode : `` Retreat for Couples '' Jimmy Kimmel Live ! 2 Episodes Southland Detective Earl Dayton Episode : `` The Felix Paradox '' 2014 Uncle Grandpa Himself Episode : `` The Perfect Kid '' 2015 -- 16 Fresh Off the Boat 2 Episodes 2015 Off to School Episodes 59 - 62 2017 -- 18 The Simpsons 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Guest Host , October 30 , 2017 Awards and nominations Year Nominated work Result <Th_colspan="6"> CableACE Awards Sports Theater with Shaquille O'Neal Children 's Special - 7 and Older Won <Th_colspan="6"> Golden Raspberry Awards 1995 Blue Chips Worst New Star Nominated 1998 Steel Worst Actor Nominated 2015 Blended Worst Supporting Actor Nominated Bibliography Shaq Attaq ! ( 1994 ) A Good Reason to Look Up ( 1998 ) Shaq and the Beanstalk and Other Very Tall Tales ( 1999 ) Shaq Talks Back ( 2002 ) Shaq Uncut : My Story ( 2011 ) See also National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of individual National Basketball Association scoring leaders by season List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association single - game blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders Highest - paid NBA players by season Shaq -- Kobe feud List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball career blocks leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season blocks leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders List of Freemasons References Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports ' 50 greatest NBA players of all time : Where do LeBron , Curry rank ? '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Shaq comes in at No. 9 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` SLAM 500 Greatest NBA Players of All Time Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Roth , Mark ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` Male Hollywood stars do n't stand as tall as we imagine '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark . `` Shaquille O'Neal traded to Cleveland Cavaliers for 3 players , cash '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Void filled : 15 - time All - Star Shaquille O'Neal to Celtics '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA & ABA Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Announcement presented by Haggar Clothing Company '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . April 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dream Team , Shaq and Kukoc headline 2017 Class of FIBA Hall of Fame Inductees . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . The Big Podcast with Shaq -- via podcastone.com . Jump up ^ `` Kings Guard Gaming Names Shaquille O'Neal First General Manager '' . ThePostGame. 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Biography ( 1972 -- ) '' . filmreference.com . ^ Jump up to : Plaschke , Bill ( June 12 , 2002 ) . `` ' Biological Did n't Bother ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Shaq to biological father : ' I do n't hate you ' '' . The Undefeated . ESPN . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Michael ( February 13 , 2000 ) . `` Where They Gave Me A Chance '' . Parade . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Sets Bar High for Young Lives , BIG Stories Campaign '' . Army.mil . United States Army . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Key Moments In Shaquille O'neal History '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . July 11 , 2004 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMurray , Bill . Bill McMurray 's Texas High School All - Time Sports Record Book ( 6th ed . ) . Four Star Publications . ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , Brian ( August 25 , 1992 ) . `` Shaquille Shows Class In Switching To No. 32 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal to get degree from LSU '' . The Daily Texan . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ barrystickets.com ( 2007 ) . O'Neal : LSU Hall of Fame . Retrieved on March 3 , 2007 , from http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/shaquille-oneal.php . Jump up ^ Athletic Department . `` LSU Basketball Practice Facility -- LSUsports.net -- The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luke , Chelsea. ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` College triple - double header : Kyle Collinsworth versus Shaquille O'Neal '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Carter - Williams Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : Magic History '' . NBA.com/magic . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( March 3 , 1997 ) . `` The Young And The Feckless '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . On more than one occasion during O'Neal's rookie season of 1992 -- 93 , I heard him say of his then coach , `` We 've got to get Matty ( Guokas ) out of here and bring in Brian . '' Jump up ^ `` Hill Is Named Coach of Magic '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1993 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Matt Guokas , who coached the Orlando Magic to the National Basketball Association 's most improved record last season , was replaced today by an assistant , Brian Hill , and was reassigned to the front office as Orlando 's vice president of basketball development . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal 1993 -- 94 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 - 95 Season - THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ORLANDO MAGIC '' . www.nba.com . ^ Jump up to : MacMullan , Jackie ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Poof ! Shaquille O'Neal is among a host of NBA free agents who could vanish from their teams '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . It asked whether the Magic should fire coach Brian Hill if that were one of O'Neal's conditions for returning . An overwhelming 82 % answered no . ^ Jump up to : Wojnarowski , Adrian ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Shaq 's legacy binds Magic , Lakers '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . The poll appeared as Shaq and the Olympic basketball team trained in town . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Shaq 's world '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He hated the power struggle with his coach , Brian Hill . ^ Jump up to : Blinebury , Fran ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Magic are proof that wounds from star 's departure do heal '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . There were occasional gripes at coach Brian Hill . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ( 2002 ) . Shaq Talks Back . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 98259 - 1 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . We just did n't respect him . Sometimes he went from nice to hardcore and people were looking around , like , ' This ai n't the guy we know . ' Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ( 2002 ) . Shaq Talks Back . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 98259 - 1 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . When I was in Orlando , I really felt like a big fish in a small , dried - up pond . No matter what I did , it got talked about , until I could n't really live my life . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 104 -- 5 , 108 , 110 . Jump up ^ `` NBA -- Lakers Sign O'Neal Raise Ticket Prices '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 18 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq signs multi-million contract with LA Lakers '' . Manila Standard . July 20 , 1996 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( July 19 , 1996 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Shaq Is Now California Dreamin ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . So is greed , Michael Douglas once argued as Gordon Gekko , though O'Neal's changing coasts and uniforms is not about money . We repeat : not about money . Jump up ^ Elliot , Stuart ( November 4 , 1993 ) . `` Sports Products Deal For Shaquille O'Neal '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . The athlete 's other product agreements include Pepsi - Cola and Reebok . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 19 , 1996 ) . `` O'Neal wanted to pack more offensive punch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 -- via thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreigel , Mark ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Jackson shares thoughts on final season '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 ... Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Barkley scuffle , are ejected '' . Associated Press . November 11 , 1999 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's tenure produced the most success and fun we 've ever seen '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold off Sixers , 96 -- 91 '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Associated Press . June 11 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . The 76ers trailed from the second quarter on and missed their one and only chance to tie the game when Allen Iverson could make only one of two free throws with 2 : 06 left -- 15 seconds after O'Neal drew his sixth foul for backing over Dikembe Mutombo . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Tim ( August 14 , 2002 ) . `` O'Neal Surgery Is Likely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . A month before last training camp he had surgery to correct a claw toe deformity in the smallest toe of his left foot . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to be sacked '' . Sports Illustrated . January 13 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; N.B.A. Needs To Hit Shaq Much Harder '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( June 3 , 2002 ) . `` Trading blows and barbs , big men Vlade Divac and Shaquille O'Neal have turned the Western finals into comic opera '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . There was some head - scratching before it was divined that O'Neal meant `` cheat '' and not something either X-rated or far out , like `` covenant '' or `` coronet . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Shaquille O'Neal Bio Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . sat out the first 12 games of the season ( Oct. 29 - Nov. 22 ) on the Injured List recovering from off - season foot surgery ^ Jump up to : O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Ventre , Mark ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` It looks like Shaq 's reshuffling Heat house '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Remember , this is the same Shaquille O'Neal who , while with the Lakers , once waited all summer to have his injured toe operated on , then did so just before training camp and explained , `` I got hurt on company time , so I 'll heal on company time . '' Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 Los Angeles Lakers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lazenby , Roland ( 2006 ) . The Show : The Inside Story of the Spectacular Los Angeles Lakers in the Words of Those Who Lived It . New York City : McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 421 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 143034 - 0 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Kobe ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Kobe critical of Shaq 's leadership '' . Interviewed by Jim Gray . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 2006 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq happy , Lakers in shock after trade '' . MSNBC.com . NBC . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lazenby 2006 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Riley , Advocating for O'Neal , Objects to the ' Sumo ' Defense '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . The criticism O'Neal and others had for Van Gundy after the Heat 's loss to Detroit in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference finals last season was that he did not call enough plays for O'Neal . Jump up ^ `` Shaq makes long - term plans in Miami '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq rips Van Gundy for flop comment '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaq Quotes Archived January 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe or Shaq : Who Has Been More Important To Their Teams Over the Years ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kraczkowski , Kevin . `` Miami Heat Player Countdown : 15 . Shaquille O'Neal '' . ( October 7 , 2013 ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heat Playoff History 2006 '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks take advantage of Shaq-less heat with blowout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 17 , 2006 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Starting with Shaquille O'Neal's left knee , the Miami Heat are hurting . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Wade return in Heat 's OT loss to Pacers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . O'Neal , who came off the bench after missing 35 games while recovering from knee surgery , finished with five points and five rebounds in 14 minutes . Jump up ^ `` Shaq rips Jackson as ' Benedict Arnold ' '' . NBC Sports . December 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . `` How can Benedict Arnold be reliable in what he says ? '' O'Neal said Monday after the Miami Heat 's 101 -- 85 victory over the Lakers , the Los Angeles Times reported . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , David . ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Scouting breakdown : Can Shaq carry the Heat ? '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 p. 206 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Shaquille ; MacMullan , Jackie ( 2011 ) . Shaq Uncut : My Story . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 210 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4555 - 0441 - 1 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Ludden , Johnny ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Suns , Heat agree to Shaq trade '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . In a move that could signify a dramatic change to their go - go - go , let - it - fly style of play , the Phoenix Suns acquired former All - Star center Shaquille O'Neal from the Miami Heat on Wednesday for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime : Shaq gets the spotlight , while Kobe gets the game '' . ESPN . com . February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shaquille O'Neal career stats and splits NBA.com Jump up ^ Austin Burton . `` Why Shaq ? Here 's Why '' . dimemag.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Riley bothered by Shaq 's criticism of Heat players , staff '' . ESPN . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . We have professionals who know what to do . No one is asking me to play with Chris Quinn or Ricky Davis . I 'm actually on a team again . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 221 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Player profile -- Shaquille O'Neal '' . yahoo.com . Jump up ^ `` Magic 's Van Gundy calls out Shaq for flopping '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . I was shocked , seriously , shocked `` , Magic coach Stan Van Gundy said of O'Neal's flopping . `` And very disappointed cause he knows what it 's like . Let 's stand up and play like men , and I think our guy did that tonight . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Shaq rips Van Gundy for flop comment '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . `` Flopping is playing like that your whole career . I was trying to take the charge , trying to get a call . It probably was a flop , but flopping is the wrong use of words . Flopping would describe his coaching '' , O'Neal said , steering the conversation back to Van Gundy . Jump up ^ Madsen , Mark ( March 7 , 2009 ) . `` What is a flop ? '' . MarkMadsen.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . So , this whole commotion about whether or not Shaq 's play against Dwight Howard was a flop is so funny because everyone in the league tries to flop on Shaq and Shaq never flops back . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` 10 Questions for Shaquille O'Neal '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Make a guy have to beat a guy -- not flop and get calls and be nice to the referees and kiss ass . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jason ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` Clash Of The Titans '' . Rockets.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . `` It 's not going to be man - on - man , so do n't even try that , '' says O'Neal with an incredulous laugh . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire 15 - Time NBA All - Star and Four - Time NBA Champion Shaquille ONeal '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. `` ABC Sports News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 234 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' Shaquille O'Neal leaves game with ' significant thumb injury '' . Associated Press . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Happens Here '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , DJ ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal : Cavaliers should have won title in 2010 '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` Grousbeck 's faith goes right down to the core '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . `` The minute I heard Kobe ( Bryant ) say he had one more ring than Shaq , I said to Danny , ' Let 's go get Shaq , ' and it happened '' , said Grousbeck . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Celtics Sign Shaquille O'Neal '' . NBA.com/Celtics . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq aboard for two years '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . All Ainge had to offer was the veteran minimum of $1.35 million , and O'Neal compromised by accepting that on a two - year deal . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Multiple Nicknames ; Dwindling Openings '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . The Dallas Mavericks had interest , but balked at O'Neal's salary demands . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Atlanta Hawks : No Shaq ... now what ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Atlanta also was n't willing to pay Shaq more than the minimum and that was a sticking point for him . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` A large addition to Celtics ' sizeable history -- The Boston Globe '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : MacMullan , Jackie ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq ready to leave mark in Boston '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . But I do n't compete with little guards . I do n't compete with little guys who run around dominating the ball , throwing up 30 shots a night -- like D - Wade , Kobe . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal starts vs. Heat '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Celtics get Shaquille O'Neal back '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal injures hip '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq says he 's 85 percent ; out another week '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 256 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since Feb. 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan p. 257 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq announces retirement on web '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olivarez - Giles , Nathan ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq announces NBA retirement on Twitter , using Tout iPhone app '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Shaq moving on to the next chapter -- retirement '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN ( 2 ) Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Jackie MacMullan The NBA , Sports Illustrated , March 29 , 1999 . Jump up ^ SCOTT HOWARD - COOPER and TIM KAWAKAMI O'Neal , Bryant Still Possible for Olympics , Los Angeles Times , June 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Chris Sheridan Weight of the world leans on U.S. team , The Seattle Times , September 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein Team USA carousel continues , ESPN , May 29 , 2004 . Jump up ^ AP Colangelo says Shaq not ruling out Olympics , ESPN , January 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michael Cunningham Full Summer Gives U.s. Players More Than A Workout , South Florida Sun - Sentinel , July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SUNS : Shaq on Board '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( September 13 , 1993 ) . `` New This Year In Nba : Shaq - proof Backboards '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders and Records for Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns vs. San Antonio Spurs - Recap - April 29 , 2008 '' . ESPN . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Through the 2004 -- 2005 season . `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Attempts -- '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bob Baum ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Mason 's 3 - pointer gives Spurs 91 -- 90 win over Suns '' . nba.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Josh . ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Things Dwight Howard Does Better Than Shaquille O'Neal Ever Did With The LA Lakers '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal's retirement brings reflections on his legacy with the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Pincus ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers retire Shaquille O'Neal's jersey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq and 31 more athletes with numbers retired by multiple teams '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Now Among Small Group Of Athletes Whose Numbers Have Been Retired By Multiple Teams '' . Shaq . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Bresnahan & Robyn Norwood ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Bank shot could pay off for Shaq '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jack McCallum ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` Inside the NBA -- SI 's Jack McCallum : Sizing up Shaq '' . CNNSI.com . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Geof Harris ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Shaq Diesel : Never Say Never Again '' . the low post news . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal was not always the most dominating , but always the most fun '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 23 , 2000 ) . `` Admen strike back against SAG / AFTRA '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Sports stars break Hollywood strike '' . BBC News . June 22 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Tim Povtak ( November 5 , 2002 ) . `` Kings Come Out Fighting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marc Narducci ( April 19 , 2003 ) . `` Kings Eyeing Crown , not L.A. '' The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq was more than a dominant player '' . Sacramento Bee . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Medina ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Top 5 Shaq moments as a Laker '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guillermo , Emil ( January 14 , 2003 ) . `` Shaq 's Apology Not Good Enough '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Perhaps we should put it in terms Shaq might understand : If a white comedian imitated Shaq by making monkey sounds while eating fried chicken and watermelon , would the point be clearer ? Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Yao quickly said : `` The world is getting smaller , and I think it 's important to have a greater understanding of other cultures . I believe Shaquille O'Neal was joking , but I think that a lot of Asian people do n't understand that kind of joke . '' Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ( January 10 , 2003 ) . `` Tall tale ? Shaq says Yao comments were said in jest '' . SI.com . CNN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . `` Chinese is hard to learn . I had trouble with it when I was little '' , Yao joked . Jump up ^ Wilborn , Michael ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't overestimate Yao Ming 's impact '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq : ' I 've been playing like Erick Dampier ' '' . ESPN . May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2006 '' . ESPN . 2006 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ An A-to - Z remembrance of Shaq 's career -- basketball and ( mostly ) otherwise -- Sports Illustrated , CNN Jump up ^ `` Miami vs. Los Angeles -- Recap '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Attacks Kobe : You Ruined My Marriage '' . TMZ . June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq takes a freestyle swipe at Kobe '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Snoop Dogg , Nas , Cory Gunz See Nothing Wrong With Shaquille O'Neal's Anti-Kobe Freestyle '' . `` MTV.com . Jump up ^ `` Shaq booted from sheriff 's ' posse ' for Kobe rap '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal to get degree from LSU '' . Associated Press . August 6 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Executive ? Shaq masters MBA '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . June 26 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times ( 2010 ) . Questions For Shaquille O'Neal -- Hoop Dreams -- Interview . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barry University ( 2010 ) . Educational Doctorate ( Ed. D . ) in Human Resource Development , Barry University . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gus Garcia - Roberts ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal , Barry University Student , Is Not Actually Doing a Dissertation '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal and ADSOE Faculty '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ page 3 of Shira Springer ( August 29 , 2010 ) . `` BIG man on campus '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lateef Mungin ( May 5 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal to receive doctorate degree '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Knaub , Kelly ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal earns Doctorate '' . ABC Radio News website . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal set to graduate from New York Film Academy : NBA star wants to be a director '' . Daily News . August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Going undercover - Shaq helps task force track Internet sex predators '' . SI.com . May 25 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaq sworn in as reserve police officer '' . NBCSports.com . Associated Press . December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Second Man Arrested After Tip From Shaquille O'Neal '' . November 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Balko , Radley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Chapter 8 : THE 2000 's - A WHOLE NEW WAR '' . Rise of the Warrior Cop : The Militarization of America 's Police Forces . PublicAffairs . pp. 288 -- 289 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 212 - 9 . Kindle Location 5188 Jump up ^ Brett , Jennifer . `` Shaq is now a sheriff 's deputy in Georgia '' . ajc . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Diesel '' . allmusicguide.com . Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' . ew.com . December 13 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 '' review allmusicguide.com Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal at AllMusic . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adi Joseph ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Shaq finally gets revenge on Aaron Carter '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Chips ( 1994 ) -- Film Review from '' . Film4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kazaam Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( August 23 , 2001 ) . `` Touchy topic addressed in upcoming pix '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA Live Wiki -- Covers '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to Grace Cover of NBA 2K6 '' . IGN . August 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ G. , Matt . `` Shaq Stays as Cover Athlete for NBA 2K7 '' . Planet Xbox 360 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Midway Games Signs Shaquille O'Neal for NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC '' . October 7 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cernea , Mihail ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal Is a Playable Fighter in UFC Undisputed 2010 '' . Softpedia . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal funding Shaq Fu sequel on Indiegogo for $450 K '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal & Lucille Harrison '' . applepiemovie.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Apple Pie '' and mom on Mother 's Day `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille ( TV series 2005 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq 's Big Challenge ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Ballers : Phenom Characters '' . giantbomb.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle Mania 2 ( 2004 ) '' . blockbuster.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caruso , Andrea . `` American Idol 's Ryan Seacrest Gives Back to Idol Gives Back '' . voices.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe . `` Shaquille O'Neal On Fear Factor '' . Reality TV Magazine . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Jason `` Wee - Man '' Acuna `` . mtv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq takes out Big Show on Raw '' . wwe.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Punk 'd -- Season 5 -- Episode 8 '' . muchmusic.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal on IMDb Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` O'Neal courts competition on new reality show ' Shaq Vs . ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq to star in TV sports reality series -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . July 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaq ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Life 's Moments '' . TOUT . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kang , Byeong - jin . `` NBA 스타 샤킬 오닐 , ' 학교 다녀 오 겠습니다 ' 출연 한다 '' . The Huffington Post Korea . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal and Chu Sung Hoon to Guest on `` Off to School '' `` . soompi . August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smiley , Brett ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Shaq fist - bumps giddy students in return to high school on Korean TV show '' . foxsports . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heck , Jordan ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Shaq became high school student for Korean TV show '' . sportingnews . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Maggie ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal : hoopster , twitter fan , MMA fighter ? '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Man Choi Accepts Shaquille O'Neal's Mixed Martial Arts Challenge -- MMA Fighting '' . Mma.fanhouse.com . October 21 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Takes in UFC 118 Still Wants to Fight Hong Man Choi '' . www.mmafighting.com . August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's A Portrait Of Shaquille O'Neal And Hulk Hogan In New York City On 9 / 11 '' . October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal hosts ' Monday Night Raw , ' gets physical '' . Jump up ^ `` PWTorch.com - TNA News : Impact news & notes - Shaq one - segment appearance , TV Title status , next week 's theme , more '' . www.pwtorch.com . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal entered the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 32 '' . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diot 's WWE WrestleMania 32 Review - 411MANIA '' . www.411mania.com . Jump up ^ Big show challanges Shaq Jump up ^ Bieler , Dan ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal accepts WrestleMania challenge from Big Show '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vliet , Chris ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 's Big Show talks to Deco , teases WrestleMania 33 '' . WSVN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal calls out Big Show '' . WWE . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Big Show tweets out his incredible physique as he prepares for WrestleMania '' . WWE . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerweck , Steve ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Reason why WWE canceled Shaq vs Big Show at WrestleMania 33 '' . Gerweck.net . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show Thinks Braun Strowman Will Be One Of The All - Time Greats '' . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : TELIS DEMOS ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Shaq Attacks IPO Access , Invests in Loyal3 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlueb , Mark ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Shaq : I can help homeowners fight off foreclosure '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One River View at Rector '' . Emporis . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haddon , Heather ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Comes Home to Build in Newark Shaquille O'Neal in Real Estate Development Partnership '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Munson , John ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Shaq comes back to Newark to break ground for city 's first high - rise apartment in more than 50 years '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ `` Booker , Shaquille O'Neal and other dignitaries break ground on new high - rise apartments '' . Essex News Daily . September 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY : Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit Program : Approved Projects '' ( PDF ) . Mjeda.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , pp. 263 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal buys a stake in the Sacramento Kings '' . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , A-Rod , Rollins invest in esports team '' . Jump up ^ `` ELEAGUE have brought back Shaq 's memorable acting skills '' . May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Brianna . `` Shaquille O'Neal buys Krispy Kreme store '' . ajc . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack McCallum ( June 17 , 2002 ) . `` The Shaq Factor '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Rock the Casbah '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ( January 11 , 2003 ) . `` O'Neal Issues Apology '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tim ; Plaschke , Bill ( May 29 , 2002 ) . `` Shaq and Hedo Share a Moment '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alison Kugel ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal Talks Kobe Bryant , Pat Riley & NBA Politics : ' I Did It My Way ' '' . PR.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaquille O'Neal , wife splitting up Yahoo ! News , November 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brooke , Tyler . `` Shaquille O'Neal's Son Shareef O'Neal Does Not Play Like His Dad '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Shaq 's son dominates as a high school freshman '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borzello , Jeff ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Arizona commit Shareef O'Neal , Shaquille 's son , opens recruitment amid probe '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , MacMullan 2011 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Hoopz is right at home with Shaq '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( May 21 , 2011 ) . `` Shaquille O'Neal's girlfriend schools him on sleep apnea '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up With Shaq '' , The Boston Globe , February 3 , 2011 ( retrieved February 5 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Pride , Ann ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Game over : NBA star Shaquille O'Neal and fiancée Nicole ' Hoopz ' Alexander call it quits '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://heavy.com/entertainment/2016/08/laticia-rolle-shaquille-oneal-girlfriend-dating-married-fiancee-engaged-basketball-age-ethnicity-parents-who-is/ Jump up ^ `` Family accepts O'Neal's offer -- NBA -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . June 3 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New Jersey to Bon Jovi : You Give Us a Good Name Yahoo ! News , February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Hodapp ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Freemasons For Dummies : Brother Shaquille O'Neal '' . Freemasonsfordummies.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal : Freemason '' . YouTube . February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Show off His Freemason Ring on NBATV '' . Beginning And End . January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal Proudly Shows Off Illuminati Ring and Being a Freemason ( VIDEO ) AT2W '' . Atoast2wealth.com . January 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Video : Shaquille O'Neal , New Jersey Devils fan -- Puck Daddy -- NHL Blog -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq drives the Zamboni in Newark '' . YouTube . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA legend Shaquille O'Neal celebrates Northampton 's promotion '' . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert F. `` Shaq backs Christie : ' I believe him ' '' . Politico . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal makes debut as late - night TV host '' . nba.com. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . External links Media related to Shaquille O'Neal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Shaquille O'Neal at Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Shaquille O'Neal on IMDb Shaquille O'Neal at Louisiana State <Th_colspan="2"> Shaquille O'Neal Family Shareef O'Neal ( son ) Shaunie O'Neal ( ex-wife ) Music Studio albums Shaq Diesel Shaq Fu : Da Return You Ca n't Stop the Reign Respect Shaquille O'Neal Presents His Superfriends , Vol. 1 Compilation albums The Best of Shaquille O'Neal Singles `` ( I Know I Got ) Skillz '' `` I 'm Outstanding '' `` Shoot Pass Slam '' `` Biological Did n't Bother '' `` No Hook '' `` You Ca n't Stop the Reign '' `` Strait Playin ' '' `` Men of Steel '' `` The Way It 's Goin ' Down '' TV Shaquille Shaq 's Big Challenge Shaq Vs . Shaqtin ' a Fool Upload with Shaquille O'Neal Other Discography Hack - a-Shaq Shaq Fu Shaq -- Kobe feud <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> United States squad -- 1994 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Dumars 5 Price 6 Coleman 7 Kemp 8 Smith 9 Majerle 10 Miller 11 K. Johnson 12 Wilkins 13 O'Neal ( MVP ) 14 Mourning 15 L. Johnson Coach : Nelson <Th_colspan="2"> FIBA World Cup Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1950 : Furlong 1954 : Minter 1959 : Pasos 1963 : Marques 1967 : Daneu 1970 : Belov 1974 : Kićanović 1978 : Dalipagić 1982 : Frazer 1986 : Petrović 1990 : Kukoč 1994 : O'Neal 1998 : Bodiroga 2002 : Nowitzki 2006 : Gasol 2010 : Durant 2014 : Irving <Th_colspan="2"> United States men 's basketball squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal <Td_colspan="2"> 4 Barkley 5 Hill 6 Hardaway 7 Robinson 8 Pippen 9 Richmond 10 Miller 11 Malone 12 Stockton 13 O'Neal 14 Payton 15 Olajuwon Coach : Wilkens <Th_colspan="2"> USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney <Th_colspan="2"> 1992 NBA draft First round Shaquille O'Neal Alonzo Mourning Christian Laettner Jim Jackson LaPhonso Ellis Tom Gugliotta Walt Williams Todd Day Clarence Weatherspoon Adam Keefe Robert Horry Harold Miner Bryant Stith Malik Sealy Anthony Peeler Randy Woods Doug Christie Tracy Murray Don MacLean Hubert Davis Jon Barry Oliver Miller Lee Mayberry Latrell Sprewell Elmore Spencer Dave Johnson Byron Houston Second round Marlon Maxey P.J. 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Anderson 8 Walker 20 Payton 24 Kapono 25 Simien 32 O'Neal 33 Mourning 40 Haslem 42 Posey 49 S. Anderson 51 Doleac 55 Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Head coach Riley <Td_colspan="2"> Assistant coaches Spoelstra McAdoo Rothstein Askins Coles <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History <Td_colspan="2"> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy <Th_colspan="2"> Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. 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Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. 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Malone 1999 : Mutombo 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : Duncan <Th_colspan="2"> NBA season scoring leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden <Th_colspan="2"> NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson <Th_colspan="2"> Adolph Rupp Trophy winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky <Th_colspan="2"> UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen <Th_colspan="2"> 1991 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Kenny Anderson Jim Jackson Larry Johnson Shaquille O'Neal Billy Owens Second Team Stacey Augmon Keith Jennings Christian Laettner Eric Murdock Steve Smith <Th_colspan="2"> 1992 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Jim Jackson Christian Laettner Harold Miner Alonzo Mourning Shaquille O'Neal Second Team Byron Houston Don MacLean Anthony Peeler Malik Sealy Walt Williams <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball season blocks leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Robinson 1988 : Blake 1989 : Mourning 1990 : Green 1991 : Bradley 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Ratliff 1994 : Livingston 1995 : Closs 1996 : Closs 1997 : Foyle 1998 : J. James 1999 : Williams 2000 : Johnson 2001 : Williams 2002 : Myrda 2003 : Okafor 2004 : Ferguson 2005 : Gai 2006 : S. James 2007 : Gladness 2008 : Varnado 2009 : Varnado 2010 : Whiteside 2011 : Mosley 2012 : Davis 2013 : Obekpa 2014 : Bachynski 2015 : Mickey 2016 : Fernandez 2017 : Thomas 2018 : Penava <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I men 's basketball season rebounding leaders <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 : Beck 1952 : Hannon 1953 : Conlin 1954 : Quimby 1955 : Slack 1956 : Holup 1957 : Baylor 1958 : Ellis 1959 : Wright 1960 : Wright 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Silas 1964 : Pelkington 1965 : Kimball 1966 : Ware 1967 : Cunningham 1968 : Walk 1969 : Haywood 1970 : Gilmore 1971 : Gilmore 1972 : Washington 1973 : Washington 1974 : Barnes 1975 : Irving 1976 : Pellom 1977 : Mosley 1978 : K. Williams 1979 : Davis 1980 : Smith 1981 : Watson 1982 : Thompson 1983 : McDaniel 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Lane 1988 : Miller 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Bonner 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jones 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Lambert 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Mann 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Perryman 1999 : McGinnis 2000 : Phillip 2001 : Marcus 2002 : Bishop 2003 : Hunter 2004 : Millsap 2005 : Millsap 2006 : Millsap 2007 : Jones - Jennings 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Parakhouski 2011 : Faried 2012 : Anosike 2013 : Anosike 2014 : A. Williams 2015 : A. Williams 2016 : Mockevičius 2017 : Delgado 2018 : Cacok <Th_colspan="2"> Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1965 : Lee 1966 : Lee & Riley 1967 : Widby 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Edwards & Parker 1973 : Grevey & Hudson 1974 : van Breda Kolff 1975 : Grevey & B. King 1976 : B. King 1977 : Grunfeld & B. King 1978 : R. King 1979 : R. King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Wilkins 1982 : Ellis 1983 : Ellis & Malone 1984 : Barkley 1985 : Walker 1986 : Walker 1987 : McKey & White 1988 : Perdue 1989 : Jackson 1990 : Jackson 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn & McCaffrey 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Williamson 1996 : Delk 1997 : Mercer 1998 : Sesay 1999 : Porter 2000 : Langhi & Swift 2001 : Prince 2002 : Dudley 2003 : Bogans & Slay 2004 : Roberts 2005 : Bass 2006 : G. Davis 2007 : Byars & Lofton 2008 : Foster 2009 : Thornton 2010 : Wall 2011 : Parsons 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Caldwell - Pope 2014 : Wilbekin 2015 : Portis 2016 : Ulis 2017 : Monk & Thornwell 2018 : Maten & Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Southeastern Conference Athlete of the Year Male 1976 : Glance 1977 : Seivers 1978 : Givens 1979 : King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Gaines 1982 : Belue 1983 : Walker 1984 : Hoage 1985 : Clark 1986 : B. Jackson 1987 : Bennett 1988 : Perdue 1989 : D. Thomas 1990 : Kessler 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Helton 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Wuerffel 1998 : Manning 1999 : Couch 2000 : Bouknight 2001 : Boeker 2002 : W. Davis 2003 : Cragg 2004 : Cragg 2005 : Lochte 2006 : Carter 2007 : Price 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow 2010 : Ingram 2011 : Smith 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Manziel 2014 : Reed 2015 : Benintendi 2016 : Lawson 2017 : Rooker 2018 : Dressel Female 1984 : Caulkins 1985 : Hauschild 1986 : Gillom 1987 : Leatherwood 1988 : Torres 1989 : Gordon 1990 : Foster 1991 : Charles 1992 : Goetze 1993 : Haislett 1994 : Haislett 1995 : Hansen 1996 : Roundtree 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Holdsclaw 1999 : Holdsclaw 2000 : Kowal 2001 : Yoder 2002 : Pickens 2003 : L. Thomas 2004 : Rice 2005 : Coventry 2006 : Augustus 2007 : Abbott 2008 : Parker 2009 : Kupets 2010 : S. Jackson 2011 : Hoffman 2012 : Pancake 2013 : Schmitt 2014 : Rogers 2015 : Haeger 2016 : Sloan 2017 : Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Orlando Magic <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1989 Based in Orlando , Florida Franchise Franchise Summer League Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Seasons Current season Arenas Amway Arena Amway Center General managers Williams Gabriel Weisbrod Smith Hennigan Hammond G League affiliate Lakeland Magic Personnel Owners RDV Sports , Inc . ( Rich DeVos , owner & chairman ) CEO Alex Martins President Jeff Weltman General manager John Hammond Head coach Steve Clifford Current roster Retired numbers 6 Hall of Famers Chuck Daly Patrick Ewing Shaquille O'Neal Dominique Wilkins Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1995 2009 Division Championships ( 5 ) 1995 2008 2009 Culture and lore `` Get Ready for This '' ( 2 Unlimited song ) Paul Porter Stuff the Magic Dragon Media TV Fox Sports Florida Radio WDBO Announcers David Steele Jeff Turner Dennis Neumann Richie Adubato <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Lakers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. '' Laker Girls Laker Band Dancing Barry Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul Media TV Spectrum SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Radio 710 ESPN Radio 1330 ESPN Deportes Announcers Bill Macdonald Stu Lantz John Ireland Mychal Thompson <Th_colspan="2"> Miami Heat <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1988 Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Franchise Team history Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas Miami Arena American Airlines Arena G League affiliates Florida Flame Arkansas RimRockers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Sioux Falls Skyforce General managers Schaffel Wohl Pfund Riley Elisburg NBA Championships ( 3 ) 2006 2012 2013 Eastern Conference Championships ( 5 ) 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 Culture and lore Micky Arison Pat Riley Michael Baiamonte Burnie `` The Heat Is On '' ( Glenn Frey song ) Shaq The Decision The Big Three 27 in a row The Shot Retired numbers 10 23 32 33 Rivals Chicago Bulls New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 790 The Ticket Announcers Eric Reid Tony Fiorentino Jason Jackson Mike Inglis <Th_colspan="2"> Phoenix Suns <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1968 Based in Phoenix , Arizona Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft History Draft history All - time roster Players sorted by number Head coaches Seasons Records Current season Arenas Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Talking Stick Resort Arena General managers J. Colangelo B. Colangelo D'Antoni Kerr Blanks McDonough G League affiliate Northern Arizona Suns Culture & lore The Suns Gorilla The Shot ' Heard ' Round the World 07 Seconds or Less STAT The Matrix Sir Charles Nashty The Greyhound Thunder Dan Shazam Oklahoma Kid Original Sun Hawk Rivals San Antonio Spurs Ring of Honor & Retired numbers 5 6 7 9 13 24 33 34 42 44 Jerry Colangelo Cotton Fitzsimmons John MacLeod Al McCoy Joe Proski Hall of Famers Charles Barkley Jerry Colangelo Gail Goodrich Connie Hawkins Grant Hill ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Dennis Johnson Gus Johnson Jason Kidd ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Ann Meyers Steve Nash ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Shaquille O'Neal Pat Riley Charlie Scott ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Rick Welts ( To be inducted in September 2018 ) Key personnel Owner Robert Sarver President Jason Rowley General manager Ryan McDonough Head coach Igor Kokoškov Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1976 1993 Pacific Division Championships ( 6 ) 1981 1993 1995 2005 2006 2007 Media TV FS Arizona Radio Arizona Sports Announcers Tom Leander Tom Chambers Kevin Ray Eddie Johnson Al McCoy Tim Kempton Ann Meyers Casey Jacobsen Jon Bloom <Th_colspan="2"> McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs <Td_colspan="2"> 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. 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Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western <Th_colspan="2"> Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 Players Zelmo Beaty Allen Iverson Shaquille O'Neal Cumberland Posey Sheryl Swoopes Yao Ming Coaches Tom Izzo John McLendon Referees Darell Garretson Contributors Jerry Reinsdorf <Th_colspan="2"> FIBA Hall of Fame inductees <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Coaches ( 22 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Alexeyeva Canavesi Díaz - Miguel Donohue Ferrándiz A. Gomelsky E. Gomelsky Gaze Iba Ivković Kondrashin Newell Nikolić Novosel Primo Rubini Smith Soares Stirling Summitt Yow Žeravica <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Contributors ( 35 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Airaldi Rivarola Ashry Atakol Bouffard Busnel Calvo Carneiro Dos Reis Greim Hepp Jones Killian Klieger Kozlowski López Martín Naismith Otto Pitzl Popović Ramsay Samaranch Šaper Saporta Scuri Seguro de Luna Semashko Seye Moreau Stanković Steitz Stern Ueda Vitale Wahby Yoon <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Players ( 55 ) <Td_colspan="2"> A. Belov S. Belov Berkovich Cameron Chazalon Ćosić Cruz Dalipagić Daneu Delibašić Divac Donovan Edwards Epi Fasoulas Furlong Galis Gaze Gonçalves González Herrera Jean - Jacques Jordan Kićanović Korać Kukoč Maciel Marcari Marčiulionis Martín Marzorati Meneghin Meyers Miller Mujanović Olajuwon O'Neal Pasos Petrović Raga Rigaudeau Robertson Robinson Rodríguez Ronchetti Russell Sabonis Schmidt Semjonova Slavnić Timms Tkachenko Valters Voynova Zasulskaya <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams ( 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1992 United States Olympic Team ( `` The Dream Team '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical officials ( 14 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Arabadjian Bain Belošević Blanchard Dimou Hopenhaym Kassai Kostin Lazarov Pfeuti Rae Reverberi Rigas Righetto BNE : XX1361012 BNF : cb13972273t ( data ) GND : 134909666 ISNI : 0000 0000 7366 6496 LCCN : n93034386 MusicBrainz : 074d8126 - 20b8 - 47cd - b874 - 9d8457df7684 VIAF : 66658782 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaquille_O%27Neal&oldid=856990293 '' Categories : Shaquille O'Neal 1972 births Living people 20th - century American businesspeople 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American musicians 21st - century American businesspeople 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American musicians A&M Records artists African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors African - American male actors African - American male rappers African - American mixed martial artists African - American television personalities All - American college men 's basketball players American jujutsuka American male film actors American Muay Thai practitioners American municipal police officers American podcasters American real estate businesspeople American stock traders Barry University alumni Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball players from New Jersey Basketball players from Texas Boston Celtics players Businesspeople from New Jersey Businesspeople from Texas Businesspeople in technology Centers ( basketball ) Cleveland Cavaliers players East Coast hip hop musicians ESports people FIBA Hall of Fame inductees Interscope Records artists Los Angeles Lakers players LSU Tigers basketball players Male actors from Newark , New Jersey Male actors from Texas McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players Military brats National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association players with retired numbers National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees New York Film Academy alumni Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Orlando Magic draft picks Orlando Magic players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Participants in American reality television series Phoenix Suns players Rappers from New Jersey Rappers from Texas Sacramento Kings owners Sportspeople from Newark , New Jersey Sportspeople from San Antonio United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players University of Phoenix alumni American actor - athletes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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1. Shaquille O'Neal's basketball career 2. NBA championships and accolades 3. College career at LSU 4. Orlando Magic and Los Angeles Lakers 5. Personal life and off-court ventures

as vesta was from the triumphes of oriana

The Triumphs of Oriana - wikipedia The Triumphs of Oriana Jump to : navigation , search The Triumphs of Oriana is a book of English madrigals , compiled and published in 1601 by Thomas Morley , which first edition has 25 pieces by 23 composers ( Thomas Morley and Ellis Gibbons have two madrigals ) . It was said to have been made in the honour of Queen Elizabeth I. Every madrigal in the collection contains the following couplet at the end : `` Thus sang the shepherds and nymphs of Diana : long live fair Oriana '' ( the word `` Oriana '' often being used to refer to Queen Elizabeth ) . Recently , the attribution of `` Oriana '' to Elizabeth has come into question . Evidence has been presented that `` Oriana '' actually refers to Anne of Denmark , who would become Queen of England alongside James VI of Scotland ( later James I of England ) in an apparently failed early attempt to remove Elizabeth in order to restore England to Catholicism . In his book ' The English Madrigalists ' , Edmund Fellowes , one of the leading madrigal scholars of the 1940s declared this theory to be false . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 2 Choral Songs in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria ( 1899 ) 3 Recordings 4 See also 5 References Contents ( edit ) order composer piece Michael East Hence Stars Daniel Norcome With Angel 's Face John Mundy Lightly she whipped o'er the dales Ellis Gibbons Long live fair Oriana 5 John Bennet All Creatures now are Merry ‐ minded 6 John Hilton Fair Oriana , beauty 's Queen 7 George Marson The Nymphs and Shepherds danced 8 Richard Carlton Calm was the Air 9 John Holmes Thus Bonnyboots 10 Richard Nicholson Sing shepherds all 11 Thomas Tomkins The Fauns and Satyrs 12 Michael Cavendish Come gentle Swains 13 William Cobbold With Wreaths of Rose and Laurel 14 Thomas Morley Arise , awake 15 John Farmer Fair Nymphs 16 John Wilbye The Lady Oriana 17 Thomas Hunt Hark , did ye ever Hear so Sweet a Singing ? 18 Thomas Weelkes As Vesta was from Latmos Hill descending 19 John Milton Fair Orian 20 Ellis Gibbons Round about her Chariot 21 George Kirbye With Angel 's Face 22 Robert Jones Fair Oriana 23 John Lisley Fair Cytherea 24 Thomas Morley Hard by a Crystal Fountain 25 Edward Johnson Come blessed Bird Choral songs in honour of her Majesty Queen Victoria ( 1899 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Triumphs of Oriana ( 1899 ) In 1899 , at the instigation of Master of the Queen 's Music Sir Walter Parratt , 13 British composers submitted a limited edition ( 100 copies ) collection of choral songs entitled Choral Songs in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria on the occasion of her 80th birthday . Recordings ( edit ) The Triumphs of Oriana : Madrigals Pro Cantione Antiqua , Ian Partridge Archiv I Fagiolini The King 's Singers See also ( edit ) Free scores of The Triumphs of Oriana in the Choral Public Domain Library ( ChoralWiki ) The Oxford Book of English Madrigals which reproduces several of the pieces from Morley 's collection . List of Renaissance composers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eebo.chadwyck.com/search/full_rec?SOURCE=pgimages.cfg&ACTION=ByID&ID=V173820&PAGENO=2 Jump up ^ Jeremy L. Smith , `` Music and Late Elizabethan Politics : The Identities of Oriana and Diana . '' Journal of the American Musicological Society , vol. 58 , pp 508 - 558 ( Fall , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards Imperialism and music : Britain , 1876 - 1953 2001 p359 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Triumphs_of_Oriana&oldid=796687354 '' Categories : Music books 1601 books English madrigals Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 13 : 50 . About Wikipedia

1. The Triumphs of Oriana - a book of English madrigals 2. Compilation and publication by Thomas Morley in 1601 3. Attribution of "Oriana" to Queen Elizabeth I questioned 4. Choral songs in honor of Queen Victoria 5. Recordings of The Triumphs of Oriana by various artists

is there a sequel to the 5th wave

The Last Star ( novel ) - Wikipedia The Last Star ( novel ) This article is about the novel by Rick Yancey . For the album by Halfcocked , see The Last Star . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Last Star <Td_colspan="2"> Author Rick Yancey Country United States Language English Series The 5th Wave series Genre young adult , science fiction Publisher G.P. Putnam 's Sons Publication date May 24 , 2016 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book , audiobook Pages 338 ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 16243 - 5 OCLC 994855080 LC Class PZ7. Y19197 Las 2016 Preceded by The Infinite Sea The Last Star is a young adult science fiction novel written by American author Rick Yancey . It was published on May 24 , 2016 , by G.P. Putnam 's Sons . The novel is the third and final in The 5th Wave trilogy , preceded by The Infinite Sea . The Last Star concludes the story of 16 - year - old Cassiopeia `` Cassie '' Sullivan battling against the aliens that have invaded Earth . It continues the story from where it left off in The Infinite Sea . Summary ( edit ) The story opens with a flashback of Cassie Sullivan 's dad , when he was a kid on a school field trip to a planetarium . Amazed by a starry spectacle the administrators displayed , he decides then and there to name a future daughter after Cassiopeia . In the present , the remaining human population tries to avoid run ins with the `` Others '' , the aliens that have wiped out most of humanity . A band of survivors hides in caves near Urbana , Ohio . One of them , a priest , turns out to be a Silencer , a human physically enhanced by an implanted neural chip ( part of the Other 's `` 12th System '' ) that also makes them believe they are Others . After killing the humans , the Silencer sits back to wait for the day the alien mothership drop the Final Wave , the green bombs that will complete the destruction of humanity and complete the Others ' plans for Earth . Human teenager Ringer , enhanced with the 12th System by Vosch , the human - appearing leader of the Others , has spent 40 days in the wilderness testing out her enhancements . She returns to Vosch because she knows they have a mutual goal that he will help her kill Evan Walker , a Silencer who has started help the humans after falling in love with Cassie . Vosch gives Ringer a bomb contained in a pill that can destroy everything in a 5 - mile radius , so that she can kill herself instead of being killed by the Final Wave when the time comes . He then dispatches Ringer and a Silencer named Constance to look for Evan in the caverns . Cassie , her younger brother Sam ( called Nugget ) , her former high school crush Ben Parish ( now using the name Zombie ) and other young humans from Squad 53 are hiding at a safe house . The squads were teams of young humans who were `` weaponized '' into the 5th Wave , tricked into attacking other human survivors by being told that those humans are actually Others in human disguise . Cassie is surprised one day by the arrival of Evan . She screams at him about how cruel the Other 's takeover has been , and the fact that Sam is forgetting his life before the invasion started , losing his traits of humanity . Later , she is furious with Zombie when he announces that he and Dumbo are going to the caverns to find Teacup and Ringer ( they do n't know about Ringer 's transformation , nor that Teacup is already dead ) , so he can warn them about the upcoming final Wave . While in the woods , an attack ends with Dumbo shot in the back . Zombie stuffs rags into Dumbo 's wound , hides him in a building in Urbana , and goes for help . Later Zombie finds an old cat lady who reminds him of his grandmother . She gives him some soup , then reveals that the secret ingredient is cat , then she tries to strangle Zombie . He has no choice but to shoot her dead . Ringer and Constance land near the caverns . Constance disappears and Ringer battles the Silencer priest , whose 12 System power is faster and stronger . At that point , Zombie also arrives at the caves , still looking for Ringer and Teacup . He falls into a large pit full of dead bodies and starts to sink , when Constance pulls him out and shoots the priest dead . Zombie , Ringer and Constance head into Urbana to reunite with Dumbo . Zombie is suspicious of Constance but Ringer vouches for her , knowing that if she does n't Constance will kill her friends . They return to Dumbo 's hiding place , but Ringer notes that he has lost too much blood . Dumbo passes away , and Zombie marks his grave with colored flags . The three of them return to the safe house where Evan , Cassie , Nugget and Megan ( a young child they previously rescued ) are waiting . When the trio arrive , Constance grabs Nugget and puts a gun to his head , demanding that Evan be given to her so she can bring him back to Vosch . Nugget , using a gun hidden in his pants , shoots Constance . Her enhancements help her survive , so Ringer and Nugget shoot her repeatedly to finish her off . Ringer tells them that Vosch will see that Constance 's implant is offline and send a helicopter and a squad of 5th Wave troops to capture Evan and kill everyone else . Evan volunteers to return to Vosch in order to save everyone else . As the chopper approaches , everyone hides in the basement of the safe house . Ringer and Evan kill many of the attacking soldiers , revealed to be Ringer 's original squad before she was transferred to Squad 53 . Evan is captured and taken away in the helicopter . Ringer devises a plan for those in the safe house to attack the soldiers that will come to bring back the survivors from the first chopper . During this planning and waiting , Ringer tells Zombie that she is pregnant with Razor 's baby - a 5th Wave soldier who helped Ringer escape from Vosch at the end of the previous book . When the next chopper arrives , they kill all the soldiers , capture the helicopter pilot , Major Bob , and leave a wounded Zombie behind to take Nugget and Megan to the caves . Ringer forces Major Bob ( she pokes out one of his eyes ) to fly them to Vosch 's base . Evan has already arrived at the base , where Vosch finally explains the aliens ' actions . They manipulate , commit genocide , and suppress the development of other sentient species to further their own environmentalist goals . He tells Evan that there are only 12 true Others on Earth like Vosch that know the entirety of their plans : the Others have gone to many planets and attacked dominant species in order to save the lives of all other species before the dominant ones can destroy themselves and their planet 's ecosystems . He says that the next day , the mothership will bomb every city on Earth to destroy all footprints of mankind . This will remove all traces of art , music , knowledge , and civilization . As a result , the remainder of humanity will fight amongst themselves , without ever having access to their past knowledge . Humans will never be able to rise to civilization again and forever stay in the stone age , thus keeping the balance of life on earth . When this Final Wave succeeds , Vosch 's reward will be a launch in an escape pod to the mothership to become an immortal consciousness . Vosch knows that his 12th System creation , Ringer , will come back to kill him , so he must have her killed . He examines Evan and discovers that the glitch in the 12th System is love - in Evan 's case , he fell in love with Cassie . He has Evan reprogrammed to have all of his humanity erased from his mind , leaving him as an emotionless killing machine . He knows Ringer will come and plans to have Evan kill her . At the caves , a helicopter searches for the escapees from the safe house . Zombie , Nugget , and Megan are soon in a heated battle with the attacking squad . Zombie is helping Megan and Nugget escape when he is suddenlyshot in the back of the head and everything goes white . Ringer and Cassie begin their infiltration of the base . Upon landing , Cassie ( now dressed in a soldier uniform ) runs one way as Ringer runs another . Ringer detonates a bomb and in the confusion Cassie is able to hide among the troops . Cassie and Ringer plan to make it to the command center from opposite directions , with Ringer setting off additional bombs to cause chaos . Cassie continuously hears an alarm warning that General Order 4 will commence in 5 minutes and all forces are to head to designated safe areas . Cassie makes it to the door where she is to wait for Ringer , when General Order 4 activates . All the lights in the base go dark , the sprinkler system goes off , starting to flood the room , and her skin begins to burn -- a small version of the first three waves ( blackouts , floods , pestilence ) the Others used when they attacked Earth . She shoots out a window and leaps outside , rolling in the dirt to try and get the poison off her skin . At the Urbana caves , Zombie comes to . A female Sergeant shows him a picture of Ringer and asks where she is . He plays dumb until she places a gun to Nuggets head , then he admits that Ringer went to the base to kill Vosch . Her troops want to kill Nugget , Zombie and Megan , but the Sergeant says their orders where to capture them , so they load them on the helicopter and head back to the base . When Ringer spots Cassie rolling on the ground , she jumps 40 feet across a roof and then jumps 3 stories down to help Cassie . Ringer removes all of Cassie 's clothes and swaps outfits with her , knowing that her 12th System enhancements will protect her from the poison . The pair descend into the base in search of Evan and Vosch . They enter the computer core and try to find Evan 's data , so they can find out where he is . Since all the people 's data / memories are labeled by number , Cassie decides to download all 10,000 people 's worth of memories into her mind . Ringer hears movement in the hallway and leaves Cassie strapped into the download chair . Meanwhile , Cassie now knows everything about Ringer , Evan , Zombie , Nugget , and every other human loaded in the database . She also learns all of the access codes and the layout of the base . Ringer finds Evan in the hall , and they fight . Because Evan is now purely 12th System , he is much faster , stronger , and more ruthless than Ringer . She shoots him repeatedly , to little effect . When Evan breaks her back , she knows the 12th System wo n't repair her quickly enough , so Ringer screams to Cassie to run . When Evan enters the room , he only finds bits of Cassie 's hair and blood in the chair , as she has torn herself out . As he uses his super hearing to find her , entering a flooded rom , where Cassie drops a live electrical wire into the water , electrocuting him . Vosch finds Ringer , still paralyzed . He explains that he thinks of himself as Ringer 's creator / father , and wants to take him with her to the mothership . She turns him down , distracting him until Cassie appears and shoots him in the head . Cassie emotionlessly tells Ringer that she also killed Evan , and Ringer consoles her , stating that he was already gone , having been turned into a shell of a person without humanity . Cassie , with her downloaded knowledge , uses a keypad to open a secret door to Vosch 's escape pod . Cassie leaves in the pod and Ringer searches her pockets for the explosive pill Vosch gave , so she can wipe out the base . She remembers that she switched outfits with Cassie , so Ringer drags herself to Vosch 's body and searches his pockets for the kill - switch that will kill all 5,000 soldiers at the base who have tracker implants . Zombie , Nugget and Megan are in the helicopter , which has been circling the base waiting for General Order 4 to be turned off . The pilot and soldiers suddenly stiffen and die . Zombie realizes Ringer or Cassie must still be alive and activated the kill - switch . The trio survive the helicopter crashing by jumping into a river , Zombie , Nugget , and Megan . As they head to the base , they see a green light launch and head towards the mothership . Cassie realizes she has no fear as she is no longer alone , with the memories and emotions of 10,000 people in her mind . She finds the explosive pill in her pocket and recognizes it from one Megan had ( previous book ) , which is activated by the carbon dioxide in a person 's exhaled breath . The escape pod dock on the giant mothership , the size of Manhattan , and sees that it is filled with the high explosives that are to be dropped on Earth 's cities . She recites her and Sammy 's nighttime prayers one last time , bites down on the pill , and breathes . Zombie witnesses a large explosion from the mothership and it then disappears . He finds Ringer paralyzed in the hallway and realizes that Cassie has sacrificed herself to destroy the Others and their ship . Several months later , Zombie and Nugget are in a toy store in Texas . They come across a soldier with one hand in his shirt holding a wound -- similar to a scenario Cassie experienced ( in the first book ) . Nugget wants to kill the soldier and Zombie tells him that they do n't do that anymore . Zombie tries to reason with the soldier , but the soldier pulls a gun and shoots himself in the head . Zombie and Nugget return to a house where Ringer is nursing her newborn baby girl she named Cassie . Outside , Evan Walker is patrolling -- the 12th System saved him from the electrocution , and his human friends have re-downloaded his memories , returning his humanity . Evan tells Zombie that he plans to go to as many 5th Wave military bases as he can and destroy them , calculating that for every life he takes , 2 will be saved . As Evan leaves , Nugget watches from the house . He asks Zombie about the constellation that was his sister 's namesake , and Zombie points out that 3 of the stars are a throne that the constellation Cassiopeia sits on , from which Cassie now sits to watch over the realm . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Star_(novel)&oldid=856534409 '' Categories : 2016 science fiction novels 2016 American novels American science fiction novels American young adult novels G.P. Putnam 's Sons books The 5th Wave Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles lacking sources from November 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Books with missing cover Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 22 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Last Star - a young adult science fiction novel 2. The 5th Wave trilogy - a series of books by Rick Yancey 3. Alien invasion - the central conflict in the story 4. Cassie Sullivan - the protagonist battling against the aliens 5. Evan Walker - a Silencer who helps the humans after falling in love with Cassie

when is the ladies ice skating at the olympics

Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ladies ' singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 21 -- 23 February Competitors 30 from 20 nations Winning score 239.57 <Th_colspan="2"> Medalists <Td_colspan="2"> 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2014 2022 → <Th_colspan="3"> Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs <Td_colspan="2"> mixed Ice dancing <Td_colspan="2"> mixed Team event <Td_colspan="2"> mixed <Td_colspan="3"> The ladies ' single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 21 February , and the free skating was held on 23 February . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Records ( edit ) See also : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics For a complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . The following new best scores were set during this competition : Component Skaters Score Date Ref Short program Evgenia Medvedeva ( OAR ) 81.61 21 February 2018 Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) 82.92 The Olympic Athletes from Russia set two subsequent world records in the short program on February 21 , with Evgenia Medvedeva scoring 81.61 and then Alina Zagitova scoring 82.92 ten minutes later . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete in the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 20.00 and the free skate 36.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 21 February 10 : 00 Short program 23 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 21 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 82.92 WR 45.30 37.62 9.36 9.18 9.64 9.43 9.43 0.00 28 Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 81.61 43.19 38.42 9.54 9.39 9.71 9.68 9.71 0.00 25 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 78.87 41.83 37.04 9.32 9.00 9.36 9.29 9.32 0.00 27 Satoko Miyahara Japan 75.94 40.25 35.69 8.96 8.75 9.00 8.86 9.04 0.00 26 5 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 73.18 40.36 32.82 8.43 7.96 8.29 8.18 8.18 0.00 19 6 Carolina Kostner Italy 73.15 35.06 38.09 9.46 9.32 9.54 9.61 9.68 0.00 29 7 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 68.90 35.90 33.00 8.32 8.04 8.18 8.25 8.46 0.00 21 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 67.77 37.54 30.23 7.75 7.29 7.68 7.5 7.57 0.00 24 9 Mirai Nagasu United States 66.93 37.24 30.69 8.04 7.36 7.61 7.68 7.68 - 1.00 20 10 Karen Chen United States 65.90 33.53 32.37 8.07 7.89 8.14 8.11 8.25 0.00 22 11 Bradie Tennell United States 64.01 35.50 29.51 7.57 7.25 7.25 7.43 7.39 - 1.00 12 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 63.86 31.47 33.39 8.46 8.21 8.21 8.46 8.39 - 1.00 30 13 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 60.59 32.36 28.23 7.18 6.82 7.21 7.00 7.07 0.00 18 14 Nicole Schott Germany 59.20 31.62 27.58 6.96 6.61 7.07 6.86 6.96 0.00 17 15 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 58.82 29.14 29.68 7.46 7.18 7.50 7.43 7.54 0.00 23 16 Kailani Craine Australia 56.77 30.36 26.41 6.61 6.32 6.71 6.57 6.79 0.00 13 17 Isadora Williams Brazil 55.74 29.83 25.91 6.54 6.29 6.64 6.46 6.46 0.00 18 Emmi Peltonen Finland 55.28 28.48 27.80 7.00 6.64 6.96 7.07 7.07 - 1.00 10 19 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 55.26 29.99 25.27 6.39 6.14 6.39 6.39 6.29 0.00 8 20 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 55.16 27.79 27.37 7.04 6.64 6.82 6.82 6.89 0.00 16 21 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 54.33 29.41 24.92 6.36 6.00 6.32 6.29 6.18 0.00 5 22 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 53.67 28.24 25.43 6.57 6.14 6.46 6.29 6.32 0.00 12 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 53.22 27.60 25.62 6.54 6.18 6.43 6.39 6.50 0.00 14 24 Li Xiangning China 52.46 27.27 26.19 6.64 6.29 6.54 6.64 6.64 - 1.00 7 <Th_colspan="14"> Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada 51.42 25.93 26.49 6.71 6.32 6.61 6.71 6.75 - 1.00 11 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia 51.12 26.35 24.77 6.29 5.93 6.18 6.32 6.25 0.00 27 Giada Russo Italy 50.88 25.90 25.98 6.57 6.25 6.50 6.54 6.61 - 1.00 15 28 Anita Östlund Sweden 49.14 25.35 23.79 6.14 5.82 5.93 5.93 5.93 0.00 6 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine 47.59 26.66 22.93 5.86 5.54 5.61 5.82 5.82 - 2.00 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan 44.40 21.29 23.11 5.71 5.46 5.82 5.89 6.00 0.00 9 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 23 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 79.18 * 77.47 * 9.57 9.43 9.82 9.71 9.89 0.00 24 Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 81.62 * 75.03 * 9.32 9.21 9.61 9.29 9.46 0.00 22 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 152.15 76.50 75.65 9.50 9.21 9.57 9.39 9.61 0.00 23 Satoko Miyahara Japan 146.44 75.20 71.24 8.93 8.64 9.07 8.89 9.00 0.00 19 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 139.29 63.64 75.65 9.46 9.25 9.43 9.57 9.57 0.00 20 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 136.53 68.42 68.11 8.57 8.36 8.50 8.57 8.57 0.00 21 7 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 134.24 66.94 67.30 8.39 8.14 8.54 8.43 8.57 0.00 13 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 131.49 68.74 62.75 7.86 7.57 8.04 7.86 7.89 0.00 17 9 Bradie Tennell United States 128.34 65.41 62.93 7.93 7.68 7.79 7.93 8.00 0.00 15 10 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 121.38 67.03 54.35 6.96 6.46 7.00 6.68 6.86 0.00 11 Karen Chen United States 119.75 56.65 64.10 8.18 7.64 7.96 8.07 8.21 - 1.00 14 12 Mirai Nagasu United States 119.61 57.56 62.05 8.14 7.50 7.71 7.75 7.68 0.00 18 13 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 118.30 60.50 58.80 7.39 7.11 7.39 7.43 7.43 - 1.00 7 14 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 116.72 60.73 55.99 7.07 6.71 7.11 6.96 7.14 0.00 15 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 114.60 57.80 56.80 7.11 6.89 7.25 7.25 7.21 0.00 11 16 Kailani Craine Australia 111.84 57.89 57.89 6.68 6.54 7.00 6.64 6.86 0.00 9 17 Nicole Schott Germany 109.26 52.68 56.58 7.04 6.82 7.04 7.18 7.29 0.00 10 18 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 106.25 55.13 52.12 6.50 6.29 6.61 6.54 6.64 - 1.00 19 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 103.56 45.81 61.75 8.00 7.64 7.39 7.93 7.64 - 4.00 16 20 Li Xiangning China 101.97 50.56 51.41 6.57 6.21 6.46 6.39 6.50 0.00 5 21 Emmi Peltonen Finland 101.86 46.41 56.45 7.14 6.79 7.00 7.07 7.29 - 1.00 8 22 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 101.00 50.94 50.06 6.43 6.00 6.29 6.32 6.25 0.00 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 97.21 49.82 50.39 6.32 6.29 6.21 6.39 6.29 - 3.00 6 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 88.44 38.39 51.05 6.43 6.18 6.36 6.43 6.50 - 1.00 12 * Evgenia Medvedeva finished at higher place due to better program component score Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating Rank Name Nation Total points <Th_colspan="2"> SP <Th_colspan="2"> FS 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 239.57 82.92 156.65 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 238.26 81.61 156.65 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 231.02 78.87 152.15 Satoko Miyahara Japan 222.38 75.94 146.44 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 212.44 73.15 6 139.29 5 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 209.71 73.18 5 136.53 6 7 Choi Da - bin South Korea 199.26 67.77 8 131.49 8 8 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 198.10 63.86 12 134.24 7 9 Bradie Tennell United States 192.35 64.01 11 128.34 9 10 Mirai Nagasu United States 186.54 66.93 9 119.61 12 11 Karen Chen United States 185.65 65.90 10 119.75 11 12 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 177.12 58.82 15 118.30 13 13 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 175.71 54.33 21 121.38 10 14 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 175.19 60.59 13 114.60 15 15 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 172.46 68.90 7 103.56 19 16 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 171.88 55.16 20 116.72 14 17 Kailani Craine Australia 168.61 56.77 16 111.84 16 18 Nicole Schott Germany 168.46 59.20 14 109.26 17 19 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 159.92 53.67 22 106.25 18 20 Emmi Peltonen Finland 157.14 55.28 18 101.86 21 21 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 156.26 55.26 19 101.00 22 22 Li Xiangning China 154.43 52.46 24 101.97 20 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 150.43 53.22 23 97.21 23 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 144.18 55.74 17 88.44 24 <Th_colspan="14"> Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada N / A 51.42 25 N / A N / A 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia N / A 51.12 26 N / A N / A 27 Giada Russo Italy N / A 50.88 27 N / A N / A 28 Anita Östlund Sweden N / A 49.14 28 N / A N / A 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine N / A 47.59 29 N / A N / A 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan N / A 44.40 30 N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ; Janes , Chelsea ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Alina Zagitova tops Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva 's world - record short program score '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's Zagitova beats Medvedeva 's short program world record at Olympics '' . TASS. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Short program results Jump up ^ Free skating results Jump up ^ Final results <Th_colspan="2"> Olympic champions in figure skating -- Ladies ' singles <Td_colspan="2"> 1908 : Madge Syers ( GBR ) 1920 : Magda Julin ( SWE ) 1924 : Herma Szabo ( AUT ) 1928 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1932 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1936 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1948 : Barbara Ann Scott ( CAN ) 1952 : Jeannette Altwegg ( GBR ) 1956 : Tenley Albright ( USA ) 1960 : Carol Heiss ( USA ) 1964 : Sjoukje Dijkstra ( NED ) 1968 : Peggy Fleming ( USA ) 1972 : Trixi Schuba ( AUT ) 1976 : Dorothy Hamill ( USA ) 1980 : Anett Pötzsch ( GDR ) 1984 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1988 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1992 : Kristi Yamaguchi ( USA ) 1994 : Oksana Baiul ( UKR ) 1998 : Tara Lipinski ( USA ) 2002 : Sarah Hughes ( USA ) 2006 : Shizuka Arakawa ( JPN ) 2010 : Yuna Kim ( KOR ) 2014 : Adelina Sotnikova ( RUS ) 2018 : Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) <Th_colspan="2"> Record scores in figure skating <Td_colspan="2"> Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 <Td_colspan="2"> See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Ladies % 27_singles&oldid = 827594424 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Women 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 06 . About Wikipedia

1. Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics 2. Ladies' singles competition 3. Alina Zagitova and Evgenia Medvedeva 4. Gangneung Ice Arena 5. Qualification process for the event

what movie did casey affleck won an award for

List of awards and nominations received by Casey Affleck - wikipedia List of awards and nominations received by Casey Affleck Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Casey Affleck awards and nominations <Td_colspan="3"> Affleck at the BFI London Film Festival premiere of Manchester by the Sea on October 8 , 2016 Award Wins Nominations Academy Awards British Academy Film Awards Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Golden Globe Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards 0 This is a list of awards and nominations received by American actor and director Casey Affleck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major associations 1.1 Academy Awards 1.2 British Academy Film Awards 1.3 Critics ' Choice Movie Award 1.4 Golden Globe Awards 1.5 Screen Actors Guild Awards 2 Other awards and nominations 2.1 AACTA International Awards 2.2 Alliance of Women Film Journalists 2.3 Boston Society of Film Critics 2.4 Chicago Film Critics Association 2.5 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association 2.6 Detroit Film Critics Society 2.7 Gotham Award 2.8 Houston Film Critics Society 2.9 Independent Spirit Awards 2.10 Irish Film & Television Academy 2.11 London Film Critics ' Circle 2.12 Los Angeles Film Critics Association 2.13 MTV Movie Awards 2.14 National Board of Review 2.15 National Society of Film Critics 2.16 New York Film Critics Circle 2.17 Online Film Critics Society 2.18 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2.19 San Francisco Film Critics Circle 2.20 Satellite Awards 2.21 Seattle International Film Festival 2.22 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association 2.23 Teen Choice Awards 2.24 Vancouver Film Critics Circle 2.25 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 3 External links Major associations ( edit ) Key Year Denotes the year of release . Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2017 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won British Academy Film Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor in a Leading Role Manchester by the Sea Won Critics ' Choice Movie Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Acting Ensemble Gone Baby Gone Nominated Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Acting Ensemble Manchester by the Sea Nominated Best Actor Won Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Manchester by the Sea Won Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Manchester by the Sea Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated Other awards and nominations ( edit ) AACTA International Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best International Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Chicago Film Critics Association ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Detroit Film Critics Society ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Gotham Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Houston Film Critics Society ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated Best Actor Gone Baby Gone Nominated 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Independent Spirit Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Male Lead Manchester by the Sea Won Irish Film & Television Academy ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best International Actor Gone Baby Gone Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Actor of the Year The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Manchester by the Sea Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Nominated MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2002 Best On - Screen Team Ocean 's Eleven Nominated National Board of Review ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Won 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won National Society of Film Critics ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Won 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won New York Film Critics Circle ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Online Film Critics Society ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won San Diego Film Critics Society Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Won 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Nominated Satellite Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Won 2013 Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Out of the Furnace Nominated 2016 Best Actor -- Motion Picture Manchester by the Sea Nominated Seattle International Film Festival ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2013 Best Actor Ai n't Them Bodies Saints Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Won 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Choice Movie : Chemistry Ocean 's Thirteen Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2007 Best Supporting Actor The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association ( edit ) Year Category Nominated work Result 2016 Best Actor Manchester by the Sea Won External links ( edit ) Casey Affleck on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Casey_Affleck&oldid=826951742 '' Categories : Lists of awards by actor Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2018 All articles lacking sources Dynamic lists Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Casey Affleck's awards and nominations 2. Major associations and awards won by Casey Affleck 3. Casey Affleck's recognition in the film industry 4. Awards and nominations received by Casey Affleck 5. Casey Affleck's achievements and accolades

where does the story the necklace take place

The necklace - wikipedia The necklace For other uses , see Necklace ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Necklace '' <Td_colspan="2"> La Parure , illustration of the title page of the Gil Blas , 8 October 1893 Author Guy de Maupassant Original title `` La Parure '' Country France Genre ( s ) Short story Publication date 1884 `` The Necklace '' or `` The Diamond Necklace '' ( French : La Parure ) is an 1884 short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant . It is known for its twist ending ( Ironic ending ) , which was a hallmark of de Maupassant 's style . The story was first published on 17 February 1884 in the French newspaper Le Gaulois . The story has been adapted to film and television several times . Contents 1 Plot 2 Themes 3 Adaptations and other influence 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Madame Mathilde Loisel has always imagined herself an aristocrat , despite being born into a lower - middle - class family ( which she describes as an `` accident of fate '' ) . She marries a low - paid clerk who tries his best to make her happy but has little to give . Through lots of begging at work , her husband is able to get an invitation for the both of them to the Ministry of Education party . Mathilde refuses to go , for she has nothing to wear , and wishes not to be embarrassed . Her husband is upset to see her displeasure and , using all the money that he was saving to buy a hunting rifle , gives Mathilde 400 francs to use . Mathilde buys a dress but is still unhappy because she lacks jewels to wear with it . The couple does not have much money left , so her husband suggests that she should buy flowers to wear with it . After Mathilde disagrees , he suggests borrowing something from her friend , Madame Jeanne Forestier . Mathilde borrows Madame Forestier 's fanciest piece , a huge diamond necklace . After attending the party , Mathilde discovers that she has lost the necklace . She tries to find a quick way to replace it . She goes to a shop and buys a similar necklace for 36,000 francs . The couple sells everything they own and must secure loans at high interest rates to pay for the necklace . Ten years later , while walking along the Champs - Élysées , she suddenly sees Madame Forestier , who barely recognizes her in her somewhat shabby state . As the women are talking , Mathilde recounts the story of losing and replacing the necklace , and that it was because of Madame Forestier that she has lived so terribly the past ten years . Horrified , Madame Forestier takes Mathilde 's hands , explaining that her original necklace was a fake or `` made of paste '' , and was worth nothing more than 500 francs . Themes ( edit ) One of the themes within `` The Necklace '' is the dichotomy of reality vs. appearance . Madame Loisel is beautiful on the outside , but inside she is discontented with her less - than - wealthy lifestyle . This reinforces the idea that wealth means happiness . Mathilde is gripped by a greed that contrasts with her husband 's kind generosity . She believes that material wealth will bring her joy , and her pride prevents her from admitting to Madame Forestier that she is not rich , and that she has lost the necklace she borrowed . Because of her pride and obsession with wealth , Mathilde loses years of her life and spends all of her savings on replacing the necklace , only to find out that the original necklace was a fake to begin with ; a falsely wealthy appearance , just like Madame Loisel herself . The story demonstrates the value of honesty ; if Mathilde had been honest to Madame Forestier , she 'd likely have been able to easily replace the necklace and enjoy the prosperity she wanted but never had . Adaptations and other influence ( edit ) The following are direct adaptations of `` The Necklace '' : The Diamond Necklace ( 1921 ) , a British silent film directed by Denison Clift and starring Milton Rosmer , Jessie Winter , and Warwik Ward A String of Pearls ( 《 一 串 珍珠 》 ) ( 1926 ) , a Chinese film directed by Li Zeyuan `` The Necklace '' ( 1949 ) , the first episode of the NBC - TV series Your Show Time ( producer Stanley Rubin won the first - ever Emmy Award for this episode ) Mathilde ( 2008 ) , a stage musical by the Irish composer Conor Mitchell `` දියමන්ති මාලය '' ( Diyamanthi Maalaya ) , a translation by K.G. Karunathilake The following works were inspired in part by `` The Necklace '' : `` Paste '' ( 1899 ) , a short story by Henry James in which the twist ending is reversed `` Mr. Know - All '' ( 1925 ) and `` A String of Beads '' ( 1943 ) , short stories by Somerset Maugham that both revolve around the price of a necklace `` The Diamond Pendant '' in Impact # 1 , E.C. Comics , March / April 1955 ; adaptation by Carl Wessler , illustrated by Graham Ingels Vennila Veedu ( 2014 ) , a Tamil family drama uses a similar story as its main theme The subplot of the season 4 episode 13 of `` Mom '' ( `` A Bouncy Castle and an Aneurysm '' OAD : 9 Feb 2017 ) is a comedic version of the story with Anna Faris ' character losing the necklace belonging to her wealthy friend . In Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Ada or Ardor ( 1969 ) , one of the characters , a writer , claims she has written a short story entitled `` La Rivière du diamants '' , which mimics Maupassant 's `` The Necklace '' . The moment in which this occurs is set in the book to be around 1884 , the year in which Maupassant actually published his short story . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Edgar ( 1991 ) . Writing Themes About Literature ( 7th ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice Hall . p. 4 . ISBN 9780139710605 . Jump up ^ `` The Necklace Themes - eNotes.com '' . eNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Michael ( 2010 ) . China : A Modern History . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 207 . ISBN 9781850435822 . OCLC 705886007 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rudden , Liam ( 15 August 2008 ) . `` Mathilde makes it to the stage '' . Edinburgh Evening News . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය සංග්‍රහය . Colombo : Education Publication Dept . Sri Lanka. 2016 . Jump up ^ James , Henry . `` Paste '' . The Henry James scholar 's Guide to Web Sites . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . The origin of `` Paste '' is rather more expressible . Jump up ^ Shukman , Henry ( 28 May 2004 ) . `` Homage to Maupassant '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Von Bernewitz , Fred and Geissman , Grant . Tales of Terror ! The E.C. Companion , Seattle : Gemstone Publishing and Fantagraphics Books , 2000 , p. 198 . External links ( edit ) French Wikisource has original text related to this article : La Parure The full text of The Necklace at Wikisource Media related to La Parure at Wikimedia Commons The Necklace public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Necklace - Annotated text aligned to Common Core Standards <Th_colspan="2"> Guy de Maupassant <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Novels Une Vie Bel Ami Sur l'eau ( 1886 ) Pierre et Jean Le Rosier de Madame Husson Story collections Les Soirées de Médan La Maison Tellier ( 1881 ) Mademoiselle Fifi ( 1882 ) Contes de la bécasse ( 1883 ) Clair de lune ( 1883 ) Miss Harriet ( 1884 ) Les Sœurs Rondoli ( 1884 ) Yvette ( 1884 ) Contes du jour et de la nuit ( 1885 ) Monsieur Parent ( 1885 ) Toine ( 1886 ) La Petite Roque ( 1886 ) Le Horla ( 1887 ) Le Rosier de madame Husson ( 1888 ) La Main gauche ( 1889 ) L'Inutile Beauté ( 1890 ) Le Père Milon ( 1900 ) Le Colporteur ( 1900 ) Misti ( 1912 ) Short stories `` À vendre '' `` Le Baptême '' `` La Bête à Maît ' Belhomme '' `` Boule de Suif '' `` La Confidence '' `` Deux Amis '' `` Un fou '' `` The Horla '' `` Imprudence '' `` L'Inconnue '' `` Mademoiselle Fifi '' `` La Maison Tellier '' `` Mother Savage '' `` The Necklace '' `` La Peur '' `` The Piece of String '' `` Pierrot '' `` Suicides '' `` Tribunaux Rustiques '' `` Useless Beauty '' Related The Affairs of Maupassant ( 1935 film ) BNF : cb11941465m ( data ) LCCN : n81023970 VIAF : 176197567 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Necklace&oldid=848825459 '' Categories : Short stories by Guy de Maupassant 1884 short stories Works originally published in Le Gaulois Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing French - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Slovenščina தமிழ் 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 16 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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1. "The Necklace" by Guy de Maupassant 2. Short story with a twist ending 3. Themes of appearance vs. reality and the value of honesty 4. Madame Mathilde Loisel's desire for wealth and the consequences of her actions 5. Adaptations and influence of the story in film, television, and literature

who is carly's father on general hospital

Carly Corinthos - wikipedia Carly Corinthos <Th_colspan="2"> Carly Corinthos <Td_colspan="2"> Laura Wright as Carly Corinthos <Th_colspan="2"> General Hospital character Portrayed by Sarah Joy Brown ( 1996 -- 2001 , 2014 ) Tamara Braun ( 2001 -- 05 , 2014 ) Jennifer Bransford ( 2005 ) Laura Wright ( 2005 -- ) Duration 1996 -- First appearance April 5 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 05 ) Created by Karen Harris and Robert Guza , Jr . Introduced by Wendy Riche Book appearances The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli Classification Present ; regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Carly Roberts Caroline Leigh Benson Carly Quartermaine Carly Alcazar Carly Jacks Caroline Leigh Corinthos Occupation Hotelier ( 2006 -- ) Businesswoman Physical therapist Residence Port Charles , New York <Td_colspan="2"> Sarah Brown as Carly Corinthos <Td_colspan="2"> Tamara Braun as Carly Corinthos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Family Family Spencer Father John Durant Mother Bobbie Spencer Adoptive parents Frank Benson Virginia Benson Stepfather Tony Jones ( until 1996 ) Stefan Cassadine ( 1996 -- 97 ) Half - brothers Lucas Jones ( adoptive ) Half - sisters B.J. Jones ( adoptive ) Nelle Benson ( adoptive ) Spouse A.J. Quartermaine ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Sonny Corinthos ( 2000 -- 05 , 2007 , 2015 -- ) Lorenzo Alcazar ( 2005 ) Jasper Jacks ( 2007 -- 13 ) Sons Michael Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Daughters Josslyn Jacks Stepsons Dante Falconeri Stepdaughters Kristina Davis Avery Corinthos Grandchildren Jonah Corinthos Grandparents Tim Spencer Lena Eckert Aunts and uncles Pat Spencer Luke Spencer First cousins Lucky Spencer Ethan Lovett Valerie Spencer Lulu Spencer Carly Corinthos is a fictional character from General Hospital , a soap opera on the ABC network , currently portrayed by Laura Wright since 2005 . A collaborative effort between the writers , Carly -- originally played by Sarah Joy Brown ( 1996 -- 2001 ) -- was introduced under executive producer Wendy Riche . A `` love to hate '' character who brings excitement to storylines because of her devious ways , Carly is the illegitimate daughter of former bad girl turned heroine , Bobbie Spencer ( Jacklyn Zeman ) . Carly seduces her mother 's husband for revenge . Throughout the 2000s , Carly , then Tamara Braun ( 2001 -- 05 ) goes on to become one of the show 's most prominent , vital and popular characters largely due to her supercouple pairing with mobster Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) and her friendship with Jason Morgan ( then Steve Burton ) . Carly 's revenge on Bobbie and her near lethal vendetta against A.J. Quartermaine ( Sean Kanan ) -- the biological father of her son Michael ( Chad Duell ) remains two of the most revered and controversial plots in the show 's history . While Brown 's portrayal of Carly is viewed as a `` duplicitous vixen , '' Braun 's Carly is viewed as more of a romantic heroine . With Laura Wright in the role , Carly goes from being a pampered wife to being powerful business woman while embodying the qualities of her predecessors . Sarah Brown earned three Daytime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Carly -- two in the Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series category and one in Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category . Braun earned an Emmy nomination Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2004 . However , the role of Carly would bring Laura Wright her very first Emmy nomination overall -- in the Outstanding Lead Actress and her very first win , 20 years after breaking into daytime television on ABC 's Loving . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 1990s 1.2 2000s 1.3 2010s 2 Creation 2.1 Casting 2.2 Background 3 Development 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Storylines ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) Carly Roberts ( Sarah Joy Brown ) arrives in town and ingratiates herself into the life of Nurse Bobbie Jones ( Jacklyn Zeman ) -- her biological mother -- when she enrolls in the nursing program at General Hospital . Meanwhile , Carly begins an affair and friendship with mobster Jason Morgan ( Steve Burton ) . After being rejected by Bobbie , Carly seduces Bobbie 's husband Doctor Tony Jones ( Brad Maule ) and she falls in love with him . Bobbie 's brother Luke Spencer ( Anthony Geary ) uncovers Carly 's true identity and warns to stop hurting her mother . Bobbie however discovers the affair on her wedding anniversary to Tony , making the two bitter enemies . After a fight with Tony , Carly has a one - night stand with Jason 's troubled brother A.J. Quartermaine ( Sean Kanan ) and ends up pregnant . Carly convinces Jason to claim the child as his own and she gives birth to her son in December 1997 whom Jason names Michael after his best friend , mobster Sonny Corinthos ( Maurice Benard ) . Jason has Michael christened , Emily and Mike are the godparents and he invites Bobbie . The Quartermaines show up and after much heated discussion Robin convinces Jason to let them stay . Carly shows up near the end but chooses to sit in the back . Carly has a hard time bonding with Michael , but Jason takes care of him and has invited Bobbie into their lives to be the baby 's nurse . During a terrible winter storm , Bobbie and Carly find themselves alone in the penthouse and Bobbie tells Carly how much she loved her baby . It snaps Carly out of her depression and she is ready to hold Michael . The two women rush to the restaurant where Jason and Michael are with Emily and Mike . When Carly takes Michael in her arms , she is overwhelmed and tells Bobbie she is her daughter Caroline . Bobbie does n't believe her until Virginia Benson ( Carly 's adoptive Mom ) arrives and the Carly 's story is confirmed . Tony later kidnaps Michael to protect him from Jason and Sonny 's dangerous lifestyle . When Tony manages to avoid prosecution , Carly shoots him and fakes insanity to avoid prison time and ends up being committed . Jason helps get her released and Jason 's girlfriend Robin Scorpio ( Kimberly McCullough ) , fed up with Carly being so dependent on Jason , exposes Michael 's true paternity . Jason fears his hatred of A.J. will hurt Michael and signs away all rights ; however , he remains an integral part of Michael 's life . Jason comforts Elizabeth Webber ( Rebecca Herbst ) over the supposed death of her boyfriend , Lucky Spencer ( Jonathan Jackson ) . Carly misunderstands their relationship , and sleeps with Sonny . Jason is unable to deal with the betrayal of Sonny and Carly , and leaves town . 2000s ( edit ) In early 2000 , after Carly reveals she is pregnant by Sonny as a result of the HateSex , Sonny coerces A.J. into divorcing Carly and signing away his parental rights to Michael . In May 2000 , Carly suffers a miscarriage when she falls down the stairs during a confrontation with A.J. Carly and Sonny bond over their loss and they marry in September 2000 . Carly and Sonny realize they are truly in love and renew their wedding vows on February 23 , 2001 . Carly ( then Tamara Braun ) later tries to force Sonny out of the mob and he divorces her for it . Carly befriends Sonny 's sister Courtney Matthews ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) and supports her relationship with Jason . Still in love with Sonny , Carly is hopeful they can reconcile until she finds him in bed with his attorney Alexis Davis ( Nancy Lee Grahn ) and a distraught Carly is presumed dead after a car accident . Upon Carly 's return , she and Sonny remarry only for Sonny 's vengeful brother Ric Lansing ( Rick Hearst ) to drug Carly and make it look like they slept together . In October 2003 , Ric kidnaps a pregnant Carly only for her to escape and be taken hostage by Lorenzo Alcazar ( Ted King ) . As Alcazar helps Carly deliver her son Morgan , Sonny believing she is in danger shoots at Alcazar only for the bullet to hit Carly and render her comatose . Carly awakens an in the spring of 2004 meets her biological father John Durant ( Corbin Bernsen ) who is looking to send both Sonny and Alcazar to prison . When the two are trapped in an elevator together , Alexis tells Carly that Sonny is her daughter Kristina 's father . Carly keeps quiet fearing she might lose Sonny only to confess it later when the Kristina is deathly ill . Feeling betrayed , Sonny divorces Carly again but she agrees to be Kristina 's godmother despite their differences . After the divorce , Carly starts seeing Alcazar but her happiness is short lived thanks to A.J. kidnapping Michael ( Dylan Cash ) and Morgan and Michael is presumed dead leaving Carly devastated . To complicate matters further , Carly ( then Jennifer Bransford ) discovers that Sonny 's girlfriend Reese Marshall ( Kari Wührer ) is actually her presumed dead best friend -- Carly Roberts . While Michael is revealed to be alive , the stress leads to Carly suffering a nervous breakdown , marrying Alcazar and ending up in a mental hospital . Upon her release and after she divorces Alcazar , Carly ( Laura Wright ) mourns the loss of her best friend Courtney who dies during child birth and becomes a partner in the Metro Court Hotel with Courtney 's ex-husband Jasper Jacks ( Ingo Rademacher ) . Carly offers to help Jax raise Courtney 's son John only for Robin to expose that Nikolas Cassadine ( Tyler Christopher ) is actually the boy 's real father . Carly and Jax bond over the loss and become engaged . However , their wedding plans are halted when Carly must marry Sonny again to keep from testifying against him . In February 2007 , Jax 's estranged brother Jerry Jacks ( Sebastian Roché ) holds several guests including Sonny and Carly hostage in the hotel lobby before blowing it up . Carly and Sonny make love after the ordeal only for Carly to divorce him and marry Jax on April 27 , 2007 . In 2008 , Carly gets pregnant only to miscarry after she and Michael get caught in an explosion . When Michael is falls into a coma after taking a bullet meant for Sonny , Carly seduces Sonny into signing over his parental rights to their sons . A furious Jax sleeps with Sonny 's ex-girlfriend Kate Howard ( Megan Ward ) and Carly finds them together . As Michael ( Drew Garrett ) awakens from his coma suffering from severe anger issues in 2009 , Carly discovers she is pregnant . Because the pregnancy is so high risk , Michael goes to live with the Quartermaine family . In October 2009 , Sonny 's wife Claudia Zacchara ( also Sarah Brown ) takes Carly hostage when it was revealed that she was behind Michael 's shooting . Claudia plans to steal Carly 's daughter Josslyn only for Michael to kill her . 2010s ( edit ) Carly , Jason and Sonny cover up the murder to protect Michael only for Sonny 's cop son Dante Falconeri ( Dominic Zamprogna ) to expose the truth leading to Michael ( Chad Duell ) being sent to prison . A vengeful Carly pays Brook Lynn Ashton ( Adrianne León ) to seduce Dante destroy his relationship with her cousin Lulu Spencer ( Julie Marie Berman ) but her plan fails . Distraught over Michael , Carly and Sonny sleep together again and her marriage to Jax subsequently implodes . Carly 's vendetta against Dante strengthens when Michael reveals he was raped in prison and she comes to accept Michael 's relationship with ex-stripper Abby ( Andrea Bogart ) who helps him come clean . When Jason 's rival Franco ( James Franco ) and threatens Carly 's family , Shawn Butler ( Sean Blakemore ) becomes Carly 's new bodyguard . When Jax bribes a court official to get sole custody of Josslyn , Carly turns to Sonny who plants drugs on Jax allowing Carly to get full custody . Jax tries to skip town with Josslyn but Shawn stops him and Josslyn returns home safely . Shawn comforts a devastated Carly after Jax is presumed when Sonny sabotages his plane and she sends Morgan ( Aaron Refvem ) to military school to keep him away from Sonny . Carly later learns Jax is alive but keeps the secret to protect him from Sonny only for an angry and bitter Michael to reveal her lies on New Year 's Eve . Grateful to him for keeping Michael out of the mob , Carly starts seeing Johnny Zacchara ( Brandon Barash ) . The romance is short lived due to his affair and eventually marriage to the mentally ill Kate ( aka Connie Falconeri ) ( Kelly Sullivan ) . Carly finds comfort with publishing mogul Todd Manning ( Roger Howarth ) only to discover he knew about Johnny 's marriage all along . Carly and Sonny are devastated by Jason 's sudden death and even more shocked to discover A.J. ( Sean Kanan ) is alive . Todd and Carly reconcile and start dating only for her to dump him after she discovers his part in switching Jason 's healthy son with stillborn child . In 2013 , Jax returns revealing that he and Carly 's divorce was never finalized . After the divorce , Franco ( also Roger Howarth ) resurfaces , Carly wants him gone and plots his murder with Franco . The plans go awry with Olivia Falconeri ( Lisa LoCicero ) gets shot instead . When everyone is led to believe Franco is Jason 's long lost twin Carly falls for him and defends his past actions . Carly is shocked when Morgan ( Bryan Craig ) elopes with his girlfriend Kiki Jerome ( Kristen Alderson ) . At Morgan and Kiki 's wedding reception , Sonny grieving the loss of the recently murdered Connie reveals that Morgan tricked Kiki into marriage by lying about her paternity fearing he 'd lose her to Michael . Carly and Olivia support Sonny and convince him to start taking his bipolar medication again . Carly is furious when Morgan a bitter Morgan starts sleeping with his mother - in - law Ava Jerome ( Maura West ) and working for the rival crime family . In January 2014 , Carly is kidnapped by Franco 's biological mother Heather Webber ( Robin Mattson ) who fakes Carly 's death and frames Franco for her murder . Fortunately , Franco rescues Carly and they continue their relationship as Carly comforts Michael when A.J. is murdered . Carly and Franco later discover a recording which reveals that Sonny killed A.J. and Ava killed Connie . Carly gives the recording to Sonny who plots to kill Ava only for her to reveal that she is pregnant with either Sonny or Morgan 's child . Keeping the secret from Michael draws Sonny and Carly closer and they start an affair despite her recent engagement to Franco . At the wedding , a bitter Franco exposes Sonny 's part in A.J. 's murder destroying the entire family and landing Sonny in prison . Carly stands by Sonny during his prison stint and they reunite upon his release from prison and Carly plans to help him raise his and Ava 's daughter Avery only for a bitter Michael to take custody of her . Meanwhile , Carly befriends the mysterious Jake Doe ( Billy Miller ) much to Sonny 's dismay . Just as Michael begins to thaw toward his parents and relinquishes custody of Avery , Carly and Sonny become engaged . Meanwhile , Sonny and Carly realize Morgan is in trouble and fear he might be bipolar like Sonny . On their wedding day , Sonny gets shot hours before the wedding and ends up paralyzed . Ava takes custody of Avery and Carly wants to marry Sonny immediately hoping it will help in the custody case . Sonny nearly dies during their first attempt at wedding and they finally remarry on October 14 , 2015 at General Hospital surrounded by their entire family . In November 2015 everyone realizes Jake Doe is actually Jason Morgan thanks to Carly , Sam and Spinelli and it is revealed at Elizabeth and Jason 's wedding . Carly makes it to the courtroom for Avery 's custody case and later explains to Sonny , Morgan , Michael , Ric and Kiki what happened unaware Kiki ran her off the road when she was drunk driving the prior night . Carly and Sonny are devastated when Ava gains custody of Avery but Sonny is allowed supervised visitation , Sonny kinda blames Carly at first . Carly tells Michael about Jason . Carly and Sonny talk about the courtroom hearing and she finally tells Sonny that Jason is alive , Jason comes in and they all discuss things . Carly tries to get Liz to back off Jason so he can see if he wants to be with her or Sam but to let him make his own decision , sparking an argument between the two . Jason confronts Carly on this and tells her to stay out of his and Liz 's relationship . Carly is relieved when the truth comes out in December 2015 that Liz knew who Jason was since the Nurse 's Ball because it meant Jason was n't wrapped around her finger any more . On December 24 , 2015 The Corinthos - Davis - Falconeri clan all gathered for the holidays and took a family picture . In January 2016 Carly and Sonny attended Robin and Patrick 's second wedding as Robin and Carly actually finally put their differences aside and hugged , as Robin did give her credit for always being good for Jason and Sonny and Carly thanked her for saving Jason 's life . Sonny 's new doctor Mayes was quite rude to Carly and Sonny voiced himself on that but Carly wanted this to work out and told him it was fine and she had to head to the Metro Court . Carly often voices with Michael how angry she is that Sabrina lied about having his baby and to Morgan to make sure he took his bipolar medications . Creation ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Brown , known for her appearance in the children 's series VR Troopers , auditioned for the role of Carly in early 1996 opposite Burton , who played Jason . Brown won the role out of seven other actresses including Burton 's real - life girlfriend . Despite her own reservations , Brown officially booked the role on February 18 , 1996 , her 21st birthday . Brown made her first appearance as Carly on April 5 , 1996 . In September 1999 , Brown revealed to Soaps In Depth that she was contemplating renewing her contract so she could audition for pilot . Brown 's plans to officially vacate the role were announced in January 2000 . However , Brown extended her contract when the producers agreed to work around her schedule . In December 2000 , Brown announced that she wanted to move on and the producers were contemplating a recast . Robin Christopher who played Skye Chandler on All My Children and Gina Tognoni -- Kelly Cramer from One Life to Live -- were both considered as Brown 's replacement . The series was also suffering from the departures of several popular actors including Burton and Jonathan Jackson -- who played Carly 's cousin Lucky Spencer . Brown immediately denied rumors that a dispute with executive producer Jill Farren Phelps led to her departure . Brown filmed her final scenes in early April 2001 , and made her final appearance on April 24 . `` I really did n't know about the uproar , which was good . But I was informed about it before I started working . I thought to myself , ' Holy guacamole ... I 'm going into something here . But all I can do is the best that I can . ' I think on some level , a lot of people were waiting for me to fail . '' Braun on being a high profile recast ( 2001 ) . In April 2001 , Braun was announced as a Carly recast and made her first appearance on May 2 , 2001 . Initial speculation that Braun was only temporary and the character was slated to be written out was put to rest as Braun was put on contract with the series . According to Phelps , recast was always an option , but it was easier said than done . Phelps told the New York Post that she was n't interested in a recast , but did so out of necessity . Braun had previously appeared on Party of Five and Buffy the Vampire Slayer . The naturally brunette Braun even colored her hair blonde . Braun auditioned opposite Benard four times before booking the gig . Braun answered the casting call for the role of Sarah , which many assumed was a recast of Sarah Webber . In an interview with Soap Opera Digest from September 2001 , Braun explained that `` Right before booking this job , I had vowed to quit acting and just re-evaluate . '' After booking the role , Braun immediately did her research . They daytime newcomer admitted that she was nervous about replacing such a popular actress but welcomed the challenge . In early 2005 , speculation grew over Braun 's future with the soap due to Brown 's recent exit from CBS ' As the World Turns . In February 2005 , it was announced that Braun had decided not to renew her contract and would vacate the role . Then president of ABC Daytime , Brian Frons admitted that he would love to have Brown back , but did not want to lose Braun . Braun made her final appearance April 15 , 2005 . In late March 2005 , it was announced that actress Bransford had been cast in the role of Carly . Phelps commented that it would be difficult but viewers would accept the recast as long as the actors made it work . Bransford beat out Melrose Place actress Jamie Luner for the role and The Bold and the Beautiful actress Sarah Buxton . Bransford made her first appearance on April 18 , 2005 . During Bransford 's tenure , Shayne Lamas also made several guest appearances as a teenage Carly in several flashbacks . In September 2005 , rumors circulated that Bransford had been let out of her contract with the series when a website claiming Bransford 's official web site reported the news . It was also rumored that ABC had rehired Tamara Braun while some reported that the character would be written out completely . The news of Bransford 's ousting was confirmed and a spokesperson said `` Jennifer 's casting in the role Carly did not work out . '' The spokesperson praised Bransford as a `` consummate actress '' and wished her luck . Bransford filmed her final scenes on September 9 , and made final appearance on October 5 , 2005 . Wright , who had recently vacated the role of Cassie Layne Winslow on Guiding Light , was rumored to be on a short list of potential recast though Wright refused to comment . After an `` exhaustive '' search , ABC officially confirmed Wright 's casting as the fourth actress to play the role of Carly . Frons commented : `` Carly is a complex character and we are excited to bring Laura 's talent , beauty and intelligence to this role . '' While Wright was sad to leave Guiding Light , she was excited to relocate to Los Angeles to play the role of Carly . `` Wow ! What a challenge '' she said . Wright was due to begin filming in October after her contract with CBS expired . Wright made her debut on November 4 , 2005 . In November 2009 , Wright announced on Twitter that she had re-signed with the series for another 4 years officially becoming the longest running actress in the role . In July 2013 during the General Hospital Fan Club Weekend , it was reported that Wright had renewed her contract with the series until 2017 . In March 2014 , it was announced that both Sarah Brown and Tamara Braun would reprise the role of Carly for the show 's 51st anniversary on April 1 , 2014 making cameo appearances alongside Wright . Background ( edit ) `` Carly was coming to Port Charles for the purpose of haunting Bobbie and making her life miserable , out of supposed anger at having been ' abandoned ' by her . But of course , she was n't abandoned , she was given up for adoption , and the network and producers were rightly concerned that we might be ' sending the message ' ( that phrase that soap writers dread ) either that adopted children were hateful and full of rage , or that their adoptive parents were neglectful or otherwise inadequate enough to instill this smoldering resentment of being adopted in their kids ... I need not go on . '' Patrick Mulcahey on Carly ( 1999 ) . Officially , former head writers Claire Labine ( 1993 -- 96 ) and Robert Guza , Jr. ( 1996 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 11 ) , along with script writers Karen Harris and Patrick Mulcahey , are said to have created the character of Carly . In 1999 , writer Patrick Mulcahey noted that the character had been somewhat of a work in progress at first . Mulchey explained that she was different from most characters because `` We were afraid of her . '' The character was quite a big deal and very important to the series -- so important that one writer even quit over it . `` The pitfalls are obvious , '' Mulcahey said and `` I imagine Bob ( Guza , the headwriter ) promised Wendy ( Riche , the executive producer ) and ABC that we had no intention of falling into them '' the scribe continued . However , the writers themselves had no clue who the character was supposed to be . `` That may sound like a horrifying confession , but in daytime , a successful character is always a collaboration between the writers and the actor . '' Mulcahey said the writers discussed who they felt Carly , as a character , is and that `` the actor finds certain other decisions have to be made and makes them , sparks fly between the actor and another actor , we see what 's happening on - screen and start playing around with it in the writing - that 's how a character takes shape '' . The variety of actresses that auditioned for the role implied that there was not any set direction for the character . Brown spent the first few months of her tenure crafting a backstory to explain her character 's actions . According to her backstory , the character was scripted as being born on November 5 , 1973 in Jacksonville , Florida to the 16 year old prostitute Bobbie ( Jacklyn Zeman ) and immediately placed up for adoption because Bobbie could not care for her . The child is adopted by Virginia ( Lois Nettleton ) and her husband Frank Benson in Pensacola , Florida as Caroline Leigh Benson . Frank eventually walks out on his family and Virginia works so much that Caroline barely has a chance to develop a relationship with her . According to Brown , Virginia is always a bit cold and bitter toward Caroline . In her teen years , Caroline becomes best friends with Charlotte `` Carly '' Roberts ( Kari Wührer ) . Carly 's father Dan Roberts seduces the young Caroline destroying Carly 's family and the girls friendship . Caroline then loses Carly who is presumably killed in a car crash . Development ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Using the alias Carly Roberts , the character ingratiates herself into the life of her biological mother Bobbie Spencer ( Jacklyn Zeman ) through her enrollment in the student nursing program and they start to bond until Bobbie rejects her . Carly then seduces Bobbie 's doctor husband Tony Jones and sets her sights on the couple 's young son Lucas ( Justin Cooper ) . In Carly 's mind , the affair is Bobbie 's karma for abandoning her . Carly wants from Bobbie what she feels she did n't get from her adoptive mother . As the affair dismantles a once happy marriage , Sarah Brown maintained Carly 's intentions start off pure . With Bobbie shutting her out , Carly goes on the defensive and develops feelings for Tony which she is very reluctant to face . Though she knows the relationship is built on her lies of omission , Tony becomes the center of Carly 's life . Meanwhile , Bobbie 's brother Luke Spencer ( Anthony Geary ) recognizes a kindred spirit his niece and `` that excites him '' -- which is why he keeps the secret . As the walls feel like they are closing in on her , Carly becomes impuslive and self - destructive and has a one - night stand with the troubled alcoholic A.J. Quartermaine ( Sean Kanan ) . According to Brown , the writing for Carly is n't to garner sympathy from viewers , but being aware her motives creates a certain intrigue . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The development of Bobbie 's first - born daughter was shown in February 1996 , under executive producer Wendy Riche and head writer Claire Labine . The character was later developed and introduced under executive producer , Riche and head writers , Robert Guza , Jr. and Karen Harris and script writer Patrick Mulcahey . Jump up ^ They were married consecutively from 2000 to 2005 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( 1996 ) . `` A Study in Brown '' . Soap Opera Magazine . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mrs. Brown , You 've Got A Lovely Daughter '' . Soap Opera Weekly . American Media , Inc . October 1996 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( 1996 ) . `` Who 's New : About Miss Roberts '' . Soap Opera Weekly . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy , Jr. , Kevin ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( April 5 ) '' . welovesoaps.net . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2000 ) . `` Let 's Make A Deal ! '' . Soaps in Depth . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( January 22 , 2000 ) . `` Is GH headed for a Brown out situation ? '' . Soap Central . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` GH making contingency plans for a Brown exit '' . Soap Central . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( January 2 , 2001 ) . `` Two OLTL stars said to be up for Brown 's role '' . Soap Central . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` GH 's Sarah Brown : The Exit Interview '' . Soap Opera Weekly . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GH 's Carly Says Goodbye '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . April 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tamara Braun - Soap Star Stats - Online Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Braun Admitted to `` Hospital '' `` . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . April 21 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( April 5 , 2001 ) . `` Brown Is Out ! GH Recasts Carly '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Out ! Braun In ! '' . Soap Opera Weekly . American Media , Inc . April 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Brown leaving ATWT amid `` hate mail '' `` . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Braun 's future with GH Is uncertain '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( February 22 , 2005 ) . `` Speculation over : Braun out as GH 's Carly '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` GH 's search is over as Bransford is cast as its new Carly '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Rumor : Bransford out as GH 's Carly '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Done deal : Bransford out as GH 's Carly '' . Soap Central . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` Laura Wright cast as GH 's Carly '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` GH fans `` stuck '' with Laura Wright `` . Soap Central . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` GH FAN CLUB WEEKEND : Laura Wright Renews Contract ; Emma Samms Returns ; Connie Dies ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sarah Brown and Tamara Braun Join Laura Wright For a ' Carlypalooza ' Tuesday on General Hospital ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dear Sarah '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . October 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Damon L. ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Soap 's Hope : The Claire Labine Interview , Part Four '' . We Loves Soaps . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Rosemary ( May 1997 ) . `` Standing Ovation '' . Soap Opera News . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2002 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wendy Riche ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr. and Karen Harris ( Head writers ) ( July 8 , 1996 ) . General Hospital . Season 33 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jill Farren Phelps ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr . ( Head writer ) ( November 5 , 2008 ) . General Hospital . Season 45 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wendy Riche ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr . ( Head writer ) ( May 26 , 1999 ) . General Hospital . Season 36 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rourke , Mary ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Actress worked steadily in movies and on stage , TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wendy Riche ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr. and Karen Harris ( Head writers ) ( April 7 , 1996 ) . General Hospital . Season 33 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( November 1996 ) . `` One on One - Sarah Brown and Jackie Zeman '' . Soap Opera Magazine . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Bad Sarah Brown '' . Daytime TV . April 1997 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . April 1997 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Carly Corinthos Jacks @ ABC.com Carly Corinthos Jacks profile - SoapCentral.com <Th_colspan="2"> General Hospital related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> General Hospital Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew Frank and Doris Hursley Frank Valentini Shelly Altman Chris Van Etten Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy / Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio / Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles ( spin - off ) Night Shift ( spin - off ) What If ... Port Charles ( setting ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital <Th_colspan="2"> hide General Hospital characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> hide Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Peter August Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Drew Cain Scout Cain Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Lucy Coe Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Mike Corbin Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Scorpio Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Andre Maddox Sam McCall Diane Miller Danny Morgan Jason Morgan Griffin Munro Oscar Nero Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Nina Reeves Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Cameron Webber Elizabeth Webber Britt Westbourne <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Nelle Benson Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Levi Dunkleman Dante Falconeri Nora Hanen Buchanan Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Ric Lansing Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Robert Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Holly Sutton - Scorpio Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Heather Webber Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Johnny Zacchara <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carly_Corinthos&oldid=864684249 '' Categories : General Hospital characters Fictional adoptees Fictional businesspeople Fictional criminals on soap operas Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles to be expanded from October 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Carly Corinthos - General Hospital character 2. Portrayal of Carly Corinthos by different actresses 3. Carly's relationships and storylines on the show 4. Carly's role as a businesswoman and hotelier 5. Awards and recognition for the actresses who played Carly

how many districts are there in new delhi

List of Districts of Delhi - wikipedia List of Districts of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search Map showing the old nine districts of Delhi . The initial nine districts of Delhi came into existence from January 1997 . Prior to that , there used to be only one district for whole of Delhi with district headquarters at Tis - Hazari . In September 2012 , two new districts , viz . South East and Shahdara were added to the city 's map , The District Administration of Delhi is the enforcement department for all kinds of Government of Delhi and Central Government policies and exercises supervisory over numerous other functionaries of the Government . Below is the list of the districts and subdivisions of Delhi : The skyline of Central Delhi The South Block in New Delhi houses the Indian defence and finance ministries . Contents ( hide ) 1 New List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi 2 Old List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi 3 Municipal Corporations 4 See also 5 References New List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi ( edit ) Sl.No . District Headquarter <Th_colspan="3"> Sub divisions ( Tehsils ) New Delhi Connaught Place Chanakyapuri Delhi Cantonment Vasant Vihar North Delhi Narela Model Town Narela Alipur North West Delhi Kanjhawala Rohini Kanjhawala Saraswati Vihar West Delhi Rajouri Garden Patel Nagar Punjabi Bagh Rajouri Garden 5 South West Delhi Dwarka Dwarka Najafgarh Kapashera 6 South Delhi Saket Saket Hauz Khas Mehrauli 7 South East Delhi Defence Colony Defence Colony Kalkaji Sarita Vihar 8 Central Delhi Daryaganj Kotwali Civil Lines Karol Bagh 9 North East Delhi Seelampur Seelampur Yamuna Vihar Karawal Nagar 10 Shahdara Shahdara Shahdara Seemapuri Vivek Vihar 11 East Delhi Preet Vihar Gandhi Nagar Preet Vihar Mayur Vihar Old List of Districts in National Capital Territory of Delhi ( edit ) Sl.No . District Headquarters Area ( km ) Population Census 2011 Population Census 2001 Population Census 1991 <Th_colspan="3"> Sub divisions Central Delhi Daryaganj 23.36 578,671 646,385 656,533 Daryaganj Paharganj Karol Bagh North Delhi Sadar Bazaar 58.92 883,418 781,525 686,654 Sadar Bazaar Kotwali Civil Lines South Delhi Saket 249.44 2,733,752 2,267,023 1,501,881 Kalkaji Defence Colony Hauz Khas East Delhi Preet Vihar 48.90 1,707,725 1,463,583 1,023,078 Laxmi Nagar Preet Vihar Vivek Vihar 5 North East Delhi Shahdara 56.32 2,240,749 1,768,061 1,085,250 Shahdara Naveen Shahdara Rohtash Nagar 6 South West Delhi Palam , Delhi 420.80 2,292,363 1,755,041 1,087,573 Vasant Vihar Najafgarh Delhi Cantonment 7 New Delhi Connaught Place 34.95 133,713 179,112 168,669 Connaught Place Parliament Street Chanakyapuri 8 North West Delhi Kanjhawala 442.84 3,651,261 2,860,869 1,777,968 Saraswati Vihar Narela Model Town 9 West Delhi Rajouri Garden 130.56 2,531,583 2,128,908 1,433,038 Patel Nagar BTM Bagh ( I thik tech park Garden ) ) Total 1483.0 16,753,235 13,850,507 9,420,644 Municipal corporations ( edit ) Apart from these districts , there are five municipalities within the National Capital Territory : three municipal corporations , one municipal council , and one Cantonment Board . They are North Delhi Municipal Corporation - Old Districts of North Delhi and North West Delhi . South Delhi Municipal Corporation - Old Districts of South Delhi , West Delhi , Central Delhi ( excluding Delhi Cantt ) . East Delhi Municipal Corporation - Old Districts of East Delhi , North East Delhi . New Delhi Municipal Council - administers the old New Delhi District . Delhi Cantonment - administers some part of old South West Delhi . See also ( edit ) Govt of NCT of Delhi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Two new districts added to Delhi in 2012 Jump up ^ districts of delhi . http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/districts/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` North West District : Organisation Setup '' . Government of Delhi website . Jump up ^ `` Census of Delhi 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India website . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Districts of States of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Related topics List of states and territories of India District collector Sub-divisional magistrate Block Gram panchayat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Delhi&oldid=833512312 '' Categories : Lists of districts in India Delhi - related lists District subdivisions of Delhi Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Français हिन्दी മലയാളം संस्कृतम् Simple English தமிழ் اردو 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. List of districts of Delhi 2. Districts and subdivisions of Delhi 3. New and old districts of Delhi 4. Municipal corporations in Delhi 5. Government of NCT of Delhi

percy jackson and the sea of monster book

The Sea of Monsters - wikipedia The Sea of Monsters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Percy Jackson novel . For other uses , see Sea of Monsters ( disambiguation ) . The Sea of Monsters <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of unknown later US edition with Rocco illustration ( same as first ed . ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco ( depicted ) Country United States Series Percy Jackson & the Olympians ( book 2 ) Genre Fantasy , Greek mythology , young - adult novel Published April 1 , 2006 Publisher Miramax Books and Disney Hyperion Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book Pages 279 pp . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6 OCLC 64664383 LC Class MLCS 2006 / 45756 ( P ) Preceded by The Lightning Thief Followed by The Titan 's Curse The Sea of Monsters is a fantasy - adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan and published in 2006 . It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Lightning Thief . This book chronicles the adventures of thirteen - year - old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus and save the camp from a Titan 's attack by bringing the Golden Fleece to cure Thalia 's poisoned pine tree . The Sea of Monsters was released on April 1 , 2006 , by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . It was generally well -- received and was nominated for numerous awards , including the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick and the 2009 Mark Twain Award . It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback with over one million copies total and was released in audiobook format on September 6 , 2006 . The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan 's Curse , the third book of the five in the series . A film adaptation of the book , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Major characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Awards 4 Adaptations 4.1 Audiobook 4.2 Film adaptation 4.3 Graphic novel 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Percy Jackson has been having nightmares about Grover Underwood running from an unseen monster and taking refuge in a wedding dress shop . At school , a group of laestrygonians attack Percy and his classmates in a fiery game of dodgeball , but he is saved by his new friend Tyson . Annabeth Chase arrives and takes Percy and Tyson to Camp Half - Blood in the taxi of the Gray Sisters , who give Percy a series of mysterious numbers they call `` the location ( he seeks ) '' . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson find the camp under attack by the Colchis bulls , which Tyson is able to defeat because he is in reality a baby cyclops , not a human . They discover that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned , severely weakening the camp 's magic boundaries . Chiron is suspected of poisoning it because his father is the titan Kronos , and has been fired . Percy tells Annabeth about his dreams , and she deduces that Grover has found the Golden Fleece , which can cure Thalia 's poisoned tree , and is located at the coordinates from the Gray Sisters . Tantalus ( who replaced Chiron as camp counselor ) sends Clarisse La Rue on a quest to find the Golden Fleece . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson run away from camp to find Grover . They are aided in their escape by the god Hermes , who helps them reach a passing cruise ship , the Princess Andromeda . Once aboard , they discover that the ship is full of tourists in a dream - like state living alongside Greek monsters . They are captured by Luke Castellan and learn that he is trying to revive his master Kronos . They escape on a lifeboat and eventually find one of many hideouts that Luke , Thalia , and Annabeth built as children . They are attacked by a hydra but are saved by Clarisse , who is sailing on a confederate ironclad called the CSS Birmingham . En route to the Sea of Monsters ( Bermuda triangle ) , the Birmingham is destroyed by Charybdis and Scylla . Thinking Tyson and Clarisse dead , Percy and Annabeth sail in a lifeboat to a nearby island , where they narrowly escape the sorceress Circe , who turns men into guinea pigs . They steal the Queen Anne 's Revenge from Circe 's harbor and sail towards the island of Polyphemus . Along the way , they pass the island of the Sirens and Annabeth confesses her fatal flaw , hubris , to Percy . When they reach the island , they find Grover , Clarisse , Tyson , and the fleece . Tyson and Percy work together to defeat Polyphemus and return the group to the mainland . Once there , Clarisse takes a plane to Camp Half - Blood with the Fleece . The remaining questers are captured by Luke and taken to the Princess Andromeda . Percy manages to contact Camp Half - Blood through an Iris Message and tricks Luke into admitting that he poisoned Thalia 's tree , proving Chiron 's innocence in front of the entire camp . Mr. D then sends Tantalus back to the Fields of Punishment . Luke duels Percy , beats him , and is about to kill the group , but before he does , Chiron and the his centaur relatives appear and rescue them . Returning to the camp , Chiron is given his job back and the Golden Fleece heals Thalia 's tree . However , in the final pages , the Golden Fleece also revives Thalia Grace , putting another half - blood back into play for the Great Prophecy the gods fear so much . Major characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Camp Half - Blood characters Percy Jackson : The son of Poseidon ; a 13 - year - old demigod who travels to the island of Polyphemus in the Bermuda Triangle to find Grover and recover the Golden Fleece . He is accompanied by Annabeth and Tyson , his half - brother , on the quest . He is successful in the end ; and gives Clarisse the Fleece while he is attacked by Luke on his way to the Camp . However , he and his friends are rescued by Chiron and the Party Ponies . Annabeth Chase : The daughter of Athena . A demigod who is 13 years old and a friend of Percy . She accompanies him to the island and helps him in his quest by rescuing Percy from Circe 's island . Annabeth is injured by Polyphemus and recovers with the help of the Golden Fleece . She accompanies Percy to Camp after Chiron succeeds in rescuing them from the hands of Luke and the Titan army . Grover Underwood : The guard for Percy given by the gods , a satyr who has been captured by Polyphemus during his search for the wild god Pan . Due to his poor eyesight , Polyphemus mistakes Grover for a female Cyclops . He is rescued by his friends Percy and Annabeth . Clarisse La Rue : Daughter of Ares who was given the quest of retrieving the Golden Fleece . With the help of Percy and his friends , she is successful in her quest . Percy gives her the Fleece that she takes to Camp Half Blood . Polyphemus wishes to wed her after it is revealed to him that Grover is a male satyr . Luke Castellan : The main antagonist , now 20 ; he works for Kronos . He captures Percy and the rest before being thwarted by Chiron and his brethren , the Party Ponies . Tyson the Cyclops : Percy 's half brother ; he is initially portrayed as a homeless child before Annabeth helps Percy realize that he is a Cyclops . He accompanies Percy and Annabeth in their quest and befriends a hippocampus whom he names Rainbow . He is very big and has one brown eye . When Clarisse 's ship explodes , he is presumed dead until it is learned that he survived due to his immunity to fire . Critical reception ( edit ) The Sea of Monsters received generally positive reviews with reviewers praising the storyline , the themes and the author 's style of writing . `` In a feat worthy of his heroic subjects , Riordan crafts a sequel stronger than his compelling debut , '' said a Publishers Weekly review . School Library Journal singled out the novel 's plot and main character , stating , `` Percy is an appealing kid , and the subject of a chilling prophecy may resonate with readers . '' Child magazine wrote , `` Featuring the cliff - hangers and sassy attitude kids loved in The Lightning Thief -- plus a surprising new family secret -- this outstanding sequel should win over a fresh legion of fans . '' Children 's Literature called the writing extraordinary and added , `` This book , sequel to The Lightning Thief , is an amazing mixture of mythology and young adult fiction . '' Matt Berman , of Common Sense Media , praised the book , saying `` The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun , with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist . '' Norah Piehl of Kidsreads.com lauded the style of the book , and noted similarities with its prequel . It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time paperback copies were released in April 2007 . However , Kirkus Reviews was critical of the book , writing , `` it 's doubtful Percy would n't guess Tyson 's otherworldly connection immediately after the dodgeball game ... some of the humor will zip over the heads of the target audience '' although they added , `` Percy 's sardonic narration and derring - do would keep the pages turning . '' Awards ( edit ) 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick 2006 Child magazine Best Book 2006 Kirkus Reviews Best Fantasy Sequel 2006 Barnes & Noble Best of 2006 for Kids & Teens 2006 Voice of Youth Advocates ( VOYA ) Top Shelf Fiction Pick for Middle School Readers 2007 Cooperative Children 's Book Center choice 2007 Young Adult Library Services Association ( YALSA ) Best Book for Young Adults 2009 Mark Twain Award ( Riordan 's The Lightning Thief won the previous year ) Adaptations ( edit ) Audiobook ( edit ) On September 6 , 2006 , a seven - hour and 54 minute audiobook version of The Sea of Monsters , read by actor Jesse Bernstein , who also narrated The Lightning Thief 's audiobook , was published worldwide by Listening Library . AudioFile magazine praised the audio book , raving , `` This action - packed book ( second in a series ) will delight fans of Percy Jackson , the half - blood son of Poseidon , as Percy once again battles mythical monsters in modern - day settings while on his mission to save the tree that guards Camp Half - Blood . '' They praised Bernstein , saying `` Narrator Jesse Berns helps listeners slip right into the oddly engaging world that Riordan creates , in which contemporary teen characters and those from classical mythology intermingle '' and that he could successfully portray teenagers , while keeping the pace fast allowing listeners time to revel in the book 's humor . Auditions have already been cast for this yet to be blockbuster . There may still be a few spaces for extras , though . The magazine Publishers Weekly raved about Bernstein 's `` snappy delivery and all the right funny touches '' that made the `` action - packed fantasy such fun . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Following the box office and DVD success of the movie , Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , a film adaptation of The Sea of Monsters was first reported in early 2011 . In fall 2011 , it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox would release the film on March 27 , 2013 . Filming began in April 2012 . In February 2012 , Mary Birdsong , Missi Pyle and Yvette Nicole Brown were cast as the Gray Sisters . In March 2012 , Nathan Fillion joined the cast as Hermes and Anthony Head , replacing Pierce Brosnan , as Chiron . In April 2012 , Paloma Kwiatkowski was cast as Thalia and The Hunger Games star Leven Rambin has been cast as Clarisse La Rue . It was announced on May 8 , 2012 that the film had moved up to March 15 , 2013 . But later it was postponed for an August 16 , 2013 release . Fox decided on a final release date for August 7 , 2013 . Logan Lerman returned as Percy Jackson in the movie . Jake Abel also returned to the role of Luke Castellan . On January 2012 The Secret Circle star Grey Damon was cast as Chris Rodriguez . According to Alexandra Daddario , the film would be more similar to the book than the first film . Graphic novel ( edit ) The Sea of Monsters has been published as a graphic novel . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson and the Titan 's Curse The novel was followed by The Titan 's Curse , released on May 1 , 2007 . In The Titan 's Curse , Percy , Grover , Annabeth and Thalia go to a school to recruit two powerful demigods . Like its predecessors , this book was well received and reviewers praised its humorous style and the plot of the story . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The sea of monsters '' ( first edition ) . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Kirkus Reviews . April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book awards : BookSense Top Ten Summer Pick '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Twain Readers Award '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Nawotka , Edward . `` Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sarah , Weinman . `` Will ' Percy Jackson ' Author Rick Riordan Ever Reach J.K. Rowling Territory ? '' . DailyFinance . DailyFinance . ^ Jump up to : `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( May 3 , 2006 ) . The Sea of Monsters . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Miramax Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6 . OCLC 64664383 . ^ Jump up to : Piehl , Norah . `` Kidsreads.com -- The Sea of Monsters '' . Kidsreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 2 '' . School Library Journal . 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Matt Berman . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Sea of Monsters '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series # 2 ) '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Riordan : Percy Jackson '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble.com '' . Barnesandnoble.com. 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top Shelf Fiction Pick for Middle School Readers , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Voice of Youth Advocates . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain Award 2007 -- 08 Winners '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sequels for summer '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jesse . `` Jesse Bernstein '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstien , Jesse ( 2006 ) . `` The Sea of Monsters '' . AudioFile . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ? Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown , Mary Birdsong Join ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver High Schooler Gets Dream Role In ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( April 1 , 2007 ) . The Titan 's Curse . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Hyperion Books for Children . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0145 - 1 . OCLC 76863948 . Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` The Titan 's Curse : Kidsreads '' . Kidsreads.com . Jump up ^ Ruth , Sheila . `` The Titan 's Curse : Wands and Worlds Book Review '' . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Mythology portal Speculative fiction portal Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians at publisher Disney - Hyperion Books ( US ) Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=804072962 '' Categories : 2006 American novels 2000s fantasy novels American fantasy novels adapted into films Percy Jackson & the Olympians Books about the Bermuda Triangle Long Island in fiction 2006 children 's books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 15 : 18 . 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1. Percy Jackson & the Olympians series 2. Greek mythology 3. Adventure novel 4. Golden Fleece 5. Film adaptation

list saturn's moon's. briefly describe their characteristics

Moons of Saturn - wikipedia Moons of Saturn Jump to : navigation , search Artist 's concepts of the Saturnian ring -- moon system Saturn , its rings and major icy moons -- from Mimas to Rhea Images of several moons of Saturn . From left to right : Mimas , Enceladus , Tethys , Dione , Rhea ; Titan in the background ; Iapetus ( top right ) and irregularly shaped Hyperion ( bottom right ) . Some small moons are also shown . All to scale . The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse , ranging from tiny moonlets less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous Titan , which is larger than the planet Mercury . Saturn has 62 moons with confirmed orbits , 53 of which have names and only 13 of which have diameters larger than 50 kilometers , as well as dense rings with complex orbital motions of their own . Seven Saturnian moons are large enough to be ellipsoidal in shape , though only two of those , Titan and Rhea , are currently in hydrostatic equilibrium . Particularly notable among Saturn 's moons are Titan , the second - largest moon ( after Jupiter 's Ganymede ) in the Solar System , with a nitrogen - rich Earth - like atmosphere and a landscape featuring dry river networks and hydrocarbon lakes found nowhere else in the solar system ; and Enceladus since its chemical composition is similar to that of comets . In particular , Enceladus emits jets of gas and dust which could indicate presence of liquid water under its south pole region and could potentially harbor a global ocean under its surface . Twenty - four of Saturn 's moons are regular satellites ; they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to Saturn 's equatorial plane . They include the seven major satellites , four small moons that exist in a trojan orbit with larger moons , two mutually co-orbital moons and two moons that act as shepherds of Saturn 's F Ring . Two other known regular satellites orbit within gaps in Saturn 's rings . The relatively large Hyperion is locked in a resonance with Titan . The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the A Ring , within G Ring and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus . The regular satellites are traditionally named after Titans and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn . The remaining 38 , all small except one , are irregular satellites , whose orbits are much farther from Saturn , have high inclinations , and are mixed between prograde and retrograde . These moons are probably captured minor planets , or debris from the breakup of such bodies after they were captured , creating collisional families . The irregular satellites have been classified by their orbital characteristics into the Inuit , Norse , and Gallic groups , and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies . The largest of the irregular moons is Phoebe , the ninth moon of Saturn , discovered at the end of the 19th century . The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to moonlets hundreds of meters across , each in its own orbit around Saturn . Thus a precise number of Saturnian moons can not be given , because there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn 's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons . Over 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material , though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early observations 1.2 Observations by spacecraft 1.3 Outer moons 1.4 Naming 2 Sizes 3 Orbital groups 3.1 Ring moonlets 3.2 Ring shepherds 3.3 Co-orbitals 3.4 Inner large moons 3.5 Alkyonides 3.6 Trojan moons 3.7 Outer large moons 3.8 Irregular moons 3.8. 1 Inuit group 3.8. 2 Gallic group 3.8. 3 Norse group 4 List 4.1 Confirmed moons 4.2 Unconfirmed moons 4.3 Hypothetical moons 5 Formation 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Saturn ( overexposed ) and the moons Iapetus , Titan , Dione , Hyperion , and Rhea viewed through a 12.5 - inch telescope Early observations ( edit ) Before the advent of telescopic photography , eight moons of Saturn were discovered by direct observation using optical telescopes . Saturn 's largest moon , Titan , was discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens using a 57 - millimeter ( 2.2 in ) objective lens on a refracting telescope of his own design . Tethys , Dione , Rhea and Iapetus ( the `` Sidera Lodoicea '' ) were discovered between 1671 and 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini . Mimas and Enceladus were discovered in 1789 by William Herschel . Hyperion was discovered in 1848 by W.C. Bond , G.P. Bond and William Lassell . The use of long - exposure photographic plates made possible the discovery of additional moons . The first to be discovered in this manner , Phoebe , was found in 1899 by W.H. Pickering . In 1966 the tenth satellite of Saturn was discovered by Audouin Dollfus , when the rings were observed edge - on near an equinox . It was later named Janus . A few years later it was realized that all observations of 1966 could only be explained if another satellite had been present and that it had an orbit similar to that of Janus . This object is now known as Epimetheus , the eleventh moon of Saturn . It shares the same orbit with Janus -- the only known example of co-orbitals in the Solar System . In 1980 , three additional Saturnian moons were discovered from the ground and later confirmed by the Voyager probes . They are trojan moons of Dione ( Helene ) and Tethys ( Telesto and Calypso ) . Observations by spacecraft ( edit ) Four moons of Saturn can be seen on this image by the Cassini spacecraft : Huge Titan and Dione at the bottom , small Prometheus ( under the rings ) and tiny Telesto above center . Five moons in another Cassini image : Rhea bisected in the far - right foreground , Mimas behind it , bright Enceladus above and beyond the rings , Pandora eclipsed by the F Ring , and Janus off to the left . The study of the outer planets has since been revolutionized by the use of unmanned space probes . The arrival of the Voyager spacecraft at Saturn in 1980 -- 1981 resulted in the discovery of three additional moons -- Atlas , Prometheus and Pandora , bringing the total to 17 . In addition , Epimetheus was confirmed as distinct from Janus . In 1990 , Pan was discovered in archival Voyager images . The Cassini mission , which arrived at Saturn in the summer of 2004 , initially discovered three small inner moons including Methone and Pallene between Mimas and Enceladus as well as the second trojan moon of Dione -- Polydeuces . It also observed three suspected but unconfirmed moons in the F Ring . In November 2004 Cassini scientists announced that the structure of Saturn 's rings indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings , although only one , Daphnis , had been visually confirmed at the time . In 2007 Anthe was announced . In 2008 it was reported that Cassini observations of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn 's magnetosphere near Rhea might be the signature of a tenuous ring system around Saturn 's second largest moon . In March 2009 , Aegaeon , a moonlet within the G Ring , was announced . In July of the same year , S / 2009 S 1 , the first moonlet within the B Ring , was observed . In April 2014 , the possible beginning of a new moon , within the A Ring , was reported . ( related image ) Outer moons ( edit ) Quadruple Saturn -- moon transit captured by the Hubble Space Telescope Study of Saturn 's moons has also been aided by advances in telescope instrumentation , primarily the introduction of digital charge - coupled devices which replaced photographic plates . For the entire 20th century , Phoebe stood alone among Saturn 's known moons with its highly irregular orbit . Beginning in 2000 , however , three dozen additional irregular moons have been discovered using ground - based telescopes . A survey starting in late 2000 and conducted using three medium - size telescopes found thirteen new moons orbiting Saturn at a great distance , in eccentric orbits , which are highly inclined to both the equator of Saturn and the ecliptic . They are probably fragments of larger bodies captured by Saturn 's gravitational pull . In 2005 , astronomers using the Mauna Kea Observatory announced the discovery of twelve more small outer moons , in 2006 , astronomers using the Subaru 8.2 m telescope reported the discovery of nine more irregular moons , in April 2007 , Tarqeq ( S / 2007 S 1 ) was announced and in May of the same year S / 2007 S 2 and S / 2007 S 3 were reported . Some of the 62 known satellites of Saturn are considered lost because they have not been observed since their discovery and hence their orbits are not well - known enough to pinpoint their current locations . Work has been done to recover many of them in surveys from 2009 onwards , but seven -- S / 2007 S 2 , S / 2004 S 13 , S / 2006 S 1 , S / 2007 S 3 , S / 2004 S 17 , S / 2004 S 12 , and S / 2004 S 7 -- still remain lost today . Naming ( edit ) Main article : Naming of moons The modern names for Saturnian moons were suggested by John Herschel in 1847 . He proposed to name them after mythological figures associated with the Roman god of agriculture and harvest , Saturn ( equated to the Greek Cronus ) . In particular , the then known seven satellites were named after Titans , Titanesses and Giants -- brothers and sisters of Cronus . In 1848 , Lassell proposed that the eighth satellite of Saturn be named Hyperion after another Titan . When in the 20th century the names of Titans were exhausted , the moons were named after different characters of the Greco - Roman mythology or giants from other mythologies . All the irregular moons ( except Phoebe ) are named after Inuit and Gallic gods and after Norse ice giants . Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Saturn : 55 Pandora , 106 Dione , 577 Rhea , 1809 Prometheus , 1810 Epimetheus , and 4450 Pan . In addition , two more asteroids previously shared the names of Saturnian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) : Calypso and asteroid 53 Kalypso ; and Helene and asteroid 101 Helena . Sizes ( edit ) The relative masses of Saturn 's moons . Mimas , the rings , and the small moons are invisible at this scale . Saturn 's satellite system is very lopsided : one moon , Titan , comprises more than 96 % of the mass in orbit around the planet . The six other planemo ( ellipsoidal ) moons constitute roughly 4 % of the mass , and the remaining 55 small moons , together with the rings , comprise only 0.04 % . <Th_colspan="6"> Saturn 's major satellites , compared to the Moon Name Diameter ( km ) Mass ( kg ) Orbital radius ( km ) Orbital period ( days ) Mimas 396 ( 12 % Moon ) 4 × 10 ( 0.05 % Moon ) 185,539 ( 48 % Moon ) 0.9 ( 3 % Moon ) Enceladus 504 ( 14 % Moon ) 1.1 × 10 ( 0.2 % Moon ) 237,948 ( 62 % Moon ) 1.4 ( 5 % Moon ) Tethys 1,062 ( 30 % Moon ) 6.2 × 10 ( 0.8 % Moon ) 294,619 ( 77 % Moon ) 1.9 ( 7 % Moon ) Dione 1,123 ( 32 % Moon ) 1.1 × 10 ( 1.5 % Moon ) 377,396 ( 98 % Moon ) 2.7 ( 10 % Moon ) Rhea 1,527 ( 44 % Moon ) 2.3 × 10 ( 3 % Moon ) 527,108 ( 137 % Moon ) 4.5 ( 20 % Moon ) Titan 5,150 ( 148 % Moon ) ( 75 % Mars ) 1.35 × 10 ( 180 % Moon ) 1,221,870 ( 318 % Moon ) 16 ( 60 % Moon ) Iapetus 1,470 ( 42 % Moon ) 1.8 × 10 ( 2.5 % Moon ) 3,560,820 ( 926 % Moon ) 79 ( 290 % Moon ) Orbital groups ( edit ) Although the boundaries may be somewhat vague , Saturn 's moons can be divided into ten groups according to their orbital characteristics . Many of them , such as Pan and Daphnis , orbit within Saturn 's ring system and have orbital periods only slightly longer than the planet 's rotation period . The innermost moons and most regular satellites all have mean orbital inclinations ranging from less than a degree to about 1.5 degrees ( except Iapetus , which has an inclination of 7.57 degrees ) and small orbital eccentricities . On the other hand , irregular satellites in the outermost regions of Saturn 's moon system , in particular the Norse group , have orbital radii of millions of kilometers and orbital periods lasting several years . The moons of the Norse group also orbit in the opposite direction to Saturn 's rotation . Ring moonlets ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Saturn Daphnis in the Keeler gap During late July 2009 , a moonlet was discovered in the B Ring , 480 km from the outer edge of the ring , by the shadow it cast . It is estimated to be 300 m in diameter . Unlike the A Ring moonlets ( see below ) , it does not induce a ' propeller ' feature , probably due to the density of the B Ring . Possible beginning of a new moon of Saturn imaged on 15 April 2014 Saturn 's F Ring along with the moons , Enceladus and Rhea . In 2006 , four tiny moonlets were found in Cassini images of the A Ring . Before this discovery only two larger moons had been known within gaps in the A Ring : Pan and Daphnis . These are large enough to clear continuous gaps in the ring . In contrast , a moonlet is only massive enough to clear two small -- about 10 km across -- partial gaps in the immediate vicinity of the moonlet itself creating a structure shaped like an airplane propeller . The moonlets themselves are tiny , ranging from about 40 to 500 meters in diameter , and are too small to be seen directly . In 2007 , the discovery of 150 more moonlets revealed that they ( with the exception of two that have been seen outside the Encke gap ) are confined to three narrow bands in the A Ring between 126,750 and 132,000 km from Saturn 's center . Each band is about a thousand kilometers wide , which is less than 1 % the width of Saturn 's rings . This region is relatively free from the disturbances caused by resonances with larger satellites , although other areas of the A Ring without disturbances are apparently free of moonlets . The moonlets were probably formed from the breakup of a larger satellite . It is estimated that the A Ring contains 7,000 -- 8,000 propellers larger than 0.8 km in size and millions larger than 0.25 km . Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring . There , `` jets '' of material may be due to collisions , initiated by perturbations from the nearby small moon Prometheus , of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring . One of the largest F Ring moonlets may be the as - yet unconfirmed object S / 2004 S 6 . The F Ring also contains transient `` fans '' which are thought to result from even smaller moonlets , about 1 km in diameter , orbiting near the F Ring core . One of the recently discovered moons , Aegaeon , resides within the bright arc of G Ring and is trapped in the 7 : 6 mean - motion resonance with Mimas . This means that it makes exactly seven revolutions around Saturn while Mimas makes exactly six . The moon is the largest among the population of bodies that are sources of dust in this ring . In April 2014 , NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon , within the A Ring . Ring shepherds ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Saturn Shepherd satellites -- Atlas , Daphnis and Pan ( color ) . Shepherd satellites are small moons that orbit within , or just beyond , a planet 's ring system . They have the effect of sculpting the rings : giving them sharp edges , and creating gaps between them . Saturn 's shepherd moons are Pan ( Encke gap ) , Daphnis ( Keeler gap ) , Atlas ( A Ring ) , Prometheus ( F Ring ) and Pandora ( F Ring ) . These moons together with co-orbitals ( see below ) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores . The cores with sizes from one - third to one - half the present day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated . Co-orbitals ( edit ) Main article : Co-orbital moon Janus and Epimetheus are called co-orbital moons . They are of roughly equal size , with Janus being slightly larger than Epimetheus . Janus and Epimetheus have orbits with only a few kilometers difference in semi-major axis , close enough that they would collide if they attempted to pass each other . Instead of colliding , however , their gravitational interaction causes them to swap orbits every four years . Inner large moons ( edit ) Tiger stripes on Enceladus Saturn 's rings and moons Tethys , Hyperion and Prometheus Tethys and Janus Tethys and the rings of Saturn The innermost large moons of Saturn orbit within its tenuous E Ring , along with three smaller moons of the Alkyonides group . Mimas is the smallest and least massive of the inner round moons , although its mass is sufficient to alter the orbit of Methone . It is noticeably ovoid - shaped , having been made shorter at the poles and longer at the equator ( by about 20 km ) by the effects of Saturn 's gravity . Mimas has a large impact crater one - third its diameter , Herschel , situated on its leading hemisphere . Mimas has no known past or present geologic activity , and its surface is dominated by impact craters . The only tectonic features known are a few arcuate and linear troughs , which probably formed when Mimas was shattered by the Herschel impact . Enceladus is one of the smallest of Saturn 's moons that is spherical in shape -- only Mimas is smaller -- yet is the only small Saturnian moon that is currently endogenously active , and the smallest known body in the Solar System that is geologically active today . Its surface is morphologically diverse ; it includes ancient heavily cratered terrain as well as younger smooth areas with few impact craters . Many plains on Enceladus are fractured and intersected by systems of lineaments . The area around its south pole was found by Cassini to be unusually warm and cut by a system of fractures about 130 km long called `` tiger stripes '' , some of which emit jets of water vapor and dust . These jets form a large plume off its south pole , which replenishes Saturn 's E ring and serves as the main source of ions in the magnetosphere of Saturn . The gas and dust are released with a rate of more than 100 kg / s . Enceladus may have liquid water underneath the south - polar surface . The source of the energy for this cryovolcanism is thought to be a 2 : 1 mean - motion resonance with Dione . The pure ice on the surface makes Enceladus one of the brightest known objects in the Solar System -- its geometrical albedo is more than 140 % . Tethys is the third largest of Saturn 's inner moons . Its most prominent features are a large ( 400 km diameter ) impact crater named Odysseus on its leading hemisphere and a vast canyon system named Ithaca Chasma extending at least 270 ° around Tethys . The Ithaca Chasma is concentric with Odysseus , and these two features may be related . Tethys appears to have no current geological activity . A heavily cratered hilly terrain occupies the majority of its surface , while a smaller and smoother plains region lies on the hemisphere opposite to that of Odysseus . The plains contain fewer craters and are apparently younger . A sharp boundary separates them from the cratered terrain . There is also a system of extensional troughs radiating away from Odysseus . The density of Tethys ( 0.985 g / cm ) is less than that of water , indicating that it is made mainly of water ice with only a small fraction of rock . Dione is the second - largest inner moon of Saturn . It has a higher density than the geologically dead Rhea , the largest inner moon , but lower than that of active Enceladus . While the majority of Dione 's surface is heavily cratered old terrain , this moon is also covered with an extensive network of troughs and lineaments , indicating that in the past it had global tectonic activity . The troughs and lineaments are especially prominent on the trailing hemisphere , where several intersecting sets of fractures form what is called `` wispy terrain '' . The cratered plains have a few large impact craters reaching 250 km in diameter . Smooth plains with low impact - crater counts are also present on a small fraction of its surface . They were probably tectonically resurfaced relatively later in the geological history of Dione . At two locations within smooth plains strange landforms ( depressions ) resembling oblong impact craters have been identified , both of which lie at the centers of radiating networks of cracks and troughs ; these features may be cryovolcanic in origin . Dione may be geologically active even now , although on a scale much smaller than the cryovolcanism of Enceladus . This follows from Cassini magnetic measurements that show Dione is a net source of plasma in the magnetosphere of Saturn , much like Enceladus . Alkyonides ( edit ) Cassini image of Methone 's leading side taken on 20 May 2012 Three small moons orbit between Mimas and Enceladus : Methone , Anthe , and Pallene . Named after the Alkyonides of Greek mythology , they are some of the smallest moons in the Saturn system . Anthe and Methone have very faint ring arcs along their orbits , whereas Pallene has a faint complete ring . Of these three moons , only Methone has been photographed at close range , showing it to be egg - shaped with very few or no craters . Trojan moons ( edit ) Main article : Trojan moon Trojan moons are a unique feature only known from the Saturnian system . A trojan body orbits at either the leading L or trailing L Lagrange point of a much larger object , such as a large moon or planet . Tethys has two trojan moons , Telesto ( leading ) and Calypso ( trailing ) , and Dione also has two , Helene ( leading ) and Polydeuces ( trailing ) . Helene is by far the largest trojan moon , while Polydeuces is the smallest and has the most chaotic orbit . These moons are coated with dusty material that has smoothened out their surfaces . Outer large moons ( edit ) These moons all orbit beyond the E Ring . They are : Inktomi or `` The Splat '' , a relatively young crater with prominent butterfly - shaped ejecta on Rhea 's leading hemisphere Rhea is the second - largest of Saturn 's moons . In 2005 Cassini detected a depletion of electrons in the plasma wake of Rhea , which forms when the co-rotating plasma of Saturn 's magnetosphere is absorbed by the moon . The depletion was hypothesized to be caused by the presence of dust - sized particles concentrated in a few faint equatorial rings . Such a ring system would make Rhea the only moon in the Solar System known to have rings . However , subsequent targeted observations of the putative ring plane from several angles by Cassini 's narrow - angle camera turned up no evidence of the expected ring material , leaving the origin of the plasma observations unresolved . Otherwise Rhea has rather a typical heavily cratered surface , with the exceptions of a few large Dione - type fractures ( wispy terrain ) on the trailing hemisphere and a very faint `` line '' of material at the equator that may have been deposited by material deorbiting from present or former rings . Rhea also has two very large impact basins on its anti-Saturnian hemisphere , which are about 400 and 500 km across . The first , Tirawa , is roughly comparable to the Odysseus basin on Tethys . There is also a 48 km - diameter impact crater called Inktomi at 112 ° W that is prominent because of an extended system of bright rays , which may be one of the youngest craters on the inner moons of Saturn . No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered on the surface of Rhea . Three crescent moons of Saturn : Titan , Mimas and Rhea Titan , at 5,150 km diameter , is the second largest moon in the Solar System and Saturn 's largest . Out of all the large moons , Titan is the only one with a dense ( surface pressure of 1.5 atm ) , cold atmosphere , primarily made of nitrogen with a small fraction of methane . The dense atmosphere frequently produces bright white convective clouds , especially over the south pole region . On June 6 , 2013 , scientists at the IAA - CSIC reported the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere of Titan . On June 23 , 2014 , NASA claimed to have strong evidence that nitrogen in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the Oort cloud , associated with comets , and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times . The surface of Titan , which is difficult to observe due to persistent atmospheric haze , shows only a few impact craters and is probably very young . It contains a pattern of light and dark regions , flow channels and possibly cryovolcanos . Some dark regions are covered by longitudinal dune fields shaped by tidal winds , where sand is made of frozen water or hydrocarbons . Titan is the only body in the Solar System beside Earth with bodies of liquid on its surface , in the form of methane -- ethane lakes in Titan 's north and south polar regions . The largest lake , Kraken Mare , is larger than the Caspian Sea . Like Europa and Ganymede , it is believed that Titan has a subsurface ocean made of water mixed with ammonia , which can erupt to the surface of the moon and lead to cryovolcanism . On July 2 , 2014 , NASA reported the ocean inside Titan may be `` as salty as the Earth 's Dead Sea '' . Hyperion is Titan 's nearest neighbor in the Saturn system . The two moons are locked in a 4 : 3 mean - motion resonance with each other , meaning that while Titan makes four revolutions around Saturn , Hyperion makes exactly three . With an average diameter of about 270 km , Hyperion is smaller and lighter than Mimas . It has an extremely irregular shape , and a very odd , tan - colored icy surface resembling a sponge , though its interior may be partially porous as well . The average density of about 0.55 g / cm indicates that the porosity exceeds 40 % even assuming it has a purely icy composition . The surface of Hyperion is covered with numerous impact craters -- those with diameters 2 -- 10 km are especially abundant . It is the only moon besides the small moons of Pluto known to have a chaotic rotation , which means Hyperion has no well - defined poles or equator . While on short timescales the satellite approximately rotates around its long axis at a rate of 72 -- 75 ° per day , on longer timescales its axis of rotation ( spin vector ) wanders chaotically across the sky . This makes the rotational behavior of Hyperion essentially unpredictable . Equatorial ridge on Iapetus Iapetus is the third - largest of Saturn 's moons . Orbiting the planet at 3.5 million km , it is by far the most distant of Saturn 's large moons , and also has the largest orbital inclination , at 15.47 ° . Iapetus has long been known for its unusual two - toned surface ; its leading hemisphere is pitch - black and its trailing hemisphere is almost as bright as fresh snow . Cassini images showed that the dark material is confined to a large near - equatorial area on the leading hemisphere called Cassini Regio , which extends approximately from 40 ° N to 40 ° S . The pole regions of Iapetus are as bright as its trailing hemisphere . Cassini also discovered a 20 km tall equatorial ridge , which spans nearly the moon 's entire equator . Otherwise both dark and bright surfaces of Iapetus are old and heavily cratered . The images revealed at least four large impact basins with diameters from 380 to 550 km and numerous smaller impact craters . No evidence of any endogenic activity has been discovered . A clue to the origin of the dark material covering part of Iapetus 's starkly dichromatic surface may have been found in 2009 , when NASA 's Spitzer Space Telescope discovered a vast , nearly invisible disk around Saturn , just inside the orbit of the moon Phoebe -- the Phoebe ring . Scientists believe that the disk originates from dust and ice particles kicked up by impacts on Phoebe . Because the disk particles , like Phoebe itself , orbit in the opposite direction to Iapetus , Iapetus collides with them as they drift in the direction of Saturn , darkening its leading hemisphere slightly . Once a difference in albedo , and hence in average temperature , was established between different regions of Iapetus , a thermal runaway process of water ice sublimation from warmer regions and deposition of water vapor onto colder regions ensued . Iapetus 's present two - toned appearance results from the contrast between the bright , primarily ice - coated areas and regions of dark lag , the residue left behind after the loss of surface ice . Irregular moons ( edit ) Diagram illustrating the orbits of the irregular satellites of Saturn . The inclination and semi-major axis are represented on the Y and X-axis , respectively . The eccentricity of the orbits is shown by the segments extending from the pericenter to apocenter . The satellites with positive inclinations are prograde , those with negative are retrograde . The X-axis is labeled in km . The prograde Inuit and Gallic groups and the retrograde Norse group are identified . Irregular moons are small satellites with large - radii , inclined , and frequently retrograde orbits , believed to have been acquired by the parent planet through a capture process . They often occur as collisional families or groups . The precise size as well as albedo of the irregular moons are not known for sure because the moons are very small to be resolved by a telescope , although the latter is usually assumed to be quite low -- around 6 % ( albedo of Phoebe ) or less . The irregulars generally have featureless visible and near infrared spectra dominated by water absorption bands . They are neutral or moderately red in color -- similar to C - type , P - type , or D - type asteroids , though they are much less red than Kuiper belt objects . Inuit group ( edit ) Main article : Saturn 's Inuit group of satellites The Inuit group includes five prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distances from the planet ( 186 -- 297 radii of Saturn ) , their orbital inclinations ( 45 -- 50 ° ) and their colors that they can be considered a group . The moons are Ijiraq , Kiviuq , Paaliaq , Siarnaq , and Tarqeq . The largest among them is Siarnaq with an estimated size of about 40 km . Gallic group ( edit ) Main article : Saturn 's Gallic group of satellites The Gallic group are four prograde outer moons that are similar enough in their distance from the planet ( 207 -- 302 radii of Saturn ) , their orbital inclination ( 35 -- 40 ° ) and their color that they can be considered a group . They are Albiorix , Bebhionn , Erriapus , and Tarvos . Tarvos , as of 2009 , is the most distant of Saturn 's moons with a prograde orbit . The largest among these moons is Albiorix with an estimated size of about 32 km . Norse group ( edit ) Saturn 's rings and moons -- Tethys , Enceladus and Mimas . Main article : Saturn 's Norse group of satellites The Norse ( or Phoebe ) group consists of 29 retrograde outer moons . They are Aegir , Bergelmir , Bestla , Farbauti , Fenrir , Fornjot , Greip , Hati , Hyrrokkin , Jarnsaxa , Kari , Loge , Mundilfari , Narvi , Phoebe , Skathi , Skoll , Surtur , Suttungr , Thrymr , Ymir , S / 2004 S 7 , S / 2004 S 12 , S / 2004 S 13 , S / 2004 S 17 , S / 2006 S 1 , S / 2006 S 3 , S / 2007 S 2 , and S / 2007 S 3 . After Phoebe , Ymir is the largest of the known retrograde irregular moons , with an estimated diameter of only 18 km . The Norse group may itself consist of several smaller subgroups . Phoebe , at 7005213000000000000 ♠ 213 ± 1.4 km in diameter , is by far the largest of Saturn 's irregular satellites . It has a retrograde orbit and rotates on its axis every 9.3 hours . Phoebe was the first moon of Saturn to be studied in detail by Cassini , in June 2004 ; during this encounter Cassini was able to map nearly 90 % of the moon 's surface . Phoebe has a nearly spherical shape and a relatively high density of about 1.6 g / cm . Cassini images revealed a dark surface scarred by numerous impacts -- there are about 130 craters with diameters exceeding 10 km . Spectroscopic measurement showed that the surface is made of water ice , carbon dioxide , phyllosilicates , organics and possibly iron bearing minerals . Phoebe is believed to be a captured centaur that originated in the Kuiper belt . It also serves as a source of material for the largest known ring of Saturn , which darkens the leading hemisphere of Iapetus ( see above ) . List ( edit ) Confirmed moons ( edit ) The Saturnian moons are listed here by orbital period ( or semi-major axis ) , from shortest to longest . Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold , while the irregular moons are listed in red , orange and gray background . <Th_colspan="5"> Key † Major icy moons ♠ Titan ‡ Inuit group Gallic group ♣ Norse group Order Label Name Pronunciation Image Diameter ( km ) Mass ( × 10 kg ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Orbital period ( d ) Inclination Eccentricity Position Discovery year Discoverer 01 ! 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 S / 7003200900000000000 ♠ 2009 S / 2009 S 1 -- 00003 ! ≈ 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 000000000001 ! < 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 00117 ! ≈ 7005117000000000000 ♠ 117 000 000047 ! ≈ 6999470000000000000 ♠ 0.47 0 ! ≈ 0 ° 0 ! ≈ 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 outer B Ring 2009 Cassini ( moonlets ) -- 00002 ! 0.04 to 0.4 ( Earhart ) 000000000001 ! < 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 00130 ! ≈ 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130 000 000055 ! ≈ 6999550000000000000 ♠ 0.55 0 ! ≈ 0 ° 0 ! ≈ 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Three 1000 km bands within A Ring 2006 Cassini 02 ! 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 18 ! XVIII Pan Pan / pæn / 0028 ! 7001282000000000000 ♠ 28.2 ± 2.6 ( 34 × 31 × 20 ) 0000000049 ! 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 ± 0.75 00133 ! 7005133584000000000 ♠ 133 584 0000575 ! + 6999575050000000000 ♠ 0.575 05 000001 ! 0.001 ° 000035 ! 6995350000000000000 ♠ 0.000 035 in Encke Division M. Showalter 03 ! 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 35 ! XXXV Daphnis Daphnis / ˈdæfnɪs / 00077 ! 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 ± 1.6 ( 9 × 8 × 6 ) 00000000008 ! 6998840000000000000 ♠ 0.084 ± 0.012 00136 ! 7005136505000000000 ♠ 136 505 0000594 ! + 6999594080000000000 ♠ 0.594 08 000000 ! ≈ 0 ° 000000 ! ≈ 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 in Keeler Gap 2005 Cassini 04 ! 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 15 ! XV Atlas Atlas / ˈætləs / 0030 ! 7001302000000000000 ♠ 30.2 ± 1.8 ( 41 × 35 × 19 ) 0000000066 ! 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 ± 0.045 00137 ! 7005137670000000000 ♠ 137 670 0000601 ! + 6999601690000000000 ♠ 0.601 69 000003 ! 0.003 ° 0012 ! 6997119999999999999 ♠ 0.0012 outer A Ring shepherd 1980 Voyager 2 05 ! 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 16 ! XVI Prometheus Prometheus / proʊˈmiːθiəs / 0086 ! 7001862000000000000 ♠ 86.2 ± 5.4 ( 136 × 79 × 59 ) 0000001595 ! 7002159500000000000 ♠ 159.5 ± 1.5 00139 ! 7005139380000000000 ♠ 139 380 0000612 ! + 6999612990000000000 ♠ 0.612 99 000008 ! 0.008 ° 0022 ! 6997220000000000000 ♠ 0.0022 inner F Ring shepherd 1980 Voyager 2 06 ! 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 17 ! XVII Pandora Pandora / pænˈdɔːrə / 0081 ! 7001814000000000000 ♠ 81.4 ± 3.0 ( 104 × 81 × 64 ) 0000001371 ! 7002137100000000000 ♠ 137.1 ± 1.9 00141 ! 7005141720000000000 ♠ 141 720 0000628 ! + 6999628500000000000 ♠ 0.628 50 000050 ! 0.050 ° 0042 ! 6997420000000000000 ♠ 0.0042 outer F Ring Shepherd 1980 Voyager 2 07 ! 7a 11 ! XI Epimetheus Epimetheus / ˌɛpɪˈmiːθiəs / 0113 ! 7002116200000000000 ♠ 116.2 ± 3.6 ( 130 × 114 × 106 ) 000000526 ! 7002526600000000000 ♠ 526.6 ± 0.6 00151 ! 7005151422000000000 ♠ 151 422 0000694 ! + 6999694330000000000 ♠ 0.694 33 000335 ! 0.335 ° 0098 ! 6997980000000000000 ♠ 0.0098 co-orbital with Janus 1977 J. Fountain , and S. Larson 08 ! 7b 10 ! X Janus Janus / ˈdʒeɪnəs / 0179 ! 7002179000000000000 ♠ 179.0 ± 2.8 ( 203 × 185 × 153 ) 000001897 ! 7003189750000000000 ♠ 1897. 5 ± 0.6 001514 ! 7005151472000000000 ♠ 151 472 0000694 ! + 6999694660000000000 ♠ 0.694 66 000165 ! 0.165 ° 0068 ! 6997680000000000000 ♠ 0.0068 co-orbital with Epimetheus 1966 A. Dollfus 09 ! 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 53 ! LIII Aegaeon Aegaeon / iː ˈdʒiːən / 00005 ! ≈ 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 000000000001 ! ≈ 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 001675 ! 7005167500000000000 ♠ 167 500 0000808 ! + 6999808120000000000 ♠ 0.808 12 000001 ! 0.001 ° 0002 ! 6996200000000000000 ♠ 0.0002 G Ring moonlet 2008 Cassini 10 01 ! I Mimas † Mimas / ˈmaɪməs , ˈmiːməs / 0397 ! 7002396400000000000 ♠ 396.4 ± 0.8 ( 416 × 393 × 381 ) 000037493 ! 7004374930000000000 ♠ 37 493 ± 31 00185 ! 7005185404000000000 ♠ 185 404 0000942 ! + 6999942422000000000 ♠ 0.942 422 001566 ! 1.566 ° 0202 ! 6998202000000000000 ♠ 0.0202 1789 W. Herschel 11 32 ! XXXII Methone Methone / mɪˈθoʊni / 00032 ! 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 ± 1.2 00000000002 ! ≈ 6998200000000000000 ♠ 0.02 00194 ! 7005194440000000000 ♠ 194 440 0001009 ! + 7000100957000000000 ♠ 1.009 57 000007 ! 0.007 ° 0001 ! 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 Alkyonides Cassini 12 49 ! XLIX Anthe Anthe / ˈænθi / 00018 ! 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 0000000000015 ! ≈ 6997150000000000000 ♠ 0.0015 00197 ! 7005197700000000000 ♠ 197 700 00010589 ! + 7000105089000000000 ♠ 1.050 89 000100 ! 0.1 ° 0011 ! 6997110000000000000 ♠ 0.0011 Alkyonides 2007 Cassini 13 33 ! XXXIII Pallene Pallene / pəˈliːni / 00044 ! 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 ± 1.2 ( 6 × 6 × 4 ) 00000000005 ! ≈ 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 00212 ! 7005212280000000000 ♠ 212 280 0001153 ! + 7000115375000000000 ♠ 1.153 75 000181 ! 0.181 ° 0040 ! 6997400000000000000 ♠ 0.0040 Alkyonides Cassini 14 02 ! II Enceladus † Enceladus / ɛnˈsɛlədəs / 0504 ! 7002504200000000000 ♠ 504.2 ± 0.4 ( 513 × 503 × 497 ) 000108022 ! 7005108022000000000 ♠ 108 022 ± 101 00237 ! 7005237950000000000 ♠ 237 950 0001370 ! + 7000137021800000000 ♠ 1.370 218 000010 ! 0.010 ° 0047 ! 6997470000000000000 ♠ 0.0047 Generates the E ring 1789 W. Herschel 15 03 ! III Tethys † Tethys / ˈtiːθɪs , ˈtɛθɪs / 1062 ! 7003106200000000000 ♠ 1062 ± 1.2 ( 1077 × 1057 × 1053 ) 000617449 ! 7005617449000000000 ♠ 617 449 ± 132 00294 ! 7005294619000000000 ♠ 294 619 0001887 ! + 7000188780200000000 ♠ 1.887 802 000168 ! 0.168 ° 0001 ! 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 1684 G. Cassini 16 ! 15a 13 ! XIII Telesto Telesto / tɪˈlɛstoʊ / 0025 ! 7001248000000000000 ♠ 24.8 ± 0.8 ( 33 × 24 × 20 ) 00000000941 ! ≈ 7000941000000000000 ♠ 9.41 00294 ! 7005294619000000000 ♠ 294 619 0001887 ! + 7000188780200000000 ♠ 1.887 802 001158 ! 1.158 ° 0 ! 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.000 leading Tethys trojan 1980 B. Smith , H. Reitsema , S. Larson , and J. Fountain 17 ! 15b 14 ! XIV Calypso Calypso / kəˈlɪpsoʊ / 0021 ! 7001214000000000000 ♠ 21.4 ± 1.4 ( 30 × 23 × 14 ) 0000000063 ! ≈ 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 00294 ! 7005294619000000000 ♠ 294 619 0001887 ! + 7000188780200000000 ♠ 1.887 802 001473 ! 1.473 ° 0 ! 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.000 trailing Tethys trojan 1980 D. Pascu , P. Seidelmann , W. Baum , and D. Currie 18 04 ! IV Dione † Dione / daɪˈoʊni / 1123 ! 7003112280000000000 ♠ 1122. 8 ± 0.8 ( 1128 × 1123 × 1119 ) 001095452 ! 7006109545200000000 ♠ 1095452 ± 168 00377 ! 7005377396000000000 ♠ 377 396 0002736 ! + 7000273691500000000 ♠ 2.736 915 000002 ! 0.002 ° 0022 ! 6997220000000000000 ♠ 0.0022 1684 G. Cassini 19 ! 18a 12 ! XII Helene Helene / ˈhɛlɪni / 0033 ! 7001352000000000000 ♠ 35.2 ± 0.8 ( 43 × 38 × 26 ) 00000002446 ! ≈ 7001244600000000000 ♠ 24.46 00377 ! 7005377396000000000 ♠ 377 396 0002736 ! + 7000273691500000000 ♠ 2.736 915 000212 ! 0.212 ° 0022 ! 6997220000000000000 ♠ 0.0022 leading Dione trojan 1980 P. Laques and J. Lecacheux 20 ! 18b 34 ! XXXIV Polydeuces Polydeuces / ˌpɒliˈdjuːsiːz / 00026 ! 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 ± 0.8 ( 3 × 2 × 1 ) 00000000003 ! ≈ 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 00377 ! 7005377396000000000 ♠ 377 396 0002736 ! + 7000273691500000000 ♠ 2.736 915 000177 ! 0.177 ° 0192 ! 6998191999999999999 ♠ 0.0192 trailing Dione trojan Cassini 21 05 ! V Rhea † Rhea / ˈriːə / 1529 ! 7003152700000000000 ♠ 1527. 0 ± 1.2 ( 1530 × 1526 × 1525 ) 002306518 ! 7006230651800000000 ♠ 2306518 ± 353 00527 ! 7005527108000000000 ♠ 527 108 000451 ! + 7000451821200000000 ♠ 4.518 212 000327 ! 0.327 ° 001258 ! 6997125800000000000 ♠ 0.001 258 1672 G. Cassini 22 06 ! VI Titan ♠ Titan / ˈtaɪtən / 51151 ! 7003514900000000000 ♠ 5149 13452 ! 7008134520000000000 ♠ 134 520 000 ± 20 000 0122 ! 7006122193000000000 ♠ 1221930 001594 ! + 7001159454200000000 ♠ 15.945 42 0003485 ! 0.3485 ° 0288 ! 6998288000000000000 ♠ 0.0288 1655 C. Huygens 23 07 ! VII Hyperion † Hyperion / haɪˈpɪəriən / 0270 ! 7002270000000000000 ♠ 270 ± 8 ( 360 × 266 × 205 ) 000005620 ! 7003562000000000000 ♠ 5620 ± 50 0148 ! 7006148101000000000 ♠ 1481010 002127 ! + 7001212766100000000 ♠ 21.276 61 000568 ! 0.568 ° 123006 ! 6999123006000000000 ♠ 0.123 006 in 4 : 3 resonance with Titan 1848 W. Bond G. Bond W. Lassell 24 08 ! VIII Iapetus † Iapetus / aɪ ˈæpɪtəs / 1472 ! 7003146860000000000 ♠ 1468. 6 ± 5.6 ( 1491 × 1491 × 1424 ) 001805635 ! 7006180563500000000 ♠ 1805635 ± 375 0356 ! 7006356082000000000 ♠ 3560820 007932 ! + 7001793215000000000 ♠ 79.3215 007570 ! 15.47 ° 028613 ! 6998286130000000000 ♠ 0.028 613 1671 G. Cassini 25 24 ! XXIV Kiviuq ‡ Kiviuq / ˈkɪviək / 0016 ! ≈ 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 00000000279 ! ≈ 7000279000000000000 ♠ 2.79 112 ! 7007112948000000000 ♠ 11 294 800 0448 ! + 7002448160000000000 ♠ 448.16 0490 ! 49.087 ° 3288 ! 6999328800000000000 ♠ 0.3288 Inuit group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 26 22 ! XXII Ijiraq ‡ Ijiraq / ˈiːɪrɒk / 0012 ! ≈ 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 00000000118 ! ≈ 7000118000000000000 ♠ 1.18 113 ! 7007113553160000000 ♠ 11 355 316 0451 ! + 7002451770000000000 ♠ 451.77 0502 ! 50.212 ° 3161 ! 6999316100000000000 ♠ 0.3161 Inuit group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 27 09 ! IX Phoebe ♣ † Phoebe / ˈfiːbi / 0214 ! 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213.0 ± 1.4 ( 219 × 217 × 204 ) 000008292 ! 7003829200000000000 ♠ 8292 ± 10 12869 ! 7007128697000000000 ♠ 12 869 700 0545 ! 2997454909999999999 ♠ − 545.09 1730 ! 173.047 ° 156242 ! 6999156242000000000 ♠ 0.156 242 Norse group 1899 W. Pickering 28 20 ! XX Paaliaq ‡ Paaliaq / ˈpɑːliɒk / 0022 ! ≈ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 00000000725 ! ≈ 7000725000000000000 ♠ 7.25 15103 ! 7007151034000000000 ♠ 15 103 400 0692 ! + 7002692980000000000 ♠ 692.98 0461 ! 46.151 ° 3631 ! 6999363100000000000 ♠ 0.3631 Inuit group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 29 27 ! XXVII Skathi ♣ Skathi / ˈskɒði / 0008 ! ≈ 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 00000000035 ! ≈ 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 15672 ! 7007156725000000000 ♠ 15 672 500 0732 ! 2997267480000000000 ♠ − 732.52 1490 ! 149.084 ° 246 ! 6999246000000000000 ♠ 0.246 Norse ( Skathi ) Group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 30 26 ! XXVI Albiorix Albiorix / ˌælbiˈɒrɪks / 0032 ! ≈ 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 0000000223 ! ≈ 7001223000000000000 ♠ 22.3 16266 ! 7007162667000000000 ♠ 16 266 700 0774 ! + 7002774580000000000 ♠ 774.58 0380 ! 38.042 ° 477 ! 6999477000000000000 ♠ 0.477 Gallic group 2000 M. Holman 31 S / 2007A ♣ S / 2007 S 2 -- 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 16650 ! 7007165600000000000 ♠ 16 560 000 0792 ! 2997207039999999999 ♠ − 792.96 1766 ! 176.68 ° 2418 ! 6999241800000000000 ♠ 0.2418 Norse group 2007 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna , B. Marsden 32 37 ! XXXVII Bebhionn Bebhionn / bɛˈviːn / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 17153 ! 7007171535200000000 ♠ 17 153 520 0838 ! + 7002838770000000000 ♠ 838.77 0404 ! 40.484 ° 333 ! 6999333000000000000 ♠ 0.333 Gallic group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 33 28 ! XXVIII Erriapus Erriapus / ˌɛriˈæpəs / 0010 ! ≈ 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 00000000068 ! ≈ 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 17236 ! 7007172369000000000 ♠ 17 236 900 0844 ! + 7002844890000000000 ♠ 844.89 0381 ! 38.109 ° 4724 ! 6999472400000000000 ♠ 0.4724 Gallic group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 34 47 ! XLVII Skoll ♣ Skoll / skɒl / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 17473 ! 7007174738000000000 ♠ 17 473 800 0862 ! 2997137630000000000 ♠ − 862.37 1556 ! 155.624 ° 418 ! 6999418000000000000 ♠ 0.418 Norse ( Skathi ) group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 35 29 ! XXIX Siarnaq ‡ Siarnaq / ˈsiːɑːrnək / 0040 ! ≈ 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 0000000435 ! ≈ 7001435000000000000 ♠ 43.5 17776 ! 7007177766000000000 ♠ 17 776 600 0884 ! + 7002884880000000000 ♠ 884.88 0457 ! 45.798 ° 24961 ! 6999249610000000000 ♠ 0.249 61 Inuit group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 36 52 ! LII Tarqeq ‡ Tarqeq / ˈtɑːrkeɪk / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 17911 ! 7007179106000000000 ♠ 17 910 600 0894 ! + 7002894860000000000 ♠ 894.86 0499 ! 49.904 ° 1081 ! 6999108100000000000 ♠ 0.1081 Inuit group 2007 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 37 S / 2004B ♣ S / 2004 S 13 -- 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 18056 ! 7007180563000000000 ♠ 18 056 300 0905 ! 2997094149999999999 ♠ − 905.85 1673 ! 167.379 ° 261 ! 6999261000000000000 ♠ 0.261 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 38 51 ! LI Greip ♣ Greip / ɡreɪp / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 18065 ! 7007180657000000000 ♠ 18 065 700 0906 ! 2997093440000000000 ♠ − 906.56 1726 ! 172.666 ° 3735 ! 6999373500000000000 ♠ 0.3735 Norse group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 39 44 ! XLIV Hyrrokkin ♣ Hyrrokkin / hɪˈrɒkɪn / 0008 ! ≈ 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 00000000035 ! ≈ 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 18168 ! 7007181683000000000 ♠ 18 168 300 0914 ! 2997085710000000000 ♠ − 914.29 1532 ! 153.272 ° 3604 ! 6999360400000000000 ♠ 0.3604 Norse ( Skathi ) group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 40 50 ! L Jarnsaxa ♣ Jarnsaxa / jɑːrnˈsæksə / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 18556 ! 7007185569000000000 ♠ 18 556 900 0943 ! 2997056220000000000 ♠ − 943.78 1628 ! 162.861 ° 1918 ! 6999191800000000000 ♠ 0.1918 Norse group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 41 21 ! XXI Tarvos Tarvos / ˈtɑːrvəs / 0015 ! ≈ 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 0000000023 ! ≈ 7000229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 18562 ! 7007185628000000000 ♠ 18 562 800 0944 ! + 7002944230000000000 ♠ 944.23 0346 ! 34.679 ° 5305 ! 6999530500000000000 ♠ 0.5305 Gallic group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 42 25 ! XXV Mundilfari ♣ Mundilfari / ˌmʊndəlˈværi / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 18725 ! 7007187258000000000 ♠ 18 725 800 0956 ! 2997043299999999999 ♠ − 956.70 1693 ! 169.378 ° 198 ! 6999198000000000000 ♠ 0.198 Norse group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 43 S / 7003200600000000000 ♠ 2006 ♣ S / 2006 S 1 -- 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 18930 ! 7007189302000000000 ♠ 18 930 200 0972 ! 2997027590000000000 ♠ − 972.41 1542 ! 154.232 ° 1303 ! 6999130300000000000 ♠ 0.1303 Norse ( Skathi ) group 2006 S. Sheppard , D.C. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 44 S / 2004C ♣ S / 2004 S 17 -- 0004 ! ≈ 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 00000000005 ! ≈ 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 19099 ! 7007190992000000000 ♠ 19 099 200 0985 ! 2997014549999999999 ♠ − 985.45 1668 ! 166.881 ° 226 ! 6999226000000000000 ♠ 0.226 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 45 38 ! XXXVIII Bergelmir ♣ Bergelmir / bɛərˈjɛlmɪər / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 19104 ! 7007191040000000000 ♠ 19 104 000 0986 ! 2997014169999999999 ♠ − 985.83 1573 ! 157.384 ° 152 ! 6999152000000000000 ♠ 0.152 Norse ( Skathi ) group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 46 31 ! XXXI Narvi ♣ Narvi / ˈnɑːrvi / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 19395 ! 7007193952000000000 ♠ 19 395 200 1008 ! 2996899154999999999 ♠ − 1008. 45 1372 ! 137.292 ° 320 ! 6999320000000000000 ♠ 0.320 Norse ( Narvi ) group 2003 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 47 23 ! XXIII Suttungr ♣ Suttungr / ˈsʊtʊŋɡər / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 19579 ! 7007195790000000000 ♠ 19 579 000 1022 ! 2996897718000000000 ♠ − 1022. 82 1743 ! 174.321 ° 131 ! 6999131000000000000 ♠ 0.131 Norse group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 48 43 ! XLIII Hati ♣ Hati / ˈhɑːti / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 19709 ! 7007197093000000000 ♠ 19 709 300 1033 ! 2996896695000000000 ♠ − 1033. 05 1631 ! 163.131 ° 291 ! 6999291000000000000 ♠ 0.291 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 49 S / 2004A ♣ S / 2004 S 12 -- 0005 ! ≈ 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 00000000009 ! ≈ 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 19905 ! 7007199059000000000 ♠ 19 905 900 1048 ! 2996895145999999999 ♠ − 1048. 54 1640 ! 164.042 ° 396 ! 6999396000000000000 ♠ 0.396 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 50 40 ! XL Farbauti ♣ Farbauti / fɑːrˈbaʊti / 0005 ! ≈ 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 00000000009 ! ≈ 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 19984 ! 7007199848000000000 ♠ 19 984 800 1054 ! 2996894521999999999 ♠ − 1054. 78 1583 ! 158.361 ° 209 ! 6999209000000000000 ♠ 0.209 Norse ( Skathi ) group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 51 30 ! XXX Thrymr ♣ Thrymr / ˈθrɪmər / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 20278 ! 7007202781000000000 ♠ 20 278 100 1078 ! 2996892191000000000 ♠ − 1078. 09 1745 ! 174.524 ° 453 ! 6999453000000000000 ♠ 0.453 Norse group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 52 36 ! XXXVI Aegir ♣ Aegir / ˈaɪ. ɪər / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 20482 ! 7007204829000000000 ♠ 20 482 900 1094 ! 2996890554000000000 ♠ − 1094. 46 1674 ! 167.425 ° 237 ! 6999237000000000000 ♠ 0.237 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 53 S / 2007B ♣ S / 2007 S 3 -- 0005 ! ≈ 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 00000000009 ! ≈ 6998900000000000000 ♠ 0.09 20518 ! 7007205185000000000 ♠ 20 518 500 1100 ! ≈ 2996890000000000000 ♠ − 1100 1772 ! 177.22 ° 130 ! 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.130 Norse group 2007 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 54 39 ! XXXIX Bestla ♣ Bestla / ˈbɛstlə / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 20570 ! 7007205700000000000 ♠ 20 570 000 1101 ! 2996889854999999999 ♠ − 1101. 45 1473 ! 147.395 ° 51.45 ! 6999514499999999999 ♠ 0.5145 Norse ( Narvi ) group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 55 S / 2007C ♣ S / 2004 S 7 -- 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 20576 ! 7007205767000000000 ♠ 20 576 700 1102 ! 2996889801000000000 ♠ − 1101. 99 1655 ! 165.596 ° 5299 ! 6999529900000000000 ♠ 0.5299 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 56 S / 7003200600000000000 ♠ 2006 ♣ S / 2006 S 3 -- 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 21076 ! 7007210763000000000 ♠ 21 076 300 1142 ! 2996885763000000000 ♠ − 1142. 37 1508 ! 150.817 ° 4710 ! 6999471000000000000 ♠ 0.4710 Norse ( Skathi ) group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 57 41 ! XLI Fenrir ♣ Fenrir / ˈfɛnrɪər / 0004 ! ≈ 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 00000000005 ! ≈ 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 21930 ! 7007219306440000000 ♠ 21 930 644 1212 ! 2996878746999999999 ♠ − 1212. 53 1628 ! 162.832 ° 131 ! 6999131000000000000 ♠ 0.131 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 58 48 ! XLVIII Surtur ♣ Surtur / ˈsɜːrtər / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 22288 ! 7007222889160000000 ♠ 22 288 916 1242 ! 2996875764000000000 ♠ − 1242. 36 1669 ! 166.918 ° 3680 ! 6999368000000000000 ♠ 0.3680 Norse group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 59 45 ! XLV Kari ♣ Kari / ˈkɑːri / 0007 ! ≈ 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 00000000023 ! ≈ 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 22321 ! 7007223212000000000 ♠ 22 321 200 1245 ! 2996875494000000000 ♠ − 1245. 06 1483 ! 148.384 ° 3405 ! 6999340500000000000 ♠ 0.3405 Norse ( Skathi ) group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 60 19 ! XIX Ymir ♣ Ymir / ˈɪmɪər / 0018 ! ≈ 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 00000000397 ! ≈ 7000397000000000000 ♠ 3.97 22429 ! 7007224296730000000 ♠ 22 429 673 1254 ! 2996874585000000000 ♠ − 1254. 15 1721 ! 172.143 ° 3349 ! 6999334900000000000 ♠ 0.3349 Norse group 2000 B. Gladman , J. Kavelaars , et al . 61 46 ! XLVI Loge ♣ Loge / ˈlɔɪ. eɪ / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 22984 ! 7007229843220000000 ♠ 22 984 322 1300 ! 2996869904999999999 ♠ − 1300. 95 1665 ! 166.539 ° 139 ! 6999139000000000000 ♠ 0.1390 Norse group 2006 S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna 62 42 ! XLII Fornjot ♣ Fornjot / ˈfɔːrnjɒt / 0006 ! ≈ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 00000000015 ! ≈ 6999150000000000000 ♠ 0.15 24504 ! 7007245048790000000 ♠ 24 504 879 1432 ! 2996856784000000000 ♠ − 1432. 16 1678 ! 167.886 ° 186 ! 6999186000000000000 ♠ 0.186 Norse group S. Sheppard , D. Jewitt , J. Kleyna Unconfirmed moons ( edit ) The following objects ( observed by Cassini ) have not been confirmed as solid bodies . It is not yet clear if these are real satellites or merely persistent clumps within the F Ring . Name Image Diameter ( km ) Semi-major axis ( km ) Orbital period ( d ) Position Discovery year S / 2004 S 6 ≈ 3 -- 5 ≈ 7005140130000000000 ♠ 140 130 + 6999618010000000000 ♠ 0.618 01 uncertain objects around the F Ring S / 2004 S 3 / S 4 ≈ 3 -- 5 ≈ 7005140300000000000 ♠ 140 300 ≈ + 6999619000000000000 ♠ 0.619 Hypothetical moons ( edit ) Two moons were claimed to be discovered by different astronomers but never seen again . Both moons were said to orbit between Titan and Hyperion . Chiron which was supposedly sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861 , but never observed by anyone else . Themis was allegedly discovered in 1905 by astronomer William Pickering , but never seen again . Nevertheless , it was included in numerous almanacs and astronomy books until the 1960s . Formation ( edit ) It is thought that the Saturnian system of Titan , mid-sized moons , and rings developed from a set - up closer to the Galilean moons of Jupiter , though the details are unclear . It has been proposed either that a second Titan - sized moon broke up , producing the rings and inner mid-sized moons , or that two large moons fused to form Titan , with the collision scattering icy debris that formed the mid-sized moons . On June 23 , 2014 , NASA claimed to have strong evidence that nitrogen in the atmosphere of Titan came from materials in the Oort cloud , associated with comets , and not from the materials that formed Saturn in earlier times . Studies based on Enceladus 's tidal - based geologic activity and the lack of evidence of extensive past resonances in Tethys , Dione , and Rhea 's orbits suggest that the moons inward of Titan may be only 100 million years old . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The mass of the rings is about the mass of Mimas , whereas the combined mass of Janus , Hyperion and Phoebe -- the most massive of the remaining moons -- is about one - third of that . The total mass of the rings and small moons is around 7019550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 × 10 kg . Jump up ^ Inktomi was once known as `` The Splat '' . Jump up ^ The photometric color may be used as a proxy for the chemical composition of satellites ' surfaces . Jump up ^ A confirmed moon is given a permanent designation by the IAU consisting of a name and a Roman numeral . The nine moons that were known before 1900 ( of which Phoebe is the only irregular ) are numbered in order of their distance from Saturn ; the rest are numbered in the order by which they received their permanent designations . Nine small moons of the Norse group and S / 2009 S 1 have not yet received a permanent designation . Jump up ^ The diameters and dimensions of the inner moons from Pan through Janus , Methone , Pallene , Telepso , Calypso , Helene , Hyperion and Phoebe were taken from Thomas 2010 , Table 3 . Diameters and dimensions of Mimas , Enceladus , Tethys , Dione , Rhea and Iapetus are from Thomas 2010 , Table 1 . The approximate sizes of other satellites are from the website of Scott Sheppard . Jump up ^ Masses of the large moons were taken from Jacobson , 2006 . Masses of Pan , Daphnis , Atlas , Prometheus , Pandora , Epimetheus , Janus , Hyperion and Phoebe were taken from Thomas , 2010 , Table 3 . Masses of other small moons were calculated assuming a density of 1.3 g / cm . ^ Jump up to : The orbital parameters were taken from Spitale , et al. 2006 , IAU - MPC Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service , and NASA / NSSDC . Jump up ^ Negative orbital periods indicate a retrograde orbit around Saturn ( opposite to the planet 's rotation ) . Jump up ^ To Saturn 's equator for the regular satellites , and to the ecliptic for the irregular satellites Jump up ^ S / 2004 S 4 was most likely a transient clump -- it has not been recovered since the first sighting . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Corum , Jonathan ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Mapping Saturn 's Moons '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration Planets Saturn : Moons : S / 2009 S1 '' . NASA . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S . `` The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page '' . Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C. & the Cassini Imaging Team ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` S / 2009 S1 '' . IAU Circular. 9091 . Jump up ^ `` Titan : Facts About Saturn 's Largest Moon '' . Jump up ^ Battersby , Stephen ( March 26 , 2008 ) . `` Saturn 's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet - like '' . New Scientist . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enceladus - Overview - Planets - NASA Solar System Exploration '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Moons '' . ^ Jump up to : Esposito , L.W. ( 2002 ) . `` Planetary rings '' . Reports On Progress In Physics. 65 ( 12 ) : 1741 -- 1783 . Bibcode : 2002RPPh ... 65.1741 E . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 65 / 12 / 201 . ^ Jump up to : Tiscareno , Matthew S. ; Burns , J.A ; Hedman , M.M ; Porco , C.C ( 2008 ) . `` The population of propellers in Saturn 's A Ring '' . Astronomical Journal . 135 ( 3 ) : 1083 -- 1091 . arXiv : 0710.4547 . Bibcode : 2008AJ ... 135.1083 T . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 135 / 3 / 1083 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Robert & Bonnell , Jerry ( March 25 , 2005 ) . `` Huygens Discovers Luna Saturni '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baalke , Ron . `` Historical Background of Saturn 's Rings ( 1655 ) '' . NASA / JPL . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Van Helden , Albert ( 1994 ) . `` Naming the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn '' ( PDF ) . The Newsletter of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society ( 32 ) : 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bond , W.C ( 1848 ) . `` Discovery of a new satellite of Saturn '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 9 : 1 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1848MNRAS ... 9 ... 1B . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 9.1. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lassell , William ( 1848 ) . `` Discovery of new satellite of Saturn '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 8 : 195 -- 197 . Bibcode : 1848MNRAS ... 8 ... 195L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 8.9. 195a . ^ Jump up to : Pickering , Edward C ( 1899 ) . `` A New Satellite of Saturn '' . Astrophysical Journal . 9 : 274 -- 276 . Bibcode : 1899ApJ ... 9 ... 274P . doi : 10.1086 / 140590 . ^ Jump up to : Fountain , John W ; Larson , Stephen M ( 1977 ) . `` A New Satellite of Saturn ? '' . Science . 197 ( 4306 ) : 915 -- 917 . Bibcode : 1977Sci ... 197 ... 915F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 197.4306. 915 . PMID 17730174 . ^ Jump up to : Uralskaya , V.S ( 1998 ) . `` Discovery of new satellites of Saturn '' . Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions . 15 : 249 -- 253 . Bibcode : 1998A&AT ... 15 ... 249U . doi : 10.1080 / 10556799808201777 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C.C. ; Baker , E. ; Barbara , J. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Cassini Imaging Science : Initial Results on Saturn 's Rings and Small Satellites '' ( PDF ) . Science . 307 ( 5713 ) : 1226 -- 36 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 307.1226 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1108056 . PMID 15731439 . Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt ( 2004 ) . `` Hints of Unseen Moons in Saturn 's Rings '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porco , C. ; The Cassini Imaging Team ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` S / 2007 S4 '' . IAU Circular. 8857 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , G.H. ; Roussos , E. ; Krupp , N. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The Dust Halo of Saturn 's Largest Icy Moon , Rhea '' . Science . 319 ( 1 ) : 1380 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 319.1380 J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1151524 . PMID 18323452 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C. ; The Cassini Imaging Team ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` S / 2008 S1 ( Aegaeon ) '' . IAU Circular. 9023 . ^ Jump up to : Platt , Jane ; Brown , Dwayne ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Cassini Images May Reveal Birth of a Saturn Moon '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jewitt , David ; Haghighipour , Nader ( 2007 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Planets : Products of Capture in the Early Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 : 261 -- 95 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703059 . Bibcode : 2007ARA&A ... 45 ... 261J . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 44.051905. 092459 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladman , Brett ; Kavelaars , J.J. ; Holman , Matthew ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Discovery of 12 satellites of Saturn exhibiting orbital clustering '' . Nature . 412 ( 6843 ) : 1631 -- 166 . doi : 10.1038 / 35084032 . PMID 11449267 . Jump up ^ David Jewitt ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` 12 New Moons For Saturn '' . University of Hawaii . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Emily Lakdawalla ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Twelve New Moons For Saturn '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Sheppard , S.S. ; Jewitt , D.C. & Kleyna , J. ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` Satellites of Saturn '' . IAU Circular. 8727 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , S.S. ; Jewitt , D.C. & Kleyna , J. ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` S / 2007 S 1 , S / 2007 S 2 , AND S / 2007 S 3 '' . IAU Circular. 8836 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Kelly ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Outer - Planet Moons Found -- and Lost '' . www.skyandtelescope.com . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , B. ; Brozović , M. ; Gladman , B. ; Alexandersen , M. ; Nicholson , P.D. ; Veillet , C. ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Irregular Satellites of the Outer Planets : Orbital Uncertainties and Astrometric Recoveries in 2009 -- 2011 '' . The Astronomical Journal . 144 ( 5 ) . Bibcode : 2012AJ ... 144 ... 132J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 144 / 5 / 132 . 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( December 2006 ) . `` The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 6 ) : 2520 -- 2526 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132.2520 J . doi : 10.1086 / 508812 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` Saturnian Satellite Fact Sheet '' . NASA ( National Space Science Data Center ) . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C.C. ; Thomas , P.C. ; Weiss , J.W. ; Richardson , D.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Saturn 's Small Inner Satellites : Clues to Their Origins '' ( pdf ) . Science . 318 ( 5856 ) : 1602 -- 1607 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1602 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1143977 . PMID 18063794 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Scott S. `` Saturn 's Known Satellites '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Small Find Near Equinox '' . NASA / JPL . August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tiscareno , Matthew S. ; Burns , Joseph A ; Hedman , Mathew M ; Porco , Carolyn C. ; Weiss , John W. ; Dones , Luke ; Richardson , Derek C. ; Murray , Carl D. ( 2006 ) . `` 100 - metre - diameter moonlets in Saturn 's A ring from observations of ' propeller ' structures '' . Nature . 440 ( 7084 ) : 648 -- 650 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 440 ... 648T . doi : 10.1038 / nature04581 . PMID 16572165 . ^ Jump up to : Sremčević , Miodrag ; Schmidt , Jürgen ; Salo , Heikki ; Seiß , Martin ; Spahn , Frank ; Albers , Nicole ( 2007 ) . `` A belt of moonlets in Saturn 's A ring '' . Nature . 449 ( 7165 ) : 1019 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 449.1019 S . doi : 10.1038 / nature06224 . PMID 17960236 . Jump up ^ Murray , Carl D. ; Beurle , Kevin ; Cooper , Nicholas J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The determination of the structure of Saturn 's F ring by nearby moonlets '' . Nature . 453 ( 7196 ) : 739 -- 744 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 453 ... 739M . doi : 10.1038 / nature06999 . PMID 18528389 . Jump up ^ Hedman , M.M. ; J.A. Burns ; M.S. Tiscareno ; C.C. Porco ; G.H. Jones ; E. Roussos ; N. Krupp ; C. Paranicas ; S. Kempf ( 2007 ) . `` The Source of Saturn 's G Ring '' ( PDF ) . Science . 317 ( 5838 ) : 653 -- 656 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 317 ... 653H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1143964 . PMID 17673659 . ^ Jump up to : Spitale , J.N. ; Jacobson , R.A. ; Porco , C.C. ; Owen , W.M. , Jr. ( 2006 ) . `` The orbits of Saturn 's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 2 ) : 692 -- 710 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132 ... 692S . doi : 10.1086 / 505206 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.C ; Burns , J.A. ; Helfenstein , P. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 190 ( 2 ) : 573 -- 584 . Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 190 ... 573T . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2007.03. 012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Jeffrey M. ; Schenk , Paul M. ; Bruesch , Lindsey S. ; Asphaug , Erik ; McKinnon , William B. ( October 2004 ) . `` Large impact features on middle - sized icy satellites '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 171 ( 2 ) : 421 -- 443 . Bibcode : 2004Icar ... 171 ... 421M . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2004.05. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C.C. ; Helfenstein , P. ; Thomas , P.C. ; Ingersoll , A.P. ; Wisdom , J. ; West , R. ; Neukum , G. ; Denk , T. ; Wagner , R. ( 10 March 2006 ) . `` Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus '' . Science . 311 ( 5766 ) : 1393 -- 1401 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 311.1393 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123013 . PMID 16527964 . Jump up ^ Pontius , D.H. ; Hill , T.W. ( 2006 ) . `` Enceladus : A significant plasma source for Saturn 's magnetosphere '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 ( A9 ) : A09214 . Bibcode : 2006JGRA ... 11109214P . doi : 10.1029 / 2006JA011674 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , R.J. ; Neukum , G. ; Stephan , K. ; Roatsch ; Wolf ; Porco ( 2009 ) . `` Stratigraphy of Tectonic Features on Saturn 's Satellite Dione Derived from Cassini ISS Camera Data '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . XL : 2142 . Bibcode : 2009LPI ... 40.2142 W . ^ Jump up to : Schenk , P.M. ; Moore , J.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Eruptive Volcanism on Saturn 's Icy Moon Dione '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . XL : 2465 . Bibcode : 2009LPI ... 40.2465 S . Jump up ^ `` Cassini Images Ring Arcs Among Saturn 's Moons ( Cassini Press Release ) '' . Ciclops.org . September 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakdawalla , E. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cassini goodies : Telesto , Janus , Prometheus , Pandora , F ring '' . Jump up ^ Matthew S. Tiscareno ; Joseph A. Burns ; Jeffrey N. Cuzzi ; Matthew M. Hedman ( 2010 ) . `` Cassini imaging search rules out rings around Rhea '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 37 ( 14 ) : L14205 . arXiv : 1008.1764 . Bibcode : 2010GeoRL ... 3714205T . doi : 10.1029 / 2010GL043663 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , R.J. ; Neukum , G. ; Giese , B. ; Roatsch ; Denk ; Wolf ; Porco ( 2008 ) . `` Geology of Saturn 's Satellite Rhea on the Basis of the High - Resolution Images from the Targeted Flyby 049 on Aug. 30 , 2007 '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXXIX : 1930 . Bibcode : 2008LPI ... 39.1930 W . Jump up ^ Schenk , Paul M. ; McKinnon , W.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Global Color Variations on Saturn 's Icy Satellites , and New Evidence for Rhea 's Ring '' . American Astronomical Society . American Astronomical Society , DPS meeting # 41 , # 3.03. 41 . Bibcode : 2009DPS ... 41.0303 S . Jump up ^ `` Rhea : Inktomi '' . USGS -- Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rhea 's Bright Splat '' . CICLOPS . June 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , Carolyn C. ; Baker , Emily ; Barbara , John ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 434 ( 7030 ) : 159 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 434 ... 159P . doi : 10.1038 / nature03436 . PMID 15758990 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ López - Puertas , Manuel ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` PAH 's in Titan 's Upper Atmosphere '' . CSIC . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyches , Preston ; Clavin , Whitney ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Titan 's Building Blocks Might Pre-date Saturn '' ( Press release ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lopes , R.M.C. ; Mitchell , K.L. ; Stofan , E.R. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Cryovolcanic features on Titan 's surface as revealed by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 186 ( 2 ) : 395 -- 412 . Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 186 ... 395L . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Lorenz , R.D. ; Wall , S. ; Radebaugh , J. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Sand Seas of Titan : Cassini RADAR Observations of Longitudinal Dunes '' . Science . 312 ( 5774 ) : 724 -- 27 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 312 ... 724L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123257 . PMID 16675695 . Jump up ^ Stofan , E.R. ; Elachi , C. ; Lunine , J.I. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The lakes of Titan '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 445 ( 7123 ) : 61 -- 64 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 445 ... 61S . doi : 10.1038 / nature05438 . PMID 17203056 . Jump up ^ `` Titan : Kraken Mare '' . USGS -- Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dyches , Preston ; Brown , Dwayne ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Ocean on Saturn Moon Could be as Salty as the Dead Sea '' . NASA . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitria , Giuseppe ; Meriggiolad , Rachele ; Hayesc , Alex ; Lefevree , Axel ; Tobiee , Gabriel ; Genovad , Antonio ; Luninec , Jonathan I. ; Zebkerg , Howard ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Shape , topography , gravity anomalies and tidal deformation of Titan '' . Icarus . 236 : 169 -- 177 . Bibcode : 2014Icar ... 236 ... 169M . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2014.03. 018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.C. ; Armstrong , J.W. ; Asmar , S.W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Hyperion 's sponge - like appearance '' . Nature . 448 ( 7149 ) : 50 -- 53 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 50T . doi : 10.1038 / nature05779 . PMID 17611535 . Jump up ^ Thomas , P.C ; Black , G.J. ; Nicholson , P.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Hyperion : Rotation , Shape , and Geology from Voyager Images '' . Icarus . 117 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 148 . Bibcode : 1995Icar ... 117 ... 128T . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1995.1147 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C.C. ; Baker , E. ; Barbarae , J. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Cassini Imaging Science : Initial Results on Phoebe and Iapetus '' . Science . 307 ( 5713 ) : 1237 -- 42 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 307.1237 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1107981 . PMID 15731440 . ^ Jump up to : Verbiscer , Anne J. ; Skrutskie , Michael F. ; Hamilton , Douglas P. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Saturn 's largest ring '' . Nature . 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 -- 1100 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461.1098 V . doi : 10.1038 / nature08515 . PMID 19812546 . Jump up ^ Denk , T. ; et al. ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Iapetus : Unique Surface Properties and a Global Color Dichotomy from Cassini Imaging '' . Science . AAAS. 327 ( 5964 ) : 435 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327 ... 435D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1177088 . PMID 20007863 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Spencer , J.R. ; Denk , T. ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Formation of Iapetus ' Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered Thermal Ice Migration '' . Science . AAAS. 327 ( 5964 ) : 432 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327 ... 432S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1177132 . PMID 20007862 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Giese , Bernd ; Neukum , Gerhard ; Roatsch , Thomas ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Topographic modeling of Phoebe using Cassini images '' ( PDF ) . Planetary and Space Science . 54 ( 12 ) : 1156 -- 66 . Bibcode : 2006P&SS ... 54.1156 G . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2006.05. 027 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service '' . IAU : Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Schlyter , Paul ( 2009 ) . `` Saturn 's Ninth and Tenth Moons '' . Views of the Solar System ( Calvin J. Hamilton ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canup , R. ( December 2010 ) . `` Origin of Saturn 's rings and inner moons by mass removal from a lost Titan - sized satellite '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 943 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 943C . doi : 10.1038 / nature09661 . PMID 21151108 . Jump up ^ E. Asphaug and A. Reufer . Middle sized moons as a consequence of Titan 's accretion . Icarus . Jump up ^ `` Moons of Saturn may be younger than the dinosaurs '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moons of Saturn . Saturn 's Known Satellites `` Simulation showing the position of Saturn 's Moon '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . `` Saturn 's Rings '' . NASA 's Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . `` Saturn 's Moons '' . Astronomy Cast episode No. 61 , includes full transcript . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Carolyn Porco . Fly me to the moons of Saturn . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . `` The Top 10 Largest Planetary Moons '' . Rotate and Spin Maps of 7 Moons at The New York Times Planetary Society blog post ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) by Emily Lakdawalla with images giving comparative sizes of the moons <Th_colspan="2"> Moons of Saturn <Td_colspan="2"> Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn . Temporary names in italics . Ring shepherds S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Co-orbitals Epimetheus Janus G Ring Aegaeon Mimas and Alkyonides Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Inner large ( with trojans ) Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Outer large Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq Siarnaq Tarqeq Norse group Phoebe Skathi S / 2007 S 2 ( ? ) Skoll S / 2004 S 13 ( ? ) Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 ( ? ) S / 2004 S 17 ( ? ) Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 ( ? ) Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 ( ? ) Bestla S / 2004 S 7 ( ? ) S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Gallic group Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos <Td_colspan="2"> Rings of Saturn Cassini -- Huygens Themis Chiron S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 In fiction <Th_colspan="3"> Saturn <Td_colspan="3"> Outline of Saturn Geography Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings Moons S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi Albiorix S / 2007 S 2 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll Siarnaq Tarqeq S / 2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 S / 2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 Bestla S / 2004 S 7 S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Astronomy Delta Octantis Saturn - crossing minor planets Exploration Cassini -- Huygens ( Huygens ) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Related Fiction Saturn Moons In Saturn 's Rings ( 2018 documentary ) <Th_colspan="3"> Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel <Td_colspan="3"> Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . <Th_colspan="2"> The Solar System <Td_colspan="2"> The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon Other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moons_of_Saturn&oldid=826184617 '' Categories : Moons of Saturn Lists of moons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with broken links to citations Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 18 : 36 . 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1. Moons of Saturn 2. Saturn's rings 3. Titan, the second-largest moon 4. Enceladus and its potential for liquid water 5. Irregular satellites and their classification

who played jason in little house on the prairie

David Friedman ( actor ) - Wikipedia David Friedman ( actor ) <Th_colspan="2"> David Friedman ( 1973 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1973 ( age 45 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1982 -- 1986 David Friedman ( born June 10 , 1973 ) is a former American child actor of the 1980s . Friedman is known for his role as Jason Carter in the Michael Landon TV series Little House on the Prairie . He retired from Hollywood at the age of 12 , went to college in the San Diego area and eventually became a marketing consultant . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1982 A Wedding on Walton 's Mountain John - Curtis Willard TV movie CHiPs Butchy Episode : `` Ice Cream Man '' Mother 's Day on Walton 's Mountain John - Curtis Willard TV movie Young Doctors in Love Young Simon Feature film A Day for Thanks on Walton 's Mountain John - Curtis Willard TV movie Missing Children : A Mother 's Story Tom Junior TV movie 1982 -- 1983 Little House : A New Beginning Jason Carter 18 Episodes Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Drama ( 1982 , 1983 ) Little House : Look Back to Yesterday Jason Carter TV movie 1984 Little House : The Last Farewell Jason Carter TV movie Mama 's Family Little Vint Harper Episode : `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Guest in a Television Series The Burning Bed Jimmy ( age 10 ) TV movie Little House : Bless All the Dear Children Jason Carter TV movie 1985 The New Leave It to Beaver Gladiator # 1 Episode : `` The Gladiators '' Highway to Heaven Kevin Episode : `` Popcorn , Peanuts and CrackerJacks '' 1986 Mr. Belvedere Dennis Episode : `` Wesley 's Friend '' Amazing Stories Jonathan ( age 12 ) Episode : `` Gather Ye Acorns '' St. Elsewhere Terence O'Casey ( age 10 ) Episode : `` Time Heals : Part 2 '' External links ( edit ) David Friedman on IMDb Young Artist Awards LCCN : nr2006031463 VIAF : 29498079 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1970s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Friedman_(actor)&oldid=845302243 '' Categories : 1973 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male child actors People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Male actors from California American film actor , 1970s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 21 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. David Friedman - American child actor of the 1980s 2. Little House on the Prairie - TV series featuring David Friedman 3. Filmography of David Friedman 4. Retirement from Hollywood and career transition 5. Awards and recognition for David Friedman's acting work

what was the sixth creation according to the bundahishn text

Bundahishn - wikipedia Bundahishn Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Zoroastrianism Atar ( fire ) , a primary symbol of Zoroastrianism Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra aša ( asha ) / arta Persia / Iran Faravahar Angels and demons Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture and worship Avesta Gathas Yasna Vendidad Visperad Yashts Khordeh Avesta Ab - Zohr The Ahuna Vairya Invocation Fire Temples Accounts and legends Dēnkard Bundahišn Book of Arda Viraf Book of Jamasp Story of Sanjan Chinvat Bridge Zoroastrian cosmology History and culture Zurvanism Mazdakism Calendar Festivals Marriage Burial Eschatology Adherents Zoroastrians in India Zoroastrians in Iran Parsis Zoroastrianism in the United States Iranis Persecution of Zoroastrians Zoroastrianism portal Bundahishn , meaning `` Primal Creation '' , is the name traditionally given to an encyclopediaic collection of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology written in Book Pahlavi . The original name of the work is not known . Although the Bundahishn draws on the Avesta and develops ideas alluded to in those texts , it is not itself scripture . The content reflects Zoroastrian scripture , which , in turn , reflects both ancient Zoroastrian and pre-Zoroastrian beliefs . In some cases , the text alludes to contingencies of post-7th century Islam in Iran , and in yet other cases , such as the idea that the Moon is farther than the stars , it reiterates scripture even though science had , by then , determined otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Content 3 Zoroastrian astronomy 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The traditionally given name seems to be an adoption of the sixth word from the first sentence of the younger of the two recensions . The older of the two recensions has a different first line , and the first translation of that version adopted the name Zand - Ākāsīh , meaning `` Zand - knowing '' , from the first two words of its first sentence . Most of the chapters of the compendium date to the 8th and 9th centuries , roughly contemporary with the oldest portions of the Denkard , which is another significant text of the `` Pahlavi '' ( i.e. Zoroastrian Middle Persian ) collection . The later chapters are several centuries younger than the oldest ones . The oldest existing copy dates to the mid-16th century . The Bundahishn survives in two recensions . A shorter was found in India , and is thus known as the Lesser Bundahishn , or Indian Bundahishn . A copy of this version was brought to Europe by Abraham Anquetil - Duperron in 1762 . A longer version was brought to India from Iran by T.D. Anklesaria around 1870 , and is thus known as the Greater Bundahishn or Iranian Bundahishn or just Bundahishn . The greater recension ( the name of which is abbreviated GBd or just Bd ) is about twice as long as the lesser ( abbreviated IBd ) . The two recensions derive from different manuscript traditions , and in the portions available in both sources , vary ( slightly ) in content . The greater recension is also the older of the two , and was dated by West to around 1540 . The lesser recension dates from about 1734 . Traditionally , chapter - verse pointers are in Arabic numerals for the lesser recension , and Roman numerals for the greater recension . The two series ' are not synchronous since the lesser recension was analyzed ( by Duperrron in 1771 ) before the extent of the greater recension was known . The chapter order is also different . Content ( edit ) The Bundahishn is the concise view of the Zoroastrianism 's creation myth , and of the first battles of the forces of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu for the hegemony of the world . According to the text , in the first 3,000 years of the cosmic year , Ahura Mazda created the Fravashis and conceived the idea of his would - be creation . He used the insensible and motionless Void as a weapon against Angra Mainyu , and at the end of that period , Angra Mainyu was forced to submission and fell into a stupor for the next 3,000 years . Taking advantage of Angra Mainyu 's absence , Ahura Mazda created the Amesha Spentas ( Bounteous Immortals ) , representing the primordial elements of the material world , and permeated his kingdom with Ard ( Asha ) , `` Truth '' in order to prevent Angra Mainyu from destroying it . The Bundahishn finally recounts the creation of the primordial bovine , Ewagdad ( Avestan Gavaevodata ) , and Gayomard ( Avestan Gayomaretan ) , the primordial human . Following MacKenzie , the following chapter names in quotation marks reflect the original titles . Those without quotation marks are summaries of chapters that have no title . The chapter / section numbering scheme is based on that of B.T. Anklesaria for the greater recension , and that of West for the lesser recension . The chapter numbers for the greater recension are in the first column and in Roman numerals , and the chapter numbers for the lesser recension are in the second column , and are noted in Arabic numerals and in parenthesis . I . ( 1 ) The primal creation of Ohrmazd and the onslaught of the Evil Spirit . I A . n / a `` On the material creation of the creatures . '' II . ( 2 ) `` On the fashioning forth of the lights . '' III . n / a `` On the reason for the creation of the creatures , for doing battle . '' IV . ( 3 ) `` On the running of the Adversary against the creatures . '' IV A . ( 4 ) The death of the Sole - created Bovine . V . ( 5 ) `` On the opposition of the two Spirits . '' V A . n / a `` On the horoscope of the world , how it happened . '' V B . n / a The planets . VI . n / a `` On the doing battle of the creations of the world against the Evil Spirit . '' VI A . ( 6 ) `` The first battle the Spirit of the Sky did with the Evil Spirit . '' VI B ( 7 ) `` The second battle the Water did . '' VI C . ( 8 ) `` The third battle the Earth did . '' VI D . ( 9 ) `` The fourth battle the Plant did . '' VI E . ( 10 ) `` The fifth battle the Sole - created Ox did . '' VI F . n / a `` The sixth battle Gayōmard did . '' VI G . n / a `` The seventh battle the Fire did . '' VI H . n / a `` The 8th battle the fixed stars did . '' VI I . n / a `` The 9th battle the spiritual gods did with the Evil Spirit . '' VI J . n / a `` The 10th battle the stars unaffected by the Mixing did . '' VII . n / a `` On the form of those creations . '' VIII . ( 11 ) `` On the nature of the lands . '' IX . ( 12 ) `` On the nature of the mountains . '' X . ( 13 ) `` On the nature of the seas . '' XI . ( 20 ) `` On the nature of the rivers . '' XI A . ( 20 ) `` On particular rivers . '' XI B . ( 21 ) The seventeen kinds of `` water '' ( of liquid ) . XI C . ( 21 ) The dissatisfaction of the Arang , Marv , and Helmand rivers . XII . ( 22 ) `` On the nature of the lakes . '' XIII . ( 14 ) `` On the nature of the 5 kinds of animal . '' XIV . ( 15 ) `` On the nature of men . '' XIV A . n / a `` On the nature of women . '' XIV B . ( 23 ) On negroes . XV . ( 16 ) `` On the nature of births of all kinds . '' XV A . ( 16 ) Other kinds of reproduction . XVI . ( 27 ) `` On the nature of plants . '' XVI A . ( 27 ) On flowers . XVII . ( 24 ) `` On the chieftains of men and animals and every single thing . '' XVII A . n / a On the inequality of beings . XVIII . ( 17 ) `` On the nature of fire . '' XIX . n / a `` On the nature of sleep . '' XIX A . n / a The independence of earth , water , and plants from effort and rest . XX . n / a On sounds . XXI . n / a `` On the nature of wind , cloud , and rain . '' XXII . n / a `` On the nature of the noxious creatures . '' XXIII . n / a `` On the nature of the species of wolf . '' XXIV . ( 18 - 19 ) `` On various things , in what manner they were created and the opposition which befell them . '' XXIV . A-C. ( 18 ) The Gōkarn tree , the Wās ī Paṇčāsadwarān ( fish ) , the Tree of many seeds . XXIV . D-U. ( 19 ) The three - legged ass , the ox Haδayãš , the bird Čamroš , the bird Karšift , the bird Ašōzušt , the utility of other beasts and birds , the white falcon , the Kāskēn bird , the vulture , dogs , the fox , the weasel , the rat , the hedgehog , the beaver , the eagle , the Arab horse , the cock . XXV . ( 25 ) `` On the religious year . '' XXVI . n / a `` On the great activity of the spiritual gods . '' XXVII . ( 28 ) `` On the evil - doing of Ahreman and the demons . '' XXVIII . n / a `` On the body of men as the measure of the world ( microcosm ) . '' XXIX . ( 29 ) `` On the chieftainship of the continents . '' XXX . n / a `` On the Činwad bridge and the souls of the departed . '' XXXI . n / a `` On particular lands of Ērānšahr , the abode of the Kays . '' XXXII . n / a `` On the abodes which the Kays made with splendor , which are called wonders and marvels . '' XXXIII . n / a `` On the afflictions which befell Ērānšahr in each millennium . '' XXXIV . ( 30 ) `` On the resurrection of the dead and the Final Body . '' XXXV . ( 31 - 32 ) `` On the stock and the offspring of the Kays . '' XXXV A . ( 33 ) `` The family of the Mobads . '' XXXVI . ( 34 ) `` On the years of the heroes in the time of 12,000 years . '' Zoroastrian astronomy ( edit ) Excerpt from Chapter 2 : - On the formation of the luminaries . 1 . Ohrmazd produced illumination between the sky and the earth , the constellation stars and those also not of the constellations , then the moon , and afterwards the sun , as I shall relate . 2 . First he produced the celestial sphere , and the constellation stars are assigned to it by him ; especially these twelve whose names are Varak ( the Lamb ) , Tora ( the Bull ) , Do - patkar ( the Two - figures or Gemini ) , Kalachang ( the Crab ) , Sher ( the Lion ) , Khushak ( Virgo ) , Tarazhuk ( the Balance ) , Gazdum ( the Scorpion ) , Nimasp ( the Centaur or Sagittarius ) , Vahik ( Capricorn ) , Dul ( the Water - pot ) , and Mahik ( the Fish ) ; 3 . which , from their original creation , were divided into the twenty - eight subdivisions of the astronomers , of which the names are Padevar , Pesh - Parviz , Parviz , Paha , Avesar , Beshn , Rakhvad , Taraha , Avra , Nahn , Miyan , Avdem , Mashaha , Spur , Husru , Srob , Nur , Gel , Garafsha Varant , Gau , Goi , Muru , Bunda , Kahtsar , Vaht , Miyan , Kaht . 4 . And all his original creations , residing in the world , are committed to them ; so that when the destroyer arrives they overcome the adversary and their own persecution , and the creatures are saved from those adversities . 5 . As a specimen of a warlike army , which is destined for battle , they have ordained every single constellation of those 6480 thousand small stars as assistance ; and among those constellations four chieftains , appointed on the four sides , are leaders . 6 . On the recommendation of those chieftains the many unnumbered stars are specially assigned to the various quarters and various places , as the united strength and appointed power of those constellations . 7 . As it is said that Tishtar is the chieftain of the east , Sataves the chieftain of the west , Vanand the chieftain of the south , and Haptoring the chieftain of the north . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Hale , Pahlavi , in `` The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas '' , Published by Cambridge University Press , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 68494 - 3 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , David Neil ( 1990 ) , `` Bundahišn '' , Encyclopedia Iranica , 4 , Costa Mesa : Mazda , pp. 547 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Anklesaria , Behramgore Tehmuras , trans. , ed. ( 1956 ) , Zand - Ākāsīh , Iranian or Greater Bundahišn . Transliteration and Translation in English , Bombay CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Jump up ^ West , Edward William , trans . ed. ( 1897 ) , Max Müller , ed. , The Bundahishn , Sacred Books of the East , 5 , Oxford : OUP CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . Further reading ( edit ) Boyce , Mary ( 1968 ) , Middle Persian Literature , Handbuch der Orientalistik 1. , Abt. , IV . Band , 2 . Abschn. 1 , Leiden : Brill , pp. 40 -- 41 . Kassock , Zeke J.V. , ( 2013 ) , The Greater Iranian Bundahishn : A Pahlavi Student 's 2013 Guide , ISBN 978 - 1481013994 A translation of the Iranian or Greater Bundahišn by Anklesaria , Behramgore Tehmuras ( 1956 ) at Avesta.org A modern transcription of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi at TITUS An edition of the Indian Bundahishn in the original Pahlavi , with German translation , by Ferdinand Justi ( 1868 ) at the Internet Archive An edition of the Pahlavi text from 1908 , edited by Ervad Tahmuras Dinshaji Anklesaria External links ( edit ) The Bundahishn ( HTML format ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Zoroastrian literature Avestan Khordeh Avesta Yasna Visperad Vendidad Gathas Chihrdad Yasht Middle Persian / Pahlavi Book of Arda Viraf Bundahishn Dadestan - i Denig Menog - i Khrad Letter of Tansar Denkard Frahang - i Pahlavig Frahang - i Oim - evak Dana - i Menog Khrat Shikand - gumanig Vizar Other Sad - dar Jamasp Namag Dasatir - i - Asmani <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bundahishn&oldid=815000996 '' Categories : Middle Persian literature Zoroastrian texts Persian encyclopedias Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing pronunciation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 日本 語 Norsk Português Svenska Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 10 . 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1. Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology 2. Creation myth in Zoroastrianism 3. Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu 4. Zoroastrian scripture and beliefs 5. Zoroastrian astronomy

what was the controversy surrounding the election of 1824

Corrupt bargain - wikipedia Corrupt bargain Jump to : navigation , search The term corrupt bargain refers to three historic incidents in American history in which political agreement was determined by congressional or presidential actions that many viewed to be corrupt from different standpoints . Two of these involved the resolution of indeterminate or disputed electoral votes from the United States presidential election process , and the third involved the disputed use of a presidential pardon . In all three cases , the president so elevated served a single term , or singular vacancy , and either did not run again , or was not reelected when he ran . In the 1824 election , without an absolute majority in the Electoral College , the 12th Amendment dictated that the Presidential election be sent to the House of Representatives , whose Speaker and candidate in his own right , Henry Clay , gave his support to John Quincy Adams , and was then selected to be his Secretary of State . In the 1876 election , accusations of corruption stemmed from officials involved in counting the necessary and hotly contested electoral votes of both sides , in which Rutherford B. Hayes was elected by a congressional commission . The most recent incident widely described as a `` corrupt bargain '' was Gerald Ford 's 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon , following the resignation of the disgraced former president . The critics claim that Ford 's pardon was a quid pro quo for Nixon 's resignation , which elevated Ford to the presidency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Election of 1824 2 Election of 1876 3 Ford 's 1974 Nixon pardon 4 See also 5 References Election of 1824 ( edit ) Votes in the Electoral College , 1824 The voting by state in the House of Representatives , 1825 . Note that all of Clay 's states voted for Adams . After the votes were counted in the U.S. presidential election of 1824 , no candidate had received the majority needed of the Presidential Electoral votes ( although Andrew Jackson had the most ) , thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives . There were four candidates on the ballot : John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay , Andrew Jackson , and William H. Crawford . Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment , however , only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates , leaving out Henry Clay . To the surprise of many , the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson . It was widely believed that Clay , the Speaker of the House at the time , convinced Congress to elect Adams , who then made Clay his Secretary of State . Jackson 's supporters denounced this as a `` corrupt bargain . '' The `` corrupt bargain '' that placed Adams in the White House and Clay in the State Department launched a four - year campaign of revenge by the friends of Andrew Jackson . Claiming the people had been cheated of their choice , Jacksonians attacked the Adams administration at every turn as illegitimate and tainted by aristocracy and corruption . Adams aided his own defeat by failing to rein in the pork barrel frenzy sparked by the General Survey Act . Jackson 's attack on the national blueprint put forward by Adams and Clay won support from Old Republicans and market liberals , the latter of which increasingly argued that Congressional involvement in internal improvements was an open invitation to special interests and political logrolling . A 1998 analysis using game theory mathematics argued that , contrary to the assertions of Jackson , his supporters , and countless historians since , the results of the election were consistent with so - called `` sincere voting '' -- that is , those Members of the House of Representatives who were unable to cast votes for their most - favored candidate apparently voted for their second - ( or third - ) most - favored candidate . Regardless of the various theories concerning the matter , John Quincy Adams was a one - term President , and his rival , Jackson , was elected President by a large majority of the Electors in the election of 1828 and then a second term in the election of 1832 . Election of 1876 ( edit ) Main article : Compromise of 1877 The presidential election of 1876 is sometimes considered to be a second `` corrupt bargain . '' Three Southern states had contested vote counts , and each sent the results of two different slates of electors . Since both candidates needed those electoral votes to win the election , Congress appointed a special Electoral Commission to settle the dispute over which slates of electors to accept . After the commission awarded all the disputed electoral votes to the Republican candidate , Rutherford B. Hayes , and Congress voted to accept their report , some dissatisfied Democrats claimed that Hayes or his supporters had made a secret compromise to secure the support of some Congressional Democrats . Most of the items in this alleged `` Compromise of 1877 '' were either never acted on ( calling into question whether they were ever agreed to ) or had already been the established position of Hayes from the time of his accepting the Republican nomination ( hence not a sudden `` compromise '' at all ) . Hayes 's detractors labeled the alleged compromise a `` Corrupt Bargain '' and mocked him with the nickname `` Rutherfraud . '' The most often cited item in the `` compromise '' was the agreement to accept Southern `` home rule , '' withdrawing the remaining Northern troops from Southern capitals . This would remove an important tool the federal government had used to enforce that the South would uphold the 13th , 14th and 15th amendments , which were intended to protect the rights of African - Americans , particularly their right to vote . Generally , political support for maintaining these troops had dissipated during Grant 's second term , and Hayes had little choice but to accept some form of `` home rule . '' He attempted to do so , as stated in his nomination acceptance letter , by gaining promises from Southern states that they would respect the rights , and especially the voting rights , of the freedmen . On the other political side , the Democratic platform of Samuel Tilden , also promised removal of troops , but with no mention of any attempts to guarantee the freedmen 's rights . For a time Hayes 's approach had some success , but gradually Southern states moved to build new barriers to their right to vote . Ford 's 1974 Nixon pardon ( edit ) Main article : Pardon of Richard Nixon Gerald Ford 's 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon was widely described as a `` corrupt bargain '' by critics of the disgraced former president . These critics claimed that Ford 's pardon was quid pro quo for Nixon 's resignation , which elevated Ford to the presidency . The most public example of these critics was then - Representative Elizabeth Holtzman , who , as the lowest ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee , was the only congressperson to explicitly ask whether the pardon was a quid pro quo . Ford cut Holtzman off , declaring , `` There was no deal , period , under no circumstances . '' See also ( edit ) Smoke - filled room References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.270towin.com/1824_Election/ Jump up ^ `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives : The Controversial Election was Denounced as ' The Corrupt Bargain ' '' , Robert McNamara , About.com Jump up ^ Stenberg , R.R. ( 1934 ) . `` Jackson , Buchanan , and the `` Corrupt Bargain '' Calumny `` . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 58 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 20086857 . Jump up ^ Book review of John Lauritz Larson 's Internal Improvement : National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jeffrey ; Sala , Brian ( 1998 ) . `` The Spatial Theory of Voting and the Presidential Election of 1824 '' . American Journal of Political Science . Midwest Political Science Association . 42 ( 4 ) : 1157 -- 1179 . doi : 10.2307 / 2991853 . JSTOR 2991853 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2000 much like Election 1876 '' Archived 2011 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Wes Allison , St. Petersburg Times , November 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ J. Michael Martinez ( 2007 ) . Carpetbaggers , Cavalry , and the Ku Klux Klan : Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction ( The American Crisis Series : Books on the Civil War Era ) . Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5078 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` A pill too bitter to swallow '' , guardian.co.uk , Sunday November 12 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` For Ford , Pardon Decision Was Always Clear - Cut '' The New York Times , December 29 , 2006 <Th_colspan="2"> John Quincy Adams <Td_colspan="2"> United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot <Td_colspan="2"> ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrupt_bargain&oldid=838060488 '' Categories : Political history of the United States Political terminology of the United States Political controversies in the United States United States presidential election , 1824 United States presidential election , 1876 Watergate scandal Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 39 . 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1. Corrupt bargain incidents in American history 2. Presidential election of 1824 and the "corrupt bargain" 3. Presidential election of 1876 and the "corrupt bargain" 4. Gerald Ford's 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon as a "corrupt bargain" 5. Political controversies and corruption in American politics

where does the amazon river water come from

Amazon river - wikipedia Amazon river Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="2"> The Amazon River ( Amazonas ) <Td_colspan="2"> Apurímac , Ene , Tambo , Ucayali , Solimões <Td_colspan="2"> River <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon River near Indiana , Peru Countries Brazil , Colombia , Peru <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tributaries - left Marañón , Japurá / Caquetá , Rio Negro / Guainía , Putumayo - right Ucayali , Purús , Madeira , Tapajós , Xingu City Iquitos ( Peru ) ; Leticia ( Colombia ) ; Tabatinga ( Brazil ) ; Tefé ( Brazil ) ; Itacoatiara ( Brazil ) Parintins ( Brazil ) ; Óbidos ( Brazil ) ; Santarém ( Brazil ) ; Almeirim ( Brazil ) ; Macapá ( Brazil ) ; Manaus ( Brazil ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Source Rio Mantaro - location Huancayo , Huancayo Province , Peru - elevation 5,220 m ( 17,126 ft ) - coordinates 10 ° 43 ′ 55 '' S 76 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W  /  10.73194 ° S 76.64778 ° W  / - 10.73194 ; - 76.64778 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W  / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 Coordinates : 0 ° 42 ′ 28 '' N 50 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  0.70778 ° N 50.08944 ° W  / 0.70778 ; - 50.08944 <Td_colspan="2"> Length 6,992.6 km ( 4,345 mi ) Basin 7,050,000 km ( 2,722,000 sq mi ) Discharge - average 209,000 m / s ( 7,381,000 cu ft / s ) - max 340,000 m / s ( 12,007,000 cu ft / s ) - min 180,000 m / s ( 6,357,000 cu ft / s ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon River and its drainage basin Topography of the Amazon River Basin The Amazon River , usually abbreviated to The Amazon ( US : / ˈæməzɒn / or UK : / ˈæməzən / ; Spanish and Portuguese : Amazonas ) , in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world , and either the longest or second longest . The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon 's most distant source , until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru . The Mantaro and Apurímac join , and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River , which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos , Peru , to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon . Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters ( Portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus , the river 's largest city . At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ; 209,000,000 L / s ; 55,000,000 USgal / s ) -- approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres per annum ( 1,581 cu mi / a ) , greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined -- the Amazon represents 20 % of the global riverine discharge to the ocean . The Amazon basin is the largest drainage basin in the world , with an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,720,000 sq mi ) . The portion of the river 's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river 's basin . The Amazon enters Brazil with only one - fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean , yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 1.2 European discovery 1.3 Exploration 1.4 Scientific exploration 1.5 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement 1.6 20th - century development 2 Course 2.1 Origins 2.2 The Upper Amazon or Solimões 2.3 The Lower Amazon 2.4 Mouth 2.5 Dispute regarding length 3 Watershed 3.1 Flooding 4 Geology 5 Protected areas 6 Flora and fauna 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna 6.2. 1 Mammals 6.2. 2 Birds 6.2. 3 Reptiles 6.2. 4 Fish 6.2. 5 Butterflies 6.2. 6 Microbiota 7 Major tributaries 7.1 List by length 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Amazon history Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) The Jivaro people were famous for their head - hunting raids and shrinking the heads from these raids . During what many archaeologists call the formative stage , Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of South America 's highland agrarian systems . The trade with Andean civilisations in the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes , formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of the higher altitude civilisations of among others the Muisca and Incas . Early human settlements were typically based on low - lying hills or mounds . Shell mounds were the earliest evidences of habitation ; they represent piles of human refuse and are mainly dated between 7500 and 4000 years BP . They are associated with ceramic age cultures ; no preceramic shell mounds have been documented so far by archaeologists . Artificial earth platforms for entire villages are the second type of mounds . They are best represented by the Marajoara culture . Figurative mounds are the most recent types of occupation . There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies , mainly chiefdoms who developed large towns and cities . Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541 , more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon . These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations . For instance , pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people . In order to achieve this level of development , the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest 's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire . Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously , the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients . This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio ( `` indian dark earth '' ) . Because of the terra preta , indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large - scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures . Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago . Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin . Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare . James Stuart Olson wrote : `` The Munduruku expansion dislocated and displaced the Kawahíb , breaking the tribe down into much smaller groups ... ( Munduruku ) first came to the attention of Europeans in 1770 when they began a series of widespread attacks on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River . '' European discovery ( edit ) Amazon tributaries near Manaus In March 1500 , Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first documented European to sail up the Amazon River . Pinzón called the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce , later shortened to Mar Dulce , literally , sweet sea , because of its fresh water pushing out into the ocean . Another Spanish explorer , Francisco de Orellana , was the first European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins , situated in the Andes , to the mouth of the river . In this journey , Orellana baptised some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro , Napo and Jurua . The name Amazonas is taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition , mostly women , that reminded De Orellana of the mythical female Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece . Exploration ( edit ) Samuel Fritz 's 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco Native Mundurukú Painting by Hercules Florence Gonzalo Pizarro set off in 1541 to explore east of Quito into the South American interior in search of El Dorado , the `` city of gold '' and La Canela , the `` valley of cinnamon '' . He was accompanied by his second - in - command Francisco de Orellana . After 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) , the Coca River joined the Napo River ( at a point now known as Puerto Francisco de Orellana ) ; the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence . They continued downriver through an uninhabited area , where they could not find food . Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River , then known as Río de la Canela ( `` Cinnamon River '' ) and return with food for the party . Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola , they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north . De Orellana took about 57 men , the boat , and some canoes and left Pizarro 's troops on 26 December 1541 . However , De Orellana apparently missed the confluence ( probably with the Aguarico ) where he was searching supplies for his men . By the time he and his men reached another village , many of them were sick from hunger and eating `` noxious plants '' , and near death . Seven men died at that village . His men threatened to mutiny if he followed his orders and the expedition turned back to join Pizarro 's larger party . He accepted to change the purpose of the expedition to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain , and the men built a larger boat in which to navigate downstream . After a journey of 600 km down the Napo River they reached a further major confluence , at a point near modern Iquitos , and then followed the upper Amazon , now known as the Solimões , for a further 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) to its confluence with the Rio Negro ( near modern Manaus ) , which they reached on 3 June 1542 . On the Nhamunda River , a tributary of the Amazon downstream from Manaus , Orellana 's party had a fierce battle with warriors who , they reported , were led by fierce female warriors who beat the men to death with clubs if they tried to retreat . Orellana 's men began referring to the women as Amazons , a reference to the tribe of women warriors from Greek mythology . The river was initially known as the Marañón ( the name by which the Peruvian part of the river is still known today ) or Rio de Orellana . It later became known as the Rio Amazonas , the name by which it is still known in both Spanish and Portuguese . Regarding the initial mission of finding cinnamon , Pizarro reported to the king that they had found cinnamon trees , but that they could not be profitably harvested . In fact , true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) is not native to South America . Other related cinnamon - containing plants ( of the family Lauraceae ) are fairly common in that part of the Amazon and Pizarro probably saw some of these . The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542 , demonstrating the practical navigability of the Great River . In 1560 another Spanish conquistador , Lope de Aguirre , may have made the second descent of the Amazon . Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the Orinoco River , which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north . Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira was the first European to travel up the entire river . He arrived in Quito in 1637 , and returned via the same route . From 1648 to 1652 , Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an expedition from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon , investigating many of its tributaries , including the Rio Negro , and covering a distance of more than 10,000 km ( 6,214 mi ) . In what is currently Brazil , Ecuador , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , and Venezuela , a number of colonial and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for the purpose of trade , slaving and evangelisation among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest , such as the Urarina . In the late 1600s Spanish Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz , apostle of the Omaguas , established some forty mission villages . Scientific exploration ( edit ) Henry Walter Bates was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon ( 1848 -- 1859 ) . Early scientific , zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century . Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743 . Alexander von Humboldt , 1799 -- 1804 Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius , 1817 -- 1820 Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace , 1848 -- 1859 Post-colonial exploitation and settlement ( edit ) Amazonas state Amazon Theatre opera house in Manaus built in 1896 during the rubber boom This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cabanagem revolt ( 1835 -- 1840 ) was directed against the white ruling class . It is estimated that from 30 to 40 % of the population of Grão - Pará , estimated at 100,000 people , died . The total population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000 , of whom about two - thirds were Europeans and slaves , the slaves amounting to about 25,000 . The Brazilian Amazon 's principal commercial city , Pará ( now Belém ) , had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants , including slaves . The town of Manáos , now Manaus , at the mouth of the Rio Negro , had a population between 1,000 and 1,500 . All the remaining villages , as far up as Tabatinga , on the Brazilian frontier of Peru , were relatively small . On 6 September 1850 , Emperor Pedro II of Brazil sanctioned a law authorising steam navigation on the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá ( Irineu Evangelista de Sousa ) the task of putting it into effect . He organised the `` Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas '' in Rio de Janeiro in 1852 ; in the following year it commenced operations with four small steamers , the Monarca ( ' Monarch ' ) , the Cametá , the Marajó and the Rio Negro . At first , navigation was principally confined to the main river ; and even in 1857 a modification of the government contract only obliged the company to a monthly service between Pará and Manaus , with steamers of 200 tons cargo capacity , a second line to make six round voyages a year between Manaus and Tabatinga , and a third , two trips a month between Pará and Cametá . This was the first step in opening up the vast interior . The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon , and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira , Purús and Negro ; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus ; and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller streams . In that same period , the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet . Meanwhile , private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries . On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil , constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the upper Amazon basin , especially Peru , decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries , but they limited this to certain defined points : Tabatinga -- on the Amazon ; Cametá -- on the Tocantins ; Santarém -- on the Tapajós ; Borba -- on the Madeira , and Manaus -- on the Rio Negro . The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867 . Thanks in part to the mercantile development associated with steamboat navigation coupled with the internationally driven demand for natural rubber , the Peruvian city of Iquitos became a thriving , cosmopolitan centre of commerce . Foreign companies settled in Iquitos , from whence they controlled the extraction of rubber . In 1851 Iquitos had a population of 200 , and by 1900 its population reached 20,000 . In the 1860s , approximately 3,000 tons of rubber were being exported annually , and by 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 tons , representing 9.3 % of Peru 's exports . During the rubber boom it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants , such as typhus and malaria , killed 40,000 native Amazonians . The first direct foreign trade with Manaus commenced around 1874 . Local trade along the river was carried on by the English successors to the Amazonas Company -- the Amazon Steam Navigation Company -- as well as numerous small steamboats , belonging to companies and firms engaged in the rubber trade , navigating the Negro , Madeira , Purús and many other tributaries , such as the Marañón , to ports as distant as Nauta , Peru . By the turn of the 20th century , the exports of the Amazon basin were India - rubber , cacao beans , Brazil nuts and a few other products of minor importance , such as pelts and exotic forest produce ( resins , barks , woven hammocks , prized bird feathers , live animals ) and extracted goods , such as lumber and gold . 20th - century development ( edit ) Manaus , the largest city in Amazonas , as seen from a NASA satellite image , surrounded by the dark Rio Negro and the muddy Amazon River Floating houses in Leticia , Colombia Since colonial times , the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases . Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river , the total cultivated area in its basin was probably less than 65 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , excluding the limited and crudely cultivated areas among the mountains at its extreme headwaters . This situation changed dramatically during the 20th century . Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation 's resources , Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior , away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land . The original architect of this expansion was president Getúlio Vargas , with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive . In the 1960s , economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the `` economic miracle '' occurring at the time . This resulted in the development of `` Operation Amazon '' , an economic development project that brought large scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia . This was done through a combination of credit and fiscal incentives . However , in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Programme . A large - scale colonisation programme saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the `` land without people '' in the Amazon Basin . This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly the Trans - Amazonian Highway ( Transamazônica ) . The Trans - Amazonian Highway 's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise . Large portions of the Trans - Amazonian and its accessory roads , such as BR - 319 ( Manaus - Porto Velho ) , are derelict and impassable in the rainy season . Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest , and because its vegetation is so dense , some remote areas are still unexplored . Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Programme however the programme failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem . This , although the government believed it could sustain millions , instead could sustain very few . With a population of 1.9 million people in 2014 , Manaus is the largest city on the Amazon . Manaus alone makes up approximately 50 % of the population of the largest Brazilian state of Amazonas . The racial makeup of the city is 64 % pardo ( mulatto and mestizo ) and 32 % white . Although the Amazon river remains largely undammed , around 412 dams are in operation in the Amazon 's tributary rivers . From these 412 dams , 151 are constructed over six of the main tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon . Since only four percent of the Amazon 's hydropower potential has been developed in countries like Brazil , more damming projects are underway and hundreds more are planned . After witnessing the negative effects of environmental degradation , sedimentation , navigation and flood control caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River , scientists are worried that constructing more dams in the Amazon will harm its biodiversity in the same way by `` blocking - fish spawning runs , reducing the flows of vital oil nutrients and clearing forests '' . Damming the Amazon River could potentially bring about the `` end of free flowing rivers '' and contribute to an `` ecosystem collapse '' that will cause major social problems . Course ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in Arequipa at the Nevado Mismi , marked only by a wooden cross . Source of the Amazon Marañón River in Peru The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century . Such studies continued to be published even recently , such as in 1996 , 2001 , 2007 , and 2008 , where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 ft ) Nevado Mismi peak , located roughly 160 km ( 99 mi ) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km ( 430 mi ) southeast of Lima , as the most distant source of the river . From that point , Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi , joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the Río Apurímac . A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area , a peer - reviewed journal of the Royal Geographical Society , however , identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the Río Mantaro drainage . A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence , showing the longer length of the Mantaro . Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured , which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin ( and therefore in the entire Amazon basin ) . The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence ( performed by Contos ) . Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the class IV -- V nature of each of these rivers , especially in their lower `` Abyss '' sections . Ultimately , they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt . Mismi in the Apurímac drainage , and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about 80 km longer than previously thought . Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source ( finishing November 2012 ) , a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread . After about 700 km ( 430 mi ) , the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene , which joins the Perene to form the Tambo , which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali . After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali , the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by floodplain . From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón , some 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) , the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage . The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills , and the river enters the enormous Amazon rainforest . The upper Amazon or Solimões ( edit ) Amazon River near Iquitos , Peru Although the Ucayali -- Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper , in Brazil the river is known at this point as the Solimões das Águas . The river systems and flood plains in Brazil , Peru , Ecuador , Colombia and Venezuela , whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries , are called the `` Upper Amazon '' . The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru , and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú . It has a series of major tributaries in Colombia , Ecuador and Peru , some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali , and others directly into the Amazon proper . These include rivers Putumayo , Caquetá , Vaupés , Guainía , Morona , Pastaza , Nucuray , Urituyacu , Chambira , Tigre , Nanay , Napo , and Huallaga . At some points the river divides into anabranches , or multiple channels , often very long , with inland and lateral channels , all connected by a complicated system of natural canals , cutting the low , flat igapó lands , which are never more than 5 metres ( 16 ft ) above low river , into many islands . From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro , vast areas of land are submerged at high water , above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear . Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa , nearly opposite the river Madeira , the banks of the Amazon are low , until approaching Manaus , they rise to become rolling hills . The lower Amazon ( edit ) Meeting of Waters ; the confluence of Rio Negro ( black ) and Amazon ( sandy ) near Manaus , Brazil Water samples of the Solimões ( left ) and Rio Negro ( right ) The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy coloured Rio Solimões , and for over 6 km ( 4 mi ) these waters run side by side without mixing . At Óbidos , a bluff 17 m ( 56 ft ) above the river is backed by low hills . The lower Amazon seems to have once been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean , the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos . Only about ten percent of the Amazon 's water enters downstream of Óbidos , very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley . The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 square kilometres ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) , and , below , only about 1,000,000 square kilometres ( 390,000 sq mi ) ( around 20 % ) , exclusive of the 1,400,000 square kilometres ( 540,000 sq mi ) of the Tocantins basin . The Tocantins River enters the southern portion of the Amazon delta . In the lower reaches of the river , the north bank consists of a series of steep , table - topped hills extending for about 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as Monte Alegre . These hills are cut down to a kind of terrace which lies between them and the river . On the south bank , above the Xingu , a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends nearly to Santarém in a series of gentle curves before they bend to the southwest , and , abutting upon the lower Tapajós , merge into the bluffs which form the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley . Mouth ( edit ) Satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River , from the north looking south Belém is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean . The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located , and how wide it is , is a matter of dispute , because of the area 's peculiar geography . The Pará and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called furos near the town of Breves ; between them lies Marajó , the world 's largest combined river / sea island . If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres ( 202 mi ) wide . In this case , the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte , the cape located straight east of Pracuúba in the Brazilian state of Amapá , to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá , in the state of Pará . A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary , from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó , would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) . If only the river 's main channel is considered , between the islands of Curuá ( state of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of Pará ) , the width falls to about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) . The plume generated by the river 's discharge covers up to 1.3 million square kilometres and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity , pH , light penetration , and sedimentation . Dispute regarding length ( edit ) River taxi in Peru While debate as to whether the Amazon or the Nile is the world 's longest river has gone on for many years , the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world , with the Nile being the longest . However , the Amazon has been measured by different geographers as being anywhere between 6,259 and 6,992 kilometres ( 3,889 and 4,345 mi ) long . It is often said to be `` at least '' 6,400 kilometres ( 4,000 mi ) long . The Nile is reported to be anywhere from 5,499 to 6,690 kilometres ( 3,417 to 4,157 mi ) . Often it is said to be `` about '' 6,650 kilometres ( 4,130 mi ) long . There are many factors that can affect these measurements . A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile . Using Nevado Mismi , which in 2001 was labelled by the National Geographic Society as the Amazon 's source , these scientists made new calculations of the Amazon 's length . They calculated the Amazon 's length as 6,992 kilometres ( 4,345 mi ) . Using the same techniques , they calculated the length of the Nile as 6,853 kilometres ( 4,258 mi ) , which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon . They made it possible by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then , after a sharp turn back , following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire length . Guido Gelli , director of science at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE ) , told the Brazilian TV network Globo in June 2007 that it could be considered as a fact that the Amazon was the longest river in the world . However , other geographers have had access to the same data since 2001 , and a consensus has yet to emerge to support the claims of these Brazilian scientists . The length of both the Amazon and the Nile remains open to interpretation and continued debate . Watershed ( edit ) Main article : Amazon basin The Amazon basin , the largest in the world , covers about 40 % of South America , an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres ( 2,722,020 sq mi ) . It drains from west to east , from Iquitos in Peru , across Brazil to the Atlantic . It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude . Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau , just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean . The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season . Every year , the river rises more than 9 metres ( 30 ft ) , flooding the surrounding forests , known as várzea ( `` flooded forests '' ) . The Amazon 's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world . In an average dry season , 110,000 square kilometres ( 42,000 sq mi ) of land are water - covered , while in the wet season , the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres ( 140,000 sq mi ) . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous : up to 300,000 cubic metres per second ( 11,000,000 cu ft / s ) in the rainy season , with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per second ( 7,400,000 cu ft / s ) from 1973 to 1990 . The Amazon is responsible for about 20 % of the Earth 's fresh water entering the ocean . The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean . The plume is about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) long and between 100 and 200 kilometres ( 62 and 124 mi ) wide . The fresh water , being lighter , flows on top of the seawater , diluting the salinity and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km ( 970,000 sq mi ) in extent . For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon 's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean . The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon 's sediments out to sea , thus the Amazon does not form a true delta . The great deltas of the world are all in relatively protected bodies of water , while the Amazon empties directly into the turbulent Atlantic . There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so - called Casiquiare canal . The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the upper Orinoco , which flows southward into the Rio Negro , which in turn flows into the Amazon . The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems , a so - called bifurcation . Flooding ( edit ) NASA satellite image of a flooded portion of the river Not all of the Amazon 's tributaries flood at the same time of the year . Many branches begin flooding in November and might continue to rise until June . The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June . The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of the rest of the Amazon river . The depth of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . At Manacapuru , the Amazon 's water level is only about 24 metres ( 79 ft ) above mean sea level . More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level . In its lowermost section , the Amazon 's depth averages 20 to 50 metres ( 66 to 164 ft ) , in some places as much as 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) upriver from the mouth . Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes ( 3,000 or 8,900 long tons ; 3,300 or 9,900 short tons ) and 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3,600 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) from the sea . Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres ( 480 mi ) higher , as far as Achual Point . Beyond that , small boats frequently ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche , just above Achual Point in Peru . Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta . The resulting undular tidal bore is called the pororoca , with a leading wave that can be up to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and travel up to 500 miles ( 800 km ) inland . Geology ( edit ) The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene . The proto - Amazon during the Cretaceous flowed west , as part of a proto - Amazon - Congo river system , from the interior of present - day Africa when the continents were connected , forming western Gondwana . Fifteen million years ago , the main tectonic uplift phase of the Andean chain started . This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate . The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields , blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea . Gradually , this inland sea became a massive swampy , freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater . For example , over 20 species of stingray , most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean , can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon . Eleven to ten million years ago , waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward , leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest . During glacial periods , sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river , which would eventually become the world 's largest , draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet . Paralleling the Amazon River is a large aquifer , dubbed the Hamza River , the discovery of which was made public in August 2011 . Protected areas ( edit ) Name Country Coordinates Image hide Notes Allpahuayo - Mishana National Reserve Peru 3 ° 56 ′ S 73 ° 33 ′ W  /  3.933 ° S 73.550 ° W  / - 3.933 ; - 73.550 Amacayacu National Park Colombia 3 ° 29 ′ S 72 ° 12 ′ W  /  3.483 ° S 72.200 ° W  / - 3.483 ; - 72.200 Amazônia National Park Brazil 4 ° 26 ′ S 56 ° 50 ′ W  /  4.433 ° S 56.833 ° W  / - 4.433 ; - 56.833 Anavilhanas National Park Brazil 2 ° 23 ′ S 60 ° 55 ′ W  /  2.383 ° S 60.917 ° W  / - 2.383 ; - 60.917 Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Biodiversity of Colombia § Amazon natural region Flora ( edit ) See also : Category : Flora of the Amazon and Category : Trees of the Amazon This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Fauna ( edit ) The tambaqui , an important species in Amazonian fisheries , breeds in the Amazon River See also : Category : Fauna of the Amazon More than one - third of all known species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest , a giant tropical forest and river basin with an area that stretches more than 5,400,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) . It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity . There are over 3,000 species of fish currently recognised in the Amazon basin , with more being discovered every year . In addition to the thousands of species of fish , the river supports crabs , algae , and turtles . Mammals ( edit ) Amazon river dolphin Along with the Orinoco , the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the boto , also known as the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) . It is the largest species of river dolphin , and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) . The colour of its skin changes with age ; young animals are gray , but become pink and then white as they mature . The dolphins use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river 's tricky depths . The boto is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a dolphin that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside . The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) , also a dolphin species , is found both in the rivers of the Amazon basin and in the coastal waters of South America . The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ) , also known as `` seacow '' , is found in the northern Amazon River basin and its tributaries . It is a mammal and a herbivore . Its population is limited to freshwater habitats , and , unlike other manatees , it does not venture into salt water . It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) . Sometimes known as the `` river wolf '' it is one of South America 's top carnivores . Because of habitat destruction and hunting , its population has dramatically decreased . It is now listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) , which effectively bans international trade . Birds ( edit ) See also : Category : Birds of the Amazon Basin This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) Reptiles ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2017 ) The anaconda is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin . One of the world 's largest species of snake , the anaconda , spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface . Species of caimans , that are related to alligators and other crocodilians , also inhabit the Amazon as do varieties of turtles . Fish ( edit ) Characins , such as the piranha species , are prey for the giant otter , but these aggressive fish may also pose a danger to humans . The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for neotropical fishes . 5,600 species are currently known , and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year . The arapaima , known in Brazil as the pirarucu , is a South American tropical freshwater fish , one of the largest freshwater fish in the world , with a length of up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana ( or aruanã in Portuguese ) , such as the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ) , which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima , but only reaches a length of 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha , an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans . There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha . However , only a few of its species are known to attack humans , most notably Pygocentrus nattereri , the red - bellied piranha . The candirú , native to the Amazon River , is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae , just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin . Other catfish ' walk ' overland on their ventral fins , while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ) , aka piraiba or `` goliath catfish '' , can reach 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) in length and 200 kilograms ( 440 lb ) in weight . The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( Gymnotiformes ) inhabit the Amazon basin . River stingrays ( Potamotrygonidae ) are also known . The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) has been reported 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru . Butterflies ( edit ) See also : List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes Microbiota ( edit ) Freshwater microbes are generally not very well known , even less so for a pristine ecosystem like the Amazon . Recently , metagenomics has provided answers to what kind of microbes inhabit the river . The most important microbes in the Amazon River are Actinobacteria , Alphaproteobacteria , Betaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria and Crenarchaeota . Major tributaries ( edit ) Solimões , the section of the upper Amazon River Aerial view of an Amazon tributary The Amazon has over 1,100 tributaries , 12 of which are over 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) long . Some of the more notable ones are : Branco Casiquiare canal Caqueta River Huallaga Putumayo ( or Içá River ) Javary Juruá Madeira Marañón Morona Nanay Napo Negro Pastaza Purús Tambo Tapajós Tigre Tocantins Trombetas Ucayali Xingu Yapura List by length ( edit ) 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) to 6,992 km ( 4,345 mi ) -- Amazon , South America 3,250 km ( 2,020 mi ) -- Madeira , Bolivia / Brazil 3,211 km ( 1,995 mi ) -- Purús , Peru / Brazil 2,820 km ( 1,750 mi ) -- Japurá or Caquetá , Colombia / Brazil 2,639 km ( 1,640 mi ) -- Tocantins , Brazil 2,627 km ( 1,632 mi ) -- Araguaia , Brazil ( tributary of Tocantins ) 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) -- Juruá , Peru / Brazil 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) -- Rio Negro , Brazil / Venezuela / Colombia 1,992 km ( 1,238 mi ) -- Tapajós , Brazil 1,979 km ( 1,230 mi ) -- Xingu , Brazil 1,900 km ( 1,200 mi ) -- Ucayali River , Peru 1,749 km ( 1,087 mi ) -- Guaporé , Brazil / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,575 km ( 979 mi ) -- Içá ( Putumayo ) , Ecuador / Colombia / Peru 1,415 km ( 879 mi ) -- Marañón , Peru 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) -- Teles Pires , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) -- Iriri , Brazil ( tributary of Xingu ) 1,240 km ( 770 mi ) -- Juruena , Brazil ( tributary of Tapajós ) 1,130 km ( 700 mi ) -- Madre de Dios , Peru / Bolivia ( tributary of Madeira ) 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) -- Huallaga , Peru ( tributary of Marañón ) See also ( edit ) Geography portal Brazil portal Colombia portal Ecuador portal Peru portal Amazon natural region 1930 Curuçá River event Hamza River Peruvian Amazonia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world , with a length of about 6,650 km , and the Amazon the second longest , with a length of at least 6,400 km . In recent decades debate has intensified over the true source and therefore the length of the Amazon River . Brazilian and Peruvian Studies in 2007 and 2008 added the waterway from the Amazon 's southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins and then concluded that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile , whose length was calculated as 6,853 km . However , as of 2010 the length of both rivers remains open to interpretation and continued debate . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amazon River at GEOnet Names Server ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Seyler , Patrick ; Laurence Maurice - Bourgoin ; Jean Loup Guyot . `` Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries '' . Geological Survey of Brazil ( CPRM ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is the world 's longest river '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon river ' longer than Nile ' '' . BBC News . 16 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Roach , John . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140 km longer than the Nile '' . Brazilian National Institute for Space Research . Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Contos ; Nicholas Tripcevich ( March 2014 ) . `` Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage '' . Area . 46 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.1111 / area. 12069 . ^ Jump up to : Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the World . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 042 - 0 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moura , Rodrigo L. ; Amado - Filho , Gilberto M. ; Moraes , Fernando C. ; Brasileiro , Poliana S. ; Salomon , Paulo S. ; Mahiques , Michel M. ; Bastos , Alex C. ; Almeida , Marcelo G. ; Silva , Jomar M. ; Araujo , Beatriz F. ; Brito , Frederico P. ; Rangel , Thiago P. ; Oliveira , Braulio C.V. ; Bahia , Ricardo G. ; Paranhos , Rodolfo P. ; Dias , Rodolfo J.S. ; Siegle , Eduardo ; Figueiredo , Alberto G. ; Pereira , Renato C. ; Leal , Camellia V. ; Hajdu , Eduardo ; Asp , Nils E. ; Gregoracci , Gustavo B. ; Neumann - Leitão , Sigrid ; Yager , Patricia L. ; Francini - Filho , Ronaldo B. ; Fróes , Adriana ; Campeão , Mariana ; Silva , Bruno S. ; Moreira , Ana P.B. ; Oliveira , Louisi ; Soares , Ana C. ; Araujo , Lais ; Oliveira , Nara L. ; Teixeira , João B. ; Valle , Rogerio A.B. ; Thompson , Cristiane C. ; Rezende , Carlos E. ; Thompson , Fabiano L. ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth '' . Science Advances . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 2 ( 4 ) : e1501252 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1501252 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . PMC 4846441 . PMID 27152336 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 7th German Printing , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel J.H. ( 2003 ) . Amazon Sweet Sea : Land , Life , and Water at the River 's Mouth . University of Texas Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77770 - 5 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wohl , 2011 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wohl , 2011 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Olson , James Stuart ( 1991 ) . The Indians of Central and South America : an ethnohistorical dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 57 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26387 - 6 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel ( 1974 ) . The European Discovery of America : The Southern Voyages , 1492 -- 1616 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana ( Spanish explorer and soldier ) Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Graham , Devon . `` A Brief History of Amazon Exploration '' . Project Amazonas . Archived from the original on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles - Marie de La Condamine ( French naturalist and mathematician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Renato Cancian . `` Cabanagem ( 1835 -- 1840 ) : Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial '' . Universo Online Liçao de Casa ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 789 . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Escravos e Regatões '' ( pdf ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Historia del Peru , Editorial Lexus . p. 93 . Jump up ^ La Republica Oligarquica . Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 790 . ^ Jump up to : Campari , João S. ( 1 January 2005 ) . The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon : Dispelling the Myths . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 9781845425517 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hecht , Susanna B. ; Cockburn , Alexander ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Fate of the Forest : Developers , Destroyers , and Defenders of the Amazon , Updated Edition . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226322728 . Jump up ^ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Manaus , Brazil : IBGE. 2000 . ISBN 85 - 240 - 3919 - 1 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , David ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` More than 400 dams planned for the Amazon and headwaters '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Barbara ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Amazon Dams Keep the Lights On But Could Hurt Fish , Forests '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , `` The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins '' in A World of Rivers ( Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , 279 . Jump up ^ `` Source of the Amazon River Identificated ( Jacek Palkiewicz ) '' . Palkiewicz.com. 19 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Donald ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Explorers Pinpoint Source of the Amazon ( National Geographic News ) '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Contos , James ( Rocky ) ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Redefining the Upper Amazon River '' . Geography Directions . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Church 1911 , p. 788 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , pp. 788 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Guo , Rongxing ( 2006 ) . Territorial Disputes and Resource Management : A Global Handbook . Nova . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 445 - 5 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Church 1911 , p. 784 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon River and Flooded Forests '' . World Wide Fund for Nature . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Molinier M ; et al. ( 22 November 1993 ) . `` Hydrologie du Bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Junk , Wolfgang J. ( 1997 ) . The Central Amazon Floodplain : Ecology of a Pulsing System . Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 59276 - 1 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitton , B.A. ( 1975 ) . River Ecology . University of California Press . p. 462 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03016 - 9 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Jon ( 14 May 2014 ) . Environmental Geology : Facing the Challenges of Our Changing Earth . Infobase Publishing . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781438109633 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David K. ( 1982 ) . `` Tidal Bores '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueiredo , J. ; Hoorn , C. ; van der Ven , P. ; Soares , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep - sea fan : Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin '' . Geology. 37 ( 7 ) : 619 -- 22 . doi : 10.1130 / g25567a. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Allpahuayo Mishana '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu '' ( in Spanish ) . Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Parna da Amazônia '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parna de Anavilhanas '' . Instituto Socioambiental ( ISA ) . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ World Bank ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Brazilian Amazon rain forest fact sheet '' . Archived from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. ; Reis , R.E. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ `` Amazon River Dolphin '' . Rainforest Alliance . Archived from the original on 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Balliett , James Fargo ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) . Forests . Routledge . ISBN 9781317470335 . Jump up ^ `` Giant otter videos , photos and facts - Pteronura brasiliensis '' . Arkive . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cuvier 's smooth - fronted caiman ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus ) Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James S. Albert ; Roberto E. Reis ( 8 March 2011 ) . Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes . University of California Press . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26868 - 5 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Megafishes Project to Size Up Real `` Loch Ness Monsters '' Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Candiru ( fish ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . A World of Rivers : Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers . Chicago . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90478 - 4 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Gene S. ( 15 July 2007 ) . Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781597267601 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghai R , Rodriguez - Valera F , McMahon KD , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 8 ) : e23785 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0023785 . PMC 3158796 . PMID 21915244 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Sterling : Der Amazonas . Time - Life Bücher 1979 , 8th German Printing , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Extreme Science ( 2015 ) . `` World 's Greatest River : The Amazon '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira ( river ) '' . Talktalk.co.uk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Purus River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Amy ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Japurá River ( river , South America ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Infoplease ( 2012 ) . `` Tocantins '' . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Araguaia River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juruá River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Negro River : Information from '' . Answers.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tapajos River ( river , Brazil ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xingu River '' . International Rivers . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` The Ucayali River '' `` . Geography.howstuffworks.com. 30 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guapore River ( river , South America ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Church , George Earl ( 1911 ) . `` Amazon '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 783 -- 90 . Wohl , Ellen ( 2011 ) . The Amazon : Rivers of Blushing Dolphins . A World of Rivers . The University of Chicago Press . External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutAmazon riverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science A photographic journey up the Amazon River from its mouth to its source Amazon Alive : Light & Shadow documentary film about the Amazon river Amazon River Ecosystem Research on the influence of the Amazon River on the Atlantic Ocean at the University of Southern California Geographic data related to Amazon River at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Treasures of Colombia <Td_colspan="2"> Archaeological sites Colombia magia salvaje National monuments National parks World Heritage sites <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Heritage of humanity <Td_colspan="2"> Bolívar Cartagena Mompox <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National heritage <Td_colspan="2"> Antioquia Puente de Occidente Atlántico Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana Boyacá Estación de Chiquinquirá Tunja Vargas Swamp Lancers Villa de Leyva Caldas Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas Salamina Cauca Popayán Tierradentro Cundinamarca Bolívar Square Casa de Moneda de Colombia Estación de la Sabana Museo del Oro Museo Nacional San Francisco Church San Francisco Palace Santa Clara Church and Museum Santamaría Bullring Teatro Colón Huila San Agustín Quindío National Coffee Park Santander San Juan de Girón Valle del Cauca San Francisco Church <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Architectural , artistic and archaeological treasures <Td_colspan="2"> Antioquia Botero Collection Haciendas cafeteras Boyacá Ráquira Caldas Haciendas cafeteras Manizales Cathedral Cundinamarca Haciendas cafeteras Monserrate Sanctuary Quinta de Bolívar Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá Magdalena Ciudad Perdida Haciendas cafeteras Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino Nariño Las Lajas Sanctuary Norte de Santander Haciendas cafeteras Quindío Haciendas cafeteras Risaralda Haciendas cafeteras Santander Barichara Haciendas cafeteras Tolima Haciendas cafeteras Valle del Cauca La Ermita Church Hacienda El Paraíso Haciendas cafeteras <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National natural parks and treasures <Td_colspan="2"> Amazonas Amacayacu Amazon River Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon La Chorrera Putumayo River Raudal de Jirijirimo Antioquia Los Katíos Piedra del Peñol Arauca Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Bolívar Rosario Islands Boyacá Lake Iguaque Páramo de Ocetá Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Siscuinsí Lake Lake Tota Caldas Los Nevados Caquetá Angostura del Caquetá Araracuara Canyon Caño Paujil Chiribiquete Claro River Mirití River Casanare Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Cauca Gorgona Island Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Puracé Volcano Cesar Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Chocó Cabo Marzo Ensenada de Utría Los Katíos Cundinamarca Chingaza Lake Guatavita Rocas de Suesca Guainía Atabapo River Cerros de Mavecure La Guajira Alta Guajira Cabo de la Vela Los Flamencos Sanctuary Salinas de Manaure Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Guaviare Cerro Pintado Chiribiquete Ciudades de Piedra Inírida River Raudales Huila Claro River Estrecho del Magdalena Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago Nevado del Huila Tatacoa Desert Magdalena Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Meta Caño Cristales Chingaza Nariño Cumbal Volcano Galeras Volcano Laguna de la Cocha Laguna Verde del Azufral Putumayo River Sanquianga Norte de Santander Los Estoraques Putumayo Cascada del Indio La Paya Putumayo River Quindío Cocora valley Los Nevados Risaralda Los Nevados San Andrés y Providencia Isla de Providencia Santander Chicamocha Canyon El Gallineral Tolima Cerro Bravo Nevado del Huila Los Nevados Valle del Cauca Farallones de Cali Malpelo Island Vaupés Apaporis River Tunnel Raudal de Jirijirimo Raudal de Yuruparí Vichada El Tuparro <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Wills , Fernando et al. 2001 . Nuestro patrimonio - 100 tesoros de Colombia - Our heritage - 100 treasures of Colombia , 1 - 311 . El Tiempo . <Th_colspan="2"> New 7 Wonders of Nature <Td_colspan="2"> Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain BNF : cb13963444t ( data ) GND : 4001626 - 2 NARA : 10038766 NDL : 00628108 VIAF : 127841845 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_River&oldid=843083751 '' Categories : Amazon River Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Upper Amazon Rivers of South America International rivers of South America Rivers of Colombia Rivers of Ecuador Rivers of Peru Colombia -- Peru border Rivers of Amapá Rivers of Amazonas ( Brazilian state ) Rivers of Loreto Region Rivers of Pará Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Amazon River - largest river by discharge volume in the world 2. Tributaries - Marañón, Japurá/Caquetá, Rio Negro/Guainía, Putumayo, Ucayali, Purús, Madeira, Tapajós, Xingu 3. Exploration - European discovery, scientific exploration, post-colonial exploitation and settlement 4. Flora and fauna - diverse ecosystem, including mammals,

who played carrie on little house on the prairie

Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush - Wikipedia Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for biographies . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rachel Lindsay Rene Bush and Sidney Robyn Danae Bush ( born May 25 , 1970 , Los Angeles ) are former child actresses , best known for their combined ( alternating ) role as Carrie Ingalls , in the drama series Little House on the Prairie . They are identical twin sisters , born to actor Billy `` Green '' Bush and Carole Kay Bush . Their older brother , Clay , is also an actor . Their shared character 's younger sister Grace Ingalls was played by Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Post-Little House 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 External links 6 References Career ( edit ) Prior to Little House on the Prairie debuting on September 11 , 1974 , they starred in the made - for - television drama Sunshine ( 1973 ) , as Jill Hayden . In 1978 , in the season five Little House episode `` The Godsister , '' the sisters are shown together playing different characters . The twins ' final appearance on the series was on May 10 , 1982 . In the final season , their absence was explained that the family ( except Laura ) moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . Several months later , the series was canceled . The opening credits of the series showed one of the twins running in a meadow behind the credit `` Lindsay Sidney Greenbush , '' leading many viewers to believe that was one little actress 's full name . During the course of the series , Sidney had broken her arm several times and it was in a cast . Lindsay did most of the scenes as Carrie . Post-little House ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1983 , Lindsay guest starred in a Matt Houston episode as an abuse victim . Sidney starred in the film , Hambone and Hillie in 1983 . The twins starred in a few commercials , Doublemint Gum , Mattel Toys , Kentucky Fried Chicken , etc . The twins decided to retire from acting , and continue their studies at public school . They graduated from Santa Monica High in 1988 . Personal life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sidney was married to horse breeder William `` Rocky '' Foster for nine years , until his suicide at age 55 in 2009 . Lindsay has been married to Daniel Sanchez since 2014 . They originally met on the Little House set at Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley ( where exterior scenes were filmed ) when she was a small child and he was a teenager who lived nearby . She has said Michael Landon allowed him to watch them film at `` Big Sky Ranch . '' Decades later , they met again , and married in the same spot where they first met . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Sunshine Jill Hayden both ; TV movie Little House on the Prairie Carrie Ingalls both ; pilot movie 1974 -- 82 Little House on the Prairie Carrie Ingalls both 1978 Little House on the Prairie Alyssa both ; episode 5.06 `` The Godsister '' 1979 Little House Years Carrie Ingalls both ; post-series TV movie Hambone and Hillie Amy McVickers Sidney Matt Houston Butterfly Lindsay / episode 2.09 `` Butterfly '' To Tell the Truth Herself Sidney / aired October 30 2007 Weekend Today Herself Lindsay / aired May 20 External links ( edit ) Lindsay Greenbush on IMDb Sidney Greenbush on IMDb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sidney changed the way she spells her name from original Robin to Robyn so as to sound `` more feminine '' . Jump up ^ http://www.zunshine.com/turnbaugh/biography.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_and_Sidney_Greenbush&oldid=806303483 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American actresses American child actresses American television actresses Identical twin actresses Living people People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Actresses from California Twin people from the United States Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from April 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush 2. Little House on the Prairie 3. Child actresses 4. Identical twin sisters 5. Post-Little House career

when does daniel boone go back to school

Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) - wikipedia Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Daniel Boone <Td_colspan="2"> Title card Genre Action - adventure Starring Fess Parker Patricia Blair Albert Salmi ( season 1 ) Ed Ames ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Rosey Grier ( season 6 ) Jimmy Dean Darby Hinton Veronica Cartwright ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Robert Logan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 165 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Rosenberg Producer ( s ) Barney Rosenzweig Ted Schilz George Sherman Joseph Silver Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release September 24 , 1964 -- May 7 , 1970 Daniel Boone is an American action - adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24 , 1964 , to May 7 , 1970 , on NBC for 165 episodes , and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television , Arcola Enterprises , and Fespar Corp . Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo , Boone 's Cherokee friend , for the first four seasons of the series . Albert Salmi portrayed Boone 's companion Yadkin in season one only . Country Western singer - actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968 -- 1970 seasons . Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season . The show was broadcast `` in living color '' beginning in fall 1965 , the second season , and was shot entirely in California and Kanab , Utah . An earlier television series based on Daniel Boone appeared on the Walt Disney Presents in 1960 , with Dewey Martin as Boone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 3 Soundtrack 4 DVDs and syndication 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Daniel Boone was one of two iconic historical figures played by Fess Parker . He previously appeared as Davy Crockett in a series of episodes of the Walt Disney anthology television series , to considerable acclaim amid the launch of a national craze . For his role as Boone , which lasted much longer , but had far less impact , Parker again wore a coonskin cap , which had been popularized years earlier by the Crockett shows . Daniel Boone 's headgear was even mentioned in the show 's theme song : `` From the coonskin cap on the top of ol ' Dan ... '' . Efforts had been made to secure the rights to Crockett from Walt Disney , but Disney refused to sell , so the series wound up being about Boone instead . Parker as Daniel Boone Parker with guest star George Sanders , 1966 In contrast , Parker 's Boone was less of an explorer and more a family man than Parker 's Crockett . Parker as Crockett also generally wore a light beard , whereas his Boone was predominantly clean - shaven . Boone 's wife Rebecca ( played by Patricia Blair ) and son Israel ( Darby Hinton ) were often featured in the stories . In reality , Boone had 10 children . During the first two seasons , his daughter Jemima was shown ( played by Veronica Cartwright ) , but she disappeared with no explanation toward the end of the second season . Western actor Chris Alcaide appeared twice on the series , once as an Indian , Flathead Joseph . Walter Coy made his last major television appearance in 1970 on Daniel Boone in the role of Chief Blackfish . Rico Alaniz played the Indian Crooked Hand in the 1969 episode `` The Allies ''. Med Flory was cast in seven episodes , the last three in the role of the drifter Bingen . The series is set in the 1770s and 1780s , just before , during , and after the American Revolution , and mostly centered on adventures in and about Boonesborough , Kentucky . Some aspects of the show were less than historically faithful , which at one point led the Kentucky legislature to condemn the inaccuracies . The series ' story line does not follow historical events ; instead , story lines runs back and forth concerning historical events . Inconsistencies include episodes such as `` The Aaron Burr Story '' , a second - season episode in which the former Vice President of the United States visits Boonesborough . The episode was based on Burr 's raising an armed group , allegedly to commit treason , in 1806 . Meanwhile , another episode in the second season hinged on allegations that the Boonesborough settlers were planning insurrection against the British Crown , prior to the American Revolution . Still other episodes took place during the Revolution . No explanation was made for the 30 - year discrepancy . The character Caramingo , shortened to Mingo , was half - Cherokee , but highly educated somewhat in the Tonto mold , but with updated sensibilities and English descent through his father , the fourth Earl of Dunmore . ( The 12th Earl now lives in Tasmania , Australia . ) . ( A graduate of Oxford University , Mingo passed as a British officer in at least two episodes , and sang opera in another . ) In reality , the Mingo were a small group of natives ( and not one man ) who were related to the Iroquois . ( However , from the native perspective , mingo is a word for `` chief '' in the Choctaw native language ; in Chickasaw , minko is the word for `` chief '' ) . Ames also portrayed Mingo 's evil twin brother , Taramingo , in `` My Brother 's Keeper '' . His role as Mingo led to a famous tomahawk - throwing demonstration on The Tonight Show , that was rerun on anniversary clip shows for decades afterward , in which Ames threw a tomahawk at a target of a man and the hatchet landed between the cutout 's legs , much to host Johnny Carson 's amusement . Mingo 's character resembles Joseph Brant ; Brant was a Mohawk Indian , who became a captain in the British Army . His sister , Molly , was the consort of Sir William Johnson , of Johnstown , Montgomery County , New York . Johnson took an interest in Molly 's younger brother , acting as a surrogate father , and sent him to Moore 's Indian Charity School , the precursor to Dartmouth . Brant was , therefore , well educated for men of his time , and exceptionally well educated for a Mohawk . A project in later years was to work on a Mohawk translation of the Bible . Brant 's parents were both American Indians , unlike Mingo . Brant , despite his role in the American Revolution , is largely unknown outside Central New York , although he is a national hero in Canada . In Ontario , along Lake Ontario 's shores , between Toronto and Niagara Falls , a town and hospital are named after him . A replica of his Canadian home is located next to Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital . Any similarities possibly are coincidental . Boone 's character needed an American Indian companion , and as the show was produced in the United States , the character needed to support the rebelling colonists to be believable as Boone 's friend . Giving Mingo an education , a better one , incidentally , than Fess Parker 's Boone , distanced Mingo from the traditional Western violent , uneducated savage stereotype . If creators were unaware of Moore 's Indian Charity School , a British father would have been the easiest way to explain Mingo 's background . Status in some Indian tribes is through women . An Indian mother and a British officer father provided status in both worlds . Nothing indicates that Brant was the basis for Mingo , and differences are notable , starting with Brant 's stance as a Loyalist , but Mingo closely resembles Brant . ( In many ways , having an educated background and a European father was more similar to another Iroquois diplomat , John `` Cornplanter '' Abeel , the son of a Seneca mother and a Dutch - American father , descended from colonial politician Johannes Abeel . ) One oddity to the show was that Parker 's Boone very rarely used a horse for transportation . He instead walked to his destinations , sometimes incurring interstate travel . Production ( edit ) Parts of the series were filmed in Kane County , Utah . Soundtrack ( edit ) The show 's main title featured three versions of the theme song written by Vera Matson and Lionel Newman ( although the lyrics were written by Ken Darby , credited under the name of his wife Matson ) . The third `` groovy version '' was sung by The Imperials . DVDs and syndication ( edit ) Liberation Entertainment ( distributed by Goldhil Home Media ) released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2006 and 2008 . These releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On September 23 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Daniel Boone - The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on DVD in Region 1 via amazon. com 's CreateSpace program . This is a manufacture - on - demand release , available exclusively through amazon.com . On January 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 . They have subsequently released new collector 's editions of the first five seasons on DVD . The sixth and final season will be re-released on December 19 , 2017 . DVD name Ep # Release date Season One 13 September 26 , 2006 April 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Two 22 September 26 , 2006 July 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Three 20 May 8 , 2007 January 24 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Four 26 June 19 , 2007 March 14 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Five 23 August 7 , 2007 May 2 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Six 23 November 18 , 2008 December 19 , 2017 ( re-release ) The Complete Series 103 September 23 , 2014 Daniel Boone is currently airing on INSP . It has also aired on MeTV , an over-the - air network whose offerings are older syndicated television shows . See also ( edit ) List of Daniel Boone episodes Cumberland Gap Dragging Canoe Elizabethton , Tennessee Fort Watauga Richard Henderson Sycamore Shoals Transylvania Purchase Watauga River The Wilderness Road Young Dan'l Boone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt Grier on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone '' Theme Song Archived June 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' The Allies `` , Daniel Boone , March 27 , 1969 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mingo Indians Jump up ^ Ed Ames on Johnny Carson Show Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame , p. 76 , TV 's Biggest Hits : The Story Of Television Themes From `` Dragnet '' To `` Friends '' , Schirmer Books , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 870324 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone Theme Song '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mingo '' . June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Large artwork for seasons 1 and 2 Jump up ^ Goldhil announces Season 3 Jump up ^ Cover Art Distributed For Daniel Boone - Season 4 Jump up ^ 5th Season Announced ( Date , Details , Box Art ) ; 6th Season Street Date Jump up ^ Box Art & Extras for Fess Parker 's Daniel Boone - Season 6 ! Jump up ^ ' The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collectors Edition ' on DVD Soon ! Jump up ^ TMG / Shout ! Announce ' Season One : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ! Jump up ^ Late January Release for ' Season 3 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ ' Season 4 : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ... Possible Canadian Date Jump up ^ USA and Canadian Dates for ' Season 5 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ Release for ' Season 6 : The Final Season Collector 's Edition ' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Boone ( television series ) . Daniel Boone on IMDb Daniel Boone at TV.com Daniel Boone TV Series Daniel Boone ( 1960 miniseries ) on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=808626832 '' Categories : 1964 American television series debuts 1960s American television series 1970s American television series Television series about the American Revolution Period family drama television series NBC network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television 1970 American television series endings Television shows set in Kentucky Cultural depictions of Daniel Boone English - language television programs American folklore films and television series Television shows filmed in Utah Television shows filmed in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 04 . About Wikipedia

1. Daniel Boone TV series 2. Fess Parker 3. American action-adventure television series 4. 20th Century Fox Television 5. Historical inaccuracies

what are two parts of the nervous system

Nervous system - wikipedia Nervous system Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Nervous system <Td_colspan="2"> The human nervous system . <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin systema nervosum MeSH D009420 TA A14. 0.00. 000 FMA 7157 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Neuroscience portal The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body . Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago . In vertebrates it consists of two main parts , the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord . The PNS consists mainly of nerves , which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body . Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves , while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent . Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves . The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems , the somatic , autonomic , and enteric nervous systems . Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement . The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems . The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy , while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state . The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system . Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily . Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves . At the cellular level , the nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell , called the neuron , also known as a `` nerve cell '' . Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells . They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses . A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited , inhibited , or otherwise modulated . The connections between neurons can form neural circuits and also neural networks that generate an organism 's perception of the world and determine its behavior . Along with neurons , the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells ( or simply glia ) , which provide structural and metabolic support . Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals , but vary greatly in complexity . The only multicellular animals that have no nervous system at all are sponges , placozoans , and mesozoans , which have very simple body plans . The nervous systems of the radially symmetric organisms ctenophores ( comb jellies ) and cnidarians ( which include anemones , hydras , corals and jellyfish ) consist of a diffuse nerve net . All other animal species , with the exception of a few types of worm , have a nervous system containing a brain , a central cord ( or two cords running in parallel ) , and nerves radiating from the brain and central cord . The size of the nervous system ranges from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms , to around 300 billion cells in African elephants . The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback . Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects , physical damage due to trauma or toxicity , infection or simply of ageing . The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them . In the peripheral nervous system , the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction , which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system . Diagram showing the major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cells 1.1. 1 Neurons 1.1. 2 Glial cells 1.2 Anatomy in vertebrates 1.3 Comparative anatomy and evolution 1.3. 1 Neural precursors in sponges 1.3. 2 Radiata 1.3. 3 Bilateria 1.3. 4 Worms 1.3. 5 Arthropods 1.3. 6 `` Identified '' neurons 2 Function 2.1 Neurons and synapses 2.2 Neural circuits and systems 2.2. 1 Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits 2.2. 2 Intrinsic pattern generation 2.3 Mirror neurons 3 Development 4 Pathology 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Structure The nervous system derives its name from nerves , which are cylindrical bundles of fibers ( the axons of neurons ) , that emanate from the brain and spinal cord , and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body . Nerves are large enough to have been recognized by the ancient Egyptians , Greeks , and Romans , but their internal structure was not understood until it became possible to examine them using a microscope . `` It is difficult to believe that until approximately year 1900 it was not known that neurons are the basic units of the brain ( Santiago Ramón y Cajal ) . Equally surprising is the fact that the concept of chemical transmission in the brain was not known until around 1930 ( Henry Hallett Dale ) and ( Otto Loewi ) . We began to understand the basic electrical phenomenon that neurons use in order to communicate among themselves , the action potential , in the 1950s ( Alan Lloyd Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley and John Eccles ) . It was in the 1960s that we became aware of how basic neuronal networks code stimuli and thus basic concepts are possible ( David H. Hubel , and Torsten Wiesel ) . The molecular revolution swept across US universities in the 1980s . It was in the 1990s that molecular mechanisms of behavioral phenomena became widely known ( Eric Richard Kandel ) . '' A microscopic examination shows that nerves consist primarily of axons , along with different membranes that wrap around them and segregate them into fascicles . The neurons that give rise to nerves do not lie entirely within the nerves themselves -- their cell bodies reside within the brain , spinal cord , or peripheral ganglia . All animals more advanced than sponges have nervous systems . However , even sponges , unicellular animals , and non-animals such as slime molds have cell - to - cell signalling mechanisms that are precursors to those of neurons . In radially symmetric animals such as the jellyfish and hydra , the nervous system consists of a nerve net , a diffuse network of isolated cells . In bilaterian animals , which make up the great majority of existing species , the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Ediacaran period , over 550 million years ago . Cells The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells : neurons and glial cells . Neurons Structure of a typical neuron Neuron Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath The nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell -- the neuron ( sometimes called `` neurone '' or `` nerve cell '' ) . Neurons can be distinguished from other cells in a number of ways , but their most fundamental property is that they communicate with other cells via synapses , which are membrane - to - membrane junctions containing molecular machinery that allows rapid transmission of signals , either electrical or chemical . Many types of neuron possess an axon , a protoplasmic protrusion that can extend to distant parts of the body and make thousands of synaptic contacts . Axons frequently travel through the body in bundles called nerves . Even in the nervous system of a single species such as humans , hundreds of different types of neurons exist , with a wide variety of morphologies and functions . These include sensory neurons that transmute physical stimuli such as light and sound into neural signals , and motor neurons that transmute neural signals into activation of muscles or glands ; however in many species the great majority of neurons participate in the formation of centralized structures ( the brain and ganglia ) and they receive all of their input from other neurons and send their output to other neurons . Glial cells Glial cells ( named from the Greek for `` glue '' ) are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition , maintain homeostasis , form myelin , and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system . In the human brain , it is estimated that the total number of glia roughly equals the number of neurons , although the proportions vary in different brain areas . Among the most important functions of glial cells are to support neurons and hold them in place ; to supply nutrients to neurons ; to insulate neurons electrically ; to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons ; and to provide guidance cues directing the axons of neurons to their targets . A very important type of glial cell ( oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system , and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system ) generates layers of a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials much more rapidly and efficiently . Recent findings indicate that glial cells , such as microglia and astrocytes , serve as important resident immune cells within the central nervous system . Anatomy in vertebrates See also : List of nerves of the human body See also : List of regions in the human brain Horizontal section of the head of an adult female , showing skin , skull , and brain with grey matter ( brown in this image ) and underlying white matter The nervous system of vertebrates ( including humans ) is divided into the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The ( CNS ) is the major division , and consists of the brain and the spinal cord . The spinal canal contains the spinal cord , while the cranial cavity contains the brain . The CNS is enclosed and protected by the meninges , a three - layered system of membranes , including a tough , leathery outer layer called the dura mater . The brain is also protected by the skull , and the spinal cord by the vertebrae . The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS . The large majority of the axon bundles called nerves are considered to belong to the PNS , even when the cell bodies of the neurons to which they belong reside within the brain or spinal cord . The PNS is divided into somatic and visceral parts . The somatic part consists of the nerves that innervate the skin , joints , and muscles . The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord . The visceral part , also known as the autonomic nervous system , contains neurons that innervate the internal organs , blood vessels , and glands . The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Some authors also include sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the periphery ( for senses such as hearing ) as part of the PNS ; others , however , omit them . The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter ( `` gray matter '' in American spelling ) and white matter . Grey matter ( which is only grey in preserved tissue , and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue ) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons . White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons , and takes its color from the myelin . White matter includes all of the nerves , and much of the interior of the brain and spinal cord . Grey matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord , and in cortical layers that line their surfaces . There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus , whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion . There are , however , a few exceptions to this rule , notably including the part of the forebrain called the basal ganglia . Comparative anatomy and evolution Main article : Evolution of nervous systems Neural precursors in sponges Sponges have no cells connected to each other by synaptic junctions , that is , no neurons , and therefore no nervous system . They do , however , have homologs of many genes that play key roles in synaptic function . Recent studies have shown that sponge cells express a group of proteins that cluster together to form a structure resembling a postsynaptic density ( the signal - receiving part of a synapse ) . However , the function of this structure is currently unclear . Although sponge cells do not show synaptic transmission , they do communicate with each other via calcium waves and other impulses , which mediate some simple actions such as whole - body contraction . Radiata Jellyfish , comb jellies , and related animals have diffuse nerve nets rather than a central nervous system . In most jellyfish the nerve net is spread more or less evenly across the body ; in comb jellies it is concentrated near the mouth . The nerve nets consist of sensory neurons , which pick up chemical , tactile , and visual signals ; motor neurons , which can activate contractions of the body wall ; and intermediate neurons , which detect patterns of activity in the sensory neurons and , in response , send signals to groups of motor neurons . In some cases groups of intermediate neurons are clustered into discrete ganglia . The development of the nervous system in radiata is relatively unstructured . Unlike bilaterians , radiata only have two primordial cell layers , endoderm and ectoderm . Neurons are generated from a special set of ectodermal precursor cells , which also serve as precursors for every other ectodermal cell type . Bilateria Nervous system of a bilaterian animal , in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements , and a `` brain '' at the front The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other . All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Ediacaran period , 550 -- 600 million years ago . The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a `` ganglion '' ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the `` brain '' . Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve Even mammals , including humans , show the segmented bilaterian body plan at the level of the nervous system . The spinal cord contains a series of segmental ganglia , each giving rise to motor and sensory nerves that innervate a portion of the body surface and underlying musculature . On the limbs , the layout of the innervation pattern is complex , but on the trunk it gives rise to a series of narrow bands . The top three segments belong to the brain , giving rise to the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . Bilaterians can be divided , based on events that occur very early in embryonic development , into two groups ( superphyla ) called protostomes and deuterostomes . Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as echinoderms , hemichordates ( mainly acorn worms ) , and Xenoturbellidans . Protostomes , the more diverse group , include arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body : protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral ( usually bottom ) side of the body , whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal ( usually top ) side . In fact , numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups , including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal - to - ventral gradients . Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are `` flipped over '' with respect to each other , a hypothesis that was first proposed by Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire for insects in comparison to vertebrates . Thus insects , for example , have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body , while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline . Worms Earthworm nervous system . Top : side view of the front of the worm . Bottom : nervous system in isolation , viewed from above Worms are the simplest bilaterian animals , and reveal the basic structure of the bilaterian nervous system in the most straightforward way . As an example , earthworms have dual nerve cords running along the length of the body and merging at the tail and the mouth . These nerve cords are connected by transverse nerves like the rungs of a ladder . These transverse nerves help coordinate the two sides of the animal . Two ganglia at the head ( the `` nerve ring '' ) end function similar to a simple brain . Photoreceptors on the animal 's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark . The nervous system of one very small roundworm , the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , has been completely mapped out in a connectome including its synapses . Every neuron and its cellular lineage has been recorded and most , if not all , of the neural connections are known . In this species , the nervous system is sexually dimorphic ; the nervous systems of the two sexes , males and female hermaphrodites , have different numbers of neurons and groups of neurons that perform sex - specific functions . In C. elegans , males have exactly 383 neurons , while hermaphrodites have exactly 302 neurons . Arthropods Internal anatomy of a spider , showing the nervous system in blue Arthropods , such as insects and crustaceans , have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia , connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly . Typically , each body segment has one ganglion on each side , though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia . The head segment contains the brain , also known as the supraesophageal ganglion . In the insect nervous system , the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum , deutocerebrum , and tritocerebrum . Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion , which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia . It controls the mouthparts , the salivary glands and certain muscles . Many arthropods have well - developed sensory organs , including compound eyes for vision and antennae for olfaction and pheromone sensation . The sensory information from these organs is processed by the brain . In insects , many neurons have cell bodies that are positioned at the edge of the brain and are electrically passive -- the cell bodies serve only to provide metabolic support and do not participate in signalling . A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely , with some parts transmitting signals and other parts receiving signals . Thus , most parts of the insect brain have passive cell bodies arranged around the periphery , while the neural signal processing takes place in a tangle of protoplasmic fibers called neuropil , in the interior . `` Identified '' neurons A neuron is called identified if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal -- properties such as location , neurotransmitter , gene expression pattern , and connectivity -- and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has one and only one neuron with the same set of properties . In vertebrate nervous systems very few neurons are `` identified '' in this sense -- in humans , there are believed to be none -- but in simpler nervous systems , some or all neurons may be thus unique . In the roundworm C. elegans , whose nervous system is the most thoroughly described of any animal 's , every neuron in the body is uniquely identifiable , with the same location and the same connections in every individual worm . One notable consequence of this fact is that the form of the C. elegans nervous system is completely specified by the genome , with no experience - dependent plasticity . The brains of many molluscs and insects also contain substantial numbers of identified neurons . In vertebrates , the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish . Every fish has two Mauthner cells , located in the bottom part of the brainstem , one on the left side and one on the right . Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over , innervating neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord , making numerous connections as it goes . The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response : within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a C - shape , then straightens , thereby propelling itself rapidly forward . Functionally this is a fast escape response , triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish . Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish -- there are about 20 more types , including pairs of `` Mauthner cell analogs '' in each spinal segmental nucleus . Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response individually , in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response . Mauthner cells have been described as command neurons . A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron , defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior individually . Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species -- the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse , used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size , both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid . The concept of a command neuron has , however , become controversial , because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances . Function At the most basic level , the function of the nervous system is to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others . There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells . One is by releasing chemicals called hormones into the internal circulation , so that they can diffuse to distant sites . In contrast to this `` broadcast '' mode of signaling , the nervous system provides `` point - to - point '' signals -- neurons project their axons to specific target areas and make synaptic connections with specific target cells . Thus , neural signaling is capable of a much higher level of specificity than hormonal signaling . It is also much faster : the fastest nerve signals travel at speeds that exceed 100 meters per second . At a more integrative level , the primary function of the nervous system is to control the body . It does this by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors , sending signals that encode this information into the central nervous system , processing the information to determine an appropriate response , and sending output signals to muscles or glands to activate the response . The evolution of a complex nervous system has made it possible for various animal species to have advanced perception abilities such as vision , complex social interactions , rapid coordination of organ systems , and integrated processing of concurrent signals . In humans , the sophistication of the nervous system makes it possible to have language , abstract representation of concepts , transmission of culture , and many other features of human society that would not exist without the human brain . Neurons and synapses Major elements in synaptic transmission . An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron . When the wave reaches a synapse , it provokes release of a small amount of neurotransmitter molecules , which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of the target cell . Most neurons send signals via their axons , although some types are capable of dendrite - to - dendrite communication . ( In fact , the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons , and communicate only via their dendrites . ) Neural signals propagate along an axon in the form of electrochemical waves called action potentials , which produce cell - to - cell signals at points where axon terminals make synaptic contact with other cells . Synapses may be electrical or chemical . Electrical synapses make direct electrical connections between neurons , but chemical synapses are much more common , and much more diverse in function . At a chemical synapse , the cell that sends signals is called presynaptic , and the cell that receives signals is called postsynaptic . Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas are full of molecular machinery that carries out the signalling process . The presynaptic area contains large numbers of tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles , packed with neurotransmitter chemicals . When the presynaptic terminal is electrically stimulated , an array of molecules embedded in the membrane are activated , and cause the contents of the vesicles to be released into the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes , called the synaptic cleft . The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors embedded in the postsynaptic membrane , causing them to enter an activated state . Depending on the type of receptor , the resulting effect on the postsynaptic cell may be excitatory , inhibitory , or modulatory in more complex ways . For example , release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synaptic contact between a motor neuron and a muscle cell induces rapid contraction of the muscle cell . The entire synaptic transmission process takes only a fraction of a millisecond , although the effects on the postsynaptic cell may last much longer ( even indefinitely , in cases where the synaptic signal leads to the formation of a memory trace ) . Structure of a typical chemical synapse Postsynaptic density Voltage - gated Ca channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite There are literally hundreds of different types of synapses . In fact , there are over a hundred known neurotransmitters , and many of them have multiple types of receptors . Many synapses use more than one neurotransmitter -- a common arrangement is for a synapse to use one fast - acting small - molecule neurotransmitter such as glutamate or GABA , along with one or more peptide neurotransmitters that play slower - acting modulatory roles . Molecular neuroscientists generally divide receptors into two broad groups : chemically gated ion channels and second messenger systems . When a chemically gated ion channel is activated , it forms a passage that allows specific types of ions to flow across the membrane . Depending on the type of ion , the effect on the target cell may be excitatory or inhibitory . When a second messenger system is activated , it starts a cascade of molecular interactions inside the target cell , which may ultimately produce a wide variety of complex effects , such as increasing or decreasing the sensitivity of the cell to stimuli , or even altering gene transcription . According to a rule called Dale 's principle , which has only a few known exceptions , a neuron releases the same neurotransmitters at all of its synapses . This does not mean , though , that a neuron exerts the same effect on all of its targets , because the effect of a synapse depends not on the neurotransmitter , but on the receptors that it activates . Because different targets can ( and frequently do ) use different types of receptors , it is possible for a neuron to have excitatory effects on one set of target cells , inhibitory effects on others , and complex modulatory effects on others still . Nevertheless , it happens that the two most widely used neurotransmitters , glutamate and GABA , each have largely consistent effects . Glutamate has several widely occurring types of receptors , but all of them are excitatory or modulatory . Similarly , GABA has several widely occurring receptor types , but all of them are inhibitory . Because of this consistency , glutamatergic cells are frequently referred to as `` excitatory neurons '' , and GABAergic cells as `` inhibitory neurons '' . Strictly speaking , this is an abuse of terminology -- it is the receptors that are excitatory and inhibitory , not the neurons -- but it is commonly seen even in scholarly publications . One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory traces by means of long - lasting activity - dependent changes in synaptic strength . The best - known form of neural memory is a process called long - term potentiation ( abbreviated LTP ) , which operates at synapses that use the neurotransmitter glutamate acting on a special type of receptor known as the NMDA receptor . The NMDA receptor has an `` associative '' property : if the two cells involved in the synapse are both activated at approximately the same time , a channel opens that permits calcium to flow into the target cell . The calcium entry initiates a second messenger cascade that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the target cell , thereby increasing the effective strength of the synapse . This change in strength can last for weeks or longer . Since the discovery of LTP in 1973 , many other types of synaptic memory traces have been found , involving increases or decreases in synaptic strength that are induced by varying conditions , and last for variable periods of time . The reward system , that reinforces desired behaviour for example , depends on a variant form of LTP that is conditioned on an extra input coming from a reward - signalling pathway that uses dopamine as neurotransmitter . All these forms of synaptic modifiability , taken collectively , give rise to neural plasticity , that is , to a capability for the nervous system to adapt itself to variations in the environment . Neural circuits and systems The basic neuronal function of sending signals to other cells includes a capability for neurons to exchange signals with each other . Networks formed by interconnected groups of neurons are capable of a wide variety of functions , including feature detection , pattern generation and timing , and there are seen to be countless types of information processing possible . Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts showed in 1943 that even artificial neural networks formed from a greatly simplified mathematical abstraction of a neuron are capable of universal computation . Illustration of pain pathway , from René Descartes 's Treatise of Man Historically , for many years the predominant view of the function of the nervous system was as a stimulus - response associator . In this conception , neural processing begins with stimuli that activate sensory neurons , producing signals that propagate through chains of connections in the spinal cord and brain , giving rise eventually to activation of motor neurons and thereby to muscle contraction , i.e. , to overt responses . Descartes believed that all of the behaviors of animals , and most of the behaviors of humans , could be explained in terms of stimulus - response circuits , although he also believed that higher cognitive functions such as language were not capable of being explained mechanistically . Charles Sherrington , in his influential 1906 book The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , developed the concept of stimulus - response mechanisms in much more detail , and Behaviorism , the school of thought that dominated Psychology through the middle of the 20th century , attempted to explain every aspect of human behavior in stimulus - response terms . However , experimental studies of electrophysiology , beginning in the early 20th century and reaching high productivity by the 1940s , showed that the nervous system contains many mechanisms for generating patterns of activity intrinsically , without requiring an external stimulus . Neurons were found to be capable of producing regular sequences of action potentials , or sequences of bursts , even in complete isolation . When intrinsically active neurons are connected to each other in complex circuits , the possibilities for generating intricate temporal patterns become far more extensive . A modern conception views the function of the nervous system partly in terms of stimulus - response chains , and partly in terms of intrinsically generated activity patterns -- both types of activity interact with each other to generate the full repertoire of behavior . Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits Simplified schema of basic nervous system function : signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain , where processing occurs that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons The simplest type of neural circuit is a reflex arc , which begins with a sensory input and ends with a motor output , passing through a sequence of neurons connected in series . This can be shown in the `` withdrawal reflex '' causing a hand to jerk back after a hot stove is touched . The circuit begins with sensory receptors in the skin that are activated by harmful levels of heat : a special type of molecular structure embedded in the membrane causes heat to change the electrical field across the membrane . If the change in electrical potential is large enough to pass the given threshold , it evokes an action potential , which is transmitted along the axon of the receptor cell , into the spinal cord . There the axon makes excitatory synaptic contacts with other cells , some of which project ( send axonal output ) to the same region of the spinal cord , others projecting into the brain . One target is a set of spinal interneurons that project to motor neurons controlling the arm muscles . The interneurons excite the motor neurons , and if the excitation is strong enough , some of the motor neurons generate action potentials , which travel down their axons to the point where they make excitatory synaptic contacts with muscle cells . The excitatory signals induce contraction of the muscle cells , which causes the joint angles in the arm to change , pulling the arm away . In reality , this straightforward schema is subject to numerous complications . Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron , there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response . Furthermore , there are projections from the brain to the spinal cord that are capable of enhancing or inhibiting the reflex . Although the simplest reflexes may be mediated by circuits lying entirely within the spinal cord , more complex responses rely on signal processing in the brain . For example , when an object in the periphery of the visual field moves , and a person looks toward it many stages of signal processing are initiated . The initial sensory response , in the retina of the eye , and the final motor response , in the oculomotor nuclei of the brain stem , are not all that different from those in a simple reflex , but the intermediate stages are completely different . Instead of a one or two step chain of processing , the visual signals pass through perhaps a dozen stages of integration , involving the thalamus , cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , superior colliculus , cerebellum , and several brainstem nuclei . These areas perform signal - processing functions that include feature detection , perceptual analysis , memory recall , decision - making , and motor planning . Feature detection is the ability to extract biologically relevant information from combinations of sensory signals . In the visual system , for example , sensory receptors in the retina of the eye are only individually capable of detecting `` points of light '' in the outside world . Second - level visual neurons receive input from groups of primary receptors , higher - level neurons receive input from groups of second - level neurons , and so on , forming a hierarchy of processing stages . At each stage , important information is extracted from the signal ensemble and unimportant information is discarded . By the end of the process , input signals representing `` points of light '' have been transformed into a neural representation of objects in the surrounding world and their properties . The most sophisticated sensory processing occurs inside the brain , but complex feature extraction also takes place in the spinal cord and in peripheral sensory organs such as the retina . Intrinsic pattern generation Although stimulus - response mechanisms are the easiest to understand , the nervous system is also capable of controlling the body in ways that do not require an external stimulus , by means of internally generated rhythms of activity . Because of the variety of voltage - sensitive ion channels that can be embedded in the membrane of a neuron , many types of neurons are capable , even in isolation , of generating rhythmic sequences of action potentials , or rhythmic alternations between high - rate bursting and quiescence . When neurons that are intrinsically rhythmic are connected to each other by excitatory or inhibitory synapses , the resulting networks are capable of a wide variety of dynamical behaviors , including attractor dynamics , periodicity , and even chaos . A network of neurons that uses its internal structure to generate temporally structured output , without requiring a corresponding temporally structured stimulus , is called a central pattern generator . Internal pattern generation operates on a wide range of time scales , from milliseconds to hours or longer . One of the most important types of temporal pattern is circadian rhythmicity -- that is , rhythmicity with a period of approximately 24 hours . All animals that have been studied show circadian fluctuations in neural activity , which control circadian alternations in behavior such as the sleep - wake cycle . Experimental studies dating from the 1990s have shown that circadian rhythms are generated by a `` genetic clock '' consisting of a special set of genes whose expression level rises and falls over the course of the day . Animals as diverse as insects and vertebrates share a similar genetic clock system . The circadian clock is influenced by light but continues to operate even when light levels are held constant and no other external time - of - day cues are available . The clock genes are expressed in many parts of the nervous system as well as many peripheral organs , but in mammals , all of these `` tissue clocks '' are kept in synchrony by signals that emanate from a master timekeeper in a tiny part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus . Mirror neurons A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another . Thus , the neuron `` mirrors '' the behavior of the other , as though the observer were itself acting . Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species . Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system . In humans , brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex , the supplementary motor area , the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex . The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation . Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception / action coupling ( see the common coding theory ) . They argue that mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people , and for learning new skills by imitation . Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions , and thus contribute to theory of mind skills , while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities . However , to date , no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation . There are neuroscientists who caution that the claims being made for the role of mirror neurons are not supported by adequate research . Development In vertebrates , landmarks of embryonic neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors , the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions , outgrowth of axons from neurons and guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners , the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners , and finally the lifelong changes in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory . All bilaterian animals at an early stage of development form a gastrula , which is polarized , with one end called the animal pole and the other the vegetal pole . The gastrula has the shape of a disk with three layers of cells , an inner layer called the endoderm , which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs , a middle layer called the mesoderm , which gives rise to the bones and muscles , and an outer layer called the ectoderm , which gives rise to the skin and nervous system . Human embryo , showing neural groove Four stages in the development of the neural tube in the human embryo In vertebrates , the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back , called the neural plate . The inner portion of the neural plate ( along the midline ) is destined to become the central nervous system ( CNS ) , the outer portion the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . As development proceeds , a fold called the neural groove appears along the midline . This fold deepens , and then closes up at the top . At this point the future CNS appears as a cylindrical structure called the neural tube , whereas the future PNS appears as two strips of tissue called the neural crest , running lengthwise above the neural tube . The sequence of stages from neural plate to neural tube and neural crest is known as neurulation . In the early 20th century , a set of famous experiments by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold showed that the formation of nervous tissue is `` induced '' by signals from a group of mesodermal cells called the organizer region . For decades , though , the nature of the induction process defeated every attempt to figure it out , until finally it was resolved by genetic approaches in the 1990s . Induction of neural tissue requires inhibition of the gene for a so - called bone morphogenetic protein , or BMP . Specifically the protein BMP4 appears to be involved . Two proteins called Noggin and Chordin , both secreted by the mesoderm , are capable of inhibiting BMP4 and thereby inducing ectoderm to turn into neural tissue . It appears that a similar molecular mechanism is involved for widely disparate types of animals , including arthropods as well as vertebrates . In some animals , however , another type of molecule called Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF may also play an important role in induction . Induction of neural tissues causes formation of neural precursor cells , called neuroblasts . In drosophila , neuroblasts divide asymmetrically , so that one product is a `` ganglion mother cell '' ( GMC ) , and the other is a neuroblast . A GMC divides once , to give rise to either a pair of neurons or a pair of glial cells . In all , a neuroblast is capable of generating an indefinite number of neurons or glia . As shown in a 2008 study , one factor common to all bilateral organisms ( including humans ) is a family of secreted signaling molecules called neurotrophins which regulate the growth and survival of neurons . Zhu et al. identified DNT1 , the first neurotrophin found in flies . DNT1 shares structural similarity with all known neurotrophins and is a key factor in the fate of neurons in Drosophila . Because neurotrophins have now been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrates , this evidence suggests that neurotrophins were present in an ancestor common to bilateral organisms and may represent a common mechanism for nervous system formation . Pathology Main article : Neurology See also : Psychiatry The central nervous system is protected by major physical and chemical barriers . Physically , the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough meningeal membranes , and enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae , which combine to form a strong physical shield . Chemically , the brain and spinal cord are isolated by the so - called blood -- brain barrier , which prevents most types of chemicals from moving from the bloodstream into the interior of the CNS . These protections make the CNS less susceptible in many ways than the PNS ; the flip side , however , is that damage to the CNS tends to have more serious consequences . Although nerves tend to lie deep under the skin except in a few places such as the ulnar nerve near the elbow joint , they are still relatively exposed to physical damage , which can cause pain , loss of sensation , or loss of muscle control . Damage to nerves can also be caused by swelling or bruises at places where a nerve passes through a tight bony channel , as happens in carpal tunnel syndrome . If a nerve is completely transected , it will often regenerate , but for long nerves this process may take months to complete . In addition to physical damage , peripheral neuropathy may be caused by many other medical problems , including genetic conditions , metabolic conditions such as diabetes , inflammatory conditions such as Guillain -- Barré syndrome , vitamin deficiency , infectious diseases such as leprosy or shingles , or poisoning by toxins such as heavy metals . Many cases have no cause that can be identified , and are referred to as idiopathic . It is also possible for nerves to lose function temporarily , resulting in numbness as stiffness -- common causes include mechanical pressure , a drop in temperature , or chemical interactions with local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine . Physical damage to the spinal cord may result in loss of sensation or movement . If an injury to the spine produces nothing worse than swelling , the symptoms may be transient , but if nerve fibers in the spine are actually destroyed , the loss of function is usually permanent . 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Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rizzolatti , Giacomo ; Craighero , Laila ( 2004 ) . `` The mirror - neuron system '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27 : 169 -- 192 . PMID 15217330 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 27.070203. 144230 . Jump up ^ Keysers , Christian ( 2010 ) . `` Mirror Neurons '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 19 ( 21 ) : R971 -- 973 . PMID 19922849 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2009.08. 026 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keysers , Christian ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) . The Empathic Brain . Kindle . ^ Jump up to : Rizzolatti , Giacomo ; Fadiga , Luciano ( 1999 ) . `` Resonance Behaviors and Mirror Neurons '' . Italiennes de Biologie. 137 : 85 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Akins , Chana ; Klein , Edward ( 2002 ) . `` Imitative Learning in Japanese Quail using Bidirectional Control Procedure '' . 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Jump up ^ Dinstein I , Thomas C , Behrmann M , Heeger DJ ( 2008 ) . `` A mirror up to nature '' . Curr Biol. 18 ( 1 ) : R13 -- 8 . PMC 2517574 . PMID 18177704 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.11. 004 . Jump up ^ Hickok , G. ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Eight Problems for the Mirror Neuron Theory of Action Understanding in Monkeys and Humans '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ( Press release ) . p. 1229 - 1243 . Jump up ^ Heyes , Cecilia ( 2009 ) . `` Where do mirror neurons come from ? '' ( PDF ) . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . ^ Jump up to : Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessel TM , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 52 : The induction and patterning of the nervous system '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanes DH , Reh TH , Harris WA ( 2006 ) . `` Ch. 1 , Neural induction '' . Development of the Nervous System . Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 618621 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessel TM , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 53 : The formation and survival of nerve cells '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhu B , Pennack JA , McQuilton P , Forero MG , Mizuguchi K , Sutcliffe B , Gu CJ , Fenton JC , Hidalgo A ( Nov 2008 ) . Bate M , ed . `` Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a common mechanism for nervous system formation '' . PLoS Biol. 6 ( 11 ) : e284 . PMC 2586362 . PMID 19018662 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0060284 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Further reading Nervous system William E. 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1. Nervous system 2. Central nervous system 3. Peripheral nervous system 4. Neurons and synapses 5. Evolution of nervous systems

where did the term blue jeans come from

Jeans - wikipedia Jeans For other uses , see Jeans ( disambiguation ) . A pair of factory - distressed , loose fit men 's jeans Microscopic image of faded jeans fabric Jeans are a type of trousers , typically made from denim or dungaree cloth . Often the term `` jeans '' refers to a particular style of trousers , called `` blue jeans '' , which were invented by Jacob W. Davis in partnership with Levi Strauss & Co. in 1871 and patented by Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20 , 1873 . Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers , the term `` blue jeans '' had been long in use for various garments ( including trousers , overalls , and coats ) , constructed from blue - colored denim . Originally designed for cowboys and miners , jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers , especially members of the greaser subculture . Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s hippie subculture and they continued to be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal . Nowadays , they are one of the most popular types of trousers , especially in Western culture . Historic brands include Levi 's , Lee , and Wrangler . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin of jean fabric 1.2 Origin of riveted jeans 1.3 Recent evolution 2 Manufacturing processes 2.1 Dyeing 2.2 Pre-shrinking 2.3 Used and distressed looks 2.4 Sandblasting or abrading with sandpaper 2.5 Environmental and humanitarian impact 3 Care and wear 4 Jeans in the law 5 Trends 5.1 Worldwide market for jeans 5.2 Jeans in the USSR 5.3 Market - share shift to activewear 5.4 Distressed jeans 5.5 Low - rise jeans 6 Industrial production 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) Origin of jean fabric ( edit ) A traditional women 's Genoese dress in `` blue jeans '' ( 1890s ) Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of Genoa , Italy , and Nîmes , France . Gênes , the French word for Genoa , may be the origin of the word `` jeans '' . In Nîmes , weavers tried to reproduce jean fabric but instead developed a similar twill fabric that became known as denim , from de Nîmes , meaning `` from Nîmes '' . Genoa 's jean fabric was a fustian textile of `` medium quality and of reasonable cost '' , very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous , and was `` used for work clothes in general '' . The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans , as they needed a fabric which could be worn wet or dry . Nîmes 's `` denim '' was coarser , considered higher quality , and was used `` for over garments such as smocks or overalls '' . Nearly all indigo , needed for dyeing , came from indigo bush plantations in India until the late 19th century . It was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany . Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans . By the 17th century , jean was a crucial textile for working - class people in Northern Italy . This is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now nicknamed The Master of the Blue Jeans . The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower - class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim . The fabric would have been Genoese jean , which was cheaper . Genre painting came to prominence in late 16th century , and the non-nobility subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes . Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century , when it was referred to as cheap , coarse thick cotton cloth , often colored blue but sometimes white , worn by impoverished people in what was then a region of Bombay , India a dockside village called Dongri . This cloth was `` dungri '' in Hindi . Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap , robust working clothes . In English , the word `` dungri '' became pronounced as `` dungaree '' . Origin of riveted jeans ( edit ) Levi Strauss Jacob Davis The term jeans appears first in 1795 , when a Swiss banker by the name Jean - Gabriel Eynard and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both were soon heading a flourishing commercial concern . In 1800 Massena 's troops entered the town and Jean - Gabriel was entrusted with their supply . In particular he furnished them with uniforms cut from blue cloth called `` bleu de Genes '' whence later derives the famous garment known worldwide as `` blue jeans '' . Levi Strauss , as a young man in 1851 , went from Germany to New York to join his older brothers who ran a goods store . In 1853 , he moved to San Francisco to open his own dry goods business . Jacob Davis was a tailor who often bought bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss & Co. wholesale house . In 1872 , Davis wrote to Strauss asking to partner with him to patent and sell clothing reinforced with rivets . The copper rivets were to reinforce the points of stress , such as pocket corners and at the bottom of the button fly . Levi accepted Davis 's offer , and the two men received US patent No. 139,121 for an `` Improvement in Fastening Pocket - Openings '' on May 20 , 1873 . The classic label for Levi 501 jeans . Davis and Strauss experimented with different fabrics . An early attempt was brown cotton duck , a bottom - weight fabric . Finding denim a more suitable material for work - pants , they began using it to manufacture their riveted pants . The denim used was produced by an American manufacturer . Popular legend incorrectly states that it was imported from Nimes , France . A popular myth is that Strauss initially sold brown canvas pants to miners , later dyed them blue , turned to using denim , and only after Davis wrote to him , added rivets . Initially , Strauss ' jeans were simply sturdy trousers worn by factory workers , miners , farmers , and cattlemen throughout the North American West . During this period , men 's jeans had the fly down the front , whereas women 's jeans had the fly down the left side . When Levi Strauss & Co. patented the modern , mass - produced prototype in the year 1873 , there were two pockets in the front and one on the back with copper rivets . Later , the jeans were redesigned to today 's industry standard of five pockets including a little watch pocket and copper rivets . Recent evolution ( edit ) Fewer jeans were made during World War II , but ' waist overalls ' were introduced to the world by US soldiers , who sometimes wore them off duty . By the 1960s , both men 's and women 's jeans had the zipper down the front . Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion , jeans generally fit quite loosely , much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib . Indeed , until 1960 , Levi Strauss called its flagship product `` waist overalls '' rather than `` jeans '' . After James Dean popularized them in the movie Rebel Without a Cause , wearing jeans became a symbol of youth rebellion during the 1950s . During the 1960s the wearing of jeans became more acceptable , and by the 1970s it had become general fashion in the United States for casual wear . Leigh Jones , a recording artist wearing ripped jeans , 2009 Examples of intentional denim distressing strictly to make them more fashionable can be seen as early as 1935 in Vogue 's June issue . Michael Belluomo , editor of Sportswear International Magazine , Oct / Nov 1987 , P. 45 , wrote that in 1965 , Limbo , a boutique in the New York East Village , was `` the first retailer to wash a new pair of jeans to get a used , worn effect , and the idea became a hit . '' He continued , `` ( Limbo ) hired East Village artists to embellish the jeans with patches , decals , and other touches , and sold them for $200 . '' In the early 1980s the denim industry introduced the stone - washing technique developed by GWG also known as `` Great Western Garment Co . '' Donald Freeland of Edmonton , Alberta pioneered the method , which helped to bring denim to a larger and more versatile market . Acceptance of jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s . Originally an esoteric fashion choice , in the 2010s jeans may be seen being worn by men and women of all ages . Manufacturing processes ( edit ) Dyeing ( edit ) See also : Azo dye Chemical structure of indigo dye , the blue of blue jeans . Traditionally , jeans were dyed to a blue color using natural indigo dye . Most denim is now dyed using synthetic indigo . Approximately 20 thousand tons of indigo are produced annually for this purpose , though only a few grams of the dye are required for each pair . For other colors of denim other dyes must be used . Currently , jeans are produced in any color that can be achieved with cotton . For more information on dyeing , refer to denim and the discussion there of using pigment dyes . Pre-shrinking ( edit ) Young people wearing a variety of jean styles , including carpenter jeans , bootcut jeans , drainpipe jeans and lowrise jeans . ( Rome , 2008 ) In 1962 Levi Strauss introduced pre-shrunk jeans , which did not shrink further after purchase , allowing the consumer to purchase a correctly fitting size . These jeans were known as the 505 regular fit jeans . The 505 are almost identical to the 501s with the exception of the button - fly . The Levi 's Corporation also introduced a slim boot - cut fit known as 517 and 527 . The difference between the two is the 517s sit at the waist line and the 527s sit below the waist line . Later , Levi 's would develop other styles and fits such as the loose , slim , comfort , relaxed , skinny , and a regular fit with a tapered leg . Used and distressed looks ( edit ) Ronald Reagan wearing stonewash denim associated with Western clothing , 1970s The used or `` acid wash '' look is created by means of abrading the jeans and / or treating them with chemicals , such as acryl resin , phenol , a hypochlorite , potassium permanganate , caustic soda , acids etc . Ripping or distressing of jeans , though also arising naturally as a result of wear and tear , is sometimes deliberately performed by suppliers - with distressed clothing sometimes selling for more than a nondistressed pair . For example , Pucci sold `` embellished mid-rise boyfriend jeans '' for £ 600 ( US $860 ) . Sandblasting or abrading with sandpaper ( edit ) Consumers wanting jeans that appear worn can buy jeans that have been specially treated . To give the fabrics the worn look , sandblasting done with chemicals or by adding pumice stone to the washing process or abrading with sandpaper is often done . Environmental and humanitarian impact ( edit ) A typical pair of blue jeans uses 919 gallons ( 3479 liters ) of water during its life cycle . This includes the water to irrigate the cotton crop , manufacture the jeans , and the numerous washes by the consumer . The production of jeans with a `` used look '' can be more environmentally damaging than regular jeans , depending on how the waste compounds are processed . Sandblasting and treating with sandpaper has the risk of causing silicosis to the workers , and in Turkey , more than 5,000 textile workers have been stricken with this disease , and 46 people are known to have died . Some companies have announced they are banning the use of sandblasting . Care and wear ( edit ) Despite most jeans being `` pre-shrunk '' , they are still sensitive to slight further shrinkage and loss of color from being washed . The Levi Strauss company recommends avoiding washing jeans as much as possible . Carl Chiara , Levi Strauss director of brand and special projects , has a credo : The less you wash your jeans , the better your jeans become . These and other suggestions to avoid washing jeans where possible have encountered criticism . Cory Warren , editor of LS&Co . Unzipped , clarifies in a response to such a criticism : Our advice is to wash less often , but clearly , you have to judge for yourself what 's appropriate . Hot day , dirty job ? Wash your jeans . Please ! Cold day , office job ? Maybe you can wear them twice or more before they go back to the washing machine . Personally , if I wear a pair of jeans to work on Friday -- cool climate , office job -- I tend to wear them on Saturday . And if Saturday is spent indoors and I 'm not spilling food all over myself , I might even wear them on Sunday . -- Corey Warren For those who prefer to refrain from washing their jeans there have been suggestions to freeze them in order to kill the germs that cause odor . However , this advice has been disputed as ineffective and replaced with the suggestion of baking them for ten minutes at 250 degrees Fahrenheit. ( 120 ° C ) . Jeans in the Law ( edit ) Jeans are covered under laws regarding trousers . As well , there have been some notable legal cases involving jeans specifically : In Rome , Italy , in 1992 , a 45 - year - old driving instructor was accused of rape . When he picked up an 18 - year - old girl for her first driving lesson , he allegedly raped her for an hour , then told her that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her . Later that night she told her parents and her parents agreed to help her press charges . While the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced , the Italian Supreme Court overturned the conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight jeans . It was argued that she must have necessarily had to help her attacker remove her jeans , thus making the act consensual ( `` because the victim wore very , very tight jeans , she had to help him remove them ... and by removing the jeans ... it was no longer rape but consensual sex '' ) . The Italian Supreme Court stated in its decision `` it is a fact of common experience that it is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans even partly without the active collaboration of the person who is wearing them . '' This ruling sparked widespread feminist protest . The day after the decision , women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding placards that read `` Jeans : An Alibi for Rape '' . As a sign of support , the California Senate and Assembly followed suit . Soon Patricia Giggans , Executive Director of the Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women , ( now Peace Over Violence ) made Denim Day an annual event . As of 2011 at least 20 U.S. states officially recognize Denim Day in April . Wearing jeans on this day has become an international symbol of protest against erroneous and destructive attitudes about sexual assault . As of 2008 the Italian Supreme Court has overturned their findings , and there is no longer a `` denim '' defense to the charge of rape . In 2014 , an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear a sari amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce . The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27 ( 1 ) ( d ) of Special Marriage Act , 1954 . Trends ( edit ) Worldwide market for jeans ( edit ) North America accounts for 39 % of global purchases for jeans , followed by Western Europe at 20 % , Japan and Korea at 10 % and the rest of the world at 31 % . United States consumers spent more than US $14 billion on jeans in 2004 and US $15 billion in 2005 . US consumers bought US $13.8 billion of men 's and women 's jeans in the year that ended 30 April 2011 , according to market - research firm NPD Group . Jeans in the USSR ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) In the Soviet Union , jeans were the symbol of the Western way of life . The `` jeans fever '' in the USSR started in 1957 during the World Festival of Youth and Students . According to a 1961 Russian textile dictionary , jeans were initially referred to as a `` worker 's uniform '' ( рабочий костюм , rabochii kostyum ) . The jeans brand Rokotov and Fainberg is named after the defendants in the Rokotov -- Faibishenko case , who were executed for , among other things , trafficking in jeans . Although not outright banned , jeans were hard to come by in USSR . It was seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West . The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as that would mean responding to the market , a capitalist principle . People went to great lengths , sometimes resorting to violence and other illegal activities to obtain real Western made jeans . This led to the creation of black markets and bootlegging of jeans , which since has become an important cultural element in the history of the Soviet Union . Market - share shift to activewear ( edit ) In 2014 , teens were buying more fashion and athleisure clothing from brands such as Nike and Lululemon over denim classics from brands like Abercrombie & Fitch . Activewear in 2014 comprised 28 % of teens ' apparel purchases , up from 6 % in 2008 . In 2014 , Nike , Lululemon , Under Armour , and Adidas were the most popular brands for athletic apparel among teen consumers . Fashion retailers have begun to adjust their offerings accordingly . Bloomberg reports that Levi 's , which is the world 's most iconic denim company , stuck to its core product ( denim ) instead of adapting to consumer trends . As a result , Levi 's sales decreased from over USD 7 billion to USD 4.8 billion in 2015 . Distressed jeans ( edit ) Distressed denim emerged from the cultural punk movement in the 1970s . Early punks tore apart consumer goods as an expression of their anger towards society . Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols manifested the British punk ideology , which was fighting against the status quo . Denim became a key target of this politically fueled deconstruction , with both men and women donning torn pants and jackets , accessorized with safety pins and slogans . The trend became popular again in the 1990s with the emergence of grunge fashion . If punk was `` anti-fashion '' , grunge was `` non-fashion '' . The grunge youth wore loose - fitting ripped jeans , flannel shirts or woolen Pendletons layered over T - shirts . Their anti-conformist approach to fashion led to the popularization of the casual chic look , a trend which continued into the 2000s . Low - rise jeans ( edit ) Media reported in 2017 that the trend of low - rise jeans , famous in 1990s and 2000s as sagging , was coming back in fashion due to celebrities like Justin Bieber endorsing it . Low - rise jeans are usually worn 2 - 3 inches or more below the navel . Industrial production ( edit ) How denim fabric is stored in the factory . Automated cutting machines are used in RMG factory to cut the pieces . PP Spray and PP Sponging being applied to jeans to give them a new look . Adding 3D crunching , whiskers , and wrinkles to jeans to make them look more used . Applying permanent wrinkles to jeans . Hand scraping of jeans . Resin treatment process on jeans . Tacking on jeans ( adds strength to high - stress areas ) . Socks dyeing machine in a washing plant for washing jeans . The process of washing and drying jeans . The final steps of preparing jeans for market . Checking the fit on a live model . Quality checking and quality assurance . Jeans denim pants are displayed for the buyer in the RMG factory showroom . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Athleisure Baggy jeans Daisy Dukes Denim skirt ( `` jean '' skirt ) Designer jeans Drainpipe jeans Jeggings Mom jeans Western fashion Women and trousers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loverin , Jan ( 2006 ) . `` A Nevada Stylist : Your Denim Jeans Are a Nevada Invention '' ( PDF ) . Nevada State Museum Newsletter. 36 ( 3 ) : 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , The Richmond Enquirer ( Richmond , VA ) March 25 , 1823 , wherein a paid notice described the ready - made apparel stolen by a thief : FIFTY DOLLARS REWARD , FOR JEREMIAH , or as he is commonly called Jerry Hatcher , lately a convict of the Penitentiary , who on the night of the 17th February last did break through my store and carry off a variety of goods , together with about $20 in change and some ready made clothing , and has made his escape . He is about 4 1 / 2 or 5 feet high , stout and very well made , with light hair , and I expect has on blue Jeans coatee and brown pantaloons , as he took such from me and has been seen with them on . I expect he is either in Richmond , Petersburg or Lynchburg . Any person who will apprehend said Hatcher and deliver him to me , will meet with my thanks , and the above reward . BRIGHTBERRY BROWN ( , ) Red Mills , Buckingham ( County , Virginia ) , March 14 . Jump up ^ Howard , Michael C. ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) . Transnationalism and Society : An Introduction . McFarland . ISBN 9780786486250 . Jump up ^ `` Jeans '' . facweb.cs.depaul.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Master of the Blue Jeans : A New Painter of Reality in Late 17th Century Europe . Paris : Galerie Canesso. 2010 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Read More '' . Ingenious.org.uk . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ The Master of the Blue Jeans : A New Painter of Reality in Late 17th Century Europe . Paris : Galerie Canesso. 2010 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Welch , Evelyn ( 2005 ) . Shopping in the Renaissance : Consumer Cultures in Italy 1400 -- 1600 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 44 . Jump up ^ William , Carrie ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Origin and History of Dungaree Fabric '' . Historyofjeans.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , J. ( 2006 ) . Jeans : A cultural history of an American icon . New York : Gotham Books ^ Jump up to : Downey , Lynn ( 2007 ) . `` A Short History of Denim '' ( PDF ) . official Levi Strauss & Co. historian . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagman - Gellar , Marlene ( 2010 ) . Eureka ! : The Surprising Stories Behind the Ideas That Shaped the World , Eureka # 3 ( 1871 ) ( unpaginated ) . Penguin Group ( USA ) , Inc . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 139,121 Jump up ^ Hobson , J. ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) . `` To die for ? The health and safety of fast fashion '' . Occupational Medicine . 63 ( 5 ) : 317 -- 319 . doi : 10.1093 / occmed / kqt079 . ISSN 0962 - 7480 . Jump up ^ `` A History Of Blue Jeans : From Miners ' Wear to American Classic - Nature and Community - MOTHER EARTH NEWS '' . Mother Earth News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Style : August 2015 '' . New Orleans Living Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Jeans '' . newint.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauren Cochrane and Helen Seamons . `` James Dean : an enduring influence on modern fashion Fashion '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nancy MacDonell ( 2003 ) . The Classic Ten : poella grande y gruesa The True Story of the Little Black Dress and Nine Other Fashion Favorites . Penguin . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200356 - 5 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` De Nimes '' . vice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Levi 's By the Numbers ( Men 's ) '' . Worldflow Knowledge . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Katya Foreman ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Jean genie : The denim evolution '' . Jump up ^ Elmar Steingruber `` Indigo and Indigo Colorants '' Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2004 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a14_149. pub2 Jump up ^ `` Levi Strauss & Co . Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Der preis der Bluejeans documentary by Studio Hamburg 2012 Jump up ^ Laura Craik ( 8 March 2014 ) , `` Am I too old for ... ripped jeans ? '' , The Times : 11 Jump up ^ Kaufman , Leslie ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Tim Tries to Minimize Water Use '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Denim Elsham Jeans & Cotton Processing Official Website '' . elsham-eg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sandblasted jeans : Should we give up distressed denim ? '' . BBC News . 30 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wash My Jeans ? Hardly '' . LS&CO . UNZIPPED. 30 July 2012 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Blogs.smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Faedi , Benedetta ( 2009 ) . `` Rape , Blue Jeans , and Judicial Developments in Italy '' . Columbia Journal of European Law . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : PTI ( 2014 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Wife 's jeans ban is grounds for divorce , India court rules '' . GulfNews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World Denim Market -- A Report on Capacities , Market Size , Forecasts etc Denim Jeans Trends , News and Reports Worldwide '' . Denimsandjeans.com. 2009 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , James . Jeans : A Cultural History of an American Icon . London : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 214 - 4 . OCLC 62697070 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Christina ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` How Can Jeans Cost $300 ? '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Rudevich , Alexei . Worth going to prison for : Getting hold of jeans in the USSR . Russia Beyond the Headlines , 16 September 2014 . Accessed on 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet Denim Smuggling - Jeans Behind the Iron Curtain '' . Heddels. 2014 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dazed ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Exploring the USSR 's underground obsession with Levi 's 501s '' . Dazed . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Retail ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) . `` How Teens Are Spending Money '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ashley Lutz ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) . `` A longtime American wardrobe staple is in danger of extinction '' . AOL . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Distressed denim : a history '' . Jump up ^ `` Are You Ready for the Return of Low - Rise Jeans ? '' . The Fashion Spot. 2013 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Types of Jeans '' . Rated Star . 2017 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bottom weight fabric is a heavier fabric suitable for pants or skirts ( a.k.a. bottoms ) . Not necessarily a thick or heavy fabric but heavier than something that would be used to make a blouse or shirt . 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1. History of jeans 2. Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis 3. Manufacturing processes of jeans 4. Distressed and worn-out jeans 5. Environmental impact of jeans production

what date did the french establish their first colony in north america

French colonization of the Americas - wikipedia French colonization of the Americas Map of North America ( 1750 ) - France ( blue ) , Britain ( pink , purple ) , and Spain ( orange ) The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century , and continued on into the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere . France founded colonies in much of eastern North America , on a number of Caribbean islands , and in South America . Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish , rice , sugar , and furs . As they colonized the New World , the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada ; Detroit , Green Bay , St. Louis , Cape Girardeau , Mobile , Biloxi , Baton Rouge and New Orleans in the United States ; and Port - au - Prince , Cap - Haïtien ( founded as Cap - Français ) in Haiti , Cayenne in French Guiana , São Luís ( founded as Saint - Louis de Maragnan in northern coast of Brazil ) , Pariaba in New Holland and Rio de Janeiro in portuguese South America . Contents 1 North America 1.1 Background 1.2 Colonization 1.3 French Florida 1.4 Canada and Acadia 1.5 Louisiana 1.5. 1 The Mississippi Bubble 1.6 Dissolution 2 West Indies 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.1. 1 1557 Calvinist arrival 3.1. 2 Portuguese intervention 3.2 Equinoctial France 3.3 History of France Équinoxiale 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 In French North America ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The French first came to the New World as explorers , seeking a route to the Ocean and wealth . Major French exploration of North America began under the rule of Francis I , King of France . In 1524 , Francis sent Italian - born Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the region between Florida and Newfoundland for a route to the Pacific Ocean . Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain and English Newfoundland , thus promoting French interests . Colonization ( edit ) Main article : New France Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , arr. 1844 In 1534 , Francis I of France sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three voyages to explore the coast of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence River . He founded New France by planting a cross on the shore of the Gaspé Peninsula . The French subsequently tried to establish several colonies throughout North America that failed , due to weather , disease , or conflict with other European powers . Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in North America at Cap - Rouge ( Quebec City ) in 1541 with 400 settlers but the settlement was abandoned the next year after bad weather and attacks from Native Americans in the area . A small group of French troops were left on Parris Island , South Carolina in 1562 to build Charlesfort , but left after a year when they were not resupplied by France . Fort Caroline established in present - day Jacksonville , Florida , in 1564 , lasted only a year before being destroyed by the Spanish from St. Augustine . An attempt to settle convicts on Sable Island off Nova Scotia in 1598 failed after a short time . In 1599 , a sixteen - person trading post was established in Tadoussac ( in present - day Quebec ) , of which only five men survived the first winter . In 1604 Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain founded a short - lived French colony , the first in Acadia , on Saint Croix Island , presently part of the state of Maine , which was much plagued by illness , perhaps scurvy . The following year the settlement was moved to Port Royal , located in present - day Nova Scotia . Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec ( 1608 ) and explored the Great Lakes . In 1634 , Jean Nicolet founded La Baye des Puants ( present - day Green Bay ) , which is one of the oldest permanent European settlements in America . In 1634 , Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois - Rivières . In 1642 , Paul de Chomedey , Sieur de Maisonneuve , founded Fort Ville - Marie which is now known as Montreal . Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette founded Sault Sainte Marie ( 1668 ) and Saint Ignace ( 1671 ) and explored the Mississippi River . At the end of the 17th century , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle established a network of forts going from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . Fort Saint Louis was established in Texas in 1685 , but was gone by 1688 . Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ( modern - day Detroit ) in 1701 and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville founded La Nouvelle Orléans ( New Orleans ) in 1718 . Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founded Baton Rouge in 1719 . Governor Frontenac performing a tribal dance with Indian allies . The French were eager to explore North America but New France remained largely unpopulated . Due to the lack of women , intermarriages between French and Indians were frequent , giving rise to the Métis people . Relations between the French and Indians were usually peaceful . As the 19th - century historian Francis Parkman stated : `` Spanish civilization crushed the Indian ; English civilization scorned and neglected him ; French civilization embraced and cherished him '' -- Francis Parkman . To boost the French population , Cardinal Richelieu issued an act declaring that Indians converted to Catholicism were considered as `` natural Frenchmen '' by the Ordonnance of 1627 : `` The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country ( New France ) , together with all the Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it , shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen , and as such may come to live in France when they want , and acquire , donate , and succeed and accept donations and legacies , just as true French subjects , without being required to take no letters of declaration of naturalization . '' Louis XIV also tried to increase the population by sending approximately 800 young women nicknamed the `` King 's Daughters '' . However , the low density of population in New France remained a very persistent problem . At the beginning of the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) , the British population in North America outnumbered the French 20 to 1 . France fought a total of six colonial wars in North America ( see the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . See also : Franco - Indian alliance French Florida ( edit ) Map of French Florida In 1562 , Charles IX , under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny sent Jean Ribault and a group of Huguenot settlers in an attempt to colonize the Atlantic coast and found a colony on a territory which will take the name of the French Florida . They discovered the probe and Port Royal Island , which will be called by Parris Island in South Carolina , on which he built a fort named Charlesfort . The group , led by René Goulaine de Laudonnière , moved to the south where they founded the Fort Caroline on the Saint John 's river in Florida on June 22 , 1564 . This irritated the Spanish who claimed Florida and opposed the Protestant settlers for religious reasons . In 1565 , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés led a group of Spaniards and founded Saint Augustine , 60 kilometers south of Fort Caroline . Fearing a Spanish attack , Ribault planned to move the colony but a storm suddenly destroyed his fleet . On 20 September 1565 the Spaniards , commanded by Menéndez de Avilés , attacked and massacred all the Fort Caroline occupants including Jean Ribault . Canada and Acadia ( edit ) Political map of the Northeastern part of North America in 1664 . The French interest in Canada focused first on fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . However , at the beginning of the 17th century , France was more interested in fur from North America . The fur trading post of Tadoussac was founded in 1600 . Four years later , Champlain made his first trip to Canada in a trade mission for fur . Although he had no formal mandate on this trip , he sketched a map of the St. Lawrence River and in writing , on his return to France , a report entitled Savages ( relation of his stay in a tribe of Montagnais near Tadoussac ) . Champlain needed to report his findings to Henry IV . He participated in another expedition to New France in the spring of 1604 , conducted by Pierre Du Gua de Monts . It helped the foundation of a settlement on Saint Croix Island , the first French settlement in the New World , which would be given up the following winter . The expedition then founded the colony of Port - Royal . In 1608 , Champlain founded a fur post that would become the city of Quebec , which would become the capital of New France . In Quebec , Champlain forged alliances between France and the Huron and Ottawa against their traditional enemies , the Iroquois . Champlain and other French travelers then continued to explore North America , with canoes made from Birch bark , to move quickly through the Great Lakes and their tributaries . In 1634 , the Normand explorer Jean Nicolet pushed his exploration to the West up to Wisconsin . Following the capitulation of Quebec by the Kirke brothers , the British occupied the city of Quebec and Canada from 1629 to 1632 . Samuel de Champlain was taken prisoner and there followed the bankruptcy of the Company of One Hundred Associates . Following the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , France took possession of the colony in 1632 . The city of Trois - Rivières was founded in 1634 . In 1642 , the Angevin Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière founded Ville - Marie ( later Montreal ) which was at that time , a fort as protection against Iroquois attacks ( the first great Iroquois war lasted from 1642 to 1667 ) . A new map of the north parts of America claimed by France in 1720 , according to the London cartographer Herman Moll . Despite this rapid expansion , the colony developed very slowly . The Iroquois wars and diseases were the leading causes of death in the French colony . In 1663 when Louis XIV provided the Royal Government , the population of New France was only 2500 European inhabitants . That year , to increase the population , Louis XIV sent between 800 and 900 ' King 's Daughters ' to become the wives of French settlers . The population of New France reached subsequently 7000 in 1674 and 15000 in 1689 . From 1689 to 1713 , the French settlers were faced with almost incessant war during the French and Indian Wars . From 1689 to 1697 , they fought the British in the Nine Years ' War . The war against the Iroquois continued even after the Treaty of Rijswijk until 1701 , when the two parties agreed on peace . Then , the war against the English took over in the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1690 and 1711 , Quebec City had successfully resisted the attacks of the English navy and then British army . Nevertheless , the British took advantage of the second war . With the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , France ceded to Britain Acadia ( with a population of 1700 people ) , Newfoundland and Hudson Bay . Under the Sovereign Council , the population of the colony grew faster . However , the population growth was far inferior to that of the British Thirteen Colonies to the south . In the middle of the 18th century , New France accounted for 60,000 people while the British colonies had more than one million people . This placed the colony at a great military disadvantage against the British . The war between the colonies resumed in 1744 , lasting until 1748 . A final and decisive war began in 1754 . The Canadiens and the French were helped by numerous alliances with Native Americans , but they were usually outnumbered on the battlefield . Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana before 1736 On May 17 , 1673 , explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi River , known to the Sioux as does Tongo , or to the Miami - Illinois as missisipioui ( the great river ) . They reached the mouth of the Arkansas and then up the river , after learning that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and not to the California Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) . In 1682 , the Normand Cavelier de la Salle and the Italian Henri de Tonti came down the Mississippi to its Delta . They left from Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois River , along with 23 French and 18 Native Americans . In April 1682 , they arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi ; they planted a cross and a column bearing the arms of the king of France . La Salle returned to France and won over the Secretary of State of the Navy to give him the command of Louisiana . He believed that it was close to New Spain by drawing a map on which the Mississippi seemed much further west than its actual rate . He set up a maritime expedition with four ships and 320 emigrants , but it ended in disaster when he failed to find the Mississippi Delta and was killed in 1687 . In 1698 , Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville left La Rochelle and explored the area around the mouth of the Mississippi . He stopped between Isle - aux - Chats ( now Cat Island ) and Isle Surgeres ( renamed Isle - aux - Vascular or Ship Island ) on February 13 , 1699 and continued his explorations to the mainland , with his brother Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to Biloxi . He built a precarious fort , called ' Maurepas ' ( later ' Old Biloxi ' ) , before returning to France . He returned twice in the Gulf of Mexico and established a fort at Mobile in 1702 . From 1699 to 1702 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville was governor of Louisiana . His brother succeeded him in that post from 1702 to 1713 . He was again governor from 1716 to 1724 and again 1733 to 1743 . In 1718 , Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville commanded a French expedition in Louisiana . He founded the city of New Orleans , in homage to Regent Duke of Orleans . The architect Adrian de Pauger drew the orthogonal plane of the Old Square . The Mississippi bubble ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Company In Weigel 's map ( 1719 ) intended to promote sales of the Mississippi Company in Germany ; most of the present - day United States appears under the name `` Louisiana '' . In 1718 , there were only 700 Europeans in Louisiana . The Mississippi Company arranged for ships to bring 800 more , who landed in Louisiana in 1718 , doubling the European population . John Law encouraged Germans , particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule , and the Swiss to emigrate . Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 . Dissolution ( edit ) The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France , with Canada going to Great Britain and Louisiana going to Spain . Only the islands of Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon are still in French hands . In 1802 Spain returned Louisiana to France , but Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803 . The French left many toponyms ( Illinois , Vermont , Bayous ... ) and ethnonyms ( Sioux , Coeur d'Alene , Nez Percé ... ) in North America . West indies ( edit ) Further information : French West Indies Saint - Domingue slave revolt in 1791 A major French settlement lay on the island of Hispaniola , where France established the colony of Saint - Domingue on the western third of the island in 1664 . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , Saint - Domingue became the richest colony in the Caribbean due to slave plantation production of sugar cane . It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere . A 1791 slave revolt , the only ever successful slave revolt , began the Haitian Revolution , led to freedom for the colony 's slaves in 1794 and , a decade later , complete independence for the country , which renamed itself Haiti . France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island , which is now the Dominican Republic . During the 17th and 18th centuries , France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times . Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Marie - Galante , Martinique , St. Barthélemy , St. Croix , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , St. Martin , St. Vincent and Tobago . Control of many of these islands was contested between the French , the British and the Dutch ; in the case of St. Martin , the island was divided in two , a situation that persists to this day . Great Britain captured some of France 's islands during the Seven Years ' War and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the latter conflict , France retained control of Guadeloupe , Martinique , Marie - Galante , St. Barthélemy , and its portion of St. Martin ; all remain part of France today . Guadeloupe ( including Marie - Galante and other nearby islands ) and Martinique each is an overseas department of France , while St. Barthélemy and St. Martin each became an overseas collectivity of France in 2007 . South America ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Wording , and the need to add more relevant wikilinks to newly added material Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brazil ( edit ) France Antarctique ( formerly also spelled France antartique ) was a French colony south of the Equator , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which existed between 1555 and 1567 , and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio . The colony quickly became a haven for the Huguenots , and was ultimately destroyed by the Portuguese in 1567 . On November 1 , 1555 , French vice-admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ( 1510 -- 1575 ) , a Catholic knight of the Order of Malta , who later would help the Huguenots to find a refuge against persecution , led a small fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists , and took possession of the small island of Serigipe in the Guanabara Bay , in front of present - day Rio de Janeiro , where they built a fort named Fort Coligny . The fort was named in honor of Gaspard de Coligny ( then a Catholic statesman , who about a year later would become a Huguenot ) , an admiral who supported the expedition and would use the colony in order to protect his co-religionists . To the still largely undeveloped mainland village , Villegaignon gave the name of Henriville , in honour of Henry II , the King of France , who also knew of and approved the expedition , and had provided the fleet for the trip . Villegaignon secured his position by making an alliance with the Tamoio and Tupinambá Indians of the region , who were fighting the Portuguese . 1557 calvinist arrival ( edit ) Unchallenged by the Portuguese , who initially took little notice of his landing , Villegaignon endeavoured to expand the colony by calling for more colonists in 1556 . He sent one of his ships , the Grande Roberge , to Honfleur , entrusted with letters to King Henry II , Gaspard de Coligny and according to some accounts , the Protestant leader John Calvin . After one ship was sent to France to ask for additional support , three ships were financed and prepared by the king of France and put under the command of Sieur De Bois le Comte , a nephew of Villegagnon . They were joined by 14 Calvinists from Geneva , led by Philippe de Corguilleray , including theologians Pierre Richier and Guillaume Chartrier . The new colonists , numbering around 300 , included 5 young women to be wed , 10 boys to be trained as translators , as well as 14 Calvinists sent by Calvin , and also Jean de Léry , who would later write an account of the colony . They arrived in March 1557 . The relief fleet was composed of : The Petite Roberge , with 80 soldiers and sailors was led by Vice Admiral Sieur De Bois le Comte . The Grande Roberge , with about 120 on board , captained by Sieur de Sainte - Marie dit l'Espine . The Rosée , with about 90 people , led by Captain Rosée . Doctrinal disputes arose between Villegagnon and the Calvinists , especially in relation to the Eucharist , and in October 1557 the Calvinists were banished from Coligny island as a result . They settled among the Tupinamba until January 1558 , when some of them managed to return to France by ship together with Jean de Léry , and five others chose to return to Coligny island where three of them were drowned by Villegagnon for refusing to recant . Portuguese intervention ( edit ) In 1560 Mem de Sá , the new Governor - General of Brazil , received from the Portuguese government the command to expel the French . With a fleet of 26 warships and 2,000 soldiers , on 15 March 1560 , he attacked and destroyed Fort Coligny within three days , but was unable to drive off their inhabitants and defenders , because they escaped to the mainland with the help of the Native Brazilians , where they continued to live and to work . Admiral Villegaignon had returned to France in 1558 , disgusted with the religious tension that existed between French Protestants and Catholics , who had come also with the second group ( see French Wars of Religion ) . Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá , named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega , and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios , Mem de Sá ordered his nephew , Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force . Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1 , 1565 , and fought the Frenchmen for two more years . Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle , on January 20 , 1567 , he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil , but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle . Coligny 's and Villegaignon 's dream had lasted a mere 12 years . Equinoctial France ( edit ) Equinoctial France was the contemporary name given to the colonization efforts of France in the 17th century in South America , around the line of Equator , before `` tropical '' had fully gained its modern meaning : Equinoctial means in Latin `` of equal nights '' , i.e. , on the Equator , where the duration of days and nights is nearly the same year round . The French colonial empire in the New World also included New France ( Nouvelle France ) in North America , particularly in what is today the province of Quebec , Canada , and for a very short period ( 12 years ) also Antarctic France ( France Antarctique , in French ) , in present - day Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . All of these settlements were in violation of the papal bull of 1493 , which divided the New World between Spain and Portugal . This division was later defined more exactly by the Treaty of Tordesillas . History of France Équinoxiale ( edit ) France Équinoxiale started in 1612 , when a French expedition departed from Cancale , Brittany , France , under the command of Daniel de la Touche , Seigneur de la Ravardière , and François de Razilly , admiral . Carrying 500 colonists , it arrived in the Northern coast of what is today the Brazilian state of Maranhão . De la Ravardière had discovered the region in 1604 but the death of the king postponed his plans to start its colonization . The colonists soon founded a village , which was named `` Saint - Louis '' , in honor of the French king Louis IX . This later became São Luís in Portuguese , ( 1 ) the only Brazilian state capital founded by France . On 8 September , Capuchin friars prayed the first mass , and the soldiers started building a fortress . An important difference in relation to France Antarctique is that this new colony was not motivated by escape from religious persecutions to Protestants ( see French Wars of Religion ) . The colony did not last long . A Portuguese army assembled in the Captaincy of Pernambuco , under the command of Alexandre de Moura , was able to mount a military expedition , which defeated and expelled the French colonists in 1615 , less than four years after their arrival in the land . Thus , it repeated the disaster spelt for the colonists of France Antarctique , in 1567 . A few years later , in 1620 , Portuguese and Brazilian colonists arrived in number and São Luís started to develop , with an economy based mostly in sugar cane and slavery . French traders and colonists tried again to settle a France Équinoxiale further North , in what is today French Guiana , in 1626 , 1635 ( when the capital , Cayenne , was founded ) and 1643 . Twice a Compagnie de la France Équinoxiale was founded , in 1643 and 1645 , but both foundered as a result of misfortune and mismanagement . It was only after 1674 , when the colony came under the direct control of the French crown and a competent Governor took office , that France Équinoxiale became a reality . To this day , French Guiana is a department of France . French Guiana located in the South American continent . French Guiana was first settled by the French in 1604 , although its earliest settlements were abandoned in the face of hostilities from the indigenous population and tropical diseases . The settlement of Cayenne was established in 1643 , but was abandoned . It was re-established in the 1660s . Except for brief occupations by the English and Dutch in the 17th century , and by the Portuguese in the 19th century , Guiana has remained under French rule ever since . From 1851 to 1951 it was the site of a notorious penal colony , Devil 's Island ( Île du Diable ) . Since 1946 , French Guiana has been an overseas department of France . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Atlantic World History of Canada Former colonies and territories in Canada French and Indian Wars Franco - Indian alliance French colonial empire French in Canada French in the United States French intervention in Mexico Illinois Country List of French possessions and colonies List of French forts in North America Military of New France Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Canadian French Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas B. Costain , The white and the gold : the French regime in Canada ( Doubleday , 2012 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/ Jump up ^ Francis PArkman , The Pioneers of France in the New World ( 1865 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Cave , p. 42 Jump up ^ Acte pour l'établissement de la Compagnie des Cent Associés pour le commerce du Canada , contenant les articles accordés à la dite Compagnie par M. le Cardinal de Richelieu , le 29 avril 1627 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter N. Moogk , La Nouvelle - France : the making of French Canada : a cultural history ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ John T. McGrath , The French in early Florida : in the eye of the hurricane ( U Press of Florida , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Bartolome Barrientos , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés : Founder of Florida ( University of Florida Press , 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Des sauvages , ou , Voyage de Samuel Champlain , de Brouage , fait en la France Nouuelle , l'an mil six cens trois , A Paris : Chez Claude de Monstr'œil , tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais , au nom de Iesus , 1603 . OCLC 71251137 Jump up ^ James MacPherson Le Moine , Quebec , Past and Present : a history of Quebec , 1608 - 1876 ( 1876 ) . online Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV ( 1877 ) Jump up ^ Hubert , et al. Charbonneau , `` The population of the St - Lawrence Valley , 1608 -- 1760 . '' in A population history of North America ( 2000 ) : 99 - 142 . Jump up ^ R. Cole Harris , Historical Atlas of Canada : Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 ( University of Toronto Press , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett H Wall and John C. Rodrigue , Louisiana : A History ( 2014 ( ch 1 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman , La Salle and the discovery of the Great West ( 1891 ) . online Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cat Island : The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island , By John Cuevas Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ As the French and Indian War started two years earlier , and continued until the signing of the peace treaty , the name Seven Years ' War is more properly applied to the European phase of the war . Jump up ^ Philip Boucher , `` French Proprietary Colonies In The Greater Caribbean , 1620s -- 1670s . '' in Constructing Early Modern Empires ( Brill , 2007 ) pp. 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Joshua R. Hyles ( 2013 ) . Guiana and the Shadows of Empire : Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World . Lexington Books . References ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § Prior to 1763 Brecher , Frank W. Losing a Continent : France 's North American Policy , 1753 - 1763 ( 1998 ) Dechêne , Louise Habitants and Merchants in Seventeenth - Century Montreal ( 2003 ) Eccles , W.J. The Canadian Frontier , 1534 - 1760 ( 1983 ) Eccles , W.J. Essays on New France ( 1988 ) Eccles , W.J. The French in North America , 1500 - 1783 ( Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited , 1998 . ) , a standard scholarly survey Havard , Gilles , and Cécile Vidal , `` Making New France New Again : French historians rediscover their American past , '' Common - Place ( July 2007 ) v 7 # 4 Holbrook , Sabra ( 1976 ) , The French Founders of North America and Their Heritage , New York : Atheneum , ISBN 0 - 689 - 30490 - 0 Katz , Ron . French America : French Architecture from Colonialization to the Birth of a Nation . Editions Didier Millet , 2004 . McDermott , John Francis . The French in the Mississippi Valley ( University of Illinois Press , 1965 ) McDermott , John F. , ed . Frenchmen and French ways in the Mississippi Valley ( 1969 ) Moogk , Peter N. La Nouvelle France : The Making of French Canada - A Cultural History ( 2000 ) . 340 pp . Trudel , Marcel . The Beginnings of New France 1524 - 1663 ( 1973 ) White , Sophie . Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians : Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) In French ( edit ) Balvay , Arnaud . L'épée et la plume : Amérindiens et soldats des troupes de la marine en Louisiane et au Pays d'en Haut ( 1683 - 1763 ) ( Presses Université Laval , 2006 ) Balvay , Arnaud . La Révolte des Natchez ( Editions du Félin , 2008 ) Halford , Peter Wallace , and Pierre - Philippe Potier . Le français des Canadiens à la veille de la conquête : témoignage du père Pierre Philippe Potier , SJ . ( Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa , 1994 ) Moussette , Marcel & Waselkov , Gregory A. : Archéologie de l'Amérique coloniale française . Lévesque éditeur , Montréal 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 38 - 1 ( print ) ; ISBN 978 - 2 - 924186 - 39 - 8 ( eBook ) <Th_colspan="2"> Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini <Td_colspan="2"> French colonization of the Americas French West India Company <Th_colspan="2"> New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Subdivisions Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut Domaine du roy Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) Towns Acadia ( Port Royal ) Canada Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Détroit Île Royale Louisbourg Louisiana Mobile Biloxi New Orleans Newfoundland Plaisance List of towns Forts Fort Rouillé Fort Michilimackinac Fort de Buade Fort de Chartres Fort Detroit Fort Carillon Fort Condé Fort Duquesne Fortress of Louisbourg Castle Hill Fort St. Louis ( Illinois ) Fort St. Louis ( Texas ) List of Forts Government Canada Governor General Intendant Sovereign Council Bishop of Quebec Governor of Trois - Rivières Governor of Montreal Acadia Governor Lieutenant - General Newfoundland Governor Lieutenant - General Louisiana Governor Intendant Superior Council Île Royale Governor Intendant Superior Council Law Intendancy Superior Council Admiralty court Provostship Officiality Seigneurial court Bailiff Maréchaussée Code Noir Economy Seigneurial system Fur trade Company of 100 Associates Crozat 's Company Mississippi Company Compagnie de l'Occident Chemin du Roy Coureur des bois Voyageurs Society Population 1666 census Habitants King 's Daughters Casquette girls Métis Amerindians Slavery Plaçage Gens de couleur libres Religion Jesuit missions Récollets Grey Nuns Ursulines Sulpicians War and peace Military of New France Intercolonial Wars French and Iroquois Wars Great Upheaval Great Peace of Montreal Schenectady massacre Deerfield massacre Related French colonization of the Americas French colonial empire History of Quebec History of the Acadians History of the French - Americans French West Indies Carib Expulsion Atlantic slave trade <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Commons <Th_colspan="3"> History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline <Td_colspan="3"> Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future <Th_colspan="2"> Former colonies and territories in Canada Norse Named territories Vinland Sites : L'Anse aux Meadows French Claims New France Acadia Isle St - Jean Île Royale Canada Domaine du roy Louisiana Pays d'en Haut Terre Neuve Important sites Port Royal Quebec Trois - Rivières Montreal Louisbourg Plaisance List of towns List of forts Spanish Claims New Spain Important sites Fort San Miguel , Nootka Sound Expeditions Newfoundland Pacific Northwest Scottish Claims Nova Scotia ( 1621 ) Sites Port Royal Colony Russian Claims Russian America American Claims Oregon Country English & British Claims Newfoundland ( 1583 ) New Albion ( ? ) Rupert 's Land Nova Scotia ( 1710 ) Quebec Lower and Upper Canada New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Cape Breton United Canada New Caledonia Columbia District Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) British Columbia ( 1866 -- 71 ) Stickeen North - Western Territory ( districts ) Red River Important sites Cuper 's Cove Avalon ( 1620 ) York Factory Halifax Victoria Fort Langley List of HBC sites Norwegian Claims Sverdrup Islands Related Territorial evolution after 1867 Areas disputed by Canada and the United States Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Population of Canada <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=865412841 '' Categories : French colonization of the Americas Former French colonies French colonial empire France in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Ελληνικά Español Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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1. French colonization of the Americas 2. New France 3. French settlements in North America 4. French colonies in the Caribbean 5. French presence in South America

list of films in the marvel cinematic universe

List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe films <Td_colspan="2"> Packaging for the Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Phase One : Avengers Assembled Blu - ray box set Produced by Kevin Feige Avi Arad ( IM & TIH ) Gale Anne Hurd ( TIH ) Amy Pascal ( SM ) Stephen Broussard ( AM&W ) Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Production company Marvel Studios Columbia Pictures ( SM ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 2008 -- 11 ) Universal Pictures ( TIH ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2012 -- present ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( SM ) Release date 2008 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 20 films ) : $3.827 -- 4.069 billion Box office Total ( 20 films ) : $17.450 billion The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) films are an American series of superhero films , based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The films have been in production since 2007 , and in that time Marvel Studios has produced 20 films , with 12 more in various stages of production . It is the highest - grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over $17.4 billion at the global box office . Kevin Feige has produced every film in the series . Avi Arad served as a producer on the first two releases , Gale Anne Hurd also produced The Incredible Hulk , Amy Pascal produced the Spider - Man films , and Stephen Broussard produced Ant - Man and the Wasp . The films are written and directed by a variety of individuals and feature large , often ensemble , casts . Many of the actors , including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Samuel L. Jackson , and Scarlett Johansson signed contracts to star in numerous films . The first film in the series was Iron Man ( 2008 ) , which was distributed by Paramount Pictures . Paramount also distributed Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Thor ( 2011 ) and Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , while Universal Pictures distributed The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures began distributing the films with the 2012 crossover film The Avengers , which concluded Phase One of the franchise . Phase Two includes Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , and Ant - Man ( 2015 ) . Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) is the first film in the franchise 's Phase Three , and is followed by Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , with Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) and an untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) still scheduled for the phase . Sony Pictures distributes the Spider - Man films , which they continue to own , finance , and have final creative control over . Spider - Man : Far From Home has been scheduled for 2019 , alongside Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 in 2020 , with an additional two untitled films also scheduled for 2020 , three untitled films scheduled for 2021 , and three untitled films scheduled for 2022 . Feige has indicated that Marvel may abandon the phase grouping after the conclusion of Phase Three . Contents 1 Phase One 1.1 Iron Man ( 2008 ) 1.2 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) 1.3 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) 1.4 Thor ( 2011 ) 1.5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) 1.6 Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) 2 Phase Two 2.1 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) 2.3 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) 2.4 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) 2.5 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) 2.6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) 3 Phase Three 3.1 Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) 3.2 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) 3.3 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) 3.5 Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) 3.6 Black Panther ( 2018 ) 3.7 Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) 3.8 Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 IMAX 10th anniversary festival 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical response 7 Future 7.1 Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) 7.2 Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) 7.3 Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) 7.4 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( TBA ) 7.5 Other potential projects 8 Repurposed projects 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Phase one ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Iron Man May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) Jon Favreau Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Avi Arad and Kevin Feige The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) Louis Leterrier Zak Penn Avi Arad , Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) Jon Favreau Justin Theroux Kevin Feige Thor May 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) Kenneth Branagh Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) Joe Johnston Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Iron Man ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Avi Arad , who helped secure early financing , produced Iron Man and The Incredible Hulk . Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table . In April 2006 , Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man , with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts . Favreau consolidated both into one script , which was then polished by John August . Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006 , after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part . Principal photography began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan , which was filmed in Inyo County , California . Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California , with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 , and was released internationally on April 30 , and in the United States on May 2 . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury , who approaches Stark regarding the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Favreau said that he included the scene as `` a little tip of the hat for the fans ... a way to sort of tee up The Avengers . '' Jackson was only on set for a day , with a skeleton crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking . Captain America 's shield is also visible in the background of a scene ; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke , and Favreau decided to leave it in the film . The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Incredible Hulk ( film ) After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk , scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love , Betty Ross . Hunted by the military , Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized . In January 2006 , Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee 's 2003 film Hulk . Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films . Instead of moving forward with a sequel , Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk , a reboot . Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee , but later reconsidered and signed on . The script was written by Zak Penn , who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film . In April 2006 , Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn 's script , although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay . Production began on July 9 , 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto , with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro . The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8 , 2008 , and was released on June 13 . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor , the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film . Downey said that the filmmakers `` were just cross-pollinating our superheroes . It happens to be a scene where I basically approach ( actor William Hurt 's character General Ross ) , and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together . The great thing is he -- and I do n't want to give too much away -- but he 's in disrepair at the time I find him . It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who 's half in the bag . '' In addition , Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film , included in the DVD release . Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 Jon Favreau , the director of Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , helped establish the shared universe concept with his inclusion of Samuel L. Jackson in a post-credits scene of the first film . After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him . Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel , Iron Man 2 . Favreau returned as director and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay , which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey . In October 2008 , Downey signed a new four - picture deal , that retroactively included the first film , to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes . Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films , and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow , as part of a multi-film commitment . Principal photography began April 6 , 2009 , at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena , California . The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , California . Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base , Monaco , and the Sepulveda Dam . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the United States on May 7 . The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man , and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor . The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America 's shield . Favreau explained , `` We introduced Captain America 's shield briefly in one shot in the last film . So now it really was in his room , so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop . '' A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs , ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films , including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther . A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone ; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider - Man actor Tom Holland , Kevin Feige and Spider - Man : Homecoming director Jon Watts . The film 's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor 's hammer in a crater . Thor ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor ( film ) Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir . Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006 , after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures . In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film , however he exited the project in May 2008 . In September 2008 , Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn . In May 2009 , Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character , and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother , Loki . Both actors were contracted to star in several films . Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film , which was then rewritten by Don Payne . Production began on January 11 , 2010 in Los Angeles , California , before moving to Galisteo , New Mexico in March . Thor had its world premiere on April 17 , 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street , Sydney and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California . The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30 , and on May 6 in the United States . The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2 , the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man . Clark Gregg , who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson , reprised the role in Thor . About his role in Thor he stated , `` Agent Coulson was one of the guys who was n't really in the comic books , and he ( had ) a very kind of small role in Iron Man . And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and ( chose ) to put him more into the universe of it . '' After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers , Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor . Branagh said that they `` were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp '' , and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner 's Hawkeye for that role . The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki , watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract . The scene was directed by Joss Whedon , who directed The Avengers . Stellan Skarsgård , who played Selvig , said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor , and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers . Captain America : the first Avenger ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The First Avenger In 1942 , Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the German Reich in World War II . Recruited for a secret military operation , he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull , head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra . In April 2006 , Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film . Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008 , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script . In March 2010 , Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull . Production began on June 28 , 2010 in the United Kingdom , with locations in London , Caerwent , Manchester and Liverpool . The film premiered on July 19 , 2011 , at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and was released in the United States on July 22 , and in international markets starting July 27 . The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America : The First Avenger . In the film , Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark , the father of Tony Stark , who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo , the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2 . The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson 's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel 's The Avengers after the credits . Marvel 's the Avengers ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Avengers ( 2012 film ) Nick Fury , the director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , gathers the superheroes Iron Man , Thor , Captain America , the Hulk , Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor 's brother Loki , who plots to subjugate the Earth . Zak Penn , who wrote The Incredible Hulk , was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007 . In April 2010 , Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film , and to rework Penn 's script . Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk , and in July 2010 , Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place . Downey , Evans , Hemsworth , Johansson , Renner , Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films . Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio in August , and New York City in September . The premiere was held on April 11 , 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California , and the film was released in the United States on May 4 . Gwyneth Paltrow , who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 , was included in the film at Downey 's insistence . Prior to this , Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes ' individual films , commenting , `` You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team . '' Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider - Man into the climax of The Avengers , but Feige said that `` the deal was never close to happening . '' The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene , portrayed by Damion Poitier . Phase two ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Shane Black Drew Pearce and Shane Black Kevin Feige Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Alan Taylor Christopher L. Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) James Gunn James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Joss Whedon Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 Peyton Reed Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Kevin Feige has produced every film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions . In late 2010 , Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film . In February 2011 , Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3 . Black co-wrote the film 's script with Drew Pearce . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2 , while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery , respectively . Filming began in May 2012 , in North Carolina . Additional filming took place in southern Florida , China , and Los Angeles . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris , France on April 14 , 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , California on April 24 . The film was released internationally on April 25 , and in the United States on May 3 . The film is set in December 2013 , after the events of The Avengers . In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD - like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers . Black explained , `` that 's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers , but also to being humbled by sights he can not possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he 's used to ... There 's a line in the movie about ' ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky , the rules have changed ' . That 's what we 're dealing with here . '' Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene , with Ruffalo reprising the role . About the scene , Ruffalo said `` They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert ( Downey , Jr . ) at the Academy Awards ... and he said , ' What do you think about coming and doing a day ? ' I said , ' Are you kidding me ? Bang , let 's do it ! ' We sort of spitballed that scene , then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed . '' Thor : the Dark World ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them . A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011 , with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor . Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September , and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December . The film 's title was announced as Thor : The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic - Con International , and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later . Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood , Surrey , with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London . The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was internationally released on October 30 , 2013 and on November 8 , 2013 in the United States . The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers . Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor . Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans , before Evans came to shoot the scene . Hiddleston said , `` I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume , and then they showed Chris ( Evans ) my performance on tape . It 's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him . And it 's brilliant . '' James Gunn , the director of Guardians of the Galaxy , directed the mid-credits scene that featured the Collector , played by Benicio del Toro . Asked about shooting the scene , Gunn said , `` I got the script that morning , and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting ( for Guardians of the Galaxy ) . '' Captain America : the Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : The Winter Soldier Steve Rogers , now working with S.H.I.E.L.D. , teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier . A sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger was announced in April 2012 . Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June , and in July it was officially titled Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury , and Johansson would again play the Black Widow . Sebastian Stan , who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America : The First Avenger , returned as the Winter Soldier . Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach , California , and filming also took place in Washington , D.C. and Cleveland , Ohio . The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13 , 2014 . Captain America : The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26 and in the United States on April 4 . The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers . Stephen Strange , the alter - ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange , is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell . A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers , now known as Avengers Tower , also makes an appearance in the film . Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ( Thomas Kretschmann ) , List ( Henry Goodman ) , Quicksilver ( Aaron Taylor - Johnson ) , and the Scarlet Witch ( Elizabeth Olsen ) , who appear in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , a television series set in the MCU . Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan . Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009 . Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012 . The film is directed by James Gunn , based on his and Perlman 's screenplay . In February 2013 , Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role , as Peter Quill / Star - Lord . The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013 , and post-production work was completed on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered on July 21 , 2014 in Hollywood . Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 . The film is set in 2014 . Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos , the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene . Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers : Infinity War . Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector 's museum , including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor : The Dark World , among other characters . About their appearances Gunn said , `` There 's a lot of stuff in the Collector 's Museum . And for me , it was mostly just really fun . As a Marvel fan , giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu - Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that 's in there . So there are , I mean , seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them , so it 's pretty fun . '' Ronan 's race , the Kree , were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' . Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Age of Ultron Joss Whedon , writer and director of The Avengers and Avengers : Age of Ultron Captain America , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Black Widow , and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron , a technological enemy bent on human extinction , while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff , as well as the new entity Vision . A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012 , shortly after the first film 's release . In August 2012 , Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director . In June 2013 , Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films . On July 20 , 2013 , at San Diego Comic - Con International , Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron . In August 2013 , James Spader was announced to portray Ultron . Second unit filming began on February 11 , 2014 in Johannesburg , South Africa . Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy , and Seoul , South Korea . Filming was completed on August 6 , 2014 . Avengers : Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13 , 2015 , and was released internationally beginning April 22 , and on May 1 in the United States . The film confirms that the gem in Loki 's scepter is an Infinity Stone , specifically the Mind Stone , and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet . It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda , both connections to Black Panther , introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther 's solo film . Additionally , Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film , traditionally a Black Panther antagonist . Ant - Man ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man ( film ) Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant - Man technology , which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength , from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth . Ant - Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd , from a story by Wright & Cornish , that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym . Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film , but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences . In January 2013 , Feige stated that Ant - Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . However , in October 2014 , it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two . Pre-production started in October 2013 , and principal photography took place from August to December 2014 , in San Francisco , Fayette County , Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta , and Downtown Atlanta . In December 2013 , Rudd was cast as Ant - Man , followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang . Ant - Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29 , 2015 , and was released in France on July 14 , and in the United States on July 17 . The film is set several months after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron , and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon , played by Anthony Mackie . McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant - Man after watching Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene , which was footage from Captain America : Civil War , and features Mackie as Falcon , Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier . Phase Three ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Kevin Feige Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Scott Derrickson Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="2"> James Gunn Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Jon Watts Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) Taika Waititi Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher L. Yost Kevin Feige Black Panther February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Ryan Coogler Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Peyton Reed Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Kevin Feige and Stephen Broussard Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain America : Civil War Anthony and Joe Russo , directors of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and Captain America : Civil War , also return for Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams , one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man , after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy , Helmut Zemo , who seeks revenge upon the Avengers . By January 2014 , Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment , which they confirmed in March 2014 , with Chris Evans returning as Captain America , Feige returning to produce , and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay . In October 2014 , the title was officially announced as Captain America : Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man . The film is an adaptation from the `` Civil War '' storyline in the comics . It is also the first film of Phase Three . Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in August 2015 . Captain America : Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12 , 2016 , was released internationally beginning April 27 , and was released on May 6 in the United States . The film is set one year after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron . Captain America : Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU , who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk , and is now the US Secretary of State . For the mid-credits scene , in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda , Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda . Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Doctor Strange ( 2016 film ) After Stephen Strange , the world 's top neurosurgeon , is involved in a car accident that ruins his career , he sets out on a journey of healing , where he encounters the Ancient One , who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats . In June 2010 , Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange . In January 2013 , Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films . In June 2014 , Scott Derrickson was hired to direct . In December 2014 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role , and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script . In December 2015 , C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film , and the following April , revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script . Pre-production began in June 2014 , with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month . Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25 , 2016 , and on November 4 in the United States . Derrickson stated that the events of the film take `` roughly '' a year , ending `` up to date with the rest of the MCU '' . Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto , a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film , specifically the Time Stone . The film 's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor , meeting with Strange , which was footage from Thor : Ragnarok . The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 James Gunn , director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies . In July 2014 , Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel . Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members . They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , and Kurt Russell as Ego . In June 2015 , the film 's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in June 2016 . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10 , 2017 , and was released on May 5 , 2017 . The film is set two - to - three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy , in 2014 . One of the film 's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock , after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2 . He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films , and is considered `` a pretty important part '' of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The Grandmaster , played by Jeff Goldblum , is seen dancing in the end credits , before his appearance in Thor : Ragnarok . Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider - Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture . On February 9 , 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider - Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal , with Sony Pictures continuing to own , finance , distribute , and have final creative control of the Spider - Man films . In April 2015 , Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the MCU since at least October 2014 , when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films , saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' In June 2015 , Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider - Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film , and the next month , John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay . Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers . In April 2016 , the title was revealed to be Spider - Man : Homecoming . Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta , and concluded in October 2016 . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered on June 28 , 2017 in Hollywood , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 , and the United States on July 7 , 2017 . The film is set several months after the events of Captain America : Civil War , which is eight years after the events of The Avengers . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film , with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter . Favreau , Paltrow , and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan , Pepper Potts , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively . The clean - up crew Damage Control appear in the film ( after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ) ahead of an intended television series about them . Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons . In Parker 's high school , one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords , and portraits of Bruce Banner , Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school . Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development , with Craig Kyle and Christopher L. Yost writing the screenplay , and was officially announced as Thor : Ragnarok in October 2014 . By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script . A year later , in January 2017 , it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay , with Kyle , Yost and Folsom receiving story credit . Pearson , Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Heimdall and Odin , respectively , and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela . Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios , and wrapped in late October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , began its international release on October 24 , 2017 in the United Kingdom , and was released on November 3 , 2017 in the United States . The film is set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time period as Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming . Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that `` Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . They 're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One . '' Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange , respectively . The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin 's vault in Thor was a fake , while also introducing Thanos ' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene . Black Panther ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Black Panther ( film ) T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011 . In October 2014 , the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther . In January 2016 , Ryan Coogler was announced as director , and the following month , Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film 's screenwriter . In April 2016 , Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter . Filming began in January 2017 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta , and concluded in April 2017 . Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29 , 2018 , and began its international release on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on February 16 , 2018 in the United States . The film also had a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . The film is set one week after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Florence Kasumba , Serkis , Martin Freeman , and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo , Ulysses Klaue , Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films . The film 's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan , reprising his role as Bucky Barnes . Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Avengers : Infinity War The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to try to stop Thanos from collecting all of the Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta , and lasted until July 2017 . Additional filming also took place in Scotland . Avengers : Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 . It was released worldwide on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War . Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films , by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins : the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America : The First Avenger , Loki 's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers , the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor : The Dark World , the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy , and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange . Additionally , Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers : Age of Ultron . The Red Skull from Captain America : The First Avenger appears in the film , played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving , and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone , the Soul Stone . The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device , which has the insignia of Captain Marvel . Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ant - Man and the Wasp Peyton Reed , director of Ant - Man and Ant - Man and the Wasp Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant - Man , when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission , requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp . Ant - Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015 . Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015 , and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant - Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp , respectively . In December 2015 , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay , with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017 . In February 2017 , Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film . Michelle Pfeiffer was revealed as having been cast as Janet van Dyne in July 2017 . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco , and ended in November 2017 . Stephen Broussard also served as a producer on the film . Ant - Man and the Wasp had its premiere in Hollywood on June 25 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on July 6 , 2018 . The film is set two years after the events of Captain America : Civil War and before the events of Avengers : Infinity War . In the mid-credits scene , Hank Pym , Hope van Dyne and Janet van Dyne are disintegrated as a result of the events of Avengers : Infinity War . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe , and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films . ( see FAQ ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise , or that the character 's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced . A indicates a voice - only role Character Ant - Man films Avengers films Black Panther Captain America films Captain Marvel Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy films The Incredible Hulk Iron Man films Spider - Man films Thor films Bruce Banner Hulk Mark Ruffalo <Td_colspan="5"> Edward Norton Lou Ferrigno Mark Ruffalo Mark Ruffalo James `` Bucky '' Barnes Winter Soldier <Td_colspan="4"> Sebastian Stan <Td_colspan="7"> Clint Barton Hawkeye Jeremy Renner Jeremy Renner <Td_colspan="6"> Jeremy Renner Peggy Carter <Td_colspan="2"> Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell <Td_colspan="7"> Phil Coulson Clark Gregg <Td_colspan="2"> Clark Gregg <Td_colspan="3"> Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Drax the Destroyer Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Dave Bautista <Td_colspan="4"> Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="2"> Samuel L. Jackson <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Samuel L. Jackson Gamora Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Zoe Saldana <Td_colspan="4"> Groot Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Vin Diesel <Td_colspan="4"> Heimdall Idris Elba <Td_colspan="8"> Idris Elba Maria Hill Cobie Smulders Cobie Smulders <Td_colspan="5"> Cobie Smulders Harold `` Happy '' Hogan Jon Favreau <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Favreau Korath <Td_colspan="4"> Djimon Hounsou Djimon Hounsou <Td_colspan="4"> Scott Lang Ant - Man <Td_colspan="2"> Paul Rudd Paul Rudd <Td_colspan="7"> Loki Tom Hiddleston <Td_colspan="8"> Tom Hiddleston Mantis Pom Klementieff <Td_colspan="4"> Pom Klementieff <Td_colspan="4"> Wanda Maximoff Scarlet Witch Elizabeth Olsen Elizabeth Olsen <Td_colspan="7"> Nebula Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Karen Gillan <Td_colspan="4"> Okoye <Td_colspan="2"> Danai Gurira <Td_colspan="8"> Peter Parker Spider - Man Tom Holland Tom Holland <Td_colspan="4"> Max Favreau Tom Holland Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts Gwyneth Paltrow <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Gwyneth Paltrow Peter Quill Star - Lord Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Pratt <Td_colspan="4"> James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes War Machine / Iron Patriot Don Cheadle Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="4"> Terrence Howard Don Cheadle <Td_colspan="2"> Rocket Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Bradley Cooper <Td_colspan="4"> Steve Rogers Captain America <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Chris Evans <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Evans Natasha Romanoff Black Widow Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="4"> Scarlett Johansson <Td_colspan="2"> Ronan the Accuser <Td_colspan="4"> Lee Pace Lee Pace <Td_colspan="4"> Thaddeus `` Thunderbolt '' Ross William Hurt William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> William Hurt <Td_colspan="3"> Erik Selvig Stellan Skarsgård <Td_colspan="8"> Stellan Skarsgård Shuri <Td_colspan="2"> Letitia Wright <Td_colspan="8"> Tony Stark Iron Man Robert Downey , Jr . Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Robert Downey , Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Strange Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="3"> Benedict Cumberbatch <Td_colspan="4"> Benedict Cumberbatch T'Challa Black Panther <Td_colspan="3"> Chadwick Boseman <Td_colspan="7"> Thor Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="3"> Chris Hemsworth <Td_colspan="4"> Chris Hemsworth Taneleer Tivan The Collector Benicio del Toro <Td_colspan="4"> Benicio del Toro <Td_colspan="3"> Benicio del Toro Hope van Dyne Wasp <Td_colspan="2"> Evangeline Lilly <Td_colspan="9"> Vision Paul Bettany Paul Bettany <Td_colspan="7"> Sam Wilson Falcon <Td_colspan="2"> Anthony Mackie Anthony Mackie <Td_colspan="7"> Wong Benedict Wong <Td_colspan="3"> Benedict Wong <Td_colspan="5"> Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland , Watts , and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker . Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel announced a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' , for release on September 25 , 2012 . The box set includes all six of the Phase One films -- Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , Iron Man 2 , Thor , Captain America : The First Avenger , and Marvel 's The Avengers -- on Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D , in a replica of Nick Fury 's briefcase from The Avengers . In August 2012 , luggage company Rimowa GmbH , who developed the briefcase for The Avengers , filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court , complaining that `` Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose . '' The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned . The box set , with a redesigned case , was released on April 2 , 2013 . In addition , the box set included a featurette on the then - upcoming Phase Two films , showing footage and concept art , as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films . In July 2015 , Marvel announced a 13 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , for release on December 8 , 2015 , exclusive to Amazon.com . The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films -- Iron Man 3 , Thor : The Dark World , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Guardians of the Galaxy , Avengers : Age of Ultron , and Ant - Man -- on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and a digital copy , in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy , plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia . Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One - Shots with commentary , deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films , featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films , and first looks at Captain America : Civil War , Doctor Strange , and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . IMAX 10th anniversary festival ( edit ) From August 30 to September 6 , 2018 , in conjunction with Marvel Studios ' 10 year anniversary celebrations , all 20 films released at the time ( Iron Man through Ant - Man and the Wasp ) were screened in IMAX . The films were shown in release order , with four films per day . The final days of the festival were theme related , with one showing `` origin '' films ( Iron Man , Spider - Man : Homecoming , Black Panther , and Doctor Strange ) , one showing `` team - ups '' ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Captain America : Civil War , The Avengers , and Avengers : Infinity War ) , and the final day showing Iron Man and The Avengers as chosen by the fans . The festival also saw Iron Man , The Incredible Hulk , and Captain America : The First Avenger released in IMAX for the first time . Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Each film is linked to the `` Box office '' section of its article . Film U.S. release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Iron Man May 2 , 2008 $318,412,101 $266,762,121 $585,174,222 63 150 $140 million The Incredible Hulk June 13 , 2008 $134,806,913 $128,620,638 $263,427,551 419 526 $150 million Iron Man 2 May 7 , 2010 $312,433,331 $311,500,000 $623,933,331 69 132 $200 million Thor May 6 , 2011 $181,030,624 $268,295,994 $449,326,618 238 230 $150 million Captain America : The First Avenger July 22 , 2011 $176,654,505 $193,915,269 $370,569,774 254 310 $140 -- 216.7 million Marvel 's The Avengers May 4 , 2012 $623,357,910 $895,455,078 $1,518,812,988 7 6 $220 million Iron Man 3 May 3 , 2013 $409,013,994 $805,797,258 $1,214,811,252 26 16 $178.4 million Thor : The Dark World November 8 , 2013 $206,362,140 $438,209,262 $644,571,402 186 123 $152.7 million Captain America : The Winter Soldier April 4 , 2014 $259,766,572 $454,497,695 $714,264,267 107 100 $177 million Guardians of the Galaxy August 1 , 2014 $333,176,600 $440,152,029 $773,328,629 56 84 $195.9 million Avengers : Age of Ultron May 1 , 2015 $459,005,868 $946,397,826 $1,405,403,694 16 8 $365.5 million Ant - Man July 17 , 2015 $180,202,163 $339,109,802 $519,311,965 240 187 $109.3 million Captain America : Civil War May 6 , 2016 $408,084,349 $745,220,146 $1,153,304,495 27 18 $250 million Doctor Strange November 4 , 2016 $232,641,920 $445,076,475 $677,718,395 142 112 $165 -- 236.6 million Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 May 5 , 2017 $389,813,101 $473,942,950 $863,756,051 34 63 $200 million Spider - Man : Homecoming July 7 , 2017 $334,201,140 $545,965,784 $880,166,924 54 55 $175 million Thor : Ragnarok November 3 , 2017 $315,058,289 $538,918,837 $853,977,126 68 65 $180 million Black Panther February 16 , 2018 $700,059,566 $646,784,468 $1,346,844,034 9 $200 -- 210 million Avengers : Infinity War April 27 , 2018 $678,690,536 $1,367,461,473 $2,046,152,009 $316 -- 400 million Ant - Man and the Wasp July 6 , 2018 $211,630,916 $333,061,362 $544,692,278 174 167 $162 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $ 7009686440253800000 ♠ 6,864,402,538 $ 7010105851444670000 ♠ 10,585,144,467 $ 7010174495470050000 ♠ 17,449,547,005 $3.827 -- 4.069 billion Critical response ( edit ) Each film is linked to the `` Critical response '' section of its article . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Iron Man 93 % ( 270 reviews ) 79 ( 38 reviews ) The Incredible Hulk 67 % ( 225 reviews ) 61 ( 38 reviews ) Iron Man 2 73 % ( 281 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Thor 77 % ( 274 reviews ) 57 ( 40 reviews ) Captain America : The First Avenger 79 % ( 255 reviews ) 66 ( 43 reviews ) Marvel 's The Avengers 92 % ( 331 reviews ) 69 ( 43 reviews ) Iron Man 3 80 % ( 300 reviews ) 62 ( 44 reviews ) Thor : The Dark World 66 % ( 256 reviews ) 54 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier 89 % ( 276 reviews ) 70 ( 48 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy 91 % ( 300 reviews ) 76 ( 53 reviews ) Avengers : Age of Ultron 75 % ( 331 reviews ) 66 ( 49 reviews ) Ant - Man 82 % ( 291 reviews ) 64 ( 44 reviews ) Captain America : Civil War 91 % ( 370 reviews ) 75 ( 53 reviews ) Doctor Strange 89 % ( 321 reviews ) 72 ( 49 reviews ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 83 % ( 352 reviews ) 67 ( 48 reviews ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 92 % ( 325 reviews ) 73 ( 51 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok 92 % ( 343 reviews ) 74 ( 51 reviews ) Black Panther 97 % ( 404 reviews ) 88 ( 55 reviews ) Avengers : Infinity War 83 % ( 359 reviews ) 68 ( 53 reviews ) Ant - Man and the Wasp 88 % ( 318 reviews ) 70 ( 56 reviews ) Average 84 % 68 Future ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status <Th_colspan="6"> Phase Three Captain Marvel March 8 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 08 ) Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck Kevin Feige Post-production Untitled Avengers film May 3 , 2019 ( 2019 - 05 - 03 ) Anthony and Joe Russo Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely <Th_colspan="6"> Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home July 5 , 2019 ( 2019 - 07 - 05 ) Jon Watts Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal Filming Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 TBA TBA James Gunn Kevin Feige In development Captain Marvel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Captain Marvel ( film ) Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel , one of the galaxy 's strongest heroes , after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers . In April 2015 , Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters . At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct . That August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film 's screenwriter , replacing Perlman and LeFauve . Liz Flahive , Carly Mensch , Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film . Location filming occurred in January 2018 , while principal photography began in March in Los Angeles and concluded in July . The film is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . The film is set in the 1990s . Jackson , Djimon Hounsou , Lee Pace , and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Korath , Ronan the Accuser , and Phil Coulson , respectively , while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU . Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Avengers film The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . In April 2015 , it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May , that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay . In July 2016 , Marvel revealed the title would be changed , being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film . Brolin reprises his role as Thanos , and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films . Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta , and ended in January 2018 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Spider - Man : Far from Home ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Jon Watts , director of Spider - Man : Homecoming and Spider - Man : Far From Home Main article : Spider - Man : Far From Home In December 2016 , Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming for release on July 5 , 2019 . A year later , Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film . Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , two of the writers of the first film , returned to write the script . Holland revealed the film 's title as Spider - Man : Far From Home in late June 2018 . Filming began in July 2018 , in England , with filming occurring in Hertfordshire and London , and will last until December 2018 . The film is set after the untitled Avengers film . Jackson and Cobie Smulders reprise their roles as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , respectively , from previous MCU films . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( tba ) ( edit ) Further information : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 § Sequel In April 2016 , Kevin Feige stated that `` Guardians 3 is ( one film that 's ) up there '' being considered for release beyond 2019 . In March 2017 , Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen `` for sure '' , and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . However , in July 2018 , Disney and Marvel severed ties with Gunn following the resurfacing of controversial tweets from 2008 and 2009 making light of topics such as rape and pedophilia . Marvel plans to continue to use Gunn 's script for the film . Production was put on hold in August 2018 , ahead of filming planning to begin in January or February 2019 , for an expected release date in 2020 . Other potential projects ( edit ) Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films . These include : May 1 , July 31 , and November 6 , 2020 ; February 12 , May 7 , and November 5 , 2021 ; and February 18 , May 6 , and July 29 , 2022 . In October 2016 , Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility , saying , `` We know what ( films ) we 'd like them to be for 2020 . Over the years , where we 're aiming we 've been lucky enough that it 's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to . But we know where we 're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we 're beginning to solidify the years beyond that . '' Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028 , resulting in 20 films `` on the docket that are completely different from anything that 's come before -- intentionally . '' In October 2014 , in terms of Phase Four films , Feige said , for the time being , `` We 're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films , the plot of any of those films , what happens to any of the characters in any of those films . In fact , even to talk about any of those characters -- who will be involved in those movies -- will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies . '' In April 2016 , Feige added , `` We 're only working on what 's been announced through the end of 2019 . And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond . '' A year later , Feige noted , `` We have an idea ( of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War ) , and it 's gon na be very , very different '' , but cautioned that Marvel would not be `` actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers '' besides dating the sequel to Spider - Man : Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded , that `` it might be a new thing '' . Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film . A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned . In February 2014 , Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow 's past in Age of Ultron , he would like to see it explored further in a solo film . Marvel has done some development work for the potential film , including a `` pretty in depth '' treatment by Nicole Perlman , and by May 2016 , Feige stated that Marvel was `` creatively and emotionally '' committed to creating the solo film . By January 2018 , Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct , with Johansson reprising her role as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow . By April 2018 , Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters to craft a film based on the Eternals , with a focus on the character Sersi . Feige stated that a film based on the group was `` one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate . '' A month later , Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project . In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade . In July 2015 , Wesley Snipes , who played Blade in three films before the character 's rights reverted to Marvel , stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role . Repurposed projects ( edit ) Further information : Runaways ( TV series ) and Inhumans ( TV series ) A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations . Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008 . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May . The following October , development on the film was put on hold , with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers , with the earliest it could release being Phase Three . In October 2014 , after announcing all of Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Feige stated the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault '' , adding , `` We 'd love to do something with Runaways some day . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . But again , we ca n't make them all . '' In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced Marvel 's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu , with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017 . It premiered in November 2017 . In April 2013 , Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was `` confident '' a film would be made . Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. By August 2014 , the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film , with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole . In October 2014 , the film was announced for Phase Three and scheduled for release July 2019 . By October 2015 , Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used . In April 2016 , Inhumans was removed from the release schedule , and would no longer be a part of Phase Three . In July 2016 , Feige said Inhumans would `` certainly '' be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021 , adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four . In November 2016 , Marvel Television announced the series Marvel 's Inhumans , which premiered on ABC in September 2017 , after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX . The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film . ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of films based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Disney , Paramount restructure Marvel deal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Pictures Entertainment Brings Marvel Studios into The Amazing World of Spider - Man '' . Marvel.com . February 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` MCU Timeline Explained : From Infinity Stones to Infinity War and Beyond '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Thor Movie : New Release Date ! May 6 , 2011 '' . Marvel Comics . January 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Matthew Vaughn to direct ' Thor ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` ' Thor ' Needs New Director , Hulk to Cameo in ' Iron Man 2 ' ? '' . Cinematical . Moviefone . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 16 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Hemsworth is Thor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Update : Loki Officially Cast in 2011 Thor Movie '' . Marvel.com . May 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . 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Frankly we were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp and when they told me maybe it could be Hawkeye and maybe Hawkeye was going to be Jeremy Renner , ' Are you kidding ! ' , I said . I was jumping up and down . I was thrilled . I get somebody like that to come and do something as cool as that ! Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' post-credits scene : What the heck WAS that thing ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks Thor Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Philbrick , Jami ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Stellan Skarsgard Talks ' The Avengers , ' ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , ' and ' Melancholia ' '' . IAmRogue.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . 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Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris . `` Kevin Feige and Shane Black talk Iron Man 3 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAR Exclusive : Mark Ruffalo Talks Marvel Cameos and the Future of The Hulk '' . IAmRogue.com . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor 2 ' Director Not Set Yet , Says Tom Hiddleston '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` We Have A ' Thor 2 ' Villain : Christopher Eccleston To Play Malekith The Accursed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Louise ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Filming for Thor 2 : The Dark World gets underway in Surrey ... but where is Chris Hemsworth ? '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hemsworth Arrives to Shoot ' Thor ' in Iceland '' . Iceland Review . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from the Thor 2 filming in Greenwich '' . Greenwich , England : Greenwich.co.uk . October 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mingle with the stars at the premiere of Thor : The Dark World '' . The Sun . October 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Thor : The Dark World Set Photo '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' : You Wo n't Believe The Story Behind The Cameo '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . 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Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` There is one mid-credits scene in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' -- Here 's what it means for future Marvel movies '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Age of Ultron ' Lays the Groundwork for ' Black Panther ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 25 , 2006 ) . `` Exclusive : Edgar Wright Talks Ant - Man '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Mark ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Edgar Wright Exits Marvel 's ' Ant - Man ' as Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Ant - Man , ' ' Doctor Strange ' Lead Marvel 's Phase Three '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Teases ' Ant - Man ' Production in New Tweet '' . The Huffington Post . October 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Peyton ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` And that 's it ! Principal photography on ANT - MAN is now complete . The ants have left the building . Stay tuned ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrbar , Ned ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' trailer teases Iron Man , Captain America '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Director Jon Watts On Easter Eggs , Iron Man , John Hughes And More '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : Does The Vulture Run Damage Control ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S. 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Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Back in Development at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther : Letitia Wright Confirmed as Shuri '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch 's Doctor Strange CONFIRMED for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Officially Part of Avengers : Infinity War '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Collector Confirmed For ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2014 : Official : Evangeline Lilly & Corey Stoll Join Marvel 's Ant - Man '' . Marvel.com . July 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Evangeline Lilly on introducing the Wasp , when she 'll join The Avengers '' . Blastr . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Bettany to Play the Vision in Marvel 's ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ant - Man Clip Confirms A Major Marvel Cameo '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Wong Confirmed For Avengers Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Martian ' Actor Nabs Key ' Doctor Strange ' Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jason ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe ' 10 - disc Blu - ray set announced '' . HD - Report . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Sued by Luggage Company Over ' Avengers ' Box Set Packaging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Briefcase lawsuit delays Marvel 's ' Phase One ' box set until next spring -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel 's delayed ' Phase One ' box set to now feature ' Phase Two ' tease -- Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Cinematic Universe gets the DVD collector 's treatment for Phase Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devan ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` All 20 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies are returning to theaters in IMAX '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Iron Man to screen in IMAX for first time in new 20 - movie MCU festival '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IMAX ( @ IMAX ) ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` You voted , we listened , and now it 's time to assemble . By popular demand , The Avengers and Iron Man will be closing out the # MarvelStudios10FilmFest . Stay tuned for more info on tickets '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2018 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 17 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians of the Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 21 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Officially Lands Biggest Box Office Opening of All Time '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M Opening , But Still 33 % Bigger Than Original -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Hulk '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The First Avenger '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : The Winter Soldier '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Captain America : Civil War '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Strange '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ant - Man and the Wasp '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Finds Directors in Anna Boden , Ryan Fleck ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Production Underway on Marvel Studios ' ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 ' Shoots Web Around Independence Day 2019 Frame ; ' Bad Boys 4 ' Moves To Memorial Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Cooper ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Confirms Jon Watts Will Direct Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ; Kit , Borys ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal in Talks to Star in ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ' Production Put On Hold ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2018 . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` James Gunn in Demand for Major Studio Movies After Disney Firing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Bond , Paul ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve to Write Marvel 's ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Brie Larson officially announced as Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . 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can't take my eyes off of you medley

Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here . For the film of that name , see I Love You Baby ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the 1967 US single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Frankie Valli <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe <Th_colspan="2"> Frankie Valli singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crew members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners 2005 , Jamie Kennedy , for The Son of the Mask . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music . 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . Valli 's version appears in a 2018 TV commercial for Applebee 's . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , ' I Love You , Baby ' Song by Frankie Valli '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database <Th_colspan="2"> Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers <Th_colspan="2"> The Four Seasons <Td_colspan="2"> Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Four Seasons <Th_colspan="2"> Jimmy Somerville <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles <Th_colspan="2"> The Lettermen <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=847341274 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 16 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" - Frankie Valli's hit single 2. Cover versions of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" 3. Pop rock genre 4. Film and television soundtracks featuring the song 5. Football chants using the song's chorus

who sings the song it must be love

It Must Be Love ( Labi Siffre song ) - wikipedia It Must Be Love ( Labi Siffre song ) For other uses , see It Must Be Love ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` It Must Be Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Madness <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Complete Madness Released 25 November 1981 Format vinyl record 7 '' , CD , cassette Genre Reggae , pop , 2 - Tone Length 3 : 19 Label Stiff Records Songwriter ( s ) Labi Siffre Producer ( s ) Clive Langer Alan Winstanley <Th_colspan="2"> Madness singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` It Must Be Love '' ( 1981 ) `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shut Up '' `` It Must Be Love '' `` Cardiac Arrest '' <Td_colspan="2"> `` It Must Be Love '' is a song written and originally recorded in 1971 by Labi Siffre . It was also recorded by ska / pop band Madness in 1981 . The song was featured in the 1989 movie The Tall Guy , starring Jeff Goldblum , Rowan Atkinson , and Emma Thompson . Suggs , lead vocalist of Madness , also appeared in the movie while singing this song . The single was reissued to tie in with the film but was not a hit on that occasion . Contents 1 Labi Siffre original 1.1 Labi Siffre track listing 2 Madness cover 2.1 Music video 2.2 Madness cover track listing 2.2. 1 1981 original issue 2.2. 2 1981 Dutch issue 2.2. 3 1992 reissue 2.2. 4 1992 Virgin reissue 2.3 Chart performance 3 Other versions 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Labi Siffre original ( edit ) The original Labi Siffre recording was released as a single in 1971 , and reached number 14 in November of that year UK singles chart . It also appeared on his 1972 album Crying Laughing Loving Lying . In 1994 , a version of Siffre 's original , with altered lyrics , was featured in an advertisement for Midland Bank . In 2007 , it was featured in a UK TV advertisement for Vodafone . Labi Siffre track listing ( edit ) `` It Must Be Love '' -- 3 : 42 `` To Find Love '' -- 1 : 57 Madness cover ( edit ) Madness ' version was originally issued as a standalone single in late - 1981 and appeared on their UK number one compilation album Complete Madness the following year , and on many other Madness compilations since . In 1983 , it peaked in the US Billboard chart at # 33 . In 2009 , Madness ' cover was featured in an advertisement for LoveFilm . In 2012 , it was featured in a US advertisement for Volkswagen Passat . In 2012 Madness performed the song with Olly Murs at V Festival . Music video ( edit ) The video mostly shows band members playing in a white room and standing over a grave . It also features guitarist Chris Foreman and saxophonist Lee Thompson playing their instruments underwater . Foreman appears at the start of the video warning viewers not to attempt the `` very dangerous stunt '' they are about to see . Labi Siffre makes a cameo appearance as a violin player . Madness ' recording was reissued in 1992 , and this time reached # 6 in the UK charts . A slightly remixed version with a definite ending instead of the original fade - out , appeared on the 2002 compilation Our House : the Original Songs . In 2007 , a remixed version of the Madness cover appeared in the German Edgar Wallace spoof movie Neues vom Wixxer , along with a new recording called `` NW5 '' . As well as the remix to the song , a new video was filmed , including three members of the band ( Suggs , Chas Smash and Dan Woodgate ) along with members of the cast . Madness cover track listing ( edit ) 1981 original issue ( edit ) `` It Must Be Love '' -- 3 : 19 `` Shadow on the House '' -- 3 : 20 1981 Dutch issue ( edit ) `` It Must Be Love '' `` Mrs. Hutchinson '' 1992 re-issue ( edit ) `` It Must Be Love '' -- 3 : 19 `` Bed and Breakfast Man '' -- 2 : 33 Two other UK issues of the Madness version appeared but did not chart . In 1987 , `` It Must Be Love '' was released on the re-issue label Old Gold Records , backed with `` My Girl '' ; and , in 1988 Virgin , Madness released a 7 '' to coincide with the song 's appearance in The Tall Guy , backed with `` The Return of the Los Palmas 7 '' . 1992 Virgin reissue ( edit ) `` It Must Be Love '' -- 3 : 19 `` Bed and Breakfast Man '' -- 2 : 33 `` Airplane '' -- 2 : 59 `` Do n't quote me on that -- 4 : 35 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position Total weeks 1981 UK Singles Chart 12 1992 UK Singles Chart 6 9 1983 US Billboard Hot 100 33 12 Other versions ( edit ) In 1975 , the song was covered by New Seekers singer Lyn Paul . In 2004 , Jasper Steverlinck , the singer of the Belgian group Arid , released a cover of the song for his debut album , Songs of Innocence . In 2007 Kate Ceberano recorded a version for her Nine Lime Avenue album . In 2007 , Paolo Nutini also released a cover of the song for BBC Radio 1 's cover compilation album Radio 1 Established 1967 . In popular culture ( edit ) In 2011 , a cover by Newton Faulkner was featured in a UK advertisement for the Samsung Galaxy S II . In 2012 , a cover by Lotte Mullan was featured in a UK advertisement for LoveFilm . The song , covered by various artists , including Bruce Heald ( of Noise International ) and Melanie Horsnell , has been featured in Australian advertisements for Huggies nappies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Madness -- IMDb '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Labi Siffre '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Sean ( 4 December 1994 ) . `` Sounds like Madness ( or Fleetwood Mac ... ) '' . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music in Vodafone TV Adverts and Commercials '' . Jump up ^ `` Madness -- NW5 ( I Would Give You Everything ) ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Madness at Official Charts Company Retrieved 21 June 2013 Jump up ^ Madness at Official Charts Company Retrieved 21 June 2013 Jump up ^ Madness Chart History Billboard Retrieved 24 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jasper Steverlinck -- Songs of Innocence '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` LOVEFILM Instant -- It Must Be Love '' . TV Ad Music . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullan , Lotte ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` LOVEFILM have used my version of `` It must be love '' ... '' Tumblr . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ogilvy provides more hugs for Huggies '' . 16 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Huggies refreshes ' Hugs ' brand campaign -- mUmBRELLA '' . mUmBRELLA. 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) It Must Be Love entry on BBC Radio 2 's Sold on Song site <Th_colspan="2"> Madness <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Foreman Mike Barson Lee Thompson Suggs Dan Woodgate Mark Bedford Chas Smash Studio albums One Step Beyond ... Absolutely 7 The Rise & Fall Keep Moving Mad Not Mad The Madness Wonderful The Dangermen Sessions Vol. 1 The Liberty of Norton Folgate Oui Oui , Si Si , Ja Ja , Da Da Ca n't Touch Us Now Compilation albums Complete Madness Madness Utter Madness It 's ... Madness It 's ... Madness Too Divine Madness The Business Total Madness ( 1997 ) Our House Total Madness ( 2009 ) Ultimate Madness A Guided Tour of Madness Forever Young : The Ska Collection Live albums Madstock ! Universal Madness Madness Live : To the Edge of the Universe and Beyond Box sets The Business The Lot The Singles Box : Vol. 1 A Guided Tour of Madness Singles `` The Prince '' `` One Step Beyond '' `` My Girl '' `` Work Rest and Play EP '' `` Baggy Trousers '' `` Embarrassment '' `` The Return of the Los Palmas 7 '' `` Grey Day '' `` Shut Up '' `` It Must Be Love '' `` Cardiac Arrest '' `` House of Fun '' `` Driving in My Car '' `` Our House '' `` Tomorrow 's ( Just Another Day ) '' / `` Madness ( Is All in the Mind ) '' `` Wings of a Dove '' `` The Sun and the Rain '' `` Michael Caine '' `` One Better Day '' `` Yesterday 's Men '' `` Uncle Sam '' `` Sweetest Girl '' `` ( Waiting For ) The Ghost Train '' `` Night Boat to Cairo '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Lovestruck '' `` Johnny the Horse '' `` Drip Fed Fred '' `` Shame & Scandal '' `` Girl Why Do n't You '' `` Sorry '' `` NW5 '' `` Dust Devil '' `` Sugar and Spice '' `` Forever Young '' `` My Girl 2 '' `` Never Knew Your Name '' Related articles Discography Lucky 7 Records Dikran Tulaine Our House the Musical 2 Tone Zarjazz Records Starvation / Tam Tam Pour L'Ethiopie The Madness Take It or Leave It The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra Boring ( The Young Ones ) Sick ( The Young Ones ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Must_Be_Love_(Labi_Siffre_song)&oldid=850437559 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1981 singles 1983 singles Labi Siffre songs Madness ( band ) songs Songs written by Labi Siffre Stiff Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Labi Siffre song 2. Madness cover 3. Reggae and pop genre 4. Music video featuring band members playing in a white room and standing over a grave 5. Chart performance and other versions of the song

can you sign players outside transfer window fifa 18

Transfer window - wikipedia Transfer window The transfer window is the period during the year in which a football club can transfer players from other playing staff into their playing staff . Such a transfer is completed by registering the player into the new club through FIFA . `` Transfer window '' is the unofficial term commonly used by the media for the concept of `` registration period '' as described in the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Player . According to the rules , each national football association decides on the time ( such as the dates ) of the ' window ' but it may not exceed 12 weeks . The second registration period occurs during the season and may not exceed four weeks . The transfer window of a given football association governs only international transfers into that football association . International transfers out of an association are always possible to those associations that have an open window . The transfer window of the association that the player is leaving does not have to be open . The window was introduced in response to negotiations with the European Commission . The system has been used in many European leagues before being brought into compulsory effect by FIFA during the 2002 -- 03 season . English football was initially behind the plans when they were proposed in the early 1990s , in the hope that it would improve teams ' stability and prevent agents from searching for deals all year around , but by the time it was eventually introduced they had to be persuaded that it would work . However , the exact regulations and possible exceptions are established by each competition 's governing body rather than by the national football association . Contents 1 Current schedules and exceptions 2 Calls to end the transfer window 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Current schedules and exceptions ( edit ) FIFA regulates in general that there shall be two windows , a longer one ( max . twelve weeks ) in the break between seasons and a shorter one ( max . one month ) in the middle of a season . The specific periods depend on the league 's season cycle and are determined by the national football authorities . Most major European leagues commence in the second half of the year ( e.g. August or September ) and stretch over two calendar years to the first half of the next year ( e.g. May ) , resulting in a close season window in the Summer ending in August , and a mid-season window in January . The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year , as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints , Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports ( notably basketball and American football ) , or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere . The first window generally opens from 1 March until midnight of 30 April , followed by the in - season window from 1 to 31 August . Pre-season window Mid-season window Associations 1 January -- 31 March 14 July -- 13 August Brazil 6 January -- 31 March 21 July -- 18 August Japan 8 January -- 31 March 15 July -- 11 August Sweden 12 January -- 4 April 19 July -- 15 August Norway 7 February -- 1 May 10 July -- 8 August United States and Canada 1 March -- 30 April 1 -- 31 August Finland 1 June -- 18 August 1 January -- 19 January Albania 1 June -- 18 August 1 January -- 19 January Italy 1 June -- 31 August 1 January -- 2 February France , Germany , Spain 17 May -- 9 August 1 January -- 31 January England 9 June -- 1 September 1 January -- 1 February Scotland 11 June -- 1 September 5 -- 31 January Turkey , Denmark 11 June -- 2 September 3 -- 31 January Netherlands 16 June -- 8 September 25 January -- 22 February Bulgaria and Romania 17 June -- 6 September 28 January -- 28 February Russia 27 July -- 18 October 4 January -- 2 February Australia 1 December -- 31 January 1 -- 30 June Kenya Premier League clubs in England voted to end the summer window on the Thursday before the start of the season - on August 9 in 2018 , instead of August 31 . Because FIFA demands the window must be open for 12 weeks , the window will open around May 17 , shortly after the final games of the season on May 13 . Clubs will be able to sell players until August 31 but not buy replacements after the deadline of August 9 . Although , in England , transfers between clubs in the same league can take place as soon as the last competitive fixtures for the season have been played , many transfers will not be completed until 1 July because many players ' contracts expire on 30 June . International transfers into the English leagues ( including the Premier League ) can not be made until the window has opened on 17 May . Outside the transfer window , a club may still sign players on an emergency basis , usually if they have no goalkeeper available . Special dispensation from their competition 's governing body , for example the Premier League , is required . The transfer window restriction does not apply to clubs below the National League division . If the last day of a transfer window is on a weekend , the deadline can be extended to the following Monday at the request of those involved for business reasons . The first shift of the deadline since its inception took place in summer 2008 , when the deadline was extended by 24 hours to fall on Monday 1 September at midnight . The transfer deadline in England was similarly extended to 5 pm 1 September 2009 , due to the August Bank Holiday . The German football league announced an extension of the January 2009 deadline to 2 February . Free agents can be signed by a club at any time during the season , if they had been released by their previous club before the end of the transfer window . A club can request to sign a player on emergency basis , e.g. if several goalkeepers are injured at the same time . Outside the transfer window in England , once seven days have passed following the end of a transfer window , clubs from the English Football League ( Regulation 53.3. 4 ) and ( provided the player is not registered with a club from any league below the National League division ) National League division ( Rule 6.6. 4 ) can loan in players i ) in the first half of the season , until 5.00 pm on the fourth Thursday in November and ii ) in the second half of the season , until 5.00 pm on the fourth Thursday in March . An existing loan deal can be made permanent at any time outside the transfer window . The day upon which a window closes is known as transfer deadline day , and is usually one of the busiest days of the window , generating a flurry of transfers , often because a number of interdependent transfers are completed resembling a housing chain , generating much media interest . Calls to end the transfer window ( edit ) Steve Coppell , former manager of Reading in England 's Premier League , and others have called for the transfer window to be scrapped in favour of the previous system , where deals could be struck throughout the season until the closing weeks . Coppell said that the transfer window breeds panic and encourages `` scurrilous '' transfer activity adding that `` I can not see the logic in a transfer window . It brings on a fire - sale mentality , causes unrest via the media and means clubs buy too many players '' adding that `` The old system , where if you had a problem you could look at loans or make a short - term purchase , was far better than this system we have at the moment '' . Former England Manager Sven - Göran Eriksson has also questioned the value of the transfer window , commenting : `` You do wonder at times if it is right to have a window , it was easier when it was open all the time and perhaps fairer for the players . I am sure much of the business being done on the last day is a little bit desperate and that is not right . I think it was better before , but then I am old '' . In January 2013 Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger asked for the January transfer window to be limited to two transfers per window and claimed it is `` unfair '' in its current form . He cited Newcastle United transfer activity as an example . The following year , Wenger hit out at Manchester United 's £ 37m purchase of Juan Mata from rivals Chelsea . Wenger argued that the transfer was unfair because United and Chelsea had already played each other twice during the season , but United would still have to play Arsenal , and said that `` the rules should be adapted more for fairness '' . Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini backed the sentiment of Wenger , disagreeing that a player `` can go from one team to another team in the same league at this part of the year '' and also said that the winter transfer window was unbalanced in favour of big clubs , saying `` a club with money can take the best players from the other teams '' . Former Crystal Palace manager Alan Pardew questioned why the Premier League transfer window remains open after the start of the season after Arsenal made a bid for midfielder Yohan Cabaye during his time as Newcastle United manager in August 2013 . In January 2015 , FIFPro said that the current transfer window system is `` failing football and its players '' , one of the main issues being that players are released from clubs without explanation or compensation . See also ( edit ) Trade deadline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players ( 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 October 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa wants transfer windows '' . BBC Sport. 24 January 2002 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ashdown , John ; Smyth , Rob ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Why does the Premier League have a January transfer window '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer clarification '' . Football Association . 1 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Janela de transferências termina nesta quarta - feira '' ( in Portuguese ) . Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ 2016 シーズン 追加 登録 期限 について ( in Japanese ) . Japan Professional Football League . 2017 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transferfönstret '' . fotbolltransfers.com ( in Swedish ) . fotbolltransfers.com . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overganger '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norges Fotballforbund . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLS Roster Rules and Regulations '' . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Säännöt ja määräykset '' ( in Finnish ) . Suomen Palloliitto. 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Serie A to play on Boxing Day ; transfer deadline to close before season starts '' . ESPN . 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serie A to play on Boxing Day ; transfer deadline to close before season starts '' . ESPN . 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titre II -- Les joueurs '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . UNFP. 2007 . p. 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spielordnung '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Deutscher Fußball - Bund . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liga de Fútbol Profesional , '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duncker , Charlotte ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` When does the 2018 summer transfer window open ? '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide transfer window calendar '' . FIFA. 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The FA Rules & Regs FAQs Transfer Windows '' . The Football Association . 29 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes The 2013 Football Summer Transfer Window - Fieldoo Blog '' . fieldoo.com . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's mid-season winter transfer window times in full '' . English Premier League . Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danske regler om overgangsperioder , betaling af træningskompensation og fordeling af solidaritetsbetaling '' . Danish Football Association . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transfertermijn betaald voetbal en FIFA TMS '' ( in Dutch ) . 20 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LPF a stabilit data începerii viitorului sezon de Liga 1 . 112 zile de transferuri în stagiunea 2014 - 2015 '' ( LPF set the start date for the next Liga I season . 112 days of transfers in the 2014 - 2015 season ) . DigiSport. 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer window '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ GmbH , , TaskFleet . `` Worldwide transfer windows calendar '' . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan transfers to be heavily scrutinised '' . 9 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transfers -- June 2011 '' . BBC News . 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadline day rules & regulations '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transfer deadline to be extended '' . BBC Sport. 18 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 7 October 2008 Jump up ^ Gatward , Matt ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` Wenger urges fans to support Adebayor as striker seals new deal '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Wechselperiode I endet erst am Montag '' ( in German ) . Bundesliga. 29 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ League , The Football . `` Section 6 - Players '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://footballconference.co.uk/uploads/docs/Rules.pdf Jump up ^ `` Section 6 - Players '' . The Football League . 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ( 2 January 2008 ) . `` Steve Coppell calls for end to transfer window '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Managers hit out at ' rubbish ' transfer system '' . The Telegraph . 1 January 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sven wants windows scrapped '' . Sky Sports . 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger wants two - player transfer limit '' . BBC . 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arsene Wenger thinks Juan Mata 's proposed transfer to Man Utd from Chelsea is unfair '' . Sky Sports . 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Pellegrini agrees with Arsene Wenger - Juan Mata moving from Chelsea to Manchester United is unfair '' . The Independent . 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini backs Arsenal conterpart Arsène Wenger over Juan Mata transfer '' . The Telegraph . 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Pardew unhappy at timing of Arsenal bid '' . BBC Sport. 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifpro : players ' union says ' failing ' transfer system needs reform '' . BBC Sport. 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) fifatms.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_window&oldid=858808694 '' Categories : Terminology used in multiple sports Sports trades Sports terminology Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from June 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 18 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Transfer window in football 2. FIFA regulations on player transfers 3. International transfers in football 4. Calls to end the transfer window 5. Transfer deadline day

what does sdr stand for in the book red sparrow

Red Sparrow ( Novel ) - wikipedia Red Sparrow ( Novel ) Jump to : navigation , search Red Sparrow <Td_colspan="2"> Author Jason Matthews Genre Spy fiction , mystery , thriller Published 2013 Publisher Scribner Pages 434 Awards Edgar Award for Best First Novel by an American Author ( 2014 ) ITW Thriller Award for Best First Novel ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 476 - 70612 - 2 Website Red Sparrow Red Sparrow is a novel written by Jason Matthews , a former Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) operative , that was published by Scribner on June 4 , 2013 . The book provides insight into the mundane aspects of the intelligence field , the techniques it employs , and Red Sparrow 's unique ability to discern the nature of people by seeing their emotions in colors ( through synesthesia ) . Each chapter in the book includes a reference to a specific prepared food , and ends with a recipe for it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Reception 3 Film adaptation 4 References Synopsis ( edit ) Dominika Egorova , or `` Red Sparrow '' , is a former Russian ballerina who is forced by her uncle to undergo espionage training for the Russian government at the Sparrow School , where people are trained to seduce their targets . Other key figures are Marble , a Russian double agent who provides intelligence to the CIA , and Nate Nash , a CIA internal - ops officer who recruits and handles intelligence assets for the agency . Reception ( edit ) James Burridge and Michael Bradford , reviewing the book for the CIA 's website , praised the book for its authentic depiction of surveillance and countersurveillance techniques , calling it `` accurate ( and ) richly detailed '' , and positively comparing the book 's plausibility to the work of John le Carré . Burridge and Bradford also praised the characters as having been richly drawn , and for the avoidance of cliches , though they felt that the Russian supporting characters were not as nuanced as their American counterparts . The reviewers noted the distracting nature of the recipes at the end of each chapter , saying they could be easily skipped , and cautioned readers about the most explicit sex scenes they had ever encountered in the espionage genre . In 2014 , the book won two literary awards , ITW Thriller Award for Best First Novel and the Edgar Award for Best First Novel by an American Author . The Washington Post says of Matthews 's skill as a writer , `` Sly descriptions abound , from the ' poached - egg eye ' of a Russian assassin to the ' grimy catechisms ' of those Sparrow School lessons . And despite a tendency toward point - of - view whiplash shifts , the author inhabits voices and perspectives with an impressionist 's aplomb , whether the rich patter of a CIA agent recounting an Istanbul adventure or those dry reports in the ' abbreviated style of the semiliterate Soviet ' . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Red Sparrow Before the book was published , Matthews sold the movie rights for Red Sparrow for a seven - figure amount . He was also awarded a contract for a sequel to the book . The sequel is named Palace of Treason . He also wrote a third volume named The Kremlin 's Candidate . The 2018 film adaptation of Red Sparrow stars Jennifer Lawrence and Joel Edgerton . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Red Sparrow ' , a fantastic new spy thriller by former CIA operative Jason Matthews '' . The Washington Post . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Burridge ; Michael Bradford ( May 1 , 2014 ) . Intelligence in Public Literature - Red Sparrow . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Matthews ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Book Review - Spy vs. Spy - ' Red Sparrow ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Thriller Writers -- Past Nominees and Winners '' . thrillerwriters.org . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Category List -- Best First Novel Edgars Database '' . theedgars.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Matthias Schoenaerts , Jeremy Irons Joining Jennifer Lawrence in ' Red Sparrow ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sparrow_(novel)&oldid=835977115 '' Categories : American spy novels 2013 American novels American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Magyar Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 22 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Red Sparrow - novel by Jason Matthews 2. Spy fiction, mystery, thriller genre 3. CIA operative, espionage training, Russian government 4. Authentic depiction of surveillance and countersurveillance techniques 5. Film adaptation starring Jennifer Lawrence and Joel Edgerton

my little pony friendship is magic episodes season 8

My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic ( season 8 ) - wikipedia My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic ( season 8 ) Country of origin United States Canada No. of episodes 26 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Discovery Family Original release March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 <Td_colspan="2"> List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes The eighth season of the animated television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , developed by Lauren Faust , is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States . The series is based on Hasbro 's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation , or `` G4 '' , of the My Little Pony franchise . Season 8 of the series premiered on March 24 , 2018 , on Discovery Family , an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro . The show follows a pony named Twilight Sparkle as she learns about friendship in the town of Ponyville . Twilight continues to learn with her close friends Applejack , Rarity , Fluttershy , Rainbow Dash , and Pinkie Pie . Each represents a different face of friendship , and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts , the `` Elements of Harmony '' . The ponies share adventures and help out other residents of Ponyville , while working out the troublesome moments in their own friendships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Minor 2.3. 1 Single roles 2.3. 2 Multiple roles 2.3. 2.1 Notes 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Notes 5 Songs 6 References Development ( edit ) On May 25 , 2017 , supervising director Jim Miller announced via Twitter an eighth season for the series . At Hasbro 's first self - themed convention ( aptly named HasCon ) on September 9 , an animatic from an upcoming episode was shown . On February 8 , 2018 , Discovery Family 's March press release states that this season , `` viewers will witness major milestones featuring the introduction of Starlight Glimmer 's parents and Princess Celestia 's big acting debut . Additionally , the Mane 6 's Twilight Sparkle , Rarity , Applejack , Pinkie Pie , Rainbow Dash and Fluttershy are accompanied by six new creatures including Ocellus the Changeling , Silverstream the Hippogriff / Seapony , Smolder the Dragon , Gallus the Griffin , Yona the Yak and Sandbar the Pony , joining them on epic adventures throughout new and familiar lands such as Mount Aris , Everfree Forest , Las Pegasus and more . Fan - favorite characters Maud Pie , Spike , the Cutie Mark Crusaders , Queen Chrysalis and Discord return with exciting storylines and a whole lot of magic ! '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle Rebecca Shoichet as Twilight Sparkle ( singing voice ) Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity Kazumi Evans as Rarity ( singing voice ) Ashleigh Ball as Applejack and Rainbow Dash Andrea Libman as Fluttershy and Pinkie Pie Shannon Chan - Kent as Pinkie Pie ( singing voice ) Cathy Weseluck as Spike Recurring ( edit ) Kelly Sheridan as Starlight Glimmer Nicole Oliver as Princess Celestia Tabitha St. Germain as Princess Luna The Cutie Mark Crusaders Michelle Creber as Apple Bloom Madeleine Peters as Scootaloo Claire Corlett as Sweetie Belle Minor ( edit ) Single roles ( edit ) Vincent Tong as Sandbar Richard Ian Cox as Grampa Gruff Garry Chalk as Prince Rutherford Shannon Chan - Kent as Smolder Ali Milner as Ember Kyle Rideout as Thorax Caitlyn Bairstow as Blue Bobbin Ian Hanlin as Bracer Britches Matt Hill as Soarin ' Kelly Sheridan as Misty Fly Tabitha St. Germain as Granny Smith Kathleen Barr as Queen Chrysalis John de Lancie as Discord Mark Acheson as Lord Tirek Multiple roles ( edit ) Ingrid Nilson as Maud Pie , Limestone Pie , and Marble Pie Peter New as Big McIntosh and Goldie Delicious Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Has an uncredited speaking role in `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' . Guest stars ( edit ) Maurice LaMarche as Chancellor Neighsay Gavin Langelo as Gallus Katrina Salisbury as Yona Lauren Jackson as Silverstream Christopher Gaze as Seaspray Devyn Dalton as Ocellus Adam Kirschner as Mudbriar Shirley Millner as Apple Rose Marcy Goldberg as Applesauce Alex Zahara as Jack Pot Tariq Leslie as Big Bucks Rachel Bloom Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 170 `` School Daze '' ( Part 1 ) Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Michael Vogel and Nicole Dubuc March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) N / A <Td_colspan="7"> Following their adventure to save Equestria from the Storm King ( shown in My Little Pony : The Movie ) , Twilight Sparkle and her friends discover that the Cutie Map has expanded to cover lands beyond their kingdom . Twilight receives approval from the Equestria Education Association ( EEA ) to open a school devoted to teaching the benefits of friendship across these lands , with her friends serving as teachers and staff . She also welcomes five students from other species to attend : Gallus , a sarcastic griffon ; Yona , a clumsy yak ; Smolder , a cocky dragon ; Ocellus , a timid changeling ; and Silverstream , an excitable hippogriff . The students initially enjoy the school , but quickly grow bored as Twilight forces her friends to adhere to the EEA 's strict guidelines for teaching . The five creatures decide to skip class along with their pony classmate , Sandbar , becoming fast friends . While playing , they accidentally wreak havoc on the school during an evaluation conducted by EEA head Chancellor Neighsay . Convinced that the non-pony students are dangerous , Neighsay immediately shuts the school down . 171 `` School Daze '' ( Part 2 ) Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Michael Vogel and Nicole Dubuc March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) N / A <Td_colspan="7"> A depressed Twilight mulls over her School of Friendship being unaccredited until Starlight Glimmer encourages her to try again , this time without following the EEA 's rules . She and her friends attempt to convince the other species ' leaders to let their students return to the school , only to learn that the students have all run away from home , unwilling to part with each other . The ponies discover that Sandbar has been hiding the other students at the Castle of the Two Sisters , where they rescue them from being attacked by a horde of pukwudgies . The students agree to give the school another chance after the ponies assure them things will be different . Chancellor Neighsay confronts Twilight for her unauthorized re-opening of the school , but Twilight asserts her authority as Princess of Friendship and writes her own set of school rules to supersede those of the EEA . Twilight 's friends use their own unique teaching methods to make the school more appealing , and the leaders allow their students to continue their studies in Equestria . 172 `` The Maud Couple '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Nick Confalone March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) N / A <Td_colspan="7"> Pinkie Pie learns that her sister Maud is dating a stallion named Mudbriar , who has an interest in sticks similar to Maud 's interest in rocks , and is as outwardly dull and blunt as she is . Although Maud and Mudbriar are happy together , Pinkie fails to notice their similarities , finding Mudbriar 's personality and quirks to be annoying and strange . Unable to comprehend their relationship , Pinkie eventually becomes convinced that Maud prefers Mudbriar over her and flees to her family 's rock farm in despair . After her sisters Limestone and Marble help Pinkie realize that Maud 's happiness with Mudbriar is all that matters , Pinkie returns and makes peace with Mudbriar , putting up with him for Maud 's sake . 173 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Josh Hamilton April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) N / A <Td_colspan="7"> Rarity leaves Fluttershy in charge of her boutique in Manehattan while she is out of town for a fashion show in Canterlot . Fluttershy is intimidated by the pushy customers , so Rarity advises her to wear an outfit to boost her confidence . Taking Rarity 's advice to heart , Fluttershy begins dressing up and acting out different characters to match her customers ' personalities , which helps the store 's sales . However , she takes her role playing so far that she begins driving customers away with her rude behavior , getting rid of her raccoon helpers as well . The raccoons bring Fluttershy 's friends to help , but she kicks them out of the store . Her friends then turn to Rarity , who fires Fluttershy , bringing her back to her senses . Fluttershy apologizes to her friends , and Rarity assures her that she already has the inner strength needed to succeed . 174 5 `` Grannies Gone Wild '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Gillian M. Berrow April 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) N / A <Td_colspan="7"> Rainbow Dash is eager to ride the Wild Blue Yonder , a famous roller coaster in Las Pegasus , before it permanently closes . Applejack agrees to take over Rainbow Dash 's classes at the School of Friendship if she chaperones Granny Smith and her elderly friends for their annual Las Pegasus vacation , strictly instructing Rainbow Dash to never let them overexert themselves or leave her sight . Rainbow Dash reluctantly accepts , and attempts to convince the grannies to rest in their hotel so she can have time for herself . However , the grannies sneak off while Rainbow Dash discovers the coaster 's long waiting line , forcing Rainbow Dash to spend most of the day following them and interfering with their exciting activities , much to their annoyance . When Rainbow Dash apologizes for ruining their fun and explains she is only following Applejack 's instructions , the grannies laugh over Applejack 's overprotectiveness and invite Rainbow Dash to ride the coaster with them , using their VIP passes to skip the line . 175 6 `` Surf and / or Turf '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre Brian Hohlfeld April 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> The Cutie Mark Crusaders help a young hippogriff decide whether he belongs with his hippogriff or seapony relatives . 176 7 `` Horse Play '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA April 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 28 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> After casting Princess Celestia in a play , Twilight realizes that Celestia 's talents lie elsewhere . 177 8 `` The Parent Map '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA May 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> Starlight and Sunburst are called by the Cutie Map to solve a friendship problem that involves their estranged parents . 178 9 `` Non-Compete Clause '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA May 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> Applejack and Rainbow Dash take the students on a field trip to learn about teamwork . 179 10 `` The Break Up Break Down '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA May 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> On Hearts and Hooves Day , Big McIntosh overhears his girlfriend Sugar Belle is planning to break up with him . 180 11 `` Molt Down '' Denny Lu and Mike Myhre TBA May 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) TBD <Td_colspan="7"> Spike experiences molting and fears its side - effects will force him to leave the Castle of Friendship . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information about the directors are taken from the episode 's opening credits . Jump up ^ Information about the writers are taken from the episode 's opening credits . Songs ( edit ) Main article : List of songs in My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic § Season 8 ( 2018 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albert , Jared ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) . `` the school of friendship is officially open ! season eight of my little pony : friendship is magic premieres saturday , march 24 on discovery family '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jim ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) , ( `` Friendship is Magic : Season 8 '' coming in 2018 confirmation ) , Twitter , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 Jump up ^ Sethisto ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Season 8 of My Little Pony - Major Animatic Released ! '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Acheson , Mark ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) . `` ( Acheson reprising as Lord Tirek confirmation ) '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Disney Television Animation News ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) , ( Rachel Bloom guest stars in `` Friendship is Magic : Season 8 '' confirmation ) , Twitter , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 ^ Jump up to : My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic . Season 8 . Episode 1 - 26 . 2018 . 22 minutes in . Discovery Family Channel . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Jared ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Discovery Family : April 2018 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dubuc , Nicole ( 2018 - 04 - 28 ) , ( `` Surf and / or Turf '' episode writing credit confirmation ) , Twitter , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 ^ Jump up to : Albert , Jared ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Discovery Family : May 2018 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . <Th_colspan="2"> My Little Pony ( 2010 -- present ; including Friendship Is Magic television series ) Media Animation Friendship Is Magic characters episodes songs setting My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) soundtrack `` Rainbow '' `` Off to See the World '' Software Twilight Sparkle , Teacher for a Day Gameloft video game Other IDW comics Issues Collectible card game TV episodes Season 1 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) `` The Cutie Mark Chronicles '' Season 2 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) `` The Return of Harmony '' `` Hearts and Hooves Day '' `` A Canterlot Wedding '' Season 3 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) `` The Crystal Empire '' `` Magical Mystery Cure '' Season 4 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) `` Pinkie Pride '' `` Twilight 's Kingdom '' Season 5 ( 2015 ) `` The Cutie Map '' `` Slice of Life '' Season 6 ( 2016 ) `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' Season 7 ( 2017 ) Season 8 ( 2018 ) Fandom BronyCon Equestria Daily Bronies ( documentary film ) A Brony Tale Them 's Fightin ' Herds See also <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Overall history of the franchise <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> My Little Pony : Equestria Girls ( a spin - off franchise ) Films Equestria Girls ( 2013 ) Rainbow Rocks ( 2014 ) Friendship Games ( 2015 ) Legend of Everfree ( 2016 ) Other Miniseries ( 2017 ) Summertime Shorts ( 2017 ) songs <Td_colspan="2"> Book Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_(season_8)&oldid=837167951 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episodes Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 04 : 02 . About Wikipedia

1. My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 8) 2. Discovery Family channel 3. Characters and episodes 4. Development and cast 5. Songs and references

who won the womens ncaa basketball championship 2017

2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I women 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament <Td_colspan="2"> Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 64 Finals site American Airlines Center Dallas , Texas Champions South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 2nd Final Four ) Runner - up Mississippi State Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Connecticut Huskies ( 18th Final Four ) Stanford Cardinal ( 13th Final Four ) Winning coach Dawn Staley ( 1st title ) MOP A'ja Wilson ( South Carolina ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Women 's Tournaments `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday , March 17 to Sunday , April 2 , 2017 , with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas , Texas on March 31 and April 2 . This was the first time that the women 's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday , rather than Sunday and Tuesday . South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship . Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women 's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances . Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 2 Subregionals Tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures 2.1 Automatic qualifiers 2.2 Tournament seeds 3 Tournament records 4 Games 4.1 Bridgeport Regional , Bridgeport , CT 4.1. 1 First round 4.1. 2 Bracket 4.1. 3 Bridgeport Regional Final 4.1. 4 Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team 4.2 Oklahoma City Regional , Oklahoma City , OK 4.2. 1 First round 4.2. 2 Bracket 4.2. 3 Oklahoma City Regional Final 4.2. 4 Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team 4.3 Lexington Regional , Lexington , KY 4.3. 1 First round 4.3. 2 Bracket 4.3. 3 Lexington Regional Final 4.3. 4 Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team 4.4 Stockton Regional , Stockton , CA 4.4. 1 First round 4.4. 2 Bracket 4.4. 3 Stockton Regional Final 4.4. 4 Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team 5 Final four 5.1 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four All - Tournament Team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Studio host and analysts 7.1. 2 Broadcast assignments 7.2 Radio 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) The first two rounds , also referred to as the subregionals , were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds , as was done in 2016 . The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament . First and Second Rounds March 17 and 19 Colonial Life Arena , Columbia , South Carolina ( Host : University of South Carolina ) Donald L. Tucker Civic Center , Tallahassee , Florida ( Host : Florida State University ) Edmund P. Joyce Center , Notre Dame , Indiana ( Host : University of Notre Dame ) Frank Erwin Center , Austin , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at Austin ) Gill Coliseum , Corvallis , Oregon ( Host : Oregon State University ) Humphrey Coliseum , Mississippi State , Mississippi ( Host : Mississippi State University ) Memorial Coliseum , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Xfinity Center , College Park , Maryland ( Host : University of Maryland ) March 18 and 20 Bramlage Coliseum , Manhattan , Kansas ( Host : Kansas State University ) Cameron Indoor Stadium , Durham , North Carolina ( Host : Duke University ) Ferrell Center , Waco , Texas , ( Host : Baylor University ) Harry A. Gampel Pavilion , Storrs , Connecticut ( Host : University of Connecticut ) Hec Edmundson Pavilion , Seattle , Washington ( Host : University of Washington ) KFC Yum ! Center , Louisville , Kentucky ( Host : University of Louisville ) Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , California ( Host : University of California , Los Angeles ) Watsco Center , Coral Gables , Florida , ( Host : University of Miami ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) Bridgeport Oklahoma City Lexington Stockton Dallas 2017 NCAA Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) ( Hover over city to see link to arena ) March 24 -- 27 Bridgeport Regional , Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut ( Hosts : Fairfield University and University of Connecticut ) Oklahoma City Regional , Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Oklahoma ) Lexington Regional , Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky ( Host : University of Kentucky ) Stockton Regional , Stockton Arena , Stockton , California ( Host : University of the Pacific ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Jump up ^ As the # 2 seed in their region , Stanford University was entitled to host the First and Second Round at Maples Pavilion but was unable to do so due to a scheduling conflict . As a result , hosting rights reverted to the next - highest seed in Stanford 's pod of four teams , # 7 Kansas State . Subregionals tournament and automatic qualifiers procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship § Tournament format Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time , Monday , March 13 via ESPN . The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002 ; the top sixteen teams , as chosen in the bracket selection process , hosted the first two rounds on campus . A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament . 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament . The remaining 32 teams were granted `` at - large '' bids , which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64 . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's tournament . Conference Team Appearance Last bid ACC Notre Dame 24th 2016 America East Albany 6th 2016 American Connecticut 29th 2016 Atlantic 10 Dayton 7th 2015 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 4th 2015 Big 12 West Virginia 12th 2016 Big East Marquette 10th 2011 Big Sky Montana State 2nd 1993 Big South UNC Asheville 3rd 2016 Big Ten Maryland 25th 2016 Big West Long Beach State 12th 1992 Colonial Elon 1st Never C - USA WKU 19th 2015 Horizon Green Bay 17th 2016 Ivy Penn 5th 2016 MAAC Quinnipiac 3rd 2015 MAC Toledo 8th 2001 MEAC Hampton 9th 2014 Missouri Valley Drake 11th 2007 Mountain West Boise State 4th 2015 Northeast Robert Morris 5th 2016 Ohio Valley Belmont 3rd 2016 Pac - 12 Stanford 31st 2016 Patriot Bucknell 3rd 2008 SEC South Carolina 14th 2016 Southern Chattanooga 15th 2016 Southland Central Arkansas 2nd 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 1st Never Summit Western Illinois 2nd 1995 Sun Belt Troy 3rd 2016 West Coast Gonzaga 9th 2015 WAC New Mexico State 5th 2016 Tournament seeds ( edit ) Bridgeport Regional -- Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , Connecticut Seed School Conference Record Berth type Connecticut American 32 -- 0 Auto Duke ACC 27 -- 5 At - large Maryland Big Ten 30 -- 2 Auto UCLA Pac 12 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Texas A&M SEC 21 -- 11 At - large 6 West Virginia Big 12 23 -- 10 Auto 7 Temple American 24 -- 7 At - large 8 Syracuse ACC 21 -- 10 At - large 9 Iowa State Big 12 18 -- 12 At - large 10 Oregon Pac 12 21 -- 13 At - large 11 Elon Colonial 27 -- 6 Auto 12 Pennsylvania Ivy League 22 -- 7 Auto 13 Boise State Mountain West 25 -- 7 Auto 14 Bucknell Patriot 27 -- 5 Auto 15 Hampton Mid-Eastern 20 -- 12 Auto 16 Albany America East 21 -- 11 Auto Oklahoma City Regional -- Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Seed School Conference Record Berth type Baylor Big 12 30 -- 3 At - large Mississippi St . SEC 29 -- 4 At - large Washington Pac 12 27 -- 5 At - large Louisville ACC 27 -- 7 At - large 5 Tennessee SEC 19 -- 11 At - large 6 Oklahoma Big 12 22 -- 9 At - large 7 DePaul Big East 26 -- 7 At - large 8 LSU SEC 20 -- 11 At - large 9 California Pac 12 19 -- 13 At - large 10 UNI Missouri Valley 24 -- 8 At - large 11 Gonzaga WCC 26 -- 6 Auto 12 Dayton A-10 22 -- 9 Auto 13 Chattanooga Southern 21 -- 10 Auto 14 Montana St . Big Sky 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Troy Sun Belt 22 -- 10 Auto 16 Texas Southern SWAC 23 -- 9 Auto Lexington Regional -- Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Seed School Conference Record Berth type Notre Dame ACC 30 -- 3 Auto Stanford Pac 12 28 -- 5 Auto Texas Big 12 23 -- 8 At - large Kentucky SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 5 Ohio St . Big 10 26 -- 6 At - large 6 North Carolina St . ACC 22 -- 8 At - large 7 Kansas St . Big 12 22 -- 10 At - large 8 Green Bay Horizon 27 -- 5 Auto 9 Purdue Big 10 22 -- 12 At - large 10 Drake Missouri Valley 28 -- 4 Auto 11 Auburn SEC 17 -- 14 At - large 12 Western Ky . Conference USA 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Belmont Ohio Valley 27 -- 5 Auto 14 Central Ark . Southland 26 -- 4 Auto 15 New Mexico St . WAC 24 -- 6 Auto 16 Robert Morris NEC 22 -- 10 Auto Stockton Regional -- Stockton Arena , Stockton , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type South Carolina SEC 27 -- 4 Auto Oregon St . Pac 12 29 -- 4 At - large Florida St . ACC 25 -- 6 At - large Miami ( FL ) ACC 23 -- 8 At - large 5 Marquette Big East 25 -- 7 Auto 6 Missouri SEC 21 -- 10 At - large 7 Creighton Big East 23 -- 7 At - large 8 Arizona St . Pac 12 19 -- 12 At - large 9 Michigan St . Big 10 21 -- 11 At - large 10 Toledo Mid-American 25 -- 8 Auto 11 South Fla . American 24 -- 8 At - large 12 Quinnipiac MAAC 27 -- 6 Auto 13 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 26 -- 8 Auto 14 Western Ill . Summit 25 -- 6 Auto 15 Long Beach St . Big West 23 -- 10 Auto 16 UNC Asheville Big South 19 -- 14 Auto Tournament records ( edit ) Kentucky 's Evelyn Akhator recorded 23 rebounds in a second round game against Ohio State , tied for second most ever in an NCAA tournament game Duke held Hampton to 2 points in the second period of a first round game , the fewest points scored in a period in an NCAA tournament game Baylor beat Texas Southern by 89 points in a first round game , the largest margin of victory in an NCAA tournament game Texas A&M was behind by 21 points to Penn ( 58 -- 37 ) in the fourth period of a first round game , but came back to win 63 -- 61 Washington made 18 three pointers in a second round game against Oklahoma , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game UConn 's Kia Nurse made 22 three pointers in the tournament , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament Connecticut 's Kia Nurse made 9 threes in 2nd round versus Syracuse , the most ever made in an NCAA tournament game Games ( edit ) Bridgeport regional , Bridgeport , ct ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut took on the America East champion , in a first - round game between the top - seeded Huskies and the 16 seed Albany . The Huskies scored the first nine points , but the great Danes cut the lead to three points 10 -- 7 early in the first quarter . Despite leading 58 -- 32 at halftime , the halftime discussion among the players was how to boost their intensity on defense . The Huskies held Albany to 23 points in the second half and went on to win the game 116 -- 55 . Iowa State chose to concentrate their defensive efforts on Syracuse 's top two scoring threats , Britney Sykes and Alexis Peterson , but Gabby Cooper made them pay by hitting five three - pointers in the first seven minutes of the game . By the end of the first quarter , Syracuse had a 25 - point lead . Although Iowa State outscored Syracuse the remainder of the game , the damage had been done and the eighth - seeded Syracuse team defeated the ninth seeded Iowa State team 85 -- 65 . Cooper scored early for Syracuse but Sykes ended up with 28 points and Peterson with 25 . Despite being the 12 seed , Pennsylvania dominated the fifth - seeded Texas A&M for the first three quarters of the game . The Quakers had a 21 - point lead in the fourth quarter when the Aggies switched to a full - court press which turned out to be effective as it forced seven turnovers in the quarter . This , combined with their inability to shoot , missing their last 10 shots , created the greatest comeback in NCAA tournament history . The previous record was 16 points , but this game set a new record at 21 points . Texas A&M ended up with the 63 -- 61 win over Penn . UCLA took on Boise State in a match - up between the 4 seed and the 13 seed . The Bruins scored 15 points before the Broncos had their first point . UCLA hit 58 % of their shots and a slightly higher percentage , 59 % , from beyond the arc . Billings had 19 points for the Bruins while Jordin Canada tied a school record with 16 assists , to go along with her 15 points . UCLA ended up with the win 83 -- 56 . Sixth - seeded West Virginia took on 11 seeded Elon , playing in their first ever NCAA tournament . Despite having beaten Baylor in the Big 12 Conference Tournament , the Mountaineers remained in a close game with the Phoenix for much of the game . The score was tied at 53 points apiece when the mountaineers ran off 10 straight points to open up a 10 - point margin . Tynice Martin scored 26 points for West Virginia and Katrina Pardee hit two crucial three - pointers to help West Virginia to the 75 -- 62 win . Elon is coached by Charlotte Smith who hit one of the most memorable shots in NCAA tournament history when she had a three - pointer in the final second of the 1994 championship game to seal the win for North Carolina . Oregon has n't been in the tournament for 12 years but is making the most of it . Seeded 10th , they took on the seventh - seeded Temple Owls in a first - round game which came down to the final seconds . The Duck 's Ruthy Hebard sank a basket with 5 1 / 2 seconds to go in the game that proved to be the winning basket . The Owls attempted a final shot but the freshman Hebard blocked it as time expired to give the Ducks a 71 -- 70 victory . Hampton faced Duke in a first - round match - up between two teams that did not make the tournament last year . The Pirates had a `` horrendous '' second quarter scoring only two points against the Blue Devils 31 . Rebecca Greenwell had a double double with 26 points and 10 rebounds for Duke who went on to win easily 94 -- 31 . Duke 's Kyra Lambert left the game with an knee injury in the second quarter and did not return . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Connecticut 116 16 Albany 55 Connecticut 94 <Td_colspan="4"> Storrs , Connecticut ( Sat / Mon ) 8 Syracuse 64 8 Syracuse 85 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Iowa State 65 Connecticut 86 <Td_colspan="9"> UCLA 71 5 Texas A&M 63 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Penn 61 5 Texas A&M 43 <Td_colspan="4"> Los Angeles , California ( Sat / Mon ) UCLA 75 UCLA 83 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Boise State 56 Connecticut 90 <Td_colspan="14"> 10 Oregon 52 6 West Virginia 75 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Elon 62 6 West Virginia 56 <Td_colspan="4"> College Park , Maryland ( Fri / Sun ) Maryland 83 Maryland 103 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Bucknell 61 Maryland 63 <Td_colspan="9"> 10 Oregon 77 7 Temple 70 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Oregon 71 10 Oregon 74 <Td_colspan="4"> Durham , North Carolina ( Sat / Mon ) Duke 65 Duke 94 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Hampton 31 <Td_colspan="5"> Highlights The Texas A&M -- Penn game saw the biggest comeback in the history of the women 's tournament , as Texas A&M erased a 21 - point deficit in the fourth quarter . The previous record was 16 points by Notre Dame in 2001 and Michigan State in 2005 . Bridgeport Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 7 : 00 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> Connecticut 90 , Oregon 52 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 13 , 21 -- 11 , 23 -- 19 , 18 -- 9 Pts : N. Collier 28 Rebs : N. Collier 12 Asts : K. Nurse 7 Pts : S. Ionescu 15 Rebs : S. Ionescu 8 Asts : M. Cazorla / M. McGwire 4 Webster Bank Arena , Bridgeport , CT Attendance : 8,978 Referees : Mark Zentz , Felicia Grinter , Penny Davis Bridgeport Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Napheesa Collier , Connecticut ( MOP ) Gabby Williams , Connecticut Saniya Chong , Connecticut Sabrina Ionescu , Oregon Jordin Canada , UCLA Oklahoma City regional , Oklahoma City , ok ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Connecticut had tied the tournament record for points in a game early in the day with 116 points but Baylor set a new record , scoring 119 points against Texas Southern , appearing in their first ever tournament . The Bears scored the first 22 points of the game before Texas Southern could score . In addition to setting a record for the largest number of points in an NCAA tournament game , Baylor shattered the margin of victory record , previously 74 points , by holding Texas Southern to 30 points , thus setting a new margin of victory record at 89 points . California opened up an early lead against LSU , extending the lead to as many as 10 points . LSU played from behind much of the game but closed the lead -- the teams were tied at 50 points each with just under a minute and a half left in the game . Cal 's Asha Thomas hit a three to give the Bears the lead . LSU had several chances to respond , but down by one point with 10 seconds left , LSU 's Alexis Hyder drove from the left side attempting to make a game winning layup but Kristine Anigwe was there and blocked the ball . There was a scramble for the ball which resulted in two foul shots for Anigwe who hit them both to give California a 55 -- 52 win . Fifth - seeded Tennessee led 12th seeded Dayton at the end of the first quarter 20 -- 9 , but Dayton responded with a 20 -- 9 run of their own to tie the game up to 29 points apiece at halftime . Tennessee took over again in the third quarter , but this time the Flyers were unable to respond in Tennessee finished with the win 66 -- 57 . 13th seeded Chattanooga kept the game close against fourth seeded Louisville for much of the game , but the Cardinals went on a 20 -- 6 run in the final quarter , led by Asia Durr , to open up a large lead the Mocs could never overcome . The Cardinals won 82 -- 62 . Oklahoma faced Gonzaga , a matchup between the 6 and 11 seeds . The Sooners started off strong and held a 13 - point lead at the end of the first quarter 2 -- 16 . That margin would match the final margin of victory , although the Bulldogs cut the lead to five points twice in the fourth quarter . Vionise Pierre - Louis was close to a triple - double for Oklahoma with 17 points nine rebounds and nine block shots . The final score was 75 -- 62 . Washington , the third seed , took on Montana State the 14 seed . Although Washington led early , they could n't create much separation between themselves and the Bobcats . Although Montana State 's Peyton Ferris is only 5'9 `` , she was asked to play in the post . Despite the size advantage of Washington she was effective and ended the game with 33 points . She fouled out with just under three minutes left in the game as fans of both teams gave her a standing ovation for her performance . Although Montana State kept the game reasonably close for the first 27 minutes , the Huskies eventually built a large lead and ended up with the 91 -- 63 win . DePaul played Northern Iowa in a match - up between the seven and 10 seeds . The Panthers scored first , but DePaul responded with a pair of 7 -- 0 runs to take a nine - point lead . DePaul brought Tanita Allen off the bench who hit her first five three - pointers en route to a 25 - point game to help the Blue Demons win the game 88 -- 67 . Mississippi State took on Troy in a 2 seed versus 15 seed match - up . The Bulldogs head coach Vic Schaefer dramatically changed his lineup after the loss in the SEC championship , having three starters come in off the bench , including Victoria Vivians for the first time in her career . Blair Schaefer , the coach 's daughter , recorded a career - high 21 points , helping her team to a 110 -- 69 victory . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Baylor 119 16 Texas Southern 30 Baylor 86 <Td_colspan="4"> Waco , Texas ( Sat / Mon ) 9 California 46 8 LSU 52 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 California 55 Baylor 97 <Td_colspan="9"> Louisville 63 5 Tennessee 66 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Dayton 57 5 Tennessee 64 <Td_colspan="4"> Louisville , Kentucky ( Sat / Mon ) Louisville 75 Louisville 82 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Chattanooga 62 Baylor 85 <Td_colspan="14"> Mississippi State 94 * 6 Oklahoma 75 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Gonzaga 62 6 Oklahoma 82 <Td_colspan="4"> Seattle , Washington ( Sat / Mon ) Washington 108 Washington 91 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Montana State 63 Washington 64 <Td_colspan="9"> Mississippi State 75 7 DePaul 88 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Northern Iowa 67 7 DePaul 71 <Td_colspan="4"> Starkville , Mississippi ( Fri / Sun ) Mississippi State 92 Mississippi State 110 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Troy 69 <Td_colspan="5"> * -- Denotes overtime period Oklahoma City Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 7 : 30 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> Baylor 85 , Mississippi State 94 ( OT ) <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 22 , 21 -- 17 , 14 -- 15 , Overtime : 10 -- 19 Pts : K. Brown 27 Rebs : K. Brown 9 Asts : A. Jones 7 Pts : M. William 41 Rebs : V. Vivians 6 Asts : M. William 7 Chesapeake Energy Arena , Oklahoma City , OK Attendance : 3,128 Referees : Dee Kanter , Cameron Inouye , Michael McConnell Oklahoma City Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Morgan William , Mississippi State ( MOP ) Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Teaira McCowan , Mississippi State Nina Davis , Baylor Kalani Brown , Baylor Lexington regional , Lexington , ky ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Robert Morris fell behind 10 -- 0 early in the game against the top seed Notre Dame , but managed to tie the game up at 10 points apiece . However , Notre Dame had too much talent and retook the lead extending at especially in the third quarter when they shot 69 % and held Robert Morris to 29 % . The final margin of 30 points in the 79 -- 49 result was the smallest margin of loss in any of the five tournament games for the Colonials . The ninth seeded Purdue Boilermakers started strong against the eighth - seeded Green Bay with an early 15 -- 0 run to open up a 17 -- 3 lead . Although the Phoenix were cut into the lead in the second quarter and second half , the boilermakers responded each time . Green Bay was within five points with 2 1 / 2 minutes left , but Dominique Oden hit a three pointer and Purdue hit many of their closing free throws to end up with the win 74 -- 62 . Ohio State took on Western Kentucky in a 5 -- 12 match - up . Each team started slowly missing most of its early shots with Western Kentucky building a small lead early and still leading 18 -- 14 late in the first quarter . Then the Buckeyes would run off seven consecutive points to take a lead . Although Western Kentucky lead briefly in the second quarter , Ohio State had a seven point lead at halftime . Ohio State led the rest of the way although Western Kentucky would cut the lead to six points twice . The Buckeyes ended with the win 70 -- 63 . Fourth - seeded Kentucky took on 13th seeded Belmont who came into the tournament with a 21 game winning streak , the second - longest in the nation . The Kentucky Wildcats hit 69 % of their shots in the first quarter to help them open up a 10 point lead . Belmont responded by hitting seven of 9 to cut the lead to a single point . Kentucky expanded and retained the lead through most of the game but Belmont cut the lead to a single point with just 13 seconds left in the game . Kentucky hit two free throws to extend the lead to three points , followed by a Belmont layup to get the lead back to a single point but Kentucky hit two free throws to seal the win 73 -- 70 . Texas took on the Central Arkansas Sugar Bears in a match - up between the 3 and 14 seeds . Texas had lost four of their last six games to end the season so were looking for `` something good to happen '' . Longhorns hit 63 % of their field - goal attempts in the first half and pulled down rebounds when they missed , which help them open up a 28 -- 4 lead by the end of the first quarter . They cruised to a 78 -- 50 victory to end the Sugar Bears 17 game winning streak . Every one of the 11 players for Texas played at least 11 minutes and scored . Kansas State played Drake in a match - up between the 7 and 10 seeds . Normally , the game would have been played at the location of the top seed in the group , Stanford , but they had a conflict due to a gymnastics event so the hosting fell to the next highest seed . Thus , Kansas State were able to play at home for the first time since 2003 . After scoring the first basket , Drake hit two three - pointers to take a 6 -- 2 lead , but the Wildcats went on a 9 -- 0 run to take back the lead . With a little over four minutes left in the game the Wildcats only had a seven point lead when Kindred Wesemann hit a three to extend the lead to double digits . Drake was unable to respond and the Wildcats ended up with the win 67 -- 54 . Second - ranked Stanford faced New Mexico State in a first - round matchup between a 2 seed and a 15 seed . A 15 seed has never beaten a two seed in the women 's NCAA tournament . The Aggie scored first and led early finishing the first quarter with a 23 -- 20 lead . Although the Cardinal tied the game in the second quarter , New Mexico took back the lead and led 38 -- 31 at halftime . The Cardinal started the third quarter with an 8 -- 2 run for Stanford but when the final quarter began New Mexico was still in the lead 49 -- 48 . New Mexico scored first in the fourth quarter with a three - pointer but Stanford went on a run , took the lead and ended up with the win 72 -- 64 . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Notre Dame 79 16 Robert Morris 49 Notre Dame 88 * <Td_colspan="4"> Notre Dame , Indiana ( Fri / Sun ) 9 Purdue 82 8 Green Bay 62 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Purdue 74 Notre Dame 99 <Td_colspan="9"> 5 Ohio State 76 5 Ohio State 70 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Western Kentucky 63 5 Ohio State 82 <Td_colspan="4"> Lexington , Kentucky ( Fri / Sun ) Kentucky 68 Kentucky 73 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Belmont 70 Notre Dame 75 <Td_colspan="14"> Stanford 76 6 North Carolina State 62 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Auburn 48 6 North Carolina State 80 <Td_colspan="4"> Austin , Texas ( Fri / Sun ) Texas 84 Texas 78 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Central Arkansas 50 Texas 66 <Td_colspan="9"> Stanford 77 7 Kansas State 67 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Drake 54 7 Kansas State 48 <Td_colspan="4"> Manhattan , Kansas ( Sat / Mon ) Stanford 69 Stanford 72 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 New Mexico State 64 <Td_colspan="5"> * -- Denotes overtime period Lexington Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 26 12 : 00 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> Stanford 76 , Notre Dame 75 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 22 , 7 -- 23 , 24 -- 12 , 21 -- 18 Pts : B. McPhee 27 Rebs : E. McCall 11 Asts : M. Sniezek 8 Pts : A. Ogunbowale 25 Rebs : L. Allen 10 Asts : L. Allen 6 Rupp Arena , Lexington , Kentucky Attendance : 2,527 Referees : Tina Napier , Chuck Gonzalez , Amy Bonner Lexington Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Arike Ogunbowale , Notre Dame ( MOP ) Lindsay Allen , Notre Dame Marina Mabrey , Notre Dame Brittany McPhee , Stanford Karlie Samuelson , Stanford Stockton regional , Stockton , ca ( edit ) First round ( edit ) South Carolina took on UNC Asheville in a match - up between the top seed and the 16 seed . Coach Staley had to make adjustments as a result of the season - ending injury to starter Alaina Coates . She started four guards along with A'ja Wilson , and then went even smaller in the second quarter . The Bulldogs were no match for the Gamecocks and South Carolina led 48 -- 22 at halftime and went on to win the game 90 -- 40 representing their biggest victory ever in the tournament . Arizona State faced Michigan State in a match - up between the eight and nine seeds . The Sun Devils ' Quinn Dornstauder attempted six field goals and four free throws , making every one of them , leading to 16 points . AlthoughMichigan State 's Tori Jankoska scored 26 points she was held to two points in the first half and scored most of her points late in the game when Arizona State had a large lead . Arizona State hit 59 % of the field - goal attempts in the first half leading to a 22 point margin at the break . They went on to win the game 73 -- 61 . Quinnipiac opened their game with an 18 -- 4 run against fifth - seeded Marquette . The Bobcats had extended their lead to 19 points , 52 -- 33 in the third quarter when Marquette started to come back . The Golden Eagles cut the lead to two points near the end of the game . Quinnipiac had a three - point lead in the final seconds when Marquette attempted a three - pointer to tie the game but it rimmed out to give the Bobcats their first win ever in an NCAA tournament . Jennifer Fay scored 20 points for the Bobcats . Quinnipiac ended with the win 68 -- 65 . Fourth - seeded Miami took on 13 seeded Florida Gulf Coast . Miami led most of the way by as much as 13 points , but the Eagles mounted to come back and took a small lead late in the game . The game was tied with 1.5 seconds left when Keyona Hayes scored to give the hurricanes a two point lead . Florida Gulf Coast tried to set up final play but was unable to score . Miami won the game 62 -- 60 . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 17 -- 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 19 -- 20 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 25 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 27 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> South Carolina 90 16 UNC Asheville 40 South Carolina 71 <Td_colspan="4"> Columbia , South Carolina ( Fri / Sun ) 8 Arizona State 68 8 Arizona State 73 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Michigan State 61 South Carolina 100 <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Quinnipiac 58 5 Marquette 65 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Quinnipiac 68 12 Quinnipiac 85 <Td_colspan="4"> Coral Gables , Florida ( Sat / Mon ) Miami ( FL ) 78 Miami ( FL ) 62 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Florida Gulf Coast 60 South Carolina 71 <Td_colspan="14"> Florida State 64 6 Missouri 66 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 South Florida 64 6 Missouri 55 <Td_colspan="4"> Tallahassee , Florida ( Fri / Sun ) Florida State 77 Florida State 87 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Western Illinois 66 Florida State 66 <Td_colspan="9"> Oregon State 53 7 Creighton 76 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Toledo 49 7 Creighton 52 <Td_colspan="4"> Corvallis , Oregon ( Fri / Sun ) Oregon State 64 Oregon State 56 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Long Beach State 55 <Td_colspan="5"> Stockton Regional Final ( edit ) ESPN March 27 9 : 00 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> South Carolina 71 , Florida State 64 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 17 , 16 -- 12 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 19 Pts : K. Davis 23 Rebs : D. Cliney 7 Asts : K. Davis / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 Pts : L. Romero 16 Rebs : I. Slaughter 10 Asts : L. Romero 6 Stockton Arena , Stockton , CA Attendance : 3,134 Referees : Lisa Jones , Bryan Brunette , Gina Cross , In'Fini Robinson Stockton Regional All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Kaela Davis , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina A'ja Wilson , South Carolina Leticia Romero , Florida State Ivey Slaughter , Florida State Final four ( edit ) American Airlines Center -- Dallas , TX ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> National Semifinals March 31 <Td_colspan="3"> National Championship Game April 2 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> BDP1 Connecticut 64 OKC2 Mississippi State 66 * OKC2 Mississippi State 55 <Td_colspan="4"> SCK1 South Carolina 67 LEX2 Stanford 53 <Td_colspan="5"> SCK1 South Carolina 62 <Td_colspan="5"> * -- Denotes overtime period National Semifinals ( edit ) ESPN2 March 31 10 : 02 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> Connecticut 64 , Mississippi State 66 ( OT ) <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 22 , 15 -- 14 , 20 -- 12 , 12 -- 12 , Overtime : 4 -- 6 Pts : G. Williams 21 Rebs : N. Collier / G. Williams 8 Asts : S. Chong 5 Pts : V. Vivians 19 Rebs : T. McCowan 8 Asts : M. William 6 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Lisa Jones , Jesse Dickerson , Maj Forsberg ESPN2 March 31 7 : 30 PM Summary <Td_colspan="3"> Stanford 53 , South Carolina 62 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 14 , 17 -- 6 , 8 -- 21 , 16 -- 21 Pts : E. McCall / A. Smith 14 Rebs : E. McCall 14 Asts : M. Sniezek 6 Pts : A. Gray 18 Rebs : A. Wilson 19 Asts : A. Wilson 4 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Attendance : 19,200 Referees : Joe Vaszily , Felicia Grinter , Michol Murray National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Championship Game ESPN April 2 6 : 00 pm <Td_colspan="3"> Mississippi State 55 , South Carolina 67 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 18 , 12 -- 18 , 18 -- 16 , 11 -- 15 Pts : V. Vivians 12 Rebs : T. McCowan 10 Asts : M. William 4 Pts : A. Wilson 23 Rebs : A. Wilson / A. Gray 10 Asts : B. Cuevas - Moore / A. Gray / T. Harris 2 American Airlines Center -- Dallas , Texas Referees : Dee Kantner , Tina Napier , Brenda Pantoja Final Four All - Tournament Team ( edit ) A'ja Wilson , South Carolina ( MOP ) Allisha Gray , South Carolina Morgan William , Mississippi State Victoria Vivians , Mississippi State Gabby Williams , Connecticut Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC SEC 8 15 -- 7 . 682 8 6 Pac - 12 7 15 -- 7 . 682 7 7 5 -- -- American 4 -- 3 . 571 -- -- ACC 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 7 -- -- -- Big 12 6 8 -- 6 . 571 6 5 -- -- -- Big Ten 5 -- 4 . 556 -- -- -- -- MAAC 2 -- 1 . 667 -- -- -- -- Big East 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 0 -- 2 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic Sun 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big Sky 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- CAA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Horizon 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ivy League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MEAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- NEC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Ohio Valley 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Patriot 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southern 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Southland 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Summit League 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Sun Belt 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WAC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 0 -- 1 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament . For the first and second round , ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2 , ESPNU , or ESPNews . All other games aired regionally on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN . Most of the nation got whip - a-round coverage during this time , which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score . The Lexington and Oklahoma City regional semifinals aired concurrently on ESPN and ESPN2 , while ESPN televised the Bridgeport and Stockton regional semifinals and all four regional finals . The National Semifinals aired on ESPN2 , and the National Championship on ESPN . Studio host and analysts ( edit ) Maria Taylor ( Host ) Rebecca Lobo ( Analyst ) Andy Landers ( Analyst ) Broadcast assignments ( edit ) First & Second Rounds Friday / Sunday Courtney Lyle & Tamika Catchings -- College Park , Maryland Roy Philpott & Brooke Weisbrod -- Austin , Texas Beth Mowins & Nell Fortner -- Lexington , Kentucky Bob Picozzi & Katie Smith -- Starkville , Mississippi Dave Pasch & LaChina Robinson -- Columbia , South Carolina Paul Sunderland & Mike Thibault -- Notre Dame , Indiana Elise Woodward & Mary Murphy -- Corvallis , Oregon Melissa Lee & Angel Gray -- Tallahassee , Florida Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Friday / Sunday Pam Ward , Gail Goestenkors , & Kaylee Hartung -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Beth Mowins , Debbie Antonelli , & Allison Williams -- Lexington , Kentucky Final Four Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas First & Second Rounds Saturday / Monday Eric Frede & Dan Hughes -- Storrs , Connecticut Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , & Kara Lawson -- Louisville , Kentucky Brenda VanLengen & Carol Ross -- Manhattan , Kansas Jenn Hildreth & Steffi Sorensen -- Coral Gables , Florida Lowell Galindo & Sue Bird -- Waco , Texas Pam Ward & Gail Goestenkors -- Seattle , Washington Sam Gore & Julianne Viani -- Los Angeles , California Clay Matvick & Christy Winters - Scott -- Durham , North Carolina Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday / Monday Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dave Pasch , LaChina Robinson , & Molly McGrath -- Stockton , California Championship Dave O'Brien , Doris Burke , Kara Lawson , & Holly Rowe -- Dallas , Texas Radio ( edit ) Westwood One has exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . Teams participating in the Regional Finals , Final Four , and Championship are allowed to have their own local broadcasts , but they are n't allowed to stream those broadcasts online . Regional Finals Sunday Mark Hauser & Kristen Kozlowski -- Lexington , Kentucky Ted Emrich & Julianne Viani -- Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Final Four John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas Regional Finals Monday John Sadak & Debbie Antonelli -- Bridgeport , Connecticut Dick Fain & Krista Blunk -- Stockton , California Championship John Sadak , Debbie Antonelli , & Krista Blunk -- Dallas , Texas See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA unveils 2017 Women 's Final Four logo in Dallas '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 18 regional hosts '' . NCAA . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Record books '' . NCAA . Jump up ^ DOYLE , PAUL . `` UConn Women Coast In Step 1 : Huskies Top Albany 116 -- 55 In NCAA Opener '' . courant.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany vs. Connecticut -- Game Summary -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse crushes Iowa State , 85 -- 65 , in NCAA Tournament opener '' . dailyorange.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sykes leads Syracuse to first - round win over Iowa State '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M survives vs. Penn 63 -- 61 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn vs. Texas A&M -- Game Recap -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada lifts UCLA past Boise State 83 -- 56 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MORALES , ROBERT . `` UCLA women blow out Boise State 83 -- 56 at Pauley Pavilion '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin scores 26 as West Virginia beats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAAs '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WVU Women 's Basketball Defeats Elon 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round '' . The Smoking Musket . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthy Hebard hits the winning shot as Oregon Ducks down Temple Owls , 71 -- 70 , in NCAA Tournament '' . The Register - Guard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Temple women 's basketball dropped by Oregon in NCAA Tournament 1st round '' . CSN Philly . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hampton Lady Pirates ' season ends with 94 -- 31 thumping at Duke '' . WAVY - TV . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwell , Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA 1st round '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated . `` Duke women rout Hampton 94 -- 31 in NCAA first round '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M rallies from 21 down in biggest comeback in women 's NCAA tourney history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 119 -- 30 ! Baylor women open with most - lopsided NCAA Tournament win ever '' . star - telegram . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baylor women set NCAA tournament record with 89 - point defeat of Texas Southern '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Southern vs. Baylor -- Play - By - Play -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Advocate , MIKE GEGENHEIMER Special to The . `` LSU women fall 55 -- 52 to Cal in the first round of the NCAA tournament '' . The Advocate . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Jeffrey Liu ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cal women 's basketball beats LSU 55 -- 52 in 1st round of NCAA Tournament '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 18 , March ; , 2017 ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Tennessee Lady Vols beat Dayton 66 -- 57 to advance in NCAA Tournament '' . Clarksville , TN Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dayton vs. Tennessee -- Box Score -- March 18 , 2017 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharp shooting spurs No. 13 Louisville past Chattanooga '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville ends UTC women 's season , 82 -- 62 ( photos ) '' . timesfreepress.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Hot shooting start carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga 75 -- 62 '' . KOMO . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzaga Falls to Oklahoma 75 -- 62 in NCAA First Round -- Gonzaga University News Service '' . Gonzaga University News Service . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot shooting carries Oklahoma past Gonzaga women , 75 -- 62 '' . The Columbian . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TEGNA . `` Plum leads way as Washington beats Montana State 91 -- 63 '' . KING . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Huskies Defeat Montana State University 91 -- 63 in the First Round of the NCAA Tournament '' . UW Dawg Pound . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cats Fall to Washington in NCAA First - Round : Ferris Goes out on Top '' . Montana State University . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNI Ends Historic Season with 88 -- 67 Loss to DePaul '' . University of Northern Iowa . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Writer , DAVID BRANDT AP Sports . `` Schaefer leads Mississippi St past Troy 110 -- 69 '' . Beckley Register - Herald . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Morris falls to Notre Dame , 79 -- 49 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mabrey Leads Notre Dame to 79 -- 49 Win Over Robert Morris '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WBB Advances with 74 -- 62 Victory '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State gets past Western Kentucky 70 -- 63 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Falls To Ohio State , 70 -- 63 , In NCAA Tournament '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Holds Off Belmont , 73 -- 70 '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont women hurting after loss to Kentucky , but future is bright '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCarty 's 15 points lead Texas over Central Arkansas 78 -- 50 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longhorns too much for Sugar Bears in 78 -- 50 victory '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` K - State women beat Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA Tournament opener '' . kansascity . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Derek . `` Lewis , Wesemann guide K - State past Drake 67 -- 54 in NCAA first round '' . YourDU.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` No. 2 seed Stanford rallies to beat New Mexico State 72 -- 64 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aggies Finish the Season in a Nail - Biter with No. 6 Stanford '' . New Mexico State University . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 seed South Carolina cruises to 90 - 40 opening NCAA win '' . USA TODAY Sports . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina women 's basketball cruises past UNC - Asheville '' . SEC Country . 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State women shut down by Arizona State in NCAA tournament '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dornstauder 's perfection leads Arizona St to 73 - 61 NCAA win '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Quinnipiac upsets Marquette in NCAA opener 68 - 65 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Quinnipiac Women Hold On , Defeat Marquette 68 - 65 For First - Ever NCAA Win '' . courant.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miami holds off FGCU and moves on , 62 - 60 - Pittsburgh , PA '' . www.am1250theanswer.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Rachel ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN and NCAA ® Extend Rights Agreement through 2023 -- 24 '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , Westwood One extend deal '' . NCAA . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WO Sports to Air NCAA Women 's Basketball '' . Radio Online . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) NCAA Women 's Basketball Division I <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling <Td_colspan="2"> † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I women 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC American America East Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt The Summit League WAC West Coast National NCAA WNIT WBI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=839717506 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I women 's basketball season NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 06 : 01 . 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1. 2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament 2. South Carolina Gamecocks 3. Mississippi State Bulldogs 4. Final Four 5. Tournament records

first country to elect a female head of state

List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government - wikipedia List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government Map showing countries that have had women appointed or elected as heads of state ( counting Governors - General as heads of state , but excluding monarchs ) : Female head of government Female head of state Female head of state and government ( combined ) Female head of state and female head of government Three former sovereign states ( East Germany , Tannu Tuva , and Yugoslavia ) have also had a female Head of State or Head of Government . Below is a list of women who have been elected or appointed head of state or government of their respective countries since the mid-20th century . The list includes female presidents who are head of state and may also be head of government , as well as female heads of government who are not concurrently head of state , such as prime ministers . The list does not include female monarchs who are head of state . To date , the country with most female Heads of State is San Marino ( 16 , with three of them serving two non-consecutive terms ) , followed by Switzerland with seven . Among countries with only a single person in the position , Haiti has had the most female heads of state or government , with four . Included are women who have been appointed representatives of heads of state , such as female governors - general and French representatives of Andorra . As governors - general are appointed representatives of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms ( currently Elizabeth II ) and the French Representatives of Andorra are appointed representatives of the French Co-Prince of Andorra ( currently Emmanuel Macron ) , they act as heads of state and carry out on a regular basis the functions and duties associated with such a role in the Commonwealth realms ( excluding the United Kingdom , which has no governor - general , as the monarch of the Commonwealth realms primarily resides there ) and Andorra , respectively . Also included in the list are twelve women who have held an office styled either as Prime Minister or State Counsellor during periods when the Central African Republic ( 1960 -- 1976 ) , Guyana ( since 1980 ) , Sri Lanka ( since 1978 ) , Namibia ( since 1990 ) , South Korea ( since 1987 ) , Peru ( since 1993 ) and Myanmar ( since 2016 ) had an executive presidency and the Prime Minister ( or a similar position ) was not legally and constitutionally the head of government , but rather a deputy to the president who was the combined head of state and head of government . They are marked by an asterisk . Contents 1 List of female heads of state or government 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links List of female heads of state or government ( edit ) Denotes incumbent head of state or government Italics denotes an acting head of state and states that are either de facto ( with limited to no international recognition ) or defunct . Name Portrait Country Office Mandate start Mandate end Term length Head of state or government Khertek Anchimaa - Toka Tannu Tuva Chairperson of the Presidium of the Little Khural 6 April 1940 11 October 1944 7003164900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 188 days Head of state Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa Mongolia Acting Chairperson of the Presidium of the State Great Khural 7 September 1953 7 July 1954 7002303000000000000 ♠ 303 days Head of state Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon Prime Minister 21 July 1960 27 March 1965 7003171000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 249 days Head of government Indira Gandhi India Prime Minister 24 January 1966 24 April 1977 7003410800000000000 ♠ 11 years , 90 days Head of government Soong Ching - ling China Acting Co-Chairperson 31 October 1968 24 April 1972 7003127100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 176 days Head of state Golda Meir Israel Prime Minister 17 March 1969 3 June 1974 7003190400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 78 days Head of government Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ceylon / Sri Lanka Prime Minister 29 May 1970 23 July 1977 7003261200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 55 days Head of government Isabel Martínez de Perón Argentina President 1 July 1974 24 March 1976 7002632000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 267 days Head of state and government Elisabeth Domitien Central African Republic Prime Minister 2 January 1975 7 April 1976 7002461000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 96 days * Margaret Thatcher United Kingdom Prime Minister 4 May 1979 28 November 1990 7003422600000000000 ♠ 11 years , 208 days Head of government Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo Portugal Prime Minister 1 August 1979 3 January 1980 7002186000000000000 ♠ 186 days Head of government Lidia Gueiler Tejada Bolivia Acting President 16 November 1979 17 July 1980 7002244000000000000 ♠ 244 days Head of state Indira Gandhi India Prime Minister 15 January 1980 31 October 1984 ( assassinated ) 7003175100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 290 days Head of government Dame Eugenia Charles Dominica Prime Minister 21 July 1980 14 June 1995 7003544100000000000 ♠ 14 years , 328 days Head of government Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Iceland President 1 August 1980 1 August 1996 7003584400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 0 days Head of state Gro Harlem Brundtland Norway Prime Minister 4 February 1981 14 October 1981 7002252000000000000 ♠ 252 days Head of government Maria Lea Pedini - Angelini San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1981 1 October 1981 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Soong Ching - ling China Honorary President 16 May 1981 28 May 1981 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 days Head of state Dame Elmira Minita Gordon Belize Governor - General 21 September 1981 17 November 1993 7003444000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 57 days Head of state Agatha Barbara Malta President 15 February 1982 15 February 1987 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days Head of state Milka Planinc Yugoslavia Prime Minister 16 May 1982 15 May 1986 7003146000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 364 days Head of government Gloriana Ranocchini San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1984 1 October 1984 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Jeanne Sauvé Canada Governor General 14 May 1984 29 January 1990 7003208600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 260 days Head of state Carmen Pereira Guinea - Bissau Acting President 14 May 1984 16 May 1984 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of state Elisabeth Kopp Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 21 October 1984 12 January 1989 7003154400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 83 days Head of state and government Corazon Aquino Philippines President 25 February 1986 30 June 1992 7003231700000000000 ♠ 6 years , 126 days Head of state and government Gro Harlem Brundtland Norway Prime Minister 9 May 1986 16 October 1989 7003125600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 160 days Head of government Stella Sigcau Transkei Prime Minister 5 October 1987 30 December 1987 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 days Head of government Benazir Bhutto Pakistan Prime Minister 2 December 1988 6 July 1990 7002581000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days Head of government Gloriana Ranocchini San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 1989 1 April 1990 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 days Head of state and government Ertha Pascal - Trouillot Haiti Acting President 13 March 1990 7 February 1991 7002331000000000000 ♠ 331 days Head of state Kazimira Prunskienė Lithuania Prime Minister 17 March 1990 10 January 1991 7002299000000000000 ♠ 299 days Head of government Sabine Bergmann - Pohl East Germany President of the People 's Chamber 5 April 1990 2 October 1990 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 days Head of state Violeta Chamorro Nicaragua President 25 April 1990 10 January 1997 7003245200000000000 ♠ 6 years , 260 days Head of state and government Dame Nita Barrow Barbados Governor - General 6 June 1990 19 December 1995 7003202200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 196 days Head of state Gro Harlem Brundtland Norway Prime Minister 3 November 1990 25 October 1996 7003218300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 357 days Head of government Mary Robinson Ireland President 3 December 1990 12 September 1997 7003247500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 283 days Head of state Dame Catherine Tizard New Zealand Governor - General 13 December 1990 21 March 1996 7003192500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 99 days Head of state Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Prime Minister 27 February 1991 30 March 1996 7003185800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 32 days Head of government Édith Cresson France Prime Minister 15 May 1991 2 April 1992 7002323000000000000 ♠ 323 days Head of government Edda Ceccoli San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 1991 1 April 1992 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Biljana Plavšić Bosnia and Herzegovina Serb Member of the Presidency 1 March 1992 9 April 1992 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 days Head of state Hanna Suchocka Poland Prime Minister 11 July 1992 25 October 1993 7002471000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 106 days Head of government Tatjana Ljujić - Mijatović Bosnia and Herzegovina Serb Member of the Presidency 24 December 1992 5 October 1996 7003138100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 286 days Head of state Ruth Dreifuss Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 April 1993 31 December 2002 7003358300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 296 days Head of state and government Patrizia Busignani San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1993 1 October 1993 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Tansu Çiller Turkey Prime Minister 13 June 1993 6 March 1996 7002997000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 267 days Head of government Kim Campbell Canada Prime Minister 25 June 1993 4 November 1993 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 days Head of government Sylvie Kinigi Burundi Prime Minister 10 July 1993 27 October 1993 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 days Head of government Agathe Uwilingiyimana Rwanda Prime Minister 18 July 1993 7 April 1994 ( assassinated ) 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 days Head of government Benazir Bhutto Pakistan Prime Minister 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 7003111300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 17 days Head of government Sylvie Kinigi Burundi Acting President 27 October 1993 5 February 1994 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 days Head of state Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka Prime Minister 19 August 1994 12 November 1994 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 days * Chandrika Kumaratunga Sri Lanka President 12 November 1994 19 November 2005 7003402500000000000 ♠ 11 years , 7 days Head of state and government Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka Prime Minister 14 November 1994 9 August 2000 7003209500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 269 days * Reneta Indzhova Bulgaria Acting Prime Minister 17 October 1994 25 January 1995 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 days Head of government Claudette Werleigh Haiti Prime Minister 7 November 1995 27 February 1996 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 days Head of government Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Prime Minister 12 June 1996 15 July 2001 7003185900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 33 days Head of government Ruth Perry Liberia Chairman of the Council of State 3 September 1996 2 August 1997 7002333000000000000 ♠ 333 days Head of state and government Rosalía Arteaga Serrano Ecuador Acting President 9 February 1997 11 February 1997 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of state and government Mary McAleese Ireland President 11 November 1997 10 November 2011 7003511200000000000 ♠ 13 years , 364 days Head of state Jenny Shipley New Zealand Prime Minister 5 December 1997 5 December 1999 7002730000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 0 days Head of government Janet Jagan Guyana Prime Minister 17 March 1997 22 December 1997 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 days * Dame Pearlette Louisy Saint Lucia Governor - General 17 September 1997 31 December 2017 7003741000000000000 ♠ 20 years , 105 days Head of state Janet Jagan Guyana President 19 December 1997 11 August 1999 7002600000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 235 days Head of state and government Anne Enger Lahnstein Norway Acting Prime Minister 30 August 1998 23 September 1998 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 days Head of government Ruth Metzler Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 January 1999 31 December 2003 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days Head of state and government Rosa Zafferani San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 1999 1 October 1999 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Irena Degutienė Lithuania Acting Prime Minister 4 May 1999 18 May 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 days Head of government Vaira Vīķe - Freiberga Latvia President 8 July 1999 8 July 2007 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days Head of state Nyam - Osoryn Tuyaa Mongolia Acting Prime Minister 22 July 1999 30 July 1999 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 days Head of government Mireya Moscoso Panama President 1 September 1999 1 September 2004 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days Head of state and government Adrienne Clarkson Canada Governor General 7 October 1999 27 September 2005 7003215100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 324 days Head of state Irena Degutienė Lithuania Acting Prime Minister 27 October 1999 3 November 1999 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 days Head of government Helen Clark New Zealand Prime Minister 5 December 1999 19 November 2008 7003327200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 350 days Head of government Tarja Halonen Finland President 1 March 2000 1 March 2012 7003438300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 0 days Head of state Maria Domenica Michelotti San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2000 1 October 2000 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Philippines President 20 January 2001 30 June 2010 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days Head of state and government Mame Madior Boye Senegal Prime Minister 3 March 2001 4 November 2002 7002611000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 246 days Head of government Dame Sian Elias New Zealand Administrator of the Government ( Acting Governor - General ) 22 March 2001 4 April 2001 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 days Head of state Dame Silvia Cartwright New Zealand Governor - General 4 April 2001 4 August 2006 7003194800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 122 days Head of state Megawati Sukarnoputri Indonesia President 23 July 2001 20 October 2004 7003118500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 89 days Head of state and government Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Prime Minister 1 October 2001 29 October 2006 7003185400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 28 days Head of government Chang Sang South Korea Acting Prime Minister 11 July 2002 31 July 2002 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days * Dame Ivy Dumont The Bahamas Governor - General 11 November 2001 30 November 2005 7003148000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 19 days Head of state Monica Dacon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Acting Governor - General 3 June 2002 2 September 2002 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 days Head of state Maria das Neves São Tomé and Príncipe Prime Minister 3 October 2002 18 September 2004 7002716000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 351 days Head of government Micheline Calmy - Rey Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 January 2003 31 December 2011 7003328600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 364 days Head of state and government Anneli Jäätteenmäki Finland Prime Minister 17 April 2003 24 June 2003 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 days Head of government Beatriz Merino Peru Prime Minister 28 June 2003 15 December 2003 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 days * Valeria Ciavatta San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2003 1 April 2004 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Nino Burjanadze Georgia Acting President 23 November 2003 25 January 2004 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 days Head of state Luísa Diogo Mozambique Prime Minister 17 February 2004 16 January 2010 7003216000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 333 days Head of government Barbara Prammer Austria Co-Acting President 6 July 2004 8 July 2004 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of state Radmila Šekerinska Macedonia Acting Prime Minister 12 May 2004 12 June 2004 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 days Head of government Radmila Šekerinska Macedonia Acting Prime Minister 3 November 2004 15 December 2004 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 days Head of government Yulia Tymoshenko Ukraine Prime Minister 24 January 2005 6 September 2005 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 days Head of government Fausta Morganti San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2005 1 October 2005 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Maria do Carmo Silveira São Tomé and Príncipe Prime Minister 8 June 2005 21 April 2006 7002317000000000000 ♠ 317 days Head of government Michaëlle Jean Canada Governor General 27 September 2005 1 October 2010 7003183000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 4 days Head of state Angela Merkel Germany Chancellor 22 November 2005 Incumbent 7003466100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 278 days Head of government Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia President 16 January 2006 22 January 2018 7003460600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 223 days Head of state and government Michelle Bachelet Chile President 11 March 2006 11 March 2010 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Head of state and government Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica Prime Minister 30 March 2006 11 September 2007 7002530000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 165 days Head of government Han Myeong - sook South Korea Prime Minister 19 April 2006 7 March 2007 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 days * Doris Leuthard Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 August 2006 Incumbent 7003440900000000000 ♠ 12 years , 26 days Head of state and government Dame Sian Elias New Zealand Administrator of the Government ( Acting Governor - General ) 4 August 2006 23 August 2006 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 days Head of state Dalia Itzik Israel Acting President 25 January 2007 15 July 2007 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 days Head of state Emmanuelle Mignon Andorra Representative of the French Co-Prince 6 June 2007 24 September 2008 7002476000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 110 days Head of state Dame Louise Lake - Tack Antigua and Barbuda Governor - General 17 July 2007 13 August 2014 7003258400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 27 days Head of state Pratibha Patil India President 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days Head of state Nino Burjanadze Georgia Acting President 25 November 2007 20 January 2008 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 days Head of state Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President 10 December 2007 9 December 2015 7003292100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Head of state and government Yulia Tymoshenko Ukraine Prime Minister 18 December 2007 3 March 2010 7002806000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 75 days Head of government Eveline Widmer - Schlumpf Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 January 2008 31 December 2015 7003292100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days Head of state and government Rosa Zafferani San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2008 1 October 2008 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Zinaida Greceanîi Moldova Prime Minister 31 March 2008 14 September 2009 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 167 days Head of government Michèle Pierre - Louis Haiti Prime Minister 5 September 2008 11 November 2009 7002432000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 67 days Head of government Dame Quentin Bryce Australia Governor - General 5 September 2008 28 March 2014 7003203000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 204 days Head of state Ivy Matsepe - Casaburri South Africa Acting President <Td_colspan="2"> 25 September 2008 14 hours Head of state and government Assunta Meloni San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2008 1 April 2009 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 days Head of state and government Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Prime Minister 6 January 2009 Incumbent 7003352000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 233 days Head of government Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Iceland Prime Minister 1 February 2009 23 May 2013 7003157200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 111 days Head of government Rose Francine Rogombé Gabon Acting President 10 June 2009 16 October 2009 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 days Head of state Jadranka Kosor Croatia Prime Minister 6 July 2009 23 December 2011 7002900000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 170 days Head of government Dalia Grybauskaitė Lithuania President 12 July 2009 Incumbent 7003333300000000000 ♠ 9 years , 46 days Head of state Cécile Manorohanta Madagascar Acting Prime Minister 18 December 2009 20 December 2009 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of government Roza Otunbayeva Kyrgyzstan President 7 April 2010 1 December 2011 7002603000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 238 days Head of state Laura Chinchilla Costa Rica President 8 May 2010 8 May 2014 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Head of state and government Kamla Persad - Bissessar Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister 26 May 2010 9 September 2015 7003193200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 106 days Head of government Mari Kiviniemi Finland Prime Minister 22 June 2010 22 June 2011 7002365000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 0 days Head of government Julia Gillard Australia Prime Minister 24 June 2010 27 June 2013 7003109900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 3 days Head of government Iveta Radičová Slovakia Prime Minister 8 July 2010 4 April 2012 7002636000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 271 days Head of government Simonetta Sommaruga Switzerland Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1 November 2010 Incumbent 7003285600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 299 days Head of state and government Dilma Rousseff Brazil President 1 January 2011 31 August 2016 Suspended 12 May 2016 7003206900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 243 days 7003195800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 132 days Head of state and government Rosario Fernández Peru Prime Minister 19 March 2011 28 July 2011 7002131000000000000 ♠ 131 days * Maria Luisa Berti San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2011 1 October 2011 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé Mali Prime Minister 3 April 2011 22 March 2012 7002354000000000000 ♠ 354 days Head of government Atifete Jahjaga Kosovo President 7 April 2011 7 April 2016 7003182700000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days Head of state Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand Prime Minister 3 July 2011 7 May 2014 7003103900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 308 days Head of government Dame Sian Elias New Zealand Administrator of the Government ( Acting Governor - General ) 23 August 2011 31 August 2011 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 days Head of state Helle Thorning - Schmidt Denmark Prime Minister 3 October 2011 28 June 2015 7003136400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 268 days Head of government Portia Simpson - Miller Jamaica Prime Minister 5 January 2012 3 March 2016 7003151900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 58 days Head of government Adiato Djaló Nandigna Guinea - Bissau Acting Prime Minister 10 February 2012 12 April 2012 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 days Head of government Monique Ohsan Bellepeau Mauritius Acting President 31 March 2012 21 July 2012 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 days Head of state Slavica Đukić Dejanović Serbia Acting President 5 April 2012 31 May 2012 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 days Head of state Joyce Banda Malawi President 7 April 2012 31 May 2014 7002784000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 54 days Head of state and government Sylvie Hubac Andorra Representative of the French Co-Prince 15 May 2012 5 January 2015 7002965000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 235 days Head of state Sandra Mason Barbados Acting Governor - General 30 May 2012 1 June 2012 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of state Denise Bronzetti San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2012 1 April 2013 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 days Head of state and government Park Geun - hye South Korea President 25 February 2013 10 March 2017 Suspended 9 December 2016 7003147400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 13 days 7003138300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 288 days Head of state and government Alenka Bratušek Slovenia Prime Minister 20 March 2013 18 September 2014 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 182 days Head of government Antonella Mularoni San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2013 1 October 2013 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Dame Cécile La Grenade Grenada Governor - General 7 May 2013 Incumbent 7003193800000000000 ♠ 5 years , 112 days Head of state Sibel Siber Northern Cyprus Prime Minister 13 June 2013 2 September 2013 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 days Head of government Tatiana Turanskaya Transnistria Prime Minister 10 June 2013 13 October 2015 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 125 days Head of government Aminata Touré Senegal Prime Minister 1 September 2013 8 July 2014 7002310000000000000 ♠ 310 days Head of government Anna Maria Muccioli San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2013 1 April 2014 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 days Head of state and government Erna Solberg Norway Prime Minister 16 October 2013 Incumbent 7003177600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 315 days Head of government Laimdota Straujuma Latvia Prime Minister 22 January 2014 11 February 2016 7002750000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 20 days Head of government Catherine Samba - Panza Central African Republic Acting President 23 January 2014 30 March 2016 7002797000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 67 days Head of state Michelle Bachelet Chile President 11 March 2014 11 March 2018 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days Head of state and government Valeria Ciavatta San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2014 1 October 2014 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Marie - Louise Coleiro Preca Malta President 4 April 2014 Incumbent 7003160600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 145 days Head of state Dame Marguerite Pindling The Bahamas Governor - General 8 July 2014 Incumbent 7003151100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 50 days Head of state Ana Jara Peru Prime Minister 22 July 2014 2 April 2015 7002254000000000000 ♠ 254 days * Ewa Kopacz Poland Prime Minister 22 September 2014 16 November 2015 7002420000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 55 days Head of government Florence Duperval Guillaume Haiti Acting Prime Minister 20 December 2014 16 January 2015 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days Head of government Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović Croatia President 19 February 2015 Incumbent 7003128500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 189 days Head of state Saara Kuugongelwa Namibia Prime Minister 21 March 2015 Incumbent 7003125500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 159 days * Monique Ohsan Bellepeau Mauritius Acting President 29 May 2015 5 June 2015 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 days Head of state Ameenah Gurib Mauritius President 5 June 2015 23 March 2018 7003102200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 291 days Head of state Natalia Gherman Moldova Acting Prime Minister 22 June 2015 30 July 2015 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 days Head of government Vassiliki Thanou Greece Acting Prime Minister 27 August 2015 21 September 2015 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 days Head of government Lorella Stefanelli San Marino Captain Regent 1 October 2015 1 April 2016 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Maya Parnas Transnistria Acting Prime Minister 13 October 2015 30 November 2015 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 days Head of government Bidhya Devi Bhandari Nepal President 29 October 2015 Incumbent 7003103300000000000 ♠ 2 years , 302 days Head of state Beata Szydło Poland Prime Minister 16 November 2015 11 December 2017 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days Head of government Tatiana Turanskaya Transnistria Prime Minister 30 November 2015 2 December 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Head of government Maya Parnas Transnistria Acting Prime Minister 2 December 2015 23 December 2015 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 days Head of government Hilda Heine Marshall Islands President 28 January 2016 Incumbent 7002942000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 211 days Head of state and government Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar State Counsellor 6 April 2016 Incumbent 7002873000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 143 days * Tsai Ing - wen Taiwan President 20 May 2016 Incumbent 7002829000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 99 days Head of state Doris Bures Austria Co-Acting President 8 July 2016 26 January 2017 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 days Head of state Theresa May United Kingdom Prime Minister 13 July 2016 Incumbent 7002775000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 45 days Head of government Dame Sian Elias New Zealand Administrator of the Government ( Acting Governor - General ) 31 August 2016 28 September 2016 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 days Head of state Dame Patsy Reddy New Zealand Governor - General 28 September 2016 Incumbent 7002698000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 333 days Head of state Kersti Kaljulaid Estonia President 10 October 2016 Incumbent 7002686000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 321 days Head of state Mimma Zavoli San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2017 1 October 2017 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Vanessa D'Ambrosio San Marino Captain Regent 1 April 2017 1 October 2017 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 days Head of state and government Ana Brnabić Serbia Prime Minister 29 June 2017 Incumbent 7002424000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 59 days Head of government Halimah Yacob Singapore President 14 September 2017 Incumbent 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 days Head of state Mercedes Aráoz Peru Prime Minister 17 September 2017 2 April 2018 7002197000000000000 ♠ 197 days * Julie Payette Canada Governor General 2 October 2017 Incumbent 7002329000000000000 ♠ 329 days Head of state Jacinda Ardern New Zealand Prime Minister 26 October 2017 Incumbent 7002305000000000000 ♠ 305 days Head of government Katrín Jakobsdóttir Iceland Prime Minister 30 November 2017 Incumbent 7002270000000000000 ♠ 270 days Head of government Dame Sandra Mason Barbados Governor - General 8 January 2018 Incumbent 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 days Head of state Viorica Dăncilă Romania Prime Minister 29 January 2018 Incumbent 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 days Head of government Paula - Mae Weekes Trinidad and Tobago President 19 March 2018 Incumbent 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 days Head of state Mia Mottley Barbados Prime Minister 25 May 2018 Incumbent 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 days Head of government See also ( edit ) Female president of the United States in popular culture Council of Women World Leaders List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office List of vicereines in Canada Women in government § Women in government office Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2015 , Elizabeth II , head of state of the United Kingdom ( 1952 -- present ) and 15 other Commonwealth realms became the longest - reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history . In 2016 , she became the longest currently serving head of state and longest currently reigning monarch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ including female representatives of heads of state , such as Governors - General and French Representatives of Andorra Jump up ^ https://faktor.ba/vijest/institucije-bih-u-periodu-1992-1996-ko-su-bili-clanovi-predsjednistva-premijeri-i-ministri-rbih-249409 Jump up ^ http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/no-wars-no-drama-for-matsepe-casaburri-417900 Jump up ^ http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Emotional+farewell+as+Mbeki+holds+last+cabinet+meeting+/-/1064/1395972/-/9cwuw2/-/index.html External links ( edit ) List of Current Women Heads of State Women Heads of State Women Presidents and Women Governors - General ( Zárate 's Political Collections ) Council of Women World Leaders Female Presidents <Th_colspan="2"> Women in government Lists of female holders of political office List of queens regnant elected or appointed national leaders heads of state and government deputy heads of state deputy heads of government dependent territory leaders hereditary rulers speakers of national and territorial legislatures lower houses unicameral parliaments upper houses First mayors First governors and / or chief ministers Ministers and secretaries defence finance foreign interior justice Related List of the first female holders of political offices Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government&oldid=856769373 '' Categories : Female heads of state Lists of female political office - holders Lists of heads of state Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ತುಳು اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 12 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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1. Female heads of state and government 2. Elected and appointed women leaders 3. Representation of women in political leadership 4. Women in power 5. Gender equality in government

when was the last time the stock market had a 10 correction

2010 Flash crash - wikipedia 2010 Flash crash Jump to : navigation , search The May 6 , 2010 , Flash Crash also known as the Crash of 2 : 45 , the 2010 Flash Crash or simply the Flash Crash , was a United States trillion - dollar stock market crash , which started at 2 : 32 p.m. EDT and lasted for approximately 36 minutes . Stock indexes , such as the S&P 500 , Dow Jones Industrial Average and Nasdaq Composite , collapsed and rebounded very rapidly . The Dow Jones Industrial Average had its biggest intraday point drop ( from the opening ) up to that point , plunging 998.5 points ( about 9 % ) , most within minutes , only to recover a large part of the loss . It was also the second - largest intraday point swing ( difference between intraday high and intraday low ) up to that point , at 1,010.14 points . The prices of stocks , stock index futures , options and exchange - traded fund ( ETFs ) were volatile , thus trading volume spiked . A CFTC 2014 report described it as one of the most turbulent periods in the history of financial markets . According to a December 6 , 2015 article in the Wall Street Journal , new regulations put in place following the 2010 Flash Crash -- when `` bids on dozens of ETFs ( and other stocks ) fell as low as a penny a share -- proved to be inadequate to protect investors in the August 24 , 2015 flash crash , `` when the price of many ETFs appeared to come unhinged from their underlying value . '' -- ETFs were put under greater scrutiny by regulators and investors . Analysts at Morningstar claim that , `` ETFs are a ' digital - age technology ' governed by `` Depression - era legislation . '' -- Morningstar December 6 , 2015 On April 21 , 2015 , nearly five years after the incident , the U.S. Department of Justice laid `` 22 criminal counts , including fraud and market manipulation '' against Navinder Singh Sarao , a trader . Among the charges included was the use of spoofing algorithms ; just prior to the Flash Crash , he placed thousands of E-mini S&P 500 stock index futures contracts which he planned on canceling later . These orders amounting to about `` $200 million worth of bets that the market would fall '' were `` replaced or modified 19,000 times '' before they were canceled . Spoofing , layering , and front running are now banned . The Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) investigation concluded that Sarao `` was at least significantly responsible for the order imbalances '' in the derivatives market which affected stock markets and exacerbated the flash crash . Sarao began his alleged market manipulation in 2009 with commercially available trading software whose code he modified `` so he could rapidly place and cancel orders automatically . '' Traders Magazine journalist , John Bates , argued that blaming a 36 - year - old small - time trader who worked from his parents ' modest stucco house in suburban west London for sparking a trillion - dollar stock market crash is a little bit like blaming lightning for starting a fire '' and that the investigation was lengthened because regulators used `` bicycles to try and catch Ferraris . '' Furthermore , he concluded that by April 2015 , traders can still manipulate and impact markets in spite of regulators and banks ' new , improved monitoring of automated trade systems . As recently as May 2014 , a CFTC report concluded that high - frequency traders `` did not cause the Flash Crash , but contributed to it by demanding immediacy ahead of other market participants . '' Some recent research argues that Flash Crashes are not isolated occurrences , but have occurred quite often over the past century . For instance , Irene Aldridge , the author of High - Frequency Trading : A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems , 2nd ed. , Wiley & Sons , shows that Flash Crashes have been frequent and their causes predictable in market microstructure analysis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Explanation 2.1 SEC / CFTC Report on May 6 , 2010 2.2 Early theories 2.3 Criticism of the SEC - CFTC report 2.4 Academic research 2.5 Evidence of market manipulation and arrest 3 Aftermath 3.1 Stock market reaction 3.2 Congressional hearings 3.3 Trading curb 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) On May 6 , 2010 , U.S. stock markets opened and the Dow was down , and trended that way for most of the day on worries about the debt crisis in Greece . At 2 : 42 p.m. , with the Dow down more than 300 points for the day , the equity market began to fall rapidly , dropping an additional 600 points in 5 minutes for a loss of nearly 1,000 points for the day by 2 : 47 p.m. Twenty minutes later , by 3 : 07 p.m. , the market had regained most of the 600 - point drop . At the time of the Flash Crash , in May 2010 , high - frequency traders were taking advantage of unintended consequences of the consolidation of the U.S. financial regulations into Regulation NMS , designed to modernize and strengthen the United States National Market System for equity securities . The Reg NMS , promulgated and described by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission , was intended to assure that investors received the best price executions for their orders by encouraging competition in the marketplace , created attractive new opportunities for high - frequency - traders . Activities such as spoofing , layering and front - running were banned by 2015 . This rule was designed to give investors the best possible price when dealing in stocks , even if that price was not on the exchange that received the order . An HFT trader can benefit from the rule by placing a tiny order at an apparently beneficial price to other traders , but which alerts them to the existence of a large order and so they can snap up existing offers or bids to drive the price away from the large order , then filling the large order at a profit . Explanation ( edit ) SEC / CFTC report on May 6 , 2010 ( edit ) On September 30 , 2010 , after almost five months of investigations led by Gregg E. Berman , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ) issued a joint report titled `` Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6 , 2010 '' identifying the sequence of events leading to the Flash Crash . The joint 2010 report `` portrayed a market so fragmented and fragile that a single large trade could send stocks into a sudden spiral '' , and detailed how a large mutual fund firm selling an unusually large number of E-Mini S&P contracts first exhausted available buyers , and then how high - frequency traders ( HFT ) started aggressively selling , accelerating the effect of the mutual fund 's selling and contributing to the sharp price declines that day . The SEC and CFTC joint 2010 report itself says that `` May 6 started as an unusually turbulent day for the markets '' and that by the early afternoon `` broadly negative market sentiment was already affecting an increase in the price volatility of some individual securities '' . At 2 : 32 p.m. ( EDT ) , against a `` backdrop of unusually high volatility and thinning liquidity '' that day , `` a large fundamental trader ( a mutual fund complex ) initiated a sell program to sell a total of 75,000 E-Mini S&P contracts ( valued at approximately $4.1 billion ) as a hedge to an existing equity position '' . The report says that this was an unusually large position and that the computer algorithm the trader used to trade the position was set to `` target an execution rate set to 9 % of the trading volume calculated over the previous minute , but without regard to price or time '' . As the large seller 's trades were executed in the futures market , buyers included high - frequency trading firms -- trading firms that specialize in high - speed trading and rarely hold on to any given position for very long -- and within minutes these high - frequency trading firms also started aggressively selling the long futures positions they first accumulated mainly from the mutual fund . The Wall Street Journal quoted the joint report , `` ' HFTs ( then ) began to quickly buy and then resell contracts to each other -- generating a ' hot - potato ' volume effect as the same positions were passed rapidly back and forth . ' '' The combined sales by the large seller and high - frequency firms quickly drove `` the E-Mini price down 3 % in just four minutes '' . From the SEC / CFTC report : The combined selling pressure from the sell algorithm , HFTs , and other traders drove the price of the E-Mini S&P 500 down approximately 3 % in just four minutes from the beginning of 2 : 41 p.m. through the end of 2 : 44 p.m. During this same time cross-market arbitrageurs who did buy the E-Mini S&P 500 , simultaneously sold equivalent amounts in the equities markets , driving the price of SPY ( an exchange - traded fund which represents the S&P 500 index ) also down approximately 3 % . Still lacking sufficient demand from fundamental buyers or cross-market arbitrageurs , HFTs began to quickly buy and then resell contracts to each other -- generating a `` hot - potato '' volume effect as the same positions were rapidly passed back and forth . Between 2 : 45 : 13 and 2 : 45 : 27 , HFTs traded over 27,000 contracts , which accounted for about 49 percent of the total trading volume , while buying only about 200 additional contracts net . As prices in the futures market fell , there was a spillover into the equities markets . The computer systems used by most high - frequency trading firms to keep track of market activity decided to pause trading , and those firms then scaled back their trading or withdrew from the markets altogether . The New York Times then noted , `` Automatic computerized traders on the stock market shut down as they detected the sharp rise in buying and selling '' . As computerized high - frequency traders exited the stock market , the resulting lack of liquidity `` caused shares of some prominent companies like Procter & Gamble and Accenture to trade down as low as a penny or as high as $100,000 '' . These extreme prices also resulted from `` market internalizers '' , firms that usually trade with customer orders from their own inventory instead of sending those orders to exchanges , `` routing ' most , if not all , ' retail orders to the public markets -- a flood of unusual selling pressure that sucked up more dwindling liquidity '' . While some firms exited the market , firms that remained in the market exacerbated price declines because they `` ' escalated their aggressive selling ' during the downdraft '' . High - frequency firms during the crisis , like other firms , were net sellers , contributing to the crash . The joint report continued : `` At 2 : 45 : 28 p.m. , trading on the E-Mini was paused for five seconds when the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( ' CME ' ) Stop Logic Functionality was triggered in order to prevent a cascade of further price declines . In that short period of time , sell - side pressure in the E-Mini was partly alleviated and buy - side interest increased . When trading resumed at 2 : 45 : 33 p.m. , prices stabilized and shortly thereafter , the E-Mini began to recover , followed by the SPY '' . After a short while , as market participants had `` time to react and verify the integrity of their data and systems , buy - side and sell - side interest returned and an orderly price discovery process began to function '' , and by 3 : 00 p.m. , most stocks `` had reverted back to trading at prices reflecting true consensus values '' . Early theories ( edit ) In 2010 CME Group , a large futures exchange , stated that , insofar as stock index futures traded on CME Group were concerned , its investigation found no evidence that high - frequency trading played a role , and in fact concluded that automated trading had contributed to market stability during the period of the crash . Others speculate that an intermarket sweep order may have played a role in triggering the crash . The fat - finger theory : In 2010 immediately after the plunge , several reports indicated that the event may have been triggered by a fat - finger trade , an inadvertent large `` sell order '' for Procter & Gamble stock , inciting massive algorithmic trading orders to dump the stock ; however , this theory was quickly disproved after it was determined that Procter and Gamble 's decline occurred after a significant decline in the E-Mini S&P 500 futures contracts . The `` fat - finger trade '' hypothesis was also disproved when it was determined that existing CME Group and ICE safeguards would have prevented such an error . Impact of high frequency traders : Regulators found HFT 's exacerbated price declines . As noted above , regulators found that high frequency traders exacerbated price declines . Regulators determined that high frequency traders sold aggressively to eliminate their positions and withdrew from the markets in the face of uncertainty . A July 2011 report by the International Organization of Securities Commissions ( IOSCO ) , an international body of securities regulators , concluded that while `` algorithms and HFT technology have been used by market participants to manage their trading and risk , their usage was also clearly a contributing factor '' . Other theories postulate that the actions of high frequency traders ( HFTs ) were the underlying cause of the flash crash . One hypothesis , based on the analysis of bid - ask data by Nanex , LLC , is that HFTs send non-executable orders ( orders that are outside the bid - ask spread ) to exchanges in batches . Though the purpose of these orders is unknown , some experts speculate that their purpose is to increase noise , clog exchanges , and outwit competitors . However , other experts believe that deliberate market manipulation is unlikely because there is no practical way in which the HFTs can profit from these orders , and it is more likely that these orders are designed to test latency times and to detect early price trends . Whatever the reasons behind the possible existence of these orders , this theory postulates that they exacerbated the crash by overloading the exchanges on May 6 . On September 3 , 2010 , the regulators probing the crash concluded : `` that quote - stuffing -- placing and then almost immediately cancelling large numbers of rapid - fire orders to buy or sell stocks -- was not a ' major factor ' in the turmoil '' . Some have put forth the theory high - frequency trading actually has been a major factor in minimizing and reversing the flash crash . Large directional bets : Regulators say a large E-Mini S&P 500 seller set off a chain of events triggering the Flash Crash , but did not identify the firm . Earlier , some investigators suggested that a large purchase of put options on the S&P 500 index by the hedge fund Universa Investments shortly before the crash may have been among the primary causes . Other reports have speculated that the event may have been triggered by a single sale of 75,000 E-Mini S&P 500 contracts valued at around $4 billion by the Overland Park , Kansas firm Waddell & Reed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange . Others suspect a movement in the U.S. Dollar to Japanese yen exchange rate . Changes in market structure : Some market structure experts speculate that , whatever the underlying causes , equity markets are vulnerable to these sort of events because of decentralization of trading . Technical glitches : An analysis of trading on the exchanges during the moments immediately prior to the flash crash reveals technical glitches in the reporting of prices on the NYSE and various alternative trading systems ( ATSs ) that might have contributed to the drying up of liquidity . According to this theory , technical problems at the NYSE led to delays as long as five minutes in NYSE quotes being reported on the Consolidated Quotation System ( CQS ) with time stamps indicating that the quotes were current . However , some market participants ( those with access to NYSE 's own quote reporting system , OpenBook ) could see both correct current NYSE quotes , as well as the delayed but apparently current CQS quotes . At the same time , there were errors in the prices of some stocks ( Apple Inc. , Sothebys , and some ETFs ) . Confused and uncertain about prices , many market participants attempted to drop out of the market by posting stub quotes ( very low bids and very high offers ) and , at the same time , many high - frequency trading algorithms attempted to exit the market with market orders ( which were executed at the stub quotes ) leading to a domino effect that resulted in the flash crash plunge . Criticism of the SEC - CFTC report ( edit ) A few hours after the release of the 104 - page SEC - CFTC 2010 report , a number of critics stated that blaming a single order ( from Waddell & Reed ) for triggering the event was disingenuous . Most prominent of all , the CME issued within 24 hours a rare press release in which it argued against the SEC - CFTC explanation : Futures and options markets are hedging and risk transfer markets . The report references a series of bona fide hedging transactions , totaling 75,000 contracts , entered into by an institutional asset manager to hedge a portion of the risk in its $75 billion investment portfolio in response to global economic events and the fundamentally deteriorating market conditions that day . The 75,000 contracts represented 1.3 % of the total E-Mini S&P 500 volume of 5.7 million contracts on May 6 and less than 9 % of the volume during the time period in which the orders were executed . The prevailing market sentiment was evident well before these orders were placed , and the orders , as well as the manner in which they were entered , were both legitimate and consistent with market practices . These hedging orders were entered in relatively small quantities and in a manner designed to dynamically adapt to market liquidity by participating in a target percentage of 9 % of the volume executed in the market . As a result of the significant volumes traded in the market , the hedge was completed in approximately twenty minutes , with more than half of the participant 's volume executed as the market rallied -- not as the market declined . Additionally , the aggregate size of this participant 's orders was not known to other market participants . Additionally , the most precipitous period of market decline in the E-Mini S&P 500 futures on May 6 occurred during the 31⁄2 minute period immediately preceding the market bottom that was established at 13 : 45 : 28 . During that period , the participant hedging its portfolio represented less than 5 % of the total volume of sales in the market . David Leinweber , director of the Center for Innovative Financial Technology at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , was invited by The Journal of Portfolio Management to write an editorial , in which he openly criticized the government 's technological capabilities and inability to study today 's markets . Leinweber wrote : The heads of the SEC and CFTC often point out that they are running an IT museum . They have photographic evidence to prove it -- the highest - tech background that The New York Times ( on September 21 , 2010 ) could find for a photo of Gregg Berman , the SEC 's point man on the Flash , was a corner with five PCs , a Bloomberg , a printer , a fax , and three TVs on the wall with several large clocks . A better measure of the inadequacy of the current mélange of IT antiquities is that the SEC / CFTC report on the May 6 crash was released on September 30 , 2010 . Taking nearly five months to analyze the wildest ever five minutes of market data is unacceptable . CFTC Chair Gensler specifically blamed the delay on the `` enormous '' effort to collect and analyze data . What an enormous mess it is . Nanex , a leading firm specialized in the analysis of high - frequency data , also pointed out to several inconsistencies in the CFTC study : Based on interviews and our own independent matching of the 6,438 W&R executions to the 147,577 CME executions during that time , we know for certain that the algorithm used by W&R never took nor required liquidity . It always posted sell orders above the market and waited for a buyer ; it never crossed the bid / ask spread . That means that none of the 6,438 trades were executed by hitting a bid . ( ... ) ( S ) tatements from page 36 of Kirilenko 's paper cast serious doubt on the credibility of their analysis . ( ... ) It is widely believed that the `` sell program '' refers to the algo selling the W&R contracts . However , based on the statements above , this can not be true . The sell program must be referring to a different algo , or Kirilenko 's analysis is fundamentally flawed , because the paper incorrectly identifies trades that hit the bid as executions by the W&R algo . Academic research ( edit ) `` Order flow toxicity '' ( measured as CDF ( VPIN ) ) was at historically high levels one hour prior to the flash crash External video <Td_colspan="2"> Video of the S&P500 futures during the Flash Crash As of July 2011 , only one theory on the causes of the flash crash was published by a Journal Citation Reports indexed , peer - reviewed scientific journal . It was reported in 2011 that one hour before its collapse in 2010 , the stock market registered the highest reading of `` toxic order imbalance '' in previous history . The authors of this 2011 paper apply widely accepted market microstructure models to understand the behavior of prices in the minutes and hours prior to the crash . According to this paper , `` order flow toxicity '' can be measured as the probability that informed traders ( e.g. , hedge funds ) adversely select uninformed traders ( e.g. , market makers ) . For that purpose , they developed the VPIN Flow Toxicity metric , which delivered a real - time estimate of the conditions under which liquidity is being provided . If the order imbalance becomes too toxic , market makers are forced out of the market . As they withdraw , liquidity disappears , which increases even more the concentration of toxic flow in the overall volume , which triggers a feedback mechanism that forces even more market makers out . This cascading effect has caused hundreds of liquidity - induced crashes in the past , the flash crash being one ( major ) example of it . One hour before the flash crash , order flow toxicity was the highest in recent history . Network view of the market during the simulated flash crash . The figure demonstrates the trading behaviors between different players in the system . However , independent studies published in 2013 strongly disputed the last claim . In particular , in 2011 Andersen and Bondarenko conducted a comprehensive investigation of the two main versions of VPIN used by its creators , one based on the standard tick - rule ( or TR - VPIN ) and the other based on Bulk Volume Classification ( or BVC - VPIN ) . They find that the value of TR - VPIN ( BVC - VPIN ) one hour before the crash `` was surpassed on 71 ( 189 ) preceding days , constituting 11.7 % ( 31.2 % ) of the pre-crash sample '' . Similarly , the value of TR - VPIN ( BVC - VPIN ) at the start of the crash was `` topped on 26 ( 49 ) preceding days , or 4.3 % ( 8.1 % ) of the pre-crash sample . '' Note that the source of increasing `` order flow toxicity '' on May 6 , 2010 , is not determined in Easley , Lopez de Prado , and O'Hara's 2011 publication . Whether a dominant source of toxic order flow on May 6 , 2010 , was from firms representing public investors or whether a dominant source was intermediary or other proprietary traders could have a significant effect on regulatory proposals put forward to prevent another Flash Crash . According to Bloomberg , the VPIN metric is the subject of a pending patent application filed by the paper 's three authors , Maureen O'Hara and David Easley of Cornell University , and Marcos Lopez de Prado , of Tudor Investment Corporation . A study of VPIN by scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory cited the 2011 conclusions of Easley , Lopez de Prado and O'Hara for VPIN on S&P 500 futures but provided no independent confirmation for the claim that VPIN reached its historical high one hour before the crash : With suitable parameters , ( Easley , Lopez de Prado , and O'Hara ) have shown that the ( CDF of ) VPIN reaches 0.9 more than an hour before the Flash Crash on May 6 , 2010 . This is the strongest early warning signal known to us at this time . On April 21 , 2015 , the U.S. Department of Justice announced that criminal charges had been brought upon Mr. Navinder Singh Sarao . The CFTC 's director of enforcement told reporters `` We do believe and intend to show that his conduct was at least significantly responsible for the order imbalance that in turn was one of the conditions that led to the flash crash . '' A Bloomberg News article went on to explain that : `` Tuesday 's developments fly in the face of the prevailing narratives of what happened . Regulators initially concluded that a mutual fund company -- said to be Waddell & Reed Financial Inc. of Overland Park , Kansas -- played a leading role . '' That official SEC - CFTC report had originally assigned the blame to a large mutual fund that placed a large hedging order for 75,000 E-Mini futures contracts . Mr. Sarao is charged with manipulating the market by causing extreme order imbalances , consistent with VPIN 's explanation of the event . Network snapshots before ( left ) and during ( right ) the simulated flash crash . The last 400 transactions in the order - book are plotted by connecting the HFT agents who transact with each other . The node color indicates the inventory size of the HFT agent . When the market operates normally ( left subplot ) , almost all of the HFT agents are in control of their inventory ( greenish color ) . In crash period ( right ) , most of the HFT agents gain large inventories ( red ) and the network is highly interconnected : over 85 percent of the transactions are HFT - HFT . The Chief Economist of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and several academic economists published a working paper containing a review and empirical analysis of trade data from the Flash Crash . The authors examined the characteristics and activities of buyers and sellers in the Flash Crash and determined that a large seller , a mutual fund firm , exhausted available fundamental buyers and then triggered a cascade of selling by intermediaries , particularly high - frequency trading firms . Like the SEC / CFTC report described earlier , the authors call this cascade of selling `` hot potato trading '' , as high - frequency firms rapidly acquired and then liquidated positions among themselves at steadily declining prices . The authors conclude : Based on our analysis , we believe that High Frequency Traders exhibit trading patterns inconsistent with the traditional definition of market making . Specifically , High Frequency Traders aggressively trade in the direction of price changes . This activity comprises a large percentage of total trading volume , but does not result in a significant accumulation of inventory . As a result , whether under normal market conditions or during periods of high volatility , High Frequency Traders are not willing to accumulate large positions or absorb large losses . Moreover , their contribution to higher trading volumes may be mistaken for liquidity by Fundamental Traders . Finally , when rebalancing their positions , High Frequency Traders may compete for liquidity and amplify price volatility . Consequently , we believe , that irrespective of technology , markets can become fragile when imbalances arise as a result of large traders seeking to buy or sell quantities larger than intermediaries are willing to temporarily hold , and simultaneously long - term suppliers of liquidity are not forthcoming even if significant price concessions are offered . Recent research on dynamical complex networks published in Nature Physics ( 2013 ) suggests that the 2010 Flash Crash may be an example of the `` avoided transition '' phenomenon in network systems with critical behavior . Evidence of market manipulation and arrest ( edit ) In April 2015 , Navinder Singh Sarao , a London - based point - and - click trader , was arrested for his alleged role in the flash crash . According to criminal charges brought by the United States Department of Justice , Sarao allegedly used an automated program to generate large sell orders , pushing down prices , which he then cancelled to buy at the lower market prices . The Commodity Futures Trading Commission filed civil charges against Sarao . In August 2015 , Sarao was released on a £ 50,000 bail with a full extradition hearing scheduled for September with the US Department of Justice . Sarao and his company , Nav Sarao Futures Limited , allegedly made more than $40 million in profit from trading during the Flash Crash . During extradition proceedings he was represented by Richard Egan of Tuckers Solicitors . Aftermath ( edit ) Stock market reaction ( edit ) A stock market anomaly , the major market indexes dropped by over 9 % ( including a roughly 7 % decline in a roughly 15 - minute span at approximately 2 : 45 p.m. , on May 6 , 2010 ) before a partial rebound . Temporarily , $1 trillion in market value disappeared . While stock markets do crash , immediate rebounds are unprecedented . The stocks of eight major companies in the S&P 500 fell to one cent per share for a short time , including Accenture , CenterPoint Energy and Exelon ; while other stocks , including Sotheby 's , Apple Inc. and Hewlett - Packard , increased in value to over $100,000 in price . Procter & Gamble in particular dropped nearly 37 % before rebounding , within minutes , back to near its original levels . The drop in P&G was broadcast live on CNBC at the time , with commentator Jim Cramer commenting : `` ( `` Let 's take a look at P&G . Alright , this is going to say everything . P&G is now down 25 % . '' ) Oh , well , that 's true , if that stock is there you just go and buy it . That -- it ca n't be there . ( pointing finger ) That is not a real price . Oh well , just go buy Procter . Just go buy Procter & Gamble , they reported a decent quarter , just go buy it . ( `` Is there a hedge fund that is liquidating ? '' ) Eh ... Who cares ? ! I 'll pay ... a 49 + 1 / 4 bid for 50,000 Procter , if I were at my hedge fund . I mean , this is ridi ... this is a good opportunity . When I walked down here it was at 61 -- when I walked down here it was at 61 , I 'm not that interested in it . It 's at 47 , well that 's a different security entirely , so what you have to do , though , you have to use limit orders , because Procter just jumped seven points because I said I liked it at 49 . '' Stocks continued to rebound in the following days , helped by a bailout package in Europe to help save the euro . The S&P 500 erased all losses within a week , but selling soon took over again and the indices reached lower depths within two weeks . Congressional hearings ( edit ) The NASDAQ released their timeline of the anomalies during U.S. Congressional House Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government - Sponsored Enterprises hearings on the flash crash . NASDAQ 's timeline indicates that NYSE Arca may have played an early role and that the Chicago Board Options Exchange sent a message saying that NYSE Arca was `` out of NBBO '' . The Chicago Board Options Exchange , NASDAQ , NASDAQ OMX BX and BATS Exchange all declared self - help against NYSE Arca . SEC Chairwoman Mary Schapiro testified that `` stub quotes '' may have played a role in certain stocks that traded for 1 cent a share . According to Schapiro : The absurd result of valuable stocks being executed for a penny likely was attributable to the use of a practice called `` stub quoting . '' When a market order is submitted for a stock , if available liquidity has already been taken out , the market order will seek the next available liquidity , regardless of price . When a market maker 's liquidity has been exhausted , or if it is unwilling to provide liquidity , it may at that time submit what is called a stub quote -- for example , an offer to buy a given stock at a penny . A stub quote is essentially a place holder quote because that quote would never -- it is thought -- be reached . When a market order is seeking liquidity and the only liquidity available is a penny - priced stub quote , the market order , by its terms , will execute against the stub quote . In this respect , automated trading systems will follow their coded logic regardless of outcome , while human involvement likely would have prevented these orders from executing at absurd prices . As noted below , we are reviewing the practice of displaying stub quotes that are never intended to be executed . Trading curb ( edit ) Officials announced that new trading curbs , also known as circuit breakers , would be tested during a six - month trial period ending on December 10 , 2010 . These circuit breakers would halt trading for five minutes on any S&P 500 stock that rises or falls more than 10 percent in a five - minute period . The circuit breakers would only be installed to the 404 New York Stock Exchange listed S&P 500 stocks . The first circuit breakers were installed to only 5 of the S&P 500 companies on Friday , June 11 , to experiment with the circuit breakers . The five stocks were EOG Resources , Genuine Parts , Harley Davidson , Ryder System and Zimmer Holdings . By Monday , June 14 , 44 had them . By Tuesday , June 15 , the number had grown to 223 , and by Wednesday , June 16 , all 404 companies had circuit breakers installed . On June 16 , 2010 , trading in the Washington Post Company 's shares were halted for five minutes after it became the first stock to trigger the new circuit breakers . Three erroneous NYSE Arca trades were said to have been the cause of the share price jump . As of September 10 , the SEC approved new rules submitted by the national securities exchanges and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) to expand the circuit breaker program to include all stocks in the Russell 1000 Index and certain exchange - traded funds . The SEC also approved new exchange and FINRA rules that clarify the process for breaking erroneous trades . A list of the securities included in the Russell 1000 Index , which was rebalanced on June 25 , is available on the Russell website . The list of exchange - traded products included in the pilot is available on the SEC 's website . The SEC anticipates that the exchanges and FINRA will begin implementing the expanded circuit breaker program early next week . The erroneous trade rules were developed in response to the market disruption of May 6 . The rules will make it clearer when -- and at what price -- trades will be broken by the exchanges and FINRA . As with the circuit breaker program , these rules will be in effect on a pilot basis through December 10 , 2010 . For stocks that are subject to the circuit breaker program , trades will be broken at specified levels depending on the stock price : For stocks priced $25 or less , trades will be broken if the trades are at least 10 percent away from the circuit breaker trigger price . For stocks priced between $25 and $50 , trades will be broken if they are 5 percent away from the circuit breaker trigger price . For stocks priced more than $50 , the trades will be broken if they are 3 percent away from the circuit breaker trigger price . Where circuit breakers are not applicable , the exchanges and FINRA will break trades at specified levels for events involving multiple stocks depending on how many stocks are involved : For events involving between five and 20 stocks , trades will be broken that are at least 10 percent away from the `` reference price '' , typically the last sale before pricing was disrupted . For events involving more than 20 stocks , trades will be broken that are at least 30 percent away from the reference price . On May 6 , the markets only broke trades that were more than 60 percent away from the reference price in a process that was not transparent to market participants . A list of ' winners ' and ' losers ' created by this arbitrary measure has never been made public . By establishing clear and transparent standards for breaking erroneous trades , the new rules should help provide certainty in advance as to which trades will be broken , and allow market participants to better manage their risks . In a 2011 article that appeared on the Wall Street Journal on the eve of the anniversary of the 2010 `` flash crash '' , it reported high - frequency traders are now less active in the stock market . In a separate article in the journal , it described trades by high - frequency traders has decreased to 53 % of stock - market trading volume , from 61 % in 2009 . Former Delaware senator Edward E. Kaufman and Michigan senator Carl Levin published a 2011 op - ed in The New York Times a year after the Flash Crash , sharply critical of what they perceive to be the SEC 's apparent lack of action to prevent a recurrence . In 2011 high - frequency traders moved away from the stock market as there had been lower volatility and volume . The combined average daily trading volume in the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq Stock Market in the first four months of 2011 fell 15 % from 2010 , to an average of 6.3 billion shares a day . Trading activities declined throughout 2011 , with April 's daily average of 5.8 billion shares marking the lowest month since May 2008 . Decrease of sharp movements in stock prices which were frequent during the period from 2008 to the first half of 2010 , were in a decline in the Chicago Board Options Exchange volatility index , the VIX , which fell to its lowest level in April 2011 since July 2007 . These volumes of trading activity in 2011 , to some degree , were regarded as more natural levels than during the financial crisis and its aftermath . Some argued that those lofty levels of trading activity were never an accurate picture of demand among investors . It was a reflection of computer - driven traders passing securities back and forth between day - trading hedge funds . The flash crash exposed this phantom liquidity . In 2011 high - frequency trading firms became increasingly active in markets like futures and currencies , where volatility remains high . In 2011 trades by high - frequency traders accounted for 28 % of the total volume in the futures markets , which included currencies and commodities , an increase from 22 % in 2009 . However , the growth of computerized and high - frequency trading in commodities and currencies coincided with a series of `` flash crashes '' in those markets . The role of human market makers , who match buyers and sellers and provide liquidity to the market , was more and more played by computer programs . If those program traders pulled back from the market , then big `` buy '' or `` sell '' orders could have led to sudden , big swings . It would have increased the probability of surprise distortions same as the equity markets , according to a professional investor . In February 2011 , the sugar market took a dive of 6 % in just one second . On March 1 , 2011 , Cocoa - futures prices dropped 13 % in less than a minute on the Intercontinental Exchange . Cocoa plunged $450 to a low of $3,217 a metric ton before rebounding quickly . The U.S. dollar tumbled against the yen on March 16 , 2011 , falling 5 % in minutes , one of its biggest moves ever . According to a former cocoa trader : ' `` The electronic platform is too fast ; it does n't slow things down '' like humans would . ' In July 2012 , the SEC launched an initiative to create a new market surveillance tool known as the `` Consolidated Audit Trail '' . By April 2015 , despite support for the CAT from SEC Chair Mary Jo White and members of Congress , work to finish the project continued to face delays . On August 1 , 2012 , a `` technology breakdown '' at Knight Capital Group caused a major disruption in the trade of about 140 stocks . The episode provided the background for American author Edgar Perez 's non-fiction thriller Knightmare on Wall Street and British author Robert Harris ' 2011 novel , The Fear Index . See also ( edit ) List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average High - frequency trading Algorithmic trading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Interactive Intraday Chart of the SP500 Index on May 6 , 2010 , University of Toronto , 5 - 6 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Matt ( May 11 , 2010 ) , `` Nasdaq : Here 's Our Timeline of the Flash Crash '' , Wall Street Journal ^ Jump up to : Bates , John ( April 24 , 2015 ) , `` Post Flash Crash , Regulators Still Use Bicycles To Catch Ferraris : Blaming the Flash Crash on a UK man who lives with his parents is like blaming lightening for starting a fire '' , Traders Magazine Online News , retrieved April 25 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Kirilenko , Andrei ; Kyle , Albert S. ; Samadi , Mehrdad ; Tuzun , Tugkan ( May 5 , 2014 ) , The Flash Crash : The Impact of High Frequency Trading on an Electronic Market ( PDF ) , retrieved 24 April 2015 ^ Jump up to : Whitman , Jane ( May 7 , 2010 ) , `` The markets ' wild ride '' , Montreal Gazette , retrieved May 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lin , Tom C.W. ( 2013 ) , `` The New Investor 60 '' , UCLA Law Review , 678 , SSRN 2227498 ^ Jump up to : Lauricella , Tom ; McKay , Peter A. ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Dow Takes a Harrowing 1,010.14 - Point Trip '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Twin , Alexandra ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Glitches send Dow on wild ride '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Ari I. ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` Should You Fear the ETF ? ETFs are scaring regulators and investors : Here are the dangers -- real and perceived '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brush , Silla ; Schoenberg , Tom ; Ring , Suzi ( April 22 , 2015 ) , `` How a Mystery Trader with an Algorithm May Have Caused the Flash Crash '' , Bloomberg News , retrieved 25 April 2015 Jump up ^ Aldridge , Irene , High - Frequency Trading : A Practical Guide to Algorithmic Strategies and Trading Systems , 2nd ed . Jump up ^ Aldridge , Irene ( July 8 , 2015 ) , Traders Data : What Happens During Flash Crashes ? Jump up ^ Lauricella , Tom ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Market Plunge Baffles Wall Street -- Trading Glitch Suspected in ' Mayhem ' as Dow Falls Nearly 1,000 , Then Bounces '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Rule : Regulation NMS ; Release No. 34 - 50870 ; File No . S7 - 10 - 04 '' . sec.gov . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joel Seligman , Rethinking Securities Markets , The Business Lawyer , Vol. 57 , Feb. 2002 Jump up ^ Hans R. Stoll , Electronic Trading in Stock Markets , Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol. 20 , No. 1 , p. 171 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/business/economy/21flash.html New York Time article on the investigation Jump up ^ https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/2010/spch101310geb.htm Berman 's speech on how he led the investigation ^ Jump up to : U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lauricella , Tom ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` How a Trading Algorithm Went Awry '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mehta , Nina ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Automatic Futures Trade Drove May Stock Crash , Report Says '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bowley , Graham ( Oct 1 , 2010 ) . `` Lone $4.1 Billion Sale Led to ' Flash Crash ' in May '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Spicer , Jonathan ( Oct 1 , 2010 ) . `` Single U.S. trade helped spark May 's flash crash '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary ( Oct 1 , 2010 ) . `` Report examines May 's ' flash crash , ' expresses concern over high - speed trading '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Popper , Nathaniel ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` $4.1 - billion trade set off Wall Street ' flash crash , ' report finds '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Younglai , Rachelle ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` U.S. probes computer algorithms after `` flash crash '' `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Jonathan ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Special report : Globally , the flash crash is no flash in the pan '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kristina ( Oct 1 , 2010 ) . `` Flash Crash Report : Market ' Internalizers ' Pressured Exchanges '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ MarketBeat ( Oct 1 , 2010 ) . `` MarketBeat Word of the Day : Internalizer ! '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Nina ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Trades Dumped on Exchanges Blamed for Intensifying May 6 Crash '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ CME Group ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` What happened on May 6th ? '' . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Accenture 's Flash Crash : What 's an `` Intermarket Sweep Order '' `` . WSJ . Jump up ^ Jonathan Chevreau ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` P&G error started rout but money managers expect `` slow but upwards equity markets to continue '' - Financial Post `` . Financial Post . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Sun - Times -- Chicago : News : Politics : Things To Do : Sports '' . Chicago . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` SEC 's Schapiro : Here 's My Timeline of the Flash Crash '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What went wrong with US futures on Thursday ? : Detailed News 12 May 2010 '' . commodityonline.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions ( July 2011 ) , `` Regulatory Issues Raised by the Impact of Technological Changes on Market Integrity and Efficiency '' ( PDF ) , IOSCO Technical Committee , retrieved July 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Huw Jones ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Ultra fast trading needs curbs - global regulators '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowley , Graham ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Stock Swing Still Baffles , Ominously '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Madrigal , Alexis ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Explaining Bizarre Robot Stock Trader Behavior '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flash crash probe plays down quote - stuffing '' . Financial Times . September 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Corkery , The Wall Street Journal , September 13 , 2010 , High Frequency Traders Saved the Day Jump up ^ Did a Big Bet Help Trigger ' Black Swan ' Stock Swoon ? , Wall Street Journal , May 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Was The Market Mayhem A Mistake ? Maybe Not. , Liz Moyer , Forbes.com Jump up ^ `` ' Flash Crash ' Report : Waddell & Reed 's $4.1 Billion Trade Blamed For Market Plunge '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Yen Did It ? , by Bruce Krasting , seekingalpha.com Jump up ^ Flood , Joe ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` NYSE Confirms Price Reporting Delays That Contributed to the Flash Crash '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Analysis of the `` Flash Crash '' , Nanex , June 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ CME statement on the SEC - CFT Report on the Flash Crash http://investor.cmegroup.com/investor-relations/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=513388 . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 30 . Archived 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Leinweber , D. ( 2011 ) : `` Avoiding a Billion Dollar Federal Financial Technology Rat Hole '' , The Journal of Portfolio Management , Spring 2011 , Vol. 37 , No. 3 : pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ NANEX criticism of the CFTC report on the Flash Crash http://www.nanex.net/FlashCrashFinal/FlashCrashAnalysis_WR_Update.html . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 30 . Archived 2013 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easley , D. , M. López de Prado , M. O'Hara : The Microstructure of the ' Flash Crash ' : Flow Toxicity , Liquidity Crashes and the Probability of Informed Trading '' , The Journal of Portfolio Management , Vol. 37 , No. 2 , pp. 118 -- 128 , Winter , 2011 , SSRN 1695041 ^ Jump up to : Vuorenmaa , Tommi ; Wang , Liang ( October 2013 ) , `` An Agent - Based Model of the Flash Crash of May 6 , 2010 , with Policy Implications '' , VALO Research and University of Helsinki , SSRN 2336772 Jump up ^ Andersen , Torben G. and Bondarenko , Oleg , VPIN and the Flash Crash . Journal of Financial Markets , forthcoming . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1881731 ^ Jump up to : Andersen , Torben G. and Bondarenko , Oleg , Reflecting on the VPIN Dispute . Journal of Financial Markets , forthcoming . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=2305905 Jump up ^ Andersen , Torben G. and Bondarenko , Oleg , Assessing VPIN Measurement of Order Flow Toxicity via Perfect Trade Classification ( May 10 , 2013 ) . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=2292602 Jump up ^ Easley , D. , M. Lopez de Prado , and M. O'Hara , The Exchange of Flow Toxicity ( January 17 , 2011 ) . The Journal of Trading , Vol. 6 , No. 2 , pp. 8 - 13 , Spring 2011 ; Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=1748633 Jump up ^ Easley , David and Lopez de Prado , Marcos and O'Hara , Maureen , Flow Toxicity and Volatility in a High Frequency World . Working paper , SSRN , February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Easley , D. , M. Lopez de Prado and M. O'Hara : Flow Toxicity and Liquidity in a High Frequency World '' , Review of Financial Studies , 2012 , SSRN 1695596 Jump up ^ Mehta , Nina ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Toxic ' Orders Predict Odds of Stock Market Crashes , Study Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://ssrn.com/abstract=1939522 Federal Market Information Technology in the Post Flash Crash Era : Roles for Supercomputing Jump up ^ Kirilenko , A. , Kyle , A. , Samadi , M. Tuzun , T. : The Flash Crash : The Impact of High Frequency Trading on an Electronic Market , 2011 , SSRN 1686004 Jump up ^ Majdandzic , A. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks '' . Nature Physics . doi : 10.1038 / nphys2819 . Comment on flash crashes ( part E ) : http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v10/n1/extref/nphys2819-s1.pdf Jump up ^ `` The trader blamed for the ' flash crash ' tried to blow the whistle on other traders '' . Business Insider Australia . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved Dec 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Douwe Miedema ; Sarah N. Lynch ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` UK speed trader arrested over role in 2010 ' flash crash ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Futures Trader Charged with Illegally Manipulating Stock Market , Contributing to the May 2010 Market ' Flash Crash ' '' . Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` British Trader Charged in ' Flash Crash ' Released After Bail Reduction '' . DealBook . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Wall Street ' flash crash ' trader granted bail '' . Dispatch Times . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Philip ; Fortado , Lindsay ; Croft , Jane ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Navinder Singh Sarao : reclusive trader or criminal mastermind ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dakers , Marion ; Bradshaw , Julia ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Flash crash trader Navinder Singh Sarao bailed after declaring £ 25.5 m in Swiss account '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The flash crash trader Navinder Singh Sarao returns to London cell ahead of extradition fight '' . 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lotfi Raissi case : How false link to al - Qaida kept innocent Algerian in jail '' . 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ SEC Chairman Admits : We 're Outgunned By Market Supercomputers , Wall Street Journal , wsj.com Jump up ^ SEC Testimony Concerning the Severe Market Disruption on May 6 , 2010 , SEC , May 11 , 2010 ( pdf ) Jump up ^ Senators Seek Regulators ' Report On Causes Of Market Volatility , Wall Street Journal , May 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Grocer , Stephen ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Six Mega Drops of the Flash Crash ; Sam Adams Goes Flat '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dow average sees biggest fall in 15 months '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNBC Live - 2010 Flash Crash at its Height '' . youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Live Blogging the Flash Crash Hearings '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ Accenture for a Penny : MarketBeat 's Investigation Continues ! , Wall Street Journal , by Matt Phillips , May 12 , 2010 , 3 : 01 p.m. ET Jump up ^ Testimony Concerning the Severe Market Disruption on May 6 , 2010 , Mary Schapiro Jump up ^ Six - month test period for US trading curbs - sources , Reuters , 5 - 18 - 2010 Jump up ^ Rules to Limit Stock Trading Amid Market Volatility , nytimes.com , by Edward Wyatt , 5 - 18 - 2010 Jump up ^ CNBC.com NYSE Says Circuit Breaker Will Be Finished Next Week Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Co. stock first to trigger SEC 's new circuit breakers '' . washingtonpost.com . June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Approves Rules Expanding Stock - by - Stock Circuit Breakers and Clarifying Process for Breaking Erroneous Trades '' . sec.gov . September 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Cui ; Tom Lauricella ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Mini ' Crashes ' Hit Commodity Trade '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward E. Kaufman ; Carl Levin ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Preventing the Next Flash Crash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Lauricella ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Traders Exit High - Speed Lane '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Approves New Rule Requiring Consolidated Audit Trail to Monitor and Analyze Trading Activity '' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sporkin , Thomas ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Letting the CAT Out of the Bag '' . Waters Technology . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caroline Vatetkevitch ; Chuck Mikolajczak ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Error by Knight Capital rips through stock market '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Knightmare on Wall Street '' . External links ( edit ) Interactive Intraday Chart of the SP500 Index on May 6 , 2010 , University of Toronto , May 6 , 2010 Preliminary Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6 , 2010 , Report of the staffs of the CFTC and SEC to the Joint Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues , May 18 , 2010 Findings Regarding the Market Events of May 6 , 2010 , Report of the staffs of the CFTC and SEC to the Joint Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues , September 30 , 2010 The Microstructure of the ' Flash Crash ' : Flow Toxicity , Liquidity Crashes and the Probability of Informed Trading , David Easley ( Cornell University ) , Marcos López de Prado ( Tudor Investment Corp. , RCC at Harvard University ) and Maureen O'Hara ( Cornell University ) , The Journal of Portfolio Management , Vol. 37 , No. 2 , pp. 118 -- 128 , Winter 2011 The Flash Crash : The Impact of High Frequency Trading on an Electronic Market , Andrei A. Kirilenko ( Commodity Futures Trading Commission ) Albert S. Kyle ( University of Maryland ; National Bureau of Economic Research ( NBER ) ) Mehrdad Samadi ( Commodity Futures Trading Commission ) Tugkan Tuzun ( University of Maryland -- Robert H. Smith School of Business ) , October 1 , 2010 Regulatory Issues Raised by the Impact of Technological Changes on Market Integrity and Efficiency , Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions , July , 2011 An Agent - Based Model of the Flash Crash of May 6 , 2010 , with Policy Implications , Tommi A. Vuorenmaa ( Valo Research and Trading ) , Liang Wang ( University of Helsinki -- Department of Computer Science ) , October , 2013 SEC Regulation NMS ( Final Rule ) 17 CFR 242.606 - Disclosure of order routing information SEC FAQs re Reg NMS Rule 610 and 611 - April 4 , 2008 Update SEC FAQs re Reg NMS Rule 610 and 611 Reg NMS Marketing Fact Sheet , from Nasdaq SEC Release Regarding the Proposed Rule Reg NMS - Securities Lawyer 's Deskbook by The University of Cincinnati College of Law <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. 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1. 2010 Flash Crash 2. Stock market crash 3. High-frequency trading 4. Market manipulation 5. SEC/CFTC report

what impact did the sit-in at woolworths have on the civil rights movement

Greensboro sit - ins - wikipedia Greensboro sit - ins Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Greensboro sit - ins <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Civil Rights Movement <Td_colspan="2"> The Greensboro Four : ( left to right ) David Richmond , Franklin McCain , Ezell Blair , Jr. , and Joseph McNeil Date February 1 -- July 25 , 1960 Location Greensboro , North Carolina Caused by `` Gray 's only '' lunch counters at Woolworth Racial segregation in public accommodations Resulted in Catalyst to sit - in movement that spread to more than 55 cities in 13 U.S. states within three months Formation of Student Executive Committee for Justice ( SECJ ) Greensboro businesses desegregate lunch counters Catalyst to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) <Th_colspan="2"> Parties to the civil conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Students from : North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Bennett College for Women Dudley High School Womens College Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Business lunch counters at : Woolworth Kress Walgreens Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lead figures <Td_colspan="2"> Students Joseph McNeil Franklin McCain Ezell Blair Jr . David Richmond Woolworth Clarence Harris KKK member George Dorsett The Greensboro sit - ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro , North Carolina , in 1960 , which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States . While not the first sit - in of the Civil Rights Movement , the Greensboro sit - ins were an instrumental action , and also the most well - known sit - ins of the Civil Rights Movement . They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent sit - in movement . These sit - ins led to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history . The primary event took place at the Greensboro , North Carolina , Woolworth store , now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plan 3 Events at Woolworth 4 Impact 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Sit - in movement While the Greensboro sit - in was the most influential and significant sit - in of the Civil Rights Movement , it was not the first . In August 1939 , black attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1942 , the Congress of Racial Equality sponsored sit - ins in Chicago , as they did in St. Louis in 1949 and Baltimore in 1952 . Also , a 1958 sit - in in Wichita , Kansas was successful in ending segregation at every Dockum Drug Store in Kansas . Plan ( edit ) Days before the Woolworth sit - ins , the Greensboro Four ( as they would soon be known ) were debating on which way would be the best to get the media 's attention . They were Joseph McNeil , Franklin McCain , Ezell Blair Jr. , and David Richmond . All were young black students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University . They were inspired by Martin Luther King , Jr. and his practice of non-violent protest , and wanted to change the segregational policies of Woolworth in Greensboro , North Carolina . The plan was simple , but effective : the four men would occupy seats at the local Woolworth , ask to be served , and when they were inevitably denied service , they would not leave . They would repeat this process day in and day out , for as long as it would take . Their thinking was that , if they could attract widespread attention to the issue , Woolworth would feel pressured to desegregate . Events at Woolworth ( edit ) The protests took place at this Woolworth five - and - dime store . On February 1 , 1960 , at 4 : 30pm , the four sat down at the lunch counter inside the Woolworth store at 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro . The men , later also known as the A&T Four or the Greensboro Four , had purchased toothpaste and other products from a desegregated counter at the store with no problems , and then were refused service at the store 's lunch counter when they each asked for a cup of coffee . Following store policy , staff refused to serve the black men at the `` whites only '' counter and store manager Clarence Harris asked them to leave . However , the four freshmen stayed until the store closed that night . The next day , more than twenty black students , recruited from other campus groups , joined the sit - in . Students from Bennett College , a college for black women in Greensboro , also joined . White customers heckled the black students , who read books and studied to keep busy , while the lunch counter staff continued to refuse service . This 4 - seat section of lunch counter from the Greensboro , North Carolina Woolworth is at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington , D.C. The rest sits in its original footprint inside the International Civil Rights Center and Museum Greensboro , North Carolina Newspaper reporters and a TV filmographer covered the second day , and others in the community learned of the protests . On the third day , more than 60 people came to the Woolworth store . A statement issued by Woolworth national headquarters said that the company would `` abide by local custom '' and maintain its segregation policy . On the fourth day , more than 300 people took part . Organizers agreed to expand the sit - in protests to include the lunch counter at Greensboro 's Kress store . As early as one week after the Greensboro sit - ins began , students in other North Carolina towns launched their own . Winston - Salem , Durham , Raleigh , Charlotte , and out - of - state towns such as Lexington , Kentucky all saw protests . The sit - in movement then spread to other Southern cities , including Richmond , Virginia and Nashville , Tennessee , where students of the Nashville Student Movement were trained by civil rights activist James Lawson and had already started the process when Greensboro occurred . Most of these protests were peaceful , but there were instances of violence . In Chattanooga , Tennessee , tensions rose between blacks and whites and fights broke out . In Jackson , Mississippi , students from Tougaloo College staged a sit - in on May 28 , 1963 , recounted in the autobiography of Anne Moody , a participant . In Coming of Age in Mississippi Moody describes their treatment from whites who were at the counter when they sat down , the formation of the mob in the store and how they managed finally to leave . As the sit - ins continued , tensions started growing in Greensboro . Students began a far - reaching boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters . Sales at the boycotted stores dropped by a third , leading their owners to abandon segregation policies . On Monday , July 25 , 1960 , after nearly $200,000 in losses ( $1.7 million today ) , store manager Clarence Harris asked three black employees to change out of their work clothes and order a meal at the counter . They were , quietly , the first to be served at a Woolworth lunch counter . Most stores were soon desegregated , though in other Tennessee cities , such as Nashville and Jackson , Woolworth 's continued to be segregated until around 1965 , despite multiple protests . Impact ( edit ) The February One monument and sculpture stands on North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 's campus and is dedicated to the actions taken by the Greensboro Four that helped spark the Civil Rights Movement in the South . Despite the sometimes violent reaction to the sit - ins , these demonstrations eventually led to positive results . For example , the sit - ins received significant media and government attention . When the Woolworth sit - in began , the Greensboro newspaper published daily articles on the growth and impact of the demonstration . The sit - ins made headlines in other cities as well , as the demonstrations spread throughout the Southern states . A Charlotte newspaper published an article on February 9 , 1960 , describing the statewide sit - ins and the resulting closures of dozens of lunch counters . Furthermore , on March 16 , 1960 , President Eisenhower expressed his concern for those who were fighting for their human and civil rights , saying that he was `` deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution . '' Also , this sit - in was a contributing factor in the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . In many towns , the sit - ins were successful in achieving the desegregation of lunch counters and other public places . Nashville 's students , who were already planning their sit - ins and started them a few days after the Greensboro group , attained desegregation of the downtown department store lunch counters in May , 1960 . The media picked up this issue and covered it nationwide , beginning with lunch counters and spreading to other forms of public accommodation , including transport facilities , art galleries , beaches , parks , swimming pools , libraries , and even museums around the South . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated desegregation in public accommodations . Over 70,000 people took part in the sit - ins . They even spread to northern states such as Ohio and the western state of Nevada . Sit - ins protested about segregated swimming pools , lunch counters , libraries , transport facilities , museums , art galleries , parks and beaches . By simply highlighting such practices , the students can claim to have played a significant part in the history of the Civil Rights Movement . In 1993 , a four - seat portion of the lunch counter was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution . The International Civil Rights Center & Museum in Greensboro , North Carolina , contains the full rest of the lunch counter in its original footprint inside the store , along with photos of the original four protesters , a timeline of the events , and headlines from the media . The street south of the site was renamed February One Place , in commemoration of the date of the first Greensboro sit - in . See also ( edit ) Sit - in movement - list of sit - in 's American Civil Rights Movement Timeline February One : The Story of the Greensboro Four References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Sit - in Movement '' . International Civil Rights Center & Museum . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Greensboro Sit - In , history , Retrieved February 25 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit - In '' , Library of Congress . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll see sit - in stamp first '' . greensboro.com ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 '' . Npr.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greensboroina History '' . nchistory.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Miles . Lunch at the 5 and 10 . Revised & expanded . Chicago : Elephant Paperbacks , 1990 . ISBN 0929587316 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greensboro Chronology '' , International Civil Rights Center and Museum , Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Greensboro Four ( PDF ) , North Carolina Museum of History , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 25 , retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 Jump up ^ Schlosser , James ' Jim ' ( Feb 2 , 2009 ) , `` Timeline '' , in Prout , Teresa , Greensboro Sit - ins ( news & record ) Jump up ^ Wolff , Miles ( 1970 ) , Lunch at the Five and Ten , New York : Stein and Day . Jump up ^ Moody , Anne ( 1968 ) . `` 23 '' . Coming of Age in Mississippi . New York : Bantam Dell . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of civil rights in Tennessee - October 1960 - Civil Rights - A Jackson Sun Special Report '' . Orig.jacksonsun.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Prout , Teresa , ed . ( Feb 2 , 2009 ) , `` NC Stores Close Down Counters '' , Greensboro Sit - ins ( news & record ) Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Doris Yvonne ( 1969 ) , Black Revolt : Strategies of Protest , Berkeley : McCutchan Jump up ^ Eisenhower , Dwight D. ( 1961 ) . `` 93 The President 's News Conference of March 16 , 1960 . '' . The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States . Dwight D. Eisenhower . January 1 , 1960 , to January 20 , 1961 . Published by the Office of Federal Register National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration . p. 294 . Jump up ^ `` The Asheboro Sit - Ins '' . Notes on the History of Randolph County , NC . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sit - ins Spread Across the South , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act , Find US law , 1964 Jump up ^ `` Greensboro 1960 - History Learning Site '' . History Learning Site . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Mary C ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Museum Will Bring African American -- Make That ' American ' -- History to National Mall '' . Politics Daily . AOL . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Workers unearth bits of urban history at February One Place '' , News & Record , September 9 , 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Wolff , Miles ( 1990 ) . Lunch at the 5 and 10 . Elephant Paperbacks . ISBN 0929587316 . Further reading ( edit ) Chafe , William Henry ( 1981 ) . Civilities and Civil Rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black Struggle for Freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195029192 . Kowal , Rebekah J. ( Winter 2004 ) . `` Staging the Greensboro Sit - Ins '' . TDR. 48 ( 4 ) : 135 -- 154 . Pollitt , Daniel H. ( Summer 1960 ) . `` Dime Store Demonstrations : Events and Legal Problems of First Sixty Days , 1960 '' . Duke Law Journal . 9 ( 1 ) : 315 -- 365 . Walzer , Michael ( Spring 1960 ) . `` A Cup of Coffee and a Seat '' . Dissent. 7 : 111 -- 120 . External links ( edit ) Civil Rights Greensboro : Greensboro sit - ins , UNCG . `` Greensboro Lunch Counter '' , Object of History . Greensboro Sit - Ins ( timeline ) , CRMVet . Greensboro 1960 , UK : History learning site . Sit - ins ( exhibit ) , Greensboro Historical Museum . `` Launch of a Civil Rights Movement '' , Greensboro sit - ins . Making Equality a Reality -- History of Sit ins , Core online . Sit - in movement , International Civil Rights Center & Museum . Guide to the Edward Raymond Zane Letters , Duke University . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. 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where is the main post office in norwich

United states Post Office -- Norwich Main - Wikipedia United states Post Office -- Norwich Main Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> US Post Office - Norwich Main <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Historic district Contributing property <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Show map of Connecticut Show map of the US Show all Location 340 Main Street , Norwich , Connecticut Coordinates 41 ° 31 ′ 28 '' N 72 ° 4 ′ 19 '' W  /  41.52444 ° N 72.07194 ° W  / 41.52444 ; - 72.07194 Coordinates : 41 ° 31 ′ 28 '' N 72 ° 4 ′ 19 '' W  /  41.52444 ° N 72.07194 ° W  / 41.52444 ; - 72.07194 Area less than one acre Built 1905 Architect Taylor , James Knox Architectural style Classical Revival Part of Downtown Norwich Historic District ( # 85000707 ) NRHP reference # 86002271 <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates Added to NRHP July 17 , 1986 Designated CP April 4 , 1985 The US Post Office - Norwich Main is located at 340 Main Street in downtown Norwich , Connecticut . It is a tall single - story Classical Revival structure , built of steel framing faced in limestone and brick . It has a mansard - style roof surrounded by a stone balustrade , and a slightly projecting center entrance three bays in width . This section is framed by four fluted Ionic columns . The building was designed in 1903 by James Knox Taylor and built in 1905 , with a 1938 addition designed by Louis A. Simon and funded by the Public Works Administration . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 17 , 1986 . See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County , Connecticut List of United States Post Offices References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` NRHP nomination for US Post Office - Norwich Main '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco <Td_colspan="2"> Portal This article about a property in Connecticut on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Post_Office -- Norwich_Main&oldid = 762303652 '' Categories : Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut National Register of Historic Places in New London County , Connecticut Neoclassical architecture in Connecticut Government buildings completed in 1905 Buildings and structures in Norwich , Connecticut Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut Connecticut Registered Historic Place stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 January 2017 , at 23 : 22 . About Wikipedia

1. United States Post Office - Norwich Main 2. National Register of Historic Places 3. Downtown Norwich Historic District 4. Classical Revival architecture 5. Connecticut Registered Historic Place stubs

when was the first ripley believe it or not book published

Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! - Wikipedia Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Jump to : navigation , search `` Believe It or Not '' redirects here . For other uses , see Believe It or Not ( disambiguation ) . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( January 12 , 1941 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! is an American franchise , founded by Robert Ripley , which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims . The Believe It or Not panel proved popular and was later adapted into a wide variety of formats , including radio , television , comic books , a chain of museums , and a book series . The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs , 30,000 artifacts and more than 100,000 cartoon panels . With 80 - plus attractions , the Orlando - based Ripley Entertainment , Inc. , a division of the Jim Pattison Group , is a global company with an annual attendance of more than 12 million guests . Ripley Entertainment 's publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects , including the syndicated TV series , the newspaper cartoon panel , books , posters , and games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Syndicated feature panel 2 Books 3 Radio 4 Films , television , Internet , and computer game 4.1 Film 4.1. 1 Planned film 4.2 Television 4.3 Internet and games 5 Museums 5.1 Asia 5.2 Europe 5.2. 1 Denmark 5.2. 2 The Netherlands 5.2. 3 United Kingdom 5.3 North America 5.3. 1 Canada 5.3. 2 Mexico 5.3. 3 United States 5.3. 3.1 California 5.3. 3.2 Florida 5.3. 3.3 Illinois 5.3. 3.4 Maryland 5.3. 3.5 Missouri 5.3. 3.6 New Jersey 5.3. 3.7 New York 5.3. 3.8 Oregon 5.3. 3.9 South Carolina 5.3. 3.10 Tennessee 5.3. 3.11 Texas 5.3. 3.12 Virginia 5.3. 3.13 Wisconsin 5.4 Oceania 5.4. 1 Australia 6 Inaccuracies 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Syndicated feature panel ( edit ) Ripley first called his cartoon feature , originally involving sports feats , Champs and Chumps , and it premiered on December 19 , 1918 , in the New York Globe . Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports , and in October 1919 , he changed the title to Believe It or Not . When the Globe folded in 1923 , Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post . That same year , Ripley hired Norbert Pearlroth as his researcher , and Pearlroth spent the next 52 years of his life in the New York Public Library , working ten hours a day and six days a week in order to find unusual facts for Ripley . Other writers and researchers included Lester Byck . In 1930 , Ripley moved to the New York American and was picked up by the King Features Syndicate , being quickly syndicated on an international basis . Those working on the syndicated newspaper panel after Ripley included Joe Campbell ( 1946 -- 1956 ) , Art Sloggatt ( 1917 -- 1975 ) , Clem Gretter ( 1941 -- 1949 ) , Carl Dorese , Bob Clarke ( 1943 -- 1944 ) , Stan Randall , Paul Frehm ( 1938 -- 1978 ; he became the full - time artist in 1949 ) , and his brother Walter Frehm ( 1948 -- 1989 ) ; Walter worked part - time with his brother Paul and became a full - time Ripley artist from 1978 to 1989 . Paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Society 's Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series . Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not ! for Mad , as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs , who also did a recurring satire called `` Strangely Believe It ! '' on his TV programs . The current artist is John Graziano and current researcher is Sabrina Sieck . At the peak of its popularity , the syndicated feature was read daily by about 80 million readers , and during the first three weeks of May 1932 alone , Ripley received over two million pieces of fan mail . Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades . Other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format , such as Ralph Graczak 's Our Own Oddities , John Hix 's Strange as it Seems , and Gordon Johnston 's It Happened in Canada . Recent Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs . Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz 's first publication of artwork was published by Ripley . It was a cartoon claiming his dog was `` a hunting dog who eats pins , tacks , screws , nails and razor blades . '' Schulz 's dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts ' Snoopy . Books ( edit ) Some notable books : Believe it or not ! by Ripley The Big Little Book ( 1931 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( 1929 ) , reprinted in 2004 Ripley 's Mammoth Book of Believe It or Not ( 1955 ) Ripley 's Giant Book of Believe It or Not ( 1976 ) Ripley 's 35th Anniversary Believe It or Not ( 1954 ) Ripley 's 50th Anniversary Believe It or Not ( 1968 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not Special Edition 2012 ( 2011 ) A series of paperback books containing annotated sketches from the newspaper feature : Ripley 's Believe It or Not 1st Series ( 1941 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 2nd Series ( 1948 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 3rd Series ( 1954 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 34th Series ( 1982 ) Ripley Entertainment produces a range of books featuring unusual facts , news stories and photographs . In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd , based in the United Kingdom , to publish new Believe It or Not titles . The company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Annuals , the children 's fiction series Ripley 's RBI , an educational series called the Ripley 's Twists , the Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles . At the height of his popularity Robert Ripley received thousands of letters a day from the public , and Ripley Entertainment continues to encourage submissions from readers who have strange stories and photographs that could be featured in Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! books and media . The people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True , have what Edward Meyer , Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc. describes as an obsession . `` Whatever it is they 're after , it is so important to them that all the rest of the world can go on without them . They want to make something that makes them immortal , makes them a little different than you and me . '' Despite the wide range of true and unbelievable art , sculpture , photographs , interactive devices , animal oddities , and recycled objects contained within the Ripley 's collection , rarely considered are alien or witchcraft - type stories , which are , according to Meyers , difficult to prove . To be included in Ripley 's Believe It or Not books , museums , or television shows , items must undergo scrutiny from Ripley 's staff and be 100 % authenticated . Radio ( edit ) On April 14 , 1930 , Ripley brought `` Believe It or Not '' to radio , the first of several series heard on NBC , CBS and the Mutual Broadcasting System . As noted by Ripley On Radio , Ripley 's broadcasts varied in length from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and aired in numerous different formats . When Ripley 's 1930 debut on The Collier Hour brought a strong listener reaction , he was given a Monday night NBC series beginning April 14 , 1930 , followed by a 1931 -- 32 series airing twice a week . After his strange stories were dramatized on NBC 's Saturday Party , Ripley was the host of The Baker 's Broadcast from 1935 to 1937 . He was scheduled in several different 1937 -- 38 NBC timeslots and then took to the road with popular remote broadcasts . See America First with Bob Ripley ( 1938 -- 40 ) on CBS expanded geographically into See All the Americas , a 1942 program with Latin music . In 1944 , he was heard five nights a week on Mutual in shows with an emphasis on World War II . Romance , Rhythm and Ripley aired on CBS in 1945 , followed by Pages from Robert L. Ripley 's Radio Scrapbook ( 1947 -- 48 ) . Robert Ripley is known for several radio firsts . He was the first to broadcast nationwide on a radio network from mid-ocean , and he also participated in the first broadcast from Buenos Aires to New York . Assisted by a corps of translators , he was the first to broadcast to every nation in the world simultaneously . As the years went on , the show became less about oddities and featured guest - driven entertainment such as comedy routines . Sponsors over the course of the program included Pall Mall cigarettes and General Foods . The program ended its successful run in 1948 as Ripley prepared to convert the show format to television . Films , television , Internet , and computer game ( edit ) The newspaper feature has been adapted into more than a few films and TV shows . Film ( edit ) Ripley hosted a series of two dozen Believe It or Not ! theatrical short films between 1930 and 1932 for Warner Bros. Vitaphone . A 2 - DVD release featuring 24 of these theatrical shorts is available in the USA beginning March 16 , 2010 from Warner Home Video , through their Warner Archive manufacture - on - demand program . Directors on the shorts included Murray Roth ( on the first five ) , Roy Mack and Alfred J. Goulding ( latter half of second season ) . Leo Donnelly assisted later on commentary . The titles of the series were all numbered accordingly : No. 1 / Vitaphone No. 1005 , released May 4 , 1930 No. 2 / Vitaphone No. 1038 , © June 11 , 1930 No. 3 / Vitaphone No. 1053 , August 31 , 1930 ( Film Daily review date ) No. 4 / Vitaphone No. 1067 , released September 5 , 1930 No. 5 / Vitaphone No. 1093 , released September 12 , 1930 No. 6 / Vitaphone No. 1109 , © November 5 , 1930 No. 7 / Vitaphone No. 1148 , © January 5 , 1931 ( features Medal of Honor recipient Daniel R. Edwards ) No. 8 / Vitaphone No. 1172 , © February 20 , 1931 No. 9 / Vitaphone No. 1189 , released May 2 , 1931 No. 10 / Vitaphone No. 1197 , released July 5 , 1931 No. 11 / Vitaphone No. 1211 , released July 12 , 1931 No. 12 / Vitaphone No. 1267 , released September 1931 ( with extensive travelogue footage of Egypt ) No. 2 - 1 / Vitaphone No. 1282 , released November 5 , 1931 ( focuses on Algeria , Egypt and Morocco ) No. 2 - 2 / Vitaphone No. 1294 , released December 3 , 1931 No. 2 - 3 / Vitaphone No. 1304 , released December 1931 No. 2 - 4 / Vitaphone No. 1320 , released January 2 , 1932 ( features child actor Billy Hayes visiting `` Believe It Or Not Land '' ) No. 2 - 5 / Vitaphone No. 1336 , released March 20 , 1932 No. 2 - 6 / Vitaphone No. 1346 , released March 13 , 1932 No. 2 - 7 / Vitaphone No. 1361 No. 2 - 8 / Vitaphone No. 1362 No. 2 - 9 / Vitaphone No. 1363 , © April 23 , 1932 No. 2 - 10 / Vitaphone No. 1364 , © April 23 , 1932 No. 2 - 11 / Vitaphone No. 1412 , released June 1932 No. 2 - 12 / Vitaphone No. 1427 , July 1932 He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short , Seasons Greetings ( 1931 ) , with Ruth Etting , Joe Penner , Ted Husing , Thelma White , Ray Collins , and others . Ripley 's short films were parodied in a 1939 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon titled Believe It or Else . Released on June 25 , 1939 , directed by Tex Avery and written by Dave Monahan , it featured a running gag in which Egghead ( a prototype Elmer Fudd ) appeared to declare , `` I do n't believe it ! '' On 5 November of the same year , another Avery documentary parody , Fresh Fish , was released . Written by Jack Miller , this cartoon 's running gag was a two - headed fish that kept swimming onto the screen to ask , `` Pardon me , but can you tell me where I can find Mister Ripley ? '' 20th Century Fox produced another film short titled Acquitted By The Sea , released September 27 , 1940 , produced by Truman Talley and directed by Earl Allvine . This told an unusual story involving the Titanic . Planned film ( edit ) On October 4 , 2004 , Paramount Pictures announced plans for a film that would chronicle the life of Robert Ripley . The film would be produced by James Jacks and his Alphaville Films company , associated with Paramount . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired to write the script . Jacks explained , `` It 's about the exploits of Robert Ripley , one of the most popular newspaper cartoonists in the ' 30s and ' 40s , who was well known for going around the world and looking for oddities and getting into adventures while doing so . We want to make a series of movies that , if not quite the truth , are the adventures that should have happened . '' Jacks also said , `` We want to turn it into an Indiana Jones , a goofy version , as played by Johnny Depp . When they saw we had the writers from Larry Flynt , they thought that we wanted to make the kinky version , but we saw a chance to do a Spielberg - type movie with one of their characters . '' On November 29 , 2005 , it was announced that Tim Burton would direct the film , with Jim Carrey starring as Robert Ripley . Filming was to begin in October 2006 , for a 2007 release . Paramount hinted that the film , if successful , could be the start of a Ripley 's film series . In addition to Jacks , Sean Daniel and Richard D. Zanuck were also to serve as producers for the film . Zanuck spent six weeks in China to scout filming locations for the project . On June 12 , 2006 , Paramount delayed the start of production on the film for at least a year because its projected budget went over the allowed $150 million . Carrey had waived his entire upfront salary to help keep costs low , but the project remained over budget . Burton and Carrey also wanted to have Alexander and Karaszewski make changes to the film 's script to focus more on Ripley 's Believe It or Not column . Carrey was adamant on avoiding what happened with his previous project , Fun with Dick and Jane , which required reshoots and additional editing as a result of beginning production without a script . Filming had been scheduled to begin in China in November 2006 . Although Paramount could have delayed production to spring 2007 , the film was delayed further to allow Burton to film Sweeney Todd . In December 2006 , Burton and Carrey approved writer Steve Oedekerk to rewrite the script . Oedekerk had worked with Carrey on several previous projects . Production was to begin in China in winter 2008 , for a 2009 release . In January 2007 , Zanuck said he was no longer involved with the project , and that he was unaware that it was proceeding . Oedekerk 's draft was completed in June 2007 , and was approved that month by Paramount , Burton , and Carrey . At that time , Carrey hoped to have production finished by summer 2008 . Later that month , it was reported that Paramount may be searching for a new director . In October 2008 , Chris Columbus pitched an idea for the film that was approved by Carrey and Paramount . Columbus ' idea involved scrapping the previous China - based storyline entirely . Negotiations were underway that month to hire Columbus as director , with plans to hire a writer afterwards . Paramount planned to release the film in 2011 , and hoped that it would be the start of a Ripley 's film series . In January 2011 , Eric Roth was hired to write the script , with Carrey still attached to star . Ken Atchity and Chi - Li Wong joined the project as producers , alongside Jacks and Daniel . Television ( edit ) Main article : Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( TV series ) The first Believe It or Not TV series , a live show hosted by Ripley , premiered March 1 , 1949 . Shortly after the 13th episode , on May 27 , 1949 , Ripley died of a heart attack and several of his friends substituted as host , including future Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! president Doug Storer . Robert St. John served as host from the second season until the series ended on October 5 , 1950 . Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! aired from 1982 to 1986 on the American ABC television network . Based on three pilots / specials conceived , produced and directed by Ron Lyon and Jack Haley , Jr , ( 1980 -- 81 ) the series was a Haley / Lyon / Rastar production in association with Columbia Pictures . Featuring film star Jack Palance who hosted the popular series throughout its run , the series had three different co-hosts , who appeared from season to season , initially actress Catherine Shirriff followed by Palance 's daughter , Holly Palance , later singer Marie Osmond . The 1980s series reran on the Sci - Fi Channel ( UK ) and Sci - Fi Channel ( US ) during the 1990s ; it is currently airing on NBCUniversal 's horror / suspense - themed cable channel Chiller . An animated series , Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! , was produced for Fox Family in 1999 and followed the adventures of `` Michael Ripley '' , Robert Ripley 's nephew . The show was aimed at a younger audience , and would often feature Michael going around the world . The most recent series based upon the comic strip , once again titled Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! aired from 2000 to 2003 on TBS . Hosted by actor Dean Cain , executive - produced by Dan Jbara and co-executive - produced by Dennis Lortz , the series took a slightly more sensationalistic approach to its subject matter and `` premiered as the highest - rated original series on cable '' at that time . The series was cancelled in October 2003 after four seasons . Like the previous syndicated live - action series , this latest edition moved to the Biography Channel for reruns , and continues to air today . In 2006 , the Philippines made a local adaptation of Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! with a local host . ABC 5 ( now known as TV5 ) was the first to make it with Raymond Bagatsing as host . The show however was short - lived . In 2008 , GMA Network bought the rights and revived Ripley 's in the Philippines . This time Chris Tiu of the Ateneo Blue Eagles was chosen as host . It is part of the `` Bilib Ka Ba ? Nights / Araw - araw '' ( `` Do You Believe ? Nights / Daily '' ) block of the network which premiered on August 18 , 2008 . Internet and games ( edit ) In 2006 , the Ripleys.com website held a `` Dear Mr. Ripley '' contest in which contestants submitted `` unbelievable '' stories and with a public vote selecting a winner . The submissions included stories about a two - faced kitten , a car hurdler , a painting on human flesh canvas , a snake swallowing a golfball , an unopened deck of cards in a thin - necked bottle , a collector of Converse shoes with over 400 pairs , a man who survived a dumptruck falling on him , a painting made of nail polish , a child who played sports while hopping on a pogo stick , and a tongue swallower . The winners were announced on December 15 , 2006 . In 2003 , a Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! pinball machine was released . The point and click adventure game Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! : The Riddle of Master Lu was published and developed by Sanctuary Woods , and released in 1995 . Museums ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : Attractions ( August 2014 ) Ripley 's Believe It Or Not museum at Innovative Film City in Bangalore , India . When Ripley first displayed his collection to the public at the Chicago World 's Fair in 1933 , it was labeled Ripley 's Odditorium and attracted over two million visitors during the run of the fair . ( In an apparent promotional gimmick , beds were provided in the Odditorium for people who `` fainted '' daily . ) That successful exhibition led to trailer shows across the country during the 1930s , and Ripley 's collections were exhibited at many major fairs and expositions , including San Francisco , San Diego , Dallas , and Cleveland . In New York , the famed Times Square exhibit opened in 1939 on Broadway . In 1950 , a year after Ripley 's death , the first permanent Odditorium opened in St. Augustine , Florida . As of December 2010 , there are 32 Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Odditoriums around the world . Odditoriums , in the spirit of Believe It or Not ! , are often more than simple museums cluttered with curiosities . Some include theaters and arcades , such as the ones in Gatlinburg , Tennessee and Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . Others are constructed oddly , such as the Orlando , Florida Odditorium which is built off - level as if the building is sinking . Expected to open summer 2016 is the first Odditorium in the Netherlands , at Dam square in Amsterdam . Asia ( edit ) ( Alphabetical , by country or district ) Shanghai , China - This Ripley 's museum is located at Huangpu River . Victoria Peak , Hong Kong ( closed ) -- There was an Auditorium in The Peak . Bangalore , India -- This Ripley 's Museum is at the Innovative Film city . Jakarta , Indonesia ( closed ) - This Ripley 's museum was located in Pondok Indah Mall Kuwait City , Kuwait ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was located in the Hadiqat Al Sheaab Amusement Park . Genting Highlands , Malaysia ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum is inside the First World Plaza . Mandaluyong City , Philippines ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was in the Shangri - La Mall in Ortigas . Jeju Island , South Korea - This Ripley 's museum is located at the Jeju Jungmun resort . Pattaya , Thailand -- This Ripley 's museum is in Royal Garden Plaza in Pattaya . It appears as if an airplane has crashed into it . Europe ( edit ) Denmark ( edit ) Copenhagen -- This Ripley 's museum is a smaller one located close to the city hall and next to a museum of H.C. Andersen . The Netherlands ( edit ) Amsterdam - The Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Amsterdam museum opened on June 23 , 2016 at the Dam Square , Dam 21 , in a building that belongs to the Heritage of Amsterdam . It has more than 500 exhibits . United Kingdom ( edit ) London ( Closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was the world 's largest and it opened on August 20 , 2008 at the London Pavilion , 1 Piccadilly Circus , and closed on September 25 , 2017 . It housed over 500 exhibits from educational artifacts to the truly weird and wonderful . It was famed for its large collection of Marilyn Monroe 's personal belongings and interactive exhibits . Blackpool -- This Ripley 's museum was the first and is based in the popular holiday destination of Blackpool . Great Yarmouth ( closed ) -- There was an Odditorium in Great Yarmouth on the east coast of England . It opened in 1993 and closed in 1997 . It is now an indoor miniature golf course that uses some of the leftovers from the Odditorium as scenery for the holes . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Ripley 's BION Niagara Falls Cavendish , Prince Edward Island -- This Ripley 's museum is located in a concentrated area of tourist attractions adjacent to the Prince Edward Island National Park . A lighthouse ( the top broken ) features the Ripley 's sign . The museum is adjoined to a wax museum and also features a mini-golf attraction . Niagara Falls , Ontario -- This Ripley 's museum is shaped like the Empire State Building fallen over , with King Kong standing on top of it . This is the second oldest Ripley 's Museum in the world and is one of two in Canada . The museum was closed for major renovations between November 2015 and May 2016 but is now reopened . The newly updated museum is the largest and most valuable museum for the company . Located across the street is a Ripley 's 4D Moving Theatre , and up the street there is a Louis Tussauds Wax Works which is owned by Ripley 's . Toronto , Ontario - The Ripley 's Aquarium of Canada opened in October 2013 next to the CN Tower and Metro Toronto Convention Centre . The 150,000 - square - foot ( 14,000 m ) structure boasts the longest underwater tunnel in North America . The aquarium was originally set to open in Niagara Falls , Ontario near Great Wolf Lodge in 2007 , but relocated to Toronto . Mexico ( edit ) Guadalajara -- Opened in 1994 this Ripley 's museum is a small one like Mexico City 's location . It is near downtown . Mexico City -- Opened in 1992 , this Ripley 's museum is shaped like a medieval castle and has 14 exhibition halls within it . This was the first of three locations to open in Latin America . United States ( edit ) St. Augustine , Florida Odditorium Panama City Beach , Florida Odditorium Ripley 's shark being produced California ( edit ) Buena Park ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's Museum was located in Buena Park 's E-Zone district on Beach Boulevard , close to Knott 's Berry Farm . This is the location where Steve Sindad broke the world record for consuming ranch dressing , drinking 61 bottles worth ( about 7 gallons ) . It closed its doors on March 30 , 2009 . Hollywood -- This Ripley 's Museum is on Hollywood Boulevard . San Francisco -- This Ripley 's Museum is located near Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco . Florida ( edit ) Key West -- This Ripley 's Museum is located on the famous Duval Street . Orlando -- This museum is located on the busy International Drive tourist corridor , and is built to appear as though it is dropping into a sinkhole . Panama City Beach -- Opened in 2006 , this Ripley 's Museum is at the intersection of Front Beach Road , Middle Beach Road , and Thomas Drive on Panama City Beach and is designed to look like a 1950s luxury cruise liner that has run aground on the beach . It also has a moving 4 - D theater . St. Augustine -- It is the oldest Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! and is located in the Castle Warden , was purchased shortly after his death in 1949 and opened in 1950 . Prior to becoming home to his vast collections from his many travels , `` The Castle '' , as it is known , was once a hotel which played host to many famous guests , including Ripley himself and author / owner Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings . It was originally a Moorish Revival style mansion , built in 1887 by millionaire William Warden as a winter home . Its popularity and success led Ripley 's associates to open new establishments throughout the United States and the world . Perhaps not surprisingly , it is also rumored to be haunted . Segments of the most recent Ripley 's TV series were filmed here , including the opening credits . Among the attractions here are a mummified cat , a 1 / 12 scale model of the original Ferris wheel made out of Erector sets , life and death masks of famous celebrities ( including Abraham Lincoln ) , and shamanistic apparati from cultures around the world . Illinois ( edit ) Chicago - The Museum on Wells Street in the Chicago Old Town area closed in 1987 . Maryland ( edit ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! in Ocean City , Maryland Baltimore -- This Ripley 's Museum opened June 26 , 2012 , in the Light Street Pavilion of Harborplace on the Inner Harbor . Ocean City -- This Ripley 's Museum is located on the boardwalk at Wicomico Street . It is a popular destination for tourists and it sits at the entrance to Jolly Roger 's Pier Amusement Park . It features a large model of a shark that appears as if it has crashed through the museum . Missouri ( edit ) Branson -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a stone edifice that was cracked by an earthquake . New Jersey ( edit ) Atlantic City -- The Ripley 's museum is on the famous Boardwalk . New York ( edit ) New York City -- This location reopened in Manhattan on 42nd Street in July 2007 . This is the largest Ripley 's in the world , housing over 1000 authentic artifacts and interactive exhibits . Oregon ( edit ) Newport -- This Ripley 's museum was funded by Jacob Walters and built in 1986 . It is at the Historic Bayfront and one of three amusements known as Mariner Square . The other two are the Wax Works and the Undersea Gardens . South Carolina ( edit ) Odditorium in Myrtle Beach Myrtle Beach -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a building cracked by a hurricane , located near the center of Myrtle Beach 's celebrated Ocean Boulevard . Also in Myrtle Beach you will find one of their 5D Motion Theaters , a mirror maze , Ripley 's Haunted Adventure , and Ripley 's Aquarium of Myrtle Beach . Tennessee ( edit ) Gatlinburg -- The original museum , built in 1970 , was destroyed by a massive fire caused by a faulty light fixture in a neighboring shop on July 14 , 1992 . It had to be completely rebuilt . Some of Ripley 's most prized and unique possessions were consumed by the blaze . The current museum opened in 1994 , with a tribute to the city 's firefighters included among the collections . Artifacts salvaged from the blaze sport `` I Survived The Fire '' decals . It also has nearly twice the amount of exhibit space as the original . As with some other Ripley museums , it has a theme . It looks as if it has survived a major earthquake . Its interior and exterior feature cracks throughout , adhering to the theme . The Ripley 's Company has since opened several other attractions in the area , including a `` four - dimensional '' theater , a state - of - the - art aquarium , a haunted factory , several arcades , two miniature golf courses , and a mirror maze all of which carry the Ripley 's brand name and signature logo . Texas ( edit ) El Paso - ( closed ) This Ripley 's Museum is located at 7051 S Desert Blvd. in Canutillo , Texas . Grand Prairie -- This Ripley 's Museum is located at 601 East Safari Parkway in Grand Prairie , Texas . It is west of downtown Dallas on IH - 30 and is on the northwest intersection of Belt Line Road and IH - 30 , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of Six Flags Over Texas . San Antonio -- This Ripley 's Museum is located across from the historic Alamo . Next door is Louis Tussaud 's Waxworks , and just a short walk down the road is Ripley 's Haunted Adventure . Virginia ( edit ) Williamsburg -- This Ripley 's Museum opened in 2006 . It has 11 galleries and over 350 exhibits . There is also a 4D theater that shows 3D movies with added effects ( air , water , scent , etc . ) . Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin Dells -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a plane flew through the front and has a car parked on the side . It is located in the Downtown Strip . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Gold Coast -- This Ripley 's museum is located at the popular tourist destination Surfers Paradise . It reopened in the new Soul Centre on January 22 , 2010 , featuring a band of human oddities playing songs at the entrance . Inaccuracies ( edit ) Authorities at the company insist that they thoroughly investigate everything and ensure their accuracy before they publish their research . This is emphasized on their television show , where they often say `` If you see it on Ripley 's , you can bet that it 's real '' . However , two claims appearing in their books have been dubbed `` myths '' by MythBusters . One claim which had previously appeared in Ripley 's books , concerning an accidental execution of 1,200 Turkish prisoners ordered under Napoleon Bonaparte , has had its accuracy called into question by Snopes . Ripley 's has reported the urban legend of Frank Tower - an individual who was supposed to have survived the sinkings of the RMS Titanic , RMS Empress of Ireland , and RMS Lusitania - as being factual . However , this story has been debunked by several sources . See also ( edit ) Strange as It Seems , rival publication Museum of Jurassic Technology , rival odd displays References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Norbert Pearlroth , 89 , Researcher For 52 Years For ' Believe It Or Not ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . April 15 , 1983 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Norbert Pearlroth , who combed hundreds of thousands of books in the New York Public Library over 52 years as sole researcher for Ripley 's Believe It or Not , died of heart and kidney diseases Thursday at Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn . He was 89 years old and lived in Brooklyn ... Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not Comic Strip on '' . Gocomics.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley sets up in UK '' . theBookseller.com. 2008 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BEST SELLERS : ADVICE , HOW TO AND MISCELLANEOUS : Sunday , December 27th 2009 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley Publishing launches fiction series '' . theBookseller.com. 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Random does the Twist '' . theBookseller.com. 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hartzman , Marc . `` Robert L Ripley Interviews Entertainment Bizarre Magazine UK '' . Bizarremag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Send Us Your Stuff ! '' . Ripley Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maynard 's Spooky Action ... An Interview with Edward Meyer from Ripley 's Believe It or Not '' . The Skeptic Zone . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunning , John . ( 1998 ) . On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507678 - 3 . Pp. 76 - 78 . Jump up ^ `` Old Time Radio Shows - Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 1930 ) '' . Matinee Classics. 1930 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( 1930 -- 32 ) ( 2 DVD Set ) '' . WBshop.com . Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 2004 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Paramount Telling Ripley Tale : Believe It or Not '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton , Carrey May Believe '' . IGN. 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Eric Roth takes on Ripley project : Jim Carrey remains attached to topline '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Borat 's New - er Look '' . Variety . 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Gardner , Chris ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Burton takes rain check on Par pic '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton , Carrey put ' Believe ' on hold '' . Variety . 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Oedekerk brings ' Ripley ' back to life '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Carrey lights up ' Phillip Morris ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton Off Believe It or Not ? Helmer may be booted from Jim Carrey 's off - beat adventure '' . IGN. 2007 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Chris Columbus in talks for ' Ripley 's ' : Paramount wants director for long - delayed film '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! The Animated Series '' . IMDb.com. 14 July 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! -- Official Site -- Cast & Producers Bio '' . Sonypictures.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Pinball Machine Database : Stern ' Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ® ' '' . Ipdb.org . June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Believe it or not , collection has gone overseas '' . `` Great Yarmouth Mercury '' . February 28 , 1997 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Work On New Aquarium Could Start This Year - CityNews '' . Citytv.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.niagaraglenview.com/ripley-development.htm Jump up ^ `` Museo de cera '' . Museo de cera . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ma Sacrée Toux ! '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Spignes , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) , `` The Titanic For Dummies '' , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , retrieved 1 August 2014 Jump up ^ Molony , Senan ( 2004 ) , `` On the Trail of ' Lucky ' Tower '' , Encyclopedia Titanica , retrieved 1 August 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . Wikinews has related news : World 's smallest car enters Ripley 's Believe it or Not museum Official website Inventory of the Doug and Hazel Anderson Storer Collection , 1920s -- 2003 , in the Southern Historical Collection , UNC - Chapel Hill National Cartoonist Society Award , 1976 : Paul Frehm Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> United Media Comics Alley Oop Arlo and Janis Baby Blues Betty Big Nate The Born Loser Brevity The Buckets Committed Cow and Boy Dilbert Drabble Family Tree F Minus Ferd'nand Frank & Ernest Frazz Get Fuzzy Gordo Graffiti Grand Avenue The Grizzwells Health Capsules Herman Jump Start Kidspot Kit ' n ' Carlyle The Knight Life Lola Luann Marmaduke Moderately Confused Monty Nancy 9 Chickweed Lane Off the Mark Over the Hedge Peanuts Pearls Before Swine Prickly City Reality Check Red Ryder Rip Haywire Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Rose Is Rose Rudy Park Soup to Nutz Tarzan Editorial cartoons Bill Day Drew Litton Ed Stein Henry Payne Jeff Stahler Jerry Holbert Matt Bors Robert Ariail Rob Rogers Commentary Byron York Cokie Roberts and Steven V. Roberts Diana West Donald Lambro Gene Lyons Kathryn Jean Lopez Mary Mitchell Nat Hentoff Tad Bartimus Other The Aces on Bridge Bruce Williams Harriette Cole Harvey Mackay Jean Chatzky Miss Manners Nancy M. Reichardt World Almanac <Th_colspan="2"> Jim Pattison Group People Jim Pattison ( President and CEO ) Jim Pattison Media Group Broadcast television stations CFJC CHAT CKPG Great West Television ( Joint venture with Bell Media ) Radio stations ( by call sign ) CFDV CFMY CFQX CHAT CHBW CHBZ CHDR CHIQ CHLB CHPQ CHUB CHWF CIBH CIBW CIFM CIUP CJAV CJBZ CJDR CJJR CJXX CJZN CKBZ CKCE CKDV CKIZ CKKN CKKQ CKLR CKLZ CKPK CKQQ CKWV Outdoor signs Pattison Outdoor Advertising Overwaitea Food Group Overwaitea Foods PriceSmart Foods Save - On - Foods Urban Fare Entertainment Ripley Entertainment Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Attractions Ripley Publishing Ltd Guinness World Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!&oldid=819729773 '' Categories : Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! 1918 comics debuts Non-fiction comic strips Educational comics Jim Pattison Group Longevity myths Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into radio series NBC radio programs 1930 radio programme debuts 1948 radio programme endings Radio programs based on comic strips 1940s American radio programs CBS Radio programs American radio dramas Amusement museums in Canada Amusement museums in the United States Blackpool Pleasure Beach Media franchises Media museums in New York ( state ) Media museums in the United States Museums in Atlantic County , New Jersey Museums in Branson , Missouri Museums in Copenhagen Museums in Dallas County , Texas Museums in Horry County , South Carolina Museums in Jalisco Museums in Key West , Florida Museums in Lancashire Museums in Lincoln County , Oregon Museums in Malaysia Museums in Mexico City Museums in Niagara Falls , Ontario Museums in Orlando , Florida Museums in Prince Edward Island Museums in Queensland Museums in San Antonio Museums in San Francisco Museums in Sauk County , Wisconsin Museums in Sevier County , Tennessee Museums in St. Augustine , Florida Museums in Teton County , Wyoming Museums in Thailand Museums in the City of Westminster Museums in Williamsburg , Virginia Museums in Worcester County , Maryland Mutual Broadcasting System programs Pseudoarchaeology Tourist attractions in Key West , Florida Vitaphone short films Warner Bros. short films Museums in Manhattan Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Ripley's Believe It or Not franchise 2. Bizarre events and items 3. Robert Ripley 4. Syndicated feature panel 5. Books, radio, films, television, internet, and museums

what is the function of condition codes in cpu

Status register - wikipedia Status register Jump to : navigation , search A status register , flag register , or condition code register is a collection of status flag bits for a processor . An example is the FLAGS register of the x86 architecture or flags in a program status word ( PSW ) register . The status register is a hardware register that contains information about the state of the processor . Individual bits are implicitly or explicitly read and / or written by the machine code instructions executing on the processor . The status register lets an instruction take action contingent on the outcome of a previous instruction . Typically , flags in the status register are modified as effects of arithmetic and bit manipulation operations . For example , a Z bit may be set if the result of the operation is zero and cleared if it is nonzero . Other classes of instructions may also modify the flags to indicate status . For example , a string instruction may do so to indicate whether the instruction terminated because it found a match / mismatch or because it found the end of the string . The flags are read by a subsequent conditional instruction so that the specified action ( depending on the processor , a jump , call , return , or so on ) occurs only if the flags indicate a specified result of the earlier instruction . Some CPU architectures , such as the MIPS and Alpha , do not use a dedicated flag register . Others do not implicitly set and / or read flags . Such machines either do not pass implicit status information between instructions at all , or they pass it in an explicitly selected general purpose register . A status register may often have other fields as well , such as more specialized flags , interrupt enable bits , and similar types of information . During an interrupt , the status of the thread currently executing can be preserved ( and later recalled ) by storing the current value of the status register along with the program counter and other active registers into the machine stack or some other reserved area of memory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common flags 2 Other flags 3 CPU architectures without arithmetic flags 4 See also 5 References Common flags ( edit ) This is a list of the most common CPU status register flags , implemented in almost all modern processors . Flag Name Description Z Zero flag Indicates that the result of an arithmetic or logical operation ( or , sometimes , a load ) was zero . Carry flag Enables numbers larger than a single word to be added / subtracted by carrying a binary digit from a less significant word to the least significant bit of a more significant word as needed . It is also used to extend bit shifts and rotates in a similar manner on many processors ( sometimes done via a dedicated X flag ) . S / N Sign flag Negative flag Indicates that the result of a mathematical operation is negative . In some processors , the N and S flags are distinct with different meanings and usage : One indicates whether the last result was negative whereas the other indicates whether a subtraction or addition has taken place . V / O / W Overflow flag Indicates that the signed result of an operation is too large to fit in the register width using two 's complement representation . Other flags ( edit ) On some processors , the status register also contains flags such as these : Flag Name Description H / A / DC Half - carry flag Auxiliary flag Digit Carry Decimal adjust flag Indicates that a bit carry was produced between the nibbles ( typically between the 4 - bit halves of a byte operand ) as a result of the last arithmetic operation . Such a flag is generally useful for implementing BCD arithmetic operations on binary hardware . Parity flag Indicates whether the number of set bits of the last result is odd or even . Interrupt flag On some processors , this bit indicates whether interrupts are enabled or masked . If the processor has multiple interrupt priority levels , such as the PDP - 11 , several bits may be used to indicate the priority of the current thread , allowing it to be interrupted only by hardware set to a higher priority . On other architectures , a bit may indicate that an interrupt is currently active , and that the current thread is part of an interrupt handler . Supervisor flag On processors that provide two or more protection rings , one or more bits in the status register indicate the ring of the current thread ( how trusted it is , or whether it must use the operating system for requests that could hinder other threads ) . On a processor with only two rings , a single bit may distinguish Supervisor from User mode . CPU architectures without arithmetic flags ( edit ) Status flags enable an instruction to act based on the result of a previous instruction . In pipelined processors , such as superscalar and speculative processors , this can create hazards that slow processing or require extra hardware to work around them . Some very long instruction word processors dispense with the status flags . A single instruction both performs a test and indicates on which outcome of that test to take an action , such as Compare a with b and Jump to c if Equal . The result of the test is not saved for subsequent instructions . Another alternative to the status register is for processor instructions to deposit status information in a general - purpose register when the program requests it . MIPS , AMD 29000 , DEC Alpha , and RISC - V are examples of architectures that provide comparison instructions that store the comparison result in a general - purpose register , as a single bit or a numeric value of 0 or 1 . Conditional branches act based on the value in the general - purpose register . Usually , comparison instructions test equality or signed / unsigned magnitude . To test for other conditions , a program uses an equivalence formula . For example , MIPS has no `` overflow bit '' but a program performing multiple - word addition can test whether a single - word addition of registers overflowed by testing whether the sum is lower than an operand : # alow = blow + clow addu alow , blow , clow # set tmp = 1 if alow < clow , else 0 sltu tmp , alow , clow addu ahigh , bhigh , chigh addu ahigh , ahigh , tmp The sltu instruction sets tmp to 1 or 0 based on the specified comparison of its two other operands . ( Here , the general - purpose register tmp is not used as a status register to govern a conditional jump ; rather , the possible value of 1 , indicating overflow from the low - order addition , is added to the high - order word . ) See also ( edit ) Control register CPU flag ( x86 ) Flag field FLAGS register ( computing ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Toshiba 900 Operation Manual , chap. 3 Jump up ^ http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328P_datasheet.pdf ^ Jump up to : Mashey , John ( 1996 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Carry bits ; The Architect 's Trap '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Status_register&oldid=809224727 '' Categories : Control flow Central processing unit Digital registers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 21 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Status register 2. Flag register 3. Processor state 4. Arithmetic flags 5. Conditional instructions

who is the band in there's something about mary

Jonathan Richman - wikipedia Jonathan Richman Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jonathan Richman <Td_colspan="2"> Jonathan Richman at Ed 's , Winona , Minnesota ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Background information ( 1951 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Natick , Massachusetts , United States Genres Rock , folk , new wave , proto - punk , garage rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter Instruments guitar , vocals , saxophone Years active 1970 -- present Labels Beserkley , Warner Bros . Associated acts The Modern Lovers Jonathan Michael Richman ( born May 16 , 1951 ) is an American singer , songwriter and guitarist . In 1970 he founded the Modern Lovers , an influential proto - punk band . Since the mid-1970s , Richman has worked either solo or with low - key , acoustic and electric , backing . Currently , he plays only acoustic to protect his hearing . He is known for his wide - eyed , unaffected and childlike outlook , and music that , while rooted in rock and roll , is influenced by music from around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 The Modern Lovers 1.3 Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers 1.4 Solo 1.5 Personal life 1.6 Influence 2 Discography 2.1 Studio albums 2.1. 1 The Modern Lovers 2.1. 2 Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers 2.1. 3 Jonathan Richman 2.2 Live albums 2.3 Compilations 2.4 Singles 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Born in Natick , Massachusetts , into a Jewish family , Richman began playing music and writing his own songs in the mid-1960s . He became infatuated with the Velvet Underground , and in 1969 he moved to New York City , lived on the couch of their manager , Steve Sesnick , worked odd jobs and tried to break in as a professional musician . Failing at this , he returned to Boston . The Modern Lovers ( edit ) Main article : The Modern Lovers While in Boston , Richman formed the Modern Lovers , a proto - punk garage rock band . Other notable members of the group were keyboard player Jerry Harrison and drummer David Robinson , who later joined Talking Heads and the Cars , respectively . In 1972 they recorded a series of demos with producer John Cale ( formerly of the Velvet Underground ) . Among these songs were the seminal `` Roadrunner '' and `` Pablo Picasso '' which were eventually released on the group 's post-breakup album , The Modern Lovers ( August 1976 ) . The album was strange for its time , featuring Velvets - influenced basic three - chord rock ( `` Roadrunner '' -- based on just two chords -- is an homage to `` Sister Ray '' ) at a time when glam and progressive rock were the norm . Later in 1972 , the group also recorded with producer Kim Fowley ; these demos were eventually released in 1981 as The Original Modern Lovers . Despite playing live regularly , the Modern Lovers had a difficult time securing a recording contract . By late 1973 , Richman wanted to scrap the recorded tracks and start again with a mellower , more lyrical sound , influenced by the laid - back local music he had heard when the band had a residency at the Inverurie Hotel in Bermuda earlier in the year . This stymied efforts to complete a debut album , and led to the breakup of the original Modern Lovers in February 1974 . Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( edit ) In 1975 , Richman moved to California to record as a solo singer / songwriter with Beserkley Records . His first released recordings appeared on 1975 's Beserkley Chartbusters compilation , where he was backed by members of Earth Quake and the Rubinoos ; these four songs also appeared on singles on the independent Beserkley label . In January 1976 , Richman put together a new version of the Modern Lovers , which included original Modern Lovers drummer , David Robinson , along with former Rubinoos bassist Greg ' Curly ' Keranen and Leroy Radcliffe on guitar . The albums produced by the new group found Richman turning away from electric rock music towards gentler acoustic textures , with a strong rooting in 1950s rock and roll ( Chuck Berry 's `` Back in the USA '' was part of his repertoire ) . The album Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers was released in May 1976 ( three months before the earlier The Modern Lovers sessions were finally released ) but David Robinson left the group soon thereafter , due to frustration with Richman 's quest for lower volume levels , and joined with Ric Ocasek in forming the band the Cars . After several months as a trio , Richman found a new drummer , D. Sharpe , an avant - garde jazz player on the Boston scene , who later went on to become a member of pianist Carla Bley 's band . Rock and Roll with the Modern Lovers was released in 1977 and , just as this record began to climb the charts in Europe , Keranen left the group ( to attend college ) . A subsequent live album , Modern Lovers Live , was released in 1978 , with Asa Brebner on bass . Jonathan Richman , live at the Soft Rock Cafe , Kitsilano , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ( 1983 ) In the United Kingdom , Richman was recognised as a progenitor of the punk rock scene , and several of his singles became hits . `` Roadrunner '' reached Number 11 in the UK Singles Chart , and its follow - up , the instrumental `` Egyptian Reggae '' , made Number 5 in late 1977 . `` Egyptian Reggae '' was a version of Jamaican musician Earl Zero 's reggae song `` None Shall Escape the Judgment '' ; Zero was credited as co-writer on Richman 's later versions of the track . Back in Your Life was released in 1979 under the `` Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers '' moniker , but only about half the disc featured a backup band . The rest was solo work . Solo ( edit ) Richman singing solo in 2014 Following the Modern Lovers ' final breakup , Richman went on sabbatical for a few years , staying in Appleton , Maine , and playing at local bars in Belfast , Maine . He returned to recording in 1983 with Jonathan Sings ! , followed by Rockin ' and Romance ( produced by Andy Paley and engineered by Daniel Levitin ) . These were followed up with US tours and a brace of pop recordings ( It 's Time for Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers , and Modern Lovers 88 from 1986 and 1988 respectively ) . After the latter release , the `` Modern Lovers '' moniker was finally retired , and having begun a true solo career , he returned to a variety of musical genres : country music with 1990 's Jonathan Goes Country , and Spanish translations of his earlier work ( as well as traditional Spanish language songs ) with Jonathan , Te Vas a Emocionar ! ( 1993 ) . In 1993 , he contributed the track `` Hot Nights '' to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Always possessing an ardent cult following , Richman has become better known in recent years thanks to a series of appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien . Another major profile boost was a key part in the Farrelly Brothers ' 1998 film There 's Something About Mary , where he played half of a two - man Greek chorus with drummer Tommy Larkins , that commented on the plot while performing in the framed action itself . He also appeared briefly in a bar scene in a previous Farrelly Brothers film , Kingpin , and performed the song `` As We Walk to Fenway Park '' for their 2005 comedy , Fever Pitch . Richman has continued his release schedule all along , with You Must Ask the Heart ( 1995 ) , Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) , I 'm So Confused ( 1998 ) , Her Mystery Not of High Heels and Eye Shadow ( 2001 ) , and Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) . In 1998 a live album of Modern Lovers recordings from the early 1970s was released , Live at the Long Branch & More . There is also a DVD of a live performance , Take me to the Plaza ( 2002 ) . Richman 's minimalist songwriting style has been described as whimsical and childlike . He himself has stated , `` I do n't write , really . I just make up songs . '' Richman frequently tours with drummer Tommy Larkins . Personal Life ( edit ) His first marriage was to Gail Clook of Vermont , in 1983 , with whom he has a daughter , Jenny Rae . This marriage ended in divorce sometime shortly before the release of Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) . In 2003 , Richman married Nicole Montalbano of Chico , California . She contributed backing vocals to the album Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) . Influence ( edit ) Richman in Barcelona , 2009 Richman 's work with the first incarnation of Modern Lovers is a major influence on punk rock . One critic called him the `` Godfather of Punk '' . Artists as diverse as the Sex Pistols and Joan Jett have covered `` Roadrunner '' . Boston ska - punk band Big D and the Kids Table have covered `` New England '' live and on their Gypsy Hill EP . A version of `` Pablo Picasso '' performed by Burning Sensations was included in the 1984 cult film , Repo Man . David Bowie covered `` Pablo Picasso '' on his album Reality . Velvet Underground founding member John Cale has a version of the song on his 1975 album , Helen of Troy , and continues to include the song in his live shows . Iggy Pop has performed `` Pablo Picasso '' live and wrote an extra verse for it . Echo and the Bunnymen covered `` She Cracked '' in concert in 1984 and 1985 and Siouxsie and the Banshees have a version of the song on Downside Up . Richman 's music has set the tone for many alternative rock bands , such as Violent Femmes , Galaxie 500 , They Might Be Giants ( `` Roadrunner '' reportedly inspired John Flansburgh to become a musician ) , Weezer , Tullycraft , Jens Lekman , singer Frank Black ( who composed the tribute song `` The Man Who Was Too Loud '' ) , Brandon Flowers , Art Brut , Craig Finn of the Hold Steady & Lifter Puller , Mac DeMarco and Nerf Herder who composed a song about him , titled `` Jonathan '' , which appeared on the band 's second album How To Meet Girls . British country rock band the Rockingbirds released the single `` Jonathan , Jonathan '' in tribute to Richman in 1992 . The Silos also covered the Modern Lovers ' `` I 'm Straight '' . As a producer himself , Richman and drummer Tommy Larkins produced Vic Chesnutt 's final album Skitter on Take - Off in 2009 which appeared on Vapor Records . Chesnutt opened for Richman at concerts many times during his later years . `` Roadrunner '' is on the School of Rock soundtrack . In the commentary , director Richard Linklater mentions it is often called `` the first punk song '' and wanted to include it for that reason , along with all the other seminal rock songs in that film . A tribute album , If I Were a Richman : a Tribute to the Music of Jonathan Richman , was released by Wampus Multimedia in 2001 . Rapper M.I.A. featured the opening lyrics from `` Roadrunner '' in the song `` Bamboo Banga '' on her 2007 album , Kala . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Jonathan Richman in Tokyo , sometime in the 80 's Ann Arbor , Michigan The Modern Lovers ( edit ) The Modern Lovers ( 1976 ) Modern Lovers ' Live ' ( 1978 ) The Original Modern Lovers ( 1981 ) Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( edit ) Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers ( 1976 ) Rock ' n ' Roll with the Modern Lovers ( 1977 ) UK # 50 Back in Your Life ( 1979 ) Jonathan Sings ! ( 1983 ) Rockin ' and Romance ( 1985 ) It 's Time For ( 1986 ) Modern Lovers 88 ( 1987 ) The Best Of Jonathan Richman & the Modern Lovers ( 1999 ) Jonathan Richman ( edit ) Jonathan Richman ( 1989 ) Jonathan Goes Country ( 1990 ) Having a Party with Jonathan Richman ( 1991 ) I , Jonathan ( 1992 ) ¡ Jonathan , Te Vas a Emocionar ! ( 1994 ) You Must Ask the Heart ( 1995 ) Surrender to Jonathan ( 1996 ) I 'm So Confused ( 1998 ) Radio On / Stop And Shop with the Modern Lovers ( 2 on 1 ) ( 1998 ) Her Mystery Not of High Heels and Eye Shadow ( 2001 ) Not So Much to Be Loved as to Love ( 2004 ) Revolution Summer ( 2007 ) Because Her Beauty Is Raw and Wild ( 2008 ) ¿ A qué venimos sino a caer ? ( 2008 ) O Moon , Queen of Night on Earth ( 2010 ) Ishkode ! Ishkode ! ( 2016 ) Live albums ( edit ) Modern Lovers ' Live ' ( 1977 ) Live at the Longbranch Saloon ( 1992 ) Precise Modern Lovers Order ( 1994 ) Live at the Longbranch and More ( 1998 ) ( These last three live albums are from the same three 1971 - 3 performances , but add and subtract a few different songs . The last two , combined , contain all the songs . ) Compilations ( edit ) Alternate versions of `` Roadrunner '' and `` Government Center '' , along with `` The New Teller '' , and `` It Will Stand '' , first appeared on the Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1 compilation ( 1975 ) `` I 'm Straight '' and `` Government Center '' , from the Modern Lovers ' Kim Fowley - produced Beserkley sessions , first appeared on the Warner Bros. Records compilation Troublemakers ( 1980 ) `` I Like Gumby '' ; On the Gumby compilation album -- Jonathan Richman 1993 , contributed `` Hot Nights '' ( live ) to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Performs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' on the 2002 Kinks tribute album This Is Where I Belong . Action Packed : The Best Of Jonathan Richman ( 2002 ) `` The Origin of Love '' on Wig in a Box ( 2003 ) `` Our Dog Is Getting Older Now '' on the charity album Colours Are Brighter ( October 2006 ) Think About Mustapha ( 2 songs ) ( 1994 ) No Me Quejo De Mi Estrella ( 2014 ) Singles ( edit ) US issues except where stated `` Roadrunner '' / `` It Will Stand '' ( United Artists UP36006 , 1975 ) `` Roadrunner '' / ( `` Friday on My Mind '' by Earth Quake ) ( Beserkley B - 4701 , 1976 ) `` Roadrunner ( Once ) '' / `` Roadrunner ( Twice ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 1 , UK , 1976 ) UK # 11 `` Roadrunner '' / `` Pablo Picasso '' ( Beserkley PA - 205 , 1976 ) `` New England '' / `` Here Come The Martian Martians '' ( Beserkley B - 5743 , 1976 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Ice Cream Man '' ( Beserkley 6.12 217 , 1977 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Rollercoaster by the Sea '' ( Beserkley BZZ 2 , UK , 1977 ) UK # 5 `` The Morning of Our Lives ( Live ) '' / `` Roadrunner ( Thrice ) ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 7 , UK , 1977 ) UK # 29 `` New England ( Live ) '' / `` Astral Plane ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley BZZ 14 , UK , 1978 ) `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' / `` Astral Plane ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley 11813 , 1978 ) `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' / `` Oh Carol '' ( Beserkley BZZ 19 , UK , 1978 ) `` Buzz , Buzz , Buzz '' / `` Abdul and Cleopatra '' ( Beserkley 6.12 311 , 1978 ) `` Buzz , Buzz , Buzz '' / `` Hospital ( Live ) '' ( BZZ 25 , UK , 1978 ) `` My Little Kookenhaken '' / `` Roadrunner ( Thrice ) ( Live ) '' ( Beserkley 11819 , 1978 ) `` South American Folk Song ( Live ) '' / `` Ice Cream Man ( Live ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Lydia '' / `` Important in Your Life '' ( BZZ 28 , UK , 1979 ) `` That Summer Feeling '' / `` This Kind of Music '' ( 1984 ) `` That Summer Feeling '' / `` This Kind of Music '' / `` Tag Game '' ( Rough Trade RTT 152 , UK , 1984 ) `` I 'm Just Beginning To Live '' / `` Circle I '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Just Beginning To Live '' / `` Circle I '' / `` Shirin and Fahrad '' ( Rough Trade RTT 154 , UK , 1985 ) `` California Desert Party '' / `` When Harpo Played His Harp '' ( DRD 1D474 , Spain , 1988 ) `` Egyptian Reggae '' / `` Roadrunner '' ( 1989 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ASCAP records for Jonathan Richman Archived November 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2000 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 5th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Mojo Books . pp. 814 -- 815 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 017 - 3 . Jump up ^ Henriquez , Ryan S. `` Concert review at '' . Popmatters.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Beeber , The Heebie - Jeebies at CBGB 's : A Secret History of Jewish Punk , Chicago Review Press , 2008 , pp. 49 - 62 Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 462 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals by Arnold Rypens '' . Originals.be . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` View topic -- Egyptian Reggae -- Jonathan Richman video clip ! '' . Blood and Fire . May 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World on a String '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Jonathan Richman Synthesis Weekly '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of Peter Montalbano - aqw03. htm '' . Montalbano.org . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CN&R > Music > ' 2 big sets , 2 big nights ' > 01.30. 03 '' . Newsreview.com . January 30 , 2003 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brilliant Careers : Jonathan Richman '' Archived February 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon , September 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Modern Lovers ' Live ' , Modern Lovers , Beserkley `` Home of the Hits '' , Stereo , JBZ - 0055 , 1978 ^ Jump up to : http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/jonathan%20richman%20%26%20the%20modern%20lovers/ Further reading ( edit ) Tim Mitchell , There 's Something About Jonathan , London : Peter Owen Publishers , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 7206 - 1076 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Richman . Jonathan Richman on IMDb Jojo Blog -- long running community - authored blog www.icecoldnugrape.com -- Lots of live recordings of rare songs not found on studio albums VIAF : 1534361 LCCN : n93019544 ISNI : 0000 0000 8050 0558 GND : 123189314 SUDOC : 14559520X BNF : cb13957291j ( data ) MusicBrainz : bae34b81 - 9abd - 416e - a720 - fedc359df775 NKC : pna2012686429 IATH : w6c84zgc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Richman&oldid=814685112 '' Categories : 1951 births American male singers American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers Jewish American musicians Living people Natick High School alumni People from Natick , Massachusetts Protopunk musicians Rough Trade Records artists Singers from Massachusetts Sire Records artists Songwriters from Massachusetts The Modern Lovers members Jews in punk rock Guitarists from Massachusetts People from Knox County , Maine Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 08 : 27 . 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1. Jonathan Richman - American singer, songwriter, and guitarist 2. The Modern Lovers - influential proto-punk band 3. Solo career - acoustic and electric music 4. Influence on punk rock and alternative rock 5. Discography - studio albums, live albums, and singles

where is villanova and is it a catholic school

Villanova University - Wikipedia Villanova University Jump to : navigation , search Villanova University <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Latin : Universitas Villanovana Former names Augustinian College of Villanova ( 1842 -- 1845 ) Villanova College ( until 1953 ) Motto Veritas , Unitas , Caritas ( Latin ) Motto in English Truth , Unity , Charity Type Private Established 1842 Affiliation Roman Catholic ( Augustinian ) Endowment $645 million ( 2017 ) President Peter M. Donohue Academic staff 545 Administrative staff 2,000 Students 10,842 ( Fall 2016 ) Undergraduates 6,999 ( Fall 2016 ) Postgraduates 3,843 ( Fall 2016 ) Location Villanova , Pennsylvania , U.S. Campus Suburban , 254 acres ( 1.03 km ) Colors Blue and White Athletics NCAA Division I -- Big East , CAA Philadelphia Big 5 Nickname Wildcats Affiliations ACCU NAICU PCRC Mascot Will D. Cat Website www.villanova.edu <Td_colspan="2"> Villanova University is a private research university located in Radnor Township , a suburb northwest of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in the United States . Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova , the school is the oldest Catholic university in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1842 by the Order of Saint Augustine , the university traces its roots to old Saint Augustine 's Church , Philadelphia , which the Augustinian friars founded in 1796 , and to its parish school , Saint Augustine 's Academy , which was established in 1811 . U.S. News & World Report ranks Villanova as tied for the 46th best National University in the U.S. for 2018 . The university is a member of the Augustinian Secondary Education Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus 2.1 Main campus 2.2 West Campus 2.3 South Campus 3 Academics 3.1 University rankings 3.2 Admissions 4 Student life 4.1 Charity and community service organizations 4.2 Greek life 4.2. 1 Sororities 4.2. 2 Fraternities 4.2. 3 Service fraternity 4.3 Villanova Emergency Medical Service 4.4 Campus publications and media 4.5 NROTC 4.6 Music activities 5 Athletics 5.1 Men 's basketball 5.2 Football 5.3 Men 's lacrosse 5.4 Women 's cross country 5.5 Track and field 6 Traditions 6.1 The University Seal 6.2 The Liberty Bell 's `` Sister Bell '' 6.3 Campus myths 7 Alumni 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Villanova College in 1849 In October 1841 , two Augustinian friars from Saint Augustine 's Church in Philadelphia purchased the 200 - acre ( 81 ha ) `` Belle Air '' estate in Radnor Township with the intention of starting a school . The school , which was called the `` Augustinian College of Villanova '' , opened in 1842 . However , the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of 1844 that burned Saint Augustine 's Church in Philadelphia caused financial difficulties for the Augustinians , and the college was closed in February 1845 . The college reopened in 1846 and graduated its first class in 1847 . In March 1848 , the governor of Pennsylvania incorporated the school and gave it the power to grant degrees . In 1859 , the first master 's degree was conferred on a student . In 1857 , the school closed again as the demand for priests in Philadelphia prevented adequate staffing , and the crisis of the Panic of 1857 strained the school financially . The school remained closed throughout the Civil War and reopened in September 1865 ; since then it has operated continuously . Its prep department later moved to Malvern , a town along the Main Line , and is still run by the order . Corr Hall from The Grotto The School of Technology was established in 1905 . In 1915 , a two - year pre-medical program was established to help students meet medical schools ' new requirements . This led to a four - year pre-medical program , the B.S. in biology , and the founding of the sciences division in 1926 . Villanova was all - male until 1918 , when the college began evening classes to educate nuns to teach in parochial schools . In 1938 , a laywoman received a Villanova degree for the first time . It was not until the nursing school opened in 1953 that women permanently began attending Villanova full - time . In 1958 , the College of Engineering admitted its first female student ; other colleges admitted women only as commuters . Villanova University became fully coeducational in 1968 . During World War II , Villanova was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V - 12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission . After World War II , Villanova expanded , returning veterans swelling enrollments and the faculty growing fourfold . Additional facilities were built , and in 1953 , the College of Nursing and the School of Law were established . Villanova achieved university status on November 18 , 1953 . Between 1954 and 1963 , 10 new buildings were built or bought on land adjacent to the campus , including Bartley , Mendel , and Dougherty Halls . During the 1970s and 1980s , Villanova worked to become a nationally recognized university . The quality of faculty and students improved dramatically and international studies programs were introduced . Additional residential and recreational facilities were constructed , and efforts to increase the endowment were undertaken . In the 1980s , endowed chairs were established in theology , philosophy , engineering , and business ; scholarship funding was increased , and the curriculum expanded and improved . An extensive building campaign created facilities for the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences , Engineering , Commerce , and Finance , as well as student residences on the south and the west campuses . In 1985 , the school also won the Men 's NCAA basketball tournament , giving the school increased national exposure . Over the history of the university , it has also served as a headquarters of the Order of Saint Augustine in North America , and has provided staff to establish Catholic high schools throughout the United States , such as St. Augustine High School in San Diego , which was established in 1922 with teaching staff dispatched from Villanova . Campus ( edit ) St. Thomas of Villanova Chapel , on the Villanova University campus Villanova University sits on 254 acres ( 1.03 km ) just 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Center City Philadelphia . The campus has roughly 1,500 trees . The campus was formerly known as Arboretum Villanova , but its status as an official arboretum was revoked after the university failed to meet rules and standards such as planting enough new trees and offering tours . There are three named areas on the campus , all within easy walking distance : Main Campus contains most of the educational buildings , administration buildings , Student Center , Library , Bookstore , the Villanova Chapel , the main cafeteria and a variety of coffee shops and eateries , the Athletic Center , the Pavilion , Villanova Stadium , and many sophomore student residences . West Campus contains the Law School , St. Mary 's hall ( a large building for single housing , a cafeteria , classrooms , indoor swimming pool , market , etc . ) some administrative buildings , and housing for juniors as well as some seniors who are permitted to live on campus . Also included are basketball and tennis courts , soccer fields , volleyball courts and barbecue pits . The SEPTA Paoli / Thorndale station -- Villanova is also here . There is also the Law School parking garage in addition to apartment parking . South Campus contains six freshman residence halls , Donohue Court ( South Campus Cafeteria ) and Donohue Market ( South Campus Market ) . The Norristown High Speed Line has a stop right behind Stanford Hall . Main campus ( edit ) A panoramic view of the Main Campus in early spring The most prominent campus feature is St. Thomas of Villanova Church , whose dual spires are the university 's tallest structure . The cornerstone was laid in 1883 , and construction ended in 1887 . Built in the Gothic Revival style , the church was renovated in 1943 and 1992 . The church lies at the head of the path crossing Lancaster Avenue into the parking lots and toward South Campus . It is a popular meeting place for students , and hosts three student - oriented masses on Sunday nights at 5 : 30 , 7 , and 9 p.m. The church is home to St. Thomas of Villanova Parish , whose Masses take place Sunday morning . The stained - glass windows of the church depict the life of St. Augustine of Hippo . St. Thomas of Villanova Monastery Behind the Church is Mendel Field , around which sit six major campus buildings : Mendel Hall , named for pioneering geneticist and Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel , holds science labs , lecture halls , and other facilities . Its two large buildings are connected underground and by a second - floor indoor bridge that forms the gateway between West and Main Campus . In 1998 , the college commissioned a 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) bronze sculpture of Mendel by Philadelphia sculptor James Peniston , and installed it outside the hall 's entrance . Tolentine Hall , one of the oldest buildings on campus , houses classrooms , academic offices such as the Registrar 's Office and the Office of the President , and computer labs , and is connected to Villanova 's monastery , St. Thomas Hall . Tolentine Hall was formerly called Mendel Hall before the construction of the new Mendel Hall , as it was the former home of the various science departments , a fact which ultimately led to the building partially burning down more than once as a result of experiments gone wrong . White Hall , consisting mainly of classrooms and laboratories , is connected to the Chemical Engineering Building , which was built in 1947 . Ironically , White Hall has an almost entirely black exterior . Falvey Hall , or `` Old Falvey '' , is the annex of the Falvey Memorial Library , named for Rev. Daniel Falvey who served as librarian from 1940 until his death in 1962 . It is home to some classrooms in the Art History and Education departments as well as some offices , along with the Augustinian Heritage Institute , and the Matthew J. Ryan Center . `` Old Falvey '' was home to the writing center and Math Learning Resource Center ( MLRC ) until both centers moved into Falvey Memorial Library 's renovated second floor during the 2012 -- 2013 academic year . `` Old Falvey '' is also home to a recently renovated reading room , which opened in the 2016 -- 2017 academic year . John Barry Hall , named for naval officer Commodore John Barry , houses the Navy ROTC Program . To the west of the Church , the Center for Engineering Education and Research ( CEER ) , which opened in 1998 , holds engineering labs , engineering classrooms , an engineering computer lab , an auditorium hall for projections and slideshows , and a Holy Grounds , which is the name of Villanova 's coffee shops . Slightly east of Mendel Field sits the Grotto , a landscaped haven between Falvey Library and two residence halls : Alumni Hall , home to the Service Learning Community ; and Corr Hall , the location of the Center for Peace and Justice Studies and a small residence hall . Often home to outdoor masses and other large gatherings , the Grotto used to include a statue depicting Our Lady of Good Counsel and plaques dedicated to the veterans of World War II and the Vietnam War , but these were moved to a new location between St. Rita 's Hall and Austin Hall , two residence halls across from Alumni Hall that also house the Campus Ministry Office and University Admissions Office , respectively , during the 2012 -- 2013 academic year . Falvey Library , the campus 's main research library , houses over 1,000,000 books , thousands of periodicals , television production studios , and quiet places for solitary or group study , as well as the campus 's writing center and Math Learning Resource Center , which moved from `` Old Falvey '' to the renovated second floor of the library during the 2012 -- 2013 academic year . Behind Falvey Library is the Saint Augustine Center for Liberal Arts , commonly called `` SAC '' , which is home to many departments in the College of Liberal Arts , numerous offices , several seminar - type classrooms , and the Advising and Professional Development Program . East of Corr Hall sits Kennedy Hall , named for the late President John F. Kennedy and the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy ( both of whom spoke at Villanova commencement ceremonies ) , which houses the University Shop , the campus bookstore , as well as the Office of Residence Life , the Bursar 's Office , the Office of Financial Aid , and the Main Campus mailroom . Across a small courtyard is Dougherty Hall , the campus 's main dining hall , referred to as `` The Pit '' because of its underground location , one of three all - you - can - eat facilities on campus . Dougherty also houses several smaller eateries and many Student Activity Offices . Next to Kennedy is Connelly Center with its radically different architecture resembling an alpine ski lodge , containing : the Belle Aire Terrace , which serves a variety of food ; several meeting rooms ; areas for group study ; the Commuter Student Lounge on the upper level ; another lounge on the lower level , the campus cinema ( movie theater ) ; a large conference room ; a smoothie shop ; and a Holy Grounds location . Between the dining halls of Dougherty and the meeting halls of Connelly is `` The Oreo '' . A large white - and - black sculpture by Jay Dugan , some of the major campus celebrations have occurred in its circular shadow -- including celebratory vandalism in the wake of the 1985 NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship . Sitting just west of The Quad , The Awakening ( as it is officially known ) has served as a meeting place in the heart of the campus for generations of Villanovans . Still further east , there is `` The Quad '' where there lies a square formation between two dormitories , Sheehan Hall and Sullivan Hall . Bartley Hall , home to the Villanova School of Business is the last building before Ithan Avenue , which is where main campus ends . Bartley is adjacent to another entrance to Main Campus , at the intersection of Lancaster Avenue and Ithan Avenue . Behind Bartley Hall are two new buildings : The Health Services Building , home to the Counseling and Medical Centers ; and Driscoll Hall , home to the College of Nursing . On the south side of Lancaster avenue sits south main campus . Currently a major building project is in process here . A new parking garage has just been opened ( January 2017 ) and there are plans to build a bridge over Lancaster Avenue connecting more efficiently south and main campus , senior housing is also being built here and is expected to be finished by the summer of 2019 . West campus ( edit ) Situated across the SEPTA tracks north and west of Mendel hall is West Campus : home to St. Mary 's Hall , the West Campus Apartments , and the Law School . St. Mary 's , a labyrinthine building of classrooms , residence rooms , a cafeteria , and large chapel , was originally built as a seminary , and was once home to the College of Nursing . St. Mary 's also houses many of the undergraduate student performing arts groups . Behind St. Mary 's sit the Apartments -- eight buildings that house junior and senior resident students . A small Augustinian residence , Burns Hall , also sits on West Campus and is the home to the University president . Picotte Hall at Dundale , a historic mansion on the grounds of a former estate , lies just beyond Burns Hall at the far end of West Campus and is home to University Advancement , the school 's phone - a-thon , and several other university offices . In addition to the student dormitories in St. Mary 's Hall , West Campus is home to the following residence halls : Farley Hall Galen Hall Jackson Hall Klekotka Hall Moulden Hall Rudolph Hall St. Clare Hall Welsh Hall One of three commuter train stops on campus , the Villanova Rail Station on the Paoli / Thorndale Line provides access to the city of Philadelphia , about 30 minutes away . South campus ( edit ) Sitting diagonally across Lancaster Ave. and Ithan Ave. from Bartley Hall , South Campus is home to several residence halls -- usually reserved for underclassmen -- and Donahue Hall , home to `` The Spit '' , short for `` South Pit '' . Donahue hall also houses Donahue Market , commonly referred to by students as `` The Sparket '' . The South Campus residence halls are : Stanford Hall Good Counsel Hall Katharine Hall Caughlin Hall St. Monica Hall Mcguire Hall The second and third of three on - campus train stops , the Villanova stop and the Stadium stop on the Norristown High Speed Line provides access to the city of Philadelphia , about 30 minutes away . Academics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> College / school founding College / school Year founded <Td_colspan="2"> Business 1922 Engineering 1905 Law 1953 Liberal Arts and Sciences 1842 Nursing 1953 ProfessionalStudies 2014 University Rankings ( edit ) U.S. News & World Report ranks Villanova as tied for the 46th best National University in the U.S. for 2018 . For more than a decade , Villanova University had been ranked No. 1 by U.S. News & World Report in the Best Masters Universities - category , Northern Region , a ranking for schools which offer undergraduate and masters programs but few doctoral programs . U.S. News and World Report in 2016 also ranked Villanova as 2nd for `` Best Value Schools '' and 4th for `` Best Undergraduate Teaching '' in the Best Masters Universities - category , Northern Region , and ranked the engineering school No. 11 among all national undergraduate engineering programs whose highest degree is a masters . The Villanova School of Business is ranked No. 1 in the U.S. in Bloomberg Businessweek ' s 2016 rankings of undergraduate business schools , and No. 29 in the Financial Times ' ranking of top executive MBA programs . Villanova University School of Law is ranked tied for 65th among all U.S. law schools by the 2019 edition of U.S. News & World Report 's `` Best Law Schools . '' However , in 2011 it was determined that admissions staff had engaged in inflating reported LSAT scores for admitted students . According to the ABA , these infractions were enough to justify a removal of the school 's accreditation , however the quick response to the issue by the University resulted only in a censure of the school . In December 2006 , PC Magazine and The Princeton Review ranked Villanova No. 1 in its review of top `` wired colleges '' in the United States . The College of Nursing has been designated a Center of Excellence in Nursing Education by the National League for Nursing in 2004 and again in 2007 . Villanova 's Master 's program in Psychology was ranked among the top 10 Master 's - only departments ( 95th percentile ) in the United States and Canada with regard to research productivity . As of 2016 , the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has elevated Villanova to the Doctoral Universities , Moderate Research category from the Master 's Colleges and Universities category . As a result , Villanova appeared in the National Universities category in the U.S. News & World Report rankings for the first time in fall 2016 . Admissions ( edit ) Admission to Villanova is rated as `` very selective '' by the College Board . For Fall 2018 , Villanova received 22,727 freshmen applications ; 6,545 were admitted ( 28.8 % ) for a class of 1670 . The middle 50 % GPA range : 4.10 -- 4.48 on a weighted 4.00 scale . The middle 50 % SAT scores of the recently admitted class : 1380 - 1490 / 1600 , ACT : 32 -- 34 / 36 . Admissions Intel , March 21 , 2018 ( citing statements from Admissions Director Michael Gaynor ) . Student life ( edit ) Villanova 's student organizations include standard club sports , cultural organizations , Greek - letter fraternities and sororities , and more . Villanova students participate in charitable and philanthropic activities and organizations , including the largest student - run Special Olympics in the world . Charity and community service organizations ( edit ) Being a Roman Catholic Augustinian school , the University has an active Campus Ministry . Campus Ministry touches every aspect of University life through prayer , liturgy , community service , and pastoral care . Campus Ministry encourages all to integrate personal faith into the academic and social environment of the University . Campus Ministry promotes the Augustinian ideal of an intellectual community seeking both wisdom and a fuller spiritual life . The annual Special Olympics Fall Festival at Villanova University is the largest and most successful student - run Special Olympics in the world . It draws more than 1,000 athletes and 400 coaches from 44 Pennsylvania counties . Athletes may advance through the festival to regional and international competition . Students apply to be a part of the 82 - volunteer planning committee , which works for more than nine months alongside Special Olympics Pennsylvania ( SOPA ) , which oversees more than 300 events statewide . The event is put on with the aid of some 2,500 student volunteers and more than 1,000 other volunteers from the Villanova community . The Villanova University community is noted for its participation in Habitat for Humanity In 2004 , Villanova had more participants in the Habitat for Humanity Collegiate Challenge than any other U.S. university . Villanova 's School of Engineering maintains a student chapter of Engineers Without Borders , a non-profit organization that focuses on helping to improve the living conditions of communities worldwide . Villanova EWB is one of the fasting growing student organizations on campus , expanding from a mere handful of engineering students in the spring of 2006 to a current membership of approximately 75 students in multi-disciplinary programs . The chapter 's inaugural project was to design and build a playground for a grade school in New Orleans following the tragic events of Hurricane Katrina . Villanova EWB was the only student organization to win an award from the regional Project Management Institute , receiving an Honorable Mention from PMI for project of the year . The most recent project involved designing and building a water treatment and distribution system which provided an orphanage and surrounding villages in northern Thailand with drinking water and irrigation for their crops . There are also plans for a variety of projects in the Philadelphia area , including K - 12 outreach programs , as well as many more international projects . The Blue Key Society consists of around 200 volunteer campus tour guides who work with the Admissions Office to give three tours each weekday , various special tours as needed and selected weekend tours throughout the school year . Formerly known as Project Sunshine , The Office of Community Service , commonly called `` Rays of Sunshine '' , is a student - led community service organization dedicated to reaching out to all kinds of communities with kindness and compassion . Through tutoring , mentoring , or visiting the elderly , sick , and disabled , Rays of Sunshine works to `` bring some sunshine '' into the lives of others . Greek life ( edit ) Roughly 30 % of Villanova students identify with one of eleven fraternities , twelve sororities , and one service fraternity . There are no fraternity or sorority houses on - campus . The first Greek organization at the school was established in 1902 as a social organization and circle of individuals interested in classical studies . The oldest Greek organization still on campus is the Sigma Nu Fraternity , whose Kappa Zeta chapter grew out of the former local Zeta Rho fraternity , founded in 1969 . Zeta Rho gave way to the Kappa Zeta Chapter of Sigma Nu Fraternity in 1983 . Sororities ( edit ) National Panhellenic Conference Sororities Alpha Gamma Delta Alpha Chi Omega Alpha Phi Delta Delta Delta Delta Gamma Kappa Delta Kappa Kappa Gamma Pi Beta Phi Chi Omega National Pan-Hellenic Council Sororities Alpha Kappa Alpha Delta Sigma Theta National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations Sorority Lambda Theta Alpha National APIA Panhellenic Association Sorority Sigma Psi Zeta Fraternities ( edit ) North - American Interfraternity Conference Fraternities Beta Theta Pi Delta Tau Delta Lambda Chi Alpha Pi Kappa Phi Phi Delta Theta Phi Sigma Kappa Sigma Chi Sigma Nu Sigma Phi Epsilon National Pan-Hellenic Council Fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi Omega Psi Phi National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations Fraternity Phi Iota Alpha La Unidad Latina , Lambda Upsilon Lambda Service fraternity ( edit ) The Sigma Eta chapter of Alpha Phi Omega , whose motto is `` Leadership , Friendship , and Service '' , meets weekly on Villanova 's campus to plan service projects on and off campus , including school cleanups through Philly Cares Day , working at soup kitchens and tutoring children in Math and Science at Philadelphia public schools . Villanova Emergency Medical service ( edit ) Villanova Emergency Medical Service ( VEMS ) , is a student - run ambulance service licensed and dedicated to serving the campus community . VEMS membership consists of more than 40 undergraduate student volunteers ; the majority of whom are certified as Emergency Medical Technicians , volunteering more than 25,000 hours annually . Villanova is one of only a handful of colleges to provide EMS services to their campus , and one of only 52 who provide emergency response and transport to at least the Basic Life Support ( BLS ) Level . VEMS has been recognized on a national level multiple times by the National Collegiate EMS Foundation ( NCEMSF ) , specifically being named 2001 Campus Organization of the Year and receiving EMS website of the year in 2000 , 2004 , and 2006 . Their skills competition team also placed in second at the 2011 Annual Physio - Control BLS Skills Competition . The team consisted of Capt . William Pandos , Lt. Christopher Cahill , Lt. John Skinner , Treasurer Philip Walker , EMT Erin Mack , and EMT Kyle Lewis . VEMS hosted the second annual NCEMSF Conference in 1995 as well as the twelfth annual conference in Philadelphia in 2005 . Campus publications and media ( edit ) The Villanovan has been an officially recognized and accredited student newspaper since its founding in 1916 . The university 's newspaper of record , the tabloid - sized weekly usually produces 12 issues per semester , at 6,500 copies per issue . The paper 's awards include 2nd Place for Tabloid Feature Cover from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association 's Collegiate Circle ( 2007 ) ; Certificate of Merit for Editorial Writing from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association 's Collegiate Circle ( 2007 ) ; Certificate of Merit for portfolio of work in the Feature Photograph category from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association 's Collegiate Circle ( 2007 ) ; Pennsylvania Newspaper Association 's Keystone Award for Best Feature Story ; and 1st Place with Special Merit and Outstanding Sports Coverage from the American Scholastic Press Association . The Villanova Times , the independent bi-weekly student newspaper , won the Collegiate Network Award for Layout and Design in 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 and 2008 -- 09 . WVTV is the student - run campus television station . Starting in 1999 as the Villanova TV Production Club , the station produces news , events , films and other programming for the Villanova community , and can be seen on the campus television network . WXVU , the FCC - licensed student - operated FM radio station , operates at 89.1 megahertz . With an output of 75 watts , WXVU can be heard for 8 miles ( 13 km ) around the campus and globally via the internet at http://tunein.com/radio/WXVU-891-s24085/ . Since 1991 , the station has offered a varied program of music , news , sports , public affairs , and specialty programming . WXVU is the successor to WKVU / WWVU , the university - sponsored student - run carrier - current station organized in 1946 by a group of electrical engineering students who had served in World War II as radio operators . POLIS Literary Magazine , a student publication printed once a semester by the Villanova University Honors Program , features writing and artwork by Villanova students and professors . Each issue features creative nonfiction , poetry , short fiction , and black - and - white photography focusing on a central theme . Each issue also features articles on literature , entertainment , and dining . Concept is an interdisciplinary journal of graduate studies sponsored by the Graduate Division of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences . NROTC ( edit ) Villanova NROTC is part of the Philadelphia NROTC Consortium ; consisting of Villanova University and the University of Pennsylvania ( including the cross town agreements with Drexel and Temple University ) . Located in Commodore John Barry Hall , the NROTC has been a part of the University since immediately after World War II . The battalion consists of more than 100 Navy and Marine Corps midshipmen under the advisement of a staff of Navy and Marine Corps officers and senior enlisted members . Midshipmen in the Villanova NROTC program are required to take specific Navy and Marine Corps classes , wear their service 's uniform on Tuesdays , attend physical training events , participate in extra-curricular programs that range from sports teams to rifle - shooting , and adhere to the basic premise that `` a midshipman does not lie , cheat , or steal '' . Since its inception in the summer of 1946 , the NROTC unit on campus has produced 22 Admirals and Generals in the United States Navy and Marine Corps . At one point , there had only been two four - star generals in the U.S. Marine Corps , one of them the Commandant of the Marine Corps , and they had both been graduates of Villanova NROTC . In 2004 , the commanders of both U.S. Naval Forces Atlantic ( Admiral William J. Fallon ) and U.S. Naval Forces Pacific ( Admiral Walter F. Doran ) were Villanova NROTC graduates . Admiral Fallon was later assigned as Commander , U.S. Central Command from March 2007 to March 2008 . ADM Fallon was the first Navy officer to hold that position . Music Activities ( edit ) Villanova University is without a formal music department ; therefore , the Office of Music Activities is charged with the organization of the student performing arts groups on campus . Due to the lack of a music department , student musicians are from every school in the university . Nearly 10 % of the student body participates in various music related organizations . The Villanova Band is the largest and oldest musical group at Villanova with over 372 members . The Villanova Band has five divisions : the Concert Band , the Scramble Band , the Pep Band , the Jazz Ensemble , and the Villanova Orchestra . The Concert Band plays one concert at the end of each semester . It also performs throughout the Villanova community and on its annual `` Fall Tour . '' The Scramble Band performs for Villanova Football games between plays and at halftime on the field . The Villanova Pep Band performs at Villanova Men 's and Women 's Basketball games , including post-season games such as the Big East Tournament . The Jazz Ensemble and Orchestra has end - of - semester concerts and performs around the Philadelphia area several times a year . The band is made up of students of every school within Villanova . The second - largest musical group at Villanova , the Pastoral Musicians have about 60 voices and 35 instrumentalists , primarily undergraduates , up from 30 musicians in 1995 . Their musical selection shows the diversity of style within the Roman Catholic tradition : contemporary praise music from different cultures , Bach , Palestrina , Mozart , Lauridsen , and others . Villanova 's men 's chorus , the Villanova Singers , was founded in 1953 by Dean Harold Gill Reuschlein , then Dean of the Law School . The Singers were established for the stated purpose of singing various types of music and enriching the cultural life of the university . Entirely student - run , the Singers are governed by a 9 - member board of students and sing a wide range of musical styles and types , ranging from classical to contemporary . Within the Singers , there exists a smaller , student - directed a cappella group known as the Spires . Alumni of the Spires include Jim Croce , Tommy West and Manhattan Transfer member Tim Hauser . The Villanova Voices women 's chorus is the oldest women 's organization at the university . Originally called the Villanova Women 's Glee Club , the group was founded by 20 women from the university 's College of Nursing in 1960 , shortly after Villanova became coeducational . Their attendant a cappella group , the Haveners , is student - directed . Villanova University is home to seven a cappella singing groups . They are Haveners , Minor Problem , Nothing But Treble , Sirens , Spires , Supernovas , and Vocal Minority . Haveners , Nothing But Treble , and Sirens are female ensembles . Spires and Vocal Minority are male ensembles . Minor Problem and Supernovas are co-ed ensembles . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats Villanova Wildcats logo Villanova University teams are known as the Wildcats . They compete as a member of the NCAA Division I level , primarily competing in the Big East Conference . The Wildcats previously competed in the Atlantic 10 Conference ( A-10 ) from 1975 to 1976 to 1979 -- 80 . Men 's sports include baseball , basketball , cross country , football , golf , lacrosse , soccer , swimming & diving , tennis and track & field ; while women 's sports include basketball , cross country , field hockey , lacrosse , rowing , soccer , softball , swimming & diving , tennis , track & field , volleyball and water polo . The football team competes as an associate member in the Colonial Athletic Association of the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , while the women 's lacrosse team competes in the Patriot League . The Wildcats are also part of the Philadelphia Big 5 , the traditional Philadelphia - area basketball rivalry . Their fiercest crosstown rivalry is with Saint Joseph 's University ( `` St. Joe 's '' ) , the city 's Jesuit university , and matches between them are called the `` Holy War '' . In the NCAA graduation report released on November 18 , 2009 , Villanova has a graduation - success rate of 96 percent for student - athletes who entered college in 2002 -- 03 . The Villanova women 's basketball team is among the athletic program 's 14 teams with a 100 percent graduation rate for 2002 -- 03 . The Wildcats ' nationally ranked men 's basketball and football teams are both at 92 percent . The men 's basketball team 's graduation - success rate places it fifth nationally among Division I schools . In 2009 , Villanova 's football team won the national title in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) . Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats men 's basketball Championship parade in Center City , Philadelphia on April 5 , 2018 In 1985 , under the direction of coach Rollie Massimino , the men 's basketball team won the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in the first year of the 64 - team field . The final game , against defending champion and ten - point - favorite Georgetown , is often cited among the greatest upsets in college basketball history . In 2005 , under the direction of coach Jay Wright , Villanova 's men 's basketball team reached the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 , losing to No. 1 seed and eventual champion North Carolina by one point on a traveling call on Allan Ray . In 2005 -- 2006 , the team began the year ranked No. 4 in the major polls from USA Today and the Associated Press . A 75 -- 62 loss to eventual champion Florida ended the team 's run for a second NCAA championship in the Regional Final . This team was led by a four guard set , a unique type of lineup designed by coach Jay Wright . In the 2006 -- 2007 season , the Wildcats had a record of 22 -- 11 , and lost to Kentucky in the first round of the 2007 tournament . In the 2008 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , the team was eliminated by the top - seeded , eventual champion Kansas Jayhawks in the Sweet 16 , after upsetting the fifth seeded Clemson Tigers in the 1st round and defeating the thirteenth seeded Siena Saints in the 2nd round . In the 2009 tournament , the Wildcats upset the No. 1 seed Pittsburgh Panthers on a last second shot by guard Scottie Reynolds to win the East Region and advance to the Final Four . The team was then defeated by the eventual champion North Carolina Tar Heels in the 2009 Final Four game . Seven years later , the Wildcats won the 2016 NCAA Championship by defeating North Carolina 77 -- 74 . The team defeated the Michigan Wolverines 79 - 62 to win the 2018 NCAA Championship in San Antonio . The home venues for the Wildcats include the on - campus 6,500 seat Pavilion for smaller attendance games , as well as the larger , 21,600 seat Wells Fargo Center ( known formerly under a variety of bank names ) within the South Philadelphia Sports Complex . The February 13 , 2006 meeting between Villanova and the University of Connecticut set the record for the highest attendance at a college basketball game in Pennsylvania , with 20,859 attendees . Football ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats football The Villanova men 's football team competes in the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) in the Colonial Athletic Association . On December 18 , 2009 , the team were CAA conference champions and defeated the Montana Grizzlies to be crowned the 2009 NCAA Division I - AA champions . The university continues to play in the Colonial Athletic Association for football as the new , restructured Big East Conference does not include football as a conference sport . Men 's lacrosse ( edit ) Main article : Villanova Wildcats men 's lacrosse The Villanova men 's lacrosse team competes in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big East Conference . Through 2009 , Villanova men 's lacrosse was a member of the Colonial Athletic Association and in 2009 , Villanova won the CAA tournament as the fourth seed ( the lowest - seeded championship team in conference history ) for its first title . The team also made its first NCAA tournament appearance that year . Women 's cross country ( edit ) In 2010 and 2009 , the women 's cross country team won the NCAA National Championships under Coach Gina Procaccio . The 2010 victory was led by individual national champion Sheila Reid of Villanova . The Wildcats also hold the NCAA record for the most Division 1 team and individual wins in women 's cross country with nine team victories ( ' 89 , ' 90 , ' 91 , ' 92 , ' 93 , ' 94 , ' 98 , ' 09 , ' 10 ) and eight individual champions , seven of which coincided . Track and field ( edit ) Villanova University 's track and field team has a long history of athletic success that has spanned from Big East Conference Championships to NCAA Championships . The men 's team has produced 69 NCAA Championships , 36 Indoor and 33 Outdoor . The team has had eight NCAA team Championships ( four Cross Country , three Indoor , one Outdoor ) . Villanova has produced 28 athletes who have made appearances in the Olympics , 10 of whom have medaled ( seven gold medals , three silver medals ) . The men 's team has also won 112 Penn Relay Championships , which stands as the most wins by any school . The men 's current coaches include head coach Marcus O'Sullivan and assistant head coach Anthony Williams . The women 's team has also had a multitude of success , producing 11 Big East team Championships and nine NCAA team Championships , most recently winning the 2009 and 2010 NCAA Cross Country Championships . They have also produced nine Olympians including Ronnie Delany , Eamonn Coughlan , Vicki Huber , Sonia O'Sullivan , Kim Certain , Kate Fonshell , Jen Rhines , Carmen Douma , and Carrie Tollefson . The Women 's team has won 28 Penn Relay Championships , which is the most wins by any women 's team . The current women 's coaches include head coach Gina Procaccio and assistant head coach Anthony Williams . At least one Villanovan athlete has competed in every Summer Olympics since 1948 , winning a total of 13 medals ( nine gold , four silver ) . Traditions ( edit ) The University seal ( edit ) An adaptation of the seal of the Order of St. Augustine , the seal of Villanova University is one of the campus 's most ubiquitous images , adorning everything from buildings to chairs to backpacks . A ribbon carries the University motto : Veritas , Unitas , Caritas ( Truth , Unity , and Charity ) , virtues to which every member of the Villanova community should aspire . A book symbolizes Augustine 's dedication to education and the New Testament where he found Christianity . A cincture is part of the habit worn by members of the Order of Saint Augustine . Hovering above is the flaming heart , symbol of Augustine 's search for God and his love of neighbors . Behind the book is the crosier -- a staff traditionally held by a Bishop -- commemorating Augustine 's service as Bishop of Hippo . Above and behind the book are two crosses , symbolic of Augustine 's conversion and the University 's commitment to Christianity . Framing the central portion of the seal is a laurel wreath exemplifying victory through the pursuit of knowledge , and 1842 is the year of the University 's founding . Surrounding the seal is the incorporated fide of the University : Universitas Villanova In Statu Pennsylvaniae . The Liberty bell 's `` Sister bell '' ( edit ) The old wing of the Falvey Library Villanova University was home to the Liberty Bell 's `` Sister Bell '' , the replacement bell ordered from the Whitechapel Bell Foundry after the original bell cracked in 1753 . This new bell was installed at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) , and attached to the State House clock . The Sister Bell rang the hours until the late 1820s , when the bell was removed during a renovation and loaned to the Olde St. Augustine Church in Philadelphia . In 1829 , the bell was hung in a new cupola and tower designed by architect William Strickland . There it remained until May 8 , 1844 , when it was destroyed , along with the Olde St. Augustine Church , during the Philadelphia Nativist riots . The friars of the Order of Saint Augustine had the `` Sister Bell '' recast and transferred to Villanova University . The bell was moved off campus in 2011 . At the university 's centennial celebration , the bell was rung by Archbishop Dennis Joseph Dougherty to open the ceremonies . In 1954 , the bell was displayed as part of an exhibit at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia that focused on the growth and development of the university . The Sister Bell is currently enshrined in the Heritage Room on the basement floor of the St. Augustine Monastery on Villanova 's campus . Campus myths ( edit ) Alumni Hall , one of the oldest buildings on campus A number of legends are spread around campus by students . Some of these include the existence of secret tunnels and catacombs under campus , the haunting of some of the older dormitories ( sometimes linked to their use as hospitals during the Civil War ) , and speculation over the existence of an entire wing of St. Mary 's Hall which is completely blocked off . The three buildings most commonly discussed as being haunted are Alumni Hall ( located by St. Thomas of Villanova church on the main campus ) , St. Mary 's Hall and Dundale ( both located on the west campus ) . Alumni Hall dates back to 1848 and stands as one of the oldest structures on campus . The school was closed in 1861 due to the Civil War and reopened in 1865 . In that time this hall is believed to have been used as a military hospital and potential evidence of that use , such as a pulley located at the top of the main stairwell for moving bodies up and down , can still be seen . The building was used as a hospital again for influenza patients after World War I . This history has led to rumors that the building is haunted , the most prominent being that a high - ranking Confederate officer captured at Gettysburg was treated in Alumni Hall and was murdered by a Union soldier in his sleep . St. Mary 's Hall was built in 1962 and served as an Augustinian Seminary until 1972 . Laid out with long corridors and over a thousand rooms , there is a large chapel and many partial floors , basements and sub-basements to feed the legends of blocked off wings . The property on which Dundale Hall is located was originally purchased by an industrialist , Israel Morris II , in 1874 , and was built as a mansion for his family . Purchased from his family in 1978 , it has been used for a variety of meetings and is home to several offices . On more than a handful of occasions , the school 's Public Safety officers have been called out late at night to investigate lights in the building coming on inexplicably . Alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of alumni of Villanova University Jill Biden Former Second Lady of the United States Joseph Clancy 24th Director of the U.S. Secret Service Ed Rendell 45th Governor of Pennsylvania ; 96th Mayor of Philadelphia Sonia O'Sullivan Former track and field Olympian John G. Rowland 86th Governor of Connecticut Andrew M. Allen Marine aviator and lieutenant colonel Howie Long Pro Football Hall of Fame defensive end , actor and sports analyst Villanova University has produced many notable alumni . Golden Globe - nominated actress Maria Bello got her first taste of the stage in a production at Vasey Hall . Actor and Coen Brothers favorite Jon Polito has garnered both stage and screen awards , and NFL Hall of Famer , longtime FOX commentator and feature film actor Howie Long graduated in 1982 . Tim Hauser , founder of Manhattan Transfer , Jim Croce , and Don McLean have all been prominent members of the musical tradition at Villanova . Tony Award - winning playwright and screenwriter David Rabe premiered In the Boom Boom Room at Villanova 's Vasey Hall . Brian Westbrook , Kevin Reilly , Matt Szczur , and Michael Bradley attended Villanova before launching their careers in professional sports . Villanova has produced several military and governmental officials , including former Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell , former New Hampshire Senator Kelly Ayotte ( Villanova Law ) , and former Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland . Wife to the governor and federal judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Marjorie Rendell , is also a graduate . Numerous Marine generals and Naval Admirals are products of Villanova 's Naval ROTC program , including William J. Fallon , Admiral in the United States Navy and Commander of United States Central Command ; George B. Crist , Marine General and the first Marine to be designated Commander in Chief , Central Command ; and Anthony Zinni , retired four - star General in the United States Marine Corps . Joe Clancy , a veteran Secret Service agent and the Agency 's current director , graduated in 1978 . The business world , too , has had several prominent businessmen who got their start at Villanova . Robert J. Darretta , Jr. -- chief financial officer and vice chairman of Johnson & Johnson , John Drosdick -- former CEO of Sunoco , and Thomas G. Labrecque -- former chairman and CEO of Chase Manhattan Bank have all studied at Villanova at some point in their careers . John Joseph O'Connor , Cardinal Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York , obtained a master 's degree in Advanced Ethics at Villanova University . John L. Hennessy , president of Stanford University earned a Bachelor 's in Electrical Engineering , and Deirdre Imus , head of the Deirdre Imus Environmental Center for Pediatric Oncology ( and wife to radio host Don Imus ) is also a graduate . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Education in Philadelphia Roman Catholicism in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Common Data Set 2016 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Villanova University . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VU Brand Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . Villanova University . August 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` University Profile '' . Villanova.edu . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Address by Dean of the Graduate School Gerald Long to incoming graduate students . August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mission and Heritage of Villanova University '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Amidst the Depression and War , Progress Still Prevails '' . Villanova , Pennsylvania : Villanova University . 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Facts About the History of Vilanova '' . The Villanovan . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Campus location '' . Villanova.edu . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` VU : Not a national arboretum '' . The Villanovan . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` St. Thomas of Villanova church '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Peniston Sculpture '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Villanova University Virtual Tour '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Project Details -- Design Concept for Lancaster Avenue '' . designconceptforlancasteravenue.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings : Villanova University '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levy , Francesca & Rodkin , Jonathan . `` Best Undergraduate Business Schools 2016 '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Times Ranks the Villanova School of Business Executive MBA Program Among the Top 30 in the Nation '' ( PDF ) . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova Law censured by ABA over admissions - data fraud , but retains accreditation '' . Philly.com . August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chang , Stephanie ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Top 10 Wired Colleges '' . The Princeton Review . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova Nursing recognized again as Center of Excellence in Nursing Education '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova Psychology '' . Jump up ^ `` Villanova University Receives New Carnegie Classification Change , Signaling the University 's Forward Momentum & Academic Strength '' . Villanova , Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings : Villanova University '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campus organizations '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Olympics '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ NBC10 News , November 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Office of Communication and Public Affairs : Habitat for Humanity applauds Villanova participation '' . Blueprints . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ewb - Usa '' . Ewb - Usa . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Villanova Engineering Students Learn through Service '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Engineers Without Borders -- Villanova Chapter -- Thailand '' . Students.villanova.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Key Society '' . Students.Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rays of Sunshine '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Life at Villanova '' . Villanovan.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Alpha Phi Omega '' . villanova.edu . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` NCEMSF Database '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NCEMSF Awards '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . villanovan.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Villanova Times '' . Jump up ^ `` VTV '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` About the Station '' . WXVUFM.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Polis Literary Magazine '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . concept.journals.villanova.edu . Villanova University . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Commanders U.S. Fleet Forces Command '' . Villanova.edu . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Former Commanders U.S. Pacific Fleet '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` With passing of flag , CentCom gets new leader '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Villanova.edu Archived September 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John , Director of Music Activities . Lecture. April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vuband.com '' . Vuband.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vusingers.villanova.edu '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Villanova.edu Archived February 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Villanova.com -- Official Athletic site of the Villanova University Wildcats '' . Villanova.cstv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Page 2 's List for top upset in sports history '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Connecticut vs. Villanova -- Box Score -- February 13 , 2006 '' . ESPN . February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Villanova Secures First CAA Men 's Lacrosse Title , National Collegiate Athletic Association , May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Villanova claims first CAA title with 10 -- 9 win over Towson , Inside Lacrosse , May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Virginia crushes Villanova , 18 -- 6 , faces Hopkins in next round , The Baltimore Sun , May 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Runnova '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Villanova magazine , Summer 2008 , `` Villanovans have won 13 Olympic Medals '' Jump up ^ `` The University Seal '' . Villanova.edu . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Magazine Fall 2003 Edition '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova University Archives : The Liberty Bell 's Sister '' . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ root . `` John G. Rowland '' . External links ( edit ) Media related to Villanova University at Wikimedia Commons Official website Coordinates : 40 ° 02 ′ 16 '' N 75 ° 20 ′ 15 '' W  /  40.03771 ° N 75.33755 ° W  / 40.03771 ; - 75.33755 <Th_colspan="3"> Villanova University Academics School of Business School of Law Campus Arboretum Villanova St. Thomas of Villanova Church Villanova , PA People Alumni List of Presidents Fr . 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where does the taming of the shrew take place

The Taming of the Shrew - wikipedia The Taming of the Shrew play by Shakespeare Petruchio ( Kevin Black ) and Katherina ( Emily Jordan ) from the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production at the Forest Theater . The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592 . The play begins with a framing device , often referred to as the induction , in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself . The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly 's diversion . The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina , the headstrong , obdurate shrew . Initially , Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship ; however , Petruchio `` tames '' her with various psychological torments , such as keeping her from eating and drinking , until she becomes a desirable , compliant , and obedient bride . The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina 's younger sister , Bianca , who is seen as the `` ideal '' woman . The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy , particularly among modern scholars , audiences , and readers . The Taming of the Shrew has been adapted numerous times for stage , screen , opera , ballet , and musical theatre ; perhaps the most famous adaptations being Cole Porter 's Kiss Me , Kate and the 1967 film of the play , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The 1999 high school comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You is also loosely based on the play . Contents 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 4.1 Date 4.2 Text 5 Analysis and criticism 5.1 Critical history 5.1. 1 The relationship with A Shrew 5.1. 2 Hortensio problem 5.1. 3 Controversy 5.1. 4 Induction 5.2 Language 5.3 Themes 5.3. 1 Female submissiveness 5.3. 2 Gender politics 5.3. 3 Cruelty 5.3. 4 Money 6 Performance 7 Adaptations 7.1 Plays 7.2 Opera 7.3 Musical / Ballet 7.4 Film 7.5 Television 7.6 Radio 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Editions of The Taming of the Shrew 8.4 Secondary sources 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Katherina ( Kate ) Minola -- the `` shrew '' of the title Bianca Minola -- sister of Katherina ; the ingénue Baptista Minola -- father of Katherina and Bianca Petruchio -- suitor of Katherina Gremio -- elderly suitor of Bianca Lucentio -- suitor of Bianca Hortensio -- suitor of Bianca and friend to Petruchio Grumio -- Petruchio 's manservant Tranio -- Lucentio 's manservant Biondello -- servant of Lucentio Vincentio -- father of Lucentio Widow -- wooed by Hortensio Pedant -- pretends to be Vincentio Haberdasher Tailor Curtis -- servant of Petruchio Nathaniel -- servant of Petruchio Joseph -- servant of Petruchio Peter -- servant of Petruchio Nicholas -- servant of Petruchio Philip -- servant of Petruchio Officer Characters appearing in the Induction : Christopher Sly -- a drunken tinker Hostess of an alehouse Lord -- plays a prank on Sly Bartholomew -- Lord 's page boy Lord 's Huntsman Players Servingmen Messenger Synopsis ( edit ) The Shrew Katherina by Edward Robert Hughes ( 1898 ) . Prior to the first act , an induction frames the play as a `` kind of history '' played in front of a befuddled drunkard named Christopher Sly who is tricked into believing that he is a lord . The play is performed in order to distract Sly from his `` wife , '' who is actually Bartholomew , a servant , dressed as a woman . In the play performed for Sly , the `` shrew '' is Katherina , the eldest daughter of Baptista Minola , a lord in Padua . Numerous men , including Gremio and Tranio , deem Katherina an unworthy option for marriage because of her notorious assertiveness and willfulness . On the other hand , men such as Hortensio and Gremio are eager to marry her younger sister Bianca . However , Baptista has sworn Bianca is not allowed to marry until Katherina is wed ; this motivates Bianca 's suitors to work together to find Katherina a husband so that they may compete for Bianca . The plot thickens when Lucentio , who has recently come to Padua to attend university , falls in love with Bianca . Overhearing Baptista say that he is on the lookout for tutors for his daughters , Lucentio devises a plan in which he disguises himself as a Latin tutor named Cambio in order to woo Bianca behind Baptista 's back and meanwhile has his servant Tranio pretend to be him . In the meantime , Petruchio , accompanied by his servant Grumio , arrives in Padua from Verona . He explains to Hortensio , an old friend of his , that since his father 's death he has set out to enjoy life and wed . Hearing this , Hortensio recruits Petruchio as a suitor for Katherina . He also has Petruchio present Baptista a music tutor named Litio ( Hortensio in disguise ) . Thus , Lucentio and Hortensio , attempt to woo Bianca while pretending to be the tutors Cambio and Litio . To counter Katherina 's shrewish nature , Petruchio pretends that any harsh things she says or does are actually kind and gentle . Katherina agrees to marry Petruchio after seeing that he is the only man willing to counter her quick remarks ; however , at the ceremony Petruchio makes an embarrassing scene when he strikes the priest and drinks the communion wine . After the wedding , Petruchio takes Katherina to his home against her will . Once they are gone , Gremio and Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) formally bid for Bianca , with Tranio easily outbidding Gremio . However , in his zeal to win , he promises much more than Lucentio actually possesses . When Baptista determines that once Lucentio 's father confirms the dowry , Bianca and Tranio ( i.e. Lucentio ) can marry , Tranio decides that they will need someone to pretend to be Vincentio , Lucentio 's father . Meanwhile , Tranio persuades Hortensio that Bianca is not worthy of his attentions , thus removing Lucentio 's remaining rival . C.R. Leslie illustration of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio upbraiding the tailor for making an ill - fitting dress ) . From the Illustrated London News , 3 November 1886 ; engraved by William Luson Thomas . In Verona , Petruchio begins the `` taming '' of his new wife . She is refused food and clothing because nothing -- according to Petruchio -- is good enough for her ; he claims that perfectly cooked meat is overcooked , a beautiful dress does n't fit right , and a stylish hat is not fashionable . He also disagrees with everything that she says , forcing her to agree with everything that he says , no matter how absurd ; on their way back to Padua to attend Bianca 's wedding , she agrees with Petruchio that the sun is the moon , and proclaims `` if you please to call it a rush - candle , / Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me '' ( 4.5. 14 -- 15 ) . Along the way , they meet Vincentio , who is also on his way to Padua , and Katherina agrees with Petruchio when he declares that Vincentio is a woman and then apologises to Vincentio when Petruchio tells her that he is a man . Back in Padua , Lucentio and Tranio convince a passing pedant to pretend to be Vincentio and confirm the dowry for Bianca . The man does so , and Baptista is happy for Bianca to wed Lucentio ( still Tranio in disguise ) . Bianca , aware of the deception , then secretly elopes with the real Lucentio to get married . However , when Vincentio reaches Padua , he encounters the pedant , who claims to be Lucentio 's father . Tranio ( still disguised as Lucentio ) appears , and the pedant acknowledges him to be his son Lucentio . In all the confusion , the real Vincentio is set to be arrested , when the real Lucentio appears with his newly betrothed Bianca , revealing all to a bewildered Baptista and Vincentio . Lucentio explains everything , and all is forgiven by the two fathers . Meanwhile , Hortensio has married a rich widow . In the final scene of the play there are three newly married couples ; Bianca and Lucentio , the widow and Hortensio , and Katherina and Petruchio . Because of the general opinion that Petruchio is married to a shrew , a good - natured quarrel breaks out amongst the three men about whose wife is the most obedient . Petruchio proposes a wager whereby each will send a servant to call for their wives , and whichever comes most obediently will have won the wager for her husband . Katherina is the only one of the three who comes , winning the wager for Petruchio . She then hauls the other two wives into the room , giving a speech on why wives should always obey their husbands . The play ends with Baptista , Hortensio and Lucentio marvelling at how successfully Petruchio has tamed the shrew . Sources ( edit ) Although there is no direct literary source for the induction , the tale of a tinker being duped into believing he is a lord is one found in many literary traditions . Such a story is recorded in Arabian Nights where Harun al - Rashid plays the same trick on a man he finds sleeping in an alley . Another is found in De Rebus Burgundicis by the Dutch historian Pontus de Huyter , where Philip , Duke of Burgundy , after attending his sister 's wedding in Portugal , finds a drunken `` artisan '' whom he entertains with a `` pleasant Comedie . '' Arabian Nights was not translated into English until the mid 18th century , although Shakespeare may have known it by word of mouth . He could also have known the Duke of Burgundy story as , although De Rebus was n't translated into French until 1600 , and into English until 1607 , there is evidence the story existed in English in a jest book ( now lost ) by Richard Edwardes , written in 1570 . Taming of the Shrew . Katherine and Petruchio by James Dromgole Linton ( c. 1890 ) . Regarding the Petruchio / Katherina story , there are a variety of possible influences , but no one specific source . The basic elements of the narrative are present in tale 44 of the fourteenth - century Spanish book Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio by Don Juan Manuel , which tells of a young man who marries a `` very strong and fiery woman . '' The text had been translated into English by the sixteenth century , but there is no evidence that Shakespeare drew on it . The story of a headstrong woman tamed by a man was well known , and found in numerous traditions . For example , according to The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer , Noah 's wife was such a woman ( ' `` Hastow nought herd , '' quod Nicholas , `` also / The sorwe of Noë with his felaschippe / That he had or he gat his wyf to schipe '' ' ; The Miller 's Tale , l . 352 -- 354 ) , and it was common for her to be depicted in this manner in mystery plays . Historically , another such woman was Xanthippe , Socrates ' wife , who is mentioned by Petruchio himself ( 1.2. 70 ) . Such characters also occur throughout medieval literature , in popular farces both before and during Shakespeare 's lifetime , and in folklore . In 1890 , Alfred Tolman conjectured a possible literary source for the wager scene may have been William Caxton 's 1484 translation of Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry 's Livre pour l'enseignement de ses filles du Chevalier de La Tour Landry ( 1372 ) . Written for his daughters as a guide on how to behave appropriately , de la Tour Landry includes `` a treatise on the domestic education of women '' which features an anecdote in which three merchants make a wager as to which of their wives will prove the most obedient when called upon to jump into a basin of water . The episode sees the first two wives refuse to obey ( as in the play ) , it ends at a banquet ( as does the play ) and it features a speech regarding the ' correct ' way for a husband to discipline his wife . In 1959 , John W. Shroeder conjectured that Chevalier de La Tour Landry 's depiction of the Queen Vastis story may also have been an influence on Shakespeare . In 1964 , Richard Hosley suggested the main source for the play may have been the anonymous ballad `` A merry jeste of a shrewde and curst Wyfe , lapped in Morrelles Skin , for her good behauyour '' . The ballad tells the story of a marriage in which the husband must tame his headstrong wife . Like Shrew , the story features a family with two sisters , the younger of whom is seen as mild and desirable . However , in `` Merry Jest '' , the older sister is obdurate not because it is simply her nature , but because she has been raised by her shrewish mother to seek mastery over men . Ultimately , the couple return to the family house , where the now tamed woman lectures her sister on the merits of being an obedient wife . The taming in this version is much more physical than in Shakespeare ; the shrew is beaten with birch rods until she bleeds , and is then wrapped in the salted flesh of a plough horse ( the Morrelle of the title ) . `` Merry Jest '' was not unknown to earlier editors of the play , and had been dismissed as a source by A.R. Frey , W.C. Hazlitt , R. Warwick Bond and Frederick S. Boas . Modern editors also express doubt as to Hosley 's argument . Fr . Schwoerer illustration of Act 4 , Scene 1 ( Petruchio rejects the bridal dinner ) . Engraved by Georg Goldberg ( c. 1850 ) . In 1966 , Jan Harold Brunvand argued that the main source for the play was not literary , but the oral folktale tradition . He argued the Petruchio / Katherina story represents an example of Type 901 ( ' Shrew - taming Complex ' ) in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Brunvand discovered 383 oral examples of Type 901 spread over thirty European countries , but he could find only 35 literary examples , leading him to conclude `` Shakespeare 's taming plot , which has not been traced successfully in its entirety to any known printed version , must have come ultimately from oral tradition . '' Most contemporary critics accept Brunvand 's findings . A source for Shakespeare 's sub-plot was first identified by Alfred Tolman in 1890 as Ludovico Ariosto 's I Suppositi , which was published in 1551 . George Gascoigne 's English prose translation Supposes was performed in 1566 and printed in 1573 . In I Suppositi , Erostrato ( the equivalent of Lucentio ) falls in love with Polynesta ( Bianca ) , daughter of Damon ( Baptista ) . Erostrato disguises himself as Dulipo ( Tranio ) , a servant , whilst the real Dulipo pretends to be Erostrato . Having done this , Erostrato is hired as a tutor for Polynesta . Meanwhile , Dulipo pretends to formally woo Polynesta so as to frustrate the wooing of the aged Cleander ( Gremio ) . Dulipo outbids Cleander , but he promises far more than he can deliver , so he and Erostrato dupe a travelling gentleman from Siena into pretending to be Erostrato 's father , Philogano ( Vincentio ) . However , when Polynesta is found to be pregnant , Damon has Dulipo imprisoned ( the real father is Erostrato ) . Soon thereafter , the real Philogano arrives , and all comes to a head . Erostrato reveals himself , and begs clemency for Dulipo . Damon realises that Polynesta is truly in love with Erostrato , and so forgives the subterfuge . Having been released from jail , Dulipo then discovers he is Cleander 's son . An additional minor source is Mostellaria by Plautus , from which Shakespeare probably took the names of Tranio and Grumio . Date and text ( edit ) Title page from the first quarto , printed in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant Comedie Called The Taming of the Shrew . Date ( edit ) Efforts to establish the play 's date of composition are complicated by its uncertain relationship with another Elizabethan play with an almost identical plot but different wording and character names , A Pleasant Conceited Historie , called the taming of a Shrew . The Shrew 's exact relationship with A Shrew is unknown . Different theories suggest A Shrew could be a reported text of a performance of The Shrew , a source for The Shrew , an early draft ( possibly reported ) of The Shrew , or an adaptation of The Shrew . A Shrew was entered in the Stationers ' Register on 2 May 1594 , suggesting that whatever the relationship between the two plays , The Shrew was most likely written somewhere between 1590 ( roughly when Shakespeare arrived in London ) and 1594 ( registration of A Shrew ) . However , it is possible to narrow the date further . A terminus ante quem for A Shrew seems to be August 1592 , as a stage direction at 3.21 mentions `` Simon , '' which probably refers to the actor Simon Jewell , who was buried on 21 August 1592 . Furthermore , The Shrew must have been written earlier than 1593 , as Anthony Chute 's Beauty Dishonoured , written under the title of Shore 's wife ( published in June 1593 ) contains the line `` He calls his Kate , and she must come and kiss him . '' This must refer to The Shrew , as there is no corresponding `` kissing scene '' in A Shrew . There are also verbal similarities between both Shrew plays and the anonymous play A Knack to Know a Knave ( first performed at The Rose on 10 June 1592 ) . Knack features several passages common to both A Shrew and The Shrew , but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew . This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592 . In his 1982 edition of the play for The Oxford Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver suggests the play was composed no later than 1592 . He bases this on the title page of A Shrew , which mentions the play had been performed `` sundry times '' by Pembroke 's Men . When the London theatres were closed on 23 June 1592 due to an outbreak of plague , Pembroke 's Men went on a regional tour to Bath and Ludlow . The tour was a financial failure , and the company returned to London on 28 September , financially ruined . Over the course of the next three years , four plays with their name on the title page were published ; Christopher Marlowe 's Edward II ( published in quarto in July 1593 ) , and Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus ( published in quarto in 1594 ) , The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York ( published in octavo in 1595 ) and The Taming of a Shrew ( published in quarto in May 1594 ) . Oliver says it is a `` natural assumption '' that these publications were sold by members of Pembroke 's Men who were broke after the failed tour . Oliver assumes that A Shrew is a reported version of The Shrew , which means The Shrew must have been in their possession when they began their tour in June , as they did n't perform it upon returning to London in September , nor would they have taken possession of any new material at that time . Ann Thompson considers A Shrew to be a reported text in her 1984 and 2003 editions of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . She focuses on the closure of the theatres on 23 June 1592 , arguing that the play must have been written prior to June 1592 for it to have given rise to A Shrew . She cites the reference to `` Simon '' in A Shrew , Anthony Chute 's allusion to The Shrew in Beauty Dishonoured and the verbal similarities between The Shrew and A Knack to Know a Knave as supporting a date of composition prior to June 1592 . Stephen Roy Miller , in his 1998 edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare , agrees with the date of late 1591 / early 1592 , as he believes The Shrew preceded A Shrew ( although he rejects the reported text theory in favour of an adaptation / rewrite theory ) . Keir Elam , however , has argued for a terminus post quem of 1591 for The Shrew , based on Shakespeare 's probable use of two sources published that year ; Abraham Ortelius ' map of Italy in the fourth edition of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , and John Florio 's Second Fruits . Firstly , Shakespeare errs in putting Padua in Lombardy instead of Veneto , probably because he used Ortelius ' map of Italy as a source , which has `` Lombardy '' written across the entirety of northern Italy . Secondly , Elam suggests that Shakespeare derived his Italian idioms and some of the dialogue from Florio 's Second Fruits , a bilingual introduction to Italian language and culture . Elam argues that Lucentio 's opening dialogue , Tranio , since for the great desire I had To see fair Padua , nursery of arts , I am arrived for fruitful Lombardy , The pleasant garden of great Italy . ( 1.1. 1 -- 4 ) is an example of Shakespeare 's borrowing from Florio 's dialogue between Peter and Stephan , who have just arrived in the north : PETER I purpose to stay a while , to view the fair Cities of Lombardy . STEPHAN Lombardy is the garden of the world . Elam 's arguments suggest The Shrew must have been written by 1591 , which places the date of composition around 1590 -- 1591 . Text ( edit ) First page of The Taming of the Shrew from the First Folio ( 1623 ) The 1594 quarto of A Shrew was printed by Peter Short for Cuthbert Burbie . It was republished in 1596 ( again by Short for Burbie ) , and 1607 by Valentine Simmes for Nicholas Ling . The Shrew was not published until the First Folio in 1623 . The only quarto version of The Shrew was printed by William Stansby for John Smethwick in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant comedie called The Taming of the Shrew , based on the 1623 folio text . W.W. Greg has demonstrated that A Shrew and The Shrew were treated as the same text for the purposes of copyright , i.e. ownership of one constituted ownership of the other , and when Smethwick purchased the rights from Ling in 1609 to print the play in the First Folio , Ling actually transferred the rights for A Shrew , not The Shrew . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) Critical History ( edit ) The relationship with a Shrew ( edit ) One of the most fundamental critical debates surrounding The Shrew is its relationship with A Shrew . There are five main theories as to the nature of this relationship : The two plays are unrelated other than the fact that they are both based on another play which is now lost . This is the Ur - Shrew theory ( in reference to Ur - Hamlet ) . A Shrew is a reconstructed version of The Shrew ; i.e. a bad quarto , an attempt by actors to reconstruct the original play from memory . Shakespeare used the previously existing A Shrew , which he did not write , as a source for The Shrew . Both versions were legitimately written by Shakespeare himself ; i.e. A Shrew is an early draft of The Shrew . A Shrew is an adaptation of The Shrew by someone other than Shakespeare . The exact relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew is uncertain , but many scholars consider The Shrew the original , with A Shrew derived from it ; as H.J. Oliver suggests , there are `` passages in ( A Shrew ) ( ... ) that make sense only if one knows the ( Follio ) version from which they must have been derived . '' The debate regarding the relationship between the two plays began in 1725 , when Alexander Pope incorporated extracts from A Shrew into The Shrew in his edition of Shakespeare 's works . In The Shrew , the Christopher Sly framework is only featured twice ; at the opening of the play , and at the end of Act 1 , Scene 1 . However , in A Shrew , the Sly framework reappears a further five times , including a scene which comes after the final scene of the Petruchio / Katherina story . Pope added most of the Sly framework to The Shrew , even though he acknowledged in his preface that he did not believe Shakespeare had written A Shrew . Subsequent editors followed suit , adding some or all of the Sly framework to their versions of The Shrew ; Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , Thomas Hanmer ( 1744 ) , William Warburton ( 1747 ) , Samuel Johnson and George Steevens ( 1765 ) and Edward Capell ( 1768 ) . In his 1790 edition of The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare , however , Edmond Malone removed all A Shrew extracts and returned the text to the 1623 First Folio version . By the end of the eighteenth century , the predominant theory had come to be that A Shrew was a non-Shakespearean source for The Shrew , and hence to include extracts from it was to graft non-authorial material onto the play . This theory prevailed until 1850 , when Samuel Hickson compared the texts of The Shrew and A Shrew , concluding The Shrew was the original , and A Shrew was derived from it . By comparing seven passages which are similar in both plays , he concluded `` the original conception is invariably to be found '' in The Shrew . His explanation was that A Shrew was written by Christopher Marlowe , with The Shrew as his template . He reached this conclusion primarily because A Shrew features numerous lines almost identical to lines in Marlowe 's Tamburlaine and Dr. Faustus . In 1926 , building on Hickson 's research , Peter Alexander first suggested the bad quarto theory . Alexander agreed with Hickson that A Shrew was derived from The Shrew , but he did not agree that Marlowe wrote A Shrew . Instead he labelled A Shrew a bad quarto . His main argument was that , primarily in the subplot of A Shrew , characters act without motivation , whereas such motivation is present in The Shrew . Alexander believed this represents an example of a `` reporter '' forgetting details and becoming confused , which also explains why lines from other plays are used from time to time ; to cover gaps which the reporter knows have been left . He also argued the subplot in The Shrew was closer to the plot of I Suppositi / Supposes than the subplot in A Shrew , which he felt indicated the subplot in The Shrew must have been based directly on the source , whereas the subplot in A Shrew was a step removed . In their 1928 edition of the play for the New Shakespeare , Arthur Quiller - Couch and John Dover Wilson supported Alexander 's argument . However , there has always been critical resistance to the theory . An early scholar to find fault with Alexander 's reasoning was E.K. Chambers , who reasserted the source theory . Chambers , who supported Alexander 's bad quarto theory regarding The First part of the Contention betwixt the two famous Houses of Yorke and Lancaster and The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke , argued A Shrew did not fit the pattern of a bad quarto ; `` I am quite unable to believe that A Shrew had any such origin . Its textual relation to The Shrew does not bear any analogy to that of other ' bad Quartos ' to the legitimate texts from which they were memorised . The nomenclature , which at least a memoriser can recall , is entirely different . The verbal parallels are limited to stray phrases , most frequent in the main plot , for which I believe Shakespeare picked them up from A Shrew . '' He explained the relationship between I Suppositi / Supposes and the subplots by arguing the subplot in The Shrew was based upon both the subplot in A Shrew and the original version of the story in Ariosto / Gascoigne . Petruccio 's hochzeit by Carl Gehrts ( 1885 ) . In 1938 , Leo Kirschbaum made a similar argument . In an article listing over twenty examples of bad quartos , Kirschbaum did not include A Shrew , which he felt was too different from The Shrew to come under the bad quarto banner ; `` despite protestations to the contrary , The Taming of a Shrew does not stand in relation to The Shrew as The True Tragedie , for example , stands in relation to 3 Henry VI . '' Writing in 1998 , Stephen Roy Miller offers much the same opinion ; `` the relation of the early quarto to the Folio text is unlike other early quartos because the texts vary much more in plotting and dialogue ( ... ) the differences between the texts are substantial and coherent enough to establish that there was deliberate revision in producing one text out of the other ; hence A Shrew is not merely a poor report ( or ' bad quarto ' ) of The Shrew . '' Character names are changed , basic plot points are altered ( Kate has two sisters for example , not one ) , the play is set in Athens instead of Padua , the Sly framework forms a complete narrative , and entire speeches are completely different , all of which suggests to Miller that the author of A Shrew thought they were working on something different from Shakespeare 's play , not attempting to transcribe it for resale ; `` underpinning the notion of a ' Shakespearean bad quarto ' is the assumption that the motive of whoever compiled that text was to produce , differentially , a verbal replica of what appeared on stage . '' Miller believes that Chambers and Kirschbaum successfully illustrate A Shrew does not fulfil this rubric . Alexander 's theory continued to be challenged as the years went on . In 1942 , R.A. Houk developed what came to be dubbed the Ur - Shrew theory ; both A Shrew and The Shrew were based upon a third play , now lost . In 1943 , G.I. Duthie refined Houk 's suggestion by arguing A Shrew was a memorial reconstruction of Ur - Shrew , a now lost early draft of The Shrew ; `` A Shrew is substantially a memorially constructed text and is dependent upon an early Shrew play , now lost . The Shrew is a reworking of this lost play . '' Hickson , who believed Marlowe to have written A Shrew , had hinted at this theory in 1850 ; `` though I do not believe Shakspeare 's play to contain a line of any other writer , I think it extremely probable that we have it only in a revised form , and that , consequently , the play which Marlowe imitated might not necessarily have been that fund of life and humour that we find it now . '' Hickson is here arguing that Marlowe 's A Shrew is not based upon the version of The Shrew found in the First Folio , but on another version of the play . Duthie argues this other version was a Shakespearean early draft of The Shrew ; A Shrew constitutes a reported text of a now lost early draft . Alexander returned to the debate in 1969 , re-presenting his bad quarto theory . In particular , he concentrated on the various complications and inconsistencies in the subplot of A Shrew , which had been used by Houk and Duthie as evidence for an Ur - Shrew , to argue that the reporter of A Shrew attempted to recreate the complex subplot from The Shrew but got confused ; `` the compiler of A Shrew while trying to follow the subplot of The Shrew gave it up as too complicated to reproduce , and fell back on love scenes in which he substituted for the maneuvers of the disguised Lucentio and Hortensio extracts from Tamburlaine and Faustus , with which the lovers woo their ladies . '' After little further discussion of the issue in the 1970s , the 1980s saw the publication of three scholarly editions of The Shrew , all of which re-addressed the question of the relationship between the two plays ; Brian Morris ' 1981 edition for the second series of the Arden Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver 's 1982 edition for the Oxford Shakespeare and Ann Thompson 's 1984 edition for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . Morris summarised the scholarly position in 1981 as one in which no clear - cut answers could be found ; `` unless new , external evidence comes to light , the relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew can never be decided beyond a peradventure . It will always be a balance of probabilities , shifting as new arguments and opinions are added to the scales . Nevertheless , in the present century , the movement has unquestionably been towards an acceptance of the Bad Quarto theory , and this can now be accepted as at least the current orthodoxy . '' Morris himself , and Thompson , supported the bad quarto theory , with Oliver tentatively arguing for Duthie 's bad quarto / early draft / Ur - Shrew theory . Scene from Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew by Washington Allston ( 1809 ) . Perhaps the most extensive examination of the question came in 1998 in Stephen Roy Miller 's edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos series . Miller agrees with most modern scholars that A Shrew is derived from The Shrew , but he does not believes it to be a bad quarto . Instead , he argues it is an adaptation by someone other than Shakespeare . Miller believes Alexander 's suggestion in 1969 that the reporter became confused is unlikely , and instead suggests an adapter at work ; `` the most economic explanation of indebtedness is that whoever compiled A Shrew borrowed the lines from Shakespeare 's The Shrew , or a version of it , and adapted them . '' Part of Miller 's evidence relates to Gremio , who has no counterpart in A Shrew . In The Shrew , after the wedding , Gremio expresses doubts as to whether or not Petruchio will be able to tame Katherina . In A Shrew , these lines are extended and split between Polidor ( the equivalent of Hortensio ) and Phylema ( Bianca ) . As Gremio does have a counterpart in I Suppositi , Miller concludes that `` to argue the priority of A Shrew in this case would mean arguing that Shakespeare took the negative hints from the speeches of Polidor and Phylema and gave them to a character he resurrected from Supposes . This is a less economical argument than to suggest that the compiler of A Shrew , dismissing Gremio , simply shared his doubts among the characters available . '' He argues there is even evidence in the play that the compiler knew he was working within a specific literary tradition ; `` as with his partial change of character names , the compiler seems to wish to produce dialogue much like his models , but not the same . For him , adaptation includes exact quotation , imitation and incorporation of his own additions . This seems to define his personal style , and his aim seems to be to produce his own version , presumably intended that it should be tuned more towards the popular era than The Shrew . '' As had Alexander , Houk and Duthie , Miller believes the key to the debate is to be found in the subplot , as it is here where the two plays differ most . He points out that the subplot in The Shrew is based on `` the classical style of Latin comedy with an intricate plot involving deception , often kept in motion by a comic servant . '' The subplot in A Shrew , however , which features an extra sister and addresses the issue of marrying above and below one 's class , `` has many elements more associated with the romantic style of comedy popular in London in the 1590s . '' Miller cites plays such as Robert Greene 's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and Fair Em as evidence of the popularity of such plays . He points to the fact that in The Shrew , there is only eleven lines of romance between Lucentio and Bianca , but in A Shrew , there is an entire scene between Kate 's two sisters and their lovers . This , he argues , is evidence of an adaptation rather than a faulty report ; while it is difficult to know the motivation of the adapter , we can reckon that from his point of view an early staging of The Shrew might have revealed an overly wrought play from a writer trying to establish himself but challenging too far the current ideas of popular comedy . The Shrew is long and complicated . It has three plots , the subplots being in the swift Latin or Italianate style with several disguises . Its language is at first stuffed with difficult Italian quotations , but its dialogue must often sound plain when compared to Marlowe 's thunder or Greene 's romance , the mouth - filling lines and images that on other afternoons were drawing crowds . An adapter might well have seen his role as that of a ' play doctor ' improving The Shrew -- while cutting it -- by stuffing it with the sort of material currently in demand in popular romantic comedies . Miller believes the compiler `` appears to have wished to make the play shorter , more of a romantic comedy full of wooing and glamorous rhetoric , and to add more obvious , broad comedy . '' Hortensio problem ( edit ) H.C. Selous ' illustration of Sly and the Hostess ; from The Plays of William Shakespeare : The Comedies , edited by Charles Cowden Clarke and Mary Cowden Clarke ( 1830 ) . H.J. Oliver argues the version of the play in the 1623 First Folio was likely copied not from a prompt book or transcript , but from the author 's own foul papers , which he believes showed signs of revision by Shakespeare . These revisions , Oliver says , relate primarily to the character of Hortensio , and suggest that in an original version of the play , now lost , Hortensio was not a suitor to Bianca , but simply an old friend of Petruchio . When Shakespeare rewrote the play so that Hortensio became a suitor in disguise ( Litio ) , many of his lines were either omitted or given to Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) . Oliver cites several scenes in the play where Hortensio ( or his absence ) causes problems . For example , in Act 2 , Scene 1 , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) and Gremio bid for Bianca , but Hortensio , who everyone is aware is also a suitor , is never mentioned . In Act 3 , Scene 1 , Lucentio ( as Cambio ) tells Bianca `` we might beguile the old Pantalowne '' ( l. 36 ) , yet says nothing of Hortensio 's attempts to woo her , instead implying his only rival is Gremio . In Act 3 , Scene 2 , Tranio suddenly becomes an old friend of Petruchio , knowing his mannerisms and explaining his tardiness prior to the wedding . However , up to this point , Petruchio 's only acquaintance in Padua has been Hortensio . In Act 4 , Scene 3 , Hortensio tells Vincentio that Lucentio has married Bianca . However , as far as Hortensio should be concerned , Lucentio has denounced Bianca , because in Act 4 , Scene 2 , Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) agreed with Hortensio that neither of them would pursue Bianca , and as such , his knowledge of the marriage of who he supposes to be Lucentio and Bianca makes no sense . From this , Oliver concludes that an original version of the play existed in which Hortensio was simply a friend of Petruchio 's , and had no involvement in the Bianca subplot , but wishing to complicate things , Shakespeare rewrote the play , introducing the Litio disguise , and giving some of Hortensio 's discarded lines to Tranio , but not fully correcting everything to fit the presence of a new suitor . This is important in Duthie 's theory of an Ur - Shrew insofar as he argues it is the original version of The Shrew upon which A Shrew is based , not the version which appears in the 1623 First Folio . As Oliver argues , `` A Shrew is a report of an earlier , Shakespearian , form of The Shrew in which Hortensio was not disguised as Litio . '' Oliver suggests that when Pembroke 's Men left London in June 1592 , they had in their possession a now lost early draft of the play . Upon returning to London , they published A Shrew in 1594 , some time after which Shakespeare rewrote his original play into the form seen in the First Folio . Duthie 's arguments were never fully accepted at the time , as critics tended to look on the relationship between the two plays as an either - or situation ; A Shrew is either a reported text or an early draft . In more recent scholarship , however , the possibility that a text could be both has been shown to be critically viable . For example , in his 2003 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 2 Henry VI , Roger Warren makes the same argument for The First Part of the Contention . Randall Martin reaches the same conclusion regarding The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke in his 2001 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 3 Henry VI . This lends support to the theory that A Shrew could be both a reported text and an early draft . Controversy ( edit ) Kevin Black in his `` wedding outfit '' in the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production . The Taming of the Shrew has been the subject of critical controversy . Dana Aspinall writes `` Since its first appearance , some time between 1588 and 1594 , Shrew has elicited a panoply of heartily supportive , ethically uneasy , or altogether disgusted responses to its rough - and - tumble treatment of the ' taming ' of the ' curst shrew ' Katherina , and obviously , of all potentially unruly wives . '' Phyllis Rackin argues that `` seen in the context of current anxieties , desires and beliefs , Shakespeare 's play seems to prefigure the most oppressive modern assumptions about women and to validate those assumptions as timeless truths . '' Stevie Davies says that responses to Shrew have been `` dominated by feelings of unease and embarrassment , accompanied by the desire to prove that Shakespeare can not have meant what he seems to be saying ; and that therefore he can not really be saying it . '' Philippa Kelly asks : Do we simply add our voices to those of critical disapproval , seeing Shrew as at best an ' early Shakespeare ' , the socially provocative effort of a dramatist who was learning to flex his muscles ? Or as an item of social archaeology that we have long ago abandoned ? Or do we ' rescue ' it from offensive male smugness ? Or make an appeal to the slippery category of ' irony ' ? Some scholars argue that even in Shakespeare 's day the play must have been controversial , due to the changing nature of gender politics . Marjorie Garber , for example , suggests Shakespeare created the Induction so the audience would n't react badly to the misogyny in the Petruchio / Katherina story ; he was , in effect , defending himself against charges of sexism . G.R. Hibbard argues that during the period in which the play was written , arranged marriages were beginning to give way to newer , more romantically informed unions , and thus people 's views on women 's position in society , and their relationships with men , were in a state of flux . As such , audiences may not have been as predisposed to tolerate the harsh treatment of Katherina as is often thought . Mid-19th century print of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio rejects the tailor 's gowns for Katherina ) Evidence of at least some initial societal discomfort with The Shrew is , perhaps , to be found in the fact that John Fletcher , Shakespeare 's successor as house playwright for the King 's Men , wrote The Woman 's Prize , or The Tamer Tamed as a sequel to Shakespeare 's play . Written c. 1611 , the play tells the story of Petruchio 's remarriage after Katherina 's death . In a mirror of the original , his new wife attempts ( successfully ) to tame him -- thus the tamer becomes the tamed . Although Fletcher 's sequel is often downplayed as merely a farce , some critics acknowledge the more serious implications of such a reaction . Lynda Boose , for example , writes , `` Fletcher 's response may in itself reflect the kind of discomfort that Shrew has characteristically provoked in men and why its many revisions since 1594 have repeatedly contrived ways of softening the edges . '' With the rise of the feminist movement in the twentieth century , reactions to the play have tended to become more divergent . For some critics , `` Kate 's taming was no longer as funny as it had been ( ... ) her domination became , in George Bernard Shaw 's words ' altogether disgusting to modern sensibility ' . '' Addressing the relationship between A Shrew and The Shrew from a political perspective , for example , Leah S. Marcus very much believes the play to be what it seems . She argues A Shrew is an earlier version of The Shrew , but acknowledges that most scholars reject the idea that A Shrew was written by Shakespeare . She believes one of the reasons for this is because A Shrew `` hedges the play 's patriarchal message with numerous qualifiers that do not exist in '' The Shrew . She calls A Shrew a more `` progressive '' text than The Shrew , and argues that scholars tend to dismiss the idea that A Shrew is Shakespearean because `` the women are not as satisfactorily tamed as they are in The Shrew . '' She also points out that if A Shrew is an early draft , it suggests Shakespeare `` may have increased rather than decreased the patriarchal violence of his materials '' , something which , she believes , scholars find difficult to accept . However , others see the play as an example of a pre-feminist condemnation of patriarchal domination and an argument for modern - day `` women 's lib '' . For example , director Conall Morrison , wrote in 2008 : I find it gobsmacking that some people see the play as misogynistic . I believe that it is a moral tale . I believe that it is saying -- `` do not be like this '' and `` do not do this . '' `` These people are objectionable . '' By the time you get to the last scene all of the men -- including her father are saying -- it 's amazing how you crushed that person . It 's amazing how you lobotomised her . And they 're betting on the women as though they are dogs in a race or horses . It 's reduced to that . And it 's all about money and the level of power . Have you managed to crush Katharina or for Hortensio and Lucentio , will you be able to control Bianca and the widow ? Will you similarly be able to control your proto - shrews ? It is so self - evidently repellent that I do n't believe for a second that Shakespeare is espousing this . And I do n't believe for a second that the man who would be interested in Benedict and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet and all these strong lovers would have some misogynist aberration . It 's very obviously a satire on this male behaviour and a cautionary tale ( ... ) That 's not how he views women and relationships , as demonstrated by the rest of the plays . This is him investigating misogyny , exploring it and animating it and obviously damning it because none of the men come out smelling of roses . When the chips are down they all default to power positions and self - protection and status and the one woman who was a challenge to them , with all with her wit and intellect , they are all gleeful and relieved to see crushed . Philippa Kelly makes this point : Petruchio 's ' taming ' of Kate , harsh though it may be , is a far cry from the fiercely repressive measures going on outside the theatre , and presumably endorsed by much of its audience . Some critics argue that in mitigating the violence both of folktales and of actual practices , Shakespeare sets up Petruchio as a ruffian and a bully , but only as a disguise -- and a disguise that implicitly criticises the brutal arrogance of conventional male attitudes . Elizabeth Kantor argues the following : Whatever the `` gender studies '' folks may think , Shakespeare is n't trying to `` domesticate women '' ; he 's not making any kind of case for how they ought to be treated or what sort of rights they ought to have . He 's just noticing what men and women are really like , and creating fascinating and delightful drama out of it . Shakespeare 's celebration of the limits that define us -- of our natures as men and women -- upsets only those folks who find human nature itself upsetting . Jonathan Miller , director of the 1980 BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation , and several theatrical productions , argues that although the play is not misogynistic , neither is it a feminist treatise : I think it 's an irresponsible and silly thing to make that play into a feminist tract : to use it as a way of proving that women have been dishonoured and hammered flat by male chauvinism . There 's another , more complex way of reading it than that : which sees it as being their particular view of how society ought to be organised in order to restore order in a fallen world . Now , we do n't happen to think that we are inheritors of the sin of Adam and that orderliness can only be preserved by deputing power to magistrates and sovereigns , fathers and husbands . But the fact that they did think like that is absolutely undeniable , so productions which really do try to deny that , and try to hijack the work to make it address current problems about women 's place in society , become boring , thin and tractarian . Induction ( edit ) An element in the debate regarding the play 's misogyny , or lack thereof , is the Induction , and how it relates to the Katherina / Petruchio story . According to H.J. Oliver , `` it has become orthodoxy to claim to find in the Induction the same ' theme ' as is to be found in both the Bianca and the Katherine - Petruchio plots of the main play , and to take it for granted that identity of theme is a merit and ' justifies ' the introduction of Sly . '' For example , Geoffrey Bullough argues the three plots `` are all linked in idea because all contain discussion of the relations of the sexes in marriage . '' Richard Hosley suggests the three plots form a unified whole insofar as they all deal with `` assumptions about identity and assumptions about personality . '' Oliver , however , argues that `` the Sly Induction does not so much announce the theme of the enclosed stories as establish their tone . '' William Quiller Orchardson 's illustration of Sly and the Lord , engraved by Charles William Sharpe ; from the Imperial Edition of The Works of Shakespere , edited by Charles Knight ( 1876 ) . This is important in terms of determining the seriousness of Katherina 's final speech . Marjorie Garber writes of the Induction , `` the frame performs the important task of distancing the later action , and of insuring a lightness of tone -- significant in light of the real abuse to which Kate is subjected by Petruchio . '' Oliver argues the Induction is used to remove the audience from the world of the enclosed plot -- to place the Sly story on the same level of reality as the audience , and the Katherina / Petruchio story on a different level of reality . This , he argues , is done to ensure the audience does not take the play literally , that it sees the Katherina / Petruchio story as a farce : the phenomenon of theatrical illusion is itself being laughed at ; and the play within the play makes Sly drowsy and probably soon sends him to sleep . Are we to let that play preach morality to us or look in it for social or intellectual substance ? The drunken tinker may be believed in as one believes in any realistically presented character ; but we can not ' believe ' in something that is not even mildly interesting to him . The play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . Oliver argues that `` the main purpose of the Induction was to set the tone for the play within the play -- in particular , to present the story of Kate and her sister as none - too - serious comedy put on to divert a drunken tinker '' . He suggests that if the Induction is removed from a production of the play ( as it very often is ) , a fundamental part of the structure has been lost . Speaking of Jonathan Miller 's BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation of 1980 , which omitted the Induction , Stanley Wells wrote `` to omit the Christopher Sly episodes is to suppress one of Shakespeare 's most volatile lesser characters , to jettison most of the play 's best poetry , and to strip it of an entire dramatic dimension . '' Regarding the importance of the Induction , Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen argue `` the Sly framework establishes a self - referential theatricality in which the status of the shrew - play as a play is enforced . '' Graham Holderness argues `` the play in its received entirety does not propose any simple or unitary view of sexual politics : it contains a crudely reactionary dogma of masculine supremacy , but it also works on that ideology to force its expression into self - contradiction . The means by which this self - interrogation is accomplished is that complex theatrical device of the Sly - framework ( ... ) without the metadramatic potentialities of the Sly - framework , any production of Shrew is thrown much more passively at the mercy of the director 's artistic and political ideology . '' Coppélia Kahn suggests `` the transformation of Christopher Sly from drunken lout to noble lord , a transformation only temporary and skin - deep , suggests that Kate 's switch from independence may also be deceptive and prepares us for the irony of the dénouement . '' The Induction serves to undercut charges of misogyny -- the play within the play is a farce , it is not supposed to be taken seriously by the audience , as it is not taken seriously by Sly . As such , questions of the seriousness of what happens within it are rendered irrelevant . Language ( edit ) Language itself is a major theme in the play , especially in the taming process , where mastery of language becomes paramount . Katherina is initially described as a shrew because of her harsh language to those around her . Brown University Professor Karen Newman points out , `` from the outset of the play , Katherine 's threat to male authority is posed through language : it is perceived by others as such and is linked to a claim larger than shrewishness -- witchcraft -- through the constant allusions to Katherine 's kinship with the devil . '' For example , after Katherina rebukes Hortensio and Gremio in Act 1 , Scene 1 , Hortensio replies with `` From all such devils , good Lord deliver us ! '' ( l. 66 ) . Even Katherina 's own father refers to her as `` thou hilding of a devilish spirit '' ( 2.1. 26 ) . Petruchio , however , attempts to tame her -- and thus her language -- with rhetoric that specifically undermines her tempestuous nature ; Say that she rail , why then I 'll tell her plain She sings as sweetly as a nightingale . Say that she frown , I 'll say that she looks as clear As morning roses newly washed with dew . Say she be mute and will not speak a word , Then I 'll commend her volubility And say she uttereth piercing eloquence . If she do bid me pack , I 'll give her thanks , As though she bid me stay by her a week . If she deny to wed , I 'll crave the day When I shall ask the banns , and when be marrièd . ( 2.1. 169 -- 179 ) Here Petruchio is specifically attacking the very function of Katherina 's language , vowing that no matter what she says , he will purposely misinterpret it , thus undermining the basis of the linguistic sign , and disrupting the relationship between signifier and signified . In this sense , Margaret Jane Kidnie argues this scene demonstrates the `` slipperiness of language . '' Apart from undermining her language , Petruchio also uses language to objectify her . For example , in Act 3 , Scene 2 , Petruchio explains to all present that Katherina is now literally his property : She is my goods , my chattels , she is my house , My household stuff , my field , my barn , My horse , my ox , my ass , my any thing . ( ll. 232 -- 234 ) In discussing Petruchio 's objectification of Katherina , Tita French Baumlin focuses on his puns on her name . By referring to her as a `` cake '' and a `` cat '' ( 2.1. 185 -- 195 ) , he objectifies her in a more subtle manner than saying she belongs to him . A further aspect of Petruchio 's taming rhetoric is the repeated comparison of Katherina to animals . In particular , he is prone to comparing her to a hawk ( 2.1. 8 and 4.1. 177 -- 183 ) , often employing an overarching hunting metaphor ; `` My falcon now is sharp and passing empty , / And till she stoop she must not be full - gorged '' ( 4.1. 177 -- 178 ) . Katherina , however , appropriates this method herself , leading to a trading of insults rife with animal imagery in Act 2 , Scene 1 ( ll. 207 -- 232 ) , where she compares Petruchio to a turtle and a crab . Language itself has thus become a battleground . However , it is Petruchio who seemingly emerges as the victor . In his house , after Petruchio has dismissed the haberdasher , Katherina exclaims Why sir , I trust I may have leave to speak , And speak I will . I am no child , no babe ; Your betters have endured me say my mind , And if you can not , best you stop your ears . My tongue will tell the anger of my heart , Or else my heart concealing it will break , And rather than it shall , I will be free Even to the uttermost , as I please , in words . ( 4.3. 74 -- 80 ) Katherina is here declaring her independence of language ; no matter what Petruchio may do , she will always be free to speak her mind . However , only one - hundred lines later , the following exchange occurs ; PETRUCHIO Let 's see , I think ' tis now some seven o'clock . And well we may come there by dinner - time . KATHERINA I dare assure you , sir , ' tis almost two , And ' twill be supper - time ere you come there . PETRUCHIO It shall be seven ere I go to horse . Look what I speak , or do , or think to do , You are still crossing it . Sirs , let 't alone , I will not go today ; and ere I do , It shall be what o'clock I say it is . ( 4.3. 184 -- 192 ) Kidnie says of this scene , `` the language game has suddenly changed and the stakes have been raised . Whereas before he seemed to mishear or misunderstand her words , Petruchio now overtly tests his wife 's subjection by demanding that she concede to his views even when they are demonstrably unreasonable . The lesson is that Petruchio has the absolute authority to rename their world . '' Katherina is free to say whatever she wishes , as long she agrees with Petruchio . His apparent victory in the ' language game ' is seen in Act 4 , Scene 5 , when Katherina is made to switch the words `` moon '' and `` sun '' , and she concedes that she will agree with whatever Petruchio says , no matter how absurd : Julius Caesar Ibbetson illustration of Act 4 , Scene 5 ( the `` sun and moon '' conversation ) from The Boydell Shakespeare Prints ; engraved by Isaac Taylor ( 1803 ) . And be it the moon , or sun , or what you please ; And if you please to call it a rush - candle , Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me ... But sun it is not , when you say it is not , And the moon changes even as your mind : What you will have it named , even that it is , And so it shall be so for Katherine . ( ll. 12 -- 15 ; ll. 19 -- 22 ) Of this scene , Kidnie argues `` what he ' says ' must take priority over what Katherina ' knows ' . '' From this point , Katherina 's language changes from her earlier vernacular ; instead of defying Petruchio and his words , she has apparently succumbed to his rhetoric and accepted that she will use his language instead of her own -- both Katherina and her language have , seemingly , been tamed . The important role of language , however , is not confined to the taming plot . For example , in a psychoanalytic reading of the play , Joel Fineman suggests there is a distinction made between male and female language , further subcategorising the latter into good and bad , epitomised by Bianca and Katherina respectively . Language is also important in relation to the Induction . Here , Sly speaks in prose until he begins to accept his new role as lord , at which point he switches to blank verse and adopts the royal we . Language is also important in relation to Tranio and Lucentio , who appear on stage speaking a highly artificial style of blank verse full of classical and mythological allusions and elaborate metaphors and similes , thus immediately setting them aside from the more straightforward language of the Induction , and alerting the audience to the fact that they are now in an entirely different milieu . Themes ( edit ) Female submissiveness ( edit ) Arthur Rackham illustration of Act 5 , Scene 2 ( Katherina is the only wife to respond to her husband ) ; from Tales from Shakespeare , edited by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb ( 1890 ) . In productions of the play , it is often the interpretation of Katherina 's final speech ( the longest speech in the play ) that defines the tone of the entire production , such is the importance of this speech and what it says , or seems to say , about female submission : Fie , fie ! unknit that threatening unkind brow , And dart not scornful glances from those eyes To wound thy lord , thy king , thy governor . It blots thy beauty , as frosts do bite the meads , Confounds thy fame , as whirlwinds shake fair buds , And in no sense is meet or amiable . A woman moved is like a fountain troubled , Muddy , ill - seeming , thick , bereft of beauty , And while it is so , none so dry or thirsty Will deign to sip or touch one drop of it . Thy husband is thy lord , thy life , thy keeper , Thy head , thy sovereign : one that cares for thee , And for thy maintenance ; commits his body To painful labour both by sea and land , To watch the night in storms , the day in cold , Whilst thou liest warm at home , secure and safe , And craves no other tribute at thy hands But love , fair looks , and true obedience -- Too little payment for so great a debt . Such duty as the subject owes the prince , Even such a woman oweth to her husband ; And when she is froward , peevish , sullen , sour , And not obedient to his honest will , What is she but a foul contending rebel And graceless traitor to her loving lord ? I am ashamed that women are so simple To offer war where they should kneel for peace ; Or seek for rule , supremacy , and sway , When they are bound to serve , love , and obey . Why are our bodies soft , and weak , and smooth , Unapt to toil and trouble in the world , But that our soft conditions , and our hearts , Should well agree with our external parts ? Come , come , you froward and unable worms ! My mind hath been as big as one of yours , My heart as great , my reason haply more , To bandy word for word and frown for frown ; But now I see our lances are but straws , Our strength as weak , our weakness past compare , That seeming to be most which we indeed least are . Then vail your stomachs , for it is no boot , And place your hands below your husband 's foot ; In token of which duty , if he please , My hand is ready , may it do him ease . ( 5.2. 136 -- 179 ) Traditionally , many critics have taken the speech literally . Writing in 1943 , for example , G.I. Duthie argued `` what Shakespeare emphasises here is the foolishness of trying to destroy order . '' However , in a modern western society , holding relatively egalitarian views on gender , such an interpretation presents a dilemma , as according to said interpretation the play seemingly celebrates female subjugation . Critically , four main theories have emerged in response to Katherina 's speech ; It is sincere ; Petruchio has successfully tamed her . It is sincere , but not because Petruchio has tamed her . Instead , she has fallen in love with him and accepted her role as his wife . It is ironic ; she is being sarcastic , pretending to have been tamed when in reality she has completely duped Petruchio into thinking he has tamed her . It should not be read seriously or ironically ; it is part of the farcical nature of the play - within - the - play . George Bernard Shaw wrote in 1897 that `` no man with any decency of feeling can sit it out in the company of a woman without being extremely ashamed of the lord - of - creation moral implied in the wager and the speech put into the woman 's own mouth . '' Katherina is seen as having been successfully tamed , and having come to accept her newly submissive role to such an extent that she advocates that role for others , the final speech rationalises , according to Duthie , in both a political and sociological sense , the submission of wives to husbands . Actress Meryl Streep , who played Katherina in 1978 at the Shakespeare in the Park festival , says of the play , `` really what matters is that they have an incredible passion and love ; it 's not something that Katherina admits to right away , but it does provide the source of her change . '' Similarly , John C. Bean sees the speech as the final stage in the process of Katherina 's change of heart towards Petruchio ; `` if we can appreciate the liberal element in Kate 's last speech -- the speech that strikes modern sensibilities as advocating male tyranny -- we can perhaps see that Kate is tamed not in the automatic manner of behavioural psychology but in the spontaneous manner of the later romantic comedies where characters lose themselves and emerge , as if from a dream , liberated into the bonds of love . '' Taming of the Shrew by Augustus Egg ( 1860 ) . Perhaps the most common interpretation in the modern era is that the speech is ironic ; Katherina has not been tamed at all , she has merely duped Petruchio into thinking she has . Two especially well known examples of this interpretation are seen in the two major feature film adaptations of the play ; Sam Taylor 's 1929 version and Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version . In Taylor 's film , Katherina , played by Mary Pickford , winks at Bianca during the speech , indicating she does not mean a word of what she is saying . In Zeffirelli 's film , Katherina , played by Elizabeth Taylor , delivers the speech as though it were her own idea , and the submission aspect is reversed by her ending the speech and leaving the room , causing Petruchio to have to run after her . Phyllis Rackin is an example of a scholar who reads the speech ironically , especially in how it deals with gender . She points out that several lines in the speech focus on the woman 's body , but in the Elizabethan theatre , the role would have been played by a young boy , thus rendering any evocation of the female form as ironic . Reading the play as a satire of gender roles , she sees the speech as the culmination of this process . Along similar lines , Philippa Kelly says `` the body of the boy actor in Shakespeare 's time would have created a sexual indeterminacy that would have undermined the patriarchal narrative , so that the taming is only apparently so . And in declaring women 's passivity so extensively and performing it centre - stage , Kate might be seen to take on a kind of agency that rebukes the feminine codes of silence and obedience which she so expressly advocates . '' Similarly , Coppélia Kahn argues the speech is really about how little Katherina has been tamed ; `` she steals the scene from her husband , who has held the stage throughout the play , and reveals that he has failed to tame her in the sense he set out to . He has gained her outward compliance in the form of a public display , while her spirit remains mischievously free . '' In relation to this interpretation , William Empson suggests that Katherina was originally performed by an adult male actor rather than a young boy . He argues that the play indicates on several occasions that Katherina is physically strong , and even capable of over-powering Petruchio . For example , this is demonstrated off - stage when the horse falls on her as she is riding to Petruchio 's home , and she is able to lift it off herself , and later when she throws Petruchio off a servant he is beating . Empson argues that the point is not that Katherina is , as a woman , weak , but that she is not well cast in the role in life which she finds herself having to play . The end of the play then offers blatant irony when a strong male actor , dressed as a woman , lectures women on how to play their parts . The fourth school of thought is that the play is a farce , and hence the speech should not be read seriously or ironically . For example , Robert B. Heilman argues that `` the whole wager scene falls essentially within the realm of farce : the responses are largely mechanical , as is their symmetry . Kate 's final long speech on the obligations and fitting style of wives we can think of as a more or less automatic statement -- that is , the kind appropriate to farce -- of a generally held doctrine . '' He further makes his case by positing : there are two arguments against ( an ironic interpretation ) . One is that a careful reading of the lines will show that most of them have to be taken literally ; only the last seven or eight lines can be read with ironic overtones ( ... ) The second is that some forty lines of straight irony would be too much to be borne ; it would be inconsistent with the straightforwardness of most of the play , and it would really turn Kate back into a hidden shrew whose new technique was sarcastic indirection , sidemouthing at the audience , while her not very intelligent husband , bamboozled , cheered her on . Another way in which to read the speech ( and the play ) as farcical is to focus on the Induction . H.J. Oliver , for example , emphasising the importance of the Induction , writes `` the play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . We have been warned . '' Of Katherina 's speech , he argues : this lecture by Kate on the wife 's duty to submit is the only fitting climax to the farce -- and for that very reason it can not logically be taken seriously , orthodox though the views expressed may be ( ... ) attempting to take the last scene as a continuation of the realistic portrayal of character leads some modern producers to have it played as a kind of private joke between Petruchio and Kate -- or even have Petruchio imply that by now he is thoroughly ashamed of himself . It does not , can not , work . The play has changed key : it has modulated back from something like realistic social comedy to the other , ' broader ' kind of entertainment that was foretold by the Induction . Gender politics ( edit ) The issue of gender politics is an important theme in The Taming of the Shrew . In a letter to the Pall Mall Gazette , George Bernard Shaw famously called the play `` one vile insult to womanhood and manhood from the first word to the last . '' A contemporary critic , Emily Detmer , points out that in the late 16th and early 17th century , laws curtailing husbands ' use of violence in disciplining their wives were becoming more commonplace ; `` the same culture that still `` felt good '' about dunking scolds , whipping whores , or burning witches was becoming increasingly sensitive about husbands beating their wives . '' Detmer argues : the vigor of public discourse on wife - beating exemplifies a culture at work reformulating permissible and impermissible means for husbands to maintain control over the politics of the family , without , however , questioning that goal . This new boundary was built on notions of class and civil behaviour . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew acts as a comedic roadmap for reconfiguring these emergent modes of `` skillful '' and civilised dominance for gentlemen , that is , for subordinating a wife without resorting to the `` common '' man 's brute strength . Petruchio 's answer is to psychologically tame Katherina , a method not frowned upon by society ; `` the play signals a shift towards a `` modern '' way of managing the subordination of wives by legitimatising domination as long as it is not physical . '' Detmer argues `` Shakespeare 's `` shrew '' is tamed in a manner that would have made the wife - beating reformers proud ; Petruchio 's taming `` policy '' dramatises how abstention from physical violence works better . The play encourages its audience not only to pay close attention to Petruchio 's method but also to judge and enjoy the method 's permissibility because of the absence of blows and the harmonious outcome . '' ' Williams ' cartoon from Caricature magazine ; `` Tameing a Shrew ; or , Petruchio 's Patent Family Bedstead , Gags & Thumscrews '' ( 1815 ) . However , Detmer is critical of scholars who defend Shakespeare for depicting male dominance in a less brutal fashion than many of his contemporaries . For example , although not specifically mentioned by Detmer , Michael West writes `` the play 's attitude was characteristically Elizabethan and was expressed more humanly by Shakespeare than by some of his sources . '' Detmer goes on to read the play in light of modern psychological theories regarding women 's responses to domestic violence , and argues that Katherina develops Stockholm syndrome : a model of domestic violence that includes tactics other than physical violence gives readers a way in which to understand Kate 's romanticised surrender at the end of the play as something other than consensual , as , in fact , a typical response to abuse ( ... ) Like a victim of the Stockholm syndrome , she denies her own feelings in order to bond with her abuser . Her surrender and obedience signify her emotional bondage as a survival strategy ; she aims to please because her life depends upon it . Knowing how the Stockholm syndrome works can help us to see that whatever `` subjectivity '' might be achieved is created out of domination and a coercive bonding . In a Marxist reading of the play , Natasha Korda argues that , although Petruchio is not characterised as a violent man , he still embodies sixteenth century notions regarding the subjugation and objectification of women . Shrew taming stories existed prior to Shakespeare 's play , and in such stories , `` the object of the tale was simply to put the shrew to work , to restore her ( frequently through some gruesome form of punishment ) to her proper productive place within the household economy . '' Petruchio does not do this , but Korda argues he still works to curtail the activities of the woman ; `` Kate ( is ) not a reluctant producer , but rather an avid and sophisticated consumer of market goods ( ... ) Petruchio 's taming strategy is accordingly aimed not at his wife 's productive capacity -- not once does he ask Kate to brew , bake , wash , card , or spin -- but at her consumption . He seeks to educate her in her role as a consumer . '' She believes that even though Petruchio does not use force to tame Katherina , his actions are still an endorsement of patriarchy ; he makes her his property and tames her into accepting a patriarchal economic worldview . Vital in this reading is Katherina 's final speech , which Korda argues `` inaugurates a new gendered division of labour , according to which husbands `` labour both by sea and land '' while their wives luxuriate at home ( ... ) In erasing the status of housework as work , separate - sphere ideology renders the housewife perpetually indebted to her husband ( ... ) The Taming of the Shrew marks the emergence of the ideological separation of feminine and masculine spheres of labour . '' In a different reading of how gender politics are handled in the play , David Beauregard reads the relationship between Katherina and Petruchio in traditional Aristotelian terms . Petruchio , as the architect of virtue ( Politics , 1.13 ) , brings Kate into harmony with her nature by developing her `` new - built virtue and obedience '' , ( 5.2. 118 ) , and she , in turn , brings to Petruchio in her person all the Aristotelian components of happiness -- wealth and good fortune , virtue , friendship and love , the promise of domestic peace and quiet ( Nicomachean Ethics , 1.7 -- 8 ) . The virtue of obedience at the center of Kate 's final speech is not what Aristotle describes as the despotic rule of master over slave , but rather the statesman 's rule over a free and equal person ( Politics , 1.3 , 12 -- 13 ) . Recognising the evil of despotic domination , the play holds up in inverse form Kate 's shrewishness , the feminine form of the will to dominance , as an evil that obstructs natural fulfillment and destroys marital happiness . Cruelty ( edit ) Another theme in the play is cruelty . Alexander Leggatt states : the taming of Katherina is not just a lesson , but a game -- a test of skill and a source of pleasure . The roughness is , at bottom , part of the fun : such is the peculiar psychology of sport that one is willing to endure aching muscles and risk the occasional broken limb for the sake of the challenge . The sports most often recalled throughout the play are blood sports , hunting and hawking , thus invoking in the audience the state of mind in which cruelty and violence are acceptable , even exciting , because their scope is limited by tacit agreement and they are made the occasion for a display of skill . Ann Thompson argues that `` the fact that in the folktale versions the shrew - taming story always comes to its climax when the husbands wager on their wives ' obedience must have been partly responsible for the large number of references to sporting , gaming and gambling throughout the play . These metaphors can help to make Petruchio 's cruelty acceptable by making it seem limited and conventionalised . '' Marvin Bennet Krims argues that `` the play leans heavily on representations of cruelty for its comedic effect . '' He believes cruelty permeates the entire play , including the Induction , arguing the Sly frame , with the Lord 's spiteful practical joke , prepares the audience for a play willing to treat cruelty as a comedic matter . He suggests that cruelty is a more important theme than gender , arguing that `` the aggression represented in Taming can be read as having less to do with gender and more to do with hate , with the text thereby becoming a comic representation of the general problem of human cruelty and victimisation . '' Director Michael Bogdanov , who directed the play in 1978 , considers that `` Shakespeare was a feminist '' : Shakespeare shows women totally abused -- like animals -- bartered to the highest bidder . He shows women used as commodities , not allowed to choose for themselves . In The Taming of the Shrew you get that extraordinary scene between Baptista , Grumio , and Tranio , where they are vying with each other to see who can offer most for Bianca , who is described as ' the prize ' . It is a toss of the coin to see which way she will go : to the old man with a certain amount of money , or to the young man , who is boasting that he 's got so many ships . She could end up with the old impotent fool , or the young ' eligible ' man : what sort of life is that to look forward to ? There is no question of it , ( Shakespeare 's ) sympathy is with the women , and his purpose , to expose the cruelty of a society that allows these things to happen . Money ( edit ) John Drew as Petruchio in Augustin Daly 's 1887 production at Daly 's Theatre , New York . The motivation of money is another theme . When speaking of whether or not someone may ever want to marry Katherina , Hortensio says `` Though it pass your patience and mine to endure her loud alarums , why man , there be good fellows in the world , and a man could light on them , would take her with all faults and money enough '' ( 1.1. 125 -- 128 ) . In the scene that follows Petruchio says : If thou know One rich enough to be Petruchio 's wife - As wealth is burden of my wooing dance - Be she as foul as was Florentius ' love , As old as Sibyl , and as curst and shrewd As Socrates ' Xanthippe , or a worse , She moves me not . ( 1.2. 65 -- 71 ) A few lines later Grumio says , `` Why give him gold enough and marry him to a puppet or an aglet - baby , or an old trot with ne 're a tooth in her head , though she have as many diseases as two and fifty horses . Why , nothing comes amiss , so money comes withal '' ( 1.2. 77 -- 80 ) . Furthermore , Petruchio is encouraged to woo Katherina by Gremio , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) , and Hortensio , who vow to pay him if he wins her , on top of Baptista 's dowry ( `` After my death , the one half of my lands , and in possession , twenty thousand crowns '' ) . Later , Petruchio does not agree with Baptista on the subject of love in this exchange : BAPTISTA When the special thing is well obtained , That is , her love ; for that is all in all . PETRUCHIO Why that is nothing . ( 2.1. 27 -- 29 ) Gremio and Tranio literally bid for Bianca . As Baptista says , `` ' Tis deeds must win the prize , and he of both / That can assure my daughter greatest dower / Shall have my Bianca 's love '' ( 2.1. 344 -- 346 ) . Performance ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance Adaptations ( edit ) Plays ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance § Theatrical adaptations Opera ( edit ) The first opera based on the play was Ferdinando Bertoni 's opera buffa Il duca di Atene ( 1780 ) , with libretto by Carlo Francesco Badini . Frederic Reynolds ' Catherine and Petruchio ( 1828 ) is an adaptation of Garrick , with an overture taken from Gioachino Rossini , songs derived from numerous Shakespeare plays and sonnets , and music by John Braham and Thomas Simpson Cooke . Starring Fanny Ayton and James William Wallack , the opera premiered at Drury Lane , but it was not successful , and closed after only a few performances . Hermann Goetz ' Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1874 ) , with libretto by Joseph Viktor Widmann , is a comic opera , which focuses on the Bianca subplot , and cuts back the taming story . It was first performed at the original National Theatre Mannheim . John Kendrick Bangs ' Katherine : A Travesty ( 1888 ) is a Gilbert and Sullivan - style parody operetta which premiered in the Metropolitan Opera . Spyridon Samaras ' La furia domata : commedia musicale in tre atti ( 1895 ) is a now lost lyric comedy with libretto by Enrico Annibale Butti and Giulio Macchi , which premiered at the Teatro Lirico . Ruperto Chapí 's Las bravías ( 1896 ) , with a libretto by José López Silva and Carlos Fernández Shaw , is a one - act género chico zarzuela clearly based on the story , but with names changed and the location altered to Madrid : it was a major success in Spain , with over 200 performances in 1896 alone , and continues to be performed regularly . Johan Wagenaar 's De getemde feeks ( 1909 ) is the second of three overtures Wagenaar wrote based on Shakespeare , the others being Koning Jan ( 1891 ) and Driekoningenavond ( 1928 ) . Another overture inspired by the play is Alfred Reynolds ' The Taming of the Shrew Overture ( 1927 ) . Ermanno Wolf - Ferrari 's verismo opera Sly , ovvero la leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) focuses on the Induction , with libretto by Giovacchino Forzano . A tragedy , the opera depicts Sly as a hard - drinking and debt - ridden poet who sings in a London pub . When he is tricked into believing that he is a lord , his life improves , but upon learning it is a ruse , he mistakenly concludes the woman he loves ( Dolly ) only told him she loved him as part of the ruse . In despair , he kills himself by cutting his wrists , with Dolly arriving too late to save him . Starring Aureliano Pertile and Mercedes Llopart , it was first performed at La Scala in Milan . Rudolf Karel 's The Taming of the Shrew is an unfinished opera upon which he worked between 1942 and 1944 . Philip Greeley Clapp 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1948 ) was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera . Vittorio Giannini 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) is an opera buffa , with libretto by Giannini and Dorothy Fee . It was first performed at the Cincinnati Music Hall , starring Dorothy Short and Robert Kircher . Vissarion Shebalin 's Ukroshchenye stroptivoy ( 1957 ) , with libretto by Abram Akimovich Gozenpud , was Shebalin 's last opera and was immediately hailed as a masterpiece throughout Russia . Dominick Argento 's Christopher Sly ( 1962 ) , with libretto by John Manlove , is a comic opera in two scenes and an interlude , first performed in the University of Minnesota . Sly is duped by a Lord into believing that he himself is a lord . However , he soon becomes aware of the ruse , and when left alone , he flees with the Lord 's valuables and his two mistresses . Musical / ballet ( edit ) Louis Rhead ink drawing of Katherine breaking a lute over Hortensio 's head , designed for a 1918 edition of Tales from Shakespeare . The earliest known musical adaptation of the play was a ballad opera based on Charles Johnson 's Cobler of Preston . Called The Cobler of Preston 's Opera , the piece was anonymously written , although William Dunkin is thought by some scholars as a likely candidate . Rehearsals for the premier began in Smock Alley in October 1731 , but sometime in November or December , the show was cancelled . It was instead performed by a group of children ( including an eleven - year - old Peg Woffington ) in January 1732 at Signora Violante 's New Booth in Dame Street . It was subsequently published in March . James Worsdale 's A Cure for a Scold is also a ballad opera . First performed at Drury Lane in 1735 , starring Kitty Clive and Charles Macklin , A Cure for a Scold was an adaptation of Lacy 's Sauny the Scot rather than Shakespeare 's original Taming of the Shrew . Petruchio was renamed Manly , and Katherina was renamed Margaret ( nicknamed Peg ) . At the end , there is no wager . Instead , Peg pretends she is dying , and as Petruchio runs for a doctor , she reveals she is fine , and declares `` you have taught me what ' tis to be a Wife , and I shall make it my Study to be obliging and obedient , '' to which Manly replies `` My best Peg , we will exchange Kindness , and be each others Servants . '' After the play has finished , the actress playing Peg steps forward and speaks directly to the audience as herself ; `` Well , I must own , it wounds me to the Heart / To play , unwomanly , so mean a Part. / What -- to submit , so tamely -- so contented , / Thank Heav'n ! I 'm not the Thing I represented . '' Cole Porter 's musical Kiss Me , Kate is an adaptation of Taming of the Shrew . The music and lyrics are by Porter and the book is by Samuel and Bella Spewack . It is at least partially based on the 1935 / 1936 Theatre Guild production of Taming of the Shrew , which starred husband and wife Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne , whose backstage fights became legendary . The musical tells the story of a husband and wife acting duo ( Fred and Lilli ) attempting to stage The Taming of the Shrew , but whose backstage fights keep getting in the way . The musical opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre in 1948 , running for a total of 1,077 performances . Directed by John C. Wilson with choreography by Hanya Holm , it starred Patricia Morison and Alfred Drake . The production moved to the West End in 1951 , directed by Samuel Spewack with choreography again by Holm , and starring Patricia Morrison and Bill Johnson . It ran for 501 performances . As well as being a box office hit , the musical was also a critical success , winning five Tony Awards ; Best Authors ( Musical ) , Best Original Score , Best Costume Design , Best Musical and Best Producers ( Musical ) . The play has since been revived numerous times in various countries . Its 1999 revival at the Martin Beck Theatre , directed by Michael Blakemore and starring Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell , was especially successful , winning another five Tonys ; Best Actor ( Musical ) , Best Costume Design , Best Director ( Musical ) , Best Orchestrations , and Best Revival ( Musical ) . The first ballet version of the play was Maurice Béjart 's La mégère apprivoisée . Using the music of Alessandro Scarlatti , it was originally performed by the Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris in 1954 . The best known ballet adaptation is John Cranko 's The Taming of the Shrew , first performed by the Stuttgart Ballet at the Staatsoper Stuttgart in 1969 . Another ballet adaptation is Louis Falco 's Kate 's Rag , first performed by the Louis Falco Dance Company at the Akademie der Künste in 1980 . In 1988 , Aleksandre Machavariani composed a ballet suite , but it was not performed until 2009 , when his son , conductor Vakhtang Machavariani , gave a concert at the Georgian National Music Center featuring music by Modest Mussorgsky , Sergei Prokofiev and some of his father 's pieces . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Film Television ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Television Radio ( edit ) In 1924 , extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio , performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the eight episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare 's plays , entitled Shakespeare Night . Extracts were also broadcast in 1925 as part of Shakespeare : Scene and Story , with Edna Godfrey - Turner and William Charles Macready , and in 1926 as part of Shakespeare 's Heroines , with Madge Titheradge and Edmund Willard . In 1927 , a forty - three - minute truncation of the play was broadcast on BBC National Programme , with Barbara Couper and Ian Fleming . In 1932 , National Programme aired another truncated version , this one running eighty - five minutes , and again starring Couper , with Francis James as Petruchio . In 1935 , Peter Creswell directed a broadcast of the relatively complete text ( only the Bianca subplot was trimmed ) on National Programme , starring Mary Hinton and Godfrey Tearle . This was the first non-theatrical version of the play to feature Sly , who was played by Stuart Robertson . In 1941 , Creswell directed another adaptation for BBC Home Service , again starring Tearle , with Fay Compton as Katherina . In 1947 , BBC Light Programme aired extracts for their Theatre Programme from John Burrell 's Edinburgh Festival production , with Patricia Burke and Trevor Howard . In 1954 , the full - length play aired on BBC Home Service , directed by Peter Watts , starring Mary Wimbush and Joseph O'Conor , with Norman Shelley as Sly . BBC Radio 4 aired another full - length broadcast ( without the Induction ) in 1973 as part of their Monday Night Theatre series , directed by Ian Cotterell , starring Fenella Fielding and Paul Daneman . In 1989 , BBC Radio 3 aired the full play , directed by Jeremy Mortimer , starring Cheryl Campbell and Bob Peck , with William Simons as Sly . In 2000 , BBC Radio 3 aired another full - length production ( without the Induction ) as part of their Shakespeare for the New Millennium series , directed by Melanie Harris , and starring Ruth Mitchell and Gerard McSorley . In the United States , the first major radio production was in July 1937 on NBC Blue Network , when John Barrymore adapted the play into a forty - five - minute piece , starring Elaine Barrie and Barrymore himself . In August of the same year , CBS Radio aired a sixty - minute adaptation directed by Brewster Mason , starring Frieda Inescort and Edward G. Robinson . The adaptation was written by Gilbert Seldes , who employed a narrator ( Godfrey Tearle ) to fill in gaps in the story , tell the audience about the clothes worn by the characters and offer opinions as to the direction of the plot . For example , Act 4 , Scene 5 ends with the narrator musing `` We know that Katherina obeys her husband , but has her spirit been really tamed I wonder ? '' In 1940 , a thirty - minute musical version of the play written by Joseph Gottlieb and Irvin Graham aired on CBS as part of their Columbia Workshop series , starring Nan Sunderland and Carleton Young . In 1941 , NBC Blue Network aired a sixty - minute adaptation as part of their Great Plays series , written by Ranald MacDougall , directed by Charles Warburton , and starring Grace Coppin and Herbert Rudley . In 1949 , ABC Radio aired an adaptation directed by Homer Fickett , starring Joyce Redman and Burgess Meredith . In 1953 , NBC broadcast William Dawkins ' production live from the Oregon Shakespeare Festival . The cast list for this production has been lost , but it is known to have featured George Peppard . In 1960 , NBC aired a sixty - minute version adapted by Carl Ritchie from Robert Loper 's stage production for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival , starring Ann Hackney and Gerard Larson . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term was first used by Alexander Pope in 1725 , and has been commonly employed ever since . The First Folio text begins the play with the standard `` Actus primus , Scœna prima '' heading , and there is no differentiation between the Induction and what is commonly referred to today as Act 1 , Scene 1 ( Lucentio arriving in Padua ) . Jump up ^ The complete English text of the episode is : `` Three merchants , riding home from a fair , fell to talking about the charm of obedience in a wife . At last they laid a wager of a dinner , agreeing that the one whose wife should prove the least obedient should pay for the dinner . Each man was to warn his wife to do whatever he might bid ; afterward he was to set a basin before her and bid her leap into it . The first wife insisted on knowing the reason for the command ; she received several blows from her husband 's fist . The second wife flatly refused to obey ; she was thoroughly beaten with a staff . The wife of the third merchant received the same warning as the rest , but the intended trial was postponed until after dinner . During the meal this wife was asked to put salt upon the table . Because of a similarity between the two expressions in French , she understood her husband to command her to leap upon the table . She at once did so , throwing down the meat and drink and breaking the glasses . When she stated the reason for her conduct , the other merchants acknowledged without further trial that they had lost the wager . '' Jump up ^ Complete Text of A Merry Jest . Jump up ^ From this point forward , The Taming of a Shrew will be referred to as A Shrew ; The Taming of the Shrew as The Shrew . Citations ( edit ) All references to The Taming of the Shrew , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare ( Oliver , 1982 ) , which is based on the 1623 First Folio . Under this referencing system , 1.2. 51 means Act 1 , Scene 2 , line 51 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Shroeder ( 1959 ) , p. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Brunvand ( 1966 ) , p. 346 . Jump up ^ See also Brunvand ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 203 -- 227 . Jump up ^ For more information on the relationship between Supposes and The Shrew , see Seronsy ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wentersdorf ( 1978 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ For more information on A Shrew see Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 and Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Elam ( 2007 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greg , W.W. ( 1955 ) . The Shakespeare First Folio : Its Bibliographical and Textual History . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811546 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ See esp . Houk ( 1942 ) and Duthie ( 1943 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 16 -- 24 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ See esp . Alexander ( 1926 ) and Alexander ( 1969 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 ; 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ See esp . Shroeder ( 1958 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 24 -- 26 and Evans ( 1997 ) , pp. 104 -- 107 . Jump up ^ See Duthie ( 1943 ) , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 , Marcus ( 1991 ) and Marcus ( 1996 ) , pp. 101 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 163 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ See Hickson ( 1850a ) and Hickson ( 1850b ) Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , pp. 129 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ Irace ( 1994 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ McDonald ( 2001 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 2002 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Jolly ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , pp. 324 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum ( 1938 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. ix . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Houk ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Duthie ( 1943 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Hickson ( 1850b ) , p. 347 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1969 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 4 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Warren , Roger , ed. ( 2003 ) . Henry VI , Part Two . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 87 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953742 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , Randall , ed. ( 2001 ) . Henry VI , Part Three . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953711 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1995 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Garber ( 1974 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hibbard ( 1964 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Boose ( 1991 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1991 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Conall Morrison on directing The Taming of the Shrew '' ( PDF ) . Royal Shakespeare Company . 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Politically Incorrect Guide to English and American Literature . Washington , DC : Regenery . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 011 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1988 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1978 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 34 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Wells , Stanley ( 31 October 1980 ) . `` A prosaic transformation '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 1229 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1989 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1981 ) , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Newman , Karen ( 1991 ) . Fashioning Femininity and English Renaissance Drama . Women in Culture and Society . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57709 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxiv . Jump up ^ Baumlin ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxix . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xl . Jump up ^ Fineman ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 2005 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bean ( 1984 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Quoted in Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1975 ) , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Empson ( 1996 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ The letter , dated 8 June 1888 , is reproduced in full in Henderson , Archibald ( 2004 ) . George Bernard Shaw : His Life and Works , a Critical Biography . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 6177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ West ( 1974 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Detmer ( 1997 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Korda ( 2002 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Beauregard ( 1995 ) , pp. 73 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Leggatt ( 2005 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Krims ( 2006 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Christopher J. ( 1988 ) . `` Michael Bogdanov Interviewed by Christopher J. McCullough '' . In Holderness , Graham . The Shakespeare Myth . Manchester : Manchester University Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2635 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher R. `` Shakespeare , William '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Four . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 522186 - 2 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Haring - Smith ( 1985 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Michael ; Wells , Stanley ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280614 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Webber , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Zarzuela Companion . Maryland : Screcrow Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4447 - 8 . Jump up ^ van der Klis , Jolande ( 2000 ) . The Essential Guide to Dutch Music : 100 Composers and Their Work . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 403 . ISBN 9789053564608 . Jump up ^ March , Ivan ; Greenfield , Edward ; Layton , Robert ; Czajkowski , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs and DVDs : Yearbook 2004 / 2005 . Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music . London : Penguin . p. 305 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 051523 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Griffel , Margaret Ross ( 2013 ) ( 1999 ) . Operas in English : A Dictionary ( Revised ed . ) . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8272 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jameson , Michael . `` Vissarion Shebalin : Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Griffel , Margaret Ross ( 2013 ) ( 1999 ) . Operas in English : A Dictionary ( Revised ed . ) . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8272 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , John C. ; Clark , Gladys L.H. ( 1993 ) . The Dublin Stage , 1720 -- 1745 : A Calendar of Plays , Entertainments , and Afterpieces . Cranbury , NJ : Associated University Presses . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 24870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Green ( 1984 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Search Past Winners '' . Tony Awards . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , David ( 5 June 2000 ) . `` Contact and Copenhagen win top 1999 -- 2000 Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Craine , Debra ; Mackrell , Judith ( 2010 ) ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Dance ( Second ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Falco Repertory '' . The Louis Falco Repertory . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rumworld ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Hats off Gentlemen '' . Vakhtang Matchavariani Official Web Site . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare Night ( 18 / 11 / 1924 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare , Scene and Story ( 17 / 04 / 1925 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine ( 1926 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1927 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1932 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1935 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1941 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Programme ( 02 / 09 / 1947 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1954 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1973 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1989 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 2000 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1937 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1940 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1941 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1949 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lanier , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` Shakespeare on Radio '' . In Burt , Richard . Shakespeares After Shakespeare : An Encyclopedia of the Bard in Mass Media and Popular Culture . Volume Two . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33116 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1960 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Editions of the Taming of the Shrew ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The RSC Shakespeare . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27207 - 1 . Bond , R. Warwick , ed. ( 1904 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , First Series . London : Methuen . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1997 ) ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 75490 - 0 . Greenblatt , Stephen ; Cohen , Walter ; Howard , Jean E. ; Maus , Katharine Eisaman , eds. ( 2008 ) ( 1997 ) . The Norton Shakespeare : Based on the Oxford Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . London : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 11135 - 4 . Heilman , Robert B. , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Signet Classic Shakespeare ( Second Revised ed . ) . New York : New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 52679 - 3 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1968 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070710 - 6 . Hodgdon , Barbara , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Third Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 93 - 6 . Hosley , Richard , ed. ( 1978 ) ( 1964 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Pelican Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071425 - 8 . Kidnie , Margaret Jane , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101551 - 4 . Miller , Stephen Roy , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Taming of a Shrew : The 1594 Quarto . The New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08796 - 4 . Morris , Brian , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Second Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 10 - 3 . Oliver , H.J. , ed. ( 1982 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953652 - 8 . Orgel , Stephen , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Taming of a Shrew . The New Pelican Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071451 - 7 . Quiller - Couch , Arthur ; Wilson , John Dover , eds. ( 1953 ) ( 1928 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Shakespeare ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00604 - 0 . Schafer , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Shakespeare in Production . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66741 - 8 . Thompson , Ann , ed. ( 2003 ) ( 1984 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Cambridge Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9789812836540 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary ; Jowett , John ; Montgomery , William , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1986 ) . The Oxford Shakespeare : The Complete Works ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926718 - 7 . Werstine , Paul ; Mowat , Barbara A. , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Folger Shakespeare Library . Washington : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 7757 - 4 . Secondary Sources ( edit ) Addison - Roberts , Jeanne ( Summer 1983 ) . `` Horses and Hermaphrodites : Metamorphoses in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 34 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 171 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869831 . JSTOR 2869831 . ( subscription required ) Andresen - Thom , Martha ( Summer 1982 ) . `` Shrew - taming and Other Rituals of Aggression : Baiting and Bonding on the Stage and in the Wild '' . Women 's Studies : an Inter-Disciplinary Journal . 9 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1982. 9978561 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Alexander , Peter ( 16 September 1926 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Times Literary Supplement . Alexander , Peter ( Spring 1969 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868994 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Aspinall , Dana E. ( 2001 ) . `` The Play and the Critics '' . In Aspinall , Dana E. The Taming of the Shrew : Critical Essays . New York , NY : Garland . pp. 3 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87434 - 2 . Ball , Robert Hamilton ( 2013 ) ( 1st Pub. 1968 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : A Strange Eventful History . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83210 - 6 . Baumlin , Tita French ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Petruchio the Sophist and Language as Creation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 29 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 257 . doi : 10.2307 / 450473 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Bawcutt , N.W. , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama : The Records of Sir Henry Herbert , Master of the Revels , 1623 -- 73 . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812246 - 3 . Bean , John C. ( 1984 ) ( 1980 ) . `` Comic Structure and the Humanizing of Kate in The Taming of the Shrew '' . In Lenz , Carolyn Ruth Swift ; Greene , Gayle ; Neely , Carol Thomas . The Woman 's Part : Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . pp. 65 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 01016 - 3 . Beauregard , David N. ( 1995 ) . Virtue 's Own Feature : Shakespeare and the Virtue Ethics Tradition . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 578 - 7 . Boose , Lynda E. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds : Taming the Woman 's Unruly Member '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 213 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870547 . JSTOR 2870547 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( Autumn 1966 ) . `` The Folktale Origin of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 17 ( 4 ) : 345 -- 359 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867908 . JSTOR 2867908 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( 1991 ) . The Taming of the Shrew : A Comparative Study of Oral and Literary Versions . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 84274 - 8 . Bullough , Geoffrey ( 1957 ) . Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare . Volume One : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08891 - 6 . Chambers , E.K. ( 1930 ) . William Shakespeare : A Study of Facts and Problems , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811773 - 5 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Daniel , P.A. ( 1879 ) . A Time Analysis of the Plots of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : New Shakspere Society . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Davies , Stevie ( 1995 ) . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew . Penguin Critical Studies . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 077271 - 5 . Dessen , Alan C. ( 1997 ) . `` The Tamings of the Shrews '' . In Collins , Michael J. Shakespeare 's Sweet Thunder : Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 35 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 582 - 4 . Detmer , Emily ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Civilizing Subordination : Domestic Violence and the Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 48 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 294 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871017 . JSTOR 2871017 . ( subscription required ) Dobson , Michael ( 1992 ) . The Making of the National Poet : Shakespeare , Adaptation and Authorship , 1660 -- 1769 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818323 - 5 . Dusinberre , Juliet ( 2003 ) ( 1975 ) . Shakespeare and the Nature of Women ( Third ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1729 - 4 . Duthie , G.I. ( October 1943 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Review of English Studies . 19 ( 76 ) : 337 -- 356 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XIX. 76.337 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Duthie , G.I. ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1951 ) . Shakespeare . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35281 - 9 . Elam , Keir ( 2007 ) . `` ' At the cubiculo ' : Shakespeare 's Problems with Italian Language and Culture '' . In Marrapodi , Michele . Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare & his Contemporaries : Rewriting , Remaking , Refashioning . Anglo - Italian Renaissance Studies . Aldershot : Ashgate . pp. 99 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5504 - 6 . Empson , William ( 1996 ) . `` The Strengths of the Shrew '' . In Haffenden , John . The Strengths of Shakespeare 's Shrew : Essays , Memoirs and Reviews . New York , NY : Continuum . pp. 27 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 608 - 8 . Fineman , Joel ( 1985 ) . `` The Turn of the Shrew '' . In Hartman , Geoffrey H. ; Parker , Patricia . Shakespeare and the Question of Theory . London : Methuen . pp. 139 -- 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05113 - 2 . Foakes , R.A. , ed. ( 2002 ) ( 1961 ) . Henslowe 's Diary ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52402 - 5 . Garber , Marjorie ( 1974 ) . Dream in Shakespeare : From Metaphor to Metamorphosis . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19543 - 9 . Green , Stanley ( 1984 ) ( 1960 ) . The World of Musical Comedy : The story of the American musical stage as told through the careers of its foremost composers and lyricists ( Revised Fourth ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80207 - 2 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) ( 1950 ) . 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Korda , Natasha ( 2002 ) . Shakespeare 's Domestic Economies : Gender and Property in Early Modern England . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3663 - 7 . Krims , Marvin Bennett ( 2006 ) . The Mind According to Shakespeare : Psychoanalysis in the Bard 's Writing . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99081 - 7 . Leggatt , Alexander ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1973 ) . Shakespeare 's Comedy of Love . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48914 - 0 . Loftus Ranald , Margaret ( Autumn 1994 ) . `` The Performance of Feminism in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Theatre Research International . 19 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 225 . doi : 10.1017 / S0307883300006623 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ( subscription required ) Makaryk , Irene R. ( 1982 ) . `` Soviet Views of Shakespeare 's Comedies '' . Shakespeare Studies . 15 : 281 -- 313 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Levelling Shakespeare : Local Customs and Local Texts '' ( PDF ) . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 178 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870546 . JSTOR 2870546 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( 1996 ) . Unediting the Renaissance : Shakespeare , Marlow , Milton . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10053 - 3 . Marowitz , Charles ( 1978 ) . The Marowitz Shakespeare . London : Marion Boyers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7145 - 2650 - 8 . McDonald , Russ ( 2001 ) . The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare : An Introduction with Documents . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24880 - 2 . Mincoff , Marco ( August 1973 ) . `` The Dating of The Taming of the Shrew '' . English Studies . 54 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 565 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138387308597588 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Moore , William H. ( Winter 1964 ) . `` An Allusion in 1593 to The Taming of the Shrew ? '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 15 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867956 . JSTOR 2867956 . ( subscription required ) Morozov , Mikhail M. ( 1947 ) . Shakespeare on the Soviet Stage . Translated by David Magarshack . London : Open Library . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1977 ) . The Sources of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48913 - 3 . Onions , C.T. ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . A Shakespeare Glossary . Enlarged and Revised by Robert D. Eagleson . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812521 - 1 . Orlin , Lena Cowen ( 1993 ) . `` The Performance of Things in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 167 -- 188 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507979 . JSTOR 3507979 . ( subscription required ) Rackin , Phyllis ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare and Women . Oxford Shakespeare Topics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818694 - 6 . Rebhorn , Wayne A. ( February 1995 ) . `` Petruchio 's `` Rope Tricks '' : The Taming of the Shrew and the Renaissance Discourse of Rhetoric `` . 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Retrieved 8 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Schneider , Gary ( Spring 2002 ) . `` The Public , the Private , and the Shaming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 42 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 258 . doi : 10.1353 / sel. 2002.0019 . JSTOR 1556113 . ( subscription required ) Seronsy , Cecil C. ( Winter 1963 ) . `` Supposes as the Unifying Theme in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868133 . JSTOR 2868133 . ( subscription required ) Shapiro , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Framing the Taming : Metatheatrical Awareness of Female Impersonation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 143 -- 166 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507978 . JSTOR 3507978 . ( subscription required ) Sloan , LaRue Love ( September 2004 ) . `` '' Caparisoned like the horse `` : Tongue and Tail in Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 10 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 24 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Shroeder , John W. ( October 1958 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew : A Case Reopened '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 443 . JSTOR 27707121 . ( subscription required ) Shroeder , John W. ( Spring 1959 ) . `` A New analogue and possible sources for The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 10 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 255 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866947 . JSTOR 2866947 . ( subscription required ) Speaight , Robert ( 1973 ) . Shakespeare on the Stage : An Illustrated History of Shakespearian Performance . London : Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80500 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . `` The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare 's Plays '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . Tillyard , E.M.W. ( 1992 ) ( 1st pub. 1965 ) . Shakespeare 's Early Comedies . London : The Athlone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 30015 - 4 . Tolman , Alfred ( November 1890 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Part in The Taming of the Shrew '' . PMLA. 5 ( 4 ) : 201 -- 278 . JSTOR 456255 . Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( January 1954 ) . `` The Authenticity of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866523 . JSTOR 2866523 . ( subscription required ) Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( Spring 1978 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew : A Reconsideration '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 18 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 450357 . JSTOR 450357 . ( subscription required ) Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . West , Michael ( 1974 ) . `` The Folk Background of Petruchio 's Wooing Dance : Male Supremacy in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Studies . 7 : 65 -- 73 . Williams , Gordon ( 2006 ) ( 1997 ) . Shakespeare 's Sexual Language : A Glossary ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9134 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Taming of the Shrew Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Taming of the Shrew Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Taming of the Shrew . The Taming of the Shrew -- at Project Gutenberg . The Taming of the Shrew -- searchable HTML version with notes , line numbers and scene summaries . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed and searchable HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- PDF version , with original First Folio spelling . The Taming of the Shrew Home Page at Internet Shakespeare Editions . The Taming of the Shrew public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Taming of the Shrew at Shakespeare Illustrated . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Sam Taylor 's 1929 version ) The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version ) . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( BBC Television Shakespeare 's 1980 version ) . <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Scenes Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Will Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) <Td_colspan="3"> * Shakespeare and other authors Lost <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness <Th_colspan="2"> Cole Porter and Bella and Samuel Spewack 's Kiss Me , Kate Adaptations Kiss Me Kate ( film ) Songs `` Another Op'nin ' , Another Show '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` So in Love '' `` Tom , Dick or Harry '' `` Too Darn Hot '' `` Always True to You in My Fashion '' `` From This Moment On '' Albums Kiss Me , Kate Related The Taming of the Shrew BNF : cb12242095m ( data ) GND : 4316949 - 1 LCCN : n85269935 SUDOC : 03114909X VIAF : 182695202 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Taming_of_the_Shrew&oldid=853169818 '' Categories : 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Plays set in Italy Love stories British plays adapted into films The Taming of the Shrew Verona in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Articles with short description Use British English from February 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 21 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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1. The Taming of the Shrew - a comedy by William Shakespeare 2. Petruchio and Katherina - the main characters in the play 3. Controversy over misogyny in the play 4. Adaptations of The Taming of the Shrew in various forms of media 5. The plot and characters in The Taming of the Shrew

according to hindu mythology how many yugas are there

Yuga - wikipedia Yuga For the 2006 film , see Yuga ( film ) . 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Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yuga in Hinduism is an epoch or era within a four - age cycle . A complete Yuga starts with the Satya Yuga , via Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga into a Kali Yuga . Our present time is a Kali Yuga , which started at 3102 BCE with the end of the Kurukshetra War ( or Mahabharata war ) . Contents 1 Four yugas 1.1 Characteristics of each Yuga 2 Durations of the four Yugas 3 Decline 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Four Yugas ( edit ) There are four Yugas in one cycle : Satya Yuga Treta Yuga Dwapara Yuga Kali Yuga Characteristics of each Yuga ( edit ) Satya Yuga ( also known as Krita Yuga `` Golden Age '' ) : The first and best Yuga . It was the age of truth and perfection . The Krita Yuga was so named because there was but one religion , and all men were saintly : therefore they were not required to perform religious ceremonies . Humans were gigantic , powerfully built , honest , youthful , vigorous , erudite and virtuous . The Vedas were one . All mankind could attain to supreme blessedness . There was no agriculture or mining as the earth yielded those riches on its own . Weather was pleasant and everyone was happy . There were no religious sects . There was no disease , decrepitude or fear of anything . Treta Yuga : Is considered to be the second Yuga in order , however Treta means the `` Third '' . In this age , virtue diminishes slightly . At the beginning of the age , many emperors rise to dominance and conquer the world . Wars become frequent and weather begins to change to extremities . Oceans and deserts are formed . People become slightly diminished compared to their predecessors . Agriculture , labour and mining become existent . Dvapara Yuga : Is considered to be the third Yuga in order . Dvapara means `` two pair '' or `` after two '' . In this age , people become tainted with Tamasic qualities and are n't as strong as their ancestors . Diseases become rampant . Humans are discontent and fight each other . Vedas are divided into four parts . People still possess characteristics of youth in old age . Average lifespan of humans is around a few centuries . Kali Yuga : The final age . It is the age of darkness and ignorance . People become sinners and lack virtue . They become slaves to their passions and are barely as powerful as their earliest ancestors in the Satya Yuga . Society falls into disuse and people become liars and hypocrites . Knowledge is lost and scriptures are diminished . Humans eat forbidden and dirty food . The environment is polluted , water and food become scarce . Wealth is heavily diminished . Families become non-existent . By the end of Kali Yuga the average lifespan of humans will be as low as 70 years . Durations of the four Yugas ( edit ) Relationship between various time units in Hindu cosmology According to one Puranic astronomical estimate , the four Yuga have the following durations : Satya Yuga equals 1,728,000 Human years Treta Yuga equals 1,296,000 Human years Dvapara Yuga equals 864,000 Human years Kali Yuga equals 432,000 Human years Together , these four yuga constitute one Mahayuga and equal 4.32 million human years . According to one version , there are 1,000 Mahayugas in one day of Brahma or 4.32 billion human years . A Mahakalpa consists of 100 years of Brahma . According to Srimad Bhagavatam 3.11. 19 , which is dated around the 400 -- 500 BC , the Yugas are much longer , using a divine year in which one day is equal to one human year , thus : one year of the demigods is equal to 360 years of the human beings . The duration of the Satya - yuga is therefore 4,800 x 360 , or 1,728,000 years . The duration of the Tretā - yuga is 3,600 x 360 , or 1,296,000 years . The duration of the Dvāpara - yuga is 2,400 x 360 , or 864,000 years . The Viṣṇu Purāṇa Time measurement section of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa Book I Chapter III adds : 2 Ayanas ( 6 - month periods , see above ) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas . 12,000 divine years = 4 Yugas ( = 4,320,000 human years ) = 1 Mahā - Yuga ( also is equal to 12,000 Daiva ( divine ) Yuga ) . 2 * 12,000 = 24,000 divine year = 12000 revolutions of sun around its dual . While the long yuga count is the most popular , it does not correlate to any known celestial motion found in the Astronomical Almanac . The value of 24,000 years fits relatively close with the modern astronomical calculation of one full precession of the equinox , which takes 25,772 years . Thus the yuga cycle may have some basis in known terrestrial cycles . Srimad Bhagavatam 3.11. 19 describes the timespans of the demigods , in which a year of a yuga is a year of the demigods . It is this second sloka which appears to have been modified over the years . Decline ( edit ) The ages see a gradual decline of dharma , wisdom , knowledge , intellectual capability , life span , emotional and physical strength . Satya Yuga -- Virtue reigns supreme . Human stature was 21 cubits . Average human lifespan was 100,000 years . Treta Yuga -- There was 3 quarter virtue and 1 quarter sin . Normal human stature was 14 cubits . Average human lifespan was 10,000 years . Dwapara Yuga -- There was 1 half virtue & 1 half sin . Normal human stature was 7 cubits . Average human lifespan was 1,000 years . Kali Yuga -- There is 1 quarter virtue & 3 quarter sin . Normal human stature is 3.5 cubits . Average human lifespan will be 100 years . In the present days we may be said to live in a Kali Yuga , which is said to have started in 3102 BCE with the end of the Mahabharata war . This date is also considered by many Hindus to be the day that Krishna left Earth and went to his abode . See also ( edit ) Ayanamsa Hindu units of time List of numbers in Hindu scriptures . Vedic - Puranic chronology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This phenomenon is observed as the stars moving retrograde across the sky at about 50 arc seconds per year , and is thought to produce periods of warm ages and ice ages known as the Milankovitch cycle . Jump up ^ According to Sri Yukteswar Giri , guru of Paramahansa Yogananda , The ascending phase of the Kali Yuga began in September 499 CE . Since September 1699 , we have been in the ascending phase of the Dwapara Yuga . According to Sri Yukteswar , nobody wanted to announce the bad news of the beginning of the descending Kali Yuga , so they kept adding years to the Dvapara date ( at that time 2400 Dvapara ) only retitling the epoch to Kali . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prophet , Mark L. ; Clare Prophet , Elizabeth . The Path to Immortality . Summit University Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Agarwala , Giriwar Charan . Age of Bhārata War . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Penprase , Bryan E. The Power of Stars . Springer . p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Kng , Hans . `` Tracing The Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions '' . A&C Black . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kashi Nath . `` Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita '' . pp. 387 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` SB 3.11. 19 '' . vedabase.com . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Richter - Ushanas , Egbert ( 1997 ) . The Indus Script and Rg - veda . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . p. 16 . ISBN 9788120814059 . Jump up ^ Swami Yukteswar ( 1949 ) . The Holy Science . Yogoda Sat - Sanga Society of India . p. ... External links ( edit ) Vedic knowledge online , Vedic Time System <Th_colspan="2"> Time in religion and mythology <Td_colspan="2"> Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate <Th_colspan="2"> Hindu cosmology <Td_colspan="2"> Brahmanda Purana Nasadiya Sukta Samudra manthan Loka Patala Time Kalpa ( day or night of Brahma ) Pralaya Manvantara ( age of a Manu ) Mahayuga or Yuga ( 4'320'000 years ) Satya Yuga ( 1,728,000 years ) Treta Yuga ( 1,296,000 years ) Dvapara Yuga ( 864,000 years ) Kali Yuga ( 432,000 years ) Manvantara ( life of Manu ) = 71 * by 4,320,000 years Vaivasvata Manu Vivasvan <Th_colspan="2"> Legendary progenitors <Td_colspan="2"> Manu ( Hinduism ) Mannus ( German ) Adam , Noah , Abraham ( Judaism , Christianity , Islam ) Kintu ( Uganda ) Mashya and Mashyana ( Zoroastrianism ) Phoenix ( Phoenicians ) Nyatri Tsenpo ( Tibetan Buddhism ) Nüwa ( China ) Melampus ( Greek Mythology ) Wurugag and Waramurungundi ( Australian Gunwinggu ) Míl Espáine ( Irish ) Wau Rauh ( Bali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuga&oldid=855068845 '' Categories : Hindu astronomy Hindu philosophical concepts Units of time Theories of history Time in Hinduism Four Yugas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 पालि Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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1. Hindu cosmology 2. Four Yugas 3. Characteristics of each Yuga 4. Durations of the four Yugas 5. Decline in each Yuga

law and order suv season 19 episode 13

Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 19 promotion cover Starring Mariska Hargitay Kelli Giddish Ice - T Peter Scanavino Raúl Esparza Philip Winchester Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 18 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The nineteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on September 27 , 2017 and finished on May 23 , 2018 with a two - part season finale . Michael S. Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner . This is also the first season since season twelve in 2010 -- 2011 , where another Law & Order series -- Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders -- aired alongside SVU on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Storylines 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a nineteenth season on May 12 , 2017 . Michael S. Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner , after Eid left SVU to be showrunner for the fifth season of Chicago P.D. after only one season as showrunner on SVU . Production on the season started on July 20 , 2017 . On January 9 , 2018 , NBC ordered an extra two episodes for season nineteen , as confirmed in a tweet by Robert Brooks Cohen , rounding the episode count to 24 . Storylines ( edit ) Showrunner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told The Hollywood Reporter that this season of SVU would be ' ripping the headlines ' of more current and political events such as the Charlottesville riots . Chernuchin noting , `` Conflict . It 's just the state of the world today with everybody . Everybody 's political now and everything is political now and we want to deal with that . '' Kate Stanhope at THR also mentioned to Chernuchin about the pulled episode ( `` Unstoppable '' ) from last season , asking him if he was hesitant about diving into politics this season . Chernuchin replied , `` I 'm not going to choose a side . I wo n't choose a side . I 'm going to present both political views and let the audience decide which one is right . My goal , and I told the writers on this on the first day of our writers ' room , is at the end of every episode , I want half the audience to throw their shoes at the television and the other half to stand up and cheer . '' Another episode Chernuchin told THR would be based on the Charlie Gard case , an infant in England who was born with a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive brain damage and muscle failure . `` That 's a life and death story , '' Chernuchin explained . `` Cat - fishing , '' cyberbullying -- which he described to THR as `` ( SVU 's ) answer to 13 Reasons Why -- and an airplane episode covering `` all the turmoil on airplanes these days . '' Chernuchin concluded , `` We are ripping things from the headlines . Some of them are big , famous headlines and some of them are smaller headlines . '' On September 8 , 2017 , Chernuchin gave an overview of the season premiere and outlook on the season as a whole to TV Line ; noting that A.D.A. Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) would start having other problems than court battles when Peter Stone ( Philip Winchester ) shows up , Stone pushing Barba into `` a huge moral decision . '' Chernuchin also teased that Lieutenant Benson 's life would be getting worse before it gets any better , `` What I told Mariska ( Hargitay ) when I came aboard is , ' You 're a broken woman , because of your past , and I 'm going to drag you through the woods and you 're gon na come out the other side a better person , '' he previewed . `` So we 're gon na throw the kitchen sink at her ( Benson ) . '' He also mentioned there 's a possibility of romance for Benson : `` There might be , she 's not looking for it , but it might happen . '' In an interview with E ! News , Kelli Giddish ( Det . Amanda Rollins ) says a change in Benson and Rollins ' relationship dynamic is coming . `` I 'm so looking forward to developing a friendship with Benson , the Rollins and Benson relationship , because they have so much in common . '' Benson and Rollins ' relationship was rocky , most notably between seasons fifteen and eighteen as the former began moving up the ranks to Sergeant and then Lieutenant . `` They have been at odds , it 's just nice to come into that office and know that we 're not going to fight but kind of support each other as I think these two characters would in real life , '' Giddish continued . An episode based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations aired on January 17 , 2018 . `` We are hitting Harvey Weinstein head - on , but it 's not in the realm of the entertainment business , '' Michael Chernuchin said in an interview with Entertainment Weekly . `` It 's a real important episode about the rape culture in an industry , and we wanted to try ( to ) stretch the law to criminalize that sort of environment . '' Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters The entire main cast from the previous season returned . In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State 's Attorney Peter Stone from Chicago Justice , appearing around the midpoint of the season . New show runner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told Entertainment Weekly that Stone 's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) this season ; Stone 's character is n't necessarily taking his ( Barba 's ) job . `` There 's more than one A.D.A. in New York ( ... ) Philip will come in and he wo n't be the nicest person our characters have ever met . What he 's going to be doing , too , is basically bringing all of the franchises into one . He 's connecting Law & Order , the Chicago franchises and now SVU . '' His character debuted in the thirteenth episode of the season . In the thirteenth episode , Raúl Esparza departed the cast after six seasons on the show . He told Natalie Abrams of Entertainment Weekly that it was his decision to leave , adding `` I 've done six seasons , I felt like it was time to go . I had explored a lot of what I thought Barba was about . I just felt it was time to move on . '' Philip Winchester took his place as the show 's permanent A.D.A , guest starring in Esparza 's final episode before joining the main cast in the fourteenth episode . Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Ice - T as Detective / Sergeant Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr . Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) Philip Winchester as ADA Peter Stone ( episodes 13 -- 24 ) Special guest stars ( edit ) Sam Waterston as DA Jack McCoy Stephanie March as ADA Alexandra Cabot Recurring cast ( edit ) Dean Winters as DA Investigator Brian Cassidy Ryan Buggle as Noah Porter - Benson Barbara Miluski as Judge Lisa Peck Peter Jacobson as Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin Vincent Curatola as Judge Al Burtuccio Brooke Shields as Sheila Porter Yvonna Kopacz - Wright as Dr. Darcy Wilder Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan Steve Rosen as Defence Attorney Michael Guthrie Helmar Augustus Cooper as Judge Reginald Flowers Jayne Houdyshell as Judge Ruth Linden Kathryn Kates as Judge Marleen Simons Peter Gallagher as Deputy Chief William Dodds Maureen Mueller as Susan Janet Jenna Stern as Judge Elana Barth Tamara Tunie as Medical Examiner Melinda Warner Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Ned Eisenberg as Defense Attorney Roger Kressler Sonia Manzano as Judge Gloria Pepitone Joe Grifasi as Judge Hashi Horowitz Susie Essman as Defense Attorney Arlene Heller Bjorn Thorstad as Defense Attorney Mitch Jackson Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nicki Staines Tom Titone as Judge Joshua Goldfarb Ernest Waddell as Ken Randall Amy Korb as Pamela Stone Michael Mastro as Judge Serani Mary Hodges as Judge Anita Wright Olga Merediz as Judge Roberta Martinez Eric Elizaga as Dr. Stephen Hale Lauren Noble as Carmen Erica Camarano as Officer Rachel Ortiz Eddie Hargitay as Officer Montero Guest stars ( edit ) It was announced on August 11 , 2017 by The Hollywood Reporter that actress Brooke Shields would play a ' major ' recurring role throughout the course of the season . `` I play a very different character from any I have ever played , '' Shields commented . `` I 'm excited to stir the SVU pot a bit . '' THR noted that details of her role are being kept under wraps , although it 's been teased that Shields ' role will `` shake up Benson 's ( Mariska Hargitay ) world . '' At the New York Fashion Week event on September 7 , 2017 , Shields talked about her `` complicated '' character ; `` We 're discovering the character , '' she said of her at the time , mysterious recurring role , `` it 's pretty complicated and it 's gut wrenching . What 's so amazing about the show is that the characters are so rich and layered , and they 're just filtering me through it . '' Shields also noted that her character was set to begin appearing in the third episode ( `` Contrapasso '' ) of the season . In that episode 's last scene , Shields ' character was revealed to be Noah 's previously unknown grandmother , Sheila Porter , who challenged Benson for custody before becoming friends . Her story arc finished in January 2018 when Sheila abducted Noah in a cliffhanger episode , before being caught by Benson and the squad and arrested . On August 18 , Entertainment Weekly released a sneak - peak of the script of SVU 's season 19 premiere episode and announced that Will Chase would be guest starring as Byron Marks , an accused rapist who turned fugitive when he fled to Cuba six years prior , he is caught by Fin ( Ice T ) in the premiere 's opening scenes . Amy Smart guest starred as one of Marks ' victims , and Peter Jacobson -- who previously guest starred in the thirteenth - season finale and recurred in season fourteen as a pimp named Bart Ganzel -- guest starred in the premiere as his recurring mothership Law & Order character , Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin , a character created by Michael Chernuchin during his tenure on L&O . Annabeth Gish guest starred in the third episode of the season . She portrayed a defense attorney in a case where a man is castrated and left for dead ; leading the SVU squad to three female suspects with possible motives . Cleveland Cavaliers point guard Isaiah Thomas , made a cameo appearance as himself in an October episode ( `` Complicated '' ) of SVU . Thomas ' cameo appearance occurs in the midst of a missing persons investigation . Mike Faist , a Tony Award - nominated actor starring as Connor Murphy in Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen , guest starred as a young man struggling with the long - ago disappearance of his sister in `` Complicated '' . The Walking Dead alum , Brighton Sharbino guest starred as a teenager who disappears when her classmates make her the subject of a cyberbullying attack . Madison Pettis also guest starred in the episode , titled `` No Good Reason '' , which aired on NBC , October 18th 2017 . Another Broadway star , Christiane Noll , guest starred in the episode `` Unintended Consequences '' as Sarah Curtis `` After 19 years on the air , I will finally be appearing as a guest star on episode # 19006 of Law & Order : SVU ! I am really excited because this is my first big guest starring role , '' Noll told Playbill . Peter Scolari guest starred along with Noll in `` Unintended Consequences '' as Dr. Dennis Barkley . In October 2017 , THR announced Melora Walters and Joanna Going would guest star in a special episode of SVU ( `` Something Happened '' ) . Walters played the rape victim , Laurel Linwood , who knows she was raped but ca n't remember what happened . Going played Laurel 's sister , Leah , who is brought in to help fill in the blanks . On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced Sam Waterston would guest star in an upcoming episode of SVU as his Law & Order character , Jack McCoy . Waterston was re-united with show runner / EP Michael S. Chernuchin , who also held the same position at the time Waterston joined the original series in 1994 ; Chernuchin is credited as the creator of the McCoy character . This also marked Waterston 's fourth guest appearance on SVU . In the episode `` Pathological '' , Tamara Tunie ( M.E. Melinda Warner ) , Carolyn McCormick ( Dr. Elizabeth Olivet ) , and Jenna Stern ( Judge Elana Barth ) returned as their respective characters . The episode aired on January 10 , 2018 . McCormick also guest starred in the season finale . On December 14 , 2017 , Martin Donovan and Yasmine Al Massri were confirmed to guest star in an episode titled `` Flight Risk '' based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations . The episode was about sexual assault in the airline industry and aired on January 17 , 2018 . On January 31 , 2018 , Rhea Seehorn guest starred in an episode titled `` Info Wars '' , inspired by the Charlottesville riots and the website InfoWars . Rhea 's character was inspired by InfoWars reporter Millie Weaver . On March 5 , 2018 , it was revealed that Stephanie March would reprise her role as ADA Alexandra Cabot in an episode titled `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' that aired on April 18 , 2018 . It marked March 's first appearance on the show since season thirteen . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 411 `` Gone Fishin ' '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1901 5.67 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit is notified about a fugitive rapist ( Will Chase ) on the loose in Havana , Cuba . Fin crosses international borders to capture him , which soon causes political controversy when Fin is accused of kidnapping the perp . When all of his victims are reluctant to testify , Benson must count on one victim ( Amy Smart ) to help put the perp away . Meanwhile , Benson discovers shocking allegations made about her , which eventually leads to her ex-boyfriend and former SVU detective Brian Cassidy returning to her life to investigate her actions and the allegation made against her . 412 `` Mood '' Michael Pressman Allison Intrieri October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1902 5.82 <Td_colspan="8"> A woman ( Saxon Sharbino ) reports to SVU that she was raped . At first , the detectives believe her but , after several misleading reports , the detectives soon find themselves in a complicated position , with Rollins and Carisi fighting about whether her story is true and whether the case should be taken to trial . Meanwhile , Cassidy continues his investigation into Benson 's personal life regarding the shocking allegations made about her and Benson decides to take action , leading to an extremely shocking discovery and the loss of an old friendship in Benson 's life . 413 `` Contrapasso '' Jean de Segonzac Richard Sweren October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1903 5.79 <Td_colspan="8"> A man ( Paul Fitzgerald ) is brutally castrated and left for dead in a hotel , but survives the ordeal and the Special Victims Unit soon discover there were three witnesses to the scene , who immediately become suspects in the case . However , the case quickly takes a bizarre twist when the three witnesses make a claim that they are victims from something he did in the past and they were getting revenge . Barba must decide whether to prosecute the women or defend them in the complicated case . Meanwhile , Olivia gets shocking news from Trevor Langan regarding Noah 's biological family , revealing that Noah 's mother Ellie Porter had been lying about something all this time during the past investigation . 414 `` No Good Reason '' Martha Mitchell Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1904 5.58 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit is called in to investigate the sudden disappearance of a high school student ( Brighton Sharbino ) . They soon discover that she was the victim of a nasty cyberbullying attack from her fellow peers and best friend ( Madison Pettis ) . When she is finally found , she claims that she was raped by three boys from her school at a party , one being one of her best friends . The case goes well until the victim becomes reluctant to testify due to hatred and bullying from her peers and Benson must convince her to be brave . Meanwhile , Sheila Porter attempts to challenge Benson 's parenting skills as a mother , which infuriates Benson . Episode inspired by the events in the Netflix web series 13 Reasons Why . 415 5 `` Complicated '' Tricia Brock Céline C. Robinson October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1905 5.81 <Td_colspan="8"> A young woman ( Ili Ray ) who has been missing for ten years is suddenly found and the cold case into her disappearance is reopened by the Special Victims Unit . However , the detectives become suspicious of her story when several things do n't match up and the detectives soon discover a disturbing secret kept by the family . Meanwhile , Benson and Sheila fight against each other for custody of Noah with Sheila claiming she fears for Noah 's safety due to Benson 's recent allegations , infuriating Benson and putting them both in an intense and conflict - filled relationship . Cameo appearance by Isaiah Thomas . 416 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' Jonathan Herron Elizabeth Rinehart November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1906 4.97 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a high end rehab center to investigate the death of a teenage girl , after she was last seen there . Suspicious of the activity going on and the concerning behaviour and reports from some of the clients , Rollins goes undercover in the rehab center as a worker , joining the manager ( Anne Corley ) in her duties , hoping to get evidence of criminal activity in order to get justice for the murder victim 's family . Meanwhile , Benson tries to overcome her doubts about Sheila , after letting her visit Noah for the first time and befriending her . 417 7 `` Something Happened '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 1907 7.07 <Td_colspan="8"> A rape victim ( Melora Walters ) who ca n't remember the details or what happened when she was sexually assaulted visits the Special Victims Unit , distraught and desperate to remember exactly what happened . Benson brings her into an interrogation room to help her remember the details of what happened . However , it quickly becomes intense when the rape victim starts to break down in fear , stress and desperation . In order to help the victim remember what happened , Benson finally decides to tell her a long kept secret from her past that she has n't told anyone before , in the hopes that the victim will remember what happened and who assaulted her so justice can be served . The case soon takes a shocking twist which reveals a secret long kept from both the victim and her sister ( Joanna Going ) . 418 8 `` Intent '' Adam Bernstein Robert Brooks Cohen & Lawrence Kaplow December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1908 6.18 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a popular social media star ( Gage Golightly ) is raped , following a romantic date gone wrong . The detectives discover she posted a hint of who she was dating online for her followers , but the victim 's reputation is soon questioned after a text threat is discovered that was subsequently sent to her suspected rapist which could ruin the case . Meanwhile , Rollins and Carisi get into a bar fight and Benson sets firm ground rules with Sheila about what she can and can not tell Noah about his past and family background , but eventually , Olivia 's worst nightmare comes true when she gets some horrifying news about Noah . 419 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' Jean de Segonzac Lawrence Kaplow & Elizabeth Rinehart January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1909 6.23 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit , along with Deputy Chief William Dodds , start a top priority frantic search for Noah after he is kidnapped while clothes shopping with Sheila at the mall . Benson , frantic , starts to panic , which sends emotions running high amongst the team members . Desperate to have her son safe and back with her , Benson decides to take matters into her own hands and tries to attempt to track down Noah 's kidnapper , despite Dodds ' orders . However , things eventually become extremely dangerous and Benson 's life is soon put in serious danger as things take a shocking twist . 420 10 `` Pathological '' Jono Oliver Brianna Yellen January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1910 6.06 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to investigate a sexual assault case involving two disabled children ( Conor Tague & Erin Wilhelmi ) who attend a special needs school . Through further investigation , the case takes a surprising twist after Rollins discovers a shocking truth when one of the students ' medical exam shows that the child 's medical disability stems from a surprising source and the case soon turns into one of child abuse in the hands of her mother ( Dendrie Taylor ) . The case soon goes from bad to worse when the abuse case soon turns to murder . Meanwhile , Benson tries to help Noah cope with nightmares after the previous traumatizing events involving himself , Benson and Sheila Porter . Episode inspired by the Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard 421 11 `` Flight Risk '' Michael Pressman Julie Martin & Allison Intrieri January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1911 6.21 <Td_colspan="8"> When a Muslim female pilot ( Yasmine Al Massri ) locks herself in the cockpit and attempts to return the plane to JFK Airport ( nearly causing a crash ) , she finds herself arrested on suspicion of terrorism . However , when she makes a claim that the captain of the plane ( Martin Donovan ) was sexually assaulting her and she diverted the plane to avoid contact with him , the Special Victims Unit is called to investigate . Barba eventually convenes with a grand jury to determine the suspected rapists complicity in the crime . Meanwhile , Tutuola takes several steps to ensure that Benson is safe at work , after the previous incident with Sheila Porter . Episode inspired by the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations . 422 12 `` Info Wars '' Michael Slovis Richard Sweren & Robert Brooks Cohen January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1912 5.48 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a brutal crime scene after a violent protest in the city results in a controversial , right - wing female pundit ( Rhea Seehorn ) getting viciously sexually assaulted . However , with many people in the crowd during the protest , the squad has a hard time catching the victim 's assailants . When the case is taken to trial , Barba and Benson both fight with each other after struggling to keep their political opinions about the case quiet and both disagreeing with each other , which leaves the squad clashing over sides in the controversial , violent case and sets tensions rising between the detectives and Barba . Episode inspired by the Charlottesville riots , as well as episode title inspired by actual website InfoWars , with specific main character reference to InfoWars ' reporter Millie Weaver . 423 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1913 6.64 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate after a father ( Joe Tapper ) kidnaps his mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome - affected infant . When the father is found , he says he wants his son alive , whereas his wife ( Abigail Hawk ) wants him put out of his misery , which sends the SVU detectives taking sides in the family 's right - to - die case . Barba 's interference in the case leads to the entire DA 's office being in jeopardy , which results in DA Jack McCoy getting involved and sending Barba to trial for murder . However , Barba is found not guilty . Traumatized by the case , Barba quits his job as an ADA and is replaced by former Chicago ASA Peter Stone , who has recently lost his father Benjamin Stone , a former ADA previously assigned to the NYPD 's Homicide Unit . Episode inspired by the Charlie Gard case . 424 14 `` Chasing Demons '' Fred Berner Richard Sweren & Allison Intrieri February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1914 5.55 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit take a doctor ( Lorenzo Scott ) who has been accused of molesting little boys to trial . Brian Cassidy testifies but when the doctor 's lawyer ( Daryl Edwards ) suspects Cassidy of being racist , Cassidy loses it , which results in a mistrial . However , when Cassidy turns up to Benson 's apartment with blood on him and Dr. West is found dead , Benson must decide whether Cassidy is guilty of murder or if Cassidy is innocent as he claims , complicating Rollins ' and Benson 's relationship which gets Stone and Benson 's relationship off to a rocky start , all while a determined Homicide detective ( Kylie Bunbury ) investigates Cassidy for murder . 425 15 `` In Loco Parentis '' Norberto Barba Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1915 5.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Carisi 's sister visits Carisi saying that her daughter was raped . The Special Victims Unit investigate the case , but Carisi 's niece claims she lied about the rape , and the charges are dropped . However , when Carisi 's niece claims that she was really raped after visiting the suspect , Carisi and SVU must investigate whether she is being truthful after her credibility in the case was damaged . Meanwhile , during the investigation , ADA Stone learns the hard way that there are no perfect witnesses when it comes down to dealing with sex crimes , while the squad warm up to him after the departure of Barba . 426 16 `` Dare '' Christopher Misiano Richard Sweren & Céline C. Robinson March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1916 6.13 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a recreation centre after a thirteen year old girl ( Nicolette Pierini ) disappears while on a school excursion . The detectives soon learn that her two friends left her with a stranger , which makes him the prime suspect . Eventually , the girl is found unconscious in the recreation centre stripped to her underwear . After the girl dies in the hospital due to her injuries , the case takes a shocking twist when it is discovered that the deceased girl 's organs were harvested by a surgeon ( Janel Moloney ) without the parents ' consent . Stone takes the extremely controversial and complicated case to court , hoping to get justice for the deceased girl and her mourning family . 427 17 `` Send in the Clowns '' Alex Chapple Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1917 6.51 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit is called in to investigate the disappearance of a teenage prodigy ( Mallory Bechtel ) during a spring break trip . The prime suspect is a butcher ( Eric Tabach ) who was seen after leaving a club in a clown mask with the girl , and she was last known to have been at his apartment . However , the case becomes extremely difficult to close . When the detectives try to find her body at a dump , they find that the dump has been emptied . Stone tries to get justice for the girl and lock up the butcher as the chances of the girl being alive become extremely slim . However , towards the end , the case takes a shocking twist and the detectives discover that the real culprit is someone who they least suspected . Stone reveals to Benson that he moved to New York to take care of his sister , who is mentally ill and in a home upstate . 428 18 `` Service '' Fred Berner Lawrence Kaplow & Céline C. Robinson April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1918 5.43 <Td_colspan="8"> When a female escort ( Morgan Taylor Campbell ) is found sexually assaulted and brutally beaten , the Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate . They soon discover that she was in a sleazy hotel with three soldiers from the military . However , the case becomes complicated when one soldier ( Marquise Vilson ) refuses to talk and another ( Jack DiFalco ) confesses to the crime , even though it is clear that he is lying . Eventually , when the real rapist is found and the DNA comes in , the case takes an extremely shocking twist and a huge sacrifice is made by one of the soldiers who has been hiding a secret from the world for a very long time . Meanwhile , Rollins ' unprofessional work in the case and taking it personally leads to her revealing a secret from her recent romantic life . 429 19 `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' Michael Pressman Michael Chernuchin & Allison Intrieri April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1919 6.58 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit investigate the disappearance of a mother and her four year old daughter . Through further investigation , they discover that the woman 's husband was a violent man , who abused his family . However , it is soon reported that the mother and daughter were killed by her husband and the husband is locked up . The case takes a massive twist when Benson discovers that the mother and daughter are very much alive , but in hiding thanks to former ADA and member of the squad , Alexandra Cabot , who reported the mother and daughter deceased , which puts Benson in a complicated position . A tragic twist occurs in the case and Benson is forced to question the entire system . Meanwhile , Stone 's sister , Pamela , develops tardive dyskinesia and he has to make a tough decision about her treatment . 430 20 `` The Book of Esther '' Jean de Segonzac Richard Sweren & Ryan Causey May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 1920 6.25 <Td_colspan="8"> Rollins is called in to rescue a `` teenage '' girl named Esther . When her father comes to pick her up from SVU , he appears to be a suspicious and strange man , and reveals that Esther is actually 27 - years - old . The Special Victims Unit soon finds out that the father is a vicious child abuser , who is chaining his children in a basement and starving them . Rollins grows a very close with the girl and promises her that she will get justice for her and keep her safe from her abusive father . Soon enough though , the case becomes extremely dangerous when the father orders Rollins out of his house at gunpoint . Finally , a stand - off ends in a tragic accident on Rollins ' part and traumatizes her . Episode inspired by the Turpin case . 431 21 `` Guardian '' Stephanie Marquardt Julie Martin & Matt Klypka May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 1921 5.71 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a crime scene after a woman is sexually assaulted and her brother tells her and the detectives that she was raped . The squad soon learn that she was brutally gang raped by three young men . The detectives arrest them , but the case takes a twist when the men claim they paid for sex from the woman and that her brother is her pimp . The squad soon realize that the woman 's brother is her guardian while their mother is in prison and it soon becomes clear her brother is abusive towards his sister . Tutuola takes the case personally and gets caught up in it while trying to protect the woman from the brother and the three young men , while Stone takes the case to court . 432 22 `` Mama '' Jean de Segonzac Lawrence Kaplow & Elizabeth Rinehart May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1922 5.28 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate a possible sexual assault case after an elderly woman with Alzheimer 's claims that she was sexually assaulted . The team investigate her claim but things become difficult quickly when her statement is questioned due to her condition and her recollection on events and timelines . Nevertheless , Benson investigates , hoping to get justice for the elderly woman . Meanwhile , Tutuola finds out whether he becomes sergeant or not of the SVU at last after a long wait after finishing his sergeant 's exam . 433 23 `` Remember Me '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 1923 6.12 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a woman starts a hostage siege in a building where she is possibly holding a suspected rapist . As the Special Victims Unit try their best to defuse the situation , things start to escalate and Benson decides to make a huge decision and risks her life by entering the hostage situation to try and calm down the woman before the siege turns into a murder case , but as she enters , she is quickly attacked and must rely on her fellow detectives outside to help her out of the situation before things become fatal for both her and everyone inside the building . 434 24 `` Remember Me Too '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 1924 6.12 <Td_colspan="8"> As the siege comes to a stop , the Special Victims Unit investigate the chain of events which led to the hostage siege . After the detectives start doubting the kidnapping and hostage victim 's testimony , an extremely dangerous criminal network is discovered by the Special Victims Unit , who are prepared to do anything they have to in order to get their way , which leads the squad to investigate the criminal network . Whilst investigating , Stone 's sister is abducted by the criminal network in an extremely brutal shooting at the psychiatric hospital she lives in . The detectives frantically search for her , which ends up in a tragic result for Stone , his sister and the detectives involved . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gone Fishin ' '' September 27 , 2017 1.4 / 5 5.67 1.0 3.19 2.4 8.83 `` Mood '' October 4 , 2017 1.3 / 5 5.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Contrapasso '' October 11 , 2017 1.2 / 5 5.79 1.0 2.82 2.2 8.61 `` No Good Reason '' October 18 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.58 1.0 2.85 2.2 8.45 5 `` Complicated '' October 25 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.81 0.9 2.77 2.1 8.59 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' November 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 0.9 3.04 2.0 8.01 7 `` Something Happened '' November 29 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.07 1.0 3.08 2.5 10.15 8 `` Intent '' December 6 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.18 0.9 2.68 2.2 8.86 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' January 3 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.23 0.9 2.90 2.3 9.13 10 `` Pathological '' January 10 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.06 1.0 3.09 2.3 9.15 11 `` Flight Risk '' January 17 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.21 1.0 2.98 2.4 9.17 12 `` Info Wars '' January 31 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.48 1.0 3.01 2.2 8.48 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' February 7 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.64 1.0 3.17 2.3 9.81 14 `` Chasing Demons '' February 28 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.55 1.0 3.01 2.1 8.56 15 `` In Loco Parentis '' March 7 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.51 0.8 2.76 2.0 8.30 16 `` Dare '' March 14 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.13 1.0 2.84 2.3 8.97 17 `` Send In The Clowns '' March 21 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.51 0.9 2.78 2.3 9.29 18 `` Service '' April 11 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.43 0.8 2.80 1.9 8.23 19 `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' April 18 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.58 0.8 2.94 2.2 9.52 20 `` The Book of Esther '' May 2 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.25 0.8 2.73 2.0 8.84 21 `` Guardian '' May 9 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.71 0.9 2.67 2.0 8.39 22 `` Mama '' May 16 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 23 `` Remember Me '' May 23 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.12 TBD TBD TBD TBD 24 `` Remember Me Too '' May 23 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.12 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Renewed for Season 19 , Showrunner Rick Eid Exits for ' Chicago PD ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner . '' Variety.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Julie ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` # SVU19 # Day1 # InGoodHandspic.twitter.com/gJLjS7mjHh '' . @ JulieMartinSVU . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert B Cohen ( @ RobertBCohen ) ( 9 Jan 2018 ) . `` This is great news . Of 24 SVU episodes this season , only 4 are scheduled to be directed by women . That must change . # TimesUp '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 to Tackle Charlottesville Riots , Charlie Gard Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites '' . TV Line . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Christopher ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Finally ! The Law and Order : SVU Change Everyone -- Including Kelli Giddish -- Has Been Waiting For '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to tackle Harvey Weinstein scandal '' . EW.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Philip Winchester Joins ' Law & Order : SVU ' , Will Reprise ' Chicago Justice ' Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Enlists Brooke Shields for Major Recurring Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Arrow , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Scandal ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Philip . `` Where will Stone 's office be ? Let the SVU adventure begin ... pic.twitter.com/Ovs01vaxqI '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on NBC -- `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( # 1913 ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raúl Esparza exits Law & Order : SVU after six seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bratskeir , Anne ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Brooke Shields calls her ' Law & Order : SVU ' role ' gut wrenching ' '' . am New York . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order SVU premiere : Fin lands major arrest in script page '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kim ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` SVU Enlists X-Files ' Annabeth Gish '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Rob ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas to Take Part in Episode of Law and Order : SVU '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEAR EVAN HANSEN 's Mike Faist to Guest Star on NBC 's LAW & ORDER : SVU '' . Broadway World . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU season 19 episode 4 : Walking Dead alum to appear '' . MattCarter.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Nominee Christiane Noll Lands SVU Role '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Benson Faces Another Emotional Challenge on ' Law & Order : SVU ' ( Exclusive Clip ) '' . Entertainment Tonight Online . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps ' Big Love ' and ' Kingdom ' Alums for Special Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Waterston to Reprise ' Law & Order ' Role on ' SVU ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' SVU ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Harvey Weinstein Episode Adds ' Weeds , ' ' Quantico ' Alums ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/culture/lindsay-kornick/2018/02/01/law-order-svu-rape-female-conservative-commentator-info-wars . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . www.people.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rios , Taylor ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Alum To Appear In ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 , See Brighton Sharbino All Grown Up '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' Empire ' leads a close race for No. 1 , ' Riverdale ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dee Dee Wanted Her Daughter To Be Sick , Gypsy Wanted Her Mom Murdered '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to tackle Harvey Weinstein scandal '' . EW.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Megyn Kelly Reports on Alex Jones and ' Infowars ' '' . nbcnews.com . June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shocking Law & Order Episode Portrays Antifa Rape of Infowars Reporter '' . infowars.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 to Tackle Charlottesville Riots , Charlie Gard Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-may-16-2018/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Star ' finales adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on tv in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/delayed-viewing-ratings-big-bang-theory-1202672447/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-20-broadcast-live-7-ratings-feb-5-11-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-23-broadcast-live-7-ratings-feb-26-march-4-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-24-broadcast-live-7-ratings-march-5-11-2018/ Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-25-broadcast-live-7-ratings-march-12-18-2018/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-30-broadcast-live-7-ratings-april-16-22-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2018/tv/news/delayed-viewing-ratings-roseanne-2-1202817911/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-33-broadcast-live-7-ratings-may-7-13-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 19.22 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_19)&oldid=843594234 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 50 . 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1. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 19 2. Showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin 3. Storylines based on current events 4. Main cast and guest stars 5. Episode summaries and air dates

what's the most home runs hit in the home run derby

Home Run Derby ( Major league Baseball ) - wikipedia Home Run Derby ( Major league Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Major League Baseball contest . For the 1960 television show , see Home Run Derby ( TV series ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Home Run Derby Frequency Annual Location ( s ) Varies ( site of MLB All - Star Game ) Inaugurated 1985 Most recent July 10 , 2017 ( Marlins Park , Miami ) Next event July 16 , 2018 ( Nationals Park , Washington , DC ) Participants American League and National League baseball players Organized by Major League Baseball The Home Run Derby is an annual home run hitting contest in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) customarily held the day before the MLB All - Star Game , which places the contest on a Monday in July . Since the inaugural derby in 1985 , the event has seen several rule changes , evolving from a short outs - based competition , to multiple rounds , and eventually a bracket - style timed event . It is currently sponsored by MLB 's wireless sponsor , T - Mobile . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 2.1 Format 2.1. 1 1985 -- 1990 2.1. 2 1991 -- 2005 2.1. 3 2006 -- 2013 2.1. 4 2014 2.1. 5 Since 2015 2.2 Gold balls 3 Television and radio coverage 3.1 Most watched Home Run Derbys 4 Winners 5 Records 5.1 Most home runs in a single round 5.2 Most single - derby home runs 5.3 Most all - time home runs 5.4 Wins by team 6 Complete scoreboard 6.1 1980s 6.1. 1 1985 6.1. 2 1986 6.1. 3 1987 6.1. 4 1988 6.1. 5 1989 6.2 1990s 6.2. 1 1990 6.2. 2 1991 6.2. 3 1992 6.2. 4 1993 6.2. 5 1994 6.2. 6 1995 6.2. 7 1996 6.2. 8 1997 6.2. 9 1998 6.2. 10 1999 6.3 2000s 6.3. 1 2000 6.3. 2 2001 6.3. 3 2002 6.3. 4 2003 6.3. 5 2004 6.3. 6 2005 6.3. 7 2006 6.3. 8 2007 6.3. 9 2008 6.3. 10 2009 6.4 The 2010s 6.4. 1 2010 6.4. 2 2011 6.4. 3 2012 6.4. 4 2013 6.4. 5 2014 6.4. 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) 6.4. 7 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) 6.4. 8 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s , when it was not televised . Prior to 1991 , the Home Run Derby was structured as a two - inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning , allowing for the possibility of ties . It is now one of the most - watched events broadcast on ESPN . In 2000 , a `` match play '' - style format was instituted for the second round . The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players , as did the players with the second - and third-most totals . The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals . This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition . The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players . The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league , and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league , respectively . In 1996 , the field was again expanded to ten players , five from each league ( though in 1997 , the AL had six contestants to the NL 's four ) . In 2000 , the field reverted to the current four - player - per - league format . The only exception was 2005 , when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues . The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic , played in March 2006 . In 2006 , the selection of four players from each league resumed . In 2011 , the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides . Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005 , who won the Derby with a then - record 41 homers , including a then - record 24 in the first round . The first - round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton , who hit 28 home runs . Though Hamilton 's performance was notable for the length of his home runs , he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round . The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton , who finished with a total of 61 home runs , defeating Todd Frazier in the final round . Only two participants , Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton , have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All - Star game itself . Overview ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985 . 1985 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the early years of the Home Run Derby , 4 - 10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate . Each player was given 2 `` innings '' to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs . For the derby , an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run . The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings . 1991 -- 2005 ( edit ) Beginning in 1991 , the format changed to a 3 - round contest . From 1991 -- 2006 , 8 - 10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round . The tally reset for each round , with the top four advancing to the second round , and the top two advancing to the final . In honor of the World Baseball Classic , the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries . The format remained the same . 2006 -- 2013 ( edit ) The format changed slightly in 2006 . Instead of the tally resetting for each round , it was only reset before the final round . Therefore , the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2 , and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals . 2014 ( edit ) The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014 , as MLB sought to speed - up the contest and increase the drama . In the new bracket format , 5 players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1 , with each players having 7 `` outs . '' The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second - round bye , and the players with the second - and third - highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off . The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner , and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner . The final featured the winner of each league . Each round stands alone , with the score reset for each round . Ties in any round are broken by a 3 - swing swing - off . If the players remain tied , the players engage in a sudden - death swing - off until one player homers . Since 2015 ( edit ) The format was changed once again in 2015 . The most significant change was the elimination of `` outs '' , which was replaced by a time limit . Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given 5 minutes to hit as many home runs as possible . The winner of each head - to - head matchup advances , until a final winner is determined . If a tie occurs in any match - up , three sets of tiebreakers are employed : first , a 90 - second swing - off decides the winner ; second , best - of - 3 - swing swing - off ; thereafter , sudden - death swingoffs until a winner is determined . Further , a player can get `` bonus time '' in the last minute of each round . During that time , the clock stops for each home run , and does n't restart until a swing does not result in a home run . Additional bonus time could be earned for distance . Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet ( 128.0 m ) are given an extra minute of bonus time . An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet ( 144.8 m ) . Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from 5 minutes per round to 4 minutes . The clock was not stopped in the final minute , and bonus time was only granted for hitting 2 home runs of over 425 feet ( 129.5 m ) . The format was tweaked slightly in 2016 . The four - minute round length returned , while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet ( 134.1 m ) or longer . The additional time was removed , while the swing - off ( which was not required ) was reduced to 1 minute . Each batter is allowed one time - out during each round , and two in the finals . By 2017 the first tie - breaker was restored back to 90 seconds . Gold balls ( edit ) From 2005 -- 2013 , a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs ( in 2014 when the T - Mobile Ball came into play , six ; since 2015 , during the final minute ) . If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball , Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 ( a reference to the `` 21 '' in `` Century 21 '' ) per home run to charity ( MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America , and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals ) . In both 2005 and 2006 , $294,000 was raised for the charities , equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year . State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run ( one dollar for each of State Farm 's agencies ) , to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America . In the 2007 event , fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000 , and ten ( $170,000 ) were hit in the 2008 event . For 2009 , State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers , and $517,000 was collected . For 2010 , the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected . Since 2014 any homer hit off a T - Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T - Mobile and MLB , to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Television and radio coverage ( edit ) On July 11 , 1988 , the day before the Major League Baseball All - Star Game from Cincinnati , TBS televised the annual All - Star Gala from the Cincinnati Zoo . Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews . The broadcast 's big draw would 've been the Home Run Derby , which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon , and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage . Unfortunately , the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain . The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same - day delayed basis , with the first live telecast in 1998 . Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast , it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours . Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN , including his catchphrase , `` Back back back ... Gone ! '' . Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit , and does not say `` Gone ! '' until the ball lands . The 2008 Derby was the year 's most highly rated basic cable program . Because of the game 's TV popularity , invited players have felt pressure to participate . Notably , Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998 , partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before . After a discussion with ESPN 's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson , Griffey changed his mind , and then won the Derby at Coors Field . In Spanish , the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes . ESPN Radio also carries the event annually . Most watched Home Run Derbys ( edit ) Rank Year Winner Ballpark Viewers ( millions ) 2008 Justin Morneau Yankee Stadium 9.1 2017 Aaron Judge Marlins Park 8.6 2009 Prince Fielder Busch Stadium 8.3 Miguel Tejada Minute Maid Park 7.7 5 2002 Jason Giambi Miller Park 7.7 6 2015 Todd Frazier Great American Ballpark 7.1 7 2012 Prince Fielder Kauffman Stadium 6.9 8 2007 Vladimir Guerrero AT&T Park 6.8 9 2006 Ryan Howard PNC Park 6.8 10 2013 Yoenis Céspedes Citi Field 6.7 Winners ( edit ) Prince Fielder accepting his second trophy in 2012 Key Indicates multiple winners in the same year Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Year Winner Team League Stadium 1985 Parker , Dave Dave Parker Cincinnati Reds NL Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( MIN ) 1986 ^ Joyner , Wally Wally Joyner California Angels AL Astrodome ( HOU ) Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets NL Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs NL Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( OAK ) 1988 <Td_colspan="4"> Cancelled due to rain 1989 Davis , Eric Eric Davis Cincinnati Reds NL Anaheim Stadium ( CAL ) 1990 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs NL Wrigley Field ( CHC ) 1991 Ripken Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore Orioles AL SkyDome ( TOR ) 1992 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics AL Jack Murphy Stadium ( SD ) 1993 González , Juan Juan González Texas Rangers AL Oriole Park at Camden Yards ( BAL ) 1994 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners AL Three Rivers Stadium ( PIT ) 1995 Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox AL The Ballpark in Arlington ( TEX ) Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants NL Veterans Stadium ( PHI ) 1997 Martinez , Tino Tino Martinez New York Yankees AL Jacobs Field ( CLE ) 1998 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners AL Coors Field ( COL ) 1999 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 3 ) Seattle Mariners AL Fenway Park ( BOS ) 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs NL Turner Field ( ATL ) 2001 Gonzalez , Luis Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks NL Safeco Field ( SEA ) 2002 Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi New York Yankees AL Miller Park ( MIL ) 2003 Anderson , Garret Garret Anderson Anaheim Angels AL U.S. Cellular Field ( CHW ) Tejada , Miguel Miguel Tejada Baltimore Orioles AL Minute Maid Park ( HOU ) 2005 Abreu , Bobby Bobby Abreu Philadelphia Phillies NL Comerica Park ( DET ) 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies NL PNC Park ( PIT ) 2007 Guerrero , Vladimir Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL AT&T Park ( SF ) 2008 Morneau , Justin Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins AL Yankee Stadium ( NYY ) 2009 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 1 ) Milwaukee Brewers NL Busch Stadium ( STL ) Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox AL Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( LAA ) 2011 Canó , Robinson Robinson Canó New York Yankees AL Chase Field ( ARI ) 2012 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers AL Kauffman Stadium ( KC ) 2013 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics AL Citi Field ( NYM ) 2014 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics AL Target Field ( MIN ) 2015 Frazier , Todd Todd Frazier Cincinnati Reds NL Great American Ball Park ( CIN ) 2016 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins NL Petco Park ( SD ) 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees AL Marlins Park ( MIA ) Records ( edit ) Most home runs in a single round ( edit ) Josh Hamilton ( 2008 First Round ) -- 28 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 First Round ) , Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 First Round ) -- 24 Aaron Judge ( 2017 First Round ) - 23 Justin Bour ( 2017 First Round ) - 22 Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 Final Round ) -- 20 Most single - derby home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 ) -- 61 Aaron Judge ( 2017 ) -- 47 Todd Frazier ( 2016 ) -- 42 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 ) -- 41 Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) , Todd Frazier ( 2015 ) -- 39 Josh Hamilton ( 2008 ) -- 35 David Ortiz ( 2010 ) , Robinson Canó ( 2011 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2013 ) , Miguel Sanó ( 2017 ) -- 32 Adrian Gonzalez ( 2011 ) -- 31 Mark Trumbo ( 2016 ) -- 30 Prince Fielder ( 2012 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2014 ) -- 28 Most all - time home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Todd Frazier -- 91 Giancarlo Stanton - 83 Prince Fielder -- 81 David Ortiz - 77 Albert Pujols -- 71 Ken Griffey Jr. -- 70 Jason Giambi -- 67 Sammy Sosa -- 65 Yoenis Céspedes -- 60 Mark McGwire -- 56 Wins by team ( edit ) Rank Team Wins Years New York Yankees 1997 , 2002 , 2011 , 2017 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1986 * , 2003 , 2007 Oakland Athletics 1992 , 2013 , 2014 Chicago Cubs 1987 , 1990 , 2000 Seattle Mariners 1994 , 1998 , 1999 Cincinnati Reds 1985 , 1989 , 2015 Baltimore Orioles 1991 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 , 2006 New York Mets 1986 * Texas Rangers 1993 Chicago White Sox 1995 San Francisco Giants Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 Minnesota Twins 2008 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 2012 Miami Marlins 2016 5 Tampa Bay Rays 0 Toronto Blue Jays 0 Cleveland Indians 0 Kansas City Royals 0 Houston Astros 0 Atlanta Braves 0 Washington Nationals 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 Colorado Rockies 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 San Diego Padres 0 * In 1986 , Wally Joyner of the California Angels and Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets were declared co-champions . Complete scoreboard ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) 1985 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> The Metrodome , Minneapolis -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 16 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Jim Rice Boston Eddie Murray Baltimore Carlton Fisk Chicago Tom Brunansky Minnesota Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore <Th_colspan="3"> National League Dave Parker Cincinnati 6 Dale Murphy Atlanta Steve Garvey San Diego Ryne Sandberg Chicago Jack Clark St. Louis 1986 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Astrodome , Houston -- N.L. 8 , A.L. 7 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Wally Joyner California Jesse Barfield Toronto Jose Canseco Oakland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Darryl Strawberry New York Dave Parker Cincinnati Hubie Brooks Montreal <Th_colspan="3"> Oakland Coliseum , Oakland -- N.L. 6 , A.L. 2 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League George Bell Toronto Mark McGwire Oakland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Andre Dawson Chicago Ozzie Virgil Jr . Atlanta 1988 ( edit ) Home Run Derby canceled due to rain . 1989 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim -- N.L. 9 , A.L. 5 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Rubén Sierra Texas Mickey Tettleton Baltimore Bo Jackson Kansas City Gary Gaetti Minnesota 0 <Th_colspan="3"> National League Eric Davis Cincinnati Glenn Davis Houston Howard Johnson New York Kevin Mitchell San Francisco 1990s ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Wrigley Field , Chicago -- N.L. 4 , A.L. 1 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Mark McGwire Oakland Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 0 Jose Canseco Oakland 0 Cecil Fielder Detroit 0 <Th_colspan="3"> National League Ryne Sandberg Chicago Matt Williams San Francisco Bobby Bonilla Pittsburgh 0 Darryl Strawberry New York 0 1991 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> SkyDome , Toronto -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 7 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore 12 Cecil Fielder Detroit Joe Carter Toronto Danny Tartabull Kansas City <Th_colspan="3"> National League Paul O'Neill Cincinnati 5 George Bell Chicago Chris Sabo Cincinnati 0 Howard Johnson New York 0 1992 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego -- A.L. 27 , N.L. 13 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Mark McGwire Oakland 12 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Joe Carter Toronto Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore <Th_colspan="3"> National League Larry Walker Montreal Gary Sheffield San Diego Fred McGriff San Diego Barry Bonds Pittsburgh 1993 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Camden Yards , Baltimore -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Juan González Texas 7 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 * Cecil Fielder Detroit Albert Belle Cleveland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 5 Bobby Bonilla New York 5 David Justice Atlanta Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez 1994 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 11 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Rubén Sierra Oakland Frank Thomas Chicago Albert Belle Cleveland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Fred McGriff Atlanta 5 Jeff Bagwell Houston Dante Bichette Colorado Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 1995 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> The Ballpark in Arlington , Arlington -- A.L. 40 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Frank Thomas Chicago 15 * Albert Belle Cleveland 16 Mo Vaughn Boston 6 Manny Ramirez Cleveland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Ron Gant Cincinnati Sammy Sosa Chicago Reggie Sanders Cincinnati Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles * Beat Belle in finals <Th_colspan="3"> Veterans Stadium , Philadelphia -- A.L. 36 , N.L. 23 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Mark McGwire Oakland 15 Brady Anderson Baltimore 11 Jay Buhner Seattle 8 Joe Carter Toronto Greg Vaughn Milwaukee 0 <Th_colspan="3"> National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 17 Henry Rodríguez Montreal Jeff Bagwell Houston Ellis Burks Colorado Gary Sheffield Florida 0 1997 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Jacobs Field , Cleveland -- A.L. 32 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Tino Martinez New York 16 * Mark McGwire Oakland 7 Brady Anderson Baltimore Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Nomar Garciaparra Boston 0 Jim Thome Cleveland 0 <Th_colspan="3"> National League Larry Walker Colorado 19 Jeff Bagwell Houston 5 Chipper Jones Atlanta Ray Lankford St. Louis * Beat Walker in finals 1998 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Coors Field , Denver -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 19 Rafael Palmeiro Baltimore 10 Jim Thome Cleveland 17 Alex Rodriguez Seattle 5 Damion Easley Detroit <Th_colspan="3"> National League Vinny Castilla Colorado 12 Moisés Alou Houston 7 Javy López Atlanta 5 Mark McGwire St. Louis Chipper Jones Atlanta 1999 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Fenway Park , Boston -- N.L. 39 , A.L. 23 Player Team Home runs <Th_colspan="3"> American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 16 Nomar Garciaparra Boston B.J. Surhoff Baltimore Shawn Green Toronto John Jaha Oakland <Th_colspan="3"> National League Jeromy Burnitz Milwaukee 14 Mark McGwire St. Louis 16 * Jeff Bagwell Houston 6 Larry Walker Colorado Sammy Sosa Chicago * Lost to Burnitz in round 2 2000s ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Turner Field , Atlanta -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Sammy Sosa Cubs 6 11 9 26 Ken Griffey Jr . Reds 6 11 Carl Everett Red Sox 6 6 -- 12 Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 5 -- 6 Edgar Martínez Mariners -- -- Chipper Jones Braves -- -- Vladimir Guerrero Expos -- -- Iván Rodríguez Rangers -- -- <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Ken Griffey Jr . Carlos Delgado Ken Griffey Jr . <Td_colspan="4"> Sammy Sosa 9 Carl Everett 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Sammy Sosa 11 <Td_colspan="5"> 2001 ( edit ) Safeco Field , Seattle -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 25 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks 5 5 6 16 Sammy Sosa Cubs 8 13 Jason Giambi Athletics 14 6 -- 20 Barry Bonds Giants 7 -- 10 Bret Boone Mariners -- -- Todd Helton Rockies -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Troy Glaus Angels 0 -- -- 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Jason Giambi 6 Sammy Sosa 8 Sammy Sosa <Td_colspan="4"> Luis Gonzalez 6 Barry Bonds <Td_colspan="5"> Luis Gonzalez 5 <Td_colspan="5"> 2002 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Miller Park , Milwaukee -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Jason Giambi Yankees 11 6 7 24 Sammy Sosa Cubs 12 5 18 Paul Konerko White Sox 6 6 -- 12 Richie Sexson Brewers 6 -- 10 Torii Hunter Twins -- -- Barry Bonds Giants -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Lance Berkman Astros -- -- <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Sammy Sosa 5 Richie Sexson Jason Giambi 7 <Td_colspan="4"> Sammy Sosa Jason Giambi 7 <Td_colspan="5"> Paul Konerko 6 <Td_colspan="5"> * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off 2003 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> U.S. Cellular Field , Chicago -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Garret Anderson Angels 7 6 9 22 Albert Pujols Cardinals 14 8 26 Jason Giambi Yankees 12 11 -- 23 Jim Edmonds Cardinals -- 8 Gary Sheffield Braves -- -- Carlos Delgado Blue Jays -- -- Richie Sexson Brewers -- -- Bret Boone Mariners 0 -- -- 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Jason Giambi 11 Albert Pujols 14 Albert Pujols 8 <Td_colspan="4"> Garret Anderson 9 Garret Anderson 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Jim Edmonds <Td_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="6"> Minute Maid Park , Houston -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 41 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Miguel Tejada Orioles 7 15 5 27 Lance Berkman Astros 7 10 21 Rafael Palmeiro Orioles 9 5 -- 14 Barry Bonds Giants 8 -- 11 Sammy Sosa Cubs 5 -- -- 5 Jim Thome Phillies -- -- Hank Blalock Rangers -- -- David Ortiz Red Sox -- -- 2005 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Comerica Park , Detroit -- N.L. 66 , A.L. 42 Player Home Country Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Bobby Abreu Venezuela Phillies 24 6 11 41 Iván Rodríguez Puerto Rico Tigers 7 8 5 20 David Ortiz Dominican Republic Red Sox 17 -- 20 Carlos Lee Panama Brewers 11 -- 15 Hee - seop Choi South Korea Dodgers 5 -- -- 5 Andruw Jones Netherlands Braves 5 -- -- 5 Mark Teixeira USA Rangers -- -- Jason Bay Canada Pirates 0 -- -- 0 * Total rounds record . 2006 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> PNC Park , Pittsburgh -- N.L. 62 , A.L. 24 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Ryan Howard Phillies 8 10 18 5 23 David Wright Mets 16 18 22 Miguel Cabrera Marlins 9 6 15 -- 15 David Ortiz Red Sox 10 13 -- 13 Jermaine Dye White Sox 7 -- 7 -- 7 Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Miguel Tejada Orioles -- -- Troy Glaus Blue Jays -- -- 2007 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> AT&T Park , San Francisco -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 32 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Vladimir Guerrero Angels 5 9 14 17 Alex Ríos Blue Jays 5 12 17 19 Matt Holliday Rockies 5 8 13 -- 13 Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 ( 2 ) 9 13 -- 13 Justin Morneau Twins 4 ( 1 ) -- -- Prince Fielder Brewers -- -- Ryan Howard Phillies -- -- Magglio Ordóñez Tigers -- -- Notes : ^ a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run . Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2008 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Yankee Stadium , New York -- A.L. 66 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Justin Morneau Twins 8 9 17 5 22 Josh Hamilton Rangers 28 32 35 Lance Berkman Astros 8 6 14 -- 14 Ryan Braun Brewers 7 7 14 -- 14 Dan Uggla Marlins 6 -- 6 -- 6 Grady Sizemore Indians 6 -- 6 -- 6 Chase Utley Phillies 5 -- 5 -- 5 Evan Longoria Rays -- -- Notes : ^ a New single round record . ^ b Voluntarily ended round with four outs . 2009 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Busch Stadium , St. Louis -- N.L. 51 , A.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Brewers 11 6 17 6 23 Nelson Cruz Rangers 11 5 16 5 21 Ryan Howard Phillies 7 8 15 -- 15 Albert Pujols Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) 6 11 -- 11 Carlos Peña Rays 5 ( 1 ) -- 5 -- 5 Joe Mauer Twins 5 ( 0 ) -- 5 -- 5 Adrian Gonzalez Padres -- -- Brandon Inge Tigers 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . The 2010s ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Angel Stadium of Anaheim , Anaheim -- A.L. 50 , N.L. 45 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total David Ortiz Red Sox 8 13 21 11 32 Hanley Ramírez Marlins 9 12 21 5 26 Corey Hart Brewers 13 0 13 -- 13 Miguel Cabrera Tigers 7 5 12 -- 12 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 -- 5 -- 5 Nick Swisher Yankees -- -- Vernon Wells Blue Jays -- -- Chris Young Diamondbacks -- -- 2011 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Chase Field , Phoenix -- A.L. 76 , N.L. 19 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Robinson Canó Yankees 8 12 20 12 32 Adrian Gonzalez Red Sox 9 11 20 11 31 Prince Fielder Brewers 5 ( 5 ) 9 -- 9 David Ortiz Red Sox 5 ( 4 ) 9 -- 9 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) -- 5 -- 5 José Bautista Blue Jays -- -- Rickie Weeks Jr . Brewers -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2012 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City -- A.L. 61 , N.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Tigers 5 11 16 12 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 11 13 ( 2 ) 7 20 Mark Trumbo Angels 7 6 13 ( 1 ) -- 13 Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 7 5 12 -- 12 Carlos González Rockies -- -- Andrew McCutchen Pirates -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Robinson Canó Yankees 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2013 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Citi Field , New York -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 50 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 17 6 23 9 32 Bryce Harper Nationals 8 8 16 8 24 Michael Cuddyer Rockies 7 8 15 -- 15 Chris Davis Orioles 8 12 -- 12 Pedro Álvarez Pirates 6 -- 6 -- 6 Prince Fielder Tigers 5 -- 5 -- 5 David Wright Mets 5 -- 5 -- 5 Robinson Canó Yankees -- -- Note : ^ a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run . 2014 ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Target Field , Minneapolis -- A.L. 54 , N.L. 24 <Th_colspan="7"> American League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 3 ( 2 ) 9 7 9 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 10 * − 14 Adam Jones Orioles − − 7 Josh Donaldson Athletics 3 ( 1 ) − − − Brian Dozier Twins − − − <Th_colspan="7"> National League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Todd Frazier Reds 2 ( 1 ) 6 10 Giancarlo Stanton Marlins 6 * 0 − 6 Troy Tulowitzki Rockies − − 6 Justin Morneau Rockies 2 ( 0 ) − − − Yasiel Puig Dodgers 0 − − − 0 * designates bye round . ( designates swing off home runs ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Round 2 <Td_colspan="3"> Round 3 ( Semifinals ) <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="3"> American League José Bautista Adam Jones Yoenis Céspedes 7 Yoenis Céspedes 9 <Td_colspan="4"> Yoenis Céspedes 9 <Td_colspan="9"> Todd Frazier <Td_colspan="3"> National League Giancarlo Stanton 0 Troy Tulowitzki Todd Frazier Todd Frazier 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Albert Pujols ( LAA ) 10 8 Kris Bryant ( CHC ) 9 Albert Pujols 11 <Td_colspan="4"> Joc Pederson 12 Joc Pederson ( LAD ) 13 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Manny Machado ( BAL ) 12 Joc Pederson 14 <Td_colspan="9"> Todd Frazier 15 Josh Donaldson ( TOR ) 9 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Anthony Rizzo ( CHC ) 8 Josh Donaldson 9 <Td_colspan="4"> Todd Frazier 10 Todd Frazier ( CIN ) 14 <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Prince Fielder ( TEX ) 13 <Td_colspan="5"> 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Mark Trumbo ( BAL ) 16 8 Corey Seager ( LAD ) 15 Mark Trumbo 14 <Td_colspan="4"> 5 Giancarlo Stanton 17 Robinson Canó ( SEA ) 7 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 24 5 Giancarlo Stanton 20 <Td_colspan="9"> Todd Frazier 13 Adam Duvall ( CIN ) 11 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Wil Myers ( SD ) 10 Adam Duvall 15 <Td_colspan="4"> Todd Frazier 16 Todd Frazier ( CWS ) 13 <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Carlos González ( COL ) 12 <Td_colspan="5"> 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Quarterfinals <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Finals <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 16 8 Gary Sánchez ( NYY ) 17 8 Gary Sánchez 10 <Td_colspan="4"> 5 Miguel Sanó 11 Mike Moustakas ( KC ) 10 <Td_colspan="5"> 5 Miguel Sanó ( MIN ) 11 5 Miguel Sanó 10 <Td_colspan="9"> Aaron Judge 11 Cody Bellinger ( LAD ) 15 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Charlie Blackmon ( COL ) 14 Cody Bellinger 12 <Td_colspan="4"> Aaron Judge 13 Aaron Judge ( NYY ) 23 <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Justin Bour ( MIA ) 22 <Td_colspan="5"> See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball All - Star Game winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Jim ( Jul 7 , 1999 ) . `` Baseball ; ESPN rift with MLB a real derby ; Dispute heats up over credentials '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby on ESPN is No. 1 on cable TV '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiestand , Michael ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` ESPN adds new graphics for Home Run Derby coverage '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Monday 's Home Run Derby -- often cable TV 's highest - rated summer event Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cespedes beats Harper to claim Derby title '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Derby to feature bracketed play as part of new format Jump up ^ Keeney , Tim . `` HR Derby Gets New Format , Rules '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby to introduce new format '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Cliff . `` Home Run Derby Five - Minute Guide : Everything you need to know '' . www.si.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve . `` Home Run Derby 2016 : Participants , Breakdown of New Rules for All - Star Showcase '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All - Star Game , things got weird '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby 2010 : Most Memorable Derby Moments '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Multichannel.com Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Gillette Home Run Derby Presented By Head & Shoulders Exclusively on ESPN '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Home Run Derby press conference '' . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relatively speaking , viewers still love the Home Run Derby ( 2002 - 2016 viewership ) '' . sportstvratings.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) MLB.com : Home Run Derby History Baseball-Almanac.com : Home Run Derby Results and Analysis Baseball Research Journal , SABR , `` Home Run Derby Curse , Fact or Fiction ? '' by Joseph McCollum and Marcus Jaiclin <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward <Td_colspan="2"> 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball Home Run Derbies <Td_colspan="2"> 1985 1986 1988 * 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> * The 1988 Home Run Derby was canceled due to rain <Th_colspan="2"> Home Run Derby champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge <Th_colspan="2"> ESPN Major League Baseball Related programs Baseball Tonight ( 1990 -- present ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Monday Night Baseball ( 2002 -- present ) Wednesday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Radio Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio ( 1998 -- present ) The Baseball Show ( 2005 -- present ) Non-ESPN programming Major League Baseball on ABC ( broadcasters ) Major League Baseball on TSN ( 1984 -- present ) Non-MLB programming College World Series on ESPN Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television ESPN Baseball Tonight ( video game ) Television contracts Home Run Derby ( 1993 -- present ) Commentators Radio Baseball Tonight ALDS NLDS Key figures Dave Barnett Chris Berman Bob Carpenter Pedro Gomez Jim Hughson Sean McDonough Tom Mees Joel Meyers Jon Miller Dave O'Brien Steve Physioc Karl Ravech John Sanders Jon Sciambi Dan Shulman Dave Sims Dewayne Staats Charley Steiner Gary Thorne Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Aaron Boone Dallas Braden Jeff Brantley Dave Campbell Terry Francona Nomar Garciaparra Tony Gwynn Orel Hershiser Norm Hitzges Tommy Hutton Reggie Jackson David Justice Eric Karros Kevin Kennedy Ray Knight Mike Lupica Fred Lynn Buck Martinez Jessica Mendoza Joe Morgan Mark Mulder Jim Palmer Steve Phillips Eduardo Pérez Kirby Puckett Jerry Reuss Jim Rooker Chris Singleton Steve Stone Rick Sutcliffe Bobby Valentine Field reporters Erin Andrews Bonnie Bernstein Duke Castiglione Peter Gammons Tim Kurkjian Gary Miller Wendi Nix Buster Olney Sam Ryan Lore 2,131 ( 1995 ) Chasing Maris ( 1998 ) Civil Rights Game ( 2007 ) Death of Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Wild Card Wednesday ( 2011 ) Braves -- Marlins game at Fort Bragg ( 2016 ) Tie - breaker games 1995 AL West Playoff 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff New York Yankees Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Postseason Baseball 's longest postseason game ( 2005 ) AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 NL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 AL Wild Card Game 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Wild Card Game 2014 2016 2018 2020 <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Run_Derby_(Major_League_Baseball)&oldid=802400901 '' Categories : Annual sporting events in the United States Recurring events established in 1985 Major League Baseball competitions Major League Baseball Home Run Derby Sports entertainment Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 23 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Home Run Derby in Major League Baseball 2. Annual home run hitting contest 3. Format and rules of the Home Run Derby 4. Notable performances and records in the Derby 5. Television coverage and viewership of the event

according to the koppen climate classification the climate of north bihar may be explained as

Climate of Bihar - wikipedia Climate of Bihar Bihar completely lies in the Sub Tropical region of Temperate zone and its climatic type is Humid Sub Tropical ( Cwa ) . Contents 1 Seasons 1.1 Winter 1.2 Summer 1.3 Monsoon 1.4 Post Monsoon 2 Statistics 2.1 Temperature 2.2 Precipitation 3 Disasters 3.1 Floods 4 See also 5 References Seasons ( edit ) Winter ( edit ) The cold weather commences early in November and comes to an end in the middle of March . The climate in the October and November is pleasant . The days are bright and warm and the sun is not too hot . As soon as the sun sets the temperature falls and the heat of the day yields place to a sharp bracing cold . The temperature in Winter all over Bihar varies from 0 -- 10 ° C. On 7 January 2013 , in early morning , mercury dipped to a record low to 0 ° C in Gopalganj , 0.2 ° C in Jehanabad , 0.7 ° C in Vaishali , 1 ° C in Patna , Muzaffarpur and other cities . December and January are the coldest months in Bihar. Forbesganj Bihar Also recorded - 2 ° Celsius Summer ( edit ) The hot weather sets in March and lasts until the middle of June . The highest temperature is often registered in May which is the hottest month in the state . Like the rest of the northern India , Bihar also experiences dust - storms , thunder - storms and dust - raising winds during the hot season . Dust storms having a velocity of 48 -- 64 km / hour are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June . The hot winds ( loo ) of Bihar plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8 -- 16 km / hour . This hot winds greatly affects human comfort during this season . Monsoon ( edit ) variation in rainfall across India . Soon after Mid June this the rainy season commences and continues till the end of September , the beginning of this season occurs when a storm from the Bay of Bengal passes over Bihar . The commencement of monsoon may be as early as the last week of May or as the first or second week of July . The rainy season begins in June . The rainiest months are July and August . The rains are the gifts of the south west monsoon . There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1800 mm . Two of them lie on northern and north - western wings of the state and the third lies in the Netarhat pat . The south - west monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October . Post monsoon ( edit ) An important feature of the retreating monsoon season in Bihar is the invasion of tropical cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal at about 12 ° N latitude . Bihar is also influenced by the typhoons originating in the south China sea . The maximum frequency of the tropical cyclones in Bihar is during September -- November especially during the asterism called hathiya . These cyclones are essential for the maturing of paddy , and are required for the moistening of the soil for the cultivation of rabi crops . Statistics ( edit ) Temperature ( edit ) Average temperatures in various cities of Bihar ( ° C ) <Td_colspan="1"> -- <Th_colspan="2"> Winter ( Jan -- Feb ) <Th_colspan="3"> Summer ( Mar -- May ) <Th_colspan="4"> Monsoon ( Jun -- Sep ) <Th_colspan="3"> Post-monsoon ( Oct -- Dec ) <Th_colspan="1"> Year - round City Jan Feb Mar April may June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg Patna 16 19 25 30 31 31 29 15 28 26 22 17 26 Arrah 16 18 24 30 31 30 29 28 29 26 21 17 25 Darbhanga 16 18 23 28 29 29 29 28 28 26 21 17 25 Precipitation ( edit ) Average precipitation in various cities of Bihar ( mm ) <Td_colspan="1"> -- <Th_colspan="2"> Winter ( Jan -- Feb ) <Th_colspan="3"> Summer ( Mar -- May ) <Th_colspan="4"> Monsoon ( Jun -- Sep ) <Th_colspan="3"> Post-monsoon ( Oct -- Dec ) <Th_colspan="1"> Year - round City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Patna 10 -- - 10 -- - 40 120 220 260 170 70 10 -- - 990 Gaya 20 19 12 7 21 137 314 328 206 53 10 1130 Arrah 10 10 10 -- - 30 180 290 330 210 50 -- - -- - 1180 Darbhanga 10 10 10 10 60 190 300 340 230 50 -- - -- - 1260 Disasters ( edit ) Floods ( edit ) A view of 2008 Bihar flood Main article : Floods in Bihar See also : 2008 Bihar flood and 2007 Bihar flood `` Total human deaths is 5874 and animal deaths is 19044 in Bihar due to floods between 1979 -- 2006 '' Bihar is India 's most flood - prone State , with 76 % of the population in the north Bihar living under the recurring threat of flood devastation . According to some historical data , 16.5 % of the total flood affected area in India is located in Bihar while 22.1 % of the flood affected population in India lives in Bihar . About 68,800 square kilometres ( 26,600 sq mi ) out of total geographical area of 94,160 square kilometres ( 36,360 sq mi ) comprising 73.06 % is flood affected . Floods in Bihar are a recurring disaster which on an annual basis destroys thousands of human lives apart from livestock and assets worth millions . There are many environmental issues in Bihar . Air pollution , water pollution , garbage , and pollution of the natural environment are all challenges for Bihar . See also ( edit ) 1934 Nepal -- Bihar earthquake Bengal famine of 1770 Bihar famine of 1873 -- 74 Climate of India Climatic regions of India Geography of Bihar Golghar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Guide : India '' . BBC Weather . Archived from the original on 2005 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weatherbase '' . Weatherbase . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wunderground '' . Weather Underground . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather.com '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Disaster Management in Bihar Archived 2008 - 10 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Disaster Management in Bihar - Statistics Archived 2008 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Flood Management Information System -- History of Flood in Bihar Archived 2010 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ India Water Portal -- Bihar Floods 2008 Archived 2009 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Bihar&oldid=840674728 '' Categories : Climate of India Bihar Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 12 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Climate of Bihar 2. Seasons in Bihar 3. Winter in Bihar 4. Summer in Bihar 5. Monsoon in Bihar

how many states did mitt romney win in the presidential election

United states presidential election , 2012 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 2012 For related races , see United States elections , 2012 . United States presidential election , 2012 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2008 November 6 , 2012 2016 → <Th_colspan="2"> All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 54.9 % 3.4 pp <Td_colspan="2"> Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney Party Democratic Republican Home state Illinois Massachusetts Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan Electoral vote 332 206 States carried 26 + DC 24 Popular vote 65,915,795 60,933,504 Percentage 51.1 % 47.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential election results map . Blue denotes those won by Obama / Biden , red denotes states won by Romney / Ryan . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . <Td_colspan="2"> President before election Barack Obama Democratic Elected President Barack Obama Democratic Part of a series on the 2012 U.S. presidential election Timeline General election debates Electors Polling nationwide statewide Parties Democratic Party Candidates Primaries Nominee Convention Republican Party Prelude Candidates Debates and forums Primaries National polling Statewide polling Straw Results Nominee Convention Endorsements Minor parties ( show ) Libertarian Party Candidates Primaries Nominee Convention Green Party Primaries Nominee Convention Endorsements Constitution Party Nominee Convention Justice Party Nominee Americans Elect All candidates Related races House Senate Governors Vice President Democratic Republican 2008 ← 2012 → 2016 The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 . The Democratic nominee , President Barack Obama , and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , were elected to a second term . They defeated the Republican ticket of former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin . As the incumbent president , Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition . The Republicans experienced a competitive primary . Romney was consistently competitive in the polls and won the support of many party leaders , but he faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders . Romney clinched his party 's nomination in May , defeating Rick Santorum , Newt Gingrich , and several other candidates . The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues , and debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession . Other issues included long - term federal budget issues , the future of social insurance programs , and the Affordable Care Act , Obama 's marquee legislative program . Foreign policy was also discussed , including the phase - out of the Iraq War , military spending , the Iranian nuclear program , and appropriate counteractions to terrorism . The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising , including from nominally independent Super PACs . Obama defeated Romney , winning a majority of both the popular vote and the Electoral College . Obama won 51.1 % of the popular vote compared to Romney 's 47.2 % , while Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson won just under 1 % of the vote . Obama was the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes and a lower popular vote percentage than had been won in the previous election , and was also the first two - term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with a majority of the nationwide popular vote . With the loss , Romney would also become the first Republican since Gerald Ford 's narrow defeat to Jimmy Carter in 1976 , who failed to win a presidential election while earning a minimum of 200 electoral votes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline 2 Electoral college changes 3 State changes to voter registration and electoral rules 4 Nominations 4.1 Democratic Party 4.1. 1 Primaries 4.1. 2 Candidate 4.2 Republican Party 4.2. 1 Primaries 4.2. 2 Candidate 4.2. 3 Withdrawn candidates 4.3 Third party and other nominations 4.3. 1 Libertarian Party 4.3. 2 Green Party 4.3. 3 Constitution Party 4.3. 4 Justice Party 4.3. 4.1 Candidates gallery 5 Campaigns 5.1 Ballot access 5.2 Financing and advertising 5.3 Party conventions 5.4 Debates 5.5 Notable expressions , phrases , and statements 6 Results 6.1 Results by state 6.1. 1 Maine and Nebraska district results 6.2 Close races 6.3 Romney 's concession 6.4 Reactions 7 Voter demographics 7.1 Hispanic vote 8 Analysis 9 Maps 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Timeline ( edit ) Final poll closing times on Election Day . 7 p.m. EST ( 00 : 00 UTC ) ( 6 ) 7 : 30 p.m. EST ( 00 : 30 UTC ) ( 3 ) 8 p.m. EST ( 01 : 00 UTC ) ( 15 + DC ) 8 : 30 p.m. EST ( 01 : 30 UTC ) ( 1 ) 9 p.m. EST ( 02 : 00 UTC ) ( 15 ) 10 p.m. EST ( 03 : 00 UTC ) ( 4 ) 11 p.m. EST ( 04 : 00 UTC ) ( 5 ) 1 a.m. EST ( 06 : 00 UTC ) ( 1 ) September -- October 2012 : Early voting begins in some states and continue as late as November 5 . November 6 , 2012 : Election Day ; at around 11 : 15 p.m. EST , the networks call Ohio for Obama , projecting him the winner of the election . November 7 , 2012 : Romney concedes the election to Obama at around 1 : 00 a.m. EST . November 10 , 2012 : The electoral outcomes of all 50 states and the District of Columbia have been definitively projected ( the electoral outcome in Florida remained uncertain until November 10 ) . Obama won 332 electoral votes while Romney won 206 electoral votes . December 17 , 2012 : The Electoral College formally re-elects President Obama and Vice President Biden . January 3 , 2013 : The 113th Congress is sworn in . January 4 , 2013 : Electoral votes are formally counted before a joint session of Congress . The re-election of President Obama and Vice President Biden is certified . January 20 , 2013 : President Obama and Vice President Biden take the oaths of office ; Obama 's second presidential term begins at noon . January 21 , 2013 : The inauguration ceremonies are held . Electoral College changes ( edit ) The 2010 Census changed the electoral vote apportionment for the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020 in the states listed below : Changes in electoral vote apportionment ( increases in green , decreases in orange ) following the 2010 Census . States won by Democrats in 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 Illinois − 1 Massachusetts − 1 Michigan − 1 New Jersey − 1 New York − 2 Pennsylvania − 1 Washington + 1 States won by Republicans in 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 Arizona + 1 Georgia + 1 Louisiana − 1 Missouri − 1 South Carolina + 1 Texas + 4 Utah + 1 Swing states Florida ( Democratic in 2008 , Republican in 2000 and 2004 ) + 2 Iowa ( Democratic in 2000 and 2008 , Republican in 2004 ) − 1 Nevada ( Democratic in 2008 , Republican in 2000 and 2004 ) + 1 Ohio ( Democratic in 2008 , Republican in 2000 and 2004 ) − 2 The electoral map in 2008 . Changes in electoral vote apportionment following the 2010 census . Eight states ( Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Nevada , South Carolina , Texas , Utah , and Washington ) gained votes due to reapportionment based on the 2010 Census . Ten states ( Illinois , Iowa , Louisiana , Massachusetts , Michigan , Missouri , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , and Pennsylvania ) lost votes . This gave the Democratic Party a net loss of six electoral votes in states won by Democratic nominees in the previous three presidential elections , rendering the party a national total of 242 electoral votes . Conversely , the Republican Party achieved a net gain of six electoral votes in states won by Republican nominees in the previous three presidential elections , rendering the Republican Party a national total of 180 electoral votes . State changes to voter registration and electoral rules ( edit ) In 2011 , several state legislatures passed new voting laws , especially pertaining to voter identification , with the stated purpose of combating voter fraud ; the laws were attacked , however , by the Democratic Party as attempts to suppress voting among its supporters and to improve the Republican Party 's presidential prospects . Florida , Georgia , Ohio , Tennessee , and West Virginia 's state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods . Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting . Kansas , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government - issued IDs before they could cast their ballots . This meant , typically , that people without driver 's licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID . Obama , the NAACP , and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws . Former President Bill Clinton denounced them , saying , `` There has never been in my lifetime , since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting , the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today '' . He was referring to Jim Crow laws passed in southern states near the turn of the twentieth century that disenfranchised most blacks from voting and excluded them from the political process for more than six decades . Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal , including college students , Blacks , and Latinos . Rolling Stone magazine criticized the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) for lobbying in states to bring about these laws , to `` solve '' a problem that does not exist . The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law , pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election . In addition , the Pennsylvania legislature proposed a plan to change its representation in the electoral college from the traditional winner - take - all model to a district - by - district model . As the governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican - controlled , the move was viewed by some as an attempt to reduce Democratic chances . Nominations ( edit ) Democratic Party ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2012 and 2012 Democratic National Convention Primaries ( edit ) With an incumbent president running for re-election against token opposition , the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful . The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses , held by the 50 states , as well as Guam , Puerto Rico , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Democrats Abroad . Additionally , high - ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention . A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president 's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries , though none made a significant impact in the delegate count . Running unopposed everywhere else , President Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3 , 2012 , by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to obtain the nomination . Candidate ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential candidates , 2012 <Td_colspan="30"> Democratic Party ticket , 2012 Barack Obama Joe Biden for President for Vice President 44th President of the United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 47th Vice President of the United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> Republican Party ( edit ) Main articles : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2012 ; Prelude to the Republican presidential primaries , 2012 ; Republican Party presidential debates , 2012 ; and 2012 Republican National Convention Primaries ( edit ) Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included Representative and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul , former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty , who co-chaired John McCain 's campaign in 2008 , former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , the runner - up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle , and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich . The first debate took place on May 5 , 2011 , in Greenville , South Carolina , with businessman Herman Cain , former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson , Ron Paul , Tim Pawlenty , and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating . Another debate took place a month later , with Newt Gingrich , Mitt Romney , former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman , and Rep. Michele Bachmann participating , and Gary Johnson excluded . A total of thirteen debates were held before the Iowa caucuses . The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll , which took place in Iowa on August 13 , 2011 . Michele Bachmann won the straw poll ( this ultimately proved to be the acme of her campaign ) . Pawlenty withdrew from the race after a poor showing in the straw poll , as did Thaddeus McCotter , the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate . It became clear at around this point in the nomination process that while Romney was considered to be the likely nominee by the Republican establishment , a large segment of the conservative primary electorate found him to be too moderate for their political views . As a result , a number of potential `` anti-Romney '' candidates were put forward , including future President Donald Trump , Sarah Palin , Chris Christie , and Texas Governor Rick Perry , the last of whom decided to run in August 2011 . Perry did poorly in the debates , however , and Herman Cain and then Newt Gingrich came into the fore in October and November . Due to a number of scandals , Cain withdrew just before the end of the year , after having gotten on the ballot in several states . Around the same time , Johnson , who had been able to get into only one other debate , withdrew to seek the Libertarian Party nomination . For the first time in modern Republican Party history , three different candidates won the first three state contests in January ( the Iowa caucuses , the New Hampshire primary , and the South Carolina primary ) . Although Romney had been expected to win in at least Iowa and New Hampshire , Rick Santorum won the non-binding poll at caucus sites in Iowa by 34 votes , as near as can be determined from the incomplete tally , earning him a declaration as winner by state party leaders , although vote totals were missing from eight precincts . The election of county delegates at the caucuses would eventually lead to Ron Paul earning 22 of the 28 Iowa delegates to the Republican National Convention . Newt Gingrich won South Carolina by a surprisingly large margin , and Romney won only in New Hampshire . A number of candidates dropped out at this point in the nomination process . Bachmann withdrew after finishing sixth in the Iowa caucuses , Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire , and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina . Mitt Romney on the campaign trail Santorum , who had previously run an essentially one - state campaign in Iowa , was able to organize a national campaign after his surprising victory there . He unexpectedly carried three states in a row on February 7 and overtook Romney in nationwide opinion polls , becoming the only candidate in the race to effectively challenge the notion that Romney was the inevitable nominee . However , Romney won all of the other contests between South Carolina and the Super Tuesday primaries , and regained his first - place status in nationwide opinion polls by the end of February . The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6 . Romney carried six states , Santorum carried three , and Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia . Throughout the rest of March , 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events , including the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates ( Wyoming 's county conventions ) . Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries , but he was unable to make any substantial gain on Romney , who became a formidable frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March . On April 10 , Santorum suspended his campaign due to a variety of reasons , such as a low delegate count , unfavorable polls in his home state of Pennsylvania , and his daughter 's health , leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front - runner for the presidential nomination and allowing Gingrich to claim that he was `` the last conservative standing '' in the campaign for the nomination . After disappointing results in the April 24 primaries ( finishing second in one state , third in three , and fourth in one ) , Gingrich dropped out on May 2 in a move that was seen as an effective end to the nomination contest . After Gingrich 's spokesman announced his upcoming withdrawal , the Republican National Committee declared Romney the party 's presumptive nominee . Ron Paul officially remained in the race , but he stopped campaigning on May 14 to focus on state conventions . On May 29 , after winning the Texas primary , Romney had received a sufficient number of delegates to clinch the party 's nomination with the inclusion of unpledged delegates . After winning the June 5 primaries in California and several other states , Romney had received more than enough pledged delegates to clinch the nomination without counting unpledged delegates , making the June 26 Utah Primary , the last contest of the cycle , purely symbolic . CNN 's final delegate estimate , released on July 27 , 2012 , put Romney at 1,462 pledged delegates and 62 unpledged delegates , for a total estimate of 1,524 delegates . No other candidate had unpledged delegates . The delegate estimates for the other candidates were Santorum at 261 delegates , Paul at 154 , Gingrich at 142 , Bachmann at 1 , Huntsman at 1 , and all others at 0 . On August 28 , 2012 , delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney the party 's presidential nominee . Romney formally accepted the delegates ' nomination on August 30 , 2012 . Candidate ( edit ) <Td_colspan="30"> Republican Party ticket , 2012 Mitt Romney Paul Ryan for President for Vice President 70th Governor of Massachusetts ( 2003 -- 2007 ) U.S. Representative from Wisconsin ( 1999 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Withdrawn candidates ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party presidential candidates , 2012 Ron Paul , U.S. Representative from Texas ( ended active campaigning on May 14 , 2012 ; endorsed Gary Johnson continued to seek delegates from earlier primaries ) . Fred Karger , Political consultant and gay rights activist from California ( withdrew June 29 , 2012 ) . Newt Gingrich , former U.S. Speaker of the House of Representatives , from Georgia ( withdrew on May 2 , 2012 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Rick Santorum , former senator from Pennsylvania ( withdrew on April 10 , 2012 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Buddy Roemer , former governor of Louisiana ( withdrew on February 22 , 2012 , to run for the nominations of Americans Elect and the Reform Party , then endorsed Gary Johnson ) Rick Perry , Governor of Texas ( withdrew on January 19 , 2012 , and endorsed Newt Gingrich , then Mitt Romney after Gingrich withdrew ) Jon Huntsman , Jr. , former U.S. ambassador to China and former governor of Utah ( withdrew on January 16 , 2012 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Michele Bachmann , U.S. Representative from Minnesota ( withdrew on January 4 , 2012 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Gary Johnson , former governor of New Mexico ( withdrew on December 28 , 2011 , to run for the nomination of the Libertarian Party , endorsed Ron Paul ) Herman Cain , businessman from Georgia ( withdrew on December 3 , 2011 , and endorsed Newt Gingrich , then Mitt Romney after Gingrich withdrew ) Thaddeus McCotter , U.S. Representative from Michigan ( withdrew on September 22 , 2011 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Tim Pawlenty , former governor of Minnesota ( withdrew on August 14 , 2011 , and endorsed Mitt Romney ) Representative Ron Paul from Texas ( campaign ) Political consultant and gay rights activist Fred Karger from California Former Speaker Newt Gingrich , from Georgia ( campaign ) Former Senator Rick Santorum from Pennsylvania ( campaign ) Former Governor Buddy Roemer of Louisiana ( campaign ) Governor Rick Perry of Texas ( campaign ) Former Ambassador Jon Huntsman , from Utah ( campaign ) Representative Michele Bachmann from Minnesota ( campaign ) Former Governor Gary Johnson of New Mexico ( campaign ) Businessman Herman Cain , from Georgia ( campaign ) Representative Thaddeus McCotter from Michigan ( campaign ) Former Governor Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota ( campaign ) Third Party and other nominations ( edit ) Main article : United States third party and independent presidential candidates , 2012 Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access or write - in access to at least 270 electoral votes , the minimum number of votes needed in the 2012 election to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college . Libertarian Party ( edit ) Main articles : Libertarian Party ( United States ) ; 2012 Libertarian National Convention ; and Gary Johnson presidential campaign , 2012 Gary Johnson , former governor of New Mexico . Vice-presidential nominee : Jim Gray , retired state court judge , from California Green Party ( edit ) Main articles : Green Party of the United States ; 2012 Green National Convention ; and Jill Stein presidential campaign , 2012 Jill Stein , medical doctor from Massachusetts . Vice-presidential nominee : Cheri Honkala , social organizer , from Pennsylvania . Constitution Party ( edit ) Main articles : Constitution Party ( United States ) ; 2012 Constitution Party National Convention ; and Virgil Goode presidential campaign , 2012 Virgil Goode , former Representative from Virginia . Vice-presidential nominee : Jim Clymer from Pennsylvania Justice Party ( edit ) Main articles : Justice Party ( United States ) and Rocky Anderson Rocky Anderson , former mayor of Salt Lake City and founding member of the Justice Party , from Utah . Vice-presidential nominee : Luis J. Rodriguez from California . Candidates gallery ( edit ) Gary Johnson ( campaign ) Jill Stein ( campaign ) Virgil Goode ( campaign ) Rocky Anderson Campaigns ( edit ) See also : Barack Obama presidential campaign , 2012 ; Mitt Romney presidential campaign , 2012 ; Gary Johnson presidential campaign , 2012 ; Jill Stein presidential campaign , 2012 ; and Virgil Goode presidential campaign , 2012 Ballot access ( edit ) Presidential ticket Party <Th_colspan="3"> Ballot access Votes Percentage States Electors % of voters Obama / Biden Democratic 50 + DC 538 100 % 65,915,795 51.19 % Romney / Ryan Republican 50 + DC 538 100 % 60,933,504 47.32 % Johnson / Gray Libertarian 48 + DC 515 95.1 % 1,275,971 0.99 % Stein / Honkala Green 36 + DC 436 83.1 % 469,627 0.36 % Goode / Clymer Constitution 26 257 49.9 % 122,388 0.09 % Anderson / Rodriguez Justice 15 145 28.1 % 43,018 0.03 % Lindsay / Osorio Socialism & Liberation 13 115 28.6 % 7,791 0.006 % Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes . All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 10 states , 100 electors , and less than 20 % of voters nationwide . Financing and advertising ( edit ) The United States presidential election of 2012 broke new records in financing , fundraising , and negative campaigning . Through grassroots campaign contributions , online donations , and Super PACs , Obama and Romney raised a combined total of more than $2 billion . Super PACs constituted nearly one - fourth of the total financing , with most coming from pro-Romney PACs . Obama raised $690 million through online channels , beating his record of $500 million in 2008 . Most of the advertising in the 2012 presidential campaign was decidedly negative -- 80 % of Obama 's ads and 84 % of Romney 's ads were negative . The tax - exempt non-profit Americans for Prosperity , a so - called `` outside group '' , that is , a political advocacy group that is not a political action committee or super-PAC , ran a television advertising campaign opposing Obama described by The Washington Post as `` early and relentless '' . Americans for Prosperity spent $8.4 million in swing states on television advertisements denouncing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 loan guarantee to Solyndra , a manufacturer of solar panels that went bankrupt , an advertising campaign described by The Wall Street Journal in November 2011 as `` perhaps the biggest attack on Mr. Obama so far '' . Party conventions ( edit ) Charlotte Tampa Nashville Las Vegas Baltimore Sites of the 2012 national party conventions . April 18 -- 21 , 2012 : 2012 Constitution Party National Convention held in Nashville , Tennessee ; Virgil Goode won the nomination . May 3 -- 6 , 2012 : 2012 Libertarian National Convention held in Las Vegas , Nevada ; Gary Johnson won the nomination . July 13 -- 15 , 2012 : 2012 Green National Convention held in Baltimore , Maryland ; Jill Stein won the nomination . August 27 -- 30 , 2012 : 2012 Republican National Convention held in Tampa , Florida ; Mitt Romney won the nomination . September 3 -- 6 , 2012 : 2012 Democratic National Convention held in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Barack Obama won the nomination . Debates ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election debates , 2012 The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates during the last weeks of the campaign : three presidential and one vice-presidential . The major issues debated were the economy and jobs , the federal budget deficit , taxation and spending , the future of Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid , healthcare reform , education , social issues , immigration , and foreign policy . Debate schedule : Wednesday , October 3 : The first presidential debate took place at the University of Denver in Denver , Colorado , moderated by Jim Lehrer . Thursday , October 11 : The vice-presidential debate took place at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky , moderated by Martha Raddatz . Tuesday , October 16 : The second presidential debate took place at Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York , moderated by Candy Crowley . It had a town hall format . Monday , October 22 : The third presidential debate took place at Lynn University in Boca Raton , Florida , moderated by Bob Schieffer . President Obama talks with Ron Klain during presidential debate preparations . Senator John Kerry , at podium , played the role of Mitt Romney during the preparatory sessions . An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday , October 23 at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago , Illinois . The debate was moderated by Larry King and organized by the Free & Equal Elections Foundation . The participants were Gary Johnson ( Libertarian ) , Jill Stein ( Green ) , Virgil Goode ( Constitution ) , and Rocky Anderson ( Justice ) . A second debate between Stein and Johnson took place on Monday , November 5 in Washington , D.C. It was hosted by RT and moderated by Thom Hartmann and Christina Tobin . Notable expressions , phrases , and statements ( edit ) Severely conservative -- In a speech he made at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2012 , Romney claimed that he had been a `` severely conservative Republican governor '' . Romney 's description of his record as `` severely conservative '' was widely criticized by political commentators as both rhetorically clumsy and factually inaccurate . Later , the phrase `` severely conservative '' was frequently brought up by Democrats to make fun of Romney 's willingness to associate himself with the far - right of the Republican Party as well as his apparent lack of sincerity while doing so . Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh , who played the clip on his radio show , said : `` I have never heard anybody say , ' I 'm severely conservative . ' '' You did n't build that -- A portion of a statement that Obama made in a July 2012 campaign speech in Roanoke , Virginia . Obama said that businesses depend on government - provided infrastructure to succeed , but critics of his remarks argued that he was underplaying the work of entrepreneurs and giving the government credit for individuals ' success . The Romney campaign immediately jumped on the statement in an effort to drive a wedge between Obama and small business owners / employees . A major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention was `` We Built It '' . 47 percent -- An expression Romney used at a private campaign fundraising event , which was secretly recorded and publicly released . At the private event , Romney said that 47 percent of the people would vote for Barack Obama no matter what Romney said or did because those people `` ... are dependent upon government ... I 'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives '' . Binders full of women -- A phrase that Romney used in the second presidential debate to refer to the long list of female candidates that he considered when choosing his cabinet members as Governor of Massachusetts . Horses and bayonets - After Romney said in the third presidential debate that the U.S. Navy was smaller than at any time since 1917 , Obama replied , `` We have fewer ships than we did in 1916 . Well , governor , we also have fewer horses and bayonets , because the nature of our military 's changed . '' Shovel - ready jobs -- a phrase used to describe some stimulus projects promoted by the administration . During the debate on September 23 , 2011 , Gary Johnson quipped , `` My next - door neighbor 's two dogs have created more shovel - ready jobs than this president . '' Romnesia -- A term coined by a blogger in April 2011 and used by Obama late in the campaign to describe Romney 's alleged inability to take responsibility for his past statements . $10,000 bet -- During a Republican debate , Romney facetiously bet Texas governor Rick Perry $10,000 that he ( Perry ) was wrong about Romney 's position on the individual mandate under the Affordable Healthcare Act . The statement was vilified by Democrats as exemplary of Romney being out of touch with the average American . Romneyshambles -- a phrase used by the British press after Romney criticized British preparations for the 2012 Summer Olympics , which was a play on omnishambles . The phrase became a popular hashtag on Twitter and was later chosen as one of Collins English Dictionary 's words of the year . Results ( edit ) Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report . The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 4 , 2013 . Presidential candidate Party Home state <Th_colspan="2"> Popular vote Electoral vote <Th_colspan="3"> Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Barack Hussein Obama Democratic Illinois 65,915,795 51.06 % 332 Joseph Robinette Biden Jr . Delaware 332 Willard Mitt Romney Republican Massachusetts 60,933,504 47.20 % 206 Paul Davis Ryan Jr . Wisconsin 206 Gary Johnson Libertarian New Mexico 1,275,971 0.99 % 0 James P. Gray California 0 Jill Stein Green Massachusetts 469,627 0.36 % 0 Cheri Honkala Pennsylvania 0 Virgil Goode Constitution Virginia 122,389 0.09 % 0 Jim Clymer Pennsylvania 0 Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Hawaii 67,326 0.05 % 0 Cindy Sheehan California 0 Rocky Anderson Justice Utah 43,018 0.03 % 0 Luis J. Rodriguez California 0 Tom Hoefling America 's Iowa 40,628 0.03 % 0 J.D. Ellis Tennessee 0 Andre Barnett Reform New York 956 0.0 % 0 Ken Cross Arkansas 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Other 216,196 0.19 % -- <Td_colspan="2"> Other -- <Th_colspan="3"> Total 129,085,410 100 % 538 <Td_colspan="2"> 538 <Th_colspan="5"> Needed to win 270 <Td_colspan="2"> 270 President Obama casts his ballot at the Martin Luther King Jr . Community Center in Chicago . <Th_colspan="5"> Popular vote <Td_colspan="2"> Obama <Td_colspan="2"> 51.06 % <Td_colspan="2"> Romney <Td_colspan="2"> 47.20 % <Td_colspan="2"> Johnson <Td_colspan="2"> 0.99 % <Td_colspan="2"> Stein <Td_colspan="2"> 0.36 % <Td_colspan="2"> Others <Td_colspan="2"> 0.38 % <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote <Td_colspan="2"> Obama <Td_colspan="2"> 61.71 % <Td_colspan="2"> Romney <Td_colspan="2"> 38.29 % Results by state ( edit ) The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state 's Electoral College voting method . The source for the results of all states , except those that amended their official results , is the official Federal Election Commission report . The column labeled `` Margin '' shows Obama 's margin of victory over Romney ( the margin is negative for every state that Romney won ) . States / districts won by Obama / Biden States / districts won by Romney / Ryan <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Barack Obama Democratic <Th_colspan="3"> Mitt Romney Republican <Th_colspan="3"> Gary Johnson Libertarian <Th_colspan="3"> Jill Stein Green <Th_colspan="3"> Others <Th_colspan="2"> Margin <Th_colspan="2"> Total State or district Electoral method # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % Electoral votes # % # Alabama WTA 795,696 38.36 % -- 1,255,925 60.55 % 9 12,328 0.59 % -- 3,397 0.16 % -- 6,992 0.34 % -- − 460,229 − 22.19 % 2,074,338 AL Alaska WTA 122,640 40.81 % -- 164,676 54.80 % 7,392 2.46 % -- 2,917 0.97 % -- 2,870 0.96 % -- − 42,036 − 13.99 % 300,495 AK Arizona WTA 1,025,232 44.59 % -- 1,233,654 53.65 % 11 32,100 1.40 % -- 7,816 0.34 % -- 452 0.02 % -- − 208,422 − 9.06 % 2,299,254 AZ Arkansas WTA 394,409 36.88 % -- 647,744 60.57 % 6 16,276 1.52 % -- 9,305 0.87 % -- 1,734 0.16 % -- − 253,335 − 23.69 % 1,069,468 AR California WTA 7,854,285 60.24 % 55 4,839,958 37.12 % -- 143,221 1.10 % -- 85,638 0.66 % -- 115,445 0.89 % -- 3,014,327 23.12 % 13,038,547 CA Colorado WTA 1,323,101 51.49 % 9 1,185,243 46.13 % -- 35,545 1.38 % -- 7,508 0.29 % -- 18,121 0.71 % -- 137,858 5.37 % 2,569,518 CO Connecticut WTA 905,083 58.06 % 7 634,892 40.73 % -- 12,580 0.81 % -- 863 0.06 % -- 5,542 0.36 % -- 270,191 17.33 % 1,558,960 CT Delaware WTA 242,584 58.61 % 165,484 39.98 % -- 3,882 0.94 % -- 1,940 0.47 % -- 31 0.01 % -- 77,100 18.63 % 413,921 DE District of Columbia District of Columbia WTA 267,070 90.91 % 21,381 7.28 % -- 2,083 0.71 % -- 2,458 0.84 % -- 772 0.26 % -- 245,689 83.63 % 293,764 DC Florida WTA 4,237,756 50.01 % 29 4,163,447 49.13 % -- 44,726 0.53 % -- 8,947 0.11 % -- 19,303 0.23 % -- 74,309 0.88 % 8,474,179 FL Georgia WTA 1,773,827 45.48 % -- 2,078,688 53.30 % 16 45,324 1.16 % -- 1,516 0.04 % -- 695 0.02 % -- − 304,861 − 7.82 % 3,900,050 GA Hawaii WTA 306,658 70.55 % 121,015 27.84 % -- 3,840 0.88 % -- 3,184 0.73 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 185,643 42.71 % 434,697 HI Idaho WTA 212,787 32.62 % -- 420,911 64.53 % 9,453 1.45 % -- 4,402 0.67 % -- 4,721 0.72 % -- − 208,124 − 31.91 % 652,274 ID Illinois WTA 3,019,512 57.60 % 20 2,135,216 40.73 % -- 56,229 1.07 % -- 30,222 0.58 % -- 835 0.02 % -- 884,296 16.87 % 5,242,014 IL Indiana WTA 1,152,887 43.93 % -- 1,420,543 54.13 % 11 50,111 1.91 % -- 625 0.02 % -- 368 0.01 % -- − 267,656 − 10.20 % 2,624,534 IN Iowa WTA 822,544 51.99 % 6 730,617 46.18 % -- 12,926 0.82 % -- 3,769 0.24 % -- 12,324 0.78 % -- 91,927 5.81 % 1,582,180 IA Kansas WTA 440,726 37.99 % -- 692,634 59.71 % 6 20,456 1.76 % -- 714 0.06 % -- 5,441 0.47 % -- − 251,908 − 21.72 % 1,159,971 KS Kentucky WTA 679,370 37.80 % -- 1,087,190 60.49 % 8 17,063 0.95 % -- 6,337 0.35 % -- 7,252 0.40 % -- − 407,820 − 22.69 % 1,797,212 KY Louisiana WTA 809,141 40.58 % -- 1,152,262 57.78 % 8 18,157 0.91 % -- 6,978 0.35 % -- 7,527 0.38 % -- − 343,121 − 17.21 % 1,994,065 LA Maine WTA 401,306 56.27 % 292,276 40.98 % -- 9,352 1.31 % -- 8,119 1.14 % -- 2,127 0.30 % -- 109,030 15.29 % 713,180 ME -- a / l Maryland WTA 1,677,844 61.97 % 10 971,869 35.90 % -- 30,195 1.12 % -- 17,110 0.63 % -- 10,309 0.38 % -- 705,975 26.08 % 2,707,327 MD Massachusetts WTA 1,921,290 60.65 % 11 1,188,314 37.51 % -- 30,920 0.98 % -- 20,691 0.65 % -- 6,552 0.21 % -- 732,976 23.14 % 3,167,767 MA Michigan WTA 2,564,569 54.21 % 16 2,115,256 44.71 % -- 7,774 0.16 % -- 21,897 0.46 % -- 21,465 0.45 % -- 449,313 9.50 % 4,730,961 MI Minnesota WTA 1,546,167 52.65 % 10 1,320,225 44.96 % -- 35,098 1.20 % -- 13,023 0.44 % -- 22,048 0.75 % -- 225,942 7.69 % 2,936,561 MN Mississippi WTA 562,949 43.79 % -- 710,746 55.29 % 6 6,676 0.52 % -- 1,588 0.12 % -- 3,625 0.28 % -- − 147,797 − 11.50 % 1,285,584 MS Missouri WTA 1,223,796 44.38 % -- 1,482,440 53.76 % 10 43,151 1.56 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 7,936 0.29 % -- − 258,644 − 9.38 % 2,757,323 MO Montana WTA 201,839 41.70 % -- 267,928 55.35 % 14,165 2.93 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 116 0.02 % -- − 66,089 − 13.65 % 484,048 MT Nebraska WTA 302,081 38.03 % -- 475,064 59.80 % 11,109 1.40 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 6,125 0.77 % -- − 172,983 − 21.78 % 794,379 NE -- a / l Nevada WTA 531,373 52.36 % 6 463,567 45.68 % -- 10,968 1.08 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 9,010 0.89 % -- 67,806 6.68 % 1,014,918 NV New Hampshire WTA 369,561 51.98 % 329,918 46.40 % -- 8,212 1.16 % -- 324 0.05 % -- 2,957 0.42 % -- 39,643 5.58 % 710,972 NH New Jersey WTA 2,125,101 58.38 % 14 1,477,568 40.59 % -- 21,045 0.58 % -- 9,888 0.27 % -- 6,690 0.18 % -- 647,533 17.81 % 3,640,292 NJ New Mexico WTA 415,335 52.99 % 5 335,788 42.84 % -- 27,788 3.55 % -- 2,691 0.34 % -- 2,156 0.28 % -- 79,547 10.15 % 783,758 NM New York WTA 4,485,741 63.35 % 29 2,490,431 35.17 % -- 47,256 0.67 % -- 39,982 0.56 % -- 17,749 0.25 % -- 1,995,310 28.18 % 7,081,159 NY North Carolina WTA 2,178,391 48.35 % -- 2,270,395 50.39 % 15 44,515 0.99 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 12,071 0.27 % -- − 92,004 − 2.04 % 4,505,372 NC North Dakota WTA 124,827 38.69 % -- 188,163 58.32 % 5,231 1.62 % -- 1,361 0.42 % -- 3,045 0.94 % -- − 63,336 − 19.63 % 322,627 ND Ohio WTA 2,827,709 50.67 % 18 2,661,437 47.69 % -- 49,493 0.89 % -- 18,573 0.33 % -- 23,635 0.42 % -- 166,272 2.98 % 5,580,847 OH Oklahoma WTA 443,547 33.23 % -- 891,325 66.77 % 7 0 0.00 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 0 0.00 % -- − 447,778 − 33.54 % 1,334,872 OK Oregon WTA 970,488 54.24 % 7 754,175 42.15 % -- 24,089 1.35 % -- 19,427 1.09 % -- 21,091 1.18 % -- 216,313 12.09 % 1,789,270 OR Pennsylvania WTA 2,990,274 51.97 % 20 2,680,434 46.59 % -- 49,991 0.87 % -- 21,341 0.37 % -- 11,630 0.20 % -- 309,840 5.39 % 5,753,670 PA Rhode Island WTA 279,677 62.70 % 157,204 35.24 % -- 4,388 0.98 % -- 2,421 0.54 % -- 2,359 0.53 % -- 122,473 27.46 % 446,049 RI South Carolina WTA 865,941 44.09 % -- 1,071,645 54.56 % 9 16,321 0.83 % -- 5,446 0.28 % -- 4,765 0.24 % -- − 205,704 − 10.47 % 1,964,118 SC South Dakota WTA 145,039 39.87 % -- 210,610 57.89 % 5,795 1.59 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 2,371 0.65 % -- − 65,571 − 18.02 % 363,815 SD Tennessee WTA 960,709 39.08 % -- 1,462,330 59.48 % 11 18,623 0.76 % -- 6,515 0.26 % -- 10,400 0.42 % -- − 501,621 − 20.40 % 2,458,577 TN Texas WTA 3,308,124 41.38 % -- 4,569,843 57.17 % 38 88,580 1.11 % -- 24,657 0.31 % -- 2,647 0.03 % -- − 1,261,719 − 15.78 % 7,993,851 TX Utah WTA 251,813 24.75 % -- 740,600 72.79 % 6 12,572 1.24 % -- 3,817 0.38 % -- 8,638 0.85 % -- − 488,787 − 48.04 % 1,017,440 UT Vermont WTA 199,239 66.57 % 92,698 30.97 % -- 3,487 1.17 % -- 594 0.20 % -- 3,272 1.09 % -- 106,541 35.60 % 299,290 VT Virginia WTA 1,971,820 51.16 % 13 1,822,522 47.28 % -- 31,216 0.81 % -- 8,627 0.22 % -- 20,304 0.53 % -- 149,298 3.87 % 3,854,489 VA Washington WTA 1,755,396 56.16 % 12 1,290,670 41.29 % -- 42,202 1.35 % -- 20,928 0.67 % -- 16,320 0.52 % -- 464,726 14.87 % 3,125,516 WA West Virginia WTA 238,269 35.54 % -- 417,655 62.30 % 5 6,302 0.94 % -- 4,406 0.66 % -- 3,806 0.57 % -- − 179,386 − 26.76 % 670,438 WV Wisconsin WTA 1,620,985 52.83 % 10 1,407,966 45.89 % -- 20,439 0.67 % -- 7,665 0.25 % -- 11,379 0.37 % -- 213,019 6.94 % 3,068,434 WI Wyoming WTA 69,286 27.82 % -- 170,962 68.64 % 5,326 2.14 % -- 0 0.00 % -- 3,487 1.40 % -- − 101,676 − 40.82 % 249,061 WY U.S. Total -- 65,915,795 51.06 % 332 60,933,504 47.20 % 206 1,275,971 0.99 % -- 469,627 0.36 % -- 490,510 0.38 % -- 4,982,291 3.86 % 129,085,410 US Maine and Nebraska district results ( edit ) Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . In the 2012 election , all four of Maine 's electoral votes were won by Obama and all five of Nebraska 's electoral votes were won by Romney . The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska 's congressional districts . District Obama % Romney % Johnson % Stein % Terry % Margin % Total Maine 's 1st congressional district 223,035 59.57 % 142,937 38.18 % 4,501 1.20 % 3,946 1.05 % 0 0.00 % 80,098 21.39 % 374,419 Maine 's 2nd congressional district 177,998 52.94 % 149,215 44.38 % 4,843 1.44 % 4,170 1.24 % 0 0.00 % 28,783 8.56 % 336,226 Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 108,082 40.83 % 152,021 57.43 % 3,847 1.45 % 0 0.00 % 762 0.29 % − 43,939 − 16.60 % 264,712 Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 121,889 45.70 % 140,976 52.85 % 3,393 1.27 % 0 0.00 % 469 0.18 % − 19,087 − 7.16 % 266,727 Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 72,110 27.82 % 182,067 70.24 % 3,869 1.49 % 0 0.00 % 1,177 0.45 % − 109,957 − 42.42 % 259,223 Close races ( edit ) Swing from 2008 to 2012 in each state . Only six states swung more Democratic in 2012 : Alaska , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi , New Jersey , and New York . The arrows to the right represent how many places up or down on the list the state moved since 2008 . States are listed by ( increasing ) percentage of Democratic votes . Red denotes states ( or congressional districts that contribute an electoral vote ) won by Republican Mitt Romney ; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama . State where the margin of victory was under 1 % ( 29 electoral votes ) : Florida , 0.88 % States where the margin of victory was under 5 % ( 46 electoral votes ) : North Carolina , 2.04 % Ohio , 2.98 % Virginia , 3.87 % States / districts where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % ( 120 electoral votes ) : Colorado , 5.37 % ( tipping point state ) Pennsylvania , 5.39 % New Hampshire , 5.58 % Iowa , 5.81 % Nevada , 6.68 % Wisconsin , 6.94 % Nebraska 's 2nd Congressional District , 7.16 % Minnesota , 7.69 % Georgia , 7.82 % Maine 's 2nd Congressional District , 8.56 % Arizona , 9.06 % Missouri , 9.38 % Michigan , 9.50 % Romney 's concession ( edit ) Obama takes a phone call from Romney conceding the election early Wednesday morning in Chicago . After the networks called Ohio ( the state that was arguably the most critical for Romney , as no Republican has ever won the Presidency without carrying it ) for Obama at around 11 : 15 PM EST on Election Day , Romney was ready to concede the race , but hesitated when Karl Rove strenuously objected on Fox News to the network 's decision to make that call . However , after Colorado and Nevada were called for the President ( giving Obama enough electoral votes to win even if Ohio were to leave his column ) , in tandem with Obama 's apparent lead in Florida and Virginia ( both were eventually called for Obama ) , Romney acknowledged that he had lost and conceded at around 1 : 00 AM EST on November 7 . Despite public polling showing Romney behind Obama in the swing states of Nevada , Colorado , Iowa , Wisconsin , Ohio , and New Hampshire , tied with Obama in Virginia , and just barely ahead of Obama in Florida , the Romney campaign said they were genuinely surprised by the loss , having believed that public polling was oversampling Democrats . The Romney campaign had already set up a transition website , and had scheduled and purchased a fireworks display to celebrate in case he won the election . On November 30 , 2012 , it was revealed that shortly before the election , internal polling done by the Romney campaign had shown Romney ahead in Colorado and New Hampshire , tied in Iowa , and within a few points of Obama in Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , Minnesota , and Ohio . In addition , the Romney campaign had assumed that they would win Florida and Virginia . The polls had made Romney and his campaign team so confident of their victory that Romney did not write a concession speech until Obama 's victory was announced . Reactions ( edit ) Further information : International reactions to the United States presidential election , 2012 Foreign leaders reacted with both positive and mixed messages . Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory . However , Venezuela and some other states had tempered reactions . Pakistan commented that Romney 's defeat had made Pakistan - United States relations safer . Stock markets fell noticeably after Obama 's re-election , with the Dow Jones Industrial Average , NASDAQ , and the S&P 500 each declining over two percent the day after the election . By his inauguration , however , the markets had gained back all the losses and a bull run began that culminated in 2015 when the Dow closed at an all - time high of 18,312 , the NASDAQ reached the milestone of 5,210 , and the S&P 500 peaked at a record 2,130 . Voter demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="8"> 2012 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup Demographic subgroup Obama Romney Other % of total vote Total vote 51 47 100 <Th_colspan="5"> Ideology Liberals 86 11 25 Moderates 56 41 41 Conservatives 17 82 35 <Th_colspan="5"> Party Democrats 92 7 38 Republicans 6 93 32 Independents 45 50 5 29 <Th_colspan="5"> Gender Men 45 52 47 Women 55 44 53 <Th_colspan="5"> Marital status Married 42 56 60 Unmarried 62 35 40 <Th_colspan="5"> Gender by marital status Married men 38 60 29 Married women 46 53 31 Single men 56 40 18 Single women 67 31 23 <Th_colspan="5"> Race / ethnicity White 39 59 72 Black 93 6 13 Asian 73 26 Other 58 38 Hispanic 71 27 10 <Th_colspan="5"> Religion Protestant or other Christian 42 57 53 Catholic 50 48 25 Mormon 21 78 Jewish 69 30 Other 74 23 7 None 70 26 12 <Th_colspan="5"> Religious service attendance More than once a week 36 63 14 Once a week 41 58 28 A few times a month 55 44 13 A few times a year 56 42 27 Never 62 34 17 <Th_colspan="5"> White evangelical or born - again Christian ? White evangelical or born - again Christian 21 78 26 Everyone else 60 37 74 <Th_colspan="5"> Age 18 -- 24 years old 60 36 11 25 -- 29 years old 60 38 8 30 -- 39 years old 55 42 17 40 -- 49 years old 48 50 20 50 -- 64 years old 47 52 28 65 and older 44 56 0 16 <Th_colspan="5"> Age by race Whites 18 -- 29 years old 44 51 5 11 Whites 30 -- 44 years old 38 59 18 Whites 45 -- 64 years old 38 61 29 Whites 65 and older 39 61 n / a 14 Blacks 18 -- 29 years old 91 8 Blacks 30 -- 44 years old 94 5 Blacks 45 -- 64 years old 93 7 n / a Blacks 65 and older 93 6 Latinos 18 -- 29 years old 74 23 Latinos 30 -- 44 years old 71 28 Latinos 45 -- 64 years old 68 31 Latinos 65 and older 65 35 n / a Others 67 31 5 <Th_colspan="5"> Sexual orientation LGBT 76 22 5 Heterosexual 49 49 95 <Th_colspan="5"> Education Not a high school graduate 64 35 High school graduate 51 48 21 Some college education 49 48 29 College graduate 47 51 29 Postgraduate education 55 42 18 <Th_colspan="5"> Family income Under $30,000 63 35 20 $30,000 -- 49,999 57 42 21 $50,000 -- 99,999 46 52 31 $100,000 -- 199,999 44 54 21 $200,000 -- 249,999 47 52 Over $250,000 42 55 <Th_colspan="5"> Union households Union 58 40 18 Non-union 49 48 82 <Th_colspan="5"> Region Northeast 59 40 18 Midwest 51 48 24 South 46 53 36 West 54 43 22 <Th_colspan="5"> Community size Big cities ( population over 500,000 ) 69 29 11 Mid-sized cities ( population 50,000 to 500,000 ) 58 40 21 Suburbs 48 50 47 Towns ( population 10,000 to 50,000 ) 42 56 8 Rural areas 37 61 14 Hispanic vote ( edit ) The United States has a population of 50 million Hispanic and Latino Americans , 27 million of whom are citizens eligible to vote ( 13 % of total eligible voters ) . Traditionally , only half of eligible Hispanic voters vote ( around 7 % of voters ) ; of them , 71 % voted for Barack Obama ( increasing his percentage of the vote by 5 % ) ; therefore , the Hispanic vote was an important factor in Obama 's re-election , since the vote difference between the two main parties was only 3.9 % Source : Exit polls conducted by Edison Research of Somerville , New Jersey , for the National Election Pool , a consortium of ABC News , Associated Press , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , and NBC News . Total vote and results by region are based on the `` Votes by state '' section of this article . Analysis ( edit ) Combined with the re-elections of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush , Obama 's victory in the 2012 election marked only the second time in American history that three consecutive presidents were each elected to two or more full terms ( the first time being the consecutive two - term presidencies of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe ) . This was also the first election since 1944 in which neither of the major candidates had any military experience . The 2012 election marked the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt 's last two re-elections in 1940 and 1944 that a Democratic presidential candidate won a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections . Obama was also the first president of either party to secure at least 51 % of the popular vote in two elections since Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 . Obama is the third Democratic president to secure at least 51 % of the vote twice , after Andrew Jackson and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Romney won the popular vote in 226 congressional districts making this the first time since 1960 that the winner of the election did not win the popular vote in a majority of the congressional districts . Romney lost his home state of Massachusetts , becoming the first major party presidential candidate to lose his home state since Democrat Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee to Republican George W. Bush in the 2000 election . Romney lost his home state by more than 23 % , the worst losing margin for a major party candidate since John Frémont in 1856 . Even worse than Frémont , Romney failed to win a single county in his home state . In addition , since Obama carried Ryan 's home state of Wisconsin , the Romney -- Ryan ticket was the first major party ticket since the 1972 election to have both of its nominees lose their home states . Romney won the popular vote in every county of three states : Utah , Oklahoma , and West Virginia ; Obama did so in four states : Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Hawaii . Romney 's loss prompted the Republican National Committee to try to appeal to the American Latino population by concentrating on different approaches to immigration . These were short - lived due to activity and anger from the Republican base and may have contributed to the selection of Donald Trump as their presidential candidate four years later . Gary Johnson 's popular vote total set a Libertarian Party record , and his popular vote percentage was the second - best showing for a Libertarian in a presidential election , trailing only Ed Clark 's in 1980 . Johnson would go on to beat this record in the 2016 presidential election , winning the most votes for the Libertarian ticket in history . At the time , Green Party candidate Jill Stein 's popular vote total made her the most successful female presidential candidate in a general election in United States history . This was later surpassed by Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election . Obama 's vote total was the second most votes received in the history of presidential elections and the most ever for a reelected president . Obama owns the all - time record for votes in a single election as well in 2008 . However , Obama also became the first president in American history to be reelected to a second term by smaller margins in every way possible : Compared to his victory in 2008 , he won fewer states ( 28 to 26 ) , fewer electoral votes ( 365 to 332 ) , fewer popular votes ( 69.5 million to 65.9 million ) , a smaller percentage of the popular vote ( 52.9 % to 51.1 % ) , and fewer congressional districts ( 242 to 209 ) . As Obama 's performance is Washington D.C. in 2012 was slightly weaker than his own performance in the district in 2008 , a streak of five consecutive elections of repeated unprecedentedly larger and larger Democratic margins of victory which had lasted from 1992 to 2008 within the district was broken . In 2016 , Hillary Clinton 's margin of victory in the district exceeded Obama 's 2008 margin , bringing the district back into the routine of providing unprecedentedly large Democratic victories , making 2012 a clear outlier to these trends . Maps ( edit ) Results by state , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Results by county . Blue denotes counties that went to Obama ; red denotes counties that went to Romney . Hawaii , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Vermont had all counties go to Obama . Oklahoma , Utah , and West Virginia had all counties go to Romney . Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote . Popular vote by county shaded on a scale from red / Republican to blue / Democratic Results by state ( and the District of Columbia ) , scaled by number of Electors per state . Cartogram of popular vote by county shaded on a scale from red / Republican to blue / Democratic where each county has been rescaled in proportion to its population Cartogram of the electoral vote results , with each square representing one electoral vote . 2012 Presidential Election , Results by Congressional District . Change in popular vote margins at the county level from the 2008 election to the 2012 election . Blue denotes counties that voted more Democratic . Red denotes counties that voted more Republican . Romney 's strongest improvements over McCain were in Utah and Appalachia , while Obama 's strongest gains were in Alaska , the New York area , and the Gulf states . Treemap of the popular vote by county , state , and locally predominant recipient Gallery ( edit ) The Empire State Building in New York City was lit blue when CNN called Ohio for Obama , projecting him the winner of the election . Likewise , red would have been used if Romney won . The Obamas and the Bidens embrace following the television announcement of their victory . The Obamas and the Bidens walk on stage at the election night victory celebration at McCormick Place in Chicago . Former Governor Mitt Romney meets with President Barack Obama at the White House after the 2012 presidential election . See also ( edit ) United States portal Politics portal 2010s portal Planned presidential transition of Mitt Romney United States Senate elections , 2012 United States House of Representatives elections , 2012 United States gubernatorial elections , 2012 Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2012 Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election , 2012 United States presidential election , 2012 timeline Second inauguration of Barack Obama References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Elections 2012 : Election Results for the U.S. President , the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` State of Maine Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results of Nebraska General Election -- November 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kranish , Michael ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` The story behind Mitt Romney 's loss in the presidential campaign to President Obama '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Reason for Karl Rove 's Election Night Denial '' . January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adviser : Romney `` shellshocked '' by loss `` . CBS News . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romney 's Transition Site '' . Political Wire . November 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romney campaign spent $25,000 on fireworks '' . Boston Globe . November 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` When Internal Polls Mislead , a Whole Campaign May Be to Blame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : The Internal Polls That Made Mitt Romney Think He 'd Win '' . The New Republic . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rucker , Phillip ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Romney 's belief in himself never wavered '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Elspeth ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` The Whole Romney Ticket Believed in Unskewed Polls ? '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jonathan ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Dow 's 300 - Point Slide Takes It Back to August Levels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` S&P 500 closes above 1,500 ; Dow nears 14,000 '' . USA Today . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carrigg , David ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Dow : New high for second straight session '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Evelyn ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Nasdaq jumps to another record as Google surges '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeCambre , Mark ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Dow : New high for second straight session '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens Manuel ; Lopez , Mark Hugo ; López , Gustavo ; Passel , Jeffrey S. ; Patten , Eileen ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` 1 . Looking Forward to 2016 : The Changing Latino Electorate '' . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens Manuel ; Lopez , Mark Hugo ; López , Gustavo ; Passel , Jeffrey S. ; Patten , Eileen ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Millennials Make Up Almost Half of Latino Eligible Voters in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 electorate will be the most diverse in U.S. history '' . February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Million Potential Hispanic Votes . But What Will They Really Add Up To ? '' . September 18 , 2016 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Race - 2012 Election Center - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox News Exit Polls '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Exit Polls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hum , Robert ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Two - Term Presidency Musings '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dilanian , Ken ( August 11 , 2012 ) `` Ryan pick cements lack of military service in presidential race '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , John ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Obama 's 3 Million Vote , Electoral College Landslide , Majority of States Mandate '' . The Nation . New York . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Greg ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Final Tally Shows Obama First Since ' 56 to Win 51 % Twice '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank , Steve ( January 7 , 2014 ) `` Obama first presidential candidate since Eisenhower to top 51 % twice '' , MSNBC.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bensen , Clark ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Presidential Results By Congressional Districts : Obama is reelected but Romney carries a majority of districts '' ( PDF ) . Cookpolitical.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Romney poised to lose home state by wider margin than any other candidate '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` 20 Presidential Tickets That Lost Both Home States '' . Smart Politics ( University of Minnesota blog ) . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential General Election Data -- Massachusetts by County '' . Dave Leip 's U.S. Election Atlas . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election of 1856 -- Map by counties '' . Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` 20 Presidential Tickets That Lost Both Home States '' . Smart Politics . Jump up ^ Blow , Charles M. ( November 9 , 2012 ) `` Election Data Dive '' , The New York Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harwood , John . `` Donald Trump Takes Advantage of a Republican Party Pitted Against Itself . '' New York Times . 6 October 2016 . 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Gerry ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Libertarian Party buoyant ; Greens hopeful '' . United Press International . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Harvard Grad Jill Stein Faces Uphill Battle for Presidency '' . The Harvard Crimson . Jump up ^ Herzog , Katie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the presidential candidate who makes Bernie Sanders look conservative '' . Grist Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Numbers Show Obama 's Narrow Re-Election Was No Popular Mandate '' . LifeNews.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , Charlie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results '' . Daily News . New York . Further reading ( edit ) Gardner , Liz , et al. `` Press Coverage of the 2012 US Presidential Election : A Multinational , Cross-Language Comparison '' . in Die US - Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 ( Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden , 2016 ) . pp 241 -- 267 . Hansen , Wendy L. , Michael S. Rocca , and Brittany Leigh Ortiz . `` The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election '' . Journal of Politics 77.2 ( 2015 ) : 535 - 545 . in JSTOR Heilemann , John ; Halperin , Mark ( 2013 ) . Double Down : Game Change 2012 . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 1594204403 . Masket , Seth , John Sides , and Lynn Vavreck . `` The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election '' . Political Communication ( 2015 ) 33 # 2 pp : 1 - 19 . Mayer , William G. ; Bernstein , Jonathan , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Making of the Presidential Candidates , 2012 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1170 - 4 . Scholars explore nominations in the post-public - funding era , digital media and campaigns , television coverage , and the Tea Party . Miller , William J. , ed . The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party : The Internal Battle ( Lexington Books ; 2013 ) 265 pages ; essays by experts on Romney and each of his main rivals Nelson , Michael , ed . The Elections of 2012 ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search ; topical essays by experts Sides , John , and Lynn Vavreck . The Gamble : Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election ( Princeton U.P. 2013 ) excerpt and text search Stempel III , Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove , eds . The 21st - Century Voter : Who Votes , How They Vote , and Why They Vote ( 2 vol. 2015 ) . 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1. United States presidential election, 2012 2. Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney 3. Democratic Party vs. Republican Party 4. Electoral College and popular vote 5. Campaign issues and debates

what is the speciality of leaning tower of pisa

Leaning tower of Pisa - wikipedia Leaning tower of Pisa Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Leaning Tower of Pisa <Td_colspan="2"> Torre pendente di Pisa <Td_colspan="2"> Leaning Tower of Pisa <Th_colspan="2"> Basic information Location Pisa , Italy Geographic coordinates 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E  /  43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E  / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Coordinates : 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E  /  43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E  / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Affiliation Roman Catholic Country Italy Website www.opapisa.it <Th_colspan="2"> Architectural description Architect ( s ) Bonanno Pisano Architectural style Romanesque Groundbreaking 1173 Completed 1372 <Th_colspan="2"> Specifications Height ( max ) 55.86 metres ( 183.3 ft ) Materials marble stone <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iv , vi Reference 395 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) <Td_colspan="2"> The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian : Torre pendente di Pisa ) or simply the Tower of Pisa ( Torre di Pisa ( ˈtorre di ˈpiːza ) ) is the campanile , or freestanding bell tower , of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa , known worldwide for its unintended tilt . The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city 's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo ) , after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry . The tower 's tilt began during construction in the 12th century , caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure 's weight . The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century . It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized ( and the tilt partially corrected ) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries . The height of the tower is 55.86 metres ( 183.27 feet ) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres ( 185.93 feet ) on the high side . The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m ( 8 ft 0.06 in ) . Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons ( 16,000 short tons ) . The tower has 296 or 294 steps ; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north - facing staircase . Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001 , the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees , but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees . This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architect 2 Construction 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Builders 3 History following construction 4 Alternative candidates 5 Technical information 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Architect There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa . For many years , the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano , a well - known 12th - century resident artist of Pisa , famous for his bronze casting , particularly in the Pisa Duomo . Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale , Sicily , only to come back and die in his home town . A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820 , but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595 . A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect , due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works , notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery , both in Pisa . Construction The Pisa Baptistery ( in the foreground ) , the Pisa Cathedral ( in the middleground ) , and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ( in the background ) Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004 Leaning Tower of Pisa Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years . Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14 , 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity . This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals . The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178 . This was due to a mere three - metre foundation , set in weak , unstable subsoil , a design that was flawed from the beginning . Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century , because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa , Lucca , and Florence . This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle . Otherwise , the tower would almost certainly have toppled . In 1198 , clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction . In 1272 , construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone , architect of the Camposanto . In an effort to compensate for the tilt , the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other . Because of this , the tower is curved . Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria . The seventh floor was completed in 1319 . The bell - chamber was finally added in 1372 . It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano , who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell - chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower . There are seven bells , one for each note of the musical major scale . The largest one was installed in 1655 . After a phase ( 1990 -- 2001 ) of structural strengthening , the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration , in order to repair visible damage , mostly corrosion and blackening . These are particularly pronounced due to the tower 's age and its exposure to wind and rain . Timeline On January 5 , 1172 , Donna Berta di Bernardo , a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria , bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie . The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower . On August 9 , 1173 , the foundations of the tower were laid . Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote : `` Guglielmo , according to what is being said , in ( this ) year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor , laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa . '' On December 27 , 1233 , the worker Benenato , son of Gerardo Bottici , oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower . On February 23 , 1260 , Guido Speziale , son of Giovanni , a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore , was elected to oversee the building of the tower . On April 12 , 1264 , the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble . The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale , worker of St. Francesco . Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370 . Builders One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo . His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as `` Master Gerardo '' , and as a worker whose name was Gerardo . A more probable builder was Diotisalvi , because of the construction period and the structure 's affinities with other buildings in Pisa , but he usually signed his works , and there is no signature by him in the bell tower . Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower , under the direction of Giovanni Pisano , who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore . Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower . History following construction Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei 's experiments Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass . However , the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei ( Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei ) , written by Galileo 's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717 , long after Viviani 's death . During World War II , the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post . A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile , and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike , sparing it from destruction . Lead counterweights , 1998 Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over . Most of these efforts failed ; some worsened the tilt . On February 27 , 1964 , the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling . It was , however , considered important to retain the current tilt , due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa . A multinational task force of engineers , mathematicians , and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods . It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side . Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower , including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base . The tower and the neighbouring cathedral , baptistery , and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site , which was declared in 1987 . The tower was closed to the public on January 7 , 1990 , after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989 . The bells were removed to relieve some weight , and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away . Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety . The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres ( 1,342 cubic feet ) of soil from underneath the raised end . The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres ( 17.7 inches ) , returning to its 1838 position . After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts , the tower was reopened to the public on December 15 , 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years . In total , 70 metric tons ( 77 short tons ) of earth were removed . In May 2008 , engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history . They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years . Alternative candidates Two German churches have challenged the tower 's status as the world 's most lop - sided building : the 15th - century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th - century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen . Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers , finding the former 's tilt to be 3.97 degrees . In June 2010 , Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi , UAE as the `` World 's Furthest Leaning Man - made Tower '' . The Capital Gate tower has an 18 - degree slope , almost five times more than the Pisa Tower ; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant . The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand , also deliberately built , leans at 53 degrees to the ground . Technical information An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , with source image accurate down to 5 mm ( 0.2 in ) . This elevation shows the interesting quandary facing the campanile . The circular shape and great height ( currently 55.86 m ( 183 ft 3.21 in ) on the lowest side and 56.67 m ( 185 ft 11.10 in ) m on the highest ) of the campanile were unusual for their time , and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction . This belfry incorporates a 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) correction for the inclined axis below . The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo Elevation of Piazza del Duomo : about 2 metres ( 6 feet , DMS ) Height from the ground floor : 55.863 metres ( 183 ft 3 in ) , 8 stories Height from the foundation floor : 58.36 m ( 191 ft 5.64 in ) Outer diameter of base : 15.484 metres ( 50 ft 9.6 in ) Inner diameter of base : 7.368 metres ( 24 ft 2.1 in ) Angle of slant : 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the vertical Weight : 14,700 metric tons ( 16,200 short tons ) Thickness of walls at the base : 2.44 metres ( 8 ft 0 in ) Total number of bells : 7 , tuned to musical scale , clockwise 1st bell : L'Assunta , cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi , weight 3,620 kg ( 7,981 lb ) 2nd bell : Il Crocifisso , cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti , weight 2,462 kg ( 5,428 lb ) 3rd bell : San Ranieri , cast in 1719 -- 1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni , weight 1,448 kg ( 3,192 lb ) 4th bell : La Terza ( 1st small one ) , cast in 1473 , weight 300 kg ( 661 lb ) 5th bell : La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia , cast in 1262 by Lotteringo , weight 1,014 kg ( 2,235 lb ) 6th bell : Il Vespruccio ( 2nd small one ) , cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo , weight 1,000 kg ( 2,205 lb ) 7th bell : Dal Pozzo , cast in 1606 and again in 2004 , weight 652 kg ( 1,437 lb ) Number of steps to the top : 296 About the 5th bell : The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter , because it used to ring on Easter day . However , this bell is older than the bell - chamber itself , and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa , where it was called La Giustizia ( The Justice ) . The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors , including Count Ugolino in 1289 . A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia . Gallery View looking up Entrance door to the bell tower External loggia Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor Inner staircase from seventh to eighth ( the top ) floor View from the top Assunta bell Pasquareccia bell View , looking down from the top A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower See also Leaning Temple of Huma -- Only leaning temple in the world List of leaning towers Leaning Tower of Niles , a replica of the Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Zaragoza , was a famous European leaning tower Great Mosque of al - Nuri ( Mosul ) , an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017 Machang , Kelantan -- home to another leaning tower Round tower ( disambiguation ) , for other types of round towers The Greyfriars Tower -- the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King 's Lynn , nicknamed `` The Leaning Tower of Lynn '' Torre delle Milizie , a tilting medieval tower in Rome Tour de Pise , a rock dome in Antarctica , was named after this tower References Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts '' . Leaning Tower of Pisa . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Saving the Leaning Tower '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Pisa '' . Archidose.org . June 17 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa ( tower , Pisa , Italy ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più '' . Scienze.TV . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ tan ( 3.99 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect Archived August 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pierotti , Piero. ( 2001 ) . Deotisalvi -- L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro . Pisa : Pacini Editore Jump up ^ McLain , Bill ( 1999 ) . Do Fish Drink Water ? . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 16512 - 5 . Jump up ^ G. Barsali ( 1999 ) , Pisa . History and masterpieces , Bonechi , p. 18 , ISBN 8872041880 Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia , March 2005 Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa , parchment n . 248 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , December 27 , 1234 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , February 23 , 1260 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Roncioni , April 12 , 1265 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Jean Paul Richter ( 1855 ) , Lives of the Most Eminent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects , H.G. Bohn , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Sci Tech : Science history : setting the record straight '' . The Hindu . June 30 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo Jump up ^ Shrady , Nicholas ( 2003 ) : Tilt : a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa Jump up ^ `` Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa '' . The Guardian . January 12 , 2000 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tipping the Balance '' . TIME Magazine . June 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza del Duomo , Pisa '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mark ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Europe Pisa 's leaning tower ' stabilised ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no 2,406 - July 22 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book '' . The Raw Story . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not so fast , Pisa ! UAE lays claim to world 's furthest leaning tower '' . CNN news . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Leaning and tumbling towers ' on Puzzling World website , viewed 2011 - 07 - 30 Jump up ^ tan ( 3.97 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa : 1920 's Photo of Dal Pozzo '' . www.endex.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Children 's Visual World Atlas . Sydney , Australia : The Fog Press . ISBN 1 - 74089 - 317 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Torre pendente '' ( in Italian ) . Lucca turismo . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower ( Pisa ) . Opera della Primaziale Pisana -- official site Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive ( Creative Commons - licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower . 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what did the king die of in the king and i

The King and I - wikipedia The King and I Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage musical . For other uses , see The King and I ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The King and I <Td_colspan="2"> Original Broadway poster ( 1951 ) Music Richard Rodgers Lyrics Oscar Hammerstein II Book Oscar Hammerstein II Basis Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon Productions 1951 Broadway 1953 West End 1954 U.S. tour 1973 West End revival 1977 Broadway revival 1979 West End revival 1981 U.S. tour 1985 Broadway revival 1996 Broadway revival 2000 West End revival 2004 U.S. tour 2011 U.K. tour 2015 Broadway revival 2016 U.S. tour Awards 1952 Tony Award for Best Musical 1996 Tony Award for Best Revival 2015 Tony Award for Best Revival The King and I is the fifth musical by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II . It is based on Margaret Landon 's novel , Anna and the King of Siam ( 1944 ) , which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens , governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s . The musical 's plot relates the experiences of Anna , a British schoolteacher hired as part of the King 's drive to modernize his country . The relationship between the King and Anna is marked by conflict through much of the piece , as well as by a love to which neither can admit . The musical premiered on March 29 , 1951 , at Broadway 's St. James Theatre . It ran for nearly three years , making it the fourth longest - running Broadway musical in history at the time , and has had many tours and revivals . In 1950 , theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client , veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence . Holtzmann realized that Landon 's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein , who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical . The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the supporting part of the King , a role he had played in the 1946 film made from Landon 's book , but he was unavailable . They settled on the young actor and television director Yul Brynner . The musical was an immediate hit , winning Tony Awards for Best Musical , Best Actress ( for Lawrence ) and Best Featured Actor ( for Brynner ) . Lawrence died unexpectedly of cancer a year and a half after the opening , and the role of Anna was played by several actresses during the remainder of the Broadway run of 1,246 performances . A hit London run and U.S. national tour followed , together with a 1956 film for which Brynner won an Academy Award , and the musical was recorded several times . In later revivals , Brynner came to dominate his role and the musical , starring in a four - year national tour culminating in a 1985 Broadway run shortly before his death . Christopher Renshaw directed major revivals on Broadway ( 1996 ) , winning the Tony Award for Best Revival , and in the West End ( 2000 ) . A 2015 Broadway revival won another Tony for Best Revival . Both professional and amateur revivals of The King and I continue to be staged regularly throughout the English - speaking world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Creation 3 Casting and auditions 4 Plot 4.1 Act 1 4.2 Act 2 5 Principal roles and notable performers 6 Musical numbers 7 Productions 7.1 Original productions 7.2 Early revivals 7.3 Brynner reprises the role 7.4 Renshaw 's production : 1991 to 2002 7.5 2004 to present 8 Adaptations 9 Music and recordings 9.1 Musical treatment 9.2 Recordings 10 Critical reception 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Historical background ( edit ) King Mongkut ( far right ) with his heir Chulalongkorn seated next to him and some of his other children . A wife is seated at left . Mongkut , King of Siam , was about 57 years old in 1861 . He had lived half his life as a Buddhist monk , was an able scholar , and founded a new order of Buddhism and a temple in Bangkok ( paid for by his half - brother , King Nangklao ) . Through his decades of devotion , Mongkut acquired an ascetic lifestyle and a firm grasp of Western languages . When Nangklao died in 1850 , Mongkut became king . At that time , various European countries were striving for dominance , and American traders sought greater influence in Southeast Asia . He ultimately succeeded in keeping Siam an independent nation , partly by familiarizing his heirs and harem with Western ways . In 1861 , Mongkut wrote to his Singapore agent , Tan Kim Ching , asking him to find a British lady to be governess to the royal children . At the time , the British community in Singapore was small , and the choice fell on a recent arrival there , Anna Leonowens ( 1831 -- 1915 ) , who was running a small nursery school in the colony . Leonowens was the Anglo - Indian daughter of an Indian Army soldier and the widow of Thomas Owens , a clerk and hotel keeper . She had arrived in Singapore two years previously , claiming to be the genteel widow of an officer and explaining her dark complexion by stating that she was Welsh by birth . Her deception was not detected until long after her death , and had still not come to light when The King and I was written . Mongkut with Chulalongkorn , dressed in naval uniforms Upon receiving the King 's invitation , Leonowens sent her daughter , Avis , to school in England , to give Avis the social advantage of a prestigious British education , and traveled to Bangkok with her five - year - old son , Louis . King Mongkut had sought a Briton to teach his children and wives after trying local missionaries , who used the opportunity to proselytize . Leonowens initially asked for $150 in Singapore currency per month . Her additional request , to live in or near the missionary community to ensure she was not deprived of Western company , aroused suspicion in Mongkut , who cautioned in a letter , `` we need not have teacher of Christianity as they are abundant here '' . King Mongkut and Leonowens came to an agreement : $100 per month and a residence near the royal palace . At a time when most transport in Bangkok was by boat , Mongkut did not wish to have to arrange for the teacher to get to work every day . Leonowens and Louis temporarily lived as guests of Mongkut 's prime minister , and after the first house offered was found to be unsuitable , the family moved into a brick residence ( wooden structures decayed quickly in Bangkok 's climate ) within walking distance of the palace . In 1867 , Leonowens took a six - month leave of absence to visit her daughter Avis in England , intending to deposit Louis at a school in Ireland and return to Siam with Avis . However , due to unexpected delays and opportunities for further travel , Leonowens was still abroad in late 1868 , when Mongkut fell ill and died . Leonowens did not return to Siam , although she continued to correspond with her former pupil , the new king Chulalongkorn . Creation ( edit ) In 1950 , British actress Gertrude Lawrence 's business manager and attorney , Fanny Holtzmann , was looking for a new vehicle for her client when the 1944 Margaret Landon novel Anna and the King of Siam ( a fictionalized version of Leonowens ' experiences ) was sent to her by Landon 's agent . According to Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest , Holtzmann was worried that Lawrence 's career was fading . The 51 - year - old actress had appeared only in plays , not in musicals , since Lady in the Dark closed in 1943 . Holtzmann agreed that a musical based on Anna and the King of Siam would be ideal for her client , who purchased the rights to adapt the novel for the stage . Holtzmann initially wanted Cole Porter to write the score , but he declined . She was going to approach Noël Coward next , but happened to meet Dorothy Hammerstein ( Oscar 's wife ) in Manhattan . Holtzmann told Dorothy Hammerstein that she wanted Rodgers and Hammerstein to create a show for Lawrence , and asked her to see that her husband read a book that Holtzmann would send over . In fact , both Dorothy Rodgers and Dorothy Hammerstein had read the novel in 1944 and had urged their husbands to consider it as a possible subject for a musical . Dorothy Hammerstein had known Gertrude Lawrence since 1925 , when they had both appeared in André Charlot 's London Revue of 1924 on Broadway and on tour in North America . Oscar Hammerstein II Rodgers and Hammerstein had disliked Landon 's novel as a basis for a musical when it was published , and their views still held . It consists of vignettes of life at the Siamese court , interspersed with descriptions of historical events unconnected with each other , except that the King creates most of the difficulties in the episodes , and Anna tries to resolve them . Rodgers and Hammerstein could see no coherent story from which a musical could be made until they saw the 1946 film adaptation , starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison , and how the screenplay united the episodes in the novel . Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about writing a star vehicle . They had preferred to make stars rather than hire them , and engaging the legendary Gertrude Lawrence would be expensive . Lawrence 's voice was also a worry : her limited vocal range was diminishing with the years , while her tendency to sing flat was increasing . Lawrence 's temperament was another concern : though she could not sing like one , the star was known to be capable of diva - like behavior . In spite of this , they admired her acting -- what Hammerstein called her `` magic light '' , a compelling presence on stage -- and agreed to write the show . For her part , Lawrence committed to remaining in the show until June 1 , 1953 , and waived the star 's usual veto rights over cast and director , leaving control in the hands of the two authors . Hammerstein found his `` door in '' to the play in Landon 's account of a slave in Siam writing about Abraham Lincoln . This would eventually become the narrated dance , `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' . Since a frank expression of romantic feelings between the King and Anna would be inappropriate in view of both parties ' upbringing and prevailing social mores , Hammerstein wrote love scenes for a secondary couple , Tuptim , a junior wife of the King , and Lun Tha , a scholar . In the Landon work , the relationship is between Tuptim and a priest , and is not romantic . The musical 's most radical change from the novel was to have the King die at the end of the play . Also , since Lawrence was not primarily a singer , the secondary couple gave Rodgers a chance to write his usual `` soaring '' romantic melodies . In an interview for The New York Times , Hammerstein indicated that he wrote the first scene before leaving for London and the West End production of Carousel in mid-1950 ; he wrote a second scene while in the British capital . The pair had to overcome the challenge of how to represent Thai speech and music . Rodgers , who had experimented with Asian music in his short - lived 1928 musical with Lorenz Hart titled Chee - chee , did not wish to use actual Thai music , which American audiences might not find accessible . Instead , he gave his music an exotic flavor , using open fifths and chords in unusual keys , in ways pleasant to Western ears . Hammerstein faced the problem of how to represent Thai speech ; he and Rodgers chose to convey it by musical sounds , made by the orchestra . For the King 's style of speech , Hammerstein developed an abrupt , emphatic way of talking , which was mostly free of articles , as are many East Asian languages . The forceful style reflected the King 's personality and was maintained even when he sang , especially in his one solo , `` A Puzzlement '' . Many of the King 's lines , including his first utterance , `` Who ? Who ? Who ? '' , and much of the initial scene between him and Anna , are drawn from Landon 's version . Nevertheless , the King is presented more sympathetically in the musical than in the novel or the 1946 film , as the musical omits the torture and burning at the stake of Lady Tuptim and her partner . With Rodgers laid up with back trouble , Hammerstein completed most of the musical 's book before many songs were set to music . Early on , Hammerstein contacted set designer Jo Mielziner and costume designer Irene Sharaff and asked them to begin work in coordination with each other . Sharaff communicated with Jim Thompson , an American who had revived the Thai silk industry after World War II . Thompson sent Sharaff samples of silk cloth from Thailand and pictures of local dress from the mid-19th century . One such picture , of a Thai woman in western dress , inspired the song `` Western People Funny '' , sung by the King 's chief wife , Lady Thiang , while dressed in western garb . Choreographer Jerome Robbins Producer Leland Hayward , who had worked with the duo on South Pacific , approached Jerome Robbins to choreograph a ballet for `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' . Robbins was very enthusiastic about the project and asked to choreograph the other musical numbers as well , although Rodgers and Hammerstein had originally planned little other dancing . Robbins staged `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' as an intimate performance , rather than a large production number . His choreography for the parade of the King 's children to meet their teacher ( `` March of the Royal Siamese Children '' ) drew great acclaim . Robert Russell Bennett provided the orchestrations , and Trude Rittmann arranged the ballet music . The pair discussed having an Act 1 musical scene involving Anna and the King 's wives . The lyrics for that scene proved to be very difficult for Hammerstein to write . He first thought that Anna would simply tell the wives something about her past , and wrote such lyrics as `` I was dazzled by the splendor / Of Calcutta and Bombay '' and `` The celebrities were many / And the parties very gay / ( I recall a curry dinner / And a certain Major Grey ) . '' Eventually , Hammerstein decided to write about how Anna felt , a song which would not only explain her past and her motivation for traveling with her son to the court of Siam , but also serve to establish a bond with Tuptim and lay the groundwork for the conflict that devastates Anna 's relationship with the King . `` Hello , Young Lovers '' , the resulting song , was the work of five exhausting weeks for Hammerstein . He finally sent the lyrics to Rodgers by messenger and awaited his reaction . Hammerstein considered the song his best work and was anxious to hear what Rodgers thought of it , but no comment came from Rodgers . Pride kept Hammerstein from asking . Finally , after four days , the two happened to be talking on the phone about other matters , and at the end of the conversation , Rodgers stated , very briefly , that the lyric was fine . Josh Logan , who had worked closely with Hammerstein on South Pacific , listened to the usually unflappable writer pour out his unhappy feelings . It was one of the few times that Hammerstein and Rodgers did not display a united front . Casting and auditions ( edit ) Yul Brynner in the original production of The King and I Although the part of the King was only a supporting role to Lawrence 's Anna , Hammerstein and Rodgers thought it essential that a well - known theatrical actor play it . The obvious choice was Rex Harrison , who had played the King in the movie , but he was booked , as was Noël Coward . Alfred Drake , the original Curly in Oklahoma ! , made contractual demands which were deemed too high . With time running short before rehearsals , finding an actor to play the King became a major concern . Mary Martin , the original Nellie Forbush in South Pacific , suggested that her co-star in a 1946 musical set in China , Lute Song , try for the role . Rodgers recounted the audition of the Russian - American performer , Yul Brynner : They told us the name of the first man and out he came with a bald head and sat cross-legged on the stage . He had a guitar and he hit his guitar one whack and gave out with this unearthly yell and sang some heathenish sort of thing , and Oscar and I looked at each other and said , `` Well , that 's it . '' Brynner termed Rodgers ' account `` very picturesque , but totally inaccurate '' . He recalled that as an established television director ( in CBS 's Starlight Theatre , for example ) , he was reluctant to go back on the stage . His wife , his agent and Martin finally convinced him to read Hammerstein 's working script , and once he did , he was fascinated by the character of the King and was eager to do the project . In any case , Brynner 's fierce , mercurial , dangerous , yet surprisingly sensitive King was an ideal foil for Lawrence 's strong - willed , yet vulnerable Anna , and when the two finally came together in `` Shall We Dance ? '' , where the King hesitantly touches Anna 's waist , the chemistry was palpable . Gertrude Lawrence as Anna , in the Irene Sharaff - designed ball gown Pre-rehearsal preparations began in late 1950 . Hammerstein had wanted Logan to direct and co-write the book , as he had for South Pacific , but when Logan declined , Hammerstein decided to write the entire book himself . Instead of Logan , the duo hired as director John van Druten , who had worked with Lawrence years earlier . The costume designer , Sharaff , wryly pointed the press to the incongruity of a Victorian British governess in the midst of an exotic court : `` The first - act finale of The King and I will feature Miss Lawrence , Mr. Brynner , and a pink satin ball gown . '' Mielziner 's set plan was the simplest of the four Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals he had worked on , with one main set ( the throne room ) , a number of front - stage drops ( for the ship and Anna 's room , for example ) and the entire stage cleared for `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' . The show was budgeted at $250,000 ( US $2,360,000 in 2017 dollars ) making it the most expensive Rodgers and Hammerstein production to that point , and prompting some mockery that costs exceeded even their expensive flop Allegro . Investors included Hammerstein , Rodgers , Logan , Martin , Billy Rose and Hayward . The children who were cast as the young princes and princesses came from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds , including Puerto Rican or Italian , though none were Thai . Johnny Stewart was the original Prince Chulalongkorn but left the cast after only three months , replaced by Ronnie Lee . Sandy Kennedy was Louis , and Broadway veteran Larry Douglas played Lun Tha . Shortly before rehearsals began in January 1951 , Rodgers had the first Tuptim , Doretta Morrow , sing the entire score to Lawrence , including Lawrence 's own songs . Lawrence listened calmly , but when she met Rodgers and Hammerstein the following day , she treated Rodgers coldly , apparently seeing the composer 's actions as flaunting her vocal deficiencies . Hammerstein and Rodgers ' doubts about whether Lawrence could handle the part were assuaged by the sheer force of her acting . James Poling , a writer for Collier 's who was allowed to attend the rehearsals , wrote of Lawrence preparing `` Shall I Tell You What I Think of You ? '' : She took the center of the barren stage wearing , for practice , a dirty muslin hoop over her slacks , with an old jacket thrown over her shoulders for warmth . She began rather quietly on the note , `` Your servant ! Your servant ! Indeed I 'm not your servant ! '' Then she gradually built the scene , slowly but powerfully , until , in a great crescendo , she ended prone on the floor , pounding in fury , and screaming , `` Toads ! Toads ! Toads ! All of your people are toads . '' When she finished , the handful of professionals in the theatre burst into admiring applause . At his first meeting with Sharaff , Brynner , who had only a fringe of hair , asked what he was to do about it . When told he was to shave it , Brynner was horror - struck and refused , convinced he would look terrible . He finally gave in during tryouts and put dark makeup on his shaved head . The effect was so well - received that it became Brynner 's trademark . Lawrence 's health caused her to miss several rehearsals , though no one knew what was wrong with her . When the tryout opened in New Haven , Connecticut on February 27 , 1951 , the show was nearly four hours long . Lawrence , suffering from laryngitis , had missed the dress rehearsal but managed to make it through the first public performance . The Variety critic noted that despite her recent illness she `` slinks , acts , cavorts , and in general exhibits exceedingly well her several facets for entertaining '' , but the Philadelphia Bulletin printed that her `` already thin voice is now starting to wear a great deal thinner '' . Leland Hayward came to see the show in New Haven and shocked Rodgers by advising him to close it before it went any further . Additionally , when the show left New Haven for Boston for more tryout performances , it was still at least 45 minutes too long . Gemze de Lappe , who was one of the dancers , recalled one cut that she regretted : They took out a wonderful scene . Mrs. Anna 's first entrance into the palace comes with a song in which she sings , `` Over half a year I have been waiting , waiting , waiting , waiting , waiting , waiting outside your door . '' At the end she points her umbrella at him , or something like that , and the King says `` Off with her head '' or words to that effect , and the eunuchs pick her up and carry her off . The King says `` Who , who , who ? '' with great satisfaction , and finds out that he has just thrown out the English schoolteacher . So he says , `` Bring her back ! '' and she is ushered in ... we all loved it . Part of the Act I song list from the New Haven tryout This song , `` Waiting '' , was a trio for Anna , the King , and the Kralahome ( the King 's prime minister ) . `` Who Would Refuse ? '' , the Kralahome 's only solo , was also dropped . Left without a note to sing , Mervyn Vye abandoned the show and was replaced by John Juliano . `` Now You Leave '' , a song for Lady Thiang ( played by Dorothy Sarnoff in the original production ) , was also cut . After the cuts , Rodgers and Hammerstein felt that the first act was lacking something . Lawrence suggested that they write a song for Anna and the children . Mary Martin reminded them of a song that had been cut from South Pacific , `` Suddenly Lucky '' . Hammerstein wrote a new lyric for the melody , and the resulting song became `` Getting to Know You '' . `` Western People Funny '' and `` I Have Dreamed '' were also added in Boston . Brynner regretted that there were not more tryout performances , feeling that the schedule did not give him an adequate opportunity to develop the complex role of the King . When he told this to Hammerstein and Rodgers , they asked what sort of performance they would get from him , and he responded , `` It will be good enough , it will get the reviews . '' Plot ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) In 1862 , a strong - willed , widowed schoolteacher , Anna Leonowens , arrives in Bangkok , Siam ( later known as Thailand ) at the request of the King of Siam to tutor his many children . Anna 's young son , Louis , fears the severe countenance of the King 's prime minister , the Kralahome , but Anna refuses to be intimidated ( `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' ) . The Kralahome has come to escort them to the palace , where they are expected to live -- a violation of Anna 's contract , which calls for them to live in a separate house . She considers returning to Singapore aboard the vessel that brought them , but goes with her son and the Kralahome . The King ( Brynner ) presents ( some of ) his children to Anna ( Constance Towers ) , 1977 Several weeks pass , during which Anna and Louis are confined to their palace rooms . The King receives a gift from the king of Burma , a lovely slave girl named Tuptim , to be one of his many wives . She is escorted by Lun Tha , a scholar who has come to copy a design for a temple , and the two are secretly in love . Tuptim , left alone , declares that the King may own her , but not her heart ( `` My Lord and Master '' ) . The King gives Anna her first audience . The schoolteacher is a part of his plan for the modernization of Siam ; he is impressed when she already knows this . She raises the issue of her house with him , he dismisses her protests and orders her to talk with his wives . They are interested in her , and she tells them of her late husband , Tom ( `` Hello , Young Lovers '' ) . The King presents her new pupils ; Anna is to teach those of his children whose mothers are in favor with him -- several dozen -- and is to teach their mothers as well . The princes and princesses enter in procession ( `` March of the Royal Siamese Children '' ) . Anna is charmed by the children , and formality breaks down after the ceremony as they crowd around her . Anna has not given up on the house , and teaches the children proverbs and songs extolling the virtues of home life , to the King 's irritation . The King has enough worries without battling the schoolteacher , and wonders why the world has become so complicated ( `` A Puzzlement '' ) . The children and wives are hard at work learning English ( `` The Royal Bangkok Academy '' ) . The children are surprised by a map showing how small Siam is compared with the rest of the world ( `` Getting to Know You '' ) . As the crown prince , Chulalongkorn , disputes the map , the King enters a chaotic schoolroom . He orders the pupils to believe the teacher but complains to Anna about her lessons about `` home '' . Anna stands her ground and insists on the letter of her contract , threatening to leave Siam , much to the dismay of wives and children . The King orders her to obey as `` my servant '' ; she repudiates the term and hurries away . The King dismisses school , then leaves , uncertain of his next action . Meanwhile , Lun Tha comes upon Tuptim , and they muse about having to hide their relationship ( `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' ) . Lawrence as Anna takes dictation from the King ( Brynner ) , 1951 In her room , Anna replays the confrontation in her mind , her anger building ( `` Shall I Tell You What I Think of You ? '' ) . Lady Thiang , the King 's head wife , tells Anna that the King is troubled by his portrayal in the West as a barbarian , as the British are being urged to take over Siam as a protectorate . Anna is shocked by the accusations -- the King is a polygamist , but he is no barbarian -- but she is reluctant to see him after their argument . Lady Thiang convinces her that the King is deserving of support ( `` Something Wonderful '' ) . Anna goes to him and finds him anxious for reconciliation . The King tells her that the British are sending an envoy to Bangkok to evaluate the situation . Anna `` guesses '' -- the only guise in which the King will accept advice -- that the King will receive the envoy in European style , and that the wives will be dressed in Western fashion . Tuptim has been writing a play based on a book that Anna has lent her , Uncle Tom 's Cabin , that can be presented to the guests . News is brought to the King that the British are arriving much earlier than thought , and so Anna and the wives are to stay up all night to prepare . The King assembles his family for a Buddhist prayer for the success of the venture and also promises before Buddha that Anna will receive her own house `` as provided in agreement , etc. , etc . '' Act 2 ( edit ) `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' The wives are dressed in their new European - style gowns , which they find confining ( `` Western People Funny '' ) . In the rush to prepare , the question of undergarments has been overlooked , and the wives have practically nothing on underneath their gowns . When the British envoy , Sir Edward Ramsay , arrives and gazes at them through a monocle , they are panicked by the `` evil eye '' and lift their skirts over their heads as they flee . Sir Edward is diplomatic about the incident . When the King is called away , it emerges that Sir Edward is an old flame of Anna 's , and they dance in remembrance of old times , as Edward urges her to return to British society . The King returns and irritably reminds them that dancing is for after dinner . As final preparations for the play are made , Tuptim steals a moment to meet with Lun Tha . He tells her he has an escape plan , and she should be ready to leave after the performance ( `` I Have Dreamed '' ) . Anna encounters them , and they confide in her ( `` Hello , Young Lovers '' , reprise ) . The play ( `` Small House of Uncle Thomas '' , narrated ballet ) is presented in a Siamese ballet - inspired dance . Tuptim is the narrator , and she tells her audience of the evil King Simon of Legree and his pursuit of the runaway slave Eliza . Eliza is saved by Buddha , who miraculously freezes a river and conceals her in snow . Buddha then causes the river to melt , drowning King Simon and his hunting party . The anti-slavery message is blunt . Brynner and Lawrence perform `` Shall We Dance ? '' After the play , Sir Edward reveals that the British threat has receded , but the King is distracted by his displeasure at Tuptim 's rebellious message . After Sir Edward leaves , Anna and the King express their delight at how well the evening went , and he presents her with a ring . Secret police report that Tuptim is missing . The King realizes that Anna knows something ; she parries his inquiry by asking why he should care : Tuptim is just another woman to him . He is delighted ; she is at last understanding the Siamese perspective . Anna tries to explain to him the Western customs of courtship and tells him what it is like for a young woman at a formal dance ( `` Shall We Dance ? '' ) . He demands that she teach him the dance . She does , and in that dance they experience and express a love for each other that they can never speak aloud . They are interrupted by the Kralahome . Tuptim has been captured , and a search is on for Lun Tha . The King resolves to punish Tuptim , though she denies she and Lun Tha were lovers . Anna tries to dissuade him , but he is determined that her influence shall not rule , and he takes the whip himself . He turns to lash Tuptim , but under Anna 's gaze is unable to swing the whip , and hurries away . Lun Tha is found dead , and Tuptim is dragged off , swearing to kill herself ; nothing more is heard about her . Anna asks the Kralahome to give her ring back to the King ; both schoolteacher and minister state their wish that she had never come to Siam . Several months pass with no contact between Anna and the King . Anna is packed and ready to board a ship leaving Siam . Chulalongkorn arrives with a letter from the King , who has been unable to resolve the conflicts within himself and is dying . Anna hurries to the King 's bedside and they reconcile . The King persuades her to take back the ring and to stay and assist the next king , Chulalongkorn . The dying man tells Anna to take dictation from the prince , and instructs the boy to give orders as if he were King . The prince orders the end of the custom of kowtowing that Anna hated . The King grudgingly accepts this decision . As Chulalongkorn continues , prescribing a less arduous bow to show respect for the king , his father dies . Anna kneels by the late King , holding his hand and kissing it , as the wives and children bow or curtsey , a gesture of respect to old king and new . Principal roles and notable performers ( edit ) Character Description Original Broadway cast Other notable stage performers Anna Leonowens A widowed Briton , in Siam to teach the royal children Gertrude Lawrence Eileen Brennan , Constance Carpenter , Jan Clayton , Barbara Cook , Sandy Duncan , Valerie Hobson , Celeste Holm , Sally Ann Howes , Laura Michelle Kelly , Angela Lansbury , Josie Lawrence , Marin Mazzie , Lisa McCune , Maureen McGovern , Virginia McKenna , Hayley Mills , Patricia Marand , Patricia Morison , Donna Murphy , Kelli O'Hara , Marie Osmond , Elaine Paige , Mary Beth Peil , Stefanie Powers , Faith Prince , Liz Robertson , Risë Stevens , and Constance Towers The King of Siam A fictionalized version of the historical King Mongkut Yul Brynner Farley Granger , Kevin Gray , Daniel Dae Kim , Hoon Lee , Jason Scott Lee , Jose Llana , Herbert Lom , Darren McGavin , Paul Nakauchi , Rudolf Nureyev , Lou Diamond Phillips , Zachary Scott , Teddy Tahu Rhodes , Ramon Tikaram , Ken Watanabe , Peter Wyngarde Lady Thiang The King 's chief wife Dorothy Sarnoff Ruthie Ann Miles , Patricia Neway , Muriel Smith , Terry Saunders , Joan Almedilla Lun Tha A Burmese scholar and envoy , in love with Tuptim Larry Douglas Sean Ghazi , Jose Llana , Conrad Ricamora Tuptim A slave brought from Burma to be one of the King 's junior wives Doretta Morrow June Angela , Joy Clements , Lee Venora , Patricia Welch Prince Chulalongkorn A fictionalized version of Mongkut 's eldest son and heir Johnny Stewart Sal Mineo The Kralahome The King 's prime minister John Juliano Martin Benson , Saeed Jaffrey , Randall Duk Kim , Ho Yi , Paul Nakauchi Louis Leonowens Anna 's son Sandy Kennedy Jeffrey Bryan Davis , Jake Lucas Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Orchestra `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' -- Anna and Louis `` My Lord and Master '' -- Tuptim `` Hello , Young Lovers '' -- Anna `` March of the Royal Siamese Children '' -- Orchestra `` A Puzzlement '' -- King `` The Royal Bangkok Academy '' -- Anna , Wives and Children `` Getting to Know You '' -- Anna , Wives and Children `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' -- Tuptim and Lun Tha `` A Puzzlement '' ( reprise ) -- Louis and Prince Chulalongkorn `` Shall I Tell You What I Think of You ? '' -- Anna `` Something Wonderful '' -- Lady Thiang `` Buddhist Prayer '' / Act I finale -- King and Company Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Western People Funny '' -- Lady Thiang and Wives `` I Have Dreamed '' -- Tuptim and Lun Tha `` Hello , Young Lovers '' ( reprise ) -- Anna `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' ( Ballet ) -- Tuptim and Wives `` Song of the King '' -- King and Anna `` Shall We Dance ? '' -- Anna and the King `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' ( reprise ) -- Anna `` Something Wonderful '' ( reprise , finale ultimo ) -- Orchestra Productions ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) The King and I opened in 1951 at the St. James Theatre ( seen in 2006 ) . The King and I opened on Broadway on March 29 , 1951 , with a wide expectation of a hit by the press and public . Both Hammerstein and Rodgers professed to be worried . The composer complained that most people were not concerned about whether the show was good , but whether it was better than South Pacific . Even the weather cooperated : heavy rain in New York stopped in time to allow the mostly wealthy or connected opening night audience to arrive dry at the St. James Theatre . Margaret Landon , author of the book on which the musical was based , was not invited to opening night . Brynner turned in an outstanding performance that night , nearly stealing the show . Lawrence knew that the company was nervous because of her illnesses . The director , John van Druten , described how her opening night performance put all worries to rest : `` She came on the stage with a new and dazzling quality , as if an extra power had been granted to the brilliance of her stage light . She was radiant and wonderful . '' The rave reviews in the newspapers lifted Lawrence 's spirits , and she expected a lengthy run as Anna , first on Broadway , then in London 's West End , and finally on film . Lawrence won a Tony Award for her leading role , while Brynner won the award for best featured actor . The show won the Tony for best musical , and designers Mielziner and Sharaff received awards in their categories . De Lappe remembered the contrast between Lawrence 's indifferent singing voice and the force of her performance : I used to listen to Gertrude Lawrence on the public address system every night in our dressing rooms , and she 'd get onto a note and sag down off of it . The night after I left the show to go into Paint Your Wagon , Yul Brynner gave me house seats and I saw her from the front and I was so taken by her . She had such a star quality , you did n't care if she sang off - key . She more than dominated the stage . Boy , was that a lesson to me . Lawrence had not yet discovered that she was dying from liver cancer , and her weakened condition was exacerbated by the demands of her role . At the age of 52 , she was required to wear dresses weighing 75 pounds ( 34 kg ) while walking or dancing a total of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) during a 31⁄2 hour performance eight times a week . Lawrence found it hard to bear the heat in the theatre during the summer months . Understudy Constance Carpenter began replacing her in matinee performances . Later in the year Lawrence 's strength returned , and she resumed her full schedule , but by Christmas she was battling pleurisy and suffering from exhaustion . She entered the hospital for a full week of tests . Just nine months before her death , the cancer still was not detected . In February 1952 , bronchitis felled her for another week , and her husband Richard Aldrich asked Rodgers and Hammerstein if they would consider closing the show for Easter week to give her a chance to recover fully . They denied his request , but agreed to replace her with the original Ado Annie from Oklahoma ! , Celeste Holm , for six weeks during the summer . Meanwhile , Lawrence 's performances were deteriorating , prompting audiences to become audibly restive . Rodgers and Hammerstein prepared a letter , never delivered , advising her that `` eight times a week you are losing the respect of 1,500 people '' . In late August , Lawrence fainted following a matinee and was admitted to the NewYork -- Presbyterian Hospital . She slipped into a coma and died on September 6 , 1952 , aged 54 . Her autopsy revealed liver cancer . On the day of her funeral , the performance of The King and I was cancelled . The lights of Broadway and the West End were dimmed ; she was buried in the ball gown she wore during Act 2 . Carpenter assumed the role of Anna and went on to play it for 620 performances . Other Annas during the run included Holm , Annamary Dickey and Patricia Morison . Although Brynner later boasted of never missing a show , he missed several , once when stagehands at the St. James Theatre accidentally struck him in the nose with a piece of scenery , another time due to appendicitis . Also , for three months in 1952 ( and occasionally in 1953 ) , Alfred Drake replaced Brynner . One young actor , Sal Mineo , began as an extra , then became an understudy for a younger prince , then an understudy and later a replacement for Crown Prince Chulalongkorn . Mineo began a close friendship and working relationship with Brynner which would last for more than a decade . Another replacement was Terry Saunders as Lady Thiang . She reprised the role in the 1956 film . The last of the production 's 1,246 performances was on March 20 , 1954 . The run was , at the time , the fourth longest ever for a Broadway musical . A U.S. national tour began on March 22 , 1954 , at the Community Theatre , Hershey , Pennsylvania , starring Brynner and Morison . The tour played in 30 cities , closing on December 17 , 1955 , at the Shubert Theatre , Philadelphia . The original London production opened on October 8 , 1953 , at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , and was warmly received by both audiences and critics ; it ran for 946 performances . The show was restaged by Jerome Whyte . The cast featured Valerie Hobson , in her last role , as Anna ; Herbert Lom as the King ; and Muriel Smith as Lady Thiang . Martin Benson played the Kralahome , a role he reprised in the film . Eve Lister was a replacement for Hobson , and George Pastell replaced Lom during the long run . The New York Times theatre columnist Brooks Atkinson saw the production with Lister and Pastell , and thought the cast commonplace , except for Smith , whom he praised both for her acting and her voice . Atkinson commented , `` The King and I is a beautifully written musical drama on a high plane of human thinking . It can survive in a mediocre performance . '' The musical was soon premiered in Australia , Japan , and throughout Europe . Early revivals ( edit ) Rodgers ( left ) and Hammerstein The first revival of The King and I in New York was presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company in April and May 1956 for three weeks , starring Jan Clayton and Zachary Scott , directed by John Fearnley , with Robbins ' choreography recreated by June Graham . Muriel Smith reprised her London role of Lady Thiang , and Patrick Adiarte repeated his film role , Chulalongkorn . This company presented the musical again in May 1960 with Barbara Cook and Farley Granger , again directed by Fearnley , in another three - week engagement . Atkinson admired the purity of Cook 's voice and thought that she portrayed Anna with `` a cool dignity that gives a little more stature to the part than it has had before . '' He noted that Granger brought `` a fresh point of view -- as well as a full head of hair '' . Joy Clements played Tuptim , and Anita Darian was Lady Thiang . City Center again presented the show in June 1963 , starring Eileen Brennan and Manolo Fabregas , directed by Fearnley . Clements and Darian reprised Tuptim and Thiang . In the final City Center Light Opera production , Michael Kermoyan played the King opposite Constance Towers for three weeks in May 1968 . Darian again played Lady Thiang . For all of these 1960s productions , Robbins ' choreography was reproduced by Yuriko , who had played the role of Eliza in the original Broadway production and reprised the role in the City Center productions . The Music Theatre of Lincoln Center , with Rodgers as producer , presented the musical in mid-1964 at the New York State Theater , starring Risë Stevens and Darren McGavin , with Michael Kermoyan as the Kralahome . Lun Tha , Tuptim and Thiang were played by Frank Porretta , Lee Venora and Patricia Neway . Costumes were by Irene Sharaff , the designer for the original productions and the film adaptation . The director was Edward Greenberg , with the Robbins choreography again reproduced by Yuriko . This was Music Theatre 's debut production , a five - week limited engagement . The King and I was revived at London 's Adelphi Theatre on October 10 , 1973 , running for 260 performances until May 25 , 1974 , starring Sally Ann Howes as Anna and Peter Wyngarde as the King . Roger Redfarn directed , and Sheila O'Neill choreographed . The production , which began in June 1973 with a tour of the English provinces , earned mixed to warm reviews . Michael Billington in The Guardian called the revival `` well played and well sung '' . Although he was enthusiastic about Howes as Anna , Billington thought Wyngarde `` too fragile to be capable of inspiring unholy terror '' . He praised Redfarn 's production -- `` whipped along at a good pace and made a sumptuous eyeful out of the interpolated ballet on ' Uncle Tom 's Cabin ' . '' Less favorably , Robert Cushman in The Observer thought the production `` scenically and economically under - nourished '' . He liked Wyngarde 's King ( `` a dignified clown '' ) but thought Howes not formidable enough to stand up to him as Anna . He noted that `` she sings beautifully and the songs are the evening 's real justification '' . Brynner reprises the role ( edit ) Brynner on the 1977 program cover In early 1976 , Brynner received an offer from impresarios Lee Gruber and Shelly Gross to star , in the role that he had created 25 years before , in a U.S. national tour and Broadway revival . The tour opened in Los Angeles on July 26 , 1976 , with Constance Towers reprising the role of Anna . On opening night , Brynner suffered so badly from laryngitis that he lip - synched , with his son Rock singing and speaking the role from the orchestra pit . The production traveled across the United States , selling out every city it appeared in and finally opening in New York at the Uris Theatre ( today the Gershwin Theatre ) on May 2 , 1977 . The production featured Martin Vidnovic as Lun Tha , and Susan Kikuchi danced the part of Eliza , recreating the role that her mother , Yuriko , had originated . Yuriko both directed the production and recreated the Robbins choreography . Sharaff again designed costumes , and Michael Kermoyan reprised the role of the Kralahome , while June Angela was Tuptim . The run lasted 696 performances , almost two years , during which each of the stars took off three weeks , with Angela Lansbury replacing Towers and Kermoyan replacing Brynner . The production was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical . Brynner insisted on renovations to the Uris before he would play there , stating that the theatre resembled `` a public toilet '' . He also insisted that dressing rooms on the tour and at the Uris be arranged to his satisfaction . According to his biographer Michelangelo Capua , for years afterwards , performers thanked Brynner for having backstage facilities across the country cleaned up . New York Times reviewer Clive Barnes said of the revival , `` The cast is a good one . Mr. Brynner grinning fire and snorting charm is as near to the original as makes little difference '' and called Towers `` piquantly ladylike and sweet without being dangerously saccharine '' . However , fellow Times critic Mel Gussow warned , later in the run , that `` to a certain extent ( Brynner ) was coasting on his charisma '' . Brynner in 1977 : `` Every day I do my best for one more day . '' The tour was extended in 1979 , after the New York run , still starring Brynner and Towers . The production then opened in the West End , at the London Palladium , on June 12 , 1979 , and was reported to have the largest advance sale in English history . Brynner stated , `` It is not a play , it is a happening . '' Virginia McKenna starred in London as Anna , winning an Olivier Award for her performance . June Angela again played Tuptim , and John Bennett was the Kralahome . It ran until September 27 , 1980 . Brynner took only a few months off after the London run ended , which contributed to his third divorce ; he returned to the road in early 1981 in an extended U.S. tour of the same production , which eventually ended on Broadway . Mitch Leigh produced and directed , and Robbins ' choreography was reproduced by Rebecca West , who also danced the role of Simon of Legree , which she had danced at the Uris in 1977 . Patricia Marand played Anna , Michael Kermoyan was again the Kralahome , Patricia Welch was Tuptim . During 1981 , Kate Hunter Brown took over as Anna , continuing in the role for at least a year and a half . By 1983 , Mary Beth Peil was playing Anna . On September 13 , 1983 , in Los Angeles , Brynner celebrated his 4,000 th performance as the King ; on the same day he was privately diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer , and the tour had to shut down for a few months while he received painful radiation therapy to shrink the tumor . The Washington Post reviewer saw Brynner 's `` absolutely last farewell tour '' in December 1984 and wrote of the star : When Brynner opened in the original production in 1951 , he was the newcomer and Gertrude Lawrence the established star . Now , 33 years and 4,300 performances later , he is the king of the mountain as well as the show ... The genius of his performance -- and it must be some sort of genius to maintain a character this long -- is its simplicity . There is not a superfluous expression nor a vague gesture . And if at times , the arms on hips posture , the shining dome and fierce expression remind one of Mr. Clean , it should be remembered that Brynner was there first . The production reached New York in January 1985 , running for 191 performances at the Broadway Theatre , with Brynner , Peil , Welch and West still playing their roles . The part of Eliza was played by the leading man 's fourth wife , Kathy Lee Brynner , and newcomer Jeffrey Bryan Davis played Louis . During the run , Brynner was unable to sing `` A Puzzlement '' , due to what was announced as a throat and ear infection , but he `` projected bursting vitality to the top of the balcony . '' He received a special Tony Award for his role as the King and had come to dominate the musical to such an extent that Peil was nominated merely for a featured actress Tony as Anna . Leigh was nominated for a Tony for his direction . New York Times critic Frank Rich praised Brynner but was ambivalent about the production , which he called `` sluggish '' , writing that Brynner 's `` high points included his fond , paternalistic joshing with his brood in ' The March of the Siamese Children , ' his dumb - show antics while attempting to force the English schoolteacher Anna to bow , and , of course , the death scene ... The star aside , such showmanship is too often lacking in this King and I . '' The last performance was a special Sunday night show , on June 30 , 1985 , in honor of Brynner and his 4,625 th performance of the role . Brynner died less than four months later , on October 10 , 1985 . From August 1989 to March 1990 , Rudolf Nureyev played the King in a North American tour opposite Liz Robertson , with Kermoyan as the Kralahome , directed by Arthur Storch and with the original Robbins choreography . Reviews were uniformly critical , lamenting that Nureyev failed to embody the character , `` a King who stands around like a sulky teenager who did n't ask to be invited to this party ... Not even his one dance number ... goes well ... Rodgers and Hammerstein 's King ( is ) supposed to be a compelling personality ( but Nureyev 's ) bears no resemblance to the man described ... in the `` Something Wonderful '' number . The show therefore comes across as something of a charade ... with everyone pretending to be dealing with a fearsome potentate who , in fact , is displaying very little personality at all . '' Renshaw 's production : 1991 to 2002 ( edit ) The first major revival to break away from the original staging and interpretation was an Australian production directed by Christopher Renshaw , starring Hayley Mills as Anna , in 1991 . Renshaw pointedly ignored the printed stage directions in the script when reshaping the piece into what he called `` an authentic Thai experience '' . The production had a more sinister Siamese setting , a less elegant but more forceful Anna , and a younger King ( Tony Marinyo ) . The attraction between Anna and the King was made explicit . Renshaw `` cut a few lines and lyrics , and translated others into Thai to reinforce the atmosphere of a foreign land '' , and all Asian roles were played by Asian actors . He also asked choreographers Lar Lubovitch and Jerome Robbins to create a `` spiritual '' ballet , for the King 's entrance in Act 1 , and a procession with a sacred white elephant in Act II . According to Renshaw , `` The reds and golds were very much inspired by what we saw at the royal palace '' , and set and costume elements reflected images , architecture and other designs in the palace and elsewhere in Bangkok . For example , the stage was framed by columns of elephant figures , a large emerald Buddha loomed over Act I , and hundreds of elephant images were woven into the set . Renshaw said , `` The elephant is regarded as a very holy creature ... they believe the spirit of Buddha often resides in the form of the elephant . '' Stanley Green , in his Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , viewed the central theme of The King and I as `` the importance of mutual understanding between people of differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds '' , but Renshaw felt that the musical suffered from 1950s attitudes when `` Orientalism was used as an exoticism rather than a real understanding of the particular culture . '' He stated that his production was informed by authentic Thai cultural , aesthetic and religious ideas that he learned from visiting Thailand . A feature in Playbill commented that the production focused on the `` clash of ideologies and cultures , of East versus West '' . Theatre arts professor Eileen Blumenthal , however , called the production `` a King and I for the age of political correctness '' . While she acknowledged that the musical 's treatment of Asian cultures had come to be understood as insensitive in the nearly half century since its premiere , she argued that Rodgers and Hammerstein 's script was more sensitive than most orientalist literature of its day , in that `` West learns from East as well as the other way around '' , and that , moreover , the musical 's treatment of its Asian subject is fantastical , not intended to be realistic . She concluded that the show is a documentary of `` who we 've been '' in the West , and that a work like The King and I should not be suppressed , because it is `` too good '' . The production was reproduced on Broadway , opening on April 11 , 1996 at the Neil Simon Theatre , starring Donna Murphy as Anna , who won a Tony Award for her performance , and Lou Diamond Phillips as the King , with Randall Duk Kim as the Kralahome , Jose Llana as Lun Tha , Joohee Choi as Tuptim and Taewon Yi Kim as Lady Thiang . Jenna Ushkowitz made her Broadway debut as one of the children . The production was nominated for eight Tony Awards , winning best revival and three others , with acting nominations for Phillips and Choi , who each won Theatre World Awards , and seven Drama Desk Awards , winning for Outstanding Revival of a Musical ; Renshaw won for his direction . The production was praised for `` lavish ... sumptuous '' designs by Roger Kirk ( costumes ) and Brian Thomson ( sets ) , who both won Tony and Drama Desk Awards for their work . Faith Prince played the role of Anna later in the run , followed by Marie Osmond . The revival ran on Broadway for 780 performances , and Kevin Gray replaced Phillips . The production then toured in the U.S. with Mills and Victor Talmadge . Other Annas on this tour included Osmond , Sandy Duncan , Stefanie Powers and Maureen McGovern , who ended the tour in Chicago in June 1998 . The production opened on May 3 , 2000 at the London Palladium , directed by Renshaw and choreographed by Lubovitch , and using the Kirk and Thomson designs . It reportedly took in £ 8 million in advance ticket sales . The cast included Elaine Paige as Anna and Jason Scott Lee as the King , with Sean Ghazi as Luan Tha and Ho Yi as the Kralahome . Lady Thiang was , again , played by Taewon Yi Kim , of whom The Observer wrote , `` Her ' Something Wonderful ' was just that . '' The show was nominated for an Olivier Award for outstanding musical . Later in the run , Lee was replaced as the King by Paul Nakauchi . The revival was generally well received . The Daily Mirror said : `` The King and I waltzed back to the West End in triumph last night . '' The Daily Express noted , `` Love it or loathe it , The King and I is an unstoppable smash . '' Variety , however , noted a lack of chemistry between the leads , commenting that `` there 's something not entirely right in Siam when the greatest applause is reserved for Lady Thiang '' . Replacements included Josie Lawrence as Anna , Keo Woolford as the King and Saeed Jaffrey as the Kralahome . The show closed on January 5 , 2002 . 2004 to present ( edit ) Another U.S. national tour began in mid-2004 , directed by Baayork Lee ( who appeared in the original production at age 5 ) , with choreography by Susan Kikuchi , reproducing the Robbins original . Sandy Duncan again starred as Anna , while Martin Vidnovic played the King . He had played Lun Tha in the 1977 Broadway production and voiced the King in the 1999 animated film . Stefanie Powers took over for Duncan throughout 2005 . Near the end of the tour in November 2005 , Variety judged that Lee had successfully `` harnessed the show 's physical beauty and its intrinsic exotic flavor . '' Jeremy Sams directed , and Kikuchi choreographed , a limited engagement of the musical in June 2009 at the Royal Albert Hall in London . It starred Maria Friedman and Daniel Dae Kim . A U.K. national tour starred Ramon Tikaram as the King and Josefina Gabrielle as Anna , directed by Paul Kerryson , with choreography by David Needham . It opened in December 2011 in Edinburgh and continued into May 2012 . In June 2014 , Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris presented an English - language production of The King and I directed by Lee Blakeley and starring Susan Graham , who was `` close to perfection as Anna '' , Lambert Wilson , `` also excellent as the king '' , and Lisa Milne as Lady Thiang . The New York Times called it `` a grand new staging that has set French critics searching for superlatives . '' The Renshaw production was revived again in April 2014 by Opera Australia for performances in Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane , directed by Renshaw and featuring Lisa McCune and Teddy Tahu Rhodes . Some critics questioned anew the portrayal of the Siamese court as barbaric and asked why a show where `` the laughs come from the Thai people mis - understanding British ... culture '' should be selected for revival . A fourth Broadway revival began previews on March 12 and opened on April 16 , 2015 at the Vivian Beaumont Theater . The production was directed by Bartlett Sher and starred Kelli O'Hara as Anna and Ken Watanabe , as the King , in his American stage debut . It featured Ruthie Ann Miles as Lady Thiang , Paul Nakauchi as the Kralahome , Ashley Park as Tuptim , Conrad Ricamora as Lun Tha , Jake Lucas as Louis Leonowens , and Edward Baker - Duly as Sir Edward Ramsey . Choreography by Christopher Gattelli was based on the original Jerome Robbins dances . The designers included Michael Yeargan ( sets ) , Catherine Zuber ( costumes ) and Donald Holder ( lighting ) . Reviews were uniformly glowing , with Ben Brantley of The New York Times calling it a `` resplendent production '' , praising the cast ( especially O'Hara ) , direction , choreographer , designs and orchestra , and commenting that Sher `` sheds a light ( on the vintage material ) that is n't harsh or misty but clarifying ( and ) balances epic sweep with intimate sensibility . '' The production was nominated for nine Tony Awards , winning four , including Best Revival of a Musical , Best Leading Actress ( for O'Hara ) , Best Featured Actress ( for Miles ) and best costume design ( for Zuber ) , and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival . Replacements for the King included Jose Llana Hoon Lee and Daniel Dae Kim . Replacements for Anna included Marin Mazzie . The revival closed on June 26 , 2016 after 538 performances . A U.S. national tour of the production began in November 2016 . The cast includes Laura Michelle Kelly as Anna , Llana as the King and Joan Almedilla as Lady Thiang . The production is scheduled to be reproduced at the London Palladium from 21 June until 29 September 2018 . O'Hara and Watanabe are set to reprise their roles . The King and I continues to be a popular choice for productions by community theatres , school and university groups , summer camps and regional theatre companies . Adaptations ( edit ) The musical was filmed in 1956 with Brynner re-creating his role opposite Deborah Kerr . The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for four more . Brynner won an Oscar as Best Actor for his portrayal , and Kerr was nominated as Best Actress . Sharaff won for best costume design . The film was directed by Walter Lang ( who was also nominated for an Oscar ) and choreographed by Robbins . Marni Nixon dubbed the singing voice of Anna , and Rita Moreno played Tuptim . Saunders as Thiang , Adiarte as Chulalongkorn and Benson as the Kralahome reprised their stage roles , as did dancers Yuriko and de Lappe . Alan Mowbray appeared in the new role of the British Ambassador , while Sir Edward Ramsey ( demoted to the Ambassador 's aide ) was played by Geoffrey Toone . The movie 's script was faithful to the stage version , although it cut a few songs ; reviews were enthusiastic . Thomas Hischak , in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia , states : `` It is generally agreed that the ( movie ) is the finest film adaptation of any R & H musical '' . Thai officials judged the film offensive to their monarchy and banned both film and musical in 1956 . A non-musical 1972 TV comedy series , starring Brynner , was broadcast in the U.S. by CBS but was cancelled in mid-season after 13 episodes . It followed the main storyline of the musical , focusing on the relationship between the title characters . Samantha Eggar played `` Anna Owens '' , with Brian Tochi as Chulalongkorn , Keye Luke as the Kralahome , Eric Shea as Louis , Lisa Lu as Lady Thiang , and Rosalind Chao as Princess Serena . The first episode aired on September 17 , 1972 , and the last aired on December 31 , 1972 . Margaret Landon was unhappy with this series and charged the producers with `` inaccurate and mutilated portrayals '' of her literary property ; she unsuccessfully sued for copyright infringement . Jerome Robbins ' Broadway was a Broadway revue , directed by Robbins , showcasing scenes from some of his most popular earlier works on Broadway . The show ran from February 1989 to September 1990 and won six Tony Awards , including best musical . It featured `` Shall We Dance '' and `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' ballet , with Kikuchi as Eliza . Yuriko was the choreographic `` reconstruction assistant '' . RichCrest Animation Studios and Morgan Creek Productions released a 1999 animated film adaptation of the musical . Except for using some of the songs and characters , the story is unrelated to the Rodgers and Hammerstein version . Geared towards children , the adaptation includes cuddly animals , including a dragon . Voices were provided by Miranda Richardson as Anna ( speaking ) , Christiane Noll as Anna ( singing ) , Martin Vidnovic as the King , Ian Richardson as the Kralahome and Adam Wylie as Louis . Hischak dislikes the film but praises the vocals , adding that one compensation of the film is hearing Barbra Streisand sing a medley of `` I Have Dreamed '' , `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' and `` Something Wonderful '' , which is borrowed from Streisand 's 1985 The Broadway Album and played under the film 's closing credits . He expressed surprise `` that the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization allowed it to be made '' and noted that `` children have enjoyed The King and I for five decades without relying on dancing dragons '' . Ted Chapin , president of that organization , has called the film his biggest mistake in granting permission for an adaptation . Music and recordings ( edit ) Musical treatment ( edit ) Richard Rodgers In his music , Rodgers sought to give some of the music an Asian flavor . This is exhibited in the piercing major seconds that frame `` A Puzzlement '' , the flute melody in `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' , open fifths , the exotic 6 / 2 chords that shape `` My Lord and Master '' , and in some of the incidental music . The music for `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' was for the most part written not by Rodgers , but by dance music arranger Trude Rittmann , though `` Hello , Young Lovers '' and a snatch of `` A Puzzlement '' are quoted within it . Before Rodgers and Hammerstein began writing together , the AABA form for show tunes was standard , but many of the songs in The King and I vary from it . `` I Have Dreamed '' is an almost continuous repetition of variations on the same theme , until the ending , when it is capped by another melody . The first five notes ( an eighth note triplet and two half notes ) of `` Getting to Know You '' also carry the melody all the way through the refrain . According to Mordden , this refusal to accept conventional forms `` is one reason why their frequently heard scores never lose their appeal . They attend to situation and they unveil character , but also , they surprise you . '' According to Rodgers ' biographer William Hyland , the score for The King and I is much more closely tied to the action than that of South Pacific , `` which had its share of purely entertaining songs '' . For example , the opening song , `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' , establishes Anna 's fear upon entering a strange land with her small son , but the merry melody also expresses her determination to keep a stiff upper lip . Hyland calls `` Hello , Young Lovers '' an archetypical Rodgers ballad : simple , with only two chords in the first eight bars , but moving in its directness . Recordings ( edit ) The original cast recording of The King and I was released by Decca Records in 1951 . While John Kenrick admires it for the performances of the secondary couple , Larry Douglas and Doretta Morrow , and for the warmth of Lawrence 's performance , he notes that `` Shall We Dance '' was abridged , and there are no children 's voices -- the chorus in `` Getting to Know You '' is made up of adults . In 2000 , the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Later in the same year Patrice Munsel and Robert Merrill made the first studio recording of selections from the musical . Hischak comments that in the 1953 London cast album , Valerie Hobson 's vocals were no stronger than Lawrence 's and that the highlight is Muriel Smith 's `` Something Wonderful '' in a disc with too many cuts . He calls Anna 's songs `` well served '' by Marni Nixon 's singing in the 1956 film soundtrack and judges the recording as vocally satisfying ; Kenrick describes it as a `` mixed bag '' : he is pleased that it includes several songs cut from the film , and he praises Nixon 's vocals , but he dislikes the supporting cast and suggests watching the movie instead for its visual splendor . `` Hello , Young Lovers '' , 1977 cast : Towers as Anna ; June Angela as Tuptim at right ; Hye - Young Choi as Lady Thiang in front of other wives at left Kenrick prefers the 1964 Lincoln Center cast recording to the earlier ones , especially approving of the performances of Risë Stevens as Anna and Patricia Neway as Lady Thiang . The inclusion on that recording , for the first time , of `` The Small House of Uncle Thomas '' , was notable because LP technology limited a single - disc album to about fifty minutes , and thus inclusion of the ballet required the exclusion of some of the other numbers . Kenrick finds the recording of the 1977 Broadway revival cast to be `` ( e ) asily the most satisfying King & I on CD '' . He judges it to be Brynner 's best performance , calling Towers `` great '' and Martin Vidnovic , June Angela and the rest of the supporting cast `` fabulous '' , though lamenting the omission of the ballet . Hischak , in contrast , says that some might prefer Brynner in his earlier recordings , when he was `` more vibrant '' . Kenrick enjoys the 1992 Angel studio recording mostly for the Anna of Julie Andrews , who he says is `` pure magic '' in a role she never performed on stage . Kenrick praises the performance of both stars on the 1996 Broadway revival recording , calling Lou Diamond Phillips `` that rarity , a King who can stand free of Brynner 's shadow '' . Hischak finds the soundtrack to the 1999 animated film with Christiane Noll as Anna and Martin Vidnovic as the King , as well as Barbra Streisand singing on one track , more enjoyable than the movie itself , but Kenrick writes that his sole use for that CD is as a coaster . Critical reception ( edit ) Further information : Awards for The King and I Lawrence as Anna and Brynner as the King from `` Shall We Dance ? '' , 1951 Opening night reviews of the musical were strongly positive . Richard Watts in the New York Post termed it `` ( a ) nother triumph for the masters '' . Critic John Mason Brown stated , `` They have done it again . '' The New York Times drama critic Brooks Atkinson wrote : `` This time Messrs. Rodgers and Hammerstein are not breaking any fresh trails , but they are accomplished artists of song and words in the theater ; and The King and I is a beautiful and lovable musical play . '' Barely less enthusiastic was John Lardner in The New Yorker , who wrote , `` Even those of us who find ( the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals ) a little too unremittingly wholesome are bound to take pleasure in the high spirits and technical skill that their authors , and producers , have put into them . '' Otis Guernsey wrote for the New York Herald Tribune , `` Musicals and leading men will never be the same after last night ... Brynner set an example that will be hard to follow ... Probably the best show of the decade . The balance of opinion among the critics of the original London production was generally favorable , with a few reservations . In The Observer , Ivor Brown predicted that the piece would `` settle down for some years at Drury Lane . '' The anonymous critic of The Times compared the work to Gilbert and Sullivan : `` Mr. Rodgers charmingly echoes Sullivan in the king 's more topsy - turvy moments ; and Mr. Hammerstein attends very skilfully to the lurking Gilbertian humour . '' Less favorably , in The Daily Express , John Barber called the work `` this treacle - bin Mikado '' , and declared that only one of the cast , Muriel Smith , could really sing . Brynner in the 1977 Broadway production In 1963 , New York Times reviewer Lewis Funke said of the musical , `` Mr. Hammerstein put all of his big heart into the simple story of a British woman 's adventures , heartaches , and triumphs ... A man with a world - view , he seized the opportunity provided by ( Landon 's book ) to underscore his thoughts on the common destiny of humanity . '' Fourteen years later , another Times reviewer , Clive Barnes , called the musical `` unsophisticated and untroubled . Even its shadows are lightened with a laugh or a sweetly sentimental tear ... we can even be persuaded to take death as a happy ending '' . The reworked 1996 Broadway production received mixed reviews . Vincent Canby of The New York Times disliked it : `` This latest King and I might look like a million dollars as a regional production ; on Broadway ... it 's a disappointment . The score remains enchanting but , somewhere along the line , there has been a serious failure of the theatrical imagination . '' But Liz Smith enthused : `` The King and I is perfect '' ; and the Houston Chronicle wrote , of the subsequent tour , `` The King and I is the essence of musical theater , an occasion when drama , music , dance and decor combine to take the audience on an unforgettable journey . '' Critic Richard Christiansen in the Chicago Tribune observed , of a 1998 tour stop at the Auditorium Theatre : `` Written in a more leisurely and innocent and less politically correct period , ( The King and I ) can not escape the 1990s onus of its condescending attitude toward the pidgin English monarch and his people . And its story moves at a pace that 's a mite too slow for this more hurried day and age . '' When the production reached London in 2000 , however , it received uniformly positive reviews ; the Financial Times called it `` a handsome , spectacular , strongly performed introduction to one of the truly great musicals '' . The 2015 Broadway revival initially received uniformly glowing reviews . Ben Brantley of The New York Times called it a `` resplendent production '' and commented : ( In the ) 1996 production ... ( a ) dark strain of sadomasochistic tension born of Victorian repression and Eastern sensuality was introduced into sunny Siam ... Mr. Sher is no strong - armed revisionist . He works from within vintage material , coaxing shadowy emotional depths to churn up a surface that might otherwise seem shiny and slick ... ( T ) he show is both panoramic and personal , balancing dazzling musical set pieces with sung introspective soliloquies . ( The direction ) enhances ( scenes ' ) emotional weight . No one is merely a dancer or an extra or an archetype , which may be the greatest defense this show offers against what can come across as cute condescension toward the exotic East ... ( The ) portrayal of the varied forms and content of love ( and ) some of ( Rodgers and Hammerstein 's ) lushest ballads ... acquire freshening nuance and anchoring conviction `` . Marilyn Stasio , in Variety , termed the production `` sumptuous '' and `` absolutely stunning '' . She noted a `` still pertinent theme : the dissonant dynamic when Western civilization tries to assert its values on ancient Eastern cultures . '' In USA Today , Elysa Gardner wrote of the grins and tears evoked by the production . `` ( W ) atching these people from vastly different cultures carefully but joyfully reach for common ground ... can be almost unbearably moving ... ( Rodgers and Hammerstein 's ) textured humanity and appeals for tolerance , like their shimmering scores , only gain resonance as time passes . '' The production 's attempts to achieve historical accuracy and explore the work 's dark themes with a modern sensibility led some reviewers to conclude that it succeeds at converting the musical 's orientalism into `` a modern critique of racism and sexism '' . Other commentators , however , such as composer Mohammed Fairouz , argued that an attempt at sensitivity in production can not compensate for `` the inaccurate portrayal of the historic King Mongkut as a childlike tyrant and the infantilization of the entire Siamese population of the court '' , which demonstrate a racist subtext in the piece , even in 1951 when it was written . Benjamin Ivry opined that `` the Rodgers and Hammerstein organization should shelve the ( musical ) as a humanitarian gesture toward Southeast Asian history and art '' . Fifty years after its premiere , Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest summed up the musical : The King and I is really a celebration of love in all its guises , from the love of Anna for her dead husband ; the love of the King 's official wife , Lady Thiang , for a man she knows is flawed and also unfaithful ; the desperation of forbidden love ; and a love that is barely recognized and can never be acted upon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan , pp. 96 -- 98 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Morgan , pp. 81 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , pp. 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ Morgan , p. 160 Jump up ^ Morgan , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` Important Trifles '' , Washington Post , May 15 , 1887 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Nolan , p. 199 Jump up ^ Secrest , p. 309 Jump up ^ Morley , pp. 142 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 148 Jump up ^ Dorothy Hammerstein was Beatrice Lillie 's understudy in that production . See Los Angeles Times , August 5 , 1987 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Nolan , p. 310 Jump up ^ Block ( ed . ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 310 -- 11 Jump up ^ Fordin , p. 291 Jump up ^ Zolotow , Sam ( April 17 , 1950 ) . `` Lawrence accepts lead in musical '' . The New York Times . p. 19 ( Amusements section ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom and Vlastnik , p. 163 Jump up ^ Nolan , p. 201 Jump up ^ Bloom and Vlastnik , p. 162 Jump up ^ Calta , Louis ( June 24 , 1950 ) . `` Hit team working on a new musical '' . The New York Times . p. 7 ( Amusements section ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Secrest , p. 311 ^ Jump up to : Miller , Scott . `` Inside The King and I '' , New Line Theatre . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Fordin , pp. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ Ma , p. 18 Jump up ^ Fordin , p. 295 Jump up ^ Fordin , pp. 292 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Fordin , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Nolan , p. 208 . In some references , `` Suddenly Lucky '' is called `` Suddenly Lovely '' . Jump up ^ Hyland , p. 196 ^ Jump up to : Mordden , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fordin , p. 299 Jump up ^ Hammerstein , pp. 204 -- 05 Jump up ^ Nolan , p. 202 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 202 -- 03 Jump up ^ Capua , pp. 26 , 28 Jump up ^ Hammerstein , p. 206 Jump up ^ Mordden , p. 137 Jump up ^ Nolan , p. 204 Jump up ^ Mordden , p. 190 Jump up ^ Capua , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Green , p. 233 , lists the original principal cast Jump up ^ Asch , Amy . `` Getting to Know You Better : King & I Reunion at Museum '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , April 12 , 2001 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 ; and Larry Douglas , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hyland , p. 200 Jump up ^ Fordin , p. 297 Jump up ^ Morley , p. 191 ^ Jump up to : Nolan , p. 207 Jump up ^ Secrest , p. 312 Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. Yul Brynner leaves King of Siam role for own future , The New York Times via Ocala Star - Banner , January 1 , 1985 , pp. C1 , C2 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hischak , pp. 147 -- 148 ( roles and original cast only ) Jump up ^ http://thekinganditour.com/bios/ Jump up ^ The King and I , conductor 's score , pp. 192 & 193 . Jump up ^ Hyland , p. 201 Jump up ^ Morgan , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Hyland , p. 202 Jump up ^ Morley , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : `` Search past winners -- The King and I '' . Tony Awards . American Theatre Wing . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Green , p. 233 Jump up ^ Morley , pp. 191 -- 96 Jump up ^ Morley , pp. 197 -- 98 Jump up ^ Hammerstein , p. 207 Jump up ^ Daniels , Lee A. `` Constance Carpenter obituary '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1993 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 149 Jump up ^ Capua , p. 47 Jump up ^ Playbill , St. James Theatre , `` Week beginning Monday , May 18 , 1953 '' Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Mineo '' , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Capua , p. 39 Jump up ^ Terry Saunders , Internet Broadway Database , accessed October 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' , Playbill , December 23 , 2012 ( compare show names with closing dates at IBDB ) ^ Jump up to : `` The King and I Trivia : March 22 , 1954 '' , Rodgers and Hammerstein.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Who 's Who in Musicals : Additional Bios IV : Morison , Patricia '' , Musicals101.com ( 2002 ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` King and I wins London ovation '' , The New York Times , October 9 , 1953 , p. 53 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 150 Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom . `` Obituary : Valerie Hobson '' , The Independent , November 16 , 1998 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` Theatre : London Trio ; Kismet Pleases Queen , King and I Is Listless , Wonderful Town Too British '' , The New York Times , May 17 , 1955 , p. 33 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The King and I History : March 22 , 1954 '' Archived September 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rodgers and Hammerstein.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` Theatre : The King and I in Fine Revival '' , The New York Times , April 19 , 1956 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` The King and I -- 1956 Off - Broadway '' , BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks . `` The King and I : City Center Lengthens Current Engagement '' , The New York Times , May 22 , 1960 , p . X1 ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Brooks . `` Theatre : The King and I '' , The New York Times , May 12 , 1960 , p. 40 Jump up ^ `` The King and I -- 1960 Off - Broadway '' , BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Funke , Lewis . `` Theater : The King and I ; Eileen Brennan Stars at City Center '' , The New York Times , June 13 , 1963 , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` The King and I -- 1963 Off - Broadway '' , BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Entertainment events : Theater : Opening tonight '' , The New York Times , May 23 , 1968 , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` The King and I -- 1968 Off - Broadway '' , BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Funke , Lewis . `` Theatre : The King and I '' , The New York Times , June 13 , 1963 , p. 28 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Suskin , Steven . `` On the Record '' Rodgers & Hammerstein 's The King and I and Flower Drum Song '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , August 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The King and I : Production Details , 1964 Broadway Production '' Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , At the Musicals . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Taubman , Howard . `` Theater : The King and I in New Surroundings ; Lincoln Center Musical Troupe Makes Debut ; Rise Stevens Is Starred With Darren McGavin '' , The New York Times , July 7 , 1964 , p. 26 Jump up ^ `` The King and I '' , The Times , June 13 , 1973 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` Entertainments '' , The Times , May 24 , 1974 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Billington , Michael . `` The King and I at the Adelphi '' , The Guardian , October 11 , 1973 , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Robert . `` Gay times for the CIA ! '' , The Observer , October 14 , 1973 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Capua , pp. 144 -- 47 ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Clive . `` King and I , reminder of golden age '' , The New York Times , May 3 , 1977 , p. 50 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The King and I ( 1977 ) '' , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical : theatre , film , and television . Oxford University Press US , 2008 , p. 396 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533533 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The King and I ( 1977 -- 1978 ) '' ; ( awards tab ) , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Capua , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Kermoyan is now ' King ' and Miss Lansbury ' I ' `` , The New York Times , April 13 , 1978 , p . C18 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yul Brynner never gets tired of King and I role '' , The Leader - Post , March 15 , 1979 , p. 18 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Awards -- Best Actress Winners '' WestEndtheatre.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The King and I -- 1979 West End '' , BroadwayWorld.com . 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'' , American Theatre , July / August 1996 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Jenna Ushkowitz , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` The King and I ( 1996 ) '' ; ( awards tab ) , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Jefferson , Margo . `` Culture Clashes Still Intrigue In King and I '' , The New York Times , April 28 , 1996 . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Winer , Laurie . `` Osmond a Pretty , Petulant Anna in ' King and I ' '' , Los Angeles Times , May 25 , 1998 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's Kevin Gray Dies at 55 '' , BroadwayWorld , February 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` This ' King ' has an ' I ' Maureen McGovern pours herself into Anna '' Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Tribune ( reprint at maureenmcgovern.com ) , June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Kellaway , Kate . `` Elaine 's Burmese daze '' , The Observer , May 7 , 2000 , p . F11 Jump up ^ Logan , Brian . `` The King and I and me '' , The Guardian , May 2 , 2000 , p . A15 Jump up ^ Loveridge , Lizzie . `` A CurtainUp London Review , The King and I '' , Curtainup.com , May 3 , 2000 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 2001 '' WestEndtheatre.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ Carballo , Bibsy M. `` Life on the London stage after Miss Saigon '' , Philippine Daily Inquirer , October 14 , 2000 , p . C5 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` The King and I archives , London Palladium '' Archived September 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Albemarle-London.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Review : The King and I '' , Variety , May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Harada , Wayne . `` Ex-Islander's London theater role extended '' , The Honolulu Advertiser , September 28 , 2001 , accessed October 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Martin Vidnovic and Sandy Duncan Are The King and I in New National Tour , Beginning June 15 '' Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Daniels , Robert L. `` The King and I '' , Variety , November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Michael Billington . `` The King and I '' , The Guardian , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dibdin , Thom . `` The King and I '' , The Stage , December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Price , Karen . `` Ramon Tikaram waltzes into Wales with The King and I '' , Wales Online , January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Zing , Harry . `` Review : The King and I , Bradford Alhambra '' , ChewingTheScenery.com , May 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Loomis , George . ( 1 ) The New York Times , June 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tony - Winning The King and I Revival Returns to Australia With Lisa McCune and Teddy Tahu Rhodes April 13 '' Archived April 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , 13 April 2014 Jump up ^ Peard , Anne - Marie . `` The King and I , Melbourne '' , AussieTheatre.com , June 16 , 2014 ; and Neutze , Ben . `` The King and I review ( Princess Theatre , Melbourne ) '' Archived November 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Daily Review , June 13 , 2014 ; accessed November 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tix on Sale for King and I Broadway Revival , with Kelli O'Hara and Ken Watanabe Leading Cast of More Than 50 '' , Playbill , October 19 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben . `` Review : ' ' The King and I , Back on Broadway '' , The New York Times , April 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel . `` Tony Awards 2015 : Complete List of Winners ! '' , Us Weekly magazine , June 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Levitt , Hayley. `` 2015 Drama Desk Award Winners Are Announced ! '' , TheaterMania , May 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Chang , Lia . `` Jose Llana and Hoon Lee to play King of Siam in Tony Award - winning The King and I '' , AsAmNews , June 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Join the Cast of Broadway 's King and I as They Welcome Their New King '' , October 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ Replacements for The King and I , Internet Broadway Database , accessed May 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Murphy , Linda . `` Review : The King and I wows audiences at PPAC '' , The Herald News , November 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wood , Alex . `` The King and I to be revived at the London Palladium in 2018 '' , WhatsOnStage.com , 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` The King and I ( 1956 ) : Awards '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Howe , Marvine . `` Irene Sharaff , Designer , 83 , Dies ; Costumes Won Tony and Oscars '' , The New York Times , August 17 , 1993 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 151 Jump up ^ `` The King and I ( 1956 ) : Production credits '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . Movie Review : `` The King and I ( 1956 ) '' , The New York Times , June 29 , 1956 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Grossman , Nicholas ( ed ) . `` The King and I banned in Thailand '' , Chronicle of Thailand : Headline News Since 1946 , Editions Didier Millet , ( 2010 ) , p. 88 ISBN 981 - 4217 - 12 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Anna and the King on CBS '' , TV Guide . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Meyer , Lawrence . `` Court and The King '' , Washington Post , 21 November 1972 , p . B2 Jump up ^ Landon v. Twentieth Century - Fox Film Corp. , 384 F. Supp. 450 ( S.D.N.Y. 1974 ) , in Donald E. Biederman , Edward P. Pierson , Martin E. Silfen , Janna Glasser , Law and Business of the Entertainment Industries , 5th edition , Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood , 2006 , pp. 349 -- 56 Jump up ^ Jerome Robbins ' Broadway , Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Broadway -- The Stars : Jerome Robbins '' , Pbs.org . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` 1999 Soundtrack : The King and I '' , Allmusic.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ted Chapin : Reviving R&H 's ambitious Allegro . National Public Radio , February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved on April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mordden , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Mordden , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Hyland , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` Comparative CD Reviews : Part III . The King and I '' ( Copyright 1998 -- 2003 ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Archived January 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Recording Academy . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hischak , p. 152 Jump up ^ Mordden , p. 143 Jump up ^ Fordin , p. 303 Jump up ^ Capua , p. 36 Jump up ^ Ivor Brown . `` Far Eastern '' , The Observer , October 11 , 1953 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The King and I '' , The Times , October 9 , 1953 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Barber , John . `` Home - grown star is the new queen of Drury Lane '' , Daily Express , October 9 , 1953 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Funke , Lewis . `` Theater : The King and I '' , The New York Times , June 13 , 1963 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 12 , 1996 ) . `` Once again , the taming of a despot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press : Quotes '' . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Richard . `` Its balance restored , King and I also shows its age '' , Chicago Tribune , June 22 , 1998 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Stasio , Marilyn . `` Broadway Review : The King and I '' , Variety , April 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa . `` New King and I is something wonderful '' , USA Today , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lewis , Christian . `` The King and I Revival 's Important Message '' , Huffington Post , January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fairouz , Mohammed . `` Pedestals Do n't Excuse Backwards Politics '' Archived February 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , OnBeing.org , February 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ivry , Benjamin . `` The King and Us '' , The Forward , April 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Secrest , p. 314 Bibliography ( edit ) Block , Geoffrey ( ed . ) The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press ( US ) , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531343 - 7 . Bloom , Ken and Vlastnik , Frank . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 390 - 1 . Capua , Michelangelo . Yul Brynner : A Biography , Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. Inc. , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2461 - 0 . Fordin , Hugh . Getting to Know Him : A Biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . Jefferson , N.C. : Da Capo Press , 1995 reprint of 1986 edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80668 - 1 . Green , Stanley . `` Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre . Jefferson , N.C. : Da Capo Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80113 - 6 . Hammerstein , Oscar Andrew . The Hammersteins : A Musical Theatre Family . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 846 - 3 . Hischak , Thomas S . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34140 - 3 . Hyland , William G. Richard Rodgers . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07115 - 3 . Ma , Sheng - mei . `` Rodgers and Hammerstein 's ' Chopsticks ' musicals '' . Literature / Film Quarterly , Vol. 31 , Number 1 ( 2003 ) , pp. 17 -- 26 . Mordden , Ethan . Rodgers & Hammerstein . New York : Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 1567 - 1 . Morgan , Susan . Bombay Anna : The Real Story and Remarkable Adventures of the King and I Governess , Berkeley , Cal. : University of California Press , 2008 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25226 - 4 . Morley , Sheridan , Gertrude Lawrence . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 043149 - 2 . Nolan , Frederick . The Sound of Their Music : The Story of Rodgers and Hammerstein . Cambridge , Mass. : Applause Theatre and Cinema Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 473 - 7 . Secrest , Meryle . Somewhere for Me : A Biography of Richard Rodgers . Cambridge , Mass. : Applause Theatre and Cinema Books , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 581 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Rodgers , Richard . Musical Stages : An Autobiography . Jefferson , N.C. Da Capo Press , 2002 reprint of 1975 edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81134 - 0 . Ponti , Carla . The Musical Representation of Asian Characters in the Musicals of Richard Rodgers , University of California : San Diego , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The King and I . The King and I at the Internet Broadway Database The King and I productions at the Internet Broadway Database Performance at the 2015 Tony Awards <Th_colspan="2"> Margaret Landon 's Anna and the King of Siam Characters Anna Leonowens Mongkut , King of Siam Prince Chulalongkorn Louis T. Leonowens Films Anna and the King of Siam ( 1946 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) The King and I ( 1999 ) Anna and the King ( 1999 ) TV Anna and the King Stage The King and I ( musical ) Songs `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' Albums Original cast recording ( 1951 ) London cast recording ( 1953 ) jazz version by The Mastersounds ( 1957 ) Julie Andrews and Ben Kingsley album ( 1992 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for The King and I <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical <Td_colspan="2"> She Loves Me ( 1994 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Follies ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) She Loves Me ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Helpmann Award for Best Musical <Td_colspan="2"> The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical <Td_colspan="2"> Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_King_and_I&oldid=842160495 '' Categories : 1951 musicals Broadway musicals Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Monarchy in fiction Musicals based on novels Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein Plays set in the 19th century Polygamy in fiction Thailand in fiction Tony Award for Best Musical West End musicals Musicals inspired by real - life events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with IBDb links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . 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1. The King and I - stage musical 2. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II 3. Anna and the King of Siam - Margaret Landon's novel 4. Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brynner 5. Tony Awards for Best Musical and Best Revival

largest city in india by area in 2018

List of largest cities - wikipedia List of largest cities Wikimedia list article Population tables of world cities World 's largest cities World 's largest cities proper World 's largest conurbations World 's largest urban areas World megacities World megalopolises Determining the world 's largest cities depends on which definitions of city are used . The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city , as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria . Cities may be defined as the cities proper , the extent of their urban area , or their metropolitan regions . Contents 1 Common methods for defining the boundaries of a city 1.1 City proper ( administrative ) 1.2 Metropolitan area 1.3 Urban area 2 Largest cities 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Common methods for defining the boundaries of a city ( edit ) City proper ( administrative ) ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of cities proper by population . A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries ( city proper ) . World Urbanization Prospects , a UN publication , defines population of a city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority . '' UNICEF defines city proper as `` the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city , e.g. , Washington , D.C. '' . A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government . Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs . The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives . Because of this definition , the city proper population figure may differ greatly with the urban area population figure , as many cities are amalgamations of smaller cities ( Australia ) , and conversely , many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional `` city proper '' into suburban and rural areas . Metropolitan area ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of metropolitan areas by population . A city can be defined by the habits of its demographic population , as by metropolitan area , labour market area , or similar in a metropolitan area . UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows : A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas , typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people ( i.e. , a population of at least 100,000 ) . In addition to the city proper , a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower - density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city ( e.g. , through frequent transport , road linkages or commuting facilities ) . Urban area ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of urban areas by population . See also : Number of urban areas by country A city can be defined as a conditionally contiguous urban area , without regard to territorial or other boundaries inside an urban area . UNICEF defines urban area as follows : The definition of `` urban '' varies from country to country , and , with periodic reclassification , can also vary within one country over time , making direct comparisons difficult . An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following : administrative criteria or political boundaries ( e.g. , area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee ) , a threshold population size ( where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people , although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000 ) , population density , economic function ( e.g. , where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture , or where there is surplus employment ) or the presence of urban characteristics ( e.g. , paved streets , electric lighting , sewerage ) . Largest cities ( edit ) City Nation Image <Th_colspan="3"> Population City proper Metropolitan area Urban area Chongqing China 30,751,600 17,000,000 8,165,500 Shanghai China 24,256,800 24,750,000 23,416,000 Delhi India 11,034,555 26,454,000 21,753,486 Beijing China 21,516,000 24,900,000 21,009,000 Dhaka Bangladesh 14,399,000 20,000,000 19,580,000 Mumbai India 12,478,447 12,771,200 20,748,395 Lagos Nigeria 16,060,303 21,000,000 13,123,000 Chengdu China 16,044,700 10,376,000 Karachi Pakistan 14,910,352 Guangzhou China 14,043,500 25,000,000 20,800,654 Istanbul Turkey 14,025,000 13,520,000 14,657,000 Tokyo Japan 13,839,910 38,140,000 36,923,000 Tianjin China 12,784,000 15,469,500 6,859,779 Moscow Russia 12,197,596 16,170,000 16,800,000 São Paulo Brazil 12,038,175 21,090,791 36,842,102 Kinshasa DR Congo 11,855,000 13,265,000 Baoding China 11,194,372 2,176,857 Lahore Pakistan 11,126,285 13,569,000 10,665,000 Cairo Egypt 10,230,350 18,290,000 22,439,541 Seoul Korea , South 10,197,604 12,700,000 25,520,000 Jakarta Indonesia 10,075,310 30,539,000 30,075,310 Wenzhou China 9,175,000 9,122,102 6,642,592 Mexico City Mexico 8,974,724 20,999,000 21,178,959 Lima Peru 8,852,000 10,750,000 9,886,647 London United Kingdom 8,825,001 14,040,163 9,787,426 Bangkok Thailand 8,750,600 15,931,300 15,645,000 Xi'an China 8,705,600 13,569,700 Chennai India 4,681,087 8,917,749 Bangalore India 8,425,970 8,728,906 New York City United States 8,622,698 20,153,634 23,689,255 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 8,426,100 Hyderabad India 6,809,970 7,749,334 Shenzhen China 8,378,900 12,084,000 Suzhou China 8,265,050 Nanjing China 8,230,000 12,652,000 Dongguan China 8,220,207 Tehran Iran 8,154,051 13,532,000 14,595,904 Quanzhou China 8,128,533 6,107,475 1,435,185 Shenyang China 8,106,171 6,255,921 Bogotá Colombia 7,878,783 9,800,000 9,520,000 Hong Kong China 7,274,900 Baghdad Iraq 7,180,889 Fuzhou China 7,115,369 4,468,076 Changsha China 7,044,118 Wuhan China 6,886,253 Hanoi Vietnam 6,844,100 Rio de Janeiro Brazil 6,429,923 12,727,000 13,973,505 Qingdao China 6,188,100 9,046,200 6,188,100 Foshan China 6,151,622 Zunyi China 6,127,009 Santiago Chile 5,743,719 6,683,852 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5,676,621 Ahmedabad India 5,570,585 6,352,254 Singapore Singapore 5,535,000 Shantou China 5,391,028 11,535,677 Ankara Turkey 5,271,000 4,585,000 4,919,000 Yangon Myanmar 5,214,000 Saint Petersburg Russia 5,191,690 5,900,000 6,200,000 Sydney Australia 208,374 5,029,768 Casablanca Morocco 5,117,832 6,861,739 6,861,739 Melbourne Australia 135,959 4,741,929 Abidjan Ivory Coast 4,765,000 Alexandria Egypt 4,616,625 Kolkata India 4,486,679 14,617,882 Surat India 4,462,002 4,585,367 Johannesburg South Africa 4,434,827 Dar es Salaam Tanzania 4,364,541 Shijiazhuang China 4,303,700 10,701,600 4,303,700 Harbin China 4,280,701 10,635,971 6,704,573 Giza Egypt 4,239,988 İzmir Turkey 4,168,000 3,019,000 3,575,000 Zhengzhou China 4,122,087 New Taipei City Taiwan 3,954,929 Los Angeles United States 3,884,307 15,058,000 13,262,220 Changchun China 3,815,270 7,674,439 4,193,073 Cape Town South Africa 3,740,026 Yokohama Japan 3,726,167 Khartoum Sudan 3,639,598 5,274,321 5,345,000 Guayaquil Ecuador 3,600,000 5,000,000 Hangzhou China 3,560,391 Xiamen China 3,531,347 5,114,758 1,861,289 Berlin Germany 3,517,424 5,871,022 Busan Korea , South 3,510,833 8,202,239 Ningbo China 3,491,597 7,639,000 3,491,597 Jeddah Saudi Arabia 3,456,259 Durban South Africa 3,442,361 Algiers Algeria 3,415,811 5,000,000 Kabul Afghanistan 3,414,100 Hefei China 3,352,076 Mashhad Iran 3,001,184 3,372,660 Pyongyang Korea , North 3,255,388 Madrid Spain 3,207,247 6,378,297 Faisalabad Pakistan 3,203,846 Baku Azerbaijan 3,202,300 4,308,740 3,525,000 Tangshan China 7,577,289 3,187,171 3,187,171 Ekurhuleni South Africa 3,178,470 Nairobi Kenya 3,138,369 Zhongshan China 3,121,275 Pune India 3,115,431 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 3,103,673 4,567,857 3,384,569 Jaipur India 3,073,350 Buenos Aires Argentina 3,054,300 14,122,000 13,074,000 Incheon Korea , South 2,978,367 Quezon City Philippines 2,936,116 Toronto Canada 2,929,886 6,346,088 6,129,900 Kiev Ukraine 2,908,703 3,375,000 Salvador Brazil 2,902,927 3,919,864 Rome Italy 2,877,215 4,353,775 Dubai United Arab Emirates 2,865,560 Luanda Angola 2,825,311 6,542,944 Lucknow India 2,815,601 Kaohsiung Taiwan 2,778,918 2,540,000 Kanpur India 2,768,057 3,152,317 2,920,496 Surabaya Indonesia 2,765,487 7,302,283 9,115,485 Taichung Taiwan 2,752,413 2,520,000 Basra Iraq 2,750,000 Taipei Taiwan 2,704,974 7,045,488 Chicago United States 2,695,598 9,156,000 9,554,598 Osaka Japan 2,691,742 19,341,976 17,444,000 Quito Ecuador 2,671,191 4,700,000 Chaozhou China 2,669,844 Fortaleza Brazil 2,609,716 4,019,213 Chittagong Bangladesh 2,581,643 4,009,423 Bandung Indonesia 2,575,478 6,965,655 8,495,928 Managua Nicaragua 2,560,789 2,205,676 Brasília Brazil 2,556,149 3,919,864 Belo Horizonte Brazil 2,502,557 5,156,217 Daegu Korea , South 2,492,994 Houston United States 2,489,558 6,490,180 4,944,332 Douala Cameroon 2,446,945 Medellin Colombia 2,441,123 3,731,447 2,497,870 Yaoundé Cameroon 2,440,462 Nagpur India 2,405,665 2,497,870 Cali Colombia 2,400,653 3,400,000 Tashkent Uzbekistan 2,309,600 Nagoya Japan 2,296,014 9,107,414 10,177,000 Isfahan Iran 2,101,220 3,989,070 Phnom Penh Cambodia 2,234,566 Paris France 2,229,621 12,405,426 10,601,122 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 2,200,000 2,500,000 Lanzhou China 2,177,130 3,616,163 2,177,130 Kano Nigeria 2,153,225 3,395,000 9,383,682 Dalian China 2,146,099 5,935,638 3,964,593 Guatemala City Guatemala 2,110,100 4,500,000 Havana Cuba 2,106,146 Rawalpindi Pakistan 2,098,231 Medan Indonesia 2,097,610 4,103,696 Accra Ghana 2,070,463 4,010,054 Visakhapatnam India 2,035,922 5,340,000 Gujranwala Pakistan 2,027,001 Jinan China 2,009,273 5,853,196 Karaj Iran 1,973,470 Peshawar Pakistan 1,970,042 Minsk Belarus 1,959,781 Caracas Venezuela 1,943,901 2,923,959 Sana'a Yemen 1,937,451 2,167,961 Sapporo Japan 1,918,096 2,584,880 Tainan Taiwan 1,885,252 1,170,000 Bucharest Romania 1,883,425 2,272,163 1,931,000 Curitiba Brazil 1,879,355 3,400,000 Shiraz Iran 1,869,001 Vienna Austria 1,863,881 2,600,000 Brazzaville Congo Republic 1,827,000 Bhopal India 1,798,218 1,864,389 1,745,333 Almaty Kazakhstan 1,792,549 2,460,400 Hamburg Germany 1,787,408 5,046,182 Manila Philippines 1,780,148 12,877,253 24,123,000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 1,768,000 7,200,000 Maputo Mozambique 1,766,184 1,766,823 Budapest Hungary 1,759,407 2,927,944 3,303,786 Warsaw Poland 1,753,977 3,100,844 Lusaka Zambia 1,742,979 2,467,467 Kathmandu Nepal 1,744,240 2,517,023 3,207,205 Tabriz Iran 1,733,033 Hyderabad Pakistan 1,732,693 Palembang Indonesia 1,708,413 Tijuana Mexico 1,696,923 1,895,797 Patna India 1,683,200 2,231,554 2,046,652 Montreal Canada 1,649,519 4,127,100 3,407,963 Davao City Philippines 1,632,991 2,516,216 Harare Zimbabwe 1,606,000 1,619,000 Barcelona Spain 1,604,555 5,375,774 4,740,000 Maracaibo Venezuela 1,599,940 3,897,655 2,658,355 Caloocan Philippines 1,583,978 Philadelphia United States 1,567,872 6,069,875 7,183,479 Novosibirsk Russia 1,567,087 Phoenix United States 1,563,025 4,574,531 3,629,114 Oran Algeria 1,560,329 3,454,078 Semarang Indonesia 1,555,984 3,183,516 Recife Brazil 1,555,039 3,743,854 Kobe Japan 1,536,499 Daejeon Korea , South 1,535,028 Kampala Uganda 1,507,080 Kawasaki Japan 1,496,035 Guadalajara Mexico 1,495,189 4,424,252 Auckland New Zealand 1,495,000 1,614,300 Vijayawada India 1,491,202 5,873,588 Fukuoka Japan 1,483,052 5,590,378 Gwangju Korea , South 1,477,780 Porto Alegre Brazil 1,476,867 4,405,769 Kyoto Japan 1,474,570 San Antonio United States 1,469,845 2,454,061 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia 1,453,549 1,749,000 Munich Germany 1,450,381 2,606,021 Kharkiv Ukraine 1,449,414 1,650,000 Yekaterinburg Russia 1,428,042 San Diego United States 1,394,928 3,095,313 2,956,746 Barranquilla Colombia 1,386,865 2,370,753 Milan Italy 1,359,905 3,206,465 Ibadan Nigeria 1,338,659 2,837,000 3,375,000 Makassar Indonesia 1,338,633 1,976,168 Córdoba Argentina 1,330,023 1,528,000 Prague Czech Republic 1,324,000 2,619,000 2,600,000 Mandalay Myanmar 1,319,452 1,726,889 Dallas United States 1,317,929 7,233,323 5,121,892 Montevideo Uruguay 1,305,082 1,947,604 1,719,453 Qom Iran 1,201,158 Ahvaz Iran 1,184,788 1,260,817 Sofia Bulgaria 1,260,120 1,682,340 1,547,472 Nizhny Novgorod Russia 1,250,619 Abuja Nigeria 1,235,880 6,000,000 2,440,000 Calgary Canada 1,235,171 1,214,839 1,095,404 Saitama Japan 1,226,656 Suwon South Korea 1,202,310 Hiroshima Japan 1,196,274 Rosario Argentina 1,193,605 1,276,000 Brisbane Australia 1,180,285 2,360,241 Allahabad India 1,117,094 Belgrade Serbia 1,166,763 1,233,796 1,659,440 Campinas Brazil 1,164,098 3,094,181 Ulsan Korea , South 1,163,690 Omsk Russia 1,154,116 Dakar Senegal 1,146,053 2,452,656 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 1,145,000 Monterrey Mexico 1,130,960 4,520,329 Tripoli Libya 1,126,000 2,267,000 2,325,000 Rostov - on - Don Russia 1,119,900 T'bilisi Georgia 1,118,035 1,485,293 Fez Morocco 1,112,072 Birmingham United Kingdom 1,111,300 3,683,000 2,440,986 Yerevan Armenia 1,060,138 Cologne Germany 1,057,327 3,573,500 Tunis Tunisia 1,056,247 2,643,695 2,294,547 Bulawayo Zimbabwe 1,050,000 1,200,000 Astana Kazakhstan 1,029,556 1,200,000 Islamabad Pakistan 1,014,825 1,829,180 Cartagena Colombia 1,013,389 1,013,389 1,013,389 See also ( edit ) Geography portal Lists portal List of cities proper by population List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants List of urban areas by population List of metropolitan areas by population List of largest cities throughout history Notes ( edit ) ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the `` urban - function core district '' and `` urban - function extended district '' of Chongqing , which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively . See also the next note . ^ Shanghai , Hangzhou , Nanjing , Suzhou , Wuxi , Ningbo , Changzhou , Shaoxing , and urban area of Zhangjiaggang - Jiangyin within the prefecture - level cities of Suzhou and Wuxi are treated as separate urban areas which constitute the Yangtze River Delta economic zone . Huai'an ( 1,856,000 ; 148 km ) , Xuzhou ( 1,246,000 ; 233 km ) , Nantong ( 1,036,000 ; 233 km ) , Lianyungang ( 985,000 ; 155 km ) , Zhenjiang ( 983,000 ; 168 km ) , Yancheng ( 797,000 ; 207 km ) , Huzhou ( 690,000 ; 111 km ) , Taizhou ( in Jiangsu Province ; 300,000 ; 117 km ) and Suqian ( 220,000 ; 36 km ) , as well as urban areas of Yangzhou ( 1,593,000 ; 233 km ) and Gaoyou ( 180,000 ; 39 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Yangzhou , urban areas of Kunshan ( 1,596,000 ; 492 km ) , Changshu ( 1,139,000 ; 285 km ) and Taicang ( 523,000 ; 117 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Suzhou , urban areas of Cixi ( 1,200,000 ; 298 km ) and Yuyao ( 650,000 ; 122 km ) within the sub-provincial city of Ningbo , urban areas of Jiaxing ( 1,044,000 ; 259 km ) and Tongxiang ( 510,000 ; 52 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Jiaxing , urban areas of Wenling ( 510,000 ; 52 km ) , Jiaojiang ( 375,000 ; 41 km ) and Huangyan ( 200,000 ; 34 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Taizhou ( in Zhejiang Province ) , urban areas of Zhuji ( 500,000 ; 117 km ) and Shangyu ( 400,000 ; 158 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Shaoxing , urban areas of Yiwu - Dongyang ( 925,000 ; 233 km ) , Jinhua ( 520,000 ; 186 km ) , Yongkang ( 500,000 ; 223 km ) , Dongyang ( 260,000 ; 104 km ) and Lanxi ( 220,000 ; 34 km ) within the prefecture - level city of Jinhua , and urban area of Fuyang ( 450,000 ; 49 km ) within the sub-provincial city of Hangzhou are also excluded . ^ Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State 's 20 LGA , which excludes : Badagry , Epe , Ibeju - Lekki and Ikorodu . ^ Preliminary and disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ Shenzhen , Dongguan and Foshan are all part of the Pearl River Delta , centered on Guangzhou . ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area ^ Quezon City and Caloocan City are both under the administration of Metropolitan Manila ^ Rome and its neighbouring comunes are all under the administration of Metropolitan City of Rome Capital ^ Davao City and its neighbouring cities and towns are all under part of Metropolitan Davao ^ Quezon City and Caloocan City are both under the administration of Metropolitan Manila ^ Kyoto and Kobe are both part of the Keihanshin , centered on Osaka . ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area ^ Kyoto and Kobe are both part of the Keihanshin , centered on Osaka . ^ Milan and its neighbouring comunes are all under the administration of Metropolitan City of Milan ^ The cities of Yokohama , Kawasaki and Saitama are all part of the Greater Tokyo Area References ( edit ) ^ `` SOWC - 2012 - DEFINITIONS '' . 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who sang whats love got to do with it

What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) - wikipedia What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) This article is about the film . For the 1993 album of the same name , see What 's Love Got to Do with It ( album ) . For the 1984 single of the same name , see What 's Love Got to Do with It ( song ) . <Th_colspan="2"> What 's Love Got to Do with It <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Gibson Produced by Doug Chapin Barry Krost Screenplay by Kate Lanier Based on I , Tina by Tina Turner Kurt Loder Starring Angela Bassett Laurence Fishburne Music by Stanley Clarke Production company Touchstone Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution , Inc . Release date June 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 06 ) ( Los Angeles ) June 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $39,100,956 What 's Love Got to Do with It is a 1993 American biographical film directed by Brian Gibson , loosely based on the life of American - born singer Tina Turner . It stars Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner . The screenplay was adapted by Kate Lanier from the book I , Tina written by Tina Turner and Kurt Loder . Both Ike and Tina Turner assigned rights to Lanier for their lives to be dramatized in the film . The film 's soundtrack featured the hit song `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' , which went to number one in seven countries . In the United States , the film grossed almost $40 million and around $20 million in rentals . In the United Kingdom , it grossed nearly £ 10 million . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Differences from noted events 5 Awards and honors 6 Ebony Readers ' Poll 6.1 Other honors 7 Reception 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Born and raised in Nutbush , Tennessee , Anna Mae Bullock ( Tina 's birth name ) grows up in an unhappy family , with her parents leaving and abandoning her at a young age . Following her grandmother 's death , she relocates to St. Louis , reuniting with her mother and close sister Alline . Anna Mae pursues a chance to be a professional singer after seeing charismatic bandleader Ike Turner perform one night . Later she wins her spot in Turner 's band after singing onstage and he begins mentoring her . In time , an unexpected romance develops between the two after she moves into Ike 's home . Shortly afterwards , they marry and begin having musical success together as Ike and Tina Turner . The marriage quickly turns violent when Ike starts physically dominating her , leaving her no chance to escape . In public , Tina rises from local St. Louis phenomenon into an R&B superstar with Ike growing increasingly jealous of the attention given to her . Ike turns to drugs and his abusive behavior worsens . As Tina seeks solace in her chaotic life , a friend turns her on to Buddhism , eventually convincing her that reciting the Lotus Sutra and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo will help `` change her life . '' Tina grows increasingly confident afterwards and in a final fight with Ike finally musters the courage to defend herself , eventually leaving Ike after they arrive at a hotel . Winning the right to retain her stage name after their divorce , Tina continues working to pay bills . She gets a break after meeting Roger Davies , who eventually helps her realize her dreams of rock stardom . Despite Ike 's attempts to win her back , Tina eventually prevails and finds solo success , accomplishing her dreams without Ike . Cast ( edit ) Angela Bassett as Anna Mae Bullock / Tina Turner Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly as Young Anna Mae Bullock Cora Lee Day as Grandma Georgiana Khandi Alexander as Darlene Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner Jenifer Lewis as Zelma Bullock , Tina 's mother Phyllis Yvonne Stickney as Alline Bullock Penny Johnson Jerald as Lorraine Turner Vanessa Bell Calloway as Jackie Chi McBride as Fross Sherman Augustus as Reggie Terrence Riggins as Spider Bo Kane as Dance Show Host Terrence Evans as Bus Driver Rob LaBelle as Phil Spector James Reyne as Roger Davies Richard T. Jones as Ike Turner , Jr . Shavar Ross as Michael Turner Damon Hines as Ronnie Turner Suli McCulloghh as Craig Turner Elijah B. Saleem as teenage Ike Turner , Jr . Production ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Angela Bassett , nominated for an Academy Award for her portrayal of Tina Turner Halle Berry , Robin Givens , Pam Grier , Whitney Houston , Janet Jackson , and Vanessa L. Williams and were all considered for the role of Tina Turner . Whitney Houston was actually offered the role , but had to decline due to imminent maternity . Jenifer Lewis , who plays Tina 's mother in this film , originally auditioned to play Tina Turner , as well ; Born in 1957 , Lewis is one year older than Angela Bassett . Angela Bassett auditioned for the role in October 1992 and was chosen only a month before production began in December . During that time she had to learn not only how to talk like Turner but to dance and move like her . She would have been willing to try to do the singing as well , but ' ' not in the time we had , ' ' she said . ' ' I did think about it for a second , though . ' ' Instead , she lip syncs to soundtracks recorded by Tina Turner and Fishburne . Bassett worked with Tina Turner , but only ' ' a little bit . ' ' Turner helped most with the re-creations of her famed dance routines . All the Ike and Tina Turner songs used in the film were newly re-recorded versions featuring Tina Turner covering her own songs . On `` Proud Mary '' and `` It 's Gonna Work Out Fine '' , Laurence Fishburne sings Ike Turner 's parts . For Tina Turner 's solo recordings , the original masters were used , including the Phil Spector - produced `` River Deep - Mountain High '' . Laurence Fishburne was offered the role of Ike Turner five times and turned it down each time . ' ' It was pretty one - sided , ' ' said Fishburne , who turned down the project based on the script he first read . Ike , Fishburne added , was ' ' obviously the villain of the piece , but there was no explanation as to why he behaved the way he behaved - why she was with him for 16 to 20 years , what made her stay . ' ' The writers made some changes and though Ike is still shown as a pretty despicable sort , the film offers at least some insight into him - most notably a scene in which Ike recalls watching , at age 6 , his father 's death from wounds suffered in a fight over a woman . The changes helped persuade Fishburne to do the role , but he says that Bassett 's casting as Tina played a key part . ' ' She was the deciding factor , really , ' ' he said . Fishburne did not have Ike Turner around as a role model as much as he would have liked . He did meet Ike Turner once , though , during production of the film . `` He was not particularly welcome on this project , '' Fishburne says . The actor 's only meeting was a brief introduction when Ike showed up at the Turners ' former home in Baldwin Hills during a location shoot . Ike signed some autographs and showed Fishburne his walk . `` It was nice to meet him , '' says Fishburne . `` Regardless of his actions , he was so much a part of Tina 's life . The movie is about him just as much as her . It 's unfortunate that he was n't welcomed , that both of them were n't around more . '' In his autobiography Taking Back My Name , Ike Turner claims the movie damaged his reputation immensely and attacks many of the scenes for being either not strictly accurate or completely fabricated . Director Brian Gibson had no contact with Ike . `` I never spoke to him , '' says Gibson . `` I was not allowed to . Disney felt that it would not be a good idea . '' Tina herself admitted she wish the film had more truth to it . Since they sold the right to use their name and image for the film , neither Tina nor Ike had control over the script . Tina 's more graphic accounts of Ike 's abuse in her book were not added to the film . Bassett was injured while filming the first spousal abuse sequence . She fell off the back of a high - rise sofa , put her hands out to reduce the impact , and suffered a hairline fracture of her right hand . She only tried the stunt fall once , and footage leading up to the mishap appears in the film . Actress Vanessa Bell Calloway , who plays the fictional character Jackie , was leery of chanting the Buddhist words because of her strong Christian faith . Director Brian Gibson allowed her to form the words with her lips silently during filming and added the words with a voice double in post-production . She also appeared alongside Tina in the music video of `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' . Differences from noted events ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Though the film took its story from Tina Turner 's autobiography , I , Tina , it was determined to be only loosely based on the book , meaning certain events in the film were `` fictionalized for dramatic purposes '' . Examples of the fictionalized scenes include : In the film , Tina 's constant friend , `` Jackie '' ( played by Vanessa Bell Calloway ) , was a member of The Ikettes who left the Ike and Tina Turner Revue after a violent blowup with Ike in a roadside restaurant . In actuality , this character was fabricated for dramatic purposes . This fictionalized character also visits Tina in the hospital after her attempted suicide and later introduces Tina to Buddhism , chanting `` Nam Myoho Renge Kyo '' in front of the Gohonzon . Turner never mentioned a friend named Jackie in her autobiography ; this single character apparently represents an amalgamation of friends from Tina 's past , including members of the Ikettes and friends from the band 's entourage . When Anna Mae Bullock sees Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm perform , Ike is shown as the front man . The real - life Ike Turner had stage fright , and though he was a band leader and organizer , he often had other performers , particularly male singers , fronting the band . The original vocalist behind `` Rocket 88 '' , sung by Laurence Fishburne as Ike in the movie , was Jackie Brenston . During Anna Mae 's first performance with Ike and the Kings of Rhythm , Ike is shown playing guitar . But both Tina and Ike have stated Tina sang after being given a microphone by the band 's drummer , while Ike played piano during an intermission , rather than during a live performance as illustrated in the film , though she did later front the band the night she began singing with them . A reenactment shows Tina recording her first song , called `` Tina 's Wish , '' on the film 's soundtrack . However , this song is actually a re-recording Tina made of an old Ike and Tina song , `` Make Me Over , '' from the Ike & Tina album , Nutbush City Limits ( 1973 ) . Tina 's first recording ( as `` Little Ann '' ) was actually singing background on one of Ike 's songs , `` Box Top '' . During the scene where Ike and Tina are scheduled to perform at the Apollo Theater in 1960 , the bill lists Martha and the Vandellas and Otis Redding as fellow headliners . In reality , Martha and the Vandellas had not formed yet , several of them were performing in another different vocal group called the Del - Phis , while Redding had yet to record his first single and was fronting several bands . The film shows Tina giving birth to Ike 's son , named Craig , but in reality , Craig Turner was Tina 's child with another man , Raymond Hill . Hill was a member in Ike 's band . Tina gave birth to Craig when she was 18 in 1958 . Ike and Tina 's only child together , Ronald Renelle Turner also known as Ronnie , was born on October 27 , 1960 . Ike did not sneak Tina out of the hospital after she gave birth . In her book she says Ike was not present for the birth of their son . Tina checked herself out the hospital and when she discovered a woman Ike hired to replace her while she recovered was a prostitute . While in the hospital Tina was informed that this replacement was using her name to get clients so Tina went to confront the woman and beat her . Ike mentions the incident in his book as well , he was out of town and unaware that the woman was a prostitute . Tina does mention another incident of being sick in the hospital and claims Ike had his guys sneak her out . The film depicts Ike and Tina getting hitched after the birth of their son Craig ( who was actually Ronnie ) in 1960 when in reality they married two years later in 1962 . While Tina mentions that there were accounts of Ike abusing her , he never pushed cake in Tina 's face leading to a food fight in a diner . That scene in the film dramatizes an incident Tina Turner accounted in her autobiography , which describes that Ike had bought a pound cake because someone told him she asked for it . Tina says she did not but Ike told her to eat it anyways so she complied . The film portrays Ike raping Tina in their home studio during the recording of `` Nutbush City Limits . '' In reality , the song was recorded at Ike 's Bolic Sound Studio and there is no mention of marital rape in Tina 's autobiography . Ike also denied that he raped Tina . When Tina performs at the Ritz , the film has the timeline at 1983 , and the host announces her arrival as her `` debut solo performance '' . However , Tina had first performed at that theater in 1981 . Also inaccurate was the film 's portrayal of Ike 's visit to the theater , where he failed at silencing Tina with his gun . In truth , Ike was never at the Ritz ; he had not been seen in public for years following his and Tina 's divorce in 1978 . Ike had remained in Los Angeles , estranged from Tina for quite some time by 1981 . The film 's loose depictions do , however , capture the reality that Ike made multiple dangerous attempts to get Tina back following her divorce suit , in which he did threaten bodily harm , and Tina bought a gun to protect herself from Ike and his friends at the time . Awards and honors ( edit ) Bassett won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical and an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture . Laurence Fishburne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Bassett was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The film won an American Choreography Award for one of its dance sequences . Academy Awards Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor ( Laurence Fishburne ) Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress ( Angela Bassett ) Golden Globes Won -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Angela Bassett ) EBONY Readers ' Poll ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref . What 's Love Got to Do with It favorite movie of the year Won Other honors ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 85 Ranked # 2 on Top 9 Subjects of a Music Bio-Pic by Entertainment Weekly Ranked # 8 on Top 10 Best Rock Biopics by Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll Ranked # 9 on The Best Black Movies of the Last 30 Years By Complex Reception ( edit ) The movie received critical acclaim . It currently holds a 96 % `` fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 49 reviews with the consensus : `` With a fascinating real - life story and powerhouse performances from Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne , What 's Love Got to Do with It is a ca n't miss biopic . '' Ike Turner complained that Fishburne 's portrayal of him was inaccurate . Phil Spector slammed the movie ( and the book ) as a `` piece of trash '' , which `` demonized and vilified Ike '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com/2 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Laurence And Angela Became Ike And Tina '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com/2 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : WALKER , MICHAEL ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Tina . I , Tina . Jump up ^ Seymour , Gene ( 1995 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Angela Bassett : Grounded -- and Soaring as an Actress : After Vampires , Strange Days , the Film Star Can ' Exhale ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` EBONY Readers Poll End Of Year '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 9 Subjects of a Music Bio-Pic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best Rock Biopics '' . Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Black Movies of the Last 30 Years '' . Complex . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tina turns tumultuous life into ' Love ' '' . Baltimore Sun . 1993 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Turner Story Tunes In To The Rhythms Of Real Life '' . Chicago Tribune . 1993 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Love ' : Playing It Nice and Rough : Exceptional Acting Powers Story of Up and Downs of Ike and Tina Turner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 1994 - 03 - 24 ) . `` For Pop Queen Tina Turner , Life Was Never , Ever Nice And Easy '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Philips , Chuck ( 1993 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Q&A WITH IKE TURNER : ' I Was the One Who Turned Her Into Tina Turner ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Spector criticises Tina Turner at Ike Turner 's funeral '' . NME.com News . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) What 's Love Got to Do with It on IMDb What 's Love Got to Do with It at AllMovie What 's Love Got to Do with It at Rotten Tomatoes What 's Love Got to Do with It at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Brian Gibson <Td_colspan="2"> The Billion Dollar Bubble ( 1976 ) Breaking Glass ( 1980 ) Kilroy Was Here ( 1983 ) Poltergeist II : The Other Side ( 1986 ) Murderers Among Us : The Simon Wiesenthal Story ( 1989 ) Drug Wars : The Camarena Story ( 1990 ) The Josephine Baker Story ( 1991 ) What 's Love Got to Do with It ( 1993 ) The Juror ( 1996 ) Still Crazy ( 1998 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tina Turner Studio albums Tina Turns the Country On ! Acid Queen Rough Love Explosion Private Dancer Break Every Rule Foreign Affair Wildest Dreams Twenty Four Seven Live albums Tina Live in Europe VH1 Divas Live ' 99 Tina Live Soundtracks Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome What 's Love Got to Do with It Compilations Simply the Best The Collected Recordings -- Sixties to Nineties All the Best Tina ! Love Songs Videography Tina Turner Live : Nice ' N ' Rough Tina Live : Private Dancer Tour One Last Time Live in Concert All the Best -- The Live Collection Tina Live Tours Private Dancer Tour Break Every Rule World Tour Foreign Affair : The Farewell Tour What 's Love ? Tour Wildest Dreams Tour Twenty Four Seven Tour Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour Related articles Discography Awards Ike & Tina Turner I , Tina What 's Love Got to Do with It <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Tina Turner <Th_colspan="2"> James Reyne <Td_colspan="2"> James Reyne discography Studio albums James Reyne ( 1987 ) Hard Reyne ( 1989 ) Electric Digger Dandy ( 1991 ) The Whiff of Bedlam ( 1994 ) Design for Living ( 1999 ) Speedboats for Breakfast ( 2004 ) ... And the Horse You Rode In On ( 2005 ) Every Man a King ( 2007 ) Ghost Ships ( 2007 ) TCB ( 2010 ) Thirteen ( 2012 ) Live albums Live in Rio ( 1996 ) One Night in Melbourne ( 2007 ) Live ' 99 ( 2015 ) All the Hits Live ( 2015 ) Compilations The Best of James Reyne ( 1992 ) Reckless : 1979 -- 1995 ( 2000 ) The Definitive Collection ( 2002 ) The Essential James Reyne ( 2008 ) The Anthology ( 2014 ) Extended Plays `` James Reyne and the Magnificent Few '' ( 2015 ) Singles `` Fall of Rome '' ( 1987 ) `` Hammerhead '' ( 1987 ) `` Rip it Up '' ( 1987 ) `` Motor 's Too Fast '' ( 1988 ) `` House of Cards '' ( 1989 ) `` One More River '' ( 1989 ) `` Slave '' ( 1991 ) `` Any Day Above Ground '' ( 1991 ) `` Way Out West '' ( with James Blundell ) ( 1992 ) `` Red Light Avenue '' ( 1994 ) Television Return to Eden ( 1983 ) What 's Love Got to Do with It ( 1993 ) State Coroner ( 1998 ) The Postcard Bandit ( 2003 ) Related articles Australian Crawl Australian Crawl discography Company of Strangers ( group ) Company of Strangers Daryl Braithwaite David Reyne Jaime Robbie Reyne Order of Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(film)&oldid=852049269 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s biographical films 1990s drama films 1990s musical films African - American biographical dramas African - American drama films African - American musical films American biographical films American films American musical drama films Biographical films about singers Drama films based on actual events Films about domestic violence Films based on biographies Films directed by Brian Gibson Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films scored by Stanley Clarke Films set in 1958 Films set in 1960 Films set in 1964 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1971 Films set in 1974 Films set in 1977 Films set in 1980 Films set in 1983 Films set in St. Louis Films set in Tennessee Films shot in Chicago Films shot in El Paso , Texas Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Missouri Films shot in New York City Films shot in Tennessee Films about rape Tina Turner Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2009 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 08 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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1. What's Love Got to Do with It (film) 2. Tina Turner 3. Angela Bassett 4. Laurence Fishburne 5. Biographical film

when calls the heart jack and elizabeth engagement episode

List of when Calls the Heart episodes - wikipedia List of when Calls the Heart episodes When Calls the Heart is an American - Canadian television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West Series . Developed by Michael Landon Jr. , the series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . On April 24 , 2017 , star Erin Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season in 2018 . The series has also been renewed for a sixth season . As of April 22 , 2018 , 50 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired , concluding the fifth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Special ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Special ( 2016 ) 2.6 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.7 Special ( 2017 ) 2.8 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="3"> New Year 's Wish <Td_colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="3"> The Christmas Wishing Tree <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Lost and Found '' Michael Landon Jr . Michael Landon Jr. and Cindy Kelley January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) 1.69 <Td_colspan="7"> When a wooden plank inscribed with a sentimental message is discovered in the mine , new constable Jack Thornton tries to discover the plank 's rightful owner . Elizabeth struggles with capturing the enthusiasm of her students in the wake of tragedy . `` Cease And Desist '' Michael Landon Jr . Brian Bird January 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) 1.59 <Td_colspan="7"> When all the widows in Coal Valley receive eviction notices from the Coal Company to make way for new miner recruits , Elizabeth hatches a plan to keep the widows from moving out of the only town they know . `` A Telling Silence '' Michael Landon Jr . Ken LaZebnik January 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 25 ) 1.39 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth helps a mute student who is struggling to cope with the death of her father . Jack investigates the mysterious circumstances surrounding the burning of Coal Valley 's only church . `` Secrets and Lies '' Michael Landon Jr . John Wierick February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) 1.19 <Td_colspan="7"> After finding the cans of whale oil , Jack investigates Cat Montgomery for her possible involvement in the church arson case . When the evidence points to Cat , Gabe becomes infuriated by the idea of his mother being imprisoned for something she did n't do . 5 5 `` The Dance '' Anne Wheeler Ken LaZebnik February 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) 1.50 <Td_colspan="7"> When a group of new male miners comes to Coal Valley , many of the town 's women get caught up in the idea of the single men . One of the new miners begins courting Elizabeth and Jack seems to have concerns that resemble jealousy . Abigail takes in Carla Noonan , a pregnant widow , to keep an eye on her health while Coal Valley 's doctor is away . 6 6 `` These Games '' Anne Wheeler Sheryl J. Anderson February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) 1.15 <Td_colspan="7"> The Miners ' Games allow the townspeople to cut loose and have a little fun . Elizabeth is feeling caught between overprotective Jack and new miner Billy Hamilton , but when Jack tells her he has proof Billy lied to her , Elizabeth decides she 's had enough . Abigail suggests Jack try a gentler approach to reach Elizabeth . Jack also investigates a series of robberies that are plaguing Coal Valley . 7 7 `` Second Chances '' Neill Fearnley Kim Beyer - Johnson February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) 1.15 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail is encouraged to reopen Coal Valley 's dilapidated and abandoned cafe and make it her own after Elizabeth raves about Abigail 's baking . Jack accidentally insults Elizabeth as he fumbles to confess his feelings for her . One of Elizabeth 's students has trouble reading so she enlists Jack 's help for a creative solution . 8 8 `` Perils of the Soloists '' Neill Fearnley Jon Nappa March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 1.04 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth and Abigail move into rooms above Abigail 's cafe . The only surviving miner from the explosion comes home from the hospital with a shocking surprise . Elizabeth and her students must put on the Coal Valley Founders ' Day play on short notice . 9 9 `` Change of Heart '' Anne Wheeler Ken Craw March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) 1.65 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack makes his intentions known by asking an excited Elizabeth on date . Her younger sister Julie ( Charlotte Hegele ) also makes a surprise visit . Julie wants to know all about Elizabeth 's new life and her new romance . Elizabeth is careful with her emotions , until she sees the romantic evening at the café that he and Abigail planned for them . However , Jack has been granted a transfer to another post , which he requested upon arriving at Coal Valley . Now happy , he must break the news to Elizabeth . Meanwhile , Gowen has a sudden interest in Abigail , who mentions this to Jack . He informs her that Gowen 's role in the mine explosion is being investigated . Elsewhere , a naive Julie helps an injured man shown to be a wanted outlaw . 10 10 `` Love Comes First '' Neill Fearnley Vanessa Parise March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) 1.24 <Td_colspan="7"> After Jack 's departure from Coal Valley , Abigail learns her husband might be at fault for the mine disaster . Julie unknowingly nurses wanted outlaw Nate Tolliver back to health and gives him directions to the cabin where they met , and where his loot is stashed . Julie confides in Elizabeth about her newfound love , but a suspicious Elizabeth goes to tell Abigail , just as the trouble arrives . The Thatcher women are put in danger , and Elizabeth realizes that love is stronger than fear . 11 11 `` Rules of Engagement '' Neill Fearnley Neal Dobrofsky & Tippi Dobrofsky March 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 22 ) 2.01 <Td_colspan="7"> After taking care of the Tollivers , hero Jack returns to Coal Valley . His ex-fiancée Rosemary LeVeaux also arrives . Rosemary broke up with him long ago to become an actress . However , she now seeks to make Coal Valley her home and Jack her husband , putting Elizabeth at odds with Jack . Meanwhile , he has asked forensic investigator and friend Bill Avery to help Abigail in regards to Gowen , the mining company and the explosion . As Bill works with Abigail , he becomes interested in her , admitting his intentions to Jack . Abigail also has the same intentions . Elizabeth receives news from home , causing her to ponder leaving Coal Valley . 12 12 `` Prelude to a Kiss '' Neill Fearnley Neal Dobrofsky & Tippi Dobrofsky March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 2.07 <Td_colspan="7"> Coal Valley is finally going to get some justice for the mine explosion when Circuit Judge Jedidiah Black comes to town . Jack confronts Elizabeth about her teaching offer . Abigail begins letting go of the past and starts looking to the future with Bill Avery . Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship changes in a big way . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Trials of the Heart '' Neill Fearnley Tippi Dobrofsky & Neal Dobrofsky April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) 1.94 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth and Jack are closer than ever after their first kiss and Jack gains a new understanding of Elizabeth 's high - society family life . Abigail confronts Bill about a shocking discovery that could put their romantic future on hold and the mining disaster trial takes a surprising turn , when a shocking witness is called to the stand , and its result creates a name change for the town . 14 `` Heart and Soul '' Mike Rohl Robin Bernheim May 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) 1.35 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth grows nostalgic while spending time with her friend Charles in Hamilton , further complicating her feelings , while Jack returns to the renamed Hope Valley to rebuild the church and school . He enlists the help of new friend and timber tycoon Lee Coulter , who has taken interest in Jack 's ex-fiancée , Rosemary . Abigail says goodbye to Bill , who claims he has a new investigation back East , but promises to return to her . Abigail is devastated after a visit from someone very close to Bill , claiming he has n't been completely truthful . Meanwhile , conman Floyd Conklin arrives in town to swindle the hard - working residents , but is quickly mistaken for the church 's new Reverend , Frank Hogan , who is expected to arrive any day . After Lee rejects Gowen 's offer to work together on the new saw mill , Gowen threatens him and soon has another tactic for getting what he wants that will drastically affect the whole town . Floyd and Gowen 's manipulative exploits explode in the saloon as a beloved Hope Valley couple prepares to exchange vows . Back in Hamilton , Elizabeth feels the pressure from her parents and her newly engaged sister Viola to make a decision about Charles and Jack , wondering if her adventure on the frontier prevented her from finding happiness and true love . 15 `` Heart 's Desire '' Mike Rohl & Neill Fearnley Andrea Stevens ( Part I ) / Derek Thompson ( Part II ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 1.62 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail travels to Hamilton to stay with Elizabeth 's family and is compelled to accept Bill 's help on a personal matter . A heroic act by Jack brings him closer to Rosemary . Elizabeth returns to Hope Valley and she and Jack come together to consider what the future holds . 16 `` Awakenings & Revelations '' Neill Fearnley Tony Blake May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.51 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth 's conflict of the heart follows her to Hope Valley when she is surprised with a visitor from Hamilton , Charles . Although he has new business with Lee at the sawmill , Elizabeth knows it is more than just a coincidence that her father sent him to town , as does Jack . As the two men attempt to hide their thinly veiled fight for Elizabeth 's affections , Clara meets a charming suitor , leaving her uncertain about how her new courtship could affect Abigail . Sensing Clara is upset , Abigail goes to Pastor Frank for advice . Meanwhile , Rosemary promises Lee an evening he will never forget as she aims to get what she desires . Then , Bill Avery returns to Hope Valley and begins evading Jack 's questioning about a gang of counterfeiting criminals in the region . Elizabeth ponders her romance with Jack , and confusion about Charles , putting her relationship at an emotional impasse . 17 5 `` Heart of the Family '' Martin Wood Robin Bernheim May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) 1.63 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth and Jack both receive telegrams about an automobile accident involving Tom and Julie . Julie is fine , but Jack has received no word on Tom 's condition . Elizabeth 's family is furious and Julie is refusing to speak to anyone . Elizabeth and Jack must return to Hamilton to help in the situation . Meanwhile , Abigail tries to find forgiveness in her heart for Bill as Lee asks Rosemary 's help to fight Gowen and keep Hope Valley from falling apart . 18 6 `` Coming Together , Coming Apart '' Martin Wood Tony Blake June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) 1.52 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth and Jack , still upset after their fight , separately set out to help their younger siblings move toward a better future -- apart from each other . When Tom and Julie run off together , Elizabeth enlists Jack 's help to find them before they make an even bigger mistake . In Hope Valley , Gowen , still reeling from his loss in the poker game , begins pressuring Abigail to sell the café to a new investor . When Abigail refuses , Gowen conspires with Dottie to threaten Abigail into understanding the consequences . Abigail looks to Pastor Frank for guidance and finds the spark of something new with him , even as his past remains a mystery . At the same time , Lee wants something more with Rosemary , but her independence proves she is n't ready to settle down , making him reconsider his approach . In Hamilton , Jack realizes Tom 's troubling behavior has roots in their past as he helps his brother say an emotional farewell . Then , a calculated offer from William makes Jack realize Elizabeth 's family might never accept him for who he is , and their different worlds suddenly seem even farther apart . 19 7 `` With All My Heart '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson ( Part I ) ; Tony Blake & Derek Thompson ( Part II ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) 1.78 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth and Jack return from Hamilton at odds with each other . Jack 's dog Rip gets lost during storm , and they set out to find him before taking shelter in an old mine tunnel . Trapped together and narrowly escaping danger , they discuss what has been keeping them apart . Meanwhile , Gowen threatens to shut down the café if Abigail does n't finish a long list of repairs . She is grateful when Pastor Frank offers to help -- but a confession about his past could make her ponder their new connection . Then , after Jack arrests a third counterfeiter in town , Bill returns under the guise of investigating , while seemingly falling deeper into corruption . Tipped off to her husband 's whereabouts , Nora arrives , hoping to mend their marriage and keep Abigail away . Nora 's history with her surprising informant complicates her feelings . Finally , as Jack captures a special memory for Elizabeth and her schoolchildren , he plans a bold new proposal for their future . Special ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` New Year 's Wish '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 2.49 <Td_colspan="6"> A fresh start for Jack and Elizabeth , a surprise guest for Abbys , an adventure for Rosemary and Lee , an unwanted visitor from Pastor Hogan 's past , and new beginnings for the town makes this the most unforgettable New Year 's celebration Hope Valley has ever seen . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Troubled Hearts '' Martin Wood Derek Thompson February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1.70 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth surprises Jack with a home of her own as Abigail learns of Gowen 's latest greedy scheme and Frank 's past quickly closes in on him . 22 `` A Time to Speak '' Martin Wood Richard Manning February 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 28 ) 1.74 <Td_colspan="7"> After the discovery that Frank is a wanted man , Hope Valley quickly turns on their pastor before Abigail sets out to prove that the mistakes of the past do n't define the future . 23 `` Heart of a Hero '' Neill Fearnley Josef Anderson March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 1.76 <Td_colspan="7"> After Hope Valley learns redemption is possible , Abigail and Frank pursue a romance before the heart of the town is tested by the threat of a gang of outlaws . 24 `` A Gentle Heart '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 2.05 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Elizabeth are stronger than ever - but as Faith prepares to make a permanent move to Hope Valley while leaning on Jack for emotional support , Elizabeth grows wary of their friendship . 25 5 `` Forever in My Heart '' Peter DeLuise Josef Anderson March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 1.80 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth attempts to trust Jack when she learns Faith is staying in Hope Valley for good , even as Jack sneaks around to negotiate a big purchase as he dreams of a future with her . Then , Elizabeth inspires her students with a science fair project , and Abigail learns Becky is finally coming home from the hospital . However , Becky 's surprising debilitating condition concerns everyone , as Abigail contemplates the emotional decision of taking in Becky and Cody as her own . Meanwhile , a frustrated Bill Avery is determined to prove Henry Gowen is sabotaging Lee 's business and causing it to fail . Then , just as Becky finds the courage to overcome the obstacle she fears most , Abigail assures her love is the best medicine after all before a visitor to the café threatens to tear the happy new family apart . 26 6 `` Heartbreak '' Peter DeLuise Richard Manning and Robin Bernheim Burger March 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 27 ) 1.94 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail is stunned at the arrival of Becky and Cody 's Aunt Carolyn , who announces plans to move the children away from Hope Valley . Elizabeth fears a distraught Becky will have a setback in her recovery hampering a chance to demonstrate her talent at the science fair . Meanwhile , Jack and Bill find the needed proof to arrest Gowen in the sawmill case . The mayor insists on being framed and accuses Bill of having a personal vendetta against him for his romance with Nora . New clues lead Jack to another surprising suspect . At the settlement , Jack enlists Faith 's help to convince Roy to return to Edith and let go of his fear of failure . Back home , Elizabeth shares her writing with Jack . He assures her she has something important to say about life on the frontier , and their relationship seems stronger than ever . As a producer gives Rosemary the opportunity to become a Hollywood star , she is forced to reconsider her life 's dream and her love for Lee . Abigail , Cody and Becky prepare for a heartbreaking farewell , and Elizabeth makes an impassioned plea . 27 7 `` Hearts in Question '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 2.07 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack 's mother Charlotte ( Brooke Shields ) arrives unannounced . As Elizabeth eagerly attempts to get to know her , she quickly finds she has little in common with her . Meanwhile , Abigail and Frank make their courtship official , causing her to wonder if she has found love again . Rosemary , busy planning her dream wedding to Lee , enlists the help of Abigail , Dottie and others in town to make it perfect , as well as extravagant . However , her preparations hit a snag , and she worries about her compatibility with Lee . At the settlement , Elizabeth urges the mothers to let her give their children lessons , but it takes Jack 's confidence in her to finally convince them and impress Charlotte in the process . When Bill learns of a misuse of city funds , he begins a quiet investigation as a nervous Gowen convinces Nora to leave town with him in search of a new beginning ; but bad weather looms near Hope Valley and its surrounding frontier . The settlement workers are at risk of a natural disaster that will threaten their land as well as their lives . 28 8 `` Prayers from the Heart '' Neill Fearnley Paul Jackson April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 2.53 <Td_colspan="7"> Hope Valley comes to the aid of the Silverton miners trapped in the mudslide . As Jack leads a rescue team of Frank , Lee , Jesse and others out to the mine to find survivors , Elizabeth , Abigail and Faith convert the schoolhouse into a makeshift infirmary . Concerned for Jack , both Elizabeth and Charlotte come to understand each other through the crisis . Abigail must inform the settlement families about the disaster , a reminder of Hope Valley 's own mining tragedy and the loss of her husband . Bill searches for a friend in trouble and discovers Nora and Gowen , who is left fighting for his life after their accident . Back in town , bride - to - be Rosemary makes a selfless gesture for the sake of the injured . Before the rescue mission is complete , Jack puts himself into even more danger to help a young girl near the swollen river . The strength of the town is again tested in this fight for survival , before coming together for the wedding . Special ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Christmas '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 3.66 <Td_colspan="6"> An intriguing peddler comes to Hope Valley selling the townspeople his wares and teaching them valuable lessons about joy and giving . When the townspeople realize that the recently displaced settlers in the area will not have a proper Christmas , they come together to create a special holiday celebration -- including a Nativity presentation from the schoolchildren -- that will infuse everyone with the true spirit of Christmas . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Words from the Heart '' Peter DeLuise Charles Lazer February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 2.19 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail begins her duties as mayor , and nearly everyone in Hope Valley seems to want her attention . Ray Wyatt ( Jeremy Guilbaut ) of the National Pacific Railroad proposes a new route that he claims will bring business to the area . Abigail must determine the course of action best for the town , while not sacrificing the individual interests of its people . Bill is asked to head the railroad security team . Meanwhile , in an effort to integrate Elizabeth 's new students from the settlement with the Hope Valley children , Jack proposes a friendly baseball game . He and Elizabeth divide them into teams and the two serve as respective coaches . The whole town turns out for the game , and one of the new children becomes a hero after Elizabeth encourages him to overcome his fear . 31 `` Heart of Truth '' Peter DeLuise Derek Thompson February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 1.86 <Td_colspan="7"> Hope Valley 's prosperity from the railroad begins when the mill gets a big contract and Lee Coulter expands his workforce to meet the demand . Rosemary worries about her new marriage , since Lee is working so many hours . Jack is honored by the Mounted Police for his outstanding work , while Elizabeth receives a rejection letter from the publisher about her book . The debate surrounding the railroad 's plan to route through Hope Valley reaches a boiling point , and Abigail as mayor must break the town 's tie vote on the matter . Bill accepts the railroad 's offer as security head , after a fire on railroad property appears to be arson . 32 `` The Heart of the Community '' Neill Fearnley Richard Manning March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 2.13 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail finalizes a deal with Ray Wyatt to bring the railroad to Hope Valley , and new families flock to the town with the promise of work . When word reaches the town that a notorious gang is at large and may be heading their way , Jack and Bill enlist Frank 's counsel in thwarting their plan to rob the incoming stage carrying the railroad 's payroll . Elizabeth takes a strong interest in new student Philip Cantrell , whose single father Shane ( Niall Matter ) is working overtime at the mill and has little time left over for his son . She also plans a carnival to raise funds for supplies the school needs to accommodate the new students , and the entire town turns out in support . Rosemary 's new job at the café comes to an abrupt end , but she quickly eyes a new opportunity . 33 `` Change of Heart '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 2.21 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail 's mayoral tenure is threatened as Gowen plots to be reinstated . Ray Wyatt promises Elizabeth that the railroad will help the underfunded school , but she ultimately finds her teaching position in jeopardy . Jack reunites with a younger Mountie that he mentored at the academy , while newcomer Carson Shepherd lands a job at the café after being sidelined from railroad labor with an injury . Abigail and Frank 's relationship is still in limbo , but Rosemary schemes with Cody to get them back together . Not swayed by their failed stagecoach heist , the Tate brothers return to Hope Valley intent on carrying out a daring bank robbery . 34 5 `` Heart of a Teacher '' Michael Landon Jr . Derek Thompson March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 2.01 <Td_colspan="7"> When the key witness against him fails to appear , Gowen reassumes his position as mayor and , without warning , summarily fires Elizabeth as the school 's teacher , citing a hidden scandal from her past . With nearly the entire town 's support , especially the children , and Abigail at her side , she travels to Cape Fullerton in hopes of resolving the false allegations . Bill lays out a plan to learn what underhandedness is going on between Gowen and Ray Wyatt . Following days of instruction under Mr. Stoneman , the school 's strict new teacher , Cody takes a stand in defense of Emily and leads the students in a walkout . When Jack delivers the Tate brothers to Mountie Headquarters , he receives bad news about the young Mountie he mentored . 35 6 `` My Heart Will Go On '' Peter DeLuise Charles Lazer March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 2.02 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth tutors Hope Valley 's children after school , while continuing to fight for her rightful job as their teacher . Abigail and Cody spearhead a letter - writing campaign for Elizabeth 's reinstatement , while an unexpected ally steps in on Elizabeth 's behalf . Gowen continues to act as the puppet of Ray Wyatt , who remains intent on controlling the town and its inhabitants . Meanwhile , Bill redoubles his efforts to locate the missing witness , an accountant whose testimony could help finally bring Gowen to justice . Jack attends the funeral of the young Mountie and begins to question his own devotion to duty . 36 7 `` Healing Heart '' Michael Rohl Richard Manning April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 2.08 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth is overjoyed by her engagement to Jack and begins to plan their future together in Hope Valley , as she nervously awaits word that her betrothed is safe amidst the danger of the Northern Territories . When Lee loses his voice , Rosemary helps him run the mill , with some unforeseen results . At the café , Carson Shepherd , Abigail 's new cook with a mysterious past , implements a plan to attract customers in the wake of Wyatt 's obvious attempts to squeeze her out of business . Elizabeth has a challenge with a pair of newly enrolled students , railroad kids who are ill - behaved bullies harboring a family secret . She 's determined to discover the source of their anger so she can help them but gets no help from their uncle , Ray Wyatt . Acting on an informant 's tip , Bill finally captures the mystery witness , but both Avery and the witness , A.J. Foster ( Josie Bissett ) , engage in a firefight when Wyatt learns that Avery might be onto his and Gowen 's plans . 37 8 `` Courageous Hearts '' Michael Rohl Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 2.31 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth further attracts Wyatt 's ire when she asks his brother Russ to help his sons deal with the loss of their mother . Bill 's plan to bring A.J. Foster back to testify against Gowen is complicated by Dale Kellogg , who was ordered by Wyatt to stop them by any means necessary . Frank Hogan 's suspicions about Carson 's past prompt the newcomer to share his big secret . Meanwhile , Abigail receives an offer from Wyatt that could save the café . After Lee buys a new car , Rosemary insists that he teach her to drive but instead learns a lesson about humility . 38 9 `` Heart of a Secret '' Neill Fearnley Robin Bernheim Burger April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 2.16 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail is reinstated as mayor with Gowen in jail . A mystery woman arrives bearing harmful allegations about Carson 's secret past that confirm Frank 's suspicions . Elizabeth tends to Opal for a few days , learns about motherhood , and is thrilled when a young Mountie under Jack 's command gives her an update on him . Cody is excited that his sister Becky has returned from school on a surprise visit but is saddened that she does n't seem to have any time for him . Meanwhile , Rosemary questions her own talents when she is unable to make sales at Dottie 's Dress Shop . 39 10 `` Heart of a Fighter '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 2.58 <Td_colspan="7"> Cody lies seriously ill at the infirmary with apparent appendicitis , and a race is on to get a qualified surgeon to Hope Valley in time . When Dr. Strohm arrives the next day and declares that Cody does not have appendicitis , Abigail is relieved . However , Carson vehemently disagrees with the diagnosis and insists Cody needs lifesaving emergency surgery . Abigail must decide whether to allow Carson to operate against Dr. Strohm 's orders , while Elizabeth tries to convince his sister - in - law that his Carson was not responsible for his wife 's death . Everyone in town is concerned for Cody , including Becky , who promises to spend more time with him when he gets better , and Gowen . During this crisis , Abigail finally receives news about her status as Cody and Becky 's guardian . Special ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 40 `` The Christmas Wishing Tree '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 3.61 <Td_colspan="6"> Hope Valley is buzzing from the introduction of the Wishing Tree , with all the townspeople eagerly placing their wishes on its branches in the hopes they will be granted . Elizabeth wishes for Jack 's return . Meanwhile , Abigail spearheads the town 's first Christmas parade , featuring an energetic band , led by Bill . Abigail 's newly adopted son , Cody , tries to make their first Christmas together special , connecting her past with their future . Rosemary and Lee discover the importance of Christmas traditions and treasured memories . Meanwhile , Doctor Carson Shepherd exhibits faith and resilience in trying to heal and inspire a guarded woman who has given up on the spirit of Christmas . Also , disgraced former mayor , Henry Gowen , gets a second chance at redemption . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` Believing '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 2.20 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail leaves town to testify on behalf of Henry while Bill joins her to testify against him . Abigail must convince a strict judge to give Henry a second chance but it seems like the odds are against it . With Bill gone , Lee is made acting sheriff and -- despite Rosemary 's encouragement -- is n't confident that he is up to the task . Still anxiously awaiting Jack 's return from the Northern Territories , Elizabeth is given a diversion thanks to a surprise visit from her sister Julie , who reveals a surprising career path that she 's decided to take . Clara thinks it may be time for a break from Jesse but becomes jealous when she sees Jesse spending time with Julie . Dr. Carson is determined to stop a traveling salesman selling a tonic that has caused a stomach - ache epidemic in town , which leads to a surprising arrest . 42 `` Hearts and Minds '' Martin Wood Paco Cleveland February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 2.23 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth mentors Julie , who finds teaching more difficult than she imagined ; Abigail has to find a way to convince the railroad to build its depot in Hope Valley . 43 `` Home Is Where the Heart Is '' Mike Rohl Elizabeth Stewart March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 2.18 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack returns and he and Elizabeth start planning their future ; sparks fly between Carson and a new arrival ; and Elizabeth teaches her students the difference between facts and speculation . 44 `` Open Hearts '' Mike Rohl Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 2.11 <Td_colspan="7"> Abigail has to figure out how to keep the town 's bank thriving . Meanwhile , Elizabeth struggles to understand what troubles one of her students . Rosemary is overzealous in planning Jack and Elizabeth 's wedding . 45 5 `` My Heart Is Yours '' Neill Fearnley Paco Cleveland March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 2.45 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Elizabeth 's plan to get married is put in serious jeopardy , and Bill has difficulties transporting a prisoner . 46 6 `` Love and Marriage '' Neill Fearnley Cynthia J. Cohen & Paul Jackson March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 2.15 <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship is put to the test . Pastor Frank and Abigail make a decision about their future and Bill helps a young girl solve a mystery . 47 7 `` Heart of the Matter '' Peter DeLuise Elizabeth Stewart April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 1.93 <Td_colspan="7"> Elizabeth assigns her students to follow business leaders in Hope Valley ; Abigail and the town host two possible investors for the failing bank ; and Bill 's life is disrupted when A.J. Foster arrives and turns herself in . 48 8 `` Weather the Storm '' Peter DeLuise Derek Thompson April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 2.12 <Td_colspan="7"> Bill is put in jeopardy while transporting A.J. to face trial ; Abigail tries to save the town from an investor who will hurt Hope Valley ; Carson is faced with a decision ; Elizabeth tries to reunite a mother and her son . 49 9 `` In My Dreams '' Neill Fearnley Elizabeth Stewart April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 2.04 <Td_colspan="7"> The widow of Lee 's former partner arrives and gives Gowen a chance to run a company again ; Elizabeth tutors a new student ; the residents of Hope Valley conspire to pull off a surprise . However , Elizabeth receives shocking news about Jack . 50 10 `` Close to My Heart '' Neill Fearnley Derek Thompson April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) 2.57 <Td_colspan="7"> Three weeks following Jack 's death , Elizabeth , distraught , wonders if she should remain in town . Abigail gives her a letter that Jack wrote to be read in the event of his death . Bill gives her a horse from the Mounties , and the school is renamed in Jack 's honor . Elizabeth exhibits strange symptoms , and Abigail suggests that she is pregnant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Patriots / Colts Comes Up Big for CBS '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Flowers in the Attic , '' `` Sam & Cat '' Top Charts `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : FOX Claims Demo Crown with UFC '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` 48 Hours '' Tops Viewers , College Basketball Leads Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Olympic Winter Games Keep NBC on Top '' . The Futon Critic . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Olympic Winter Games Continue Their Reign '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Charts with Penultimate Night of Winter Games '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Demo Chart with NHL Coverage '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : College Basketball Leads Demos , `` 48 Hours '' Tops Viewers `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Quartet of Newsmagazines Tops Charts '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2014 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Scores Series ' High Ratings '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season Finale for Hallmark Channel 's Second Original Scripted Series , `` When Calls the Heart , '' Finishes on Top `` . TheFutonCritic.com. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.25. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.2. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 6.06. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.13. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/when-calls-the-heart/episodes/577642/ Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/when-calls-the-heart/episodes/577642/ Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) List of When Calls the Heart episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_When_Calls_the_Heart_episodes&oldid=854722850 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 10 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. When Calls the Heart television drama series 2. Janette Oke's book adaptation 3. Hallmark Channel 4. Season overview and episode list 5. Characters and plot developments

is france a part of the united kingdom

France -- United Kingdom relations - wikipedia France -- United Kingdom relations Jump to : navigation , search France -- United Kingdom relations <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom France <Th_colspan="2"> Map including French and British overseas territories . Maritime borders between the two countries , in Europe , the Caribbean , and the Pacific Ocean . France -- United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( UK ) . The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex , including conquest , wars , and alliances at various points in history . The Roman era saw both areas , except Scotland and Northern Ireland , conquered by Rome , whose fortifications exist in both countries to this day , and whose writing system introduced a common alphabet to both areas ; however , the language barrier remained . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 decisively shaped English history , as well as the English language . In the medieval period , the countries were often bitter enemies , with both nations ' monarchs claiming control over France . The Hundred Years ' War stretched from 1337 to 1453 resulting in French victory . Britain and France fought a series of five major wars , culminating in the Coalition victory over Napoleon in 1815 . After that there were some tensions , but peace generally prevailed and as the 19th century progressed , the relationship became better . Closer ties between the two began with the 1904 Entente cordiale , particularly via the alliances in World War I and World War II , wherein both countries fought against Germany , and in the latter conflict British armies helped to liberate occupied France from the Nazis . Both nations opposed the Soviet Union during the Cold War and were founding members of NATO . In recent years the two countries have experienced a quite close relationship , especially on defence and foreign policy issues ; the two countries tend , however , to disagree on a range of other matters , most notably the European Union . The British press relishes the chance to refer to France and Britain as `` historic rivals '' or emphasize the perceived ever - lasting competition that still opposes the two countries . French author José - Alain Fralon characterised the relationship between the countries by describing the British as `` our most dear enemies '' . Today , both countries are members of the European Union , which the United Kingdom voted to leave in a referendum held on 23 June 2016 . It is estimated that about 350,000 French people live in the UK , with approximately 400,000 Britons living in France . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 History 2.1 Roman and post-Roman era 2.2 Before the Conquest 2.3 Norman conquest 2.4 Breton War , 1076 -- 1077 2.5 Vexin War 1087 2.6 Rebellion of 1088 2.7 Wars in the Vexin and Maine 1097 -- 1098 2.8 Anglo - Norman War 1101 2.9 Anglo - Norman War 1105 -- 1106 2.10 Anglo - French War 1117 -- 1120 2.11 High Medieval era 2.12 The Hundred Years ' War 2.13 The Franco - Scots Alliance 2.14 The early modern period 2.15 Universal Monarchy 2.16 18th century 2.17 Overseas expansion 2.18 Seven Years ' War 2.19 American War of Independence 3 The French Revolution and Napoleon 3.1 Ireland 3.2 First phase , 1792 to 1802 3.3 War resumes , 1803 - 1815 4 Long 19th century : 1815 - 1914 4.1 1815 - 1830 4.2 The July Monarchy and the beginning of the Victorian age 4.3 Second French Empire 4.4 Late 19th century 5 Twentieth century 5.1 The Entente cordiale 5.2 First World War 5.3 Treaty of Versailles 5.4 1920s 5.5 Appeasement of Germany 5.6 Second World War 5.7 Suez Crisis 5.8 Common Market 5.9 De Gaulle 6 Since 1969 6.1 Sarkozy presidency 6.2 Hollande presidency 7 Defence Cooperation 8 Commerce 9 Education 10 The sciences 11 Arts and culture 12 Language 13 Sports 14 Transport 14.1 Ferries 14.2 Channel Tunnel 14.3 Flights 15 Twin Cities 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 18.1 To 1918 18.2 Since 1919 18.3 In French 19 External links Country comparison ( edit ) France United Kingdom Flag Coat of Arms Population 67,087,000 65,105,654 Area 674,843 km ( 260,558 sq mi ) 243,610 km ( 94,060 sq mi ) Population Density 116 / km ( 301 / sq mi ) 255.6 / km ( 661.9 / sq mi ) Time zones 12 9 Exclusive economic zone 11,035,000 km 6,805,586 km Capital Paris London Largest City Paris -- 2,234,105 ( 12,161,542 Metro ) London -- 8,174,100 ( 14,709,000 Metro ) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Head of State President : Emmanuel Macron Monarch : Elizabeth II Head of Government Prime Minister : Édouard Philippe Prime Minister : Theresa May Legislature Parliament Parliament Upper House Senate President : Gérard Larcher House of Lords Lord Speaker : The Lord Fowler Lower House National Assembly President : François de Rugy House of Commons Speaker : John Bercow Official language French ( de facto and de jure ) English ( de facto ) Main religions 58 % Christianity ( over 50 % Catholic , less than 2 % Protestant denominations ) , 33 % non-Religious , 5 % Islam , 1 % Judaism , 1 % Buddhism , 2 % Other 59.4 % Christianity ( 51 % Protestant denominations , 8 % Catholic ) , 25.7 % Non-Religious , 7.8 % Unstated , 4.4 % Islam , 1.3 % Hinduism , 0.7 % Sikhism , 0.4 % Judaism , 0.4 % Buddhism ( 2011 Census ) Ethnic groups 89.7 % White French , 7 % other European , 3.3 % North African , Other Sub-Saharan African , Indochinese , Asian , Latin American and Pacific Islander . 87 % White ( 81.9 % White British ) , 7 % Asian British ( 2.3 % Indian , 1.9 % Pakistani , 0.7 % Bangladeshi , 0.7 % Chinese , 1.4 % Asian Other ) 3 % Black 2 % Mixed Race. ( 2011 census ) GDP ( per capita ) $44,470 $46,906 GDP ( nominal ) $2.635 trillion $2.946 trillion Expatriate populations 137,000 French - born people live in the UK ( 2011 estimate ) 200,000 British - born people live in France ( 2013 data ) Military expenditures $61.2 billion $72.9 billion Nuclear warheads active / total 290 / 300 200 / 260 History ( edit ) Roman and post-roman era ( edit ) When Julius Caesar invaded Gaul , he encountered allies of the Gauls and Belgae from southeastern Britain offering assistance , some of whom even acknowledged the king of the Belgae as their sovereign . Although all peoples concerned were Celts ( and the Germanic Angles and Franks had not yet invaded either country that would later bear their names ) , this could arguably be seen as the first major example of Anglo - French cooperation in recorded history . As a consequence , Caesar felt compelled to invade in an attempt to subdue Britain . Rome was reasonably successful at conquering Gaul and Britain and Belgica all ; and all three areas became provinces of the Roman Empire . For the next five hundred years , there was much interaction between the two regions , as both Britain and France were under Roman rule . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , this was followed by another five hundred years with very little interaction between the two , as both were invaded by different Germanic tribes . Anglo - Saxonism rose from a mixture of Brythonism and Scandinavian immigration in Britain to conquer the Picts and Gaels . France saw intermixture with and partial conquest by Germanic tribes such as the Salian Franks to create the Frankish kingdoms . Christianity as a religion spread through all areas involved during this period , replacing the Germanic , Celtic and pre-Celtic forms of worship . The deeds of chieftains in this period would produce the legendaria around King Arthur and Camelot - now believed to be a legend based on the deeds of many early medieval British chieftains - and the more historically verifiable Charlemagne , the Frankish chieftain who founded the Holy Roman Empire throughout much of Western Europe . At the turn of the second millennium , the British Isles were primarily involved with the Scandinavian world , while France 's main foreign relationship was with the Holy Roman Empire . Before the Conquest ( edit ) Prior to the Norman Conquest of 1066 , there were no armed conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France . France and England were subject to repeated Viking invasions , and their foreign preoccupations were primarily directed toward Scandinavia . Such cross-Channel relations as England had were directed toward Normandy , a quasi-independent fief owing homage to the French king ; Emma , daughter of Normandy 's Duke Richard , became queen to two English kings in succession ; two of her sons , Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor later became kings of England . Edward spent much of his early life ( 1013 -- 1041 ) in Normandy and , as king , favored certain Normans with high office , such as Robert of Jumièges , who became Archbishop of Canterbury . This gradual Normanization of the realm set the stage for the Norman Conquest , in which Emma 's brother 's grandson , William , Duke of Normandy , gained the kingdom in the first successful cross-Channel invasion since Roman times . Together with its new ruler , England acquired the foreign policy of the Norman dukes , which was based on protecting and expanding Norman interests at the expense of the French Kings . Although William 's rule over Normandy had initially had the backing of King Henry I of France , William 's success had soon created hostility , and in 1054 and 1057 King Henry had twice attacked Normandy . Norman Conquest ( edit ) However , in the mid-eleventh century there was a dispute over the English throne , and the French - speaking Normans , who were of Viking stock , invaded England under their duke William the Conqueror and took over following the Battle of Hastings in 1066 , and crowned themselves Kings of England . The Normans took control of the land and the political system . feudal culture took root in England , and for the next 150 years England was generally considered of secondary importance to the dynasty 's Continental territories , notably in Normandy and other western French provinces . The language of the aristocracy was French for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest . Many French words were adopted into the English language as a result . About one third of the English language is derived from or through various forms of French . The first Norman kings were also the Dukes of Normandy , so relations were somewhat complicated between the countries . Though they were dukes ostensibly under the king of France , their higher level of organisation in Normandy gave them more de facto power . In addition , they were kings of England in their own right ; England was not officially a province of France , nor a province of Normandy . Breton War , 1076 -- 1077 ( edit ) This war was fought between the years 1076 to 1077 . Vexin War 1087 ( edit ) In 1087 , following the monastic retirement of its last count , William and Philip partitioned between themselves the Vexin , a small but strategically important county on the middle Seine that controlled the traffic between Paris and Rouen , the French and Norman capitals . With this buffer state eliminated , Normandy and the king 's royal demesne ( the Île - de-France ) now directly bordered on each other , and the region would be the flashpoint for several future wars . In 1087 , William responded to border raids conducted by Philip 's soldiers by attacking the town of Mantes , during the sack of which he received an accidental injury that turned fatal . Rebellion of 1088 ( edit ) With William 's death , his realms were parted between his two sons ( England to William Rufus , Normandy to Robert Curthose ) and the Norman - French border war concluded . Factional strains between the Norman barons , faced with a double loyalty to William 's two sons , created a brief civil war in which an attempt was made to force Rufus off the English throne . With the failure of the rebellion , England and Normandy were clearly divided for the first time since 1066 . Wars in the Vexin and Maine 1097 -- 1098 ( edit ) Robert Curthose left on crusade in 1096 , and for the duration of his absence Rufus took over the administration of Normandy . Soon afterwards ( 1097 ) he attacked the Vexin and the next year the County of Maine . Rufus succeeded in defeating Maine , but the war in the Vexin ended inconclusively with a truce in 1098 . Anglo - Norman War 1101 ( edit ) In August 1100 , William Rufus was killed by an arrow shot while hunting . His younger brother , Henry Beauclerc immediately took the throne . It had been expected to go to Robert Curthose , Duke of Normandy , but Robert was away on a crusade and did not return until a month after Rufus ' death , by which time Henry was firmly in control of England , and his accession had been recognized by France 's King Philip . Robert was , however , able to reassert his control over Normandy , though only after giving up the County of Maine . England and Normandy were now in the hands of the two brothers , Henry and Robert . In July 1101 , Robert launched an attack on England from Normandy . He landed successfully at Portsmouth , and advanced inland to Alton in Hampshire . There he and Henry came to an agreement to accept the status quo of the territorial division . Henry was freed from his homage to Robert , and agreed to pay the Duke an annual sum ( which , however , he only paid until 1103 ) . Anglo - Norman War 1105 -- 1106 ( edit ) Following increasing tensions between the brothers , and evidence of the weakness of Robert 's rule , Henry I invaded Normandy in the spring of 1105 , landing at Barfleur . The ensuing Anglo - Norman war was longer and more destructive , involving sieges of Bayeux and Caen ; but Henry had to return to England in the late summer , and it was not until the following summer that he was able to resume the conquest of Normandy . In the interim , Duke Robert took the opportunity to appeal to his liege lord , King Philip , but could obtain no aid from him . The fate of Robert and the duchy was sealed at the Battle of Tinchebray on 28 or 29 September 1106 : Robert was captured and imprisoned for the rest of his life . Henry was now , like his father , both King of England and Duke of Normandy , and the stage was set for a new round of conflict between England and France . Anglo - French War 1117 -- 1120 ( edit ) In 1108 , Philip I , who had been king of France since before the Norman Conquest , died and was succeeded by his son Louis VI , who had already been conducting the administration of the realm in his father 's name for several years . Louis had initially been hostile to Robert Curthose , and friendly to Henry I ; but with Henry 's acquisition of Normandy , the old Norman - French rivalries re-emerged . From 1109 to 1113 , clashes erupted in the Vexin ; and in 1117 Louis made a pact with Baldwin VII of Flanders , Fulk V of Anjou , and various rebellious Norman barons to overthrow Henry 's rule in Normandy and replace him with William Clito , Curthose 's son . By luck and diplomacy , however , Henry eliminated the Flemings and Angevins from the war , and on 20 August 1119 at the Battle of Bremule he defeated the French . Louis was obliged to accept Henry 's rule in Normandy , and accepted his son William Adelin 's homage for the fief in 1120 . High medieval era ( edit ) Further information : Anglo - French war of 1202 -- 14 , First Barons ' War , Saintonge War , and War of Saint - Sardos The Beaulieu Abbey , founded by King John of England for Cistercians , a religious order from France who gave the Abbey its present name , French for Beautiful place . During the reign of the closely related Plantagenet dynasty , which was based in its Angevin Empire , half of France was under Angevin control as well as all of England . However , almost all of the Angevin empire was lost to Philip II of France under Richard the Lionheart , John and Henry III of England . This finally gave the English a separate identity as an Anglo - Saxon people under a Francophone , but not French , crown . While the English and French had been frequently acrimonious , they had always had a common culture and little fundamental difference in identity . Nationalism had been minimal in days when most wars took place between rival feudal lords on a sub-national scale . The last attempt to unite the two cultures under such lines was probably a failed French - supported rebellion to depose Edward II . It was also during the Middle Ages that a Franco - Scottish alliance , known as the Auld Alliance was signed by King John of Scotland and Philip IV of France . The Hundred years ' War ( edit ) Main article : The Hundred Years ' War During the Hundred Years ' War England and France battled for supremacy . Following the Battle of Agincourt the English gained control of vast French territory , but were eventually driven out . English monarchs would still claim the throne of France until 1800 . The English monarchy increasingly integrated with its subjects and turned to the English language wholeheartedly during the Hundred Years ' War between 1337 and 1453 . Though the war was in principle a mere dispute over territory , it drastically changed societies on both sides of the Channel . The English , although already politically united , for the first time found pride in their language and identity , while the French united politically . Several of the most famous Anglo - French battles took place during the Hundred Years ' War : Crécy , Poitiers , Agincourt , Orléans , Patay , Formigny and Castillon . Major sources of French pride stemmed from their leadership during the war . Bertrand du Guesclin was a brilliant tactician who forced the English out of the lands they had procured at the Treaty of Brétigny , a compromising treaty that most Frenchmen saw as a humiliation . Joan of Arc was another unifying figure who to this day represents a combination of religious fervour and French patriotism to all France . After her inspirational victory at Orléans and what many saw as Joan 's martyrdom at the hands of Burgundians and Englishmen , Jean de Dunois eventually forced the English out of all of France except Calais , which was only lost in 1558 . Apart from setting national identities , the Hundred Years ' War is often cited as the root of the traditional rivalry and at times hatred between the two countries . During this era , the English lost their last territories in France , except Calais , which would remain in English hands for another 105 years , though the English monarchs continued to style themselves as Kings of France until 1800 . The Franco - scots alliance ( edit ) Main article : Auld Alliance France and Scotland agreed to defend each other in the event of an attack on either from England in several treaties , the most notable of which were in 1327 and 1490 . There had always been intermarriage between the Scottish and French royal households , but this solidified the bond between the royals even further . The early Modern period ( edit ) Henry VIII and Francis I met at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1519 , briefly marking a period of détente between the two nations The English and French were engaged in numerous wars in the following centuries . They took opposite sides in all of the Italian Wars between 1494 and 1559 . An even deeper division set in during the English Reformation , when most of England converted to Protestantism and France remained Roman Catholic . This enabled each side to see the other as not only a foreign evil but also a heretical one . In both countries there was intense civil religious conflict . Because of the oppression by Roman Catholic King Louis XIII of France , many Protestant Huguenots fled to England . Similarly , many Catholics fled from England to France . Henry VIII of England had initially sought an alliance with France , and the Field of the Cloth of Gold saw a face to face meeting between him and King Francis I of France . Universal monarchy ( edit ) The English feared that Louis XIV of France , the Sun King , would create a Universal Monarchy in Europe , and devoted their efforts to frustrating this goal . While Spain had been the dominant world power in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries , the English had often sided with France as a counterweight against them . This design was intended to keep a European balance of power , and prevent one country gaining overwhelming supremacy . Key to English strategy was the fear that a universal monarchy of Europe would be able to overwhelm the British Isles . Following the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 , as Spain 's power weakened , France began to take on a more assertive role under King Louis XIV of France with an expansionist policy both in Europe and across the globe . English foreign policy was now directed towards preventing France gaining supremacy on the continent and creating a universal monarchy . To the French , England was an isolated and piratical nation heavily reliant on naval power , and particularly privateers , which they referred to as Perfidious Albion . There was a sharp diversion in political philosophies in the two states . In England King Charles I had been executed during the English Civil War for exceeding his powers , and later King James II had been overthrown in the Glorious Revolution . In France the power of the monarchs and their advisors went largely unchecked . England and France fought each other in the War of the League of Augsburg from 1688 to 1697 which set the pattern for relations between France and Great Britain during the eighteenth century . Wars were fought intermittently , with each nation part of a constantly shifting pattern of alliances known as the stately quadrille . 18th century ( edit ) The Act of Union was passed in 1707 partly to unify Great Britain against the perceived French threat . Further information : International relations , 1648 -- 1814 ) Partly out of fear of a continental intervention , an Act of Union was passed in 1707 creating the Kingdom of Great Britain , and formally merging the kingdoms of Scotland and England ( the latter kingdom included Wales ) . While the new Britain grew increasingly parliamentarian , France continued its system of absolute monarchy . The newly united Britain fought France in the War of the Spanish Succession from 1702 to 1713 , and the War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748 , attempting to maintain the balance of power in Europe . The British had a massive navy but maintained a small land army , so Britain always acted on the continent in alliance with other states such as Prussia and Austria as they were unable to fight France alone . Equally France , lacking a superior navy , was unable to launch a successful invasion of Britain . The War of the Austrian Succession was one of several wars in which states tried to maintain the European balance of power . France lent support to the Jacobite pretenders who claimed the British throne , hoping that a restored Jacobite monarchy would be inclined to be more pro-French . Despite this support the Jacobites failed to overthrow the Hanoverian monarchs . As the century wore on , there was a distinct passage of power to Britain and France , at the expense of traditional major powers such as Portugal , Spain and the Dutch Republic . Some observers saw the frequent conflicts between the two states during the 18th century as a battle for control of Europe , though most of these wars ended without a conclusive victory for either side . France largely had greater influence on the continent while Britain were dominant at sea and trade , threatening French colonies abroad . Overseas expansion ( edit ) Further information : First British Empire and French Empire From the 1650s , the New World increasingly became a battleground between the two powers . The Western Design of Oliver Cromwell intended to build up an increasing British presence in North America , beginning with the acquisition of Jamaica from the Spanish Empire in 1652 . The first British settlement on continental North America was founded in 1607 , and by the 1730s these had grown into thirteen separate colonies . The French had settled the province of Canada to the North , and controlled Saint - Domingue in the Caribbean , the wealthiest colony in the world . Both countries , recognizing the potential of India , established trading posts there . Wars between the two states increasingly took place in these other continents , as well as Europe . Seven years ' War ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War and France in the Seven Years ' War The loss of Quebec to the British in 1759 was a major blow to French colonial ambitions , compounded by defeats in Europe and India . The French and British fought each other and made treaties with Native American tribes to gain control of North America . Both nations coveted the Ohio Territory and in 1753 a British expedition there led by George Washington clashed with a French force . Shortly afterwards the French and Indian War broke out , initially taking place only in North America but in 1756 becoming part of the wider Seven Years ' War in which Britain and France were part of opposing coalitions . The war has been called the first `` world war '' , because fighting took place on several different continents . In 1759 the British enjoyed victories over the French in Europe , Canada and India , severely weakening the French position around the world . In 1762 the British captured the cities of Manila and Havana from Spain , France 's strongest ally , which led ultimately to a peace settlement the following year that saw a large number of territories come under British control . The Seven Years ' War is regarded as a critical moment in the history of Anglo - French relations , which laid the foundations for the dominance of the British Empire during the next two and a half centuries . American War of independence ( edit ) Main article : France in the American Revolution As American Patriot dissatisfaction with British policies grew to rebellion in 1774 - 75 , the French saw an opportunity to undermine British power . When the American War of Independence broke out in 1775 , the French began sending covert supplies and intelligence to the American rebels . The British defeat at Yorktown was made possible by the actions of a French fleet and a combined French and American army under George Washington . It marked the end of the First British Empire . In 1778 , France , hoping to capitalise on the British defeat at Saratoga , recognized the United States of America . Negotiating with Benjamin Franklin in Paris , they formed a military alliance . France in 1779 persuaded its Spanish allies to declare war on Britain . France despatched troops to fight alongside the Americans , and besieged Gibraltar with Spain . Plans were drawn up , but never put into action , to launch an invasion of England . The threat forced Britain to keep many troops in Britain that were needed in America . The British were further required to withdraw forces from the American mainland to protect their more valuable possessions in the West Indies . While the French were initially unable to break the string of British victories , the combined actions of American and French forces , and a key victory by a French fleet over a British rescue fleet , forced the British into a decisive surrender at Yorktown , Virginia , in 1781 . In 1783 the Treaty of Paris gave the new nation control over most of the region east of the Mississippi River ; Spain gained Florida from Britain ; France received little except a huge debt . For a brief period after the war , Britain 's naval power was subdued by an alliance between France and Spain . The crippling debts incurred by France during the war , and the cost of rebuilding the French navy during the 1780s caused a financial crisis , leading directly to the French Revolution of 1789 . The French Revolution and Napoleon ( edit ) The French Republican leader Maximilien Robespierre became a deeply unpopular figure in Britain because of his role in the Terror . Despite this , Britain initially had no desire to go to war with the new French Republic . The revolution was initially popular in Britain , but later its turmoils turned into a cause of alarm , as this 1792 caricature contrasting `` British Liberty '' with `` French Liberty '' demonstrates . Further information : French Revolution During the French Revolution , the anti-monarchical ideals of France were regarded with alarm throughout Europe . While France was plunged into chaos , Britain took advantage of its temporary weakness to stir up the civil war occurring in France and build up its naval forces . The Revolution was initially popular with many Britons , both because it appeared to weaken France and was perceived to be based on British liberal ideals . This began to change as the Jacobin faction took over , and began the Reign of Terror ( or simply the Terror , for short ) . The French were intent on spreading their revolutionary republicanism to other European states , including Britain . The British initially stayed out of the alliances of European states which unsuccessfully attacked France trying to restore the monarchy . In France a new , strong nationalism took hold enabling them to mobilise large and motivated forces . Following the execution of King Louis XVI of France in 1793 , France declared war on Britain . This period of the French Revolutionary Wars was known as the War of the First Coalition . Except for a brief pause in 1802 -- 03 , the wars lasted continuously for twenty one years . During this time Britain raised several coalitions against the French , continually subsidising other European states with the Golden Cavalry of St George , enabling them to put large armies in the field . In spite of this , the French armies were very successful on land , creating several client states such as the Batavian Republic , and the British devoted much of their own forces to campaigns against the French in the Caribbean , with mixed results . French forces landed in Ireland to support Irish rebels during the Irish rebellion of 1798 Ireland ( edit ) In 1798 French forces invaded Ireland to assist the United Irishmen who had launched a rebellion , where they were joined by thousands of rebels but defeated by British and Irish loyalist forces . The fear of further attempts to create a French satellite in Ireland led to the Act of Union , merging the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom in 1801 . Ireland now lost its last vestiges of independence . British dominance of the seas prevented France from gaining the upper - hand outside Continental Europe First phase , 1792 to 1802 ( edit ) Main article : French Revolutionary Wars James Gillray ridicules the short peace that followed the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 . His caricatures ridiculing Napoleon greatly annoyed the Frenchman , who wanted them suppressed by the British government . Following the execution of King Louis XVI of France in 1793 , France declared war on Britain . This period of the French Revolutionary Wars was known as the War of the First Coalition , which lasted from 1792 to 1797 . The British policy was to give financial and diplomatic support continental allies , who did nearly all of the actual fighting on land . France meanwhile set up the conscription system that built up a much larger army than anyone else . After the king was executed , nearly all the senior officers went into exile , and a very young new generation of officers , typified by Napoleon , took over the French military . Britain relied heavily on the Royal Navy , which sank the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 , trapping the French army in Egypt . In 1799 , Napoleon came to power in France , and created a dictatorship . Britain led the Second Coalition from 1798 to 1802 against Napoleon , but he generally prevailed . The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 was favorable to France . That treaty amounted to a year - long truce in the war , which was reopened by Britain in May 1803 . `` Maniac - raving 's - or - Little Boney in a strong fit '' by James Gillray . His caricatures ridiculing Napoleon greatly annoyed the Frenchman , who wanted them suppressed by the British government . Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it declared war on France in May 1803 , thus starting the War of the Third Coalition , lasting from 1803 to 1805 . The British were increasingly angered by Napoleon 's reordering of the international system in Western Europe , especially in Switzerland , Germany , Italy and the Netherlands . Kagan argues that Britain was insulted and alarmed especially by Napoleon 's assertion of control over Switzerland . Britons felt insulted when Napoleon said it deserved no voice in European affairs ( even though King George was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire ) , and ought to shut down the London newspapers that were vilifying Napoleon . Russia , furthermore , decided that the Switzerland intervention indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution . Britain had a sense of loss of control , as well as loss of markets , and was worried by Napoleon 's possible threat to its overseas colonies . McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a `` mixture of economic motives and national neuroses -- an irrational anxiety about Napoleon 's motives and intentions . '' However , in the end it proved to be the right choice for Britain , because in the long run Napoleon 's intentions were hostile to British national interest . Furthermore , Napoleon was not ready for war and this was the best time for Britain to stop them . Britain therefore seized upon the Malta issue ( by refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens and evacuate the island ) . The deeper British grievances were that Napoleon was taking personal control of Europe , making the international system unstable , and forcing Britain to the sidelines . War resumes , 1803 - 1815 ( edit ) Main article : Napoleonic Wars Further information : Peninsular War After he had triumphed on the European continent against the other major European powers , Napoleon contemplated an invasion of the British mainland . That plan collapsed after the annihilation of the Franco - Spanish fleet at Trafalgar , coinciding with an Austrian attack over its Bavarian allies . In response Napoleon established a continental system by which no nation was permitted to trade with the British . Napoleon hoped the embargo would isolate the British Isles severely weakening them , but a number of countries continued to trade with them in defiance of the policy . In spite of this , the Napoleonic influence stretched across much of Europe . In 1808 French forces invaded Portugal trying to attempt to halt trade with the United Kingdom , turning Spain into a satellite state in the process . The British responded by dispatching a force under Sir Arthur Wellesley which captured Lisbon . Napoleon dispatched increasing forces into the Iberian Peninsula , which became the key battleground between the two nations . Allied with Spanish and Portuguese forces , the British inflicted a number of defeats on the French , confronted with a new kind of warfare called `` guerrilla '' which led Napoleon to brand it the `` Spanish Ulcer '' . In 1812 , Napoleon 's invasion of Russia caused a new coalition to form against him , in what became the War of the Sixth Coalition.In 1813 , British forces defeated French forces in Spain and caused them to retreat into France . Allied to an increasingly resurgent European coalition , the British invaded southern France in October 1813 , forcing Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile on Elba in 1814 . The Allied victory at the Battle of Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Era . Though the last war fought between the two states , the rivalry continued throughout the nineteenth century . After escaping and briefly threatening to restore the French Empire , Napoleon was defeated by combined British , Prussian and Dutch forces at Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 . With strong British support , the Bourbon monarchy was restored and Louis XVIII was crowned King of France . The Napoleonic era was the last occasion on which Britain and France went to war with each other , but by no means marked the end of the rivalry between the two nations . Despite his final defeat , Napoleon continues to be regarded as a national hero figure in France for his numerous victories over coalised monarchies . Long 19th century : 1815 - 1914 ( edit ) Further information : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Britain and France never went to war after 1815 , although there were a few `` war scares . '' They were allied together against Russia in the Crimean War of the 1850s . 1815 - 1830 ( edit ) The Duke of Wellington was a major influence British politics following the Congress of Vienna . He advocated support for a restored Bourbon monarchy in France . Despite having entered the Napoleonic era regarded by many as a spent force , Britain had emerged from the 1815 Congress of Vienna as the ultimate leading financial , military and cultural power of the world , going on to enjoy a century of global dominance in the Pax Britannica . France also recovered from the defeats to retake its position on the world stage . Despite their historic enmity , the British and French eventually became strained political allies , as both began to turn their attentions to acquiring new territories beyond Europe . The British developed India and Canada and settled Australia , spreading their powers to several different continents as the Second British Empire . They frequently made stereotypical jokes about each other , and even side by side in war were critical of each other 's tactics . As a Royal Navy officer said to the French corsair Robert Surcouf `` You French fight for money , while we British fight for honour . '' , Surcouf replied `` Sir , a man fights for what he lacks the most . '' According to one story , a French diplomat once said to Lord Palmerston `` If I were not a Frenchman , I should wish to be an Englishman '' ; to which Palmerston replied : `` If I were not an Englishman , I should wish to be an Englishman . '' According to another , upon seeing the disastrous British Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War against Russia , French marshal Pierre Bosquet said ' C'est magnifique , mais ce n'est pas la guerre . ' ( ' It 's magnificent , but it 's not war . ' ) Eventually , relations settled down as the two empires tried to consolidate themselves rather than extend themselves . The July monarchy and the beginning of the victorian Age ( edit ) British Foreign Secretary Viscount Palmerston allied himself with French monarch Louis - Philippe . In 1830 , France underwent the July Revolution , and the Orléanist Louis - Phillipe subsequently ascended to the throne ; by contrast , the reign of Queen Victoria began in 1837 in a much more peaceful fashion . The major European powers -- Russia , Austria , the UK , and to some extent Prussia -- were determined to keep France in check , and so France generally pursued a cautious foreign policy . Louis - Phillipe allied with Britain , the country with which France shared the most similar form of government , and its combative Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston . In Louis - Philippe 's first year in power , he refused to annex Belgium during its revolution , instead following the British line of supporting independence . Despite posturings from leading French minister Adolphe Thiers in 1839 -- 1840 that France would protect the increasingly powerful Muhammad Ali of Egypt ( a viceroy of the Ottoman Empire ) , any reinforcements were not forthcoming , and in 1840 , much to France 's embarrassment , Ali was forced to sign the Convention of London by the powers . Relations cooled again under the governments of François Guizot and Robert Peel . They soured once more in 1846 though when , with Palmerston back as Foreign Secretary , the French government hastily agreed to have Isabella II of Spain and her sister marry members of the Bourbon and Orléanist dynasties , respectively . Palmerston had hoped to arrange a marriage , and `` The Affair of the Spanish Marriages '' has generally been viewed unfavourably by British historians ( `` By the dispassionate judgment of history it has been universally condemned '' ) , although a more sympathetic view has been taken in recent years . Second French Empire ( edit ) Main article : Second French Empire Further information : Crimean War and Second Opium War Napoleon III of France had an expansionist foreign policy , but his relations with Britain were cautious and harmonious . Lord Aberdeen ( foreign secretary 1841 -- 46 ) brokered an entente cordiale with François Guizot and France in the early 1840s . However Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president of France in 1848 and made himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1851 . Napoleon III had an expansionist foreign policy , which saw the French deepen the colonisation of Africa and establish new colonies , in particular Indochina . The British were initially alarmed , and commissioned a series of forts in southern England designed to resist a French invasion . Lord Palmerston as foreign minister and prime minister had close personal ties with leading French statesmen , notably Napoleon III himself . Palmerston 's goal was to arrange peaceful relations with France in order to free Britain 's diplomatic hand elsewhere in the world . Napoleon at first had a pro-British foreign policy , and was eager not to displease the British government whose friendship he saw as important to France . After a brief threat of an invasion of Britain in 1851 , France and Britain cooperated in the 1850s , with an alliance in the Crimean War , and a major trade treaty in 1860 . However Britain viewed the Second Empire with increasing distrust , especially as the emperor built up his navy , expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy . France and Britain were allies during the Crimean War , both aiming to check on the power of an expanding Russia . During the iconic Charge of the Light Brigade it was cover from French cavalry which allowed the British survivors to escape . The two nations were military allies during the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 56 ) to curb Russia 's expansion westwards and its threats to the Ottoman Empire . However , when London discovered that Napoleon III was secretly negotiating with Russia to form a postwar alliance to dominate Europe , it hastily abandoned its plan to end the war by attacking St. Petersburg . Instead Britain concluded an armistice with Russia that achieved none of its war aims . The two nations also co-operated during the Second Opium War with China , dispatching a joint force to the Chinese capital Peking to force a treaty on the Chinese Qing Dynasty . In 1859 Napoleon , bypassing the Corps législatif which he feared would not approve of free trade , met with influential reformer Richard Cobden , and in 1860 the Cobden - Chevalier Treaty was signed between the two countries , reducing tariffs on goods sold between Britain and France . During the American Civil War both nations remained neutral . France came close to entering on the side of the Confederate States of America . The cutoff of cotton shipments caused economic depression in the textile industry , resulting in widespread unemployment and suffering among workers , and support for an intervention that would reopen the trade . In the end Britain refused to go to war and France followed suit . Napoleon III attempted to gain British support for a scheme to put an Austrian Prince , Maximilian I , on the throne of Mexico , but the British were not willing to support any action other than the collection of debts owed by the Mexicans . This forced the French to act alone in the French Intervention in Mexico . The U.S. helped the Juarez regime and France pulled out its troops . Its puppet Emperor Maximilian was executed by the Mexicans . When Napoleon III was overthrown in 1870 , he fled to England where he and his family lived in exile . The new French Third Republic continued a policy of the warm relations with Britain , especially following the creation of the German Empire . Major Jean - Baptiste Marchand led colonial France into the Fashoda incident against British colonists , putting the nations on the brink of war . Late 19th century ( edit ) In the 1875 - 1898 era , tensions were high , especially over African issues . At several points , these issues brought the two nations to the brink of war ; but the situation was always defused diplomatically . One brief but dangerous dispute occurred during the Fashoda Incident when French troops tried to claim an area in the Southern Sudan , and a British force purporting to be acting in the interests of the Khedive of Egypt arrived . Under heavy pressure the French withdrew and Britain took control over the area . France had failed in its main goals . P.M.H. Bell says : Between the two governments there was a brief battle of wills , with the British insisting on immediate and unconditional French withdrawal from Fashoda . The French had to accept these terms , amounting to a public humiliation ... Fashoda was long remembered in France as an example of British brutality and injustice . '' Fashoda was a diplomatic victory for the British because the French realized that in the long run they needed friendship with Britain in case of a war between France and Germany . During the Scramble for Africa in the 1870s and 1880s , the British and French generally recognised each other 's spheres of influence . The Suez Canal , initially built by the French , became a joint British - French project in 1875 , as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia . In 1882 , ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt ( see Urabi Revolt ) prompted Britain to intervene , extending a hand to France . France 's expansionist Prime Minister Jules Ferry was out of office , and the government was unwilling to send more than an intimidating fleet to the region . Britain established a protectorate , as France had a year earlier in Tunisia , and popular opinion in France later put this action down to duplicity . It was about this time that the two nations established co-ownership of Vanuatu . The Anglo - French Convention of 1882 was also signed to resolve territory disagreements in western Africa . Twentieth century ( edit ) The Entente cordiale ( edit ) Main article : Entente cordiale A cartoon on the Entente cordiale from the German perspective . From about 1900 , Francophiles in Britain and Anglophiles in France began to spread a study and mutual respect and love of the culture of the country on the other side of the English Channel . Francophile and Anglophile societies developed , further introducing Britain to French food and wine , and France to English sports like rugby . French and English were already the second languages of choice in Britain and France respectively . Eventually this developed into a political policy as the new united Germany was seen as a potential threat . Louis Blériot , for example , crossed the Channel in an aeroplane in 1909 . Many saw this as symbolic of the connection between the two countries . This period in the first decade of the 20th century became known as the Entente cordiale , and continued in spirit until the 1940s . The signing of the Entente Cordiale also marked the end of almost a millennium of intermittent conflict between the two nations and their predecessor states , and the formalisation of the peaceful co-existence that had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 . Up to 1940 , relations between Britain and France were closer than those between Britain and the US . This also started the beginning of the French and British Special Relationship . After 1907 the British fleet was built up to stay far ahead of Germany . However Britain nor France committed itself to entering a war if Germany attacked the other . First World War ( edit ) Main article : World War I Britain tried to stay neutral as the First World War opened in summer 1914 , as France joined in to help its ally Russia according to its treaty obligations . Britain had no relevant treaty obligations except one to keep Belgium neutral , and was not in close touch with the French leaders . Britain entered when the German army invaded neutral Belgium ( on its way to attack Paris ) ; that was intolerable . It joined France , sending a large army to fight on the Western Front . There was close co-operation between the British and French forces . French Commander - in - Chief Joseph Joffre worked to coordinate Allied military operations and to mount a combined Anglo - French offensive on the Western Front . The result was the great Battle of the Somme in 1916 with massive casualties on both sides and no gains . Unable to advance against the combined primary alliance powers of the British , French , and later American forces as well as the blockade preventing shipping reaching German controlled North Sea seaports , the Germans eventually surrendered after four years of heavy fighting . Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Versailles The British ( red ) and French ( blue ) colonial empires reached their peaks after the First World War , a reflection of the power of their alliance . Following the war , at the Treaty of Versailles the British and French worked closely with the Americans to dominate the main decisions . Both were also keen to protect and expand their empires , in the face of calls for self - determination . On a visit to London , French leader Georges Clemenceau was hailed by the British crowds . Lloyd George was given a similar reception in Paris . Lloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge . He was partly successful , but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany , as in the Locarno Treaties . Under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1923 - 24 Britain took the lead in getting France to accept the American solution through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan , whereby Germany paid its reparations using money borrowed from New York banks . 1920s ( edit ) Both states joined the League of Nations , and both signed agreements of defence of several countries , most significantly Poland . The Treaty of Sèvres split the Middle East between the two states , in the form of mandates . However the outlook of the nations were different during the inter-war years ; while France saw itself inherently as a European power , Britain enjoyed close relationships with Australia , Canada and New Zealand and supported the idea of imperial free trade , a form of protectionism that would have seen large tariffs placed on goods from France . Premier and Finance Minister Raymond Poincaré made it a policy to stabilise the franc to protect against political currency manipulation by Germany and Britain in the early 1920s . He stabilised the franc in 1926 and turned the tables , using short - term financial advantage as leverage against Britain in major policy matters . Britain thought disarmament was the key to peace . France , with its profound fear of German militarism , strenuously opposed the idea . London thought it really sought military dominance of Europe . Before 1933 , most Britons saw France , not Germany , as the chief threat to peace and harmony in Europe . France did not suffer as severe an economic recession , and was the strongest military power , but still it refused British overtures for disarmament . Appeasement of Germany ( edit ) Both states initially pursued a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany . When this failed , they both declared war in September 1939 in response to the German invasion of Poland . In the 1930s Britain and France coordinated their policies toward the aggressive dictatorships of Mussolini 's Italy and Hitler 's Germany . However public opinion did not support going to war again , so the diplomats sought diplomatic solutions , but none worked . Efforts to use the League of Nations to apply sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia failed . France supported the `` Little Entente '' of Czechoslovakia , Romania , and Yugoslavia . It proved much too weak to deter Hitler . The Anglo - German Naval Agreement was signed between the Britain and Nazi Germany in 1935 , allowing Hitler to reinforce his Kriegsmarine . It was regarded by the French as the ruining of the anti-Hitlerian Stresa front . In the years leading up to World War II , both countries followed a similar diplomatic path of appeasement of Germany . As Nazi intentions became clear , France pushed for a harder line but the British demurred , believing diplomacy could solve the disputes . The result was the Munich Agreement of 1938 that gave Germany control of parts of Czechoslovakia settled by Germans . In early 1939 Germany took over all of Czechoslovakia and began threatening Poland . Appeasement had failed , and both Britain and France raced to catch up with Germany in weaponry . Second World War ( edit ) Main article : Diplomacy of World War II After guaranteeing the independence of Poland , both declared war on Germany on the same day , 3 September 1939 , after the Germans ignored an ultimatum to withdraw from the country . When Germany began its attack on France in 1940 , British troops and French troops again fought side by side . Eventually , after the Germans came through the Ardennes , it became clear that France would not be able to fend off the German attack , and Winston Churchill pledged that the United Kingdom would continue to fight for France 's freedom , even if it must do so alone . The final bond between the two nations was so strong that members of the British cabinet had proposed a temporary union of the two countries for the sake of morale : the plan was drawn up by Jean Monnet , who later created the Common Market . The idea was not popular with a majority on either side , and the French government felt that , in the circumstances , the plan for union would reduce France to the level of a British Dominion . The proposal was turned down , shortly before France fell to the Germans . The Free French resistance , led by Charles de Gaulle , were formed in London , after de Gaulle gave his famous ' Appeal of the 18th of June ' , widely broadcast by the BBC . De Gaulle declared himself to be the head of the one and only true government of France , and gathered the Free French Forces around him . One by one he took control of the French colonies and gained recognition from Britain but not the United States . Washington maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy ( until October 1942 ) and avoided recognition of de Gaulle . Churchill , caught between the U.S. and de Gaulle , tried to find a compromise . Prime Minister Winston Churchill and General Charles de Gaulle at Marrakesh , January 1944 In southern France a collaborative government known as Vichy France was set up . It was officially neutral , but metropolitan France was economically under German control . After the Attack on Mers - el - Kébir in 1940 , where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the Vichy France navy , there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of betrayal in France leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar . Eventually , several important French ships joined the Free French Forces . The United States maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy and avoided recognition of de Gaulle 's claim to be the one and only government of France . Churchill , caught between the U.S. and de Gaulle , tried to find a compromise . The pre-emptive destruction of the French fleet by the British at Mers - el - Kebir , on the grounds that it might decide to support the Vichy government , as well as a similar attack on French ships in Oran , proved to be a long - lasting fuel for anti-British sentiment in France . Following D - Day , relations between the two peoples were at a high , as the British were greeted as liberators . Following the surrender of Germany in 1945 , the UK and France became close as both feared the Americans would withdraw from Europe leaving them vulnerable to the Soviet Union 's expanding communist bloc . The UK strongly advocated that France be given a zone of occupied Germany . Both states were amongst the five Permanent Members of the new UN Security Council , where they commonly collaborated . Suez crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez Crisis In 1956 the Suez Canal , previously owned by an Anglo - French company , was nationalised by the Egyptian government . The British and the French were both strongly committed to taking the canal back by force . Both the British and French governments saw the actions of the Egypt president Gamal Abdel Nasser as potentially dangerous to their interests in trade , and within the framework of the Cold War and the tensions of the newly independent . The Americans , while opposed to Nasser , refused to become involved with what many regarded as European colonialism , putting severe strain on the Anglo - American special relationship . The relations between Britain and France were not entirely harmonious , as the French did not inform the British about the involvement of Israel until very close to the commencement of military operations . Common Market ( edit ) Main article : European Common Market Immediately after the Suez crisis Anglo - French relations started to sour again , and only since the last decades of the 20th century have they improved towards the peak they achieved between 1900 and 1940 . Shortly after 1956 , France , West Germany , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg formed what would become the European Economic Community and later the European Union , but rejected British requests for membership . In particular , President Charles de Gaulle 's attempts to exclude the British from European affairs during France 's early Fifth Republic are now seen by many in Britain as a betrayal of the strong bond between the countries , and Anthony Eden 's exclusion of France from the Commonwealth is seen in a similar light in France . The French partly feared that were the British to join the EEC they would attempt to dominate it . Over the years , the UK and France have often taken diverging courses within the European Community . British policy has favoured an expansion of the Community and free trade while France has advocated a closer political union and restricting membership of the Community to a core of Western European states . De Gaulle ( edit ) Main article : Charles de Gaulle In 1958 with France mired in a seemingly unwinnable war in Algeria , Charles de Gaulle , the wartime leader of the Free French , returned to power in France . He created the Fifth French Republic , ending the post-war parliamentary system and replacing it with a strong Presidency , which became dominated by his followers -- the Gaullists . De Gaulle made ambitious changes to French foreign policy -- first ending the war in Algeria , and then withdrawing France from the NATO command structure . De Gaulle feared that letting Britain into the European Community would open the way for Anglo - Saxon ( i.e. , US and UK ) influence to overwhelm the France - West Germany coalition that was now dominant . On 14 January 1963 , de Gaulle announced that France would veto Britain 's entry into the Common Market . Since 1969 ( edit ) Former President Nicolas Sarkozy had tried to establish a closer relationship with the UK , than existed under his predecessors Jacques Chirac and François Mitterrand . When de Gaulle resigned in 1969 , a new French government under Georges Pompidou was prepared to open a more friendly dialogue with Britain . He felt that in the economic crises of the 1970s Europe needed Britain . Pompidou welcomed British membership of the EEC , opening the way for the United Kingdom to join it in 1973 . The two countries ' relationship was strained significantly in the lead - up to the 2003 War in Iraq . Britain and its American ally strongly advocated the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein , while France ( with China , Russia , and other nations ) strongly opposed such action , with French President Jacques Chirac threatening to veto any resolution proposed to the UN Security Council . However , despite such differences Chirac and then British Prime Minister Tony Blair maintained a fairly close relationship during their years in office even after the Iraq War started . Both states asserted the importance of the Entente cordiale alliance , and the role it had played during the 20th century . Sarkozy Presidency ( edit ) Following his election in 2007 , President Nicolas Sarkozy attempted to forge closer relations between France and the United Kingdom : in March 2008 , Prime Minister Gordon Brown said that `` there has never been greater cooperation between France and Britain as there is now '' . Sarkozy also urged both countries to `` overcome our long - standing rivalries and build together a future that will be stronger because we will be together '' . He also said `` If we want to change Europe my dear British friends -- and we Frenchmen do wish to change Europe -- we need you inside Europe to help us do so , not standing on the outside . '' On 26 March 2008 , Sarkozy had the privilege of giving a speech to both British Houses of Parliament , where he called for a `` brotherhood '' between the two countries and stated that `` France will never forget Britain 's war sacrifice '' during World War II . In March 2008 , Sarkozy made a state visit to Britain , promising closer cooperation between the two countries ' governments in the future . Hollande Presidency ( edit ) Cameron and Hollande at the G8 summit in 2012 The final months towards the end of François Hollande 's tenure as President saw the UK vote to leave the EU . His response to the result was `` I profoundly regret this decision for the United Kingdom and for Europe , but the choice is theirs and we have to respect it . '' Economy Minister and , currently , President , Emmanuel Macron accused the U.K. of taking the EU `` hostage '' with a referendum called to solve a domestic political problem of eurosceptics and that `` the failure of the British government ( has opened up ) the possibility of the crumbling of Europe . '' In contrast , the vote was welcomed by Eurosceptic political leaders and presidential candidates Marine Le Pen and Nicolas Dupont - Aignan as a victory for `` freedom '' . Defence cooperation ( edit ) The two nations have a post WWII record of working together on international security measures , as was seen in the Suez Crisis and Falklands War . Signing of the defence co-operation treaties On 2 November 2010 , France and the UK signed two defence co-operation treaties . They provide for the sharing of aircraft carriers , a 1000 - strong joint reaction force , a common nuclear simulation centre in France , a common nuclear research centre in the UK , sharing air - refuelling tankers and joint training . Their post-colonial entanglements have given them a more outward focus than the other countries of Europe , leading them to work together on issues such as the Libyan Civil War . Commerce ( edit ) France is the United Kingdom 's third - biggest export market after the United States and Germany . Exports to France rose 14.3 % from £ 16.542 billion in 2010 to £ 18.905 billion in 2011 , overtaking exports to the Netherlands . Over the same period , French exports to Britain rose 5.5 % from £ 18.133 billion to £ 19.138 billion . The British Foreign & Commonwealth Office estimates that 19.3 million British citizens , roughly a third of the entire population , visit France each year . In 2012 , the French were the biggest visitors to the UK ( 12 % , 3,787,000 ) and the second - biggest tourist spenders in Britain ( 8 % , £ 1.513 billion ) . Education ( edit ) The Entente Cordiale Scholarship scheme is a selective Franco - British scholarship scheme which was announced on 30 October 1995 by British Prime Minister John Major and French President Jacques Chirac at an Anglo - French summit in London . It provides funding for British and French students to study for one academic year on the other side of the Channel . The scheme is administered by the French embassy in London for British students , and by the British Council in France and the UK embassy in Paris for French students . Funding is provided by the private sector and foundations . The scheme aims to favour mutual understanding and to promote exchanges between the British and French leaders of tomorrow . The programme was initiated by Sir Christopher Mallaby , British ambassador to France between 1993 and 1996 . The sciences ( edit ) An Air France Concorde . The supersonic commercial aircraft was developed jointly by the United Kingdom and France . The Concorde supersonic commercial aircraft was developed under an international treaty between the UK and France in 1962 , and commenced flying in 1969 . Arts and culture ( edit ) In general , France is regarded with favour by Britain in regard to its high culture and is seen as an ideal holiday destination , whilst France sees Britain as a major trading partner . Both countries are famously contemptuous of each other 's cooking , many French claiming all British food is bland and boring , whilst many British claim that French food is inedible . Much of the apparent disdain for French food and culture in Britain takes the form of self - effacing humour , and British comedy often uses French culture as the butt of its jokes . Whether this is representative of true opinion or not is open to debate . Sexual euphemisms with no link to France , such as French kissing , or French letter for a condom , are used in British English slang . French classical music has always been popular in Britain . British popular music is in turn popular in France . English literature , in particular the works of Agatha Christie and William Shakespeare , has been immensely popular in France . French artist Eugène Delacroix based many of his paintings on scenes from Shakespeare 's plays . In turn , French writers such as Molière , Voltaire and Victor Hugo have been translated numerous times into English . In general , most of the more popular books in either language are translated into the other . Language ( edit ) Main articles : List of English words of French origin , List of French words and phrases used by English speakers , and Franglais The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom contains two mottos in French : Honi soit qui mal y pense ( Shame on whoever thinks ill of it ) and Dieu et mon droit ( God and my right ) . The first foreign language most commonly taught in schools in Britain is French , and the first foreign language most commonly taught in schools in France is English . Those are also the languages perceived as `` most useful to learn '' in both countries . French is a substantial minority language and immigrant language in the United Kingdom , with over 100,000 French - born people in the UK . According to a 2006 European Commission report , 23 % of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French and 39 % of French residents are able to carry on a conversation in English . French is also an official language in both Jersey and Guernsey . Both use French to some degree , mostly in an administrative or ceremonial capacity . Jersey Legal French is the standardized variety used in Jersey . However , Norman ( in its local forms , Guernésiais and Jèrriais ) is the historical vernacular of the islands . Both languages have influenced each other throughout the years . According to different sources , nearly 30 % of all English words have a French origin , and today many French expressions have entered the English language as well . The term Franglais , a portmanteau combining the French words `` français '' and `` anglais '' , refers to the combination of French and English ( mostly in the UK ) or the use of English words and nouns of Anglo - Saxon roots in French ( in France ) . Modern and Middle English reflect a mixture of Oïl and Old English lexicons after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 , when a Norman - speaking aristocracy took control of a population whose mother tongue was Germanic in origin . Due to the intertwined histories of England and continental possessions of the English Crown , many formal and legal words in Modern English have French roots . For example , buy and sell are of Germanic origin , while purchase and vend are from Old French . Sports ( edit ) French football manager Arsene Wenger has won three Premier League titles with Arsenal F.C. using teams with significant French players . In the sport of rugby union there is a rivalry between England and France . Both countries compete in the Six Nations Championship and the Rugby World Cup . England have the edge in both tournaments having the most outright wins in the Six Nations ( and its previous version the Five Nations ) , and most recently knocking the French sides out of the 2003 and 2007 World Cups at the semifinal stage and France knocked England out of the 2011 Rugby World Cup with a convincing score in their quarter final match . Though rugby is originally a British sport , French rugby has developed to such an extent that the English and French teams are now stiff competitors , with neither side greatly superior to the other . The influence of French players and coaches on British football has been increasing in recent years and is often cited as an example of Anglo - French cooperation . In particular the Premier League club Arsenal has become known for its Anglo - French connection due to a heavy influx of French players since the advent of French manager Arsène Wenger in 1996 . In March 2008 their Emirates stadium was chosen as the venue for a meeting during a state visit by the French President precisely for this reason . Many people blamed the then French President Jacques Chirac for contributing to Paris ' loss to London in its bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics after he made deregatory remarks about British cuisine and saying that `` only Finnish food is worse '' . The IOC committee which would ultimately decide to give the games to London had two members from Finland . Transport ( edit ) Ferries ( edit ) The busiest seaway in the world , the English Channel , connects ports in Great Britain such as Dover , Newhaven , Poole , Weymouth , Portsmouth and Plymouth to ports such as Roscoff , Calais , Boulogne , Dunkerque , Dieppe , Cherbourg - Octeville , Caen , St Malo and Le Havre in mainland France . Companies such as Brittany Ferries , P&O Ferries , DFDS Seaways and LD Lines operate ferry services across the Channel . In addition , there are ferries across the Anguilla Channel between Blowing Point , Anguilla ( a British Overseas Territory ) and Marigot , Saint Martin ( an overseas collectivity of France ) . Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel Since 1994 , the Channel Tunnel ( French entrance pictured ) has provided a direct rail link between the United Kingdom and France . The Channel Tunnel ( French : Le tunnel sous la Manche ; also referred to as the Chunnel ) is a 50.5 - kilometre ( 31.4 mi ) undersea rail tunnel ( linking Folkestone , Kent , in the United Kingdom with Coquelles , Pas - de-Calais , near the city of Calais in northern France ) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover . Ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802 , but British political and press pressure over compromised national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel . The eventual successful project , organised by Eurotunnel , began construction in 1988 and was opened by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994 . The same year the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the Channel Tunnel as one of the seven modern Wonders of the World . Flights ( edit ) 11,675,910 passengers in 2008 travelled on flights between the United Kingdom and France . Twin cities ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Aberdeen and Clermont - Ferrand , Auvergne Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire and Bourg - en - Bresse , Ain Aylsham , Norfolk and La Chaussée - Saint - Victor , Barnet , London and Le Raincy , Île - de-France Barrow upon Soar , Leicestershire and Marans , Poitou - Charentes Basingstoke , Hampshire and Alençon , Lower Normandy Bath , Bath and North East Somerset and Aix - en - Provence , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Beccles , Suffolk and Petit - Couronne , Normandy Birmingham , West Midlands and Lyon , Rhône - Alpes Bolton , Greater Manchester and Le Mans , Sarthe Bristol , City of Bristol and Bordeaux , Gironde Bury , Greater Manchester and Angoulême , Poitou - Charentes Canterbury , Kent and Reims , Champagne - Ardenne Cardiff and Nantes , Pays de la Loire Chelmsford , Essex and Annonay , Rhône - Alpes Chester , Cheshire and Sens , Burgundy Chichester , West Sussex and Chartres , Centre Chippenham , Wiltshire and La Flèche , Sarthe Chipping Ongar , Essex and Cerizay , Poitou - Charentes Cockermouth , Cumbria and Marvejols , Lozère Colchester , Essex and Avignon , Vaucluse Crewe , Cheshire and Mâcon , Burgundy Droylsden , Tameside and Villemomble , Île - de-France Dorchester , Dorset and Bayeux , Normandy Dundee and Orléans , Centre - Val de Loire Dukinfield , Cheshire and Champagnole , Jura Ealing , London and Marcq - en - Barœul , Nord - Pas - de-Calais East Preston , West Sussex and Brou , Eure - et - Loir , Centre Edinburgh and Nice , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Epsom , Surrey and Chantilly , Picardy Exeter , Devon and Rennes , Brittany Exmouth , Devon and Dinan , Brittany Farnborough , Hampshire and Meudon , Île - de-France Glasgow and Marseille , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Gloucester , Gloucestershire and Metz , Lorraine Godalming , Surrey and Joigny , Yonne Hammersmith and Fulham , London and Boulogne - Billancourt , Île - de-France Harrogate , Yorkshire and Luchon , Haute - Garonne Harrow , London and Douai , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Hastings , East Sussex and Béthune , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Havering , London and Hesdin , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Hillingdon , London and Mantes - la - Jolie , Île - de-France Horsham , West Sussex and St Maixent L'Ecole , Poitou - Charentes Hounslow , London and Issy - les - Moulineaux , Île - de-France Inverness and Saint - Valery - en - Caux , Upper Normandy Ipswich , Suffolk and Arras , Pas - de-Calais Kensington and Chelsea , London and Cannes , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Leeds , Yorkshire and Lille , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Leicester and Strasbourg , Alsace Lewisham , London and Antony , Île - de-France Lichfield , Staffordshire and Sainte - Foy - lès - Lyon , Rhône - Alpes Littlehampton , West Sussex and Chennevières - sur - Marne , Île - de-France Llanelli , Carmarthenshire and Agen , Aquitaine London and Paris , Île - de-France Loughborough , Leicestershire and Épinal , Lorraine Maidstone , Kent and Beauvais , Picardy Merthyr Tydfil , Merthyr Tydfil and Clichy , Hauts - de-Seine , Île - de-France Middlesbrough , Yorkshire and Dunkirk , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Newcastle upon Tyne and Nancy , Lorraine Newhaven , East Sussex and La Chapelle - Saint - Mesmin , Loiret Northampton , Northamptonshire and Poitiers , Poitou - Charentes Norwich , Norfolk and Rouen , Upper Normandy Oxford , Oxfordshire and Grenoble , Rhône - Alpes Perth and Cognac , Poitou - Charentes Plymouth , Devon and Brest , Brittany Portsmouth , Hampshire and Caen , Lower Normandy Preston , Lancashire and Nîmes , Languedoc - Roussillon Ramsgate , Kent and Conflans - Sainte - Honorine , Île - de-France Richmond upon Thames , London and Fontainebleau , Île - de-France Rochdale , Greater Manchester and Tourcoing , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Rotherham , Yorkshire and Saint - Quentin , Picardy Royston , Hertfordshire and La Loupe , Eure - et - Loir Salford , Greater Manchester and Clermont - Ferrand , Auvergne Salisbury , Wiltshire and Saintes , Poitou - Charentes Sawbridgeworth , Hertfordshire and Bry - sur - Marne , Île - de-France Selby , Yorkshire and Carentan , Lower Normandy City of Southampton , Hampshire and Le Havre , Upper Normandy Spelthorne , Surrey and Melun , Upper Normandy Stalybridge , Tameside and Armentières , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Stockport , Greater Manchester and Béziers , Languedoc - Roussillon Sunderland , Tyne & Wear and Saint Nazaire , Brittany Sutton , London and Gagny , Île - de-France Taunton , Somerset and Lisieux , Lower Normandy Truro , Cornwall and Morlaix , Brittany Waltham Forest , London and Saint - Mandé , Île - de-France Watford , Hertfordshire and Nanterre , Île - de-France Wellington , Shropshire and Châtenay - Malabry , Île - de-France Wembury , Devonshire and Locmaria - Plouzané , Brittany Wetherby , Yorkshire and Privas , Ardèche Wigan , Greater Manchester and Angers , Maine et Loire Metropolitan Borough of Wirral , Merseyside and Lorient , Brittany and Gennevilliers , Île - de-France Winchester , Hampshire and Laon , Picardy Woking , Surrey and Le Plessis - Robinson , Île - de-France York , Yorkshire and Dijon , Burgundy There are lists of twinnings ( including those to towns in other countries ) at List of twin towns and sister cities in France and at List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Angevin Empire History of French foreign relations Auld Alliance , between France and Scotland Common Security and Defence Policy Embassy of the United Kingdom , Paris English claims to the French throne Entente cordiale Entente Cordiale Scholarships Franco - British Union French migration to the United Kingdom Hundred Years ' War List of British French List of ambassadors from the Kingdom of England to France ( up to 1707 ) List of ambassadors of Great Britain to France ( from 1707 to 1800 ) . List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France ( since 1800 ) List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom ( since 1800 ) Military history of England Military history of France Perfidious Albion Second Hundred Years ' War SEPECAT Jaguar Triple Entente 1983 France -- United Kingdom Maritime Boundary Convention 1996 France -- United Kingdom Maritime Delimitation Agreements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Britain and France : the impossible , indispensable relationship , The Economist , Dec 1st 2011 Jump up ^ Economies of Britain and France have more similarities than differences , The Guardian , 5 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` The two countries are forever comparing one against the other. ( ... ) '' , Britain - France ties : How cordial is the entente ? , BBC News , 30 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` The UK 's EU referendum : All you need to know - BBC News '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Royaume - Uni -- France Diplomacie Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-272351 Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Europe : where do people live ? '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Christopher A. Snyder , The Britons ( 2003 ) ( Author Jump up ^ Richard Huscroft , The Norman Conquest : A New Introduction ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George Beech , Was the Bayeux Tapestry Made in France ? ( 2005 ) pp. 19 - 31 . Jump up ^ Frank Barlow , William Rufus ( Yale UP , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ C. Warren Hollister , `` The strange death of William Rufus . '' Speculum 48.4 ( 1973 ) : 637 - 653 . Jump up ^ http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/sitefolders/villages/beaulieu/historyintro/beaulieuhistorypage.html Jump up ^ Dan Jones and Clive Chafer , The Plantagenets : The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Maurice Powicke , The Thirteenth Century , 1216 - 1307 ( Oxford History of England , 1962 ) . Jump up ^ David Green , The Hundred Years War : A People 's History ( 2014 ) , Jump up ^ May McKisack , The Fourteenth Century , 1307 - 1399 ( Oxford History of England , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Norman Macdougall , An Antidote to the English : The Auld Alliance , 1295 -- 1560 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire ( 2008 ) pp. 9 -- 29 Jump up ^ Simms p. 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Simms p. 51 - 3 Jump up ^ J.O. Lindsay , ed. , New Cambridge Modern History , Vol . VII : The Old Regime , 1713 - 63 ( 1963 ) pp 191 - 268 . Jump up ^ James Falkner , The War of the Spanish Succession 1701 - 1714 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Robertson , England under the Hanoverians ( 1911 ) online Jump up ^ D. B Horn , Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century ( 1967 ) pp 22 - 85 . Jump up ^ Simms p. 29 Jump up ^ Horne p. 144 Jump up ^ Tom Pocock , Battle for Empire : The Very First World War , 1756 - 63 ( London : Michael O'Mara Books , 1998 ) Jump up ^ 1759 : The Year Britain Became Master of the World . McLynn , Frank . ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Harvey p. 247 Jump up ^ Harvey p362 - 63 Jump up ^ Harvey p. 393 Jump up ^ William C. Stinchcombe , The American Revolution and the French Alliance ( Syracuse Univ Press , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Rodgers p. 361 Jump up ^ Rodgers p. 362 - 3 Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions , 1783 - 1793 ( 1994 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ Steven T. Ross , European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Roger Knight , Britain Against Napoleon : The Organization Of Victory ; 1793 - 1815 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Marianne Elliott , Partners in Revolution : The United Irishmen and France ( Yale UP , 1982 ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew Roberts , Napoleon : A Life ( 2014 ) p 316 Jump up ^ Frederick Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) pp 42 - 43 Jump up ^ McLynn , Napoleon : A Biography ( 1997 ) p. 69 Jump up ^ John D. Grainger , Amiens Truce : Britain & Bonaparte , 1801 - 1803 ( 2004 ) has a well - balanced analysis of both sides Jump up ^ Arthur Bryant , Years of victory : 1802 - 1812 ( 1944 ) , pp 1 - 52 , although older , is a well - regarded interpretation from the British perspective Jump up ^ Kagan , The End of the Old Order : Napoleon and Europe , 1801 - 1805 ( 2007 ) pp 1 - 50 stresses Napoleon 's initiatives . Jump up ^ Paul Schroeder , The Transformation of European politics 1763 - 1848 ( 1994 ) pp 231 - 45 is highly analytical and hostile to Napoleon Jump up ^ Esdaile p. 1 - 36 Jump up ^ Esdaile p. 87 - 108 Jump up ^ Esdaile p503 - 6 Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson , Empire : How Britain Made the Modern World ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ William Ewart Gladstone recounting the conversation to Lord Rendel in 1889 , from F.E. Hamer ( ed . ) The Personal Papers of Lord Rendel ( London : Ernest Benn Ltd , 1931 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Reeve , Henry ; Shotwell , James Thomson ( 1911 ) . `` Guizot , François Pierre Guillaume '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 708 . Jump up ^ Keith Randell ( 1991 ) . France 1814 -- 1870 : Monarchy , Republic and Empire . Access to History . Hodder & Stoughton . pp. 50 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 51805 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Brown , `` Palmerston and Anglo -- French Relations , 1846 -- 1865 , '' Diplomacy & Statecraft ( 2006 ) 17 # 4 pp 675 - 692 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Philip Parry , `` The impact of Napoleon III on British politics , 1851 -- 1880 . '' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ( Sixth Series ) 11 ( 2001 ) : 147 - 175 . online Jump up ^ Brian James , `` Allies in Disarray : The Messy End of the Crimean War , '' History Today ( 2008 ) 58 # 3 pp 24 - 31 , online Jump up ^ Randell , p. 50 - 53 Jump up ^ Thomas A. Sancton , `` The Myth of French Worker Support for the North in the American Civil War , '' French Historical Studies ( 1979 ) , 11 # 1 pp. 58 - 80 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jasper Ridley , Maximilian and Juarez ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ T.G. Otte , `` From ' War - in - Sight ' to Nearly War : Anglo -- French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism , 1875 -- 1898 , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft ( 2006 ) 17 # 4 pp 693 - 714 . Jump up ^ Roger Glenn Brown , Fashoda reconsidered : the impact of domestic politics on French policy in Africa , 1893 - 1898 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ P.M.H. Bell ( 2014 ) . France and Britain , 1900 - 1940 : Entente and Estrangement . Routledge . p. 3 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 - 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 381 - 88 Jump up ^ D.W. Brogan , France under the Republic : The Development of Modern France ( 1870 - 1930 ) ( 1940 ) pp 321 - 26 Jump up ^ William L. Langer , The diplomacy of imperialism : 1890 - 1902 ( 1951 ) pp 537 - 80 Jump up ^ Turner p. 26 - 7 Jump up ^ Keith Randell ( 1991 ) . France : The Third Republic 1870 -- 1914 . Access to History . ISBN 0 - 340 - 55569 - 6 . Jump up ^ P.J.V. Rolo , Entente Cordiale : the origins and negotiation of the Anglo - French agreements of 8 April 1904 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Samuel R. Williamson , The politics of grand strategy : Britain and France prepare for war , 1904 - 1914 ( Ashfield Press , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ John Keiger , France and the Origins of the First World War ( 1985 ) summary Jump up ^ David French , British Strategy and War Aims 1914 - 1916 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Prete , Roy A. `` Joffre and the Origins of the Somme : A Study in Allied Military Planning . '' The Journal of Military History 73 # 2 ( 2009 ) : 417 - 448 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Greenhalgh , Victory through Coalition : Britain and France during the First World War ( Cambridge UP , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Margaret MacMillan , Peacemakers : Six Months that Changed the World ( John Murray , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Erik Goldstein , Winning the peace : British diplomatic strategy , peace planning , and the Paris Peace Conference , 1916 - 1920 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Frank Magee , `` ' Limited Liability ' ? Britain and the Treaty of Locarno . '' Twentieth Century British History 6.1 ( 1995 ) : 1 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andrew Barros , `` Disarmament as a weapon : Anglo - French relations and the problems of enforcing German disarmament , 1919 -- 28 . '' Journal of Strategic Studies 29 # 2 ( 2006 ) : 301 - 321 . Jump up ^ David Marquand , Ramsay MacDonald ( 1977 ) p 351 . Jump up ^ Patrick O. Cohrs , The unfinished peace after world war 1 : America , Britain and the stabilization of Europe , 1919 - 1932 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ John Keiger , `` Wielding Finance as a Weapon of Diplomacy : France and Britain in the 1920s , '' Contemporary British History ( 2011 ) 25 # 1 pp 29 - 47 Jump up ^ David Marquand , Ramsay MacDonald ( 1977 ) p 716 . Jump up ^ William I. Shorrock , `` France , Italy , and the Eastern Mediterranean in the 1920s , '' International History Review ( 1986 ) 8 # 1 pp 70 - 82 Jump up ^ David Faber , Munich , 1938 : Appeasement and World War II ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search ^ Jump up to : Milton Viorst , Hostile allies : FDR and Charles de Gaulle ( 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : David G. Haglund , `` Roosevelt as ' Friend of France ' -- But Which One ? . '' Diplomatic history ( 2007 ) 31 # 5 pp : 883 - 908 . Jump up ^ Thomas Martin , `` After Mers - el - Kébir : The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy , 1940 - 43 . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) : 643 - 670 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Turner p. 186 Jump up ^ Turner p. 267 Jump up ^ Philip G. Cerny , The Politics of Grandeur : Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle 's Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley ; Richard T. Griffiths ( 1999 ) . John F. Kennedy and Europe . LSU Press . p. 303 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) À Londres , pompe royale pour le couple Sarkozy -- Le Point Jump up ^ Ronald Tiersky ; John Van Oudenaren ( 2010 ) . European Foreign Policies : Does Europe Still Matter ? . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Kettle , Martin ( 5 April 2004 ) . `` The odd couple '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ French - UK links to be strengthened in ' entente formidable ' Jump up ^ Be it cordiale or amicale , entente is here to stay Jump up ^ Sarkozy : We are stronger together -- BBC Jump up ^ President pays tribute to Britain and calls for ' brotherhood ' -- The Guardian Jump up ^ Nicolas Sarkozy : ' France will never forget Britain 's war sacrifice ' -- The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ `` Sarkozy : Britain , France stronger together '' . United International Press . 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Brexit ' Aftershocks : More Rifts in Europe , and in Britain , Too '' . The New York Times . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU calls for UK to ' Brexit ' quickly ; Britain wants more time '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` World reaction as UK votes to leave EU '' . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le peuple a tort , changeons de peuple ! '' ( in French ) . Blog.nicolasdupontaignan.fr. 2014 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pop , Valentina . `` / Defence / France and UK to sign historic defence pact '' . Euobserver.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : UK - French defence treaty '' . BBC News . 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Rettman , Andrew ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` UK and France going own way on military co-operation '' . euobserver.com . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 24 February 2010 ) . `` UK export and import in 2011 : top products and trading partners '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/france Jump up ^ http://www.visitbritain.org/insightsandstatistics/inboundtourismfacts/ Jump up ^ Franco - British Council ( 2001 ) . Crossing the Channel ( PDF ) . ISBN 0 9540118 2 1 . Jump up ^ Entente Cordiale scholarships on the website of the French Embassy in the UK Jump up ^ Entente Cordiale scholarships on the website of the British Council France Jump up ^ Entente Cordiale scholarships on the website of the UK embassy in France Jump up ^ Wilson , Iain ( 2010 ) , Aberyswyth University , ed. , Are International Exchange and Mobility Programmes Effective Tools of Symmetric Public Diplomacy ? ( PDF ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ http://www.britishairways.com/concorde/aboutconcorde.html Jump up ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=french Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/eurobarometer/e386-factsheets-uk_en.pdf Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/eurobarometer/e386-factsheets-fr_en.pdf Jump up ^ `` EUROPA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brown , Windsor and soccer for Sarkozy visit Jump up ^ Barkham , Patrick ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` Chirac 's reheated food jokes bring Blair to the boil '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ http://www.brittanyferries.com/ Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English ( 2nd Edition Revised ed . ) . OUP Oxford . 11 August 2005 . ISBN 3 - 411 - 02144 - 6 . Jump up ^ Janet Stobart ( 20 December 2009 ) . `` Rail passengers spend a cold , dark night stranded in Chunnel '' . L.A. Times . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Whiteside p. 17 Jump up ^ `` The Channel Tunnel '' . library.thinkquest.org . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson pp. 14 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2008Annual/Table_12_1_Intl_Air_Pax_Route_Analysis_2008.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Gibson , Robert . The Best of Enemies : Anglo - French Relations Since the Norman Conquest ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) major scholarly study excerpt and text search Horne , Alistair , Friend or Foe : An Anglo - Saxon History of France ( Weidenfield and Nicholson , 2005 ) . Johnson , Douglas , et al. Britain and France : Ten Centuries ( 1980 ) table of contents Tombs , R.P. and I. Tombs , That Sweet Enemy : Britain and France , the History of a Love - Hate Relationship ( Pimlico , 2007 ) To 1918 ( edit ) Acomb , Frances Dorothy . Anglophobia in France , 1763 - 1789 : an essay in the history of constitutionalism and nationalism ( Duke University Press , 1950 ) . Andrews , Stuart . The British periodical press and the French Revolution , 1789 - 99 ( Macmillan , 2000 ) Baugh , Daniel A . The Global Seven Years ' War , 1754 - 1763 : Britain and France in a Great Power Contest ( Longman , 2011 ) Black , Jeremy . Natural and Necessary Enemies : Anglo - French Relations in the Eighteenth Century ( 1986 ) . Clark , Christopher . The sleepwalkers : how Europe went to war in 1914 ( 2012 ) Crouzet , François . Britain Ascendant . Comparative Studies in Franco - British Economic History ( Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) . Dickinson , Harry Thomas , ed . Britain and the French Revolution , 1789 - 1815 ( 1989 ) Harvey , Robert , The War of Wars : The Great European Conflict 1793 -- 1815 ( Robinson , 2007 ) . Horn , David Bayne . Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century ( 1967 ) pp 22 -- 85 . Jacobs , Wilbur R. Diplomacy and Indian gifts : Anglo - French rivalry along the Ohio and Northwest frontiers , 1748 - 1763 ( 1950 ) Keiger , J.F.V. France and the World since 1870 ( 2001 ) Langer , William . European Alliances and Alignments 1870 - 1890 ( 1950 ) ; advanced history Langer , William . The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890 - 1902 ( 1950 ) ; advanced history McLynn , Frank , 1759 : The Year Britain Became Master of the World ( Pimlico , 2005 ) . Newman , Gerald . `` Anti-French Propaganda and British Liberal Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century : Suggestions Toward a General Interpretation . '' Victorian Studies ( 1975 ) : 385 - 418 . in JSTOR Otte , T.G. `` From `` War - in - Sight '' to Nearly War : Anglo -- French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism , 1875 -- 1898 . '' Diplomacy and Statecraft ( 2006 ) 17 # 4 pp : 693 - 714 . Parry , Jonathan Philip . `` The impact of Napoleon III on British politics , 1851 -- 1880 . '' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ( Sixth Series ) 11 ( 2001 ) : 147 - 175 . online ; a study in distrust Philpott , William James . Anglo - French Relations and Strategy on the Western Front 1914 - 18 ( 1996 ) Rich , Norman . Great Power Diplomacy : 1814 - 1914 ( 1991 ) , comprehensive survey Schmidt , H.D. `` The Idea and Slogan of ' Perfidious Albion ' '' Journal of the History of Ideas ( 1953 ) pp : 604 - 616 . in JSTOR ; on French distrust of `` Albion '' ( i.e. England ) Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics 1763 - 1848 ( 1994 ) 920pp ; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy online Simms , Brendan , Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire ( Penguin Books , 2008 ) Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) 638pp ; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy Since 1919 ( edit ) Adamthwaite , Anthony . Grandeur And Misery : France 's Bid for Power in Europe , 1914 - 1940 ( Hodder Arnold , 1995 ) . Alexander , Martin S. and William J. Philpott . Anglo - French Defence Relations Between the Wars ( 2003 ) , 1919 - 39 excerpt and text search Bell , P.M.H. France and Britain , 1900 - 1940 : Entente and Estrangement ( 2nd ed. 2014 ) . Bell , P.M.H. France and Britain , 1940 - 1994 : The Long Separation ( 1997 ) . Berthon , Simon . Allies at War : The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill , Roosevelt , and de Gaulle ( 2001 ) . 356 pp . Boyce , Robert , ed. French foreign and defence policy , 1918 - 1940 : the decline and fall of a great power ( Routledge , 2005 ) . Brunschwig , Henri . Anglophobia and French African Policy ( Yale University Press , 1971 ) . Capet , Antoine , ed . Britain , France and the Entente Cordiale Since 1904 ( Palgrave Macmillan 2006 ) . Chassaigne , Philippe , and Michael Lawrence Dockrill , eds . Anglo - French Relations 1898 - 1998 : From Fashoda to Jospin ( Palgrave , 2002 ) online essays by scholars Clarke , Michael . `` French and British security : mirror images in a globalized world . '' International Affairs 76.4 ( 2000 ) : 725 - 740 . Online Crossley , Ceri , and Ian Small , eds . Studies in Anglo French Cultural Relations : Imagining France ( 1988 ) Davis , Richard . Anglo - French Relations before the Second World War : Appeasement and Crisis ( 2001 ) online Hucker , Daniel . Public opinion and the end of appeasement in Britain and France ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Keiger , J.F.V. France and the World since 1870 ( 2001 ) Kolodziej , Edward A. French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou : The Politics of Grandeur ( 1974 ) online edition MacMillan , Margaret , Peacemakers : Six Months that Changed the World ( 2003 ) on Versailles Conference of 1919 Maclean , Mairi , and Jean - Marie Trouille , eds . France , Germany and Britain : Partners in a Changing World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2001 ) . Mayne , Richard et al. Cross-Channel Currents : 100 Hundred Years of the Entente Cordiale ( 2004 ) online Oye , Kenneth A . `` The sterling - dollar - franc triangle : Monetary diplomacy 1929 -- 1937 . '' World Politics ( 1985 ) 38 # 1 pp : 173 - 199 . Pickles , Dorothy . The Uneasy Entente . French Foreign Policy and Franco - British Misunderstandings ( 1966 ) Sharp , Alan et al. eds . Anglo - French Relations in the Twentieth Century : Rivalry and Cooperation ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Thomas , Martin . Britain , France and Appeasement : Anglo - French Relations in the Popular Front Era ( 1996 ) online Thomas , R.T. Britain and Vichy : The Dilemma of Anglo - French Relations , 1940 - 42 ( 1979 ) Torrent , Melanie . Diplomacy and Nation - Building in Africa : Franco - British Relations and Cameroon at the End of Empire ( I.B. Tauris , distributed by Palgrave Macmillan ; 2012 ) 409 pages ; Williams , Andrew . France , Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900 -- 1940 : A Reappraisal ( Springer , 2014 ) . In French ( edit ) Guiffan , Jean . Histoire de l'anglophobie en France : de Jeanne d'Arc à la vache folle ( Terre de brume , 2004 ) Nordmann , Claude . `` Anglomanie et Anglophobie en France au XVIIIe siècle ' . '' Revue du Nord 66 ( 1984 ) pp : 787 - 803 . Serodes , F. Anglophobie et politique de Fachoda à Mers el - Kebir ( L Harmattan , 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Relations of France and the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons Franco - British Council Links University of London in Paris ( ULIP ) French Embassy in the United Kingdom British Embassy in France France 's prime minister orders colleagues to stop using English as ' the language of the Republic is French ' <Th_colspan="3"> Foreign relations of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Egypt Kenya Libya Morocco Namibia Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Malaysia North Korea Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Spain Switzerland Ukraine North America Barbados Canada Cuba Grenada Mexico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States ( Special Relationship Cayman Islands Bermuda ) Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands South America Argentina Brazil Chile Uruguay Venezuela <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Multilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> UK and the United Nations Commonwealth of Nations European Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy <Td_colspan="2"> History 1814 -- 1919 Foreign and Commonwealth Office Secretary of State Diplomatic missions of / in the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="3"> Commons <Th_colspan="3"> Foreign relations of France <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Algeria Angola Central African Republic Chad Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Gabon Kenya Libya Madagascar Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Senegal Somalia South Africa Tunisia Americas Argentina Barbados Brazil Canada Colombia Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago United States Texas ( historic ) Uruguay Venezuela Asia Armenia Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq ( Kurdistan ) Israel Japan Lebanon Malaysia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati New Zealand Papua New Guinea Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Multilateral relations <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Asia Americas Commonwealth of Nations United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy <Td_colspan="2"> Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of / in France International relations portal France portal United Kingdom portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France -- United_Kingdom_relations&oldid = 800701826 '' Categories : Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom Bilateral relations of France English history - related lists France -- United Kingdom relations France - related lists French military - related lists United Kingdom military - related lists Military history of Europe Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing French - language text Incomplete lists from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 04 : 28 . 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1. France-United Kingdom relations 2. Historical ties and conflicts 3. Norman conquest of England 4. Wars between France and England 5. Modern relationship and disagreements

who plays andy's daughter on major crimes

Andy Flynn ( the Closer ) - wikipedia Andy Flynn ( the Closer ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Andrew Flynn First appearance The Closer ( Pilot ) Last appearance Major Crimes ( current character ) Created by James Duff Portrayed by Tony Denison <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Andy Gender Male Occupation LAPD Lieutenant , Major Crimes Former Detective Robbery / Homicide Division Title Detective Lieutenant I Family Sandra ( ex-wife ) Sharon Raydor ( wife , 2017 , widowed ) Children Nicole Flynn ( daughter ) Unnamed son Ricky Raydor ( stepson ) Emily Raydor ( stepdaughter ) Rusty Beck ( adoptive stepson ) Detective Lieutenant I Andrew Flynn is a fictional character originally featured on TNT 's crime drama The Closer . Portrayed by Tony Denison , Flynn appears in all seven seasons of the James Duff - created crime procedural ( 2005 - 2012 ) , before subsequently becoming a regular character on its successor series , Major Crimes ( 2012 - present ) . Contents 1 In - universe 1.1 Career history 1.2 Personality 1.3 Personal life 2 Awards and decorations 3 References 4 External links In - universe ( edit ) Career history ( edit ) Originally a member of the LAPD Robbery / Homicide Division ( commanded by then - Captain Taylor ) , who sent him to `` assist '' ( sabotage ) Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson 's team . Flynn was originally antagonistic to Deputy Chief Johnson ; but , after Commander Taylor blamed him for a mishandled investigation that nearly ended his career and Brenda proved his innocence , he transferred to Deputy Chief Johnson 's team on a permanent basis and gained respect for her . He was forced further into her debt due to the mishandling of another investigation ( with Lt. Provenza ) and was forced by Deputy Chief Johnson to repay the squad for helping keep him and Provenza out of trouble with the department . In the episode `` Homewrecker '' , Flynn identifies himself in the opening crime scene video sequence as `` Andrew Flynn , PhD ( Priority Homicide Division ) . '' In the Major Crimes episode `` Risk Assessment '' , Flynn tells Rusty Beck he became a cop because he was nearly arrested for stealing a motorcycle and decided he 'd rather put criminals behind bars than end up there himself . He later tells Provenza in `` Chain Reaction '' that he thinks about retiring everyday but has given too much to the job to do it ; namely , a good relationship with his children and his faith in most of humanity . Personality ( edit ) An influential man , Flynn has the ability to persuade fellow detectives and officers into taking his side on political and LAPD - related matters . He originally preferred to take the easy way out when it comes to solving crimes , which led to mistakes . When in trouble , he often tries to talk his way out of it by asking and answering a series of rhetorical questions which inevitably make things worse . Flynn can sometimes be disloyal and sometimes fails to keep his word . He has difficulty keeping secrets , and he perpetually has a toothpick in his mouth . Flynn has a fiery temper but can be protective of his co-workers and his daughter , Nicole . Personal life ( edit ) After then - Captain Taylor accused him of botching an old case , Flynn began to realize that his commanding officer was not as loyal as he previously thought . Angered by Taylor 's accusations , Flynn decided that he wanted to permanently join Johnson 's team after she defends him in the matter . Although he initially looked for ways to sabotage Dep . Chief Johnson , Flynn now has a growing respect for her , and increasingly works with her , rather than against her . He is close to Lt. Provenza ( Denison and G.W. Bailey are friends in person as on - screen ) . He was an alcoholic and is a participant in Alcoholics Anonymous , trying to make amends with his family . He has been sober for 10 years and now prefers to drink cranberry juice with soda . In the episode `` Dial ' M ' for Provenza '' he mentions that Provenza has been married four times , but he has been married only twice . During the seven seasons of `` The Closer '' both Flynn and Provenza remained unmarried . Flynn has an adult daughter named Nicole from whom he is estranged . Flynn initially refused to go to her wedding when she wanted both him and her step - father whom Flynn hates to walk her down the aisle . However , Captain Sharon Raydor convinced him to go , and he took her as his date . Since then , he seems to have developed a closer relationship with Nicole , with her even visiting him once in a while . While Flynn initially had a rocky relationship with Captain Sharon Raydor , the two became close friends and he took her to his daughter 's wedding and the Nutcracker . However , the two maintained they were just friends to his daughter Nicole despite Rusty Beck pointing out just how often they have dinner . Flynn and Raydor seemed surprised by this and Sharon asked Rusty about it , and he told her they 're `` not dating '' several times a month . In Season 4 's episode Snitch , Flynn decides to ask Sharon out on a proper date , which she accepts . In Hostage of Fortune , they inform Chief Taylor of their relationship . In the Season 5 premiere , they discuss moving in together and look at houses in the following episodes . In Family Law , Flynn sells his house and moves into Sharon and Rusty 's condo . In `` White Lies , Part 3 '' , Andy suffers a heart attack . He is shown to have survived in `` Heart Failure '' and is on desk duty until he is cleared by his doctor . In Dead Drop , Flynn proposes to Sharon , and in the next episode it 's announced that they are officially engaged . They are married in `` Sanctuary City , Part 5 . '' In `` Conspiracy Theory , Part 4 , '' Sharon 's cardiomyopathy causes her heart to seize ; she can not be revived and dies . Andy is left a widower and has to be helped to a chair by Rusty , which leads to Andy himself nearly collapsing . In the `` By Any Means '' four - part arc , Andy struggles with his grief over Sharon 's death and the return of Phillip Stroh . Determined to keep his word to Sharon that he will protect Rusty , Andy returns to work early and struggles to balance protecting Rusty and being too overprotective . Now the second - in - command of Major Crimes , Andy becomes determined to kill Stroh , even if he is surrendering to ensure Rusty 's safety . After Stroh is killed by Rusty , Provenza is given permanent command of Major Crimes and Julio takes a promotion to Lieutenant and a transfer to the Criminal Intelligence Division . Andy remains the second - in - command of Major Crimes and announces an intention to take over Julio 's old desk once he finishes out his interrupted bereavement leave . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Lieutenant Flynn . It is incorrectly thought that the top ribbon depicts the red white and blue LAPD Liberty Award , however , this ribbon is only award to K - 9 officers . The ribbon must represent the 1984 Olympics which has the same color and patterning , but with the addition of a gold emblem on top of the white center . The same ribbon is also found on Assistant Chief Russell Taylor 's uniform . LAPD 1984 Summer Olympics Medal LAPD Human Relations Medal LAPD Police Life - Saving Medal LAPD Police Meritorious Service Medal LAPD 1987 Papal Visit Ribbon LAPD Community Policing Ribbon LAPD 1992 Civil Disturbance Ribbon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TNT The Closer : Squad Profiles '' . Turner Networks . Archived from the original on 10 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Batter Up '' ( 1 - 8 ) James Duff & Arvin Brown August 1 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Fatal Retraction '' ( 1 - 12 ) Wendy West and Roger Wolfson , Gloria Muzio August 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` To Protect & to Serve '' ( 2 - 5 ) Adam Belanoff & Elodie Keene July 10 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Shifting tone keeps ' Closer ' fans tuning in '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Screenshot of Andy Flynn 's uniform Season 7 The Closer '' . External links ( edit ) Lieutenant Andy Flynn fan website <Th_colspan="2"> The Closer Characters Brenda Leigh Johnson Will Pope David Gabriel Andy Flynn Louie Provenza Michael Tao Russell Taylor Julio Sanchez Fritz Howard Irene Daniels Sharon Raydor Related topics Episodes Major Crimes Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Flynn_(The_Closer)&oldid=845793906 '' Categories : Fictional Los Angeles Police Department detectives The Closer characters Fictional police lieutenants Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 05 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Andy Flynn - fictional character 2. LAPD Lieutenant 3. The Closer and Major Crimes 4. Personal life and relationships 5. Career history and personality traits

how many wins does favre have with the packers

List of career achievements by Brett Favre - wikipedia List of career achievements by Brett Favre Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Wide Receivers ( show ) keep this Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Favre warming up at Lambeau Field Former quarterback Brett Favre owns or shares a number of NFL records , including pass completions ( 6,300 ) , pass attempts ( 10,169 ) , pass interceptions ( 336 ) & starts by a player ( 298 ) . At the time of his retirement , he owned or shared 370 NFL records and still owns or shares 171 . He achieved a number of firsts in NFL history , including being the only quarterback to have won three consecutive AP NFL MVP awards and being the only quarterback to win a playoff game over the age of forty . Favre 's legacy may be best known for his consecutive starts streak of 297 games ( 321 including playoffs ) which is widely considered one of the most notable streaks in sports , so much so that the Pro Football Hall of Fame has as an exhibit displaying the jersey Favre wore during his record breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback , and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an `` Iron man '' . Favre considers the consecutive starts feat to be the record he is most proud of . Favre also owns a number of Green Bay Packers and Lambeau Field records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career statistics 1.1 College 1.1. 1 Regular season 1.1. 2 Post season 1.1. 3 College records 1.2 Professional 1.2. 1 Regular season 1.2. 2 Post season 1.2. 3 Won - lost record 1.2. 3.1 By team 1.2. 3.2 By stadium 2 Career accomplishments 2.1 Honors and awards 2.2 NFL milestones 2.2. 1 NFL records ( 171 records ) 2.2. 1.1 Passing touchdowns ( 76 records ) 2.2. 1.2 Passing yards ( 11 records ) 2.2. 1.3 Pass completions ( 21 records ) 2.2. 1.4 Pass attempts ( 22 records ) 2.2. 1.5 Passing interceptions ( 4 records ) 2.2. 1.6 Passer rating ( 2 records ) 2.2. 1.7 Starts / games played ( 14 records ) 2.2. 1.8 Wins ( 14 records ) 2.2. 1.9 Losses ( 1 record ) 2.2. 1.10 Other ( 6 records ) 2.2. 2 Former NFL records ( 200 records ) 2.2. 2.1 Surpassed 1998 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.2 Surpassed 2000 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.3 Surpassed 2003 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.4 Surpassed 2004 ( 2 records ) 2.2. 2.5 Surpassed 2005 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.6 Surpassed 2006 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.7 Surpassed 2007 ( 7 records ) 2.2. 2.8 Surpassed 2008 ( 1 record ) 2.2. 2.9 Surpassed 2009 ( 6 records ) 2.2. 2.10 Surpassed 2010 ( 10 records ) 2.2. 2.11 Surpassed 2011 ( 9 records ) 2.2. 2.12 Surpassed 2012 ( 29 records ) 2.2. 2.13 Surpassed 2013 ( 42 records ) 2.2. 2.14 Surpassed 2014 ( 61 records ) 2.2. 2.15 Surpassed 2015 ( 19 records ) 2.2. 2.16 Surpassed 2016 ( 4 records ) 2.2. 2.17 Surpassed 2017 ( 5 records ) 2.2. 3 Personal bests ( Non-NFL records ) 2.2. 3.1 2nd in NFL history 2.2. 3.2 3rd in NFL history 2.2. 3.3 4th in NFL history 2.2. 3.4 5th in NFL history 2.2. 3.5 Other notable accomplishments 2.2. 4 NFL firsts 2.3 Consecutive starts streak 2.4 Franchise records 2.4. 1 Green Bay Packers records 2.4. 2 New York Jets records 2.4. 3 Minnesota Vikings records 2.5 Stadium records 2.5. 1 Lambeau Field records 2.5. 2 Milwaukee County Stadium records 2.5. 3 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome records 2.5. 4 Giants Stadium records 2.5. 5 Ericsson Stadium records 2.5. 6 Ford Field records 2.5. 7 Memorial Stadium ( Champaigne ) records 2.5. 8 Mercedes - Benz Superdome records 2.5. 9 Soldier Field records 2.5. 10 Tampa Stadium records 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Career Statistics ( edit ) College ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team Comp Att Pct Yds YPA Td Int Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTd Southern Mississippi 11 6 5 79 194 40.7 1264 6.5 15 13 107.6 57 169 3.0 1988 Southern Mississippi 11 9 178 319 55.8 2271 7.1 16 5 129.0 51 − 15 − 0.3 0 Southern Mississippi 11 5 6 206 381 54.1 2588 6.8 14 10 118.0 43 − 25 − 0.6 0 1990 Southern Mississippi 11 8 150 275 54.5 1572 5.7 7 6 106.6 42 − 218 5.2 0 <Th_colspan="2"> Career Comp Att Pct Yds YPA Td Int Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTd <Td_colspan="2"> 4 seasons 44 28 16 613 1169 52.4 7695 6.6 52 34 116.6 193 − 89 − 0.5 Post season ( edit ) 1988 Independence Bowl : Southern Mississippi 38 , UTEP 18 Favre 15 -- 26 , 157 yards , 1 touchdown , 0 interceptions 1990 All - American Bowl : North Carolina State 31 , Southern Mississippi 27 Favre 28 -- 39 , 341 yards , 2 touchdowns , 1 interception Favre was named MVP of the 1990 All American Bowl , despite losing to NC State . 1991 East West Shrine Game January 26 , 1991 Palo Alto CA West 24 , East 21 Brett Favre was named the MVP of the 1991 Shrine Game College records ( edit ) Former records Most touchdown passes , career : 52 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 83 ) Most touchdown passes , season : 16 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 30 ) Most passing yards , career : 7,695 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 10,892 ) Most 200 yard passing games , career : 15 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 32 ) Most passing yards , season : 2,588 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 3,496 ) Most 300 yard passing games , career : 5 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 8 ) Most passing yards , game : 345 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 461 ) Most completions , career , passing : 613 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 933 ) Most pass completions , season : 206 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 286 ) Most pass completions , game : 26 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 33 ) Most attempts , career , passing : 1,169 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 1,527 ) Most pass attempts , season : 381 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 475 ) Highest passer rating , career : 117.2 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 135.4 ) Highest passer rating , season : 129.0 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 150.6 ) Most touchdowns responsible for : 53 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 108 ) Most yards gained , career : 7,606 ( surpassed by Austin Davis 12,267 ) Most plays , offense : 1,362 ( surpassed by Austin Davis , 1,987 ) Professional ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team Cmp Att Pct Yds Td Int Lng 20 + 40 + Sck SckY YPA YPG Td % Int % Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTd RLng R1st 1991 ATL 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 N / A 0 0 11 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 GB 15 13 8 5 302 471 64.1 3,227 18 13 76 30 9 34 208 6.9 215.1 3.8 2.8 85.3 47 198 4.2 19 11 1993 GB 16 16 9 7 318 522 60.9 3,303 19 24 66 37 5 30 199 6.3 206.4 3.6 4.6 72.2 58 216 3.7 27 13 1994 GB 16 16 9 7 363 582 62.4 3,882 33 14 49 44 31 188 6.7 242.6 5.7 2.4 90.7 42 202 4.8 36 14 1995 GB 16 16 11 5 359 570 63.0 4,413 38 13 99 59 5 33 217 7.7 275.8 6.7 2.3 99.5 39 181 4.6 40 17 GB 16 16 13 325 543 59.9 3,899 39 13 80 49 11 40 241 7.2 243.7 7.2 2.4 95.8 49 136 2.8 23 18 1997 GB 16 16 13 304 513 59.3 3,867 35 16 74 61 9 25 176 7.5 241.7 6.8 3.1 92.6 58 187 3.2 16 16 1998 GB 16 16 11 5 347 551 63.0 4,212 31 23 84 47 9 38 223 7.6 263.2 5.6 4.2 87.8 40 133 3.3 35 13 1999 GB 16 16 8 8 341 595 57.3 4,091 22 23 74 52 11 35 223 6.9 255.7 3.7 3.9 74.7 28 142 5.1 0 20 11 2000 GB 16 16 9 7 338 580 58.3 3,812 20 16 67 41 7 33 236 6.6 238.2 3.4 2.8 78.0 27 108 4.0 0 18 7 2001 GB 16 16 12 314 510 61.6 3,921 32 15 67 53 13 22 151 7.7 245.1 6.3 2.9 94.1 38 56 1.5 14 5 2002 GB 16 16 12 341 551 61.9 3,658 27 16 85 39 7 26 188 6.6 228.6 4.9 2.9 85.6 25 73 2.9 0 17 6 2003 GB 16 16 10 6 308 471 65.4 3,361 32 21 66 42 7 19 137 7.1 210.1 6.8 4.5 90.4 18 15 0.8 0 7 GB 16 16 10 6 346 540 64.1 4,088 30 17 79 50 12 12 93 7.6 255.5 5.6 3.1 92.4 16 36 2.3 0 17 2005 GB 16 16 12 372 607 61.3 3,881 20 29 59 40 7 24 170 6.4 242.6 3.3 4.8 70.9 18 62 3.4 0 20 2006 GB 16 16 8 8 343 613 56.0 3,885 18 18 82 49 8 21 134 6.3 242.8 2.9 2.9 72.7 23 29 1.3 14 2007 GB 16 16 13 356 535 66.5 4,155 28 15 82 49 16 15 93 7.8 259.7 5.2 2.8 95.7 29 12 0.4 0 21 2008 NYJ 16 16 9 7 343 522 65.7 3,472 22 22 56 40 7 30 213 6.7 217.0 4.2 4.2 81.0 21 43 2.0 27 2009 MIN 16 16 12 363 531 68.4 4,202 33 7 63 48 11 34 247 7.9 259.1 5.8 1.4 107.2 9 7 0.8 0 MIN 13 13 5 8 217 358 60.6 2,509 11 19 53 38 22 139 7.0 193.0 3.1 5.3 69.9 17 8 0.5 0 10 <Th_colspan="2"> Career Cmp Att Pct Yds Td Int Lng 20 + 40 + Sck SckY YPA YPG Td % Int % Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTd RLng R1st <Td_colspan="2"> 20 Years 302 298 186 112 6,300 10,169 62.0 71,838 508 336 99 872 161 525 3,487 7.1 237.9 5.0 3.3 86.0 602 1,844 3.1 14 40 153 Post season ( edit ) Year Team Comp Att Pct Yds YPA Long Td Int Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTd Fum Lost 1993 GB 43 71 60.6 535 7.5 48 5 89.8 18 4.5 0 1994 GB 41 73 56.2 473 6.5 59 0 70.2 7 1.8 0 0 0 1995 GB 66 102 64.7 805 7.9 73 8 106.9 7 7 1.0 0 0 0 GB 0 44 71 62.0 617 8.7 81 5 107.5 14 35 2.5 1997 GB 56 97 57.7 668 6.9 40 5 83.2 7 − 8 − 1.1 0 1998 GB 0 20 35 57.1 292 8.3 47 79.7 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 2001 GB 48 73 65.8 550 7.5 51 7 67.0 7 6 0.9 0 0 0 2002 GB 0 20 42 47.6 247 5.9 37 54.4 − 1 − 0.5 0 2003 GB 41 66 62.1 499 7.6 44 94.2 1.0 0 0 0 GB 0 22 33 66.7 216 6.5 28 55.4 7 2.3 0 0 2007 GB 37 58 63.8 409 7.1 90 5 99.0 − 1 − 1.0 0 0 2009 MIN 43 70 62.5 544 7.8 47 5 97.6 0 0.0 0 <Th_colspan="2"> Career Comp Att Pct Yds YPA Long TD Int Rate RAtt RYds RAvg RTds Fum Lost <Td_colspan="2"> 12 Years 24 24 13 11 481 791 60.8 5,855 7.4 90 44 30 87.7 52 72 1.4 11 6 Won - lost Record ( edit ) By team ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Home <Th_colspan="3"> Away <Th_colspan="3"> Reg . Totals <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="3"> Overall Opponent Pct . Pct . Pct . Pct . Pct . Arizona Cardinals 0 1.000 0.333 5 0.714 0 0 0.000 5 0.714 Atlanta Falcons 0.667 0.500 0.600 0.500 0.571 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 0 0.000 0.750 0 0 0.000 0.750 Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 0.250 5 0.625 0 0 0.000 5 0.625 Carolina Panthers 0.667 0.571 6 0.600 0 0.000 7 0.636 Chicago Bears 10 8 0.556 13 5 0.722 23 13 0.639 0 0 0.000 23 13 0.639 Cincinnati Bengals 0 1.000 0.500 0.800 0 0 0.000 0.800 Cleveland Browns 0.500 0.667 0.600 0 0 0.000 0.600 Dallas Cowboys 0 1.000 0 6 0.000 6 0.333 0.250 9 0.308 Denver Broncos 0.750 0.500 0.667 0 0.000 0.571 Detroit Lions 18 0 1.000 8 9 0.471 26 9 0.743 0 1.000 28 9 0.757 Green Bay Packers 0.500 0.500 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Houston Texans 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Indianapolis Colts 0 1.000 0 0.000 0.333 0 0 0.000 0.333 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0.000 0 1.000 0.667 0 0 0.000 0.667 Kansas City Chiefs 0.500 0.333 0.400 0 0 0.000 0.400 Miami Dolphins 0.400 0.667 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Minnesota Vikings 11 0.733 6 10 0.375 17 14 0.548 0 0.000 17 15 0.531 New England Patriots 0 0.000 0.600 0.429 0 1.000 0.500 New Orleans Saints 0.500 0.500 0.500 0 0.000 0.429 New York Giants 0.667 0.750 5 0.571 0 0.000 5 0.625 New York Jets 0.333 0 0.000 0.200 0 0 0.000 0.200 Oakland / L.A. Raiders 0 1.000 0.500 0.800 0 0 0.000 0.800 Philadelphia Eagles 5 0.714 0 5 0.000 5 7 0.417 0 0.000 5 8 0.385 Pittsburgh Steelers 0.667 0 0.000 0.400 0 0 0.000 0.400 St. Louis / L.A. Rams 6 0.750 0.750 9 0.750 0 0.000 9 0.692 San Diego Chargers 0 1.000 0.750 5 0.833 0 0 0.000 5 0.833 San Francisco 49ers 5 0 1.000 0.750 8 0.889 0.800 12 0.857 Seattle Seahawks 0.750 0.333 0.571 0 1.000 6 0.667 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 0.909 5 6 0.455 15 7 0.682 0 1.000 16 7 0.696 Tennessee Titans - Oilers / Houston Oilers 0.500 0.667 0.600 0 0 0.000 0.600 Washington Redskins 0 1.000 0 1.000 5 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 5 0 1.000 <Th_colspan="16"> Summary Green Bay Packers ( 17 yrs ) 96 30 0.762 64 63 0.504 160 93 0.632 12 10 0.545 172 103 0.625 New York Jets ( 1 yr ) 5 0.625 0.500 9 7 0.563 0 0 0.000 9 7 0.563 Minnesota Vikings ( 2 yrs ) 12 0.800 5 9 0.357 17 12 0.586 0.500 18 13 0.581 total 113 36 0.758 73 76 0.490 186 112 0.624 13 11 0.542 199 123 0.618 Note : Favre played in four other games in which he did not start . Although not credited with a win or loss as a starter in those games , his team 's record in those games were 2 -- 2 . With Atlanta his team was 1 -- 1 ( W - LA Rams ; L - Washington ) . With Green Bay his team was 1 -- 1 ( W - Cincinnati ; L - Tampa Bay ) for an overall regular season won - loss record of 188 -- 114 ( 201 -- 125 including playoffs ) in games he participated in . By stadium ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Non-starts <Th_colspan="3"> Starts <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="3"> Overall Venue Pct . Pct . Pct . Pct . 3Com Park 0 0 0.000 0.750 0.667 5 0.714 Alltel Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Arrowhead Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.333 0 0 0.000 0.333 Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Cinergy Field 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Cleveland Browns Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Cleveland Municipal Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Dolphin Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.667 0 0 0.000 0.667 Edward Jones Dome 0 0 0.000 0.750 0 0.000 0.600 Ericsson Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.571 0 0 0.000 0.571 FedExField 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Ford Field 0 0 0.000 5 0.714 0 0 0.000 5 0.714 Foxboro Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.500 0.500 Georgia Dome 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Giants Stadium 0 0 0.000 8 5 0.615 0 0 0.000 8 5 0.615 Gillette Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.667 0 0 0.000 0.667 Heinz Field 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Houston Astrodome 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 0 0 0.000 18 12 0.600 0 1.000 19 12 0.613 Invesco Field at Mile High 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Lambeau Field 0 1.000 90 29 0.756 8 0.727 99 32 0.756 Lincoln Financial Field 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 Mercedes - Benz Superdome 0 0 0.000 0.500 0.500 0.500 LP Field 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 M&T Bank Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Memorial Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Mile High Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Milwaukee County Stadium 0 0 0.000 7 0.778 0 0 0.000 7 0.778 New Meadowlands Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Paul Brown Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Pontiac Silverdome 0 0 0.000 7 0.300 0 1.000 7 0.364 Qualcomm Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.750 0 0.000 0.600 Qwest Field 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Ralph Wilson Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.250 0 0 0.000 0.250 Raymond James Stadium 0 0 0.000 5 0.167 0 0 0.000 5 0.167 RCA Dome 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Reliant Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Seattle Kingdome 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 0 0 0.000 0 1.000 Soldier Field 0 0 0.000 12 5 0.706 0 0 0.000 12 5 0.706 Sun Devil Stadium 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Tampa Stadium 0 0.000 0.800 0 0 0.000 0.667 TCF Bank Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Texas Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 6 0.000 0 0.000 0 9 0.000 Three Rivers Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 University of Phoenix Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 Veterans Stadium 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 <Th_colspan="16"> Summary Outdoors stadiums 0.500 151 84 0.643 10 9 0.526 163 95 0.632 Domed stadiums 0 0 0.000 34 27 0.557 0.600 37 29 0.561 Retractable roof stadiums 0 0 0.000 0.500 0 0 0.000 0.500 Total 0.500 186 112 0.624 13 11 0.542 201 125 0.617 Career accomplishments ( edit ) Honors and awards ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee ( 2016 ) Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame inductee ( 2015 ) First - Team All - Pro selection three times ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 ) Second - Team All - Pro selection three times ( 2001 , 2002 , 2007 ) All - NFC Team ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 , 2003 , 2007 ) Pro Bowl selection eleven times ( 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 ) Associated Press Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive years ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 ) Pro Football Writers Association NFL MVP Award ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL MVP Award ( 1995 -- 1996 ) The Sporting News NFL MVP Award ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Bert Bell Award ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Miller Lite NFL Player of the Year ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Associated Press Offensive Player of the Year Award ( 1995 ) Washington , D.C. Touchdown Club NFC Player of the Year ( 1995 , 1997 , 2002 , 2007 , 2009 ) Kansas City Committee of 101 awards NFC Player of the Year ( 1995 -- 1996 , 2002 , 2007 ) United Press International NFC Offensive Player of the Year ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Pro Football Performer of the Year ( ESPY Award ) ( 1995 -- 1996 ) NFL Quarterback of the Year ( National Quarterback Club ) ( 1995 ) Ranked number 82 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players ( 1999 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Men 's Health Magazine `` Toughest Person in America '' ( 2003 ) Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle declared November 29 , 2004 as Brett Favre Day to honor Favre 's 200th consecutive NFL regular season start . Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2007 ) Chris Greicius Celebrity Award from the Make a Wish Foundation for `` being a true standout , even among the many generous celebrities who help create magical experiences for the kids who wish to meet them . '' ( 2007 ) United States Sports Academy Male Athlete of the Year Award ( 2007 ) NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor twelve times AFC Offensive Player of the Week honor two times NFC Offensive Player of the Month honor six times Turkey Leg Award winner two times ( 1994 , 2001 ) Galloping Gobbler Award winner one time ( 2007 ) Appeared on the cover of the Madden NFL 09 video game , released on August 13 , 2008 FedEx Air Player of the year ( 2007 ) 6x ESPY award winner : 2x best NFL player ( 1996 ; 1997 ) , best record breaking performance ( 2008 ) , best play ( 2010 ) , best moment ( 2004 ) , and under armour undeniable performance ( 2004 ) NFL milestones ( edit ) NFL records ( 171 records ) ( edit ) Passing touchdowns ( 76 records ) ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in touchdown passes : 4 ( tied with Johnny Unitas , Steve Young , Drew Brees , Peyton Manning , Tom Brady ) Other Favre passing touchdowns records ( show ) Regular season Most passing touchdowns , career , 24 to 29 years of age : 172 Most passing touchdowns , career , 40 + years of age : 44 ( tied with Warren Moon ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 2nd quarter , career : 165 Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty year period : 136 ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen year period : 139 ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen year period : 139 ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen year period : 145 ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen year period : 152 ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen year period : 152 ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen year period : 155 ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen year period : 155 ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve year period : 145 ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven year period : 127 ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten year period : 123 ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nine year period : 109 ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eight year period : 99 ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seven year period : 83 ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , six year period : 66 ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , five year period : 58 ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , four year period : 50 ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 3 Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 6 Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , home , career : 84 Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 83 ( tied with Peyton Manning ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 249 Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , home , career : 130 Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , road , career : 119 Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 128 Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 245 Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , road , career : 117 Longest touchdown pass : 99 yards ( tied with several others ) Most consecutive regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ; vs. Oakland Raiders ) : 2 ( tied with several others ) Most consecutive regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. San Diego Chargers ) : 5 ( tied with Steve Bartkowski vs. New Orleans Saints ; Steve Beuerlein vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Tom Brady vs. Buffalo Bills ) Most consecutive regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ) : 26 Most consecutive regular season road games , 2 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Minnesota Vikings ) : 8 Most consecutive regular season road games , 1 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ) : 13 Most consecutive Monday Night Football road games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 4 Most regular season touchdown passes of 80 + yards , career : 9 Most regular season touchdown passes of 75 + yards , career : 14 Most regular season touchdown passes of 65 + yards , career : 24 Most regular season 1 yard touchdown passes , career : 37 Most regular season 1 yard touchdown passes , passer / receiver combination , career : 8 , Brett Favre / Bubba Franks ( tied with Dree Brees / Jimmy Graham ) Most consecutive seasons , 35 + touchdown passes : 3 ( tied with Drew Brees ; Peyton Manning ) Most seasons , 30 + touchdown passes : 9 ( tied with Peyton Manning ) Most seasons , 30 + touchdown passes under age 30 : 5 Most seasons , 15 + touchdown passes : 18 Most consecutive seasons , 15 + touchdown passes : 18 Most seasons , 10 + touchdown passes : 19 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + touchdown passes : 19 Most touchdown passes at one stadium , career : 214 ( Lambeau Field ) Most touchdown passes , regular season , against a single opponent , career : 60 vs. Chicago Bears Most go ahead touchdown passes when team is trailing , regular season game , career : 65 Most go ahead touchdown passes , regular season game , age 40 + years old , career : 10 Most 10 + game streaks of consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes at a stadium : 2 ( Lambeau Field 12 ; Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , 11 ) Post season Most consecutive post season games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 20 Most consecutive post season games , 1 + touchdown passes on the road , career : 7 ( tied with Donovan McNabb ; Joe Flacco ) Most post season touchdown passes , 40 + years of age , career : 5 Most post season games , 4 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 1 Most post season games , 3 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 1 Most post season games , 2 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 1 ( tied with George Blanda ) Most post season games , 1 + touchdown passes 40 + years old , career : 2 Most post season touchdown passes of 90 + yards , career : 1 ( tied with Daryle Lamonica , Troy Aikman , Trent Dilfer ) Most post season touchdown passes , 1st half , career : 29 Most post season touchdown passes , 1st quarter , career : 14 Most post season touchdown passes of 80 + yards , career : 2 ( tied with Daryle Lamonica , John Elway ) Most post season touchdown passes of 70 + yards , career : 3 ( tied with Terry Bradshaw , John Elway , Kurt Warner ) Most post season touchdown passes of 40 + yards , career : 8 ( tied with Peyton Manning ) Most post season touchdown passes of 20 + yards , career : 16 ( tied with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana ) Most post season touchdown passes of 10 + yards , career : 31 Most go ahead touchdown passes , post season game , career : 20 Most go ahead touchdown passes when team is trailing , post season game , career : 11 ( tied with Joe Montana ) Most go ahead touchdown passes , post season game , age 40 + years old , career : 2 Regular season / post season combined Most passing touchdowns , regular season plus post season , career , 36 + years of age : 162 Most passing touchdowns , regular season plus post season , against a single opponent , career : 61 vs. Detroit Lions Passing yards ( 11 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most regular season games , 100 + passing yards , career : 290 Most regular season games , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 145 Most regular season games , 100 + passing yards , road , career : 145 Most seasons , 3,000 + passing yards : 18 Most consecutive seasons , 3,000 + passing yards : 18 Most seasons , 2,500 + passing yards : 19 Most consecutive seasons , 2,500 + passing yards : 19 Most passing yards at one stadium , career : 28,240 ( Lambeau Field ) Oldest player to pass for 400 yards in a game : 41 years , 28 days Most passing yards , regular season , against a single opponent , career : 8,954 vs. Detroit Lions Regular season / post season combined Most passing yards , regular season plus post season , against a single opponent , career : 9,420 vs. Detroit Lions Pass completions ( 21 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most pass completions , career : 6,300 Other Favre pass completions records ( show ) Most regular season games , pass completions , career : 299 Most consecutive games , pass completions , career : 298 Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , career : 290 Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , home , career : 146 Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , road , career : 144 Most pass completions , regular season , against a single opponent , career : 775 vs. Detroit Lions Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , career : 235 Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , home , career : 117 Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , road , career : 118 Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , career : 278 Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , home , career : 139 Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , road , career : 139 Most seasons , 300 + pass completions : 18 Most consecutive seasons , 300 + pass completions : 18 Most seasons , 200 + pass completions : 19 Most consecutive seasons , 200 + pass completions : 19 Most seasons , 55 + pass completion % : 19 Post season Most post season games , 75 + pass completion % , career : 3 ( tied with Troy Aikman , Peyton Manning , Kurt Warner ) Regular season / post season combined Most pass completions , regular season plus post season , career : 6,781 Most pass completions , regular season plus post season , against a single opponent , career : 813 vs. Detroit Lions Pass attempts ( 22 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 Other Favre pass attempts records ( show ) Most pass attempts , one team , career : 8,754 Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , career : 211 Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , home , career : 99 Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , road , career : 112 Most regular season games , 20 + pass attempts , career : 283 Most regular season games , 20 + pass attempts , home , career : 138 Most regular season games , 20 + pass attempts , road , career : 145 Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , career : 298 Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , home , career : 148 Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , road , career : 150 Most regular season games , pass attempts , career : 301 Most consecutive games , 10 + pass attempts , career : 298 Most consecutive games , pass attempts , career : 301 Most pass attempts , regular season , against a single opponent , career : 1,217 vs. Detroit Lions Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 Most seasons , 400 + pass attempts : 18 Most consecutive seasons , 400 + pass attempts : 18 Most seasons , 300 + pass attempts : 19 Most consecutive seasons , 300 + pass attempts : 19 Regular season / post season combined Most pass attempts , regular season plus post season , career : 10,960 Most pass attempts , regular season plus post season , against a single opponent , career : 1,281 vs. Detroit Lions Passing interceptions ( 4 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most pass interceptions , career : 336 Other Favre passing interceptions records ( show ) Most seasons , 15 + interceptions : 14 Post season Most post season games , 75 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 2 ( tied with several others ) Most post season games , 70 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 3 ( tied with several others ) Passer rating ( 2 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Highest passer rating with 4 + touchdown passes and 250 + passing yards by half - time of an NFL game ( vs. Oakland ; December 22 , 2003 ) : 158.3 ( tied with Donovan McNabb , Tom Brady , Nick Foles ) Post season Most post season games , 130 + passer rating , career : 3 ( tied with Joe Montana , Peyton Manning , Kurt Warner , Tom Brady ) Starts / games played ( 14 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most starts by a player , career : 298 ( 322 including post season ) Most consecutive starts by a player , career : 297 ( 321 including post season ) Other Favre starts / games played records ( show ) Most consecutive games played by a non-special teams player , career : 299 ( 323 including post season ) Most games played by a quarterback , career : 302 Most games played by a quarterback , Sunday , career : 250 Most games played by a quarterback , Monday , career : 38 ( tied with Dan Marino ) Most starts by a quarterback in one stadium , career : 119 , Lambeau Field ( including twice as a Minnesota Viking ) Most games played by a quarterback in one stadium , career : 120 , Lambeau Field ( including twice as a Minnesota Viking ) Most starts by a quarterback 40 + years old , career : 25 ( tied with Warren Moon , Vinny Testaverde ) Most seasons started 16 games : 17 ( tied with Bruce Matthews ) Most seasons started 16 games as a quarterback : 17 Most seasons played 16 games as a quarterback : 17 Post season Oldest quarterback to start a conference championship game : 40 years , 106 days ; vs. New Orleans Saints , 2009 NFC Championship Regular season / post season combined Most games played by a starting quarterback against one opponent in a calendar year : 5 games vs. Detroit Lions , 1994 : 1 / 2 / 94 ( 1993 regular season game 16 , loss ) , 1 / 8 / 94 ( 1993 post-season wild card game , win ) , 11 / 6 / 94 ( 1994 regular season game 9 , win ) , 12 / 4 / 94 ( 1994 regular season game 13 , loss ) , 12 / 31 / 94 ( 1994 post-season wild card game , win ) Wins ( 14 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most regular season home wins by a starting quarterback , career : 113 Most NFL teams achieved victory , regular season , career : 32 ( tied with Peyton Manning ) Most regular season wins by a starting quarterback 40 + years old , career : 17 Most regular season wins by a starting quarterback against a single opponent , career : 26 , Detroit Lions ( tied with Tom Brady , Buffalo Bills ) Post season Oldest starting quarterback to win a post season game : 40 years , 99 days ; vs. Dallas Cowboys , 2009 Divisional Playoffs Regular season / post season combined Most home game winning drives , career : 33 Most home 4th quarter / overtime comebacks , career : 24 Most consecutive wins , regular and post season , by a starting quarterback in one stadium , career : 29 , Lambeau Field , 1995 -- 1998 Most wins by a starting quarterback , cold weather ( 34 degrees Fahrenheit or colder ) , career : 43 ( record : 43 -- 9 0.827 ) Most consecutive home wins by a starting quarterback , cold weather ( 34 degrees Fahrenheit or colder ) , career : 35 ( 29 , regular season ; 6 , post season ) Most consecutive home wins by a starting quarterback , cold weather ( 34 degrees Fahrenheit or colder ) to begin a career : 35 ( 29 , regular season ; 6 , post season ) Most wins by a starting quarterback against a single opponent , career : 28 , Detroit Lions ( 26 regular season ; 2 post season ; 19 -- 0 in home games ) Most consecutive wins by a starting quarterback against a single opponent at home : 19 , Detroit Lions 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive wins by a starting quarterback against a single opponent on the road : 11 , Chicago Bears 1994 -- 2005 Losses ( 1 record ) ( edit ) Post season Most post season road losses as starting quarterback , career : 7 ( tied with Dave Krieg ) Other ( 6 records ) ( edit ) Regular season Most consecutive AP NFL MVP awards : 3 ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Other Favre records ( show ) Most times sacked , career : 525 Most fumbles , career : 166 Super Bowl Champion and AP NFL MVP in same season ( 1996 ) : 1 ( tied with Bart Starr ( 1966 ) , Terry Bradshaw ( 1978 ) , Mark Moseley ( 1982 ) , Lawrence Taylor ( 1986 ) , Joe Montana ( 1989 ) , Emmitt Smith ( 1993 ) , Steve Young ( 1994 ) , Terrell Davis ( 1998 ) , Kurt Warner ( 1999 ) ) Longest gap between receptions : 17 years , 4 weeks ( 275 games ) Oldest pair of starting quarterbacks in a game ( Vinny Testaverde ( 44 years old ) , Favre ( 38 years old ) -- Favre won the match - up 31 -- 17 ) Former NFL records ( 200 records ) ( edit ) Over the years , many of Favre 's records have been broken . These records have new NFL record - holders including Peyton Manning ( 118 records ) , Tom Brady ( 57 records ) , Drew Brees ( 29 records ) , Aaron Rodgers ( 3 records ) , Ben Roethlisberger & Tony Romo ( 2 records each ) , and Jake Delhomme & Joe Flacco ( 1 record each ) . Former Favre records ( show ) Surpassed 1998 ( 1 record ) ( edit ) ( 7th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 4 ( two separate times ) ( Record first surpassed by Steve Young ; Current record holder : Tom Brady , 10 ) Surpassed 2000 ( 1 record ) ( edit ) ( 11th ) Most pass completions per game , career : 20.9 ( Record first surpassed by Peyton Manning ; Current record holder : Drew Brees , 24.3 ) Surpassed 2003 ( 1 Record ) ( edit ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive seasons , 25 + touchdown passes : 5 , 1994 -- 1998 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 , 1998 -- 2010 ; Drew Brees , 11 , 2006 -- 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 9 , 2008 -- 2016 ; Tom Brady , 8 , 2009 -- 2016 . ) Surpassed 2004 ( 2 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Longest pass in a Super Bowl : 81 yards to Antonio Freeman , 1997 ( Record surpassed by Jake Delhomme to Muhsin Muhammad , 85 yards , 2004 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 12 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Peyton Manning , 13 , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 13 , 2011 ; Aaron Rodgers , 13 , 2011 ) Surpassed 2005 ( 1 record ) ( edit ) ( 3rd ) Most wins as a starting quarterback under age 30 , career : 74 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 80 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 80 ) Surpassed 2006 ( 1 record ) ( edit ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive post season games , 20 + pass completions , career : 6 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 14 ; Peyton Manning , 7 ( two separate times ) ) Surpassed 2007 ( 7 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive regular season road games , 3 + touchdown passes : 5 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 6 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football road games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Tom Brady , 5 ) ( 2nd ) Most passer / receiver touchdown combinations , season : 18 , Brett Favre / Sterling Sharpe , 1994 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady / Randy Moss , 23 , 2007 ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive seasons , 3,500 + passing yards : 9 , 1994 -- 2002 . ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 , 1998 -- 2010 ; Drew Brees , 12 , 2005 -- 2016 . ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 3 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 4 ; Peyton Manning , 4 ; Aaron Rodgers , 4 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive Thursday games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 8 ; Tony Romo , 7 ; Philip Rivers , 6 ; Matthew Stafford , 5 ) ( 6th ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , road , career : 3 ( Record first surpassed by Tom Brady ; Current record holder : Drew Brees , 12 ) Surpassed 2008 ( 1 record ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most seasons , 25 + touchdown passes : 11 , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2009 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 16 , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 ) Surpassed 2009 ( 6 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive Thursday road games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 5 ( Peyton Manning , 9 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive Thursday road games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 5 ( Peyton Manning , 7 ) ( 2nd ) Most AP NFL MVP awards : 3 , 1995 -- 1997 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 5 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2013 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season touchdown passes , 3rd period , career : 7 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 18 ; Peyton Manning , 8 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , road , career : 26 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 43 ; Drew Brees , 32 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass completions , home , career : 11 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 25 ; Peyton Manning , 19 ; Tom Brady , 15 ; Tony Romo , 12 ) Surpassed 2010 ( 10 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive seasons , 20 + touchdown passes : 12 , 1994 -- 2005 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 , 1998 -- 2010 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback in one stadium , career : 25 , Lambeau Field , 1995 -- 1998 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 31 , Gillette Stadium , 2009 -- 2011 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 26 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 39 ; Tom Brady , 35 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 50 + pass attempts , road , career : 6 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 11 ; Drew Brees , 7 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 130 + passer rating , home , career : 15 . ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 25 ; Drew Brees , 20 . ) ( 4th ) Most passing touchdowns , career , 30 to 34 years of age : 135 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 195 ; Peyton Manning , 155 ; Tom Brady , 153 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , career : 60 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 96 ; Peyton Manning , 90 ; Tom Brady , 69 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 28 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 49 ; Drew Brees , 39 ; Tom Brady , 37 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 29 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 50 ; Drew Brees , 44 ; Tom Brady , 40 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , home , career : 29 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 44 ; Peyton Manning , 43 ; Drew Brees , 33 . ) Surpassed 2011 ( 9 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive post season games , 1 + passing touchdowns , 100 + passing yards , career : 16 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 21 . ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive regular season road games , 2 + touchdown passes : 11 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 14 ; Peyton Manning , 12 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass completions , road , career : 14 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 26 ; Peyton Manning , 20 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 75 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 13 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 24 ; Peyton Manning , 19 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , home , career : 3 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 7 ; Peyton Manning , 4 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 3 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 7 ; Peyton Manning , 4 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 3 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 7 ; Peyton Manning , 4 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , road , career : 8 . ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 15 ; Matt Ryan , 11 ; Tom Brady , 10 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass completions , career : 25 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 48 ; Peyton Manning , 39 ; Tom Brady , 28 . ) Surpassed 2012 ( 29 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 72 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 93 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 25 + yards , career : 128 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 154 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 66 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 89 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 72 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 93 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive post season games , 20 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , career : 2 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 3 ) ( 2nd ) Most Pro Bowl selections as quarterback : 11 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 14 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , home , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 51 ; Drew Brees , 46 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 35 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 49 ; Drew Brees , 46 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 52 ; Drew Brees , 46 . ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes at home , career : 14 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 21 ; Peyton Manning , 17 ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes at one stadium , career : 12 at Lambeau Field ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 21 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome ; Peyton Manning , 15 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 51 ; Tom Brady , 44 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home , career : 21 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 31 ; Tom Brady , 25 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , road , career : 15 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 20 ; Tom Brady , 19 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , home , career : 34 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 49 ; Tom Brady , 44 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 37 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 51 ; Drew Brees , 50 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 24 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 31 ; Drew Brees , 30 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , home , career : 49 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 64 ; Peyton Manning , 61 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 120 + passer rating , home , career : 26 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 37 ; Drew Brees , 27 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season pass completions , career : 481 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 831 ; Peyton Manning , 649 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season pass attempts , career : 791 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 1,325 ; Peyton Manning , 1,027 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 120 + passer rating , career : 42 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 57 ; Drew Brees , 46 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 12 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady & Drew Brees , 19 each ; Peyton Manning , 18 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 300 + passing yards , 0 interceptions , career : 27 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 38 ; Peyton Manning , 37 ; Tom Brady , 35 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , career : 15 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 23 ; Tom Brady , 21 ; Peyton Manning , 18 ) ( 4th ) Most games played by a quarterback , Thursday , career : 10 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 ; Tony Romo , 12 ; Charlie Batch , 11 ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + touchdown passes , regular season plus postseason games combined : 39 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 49 ; Peyton Manning , 48 ; Drew Brees , 40 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , career : 52 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 73 ; Peyton Manning , 70 ; Tom Brady , 57 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 52 ; Peyton Manning , 44 ; Drew Brees , 43 and 38 ( two separate periods ) ) Surpassed 2013 ( 42 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 2nd half , career : 235 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 253 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 3rd quarter , career : 117 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 132 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , road , career : 12 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , road , career : 12 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , road , career : 12 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , road , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 41 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , road , career : 31 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 40 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , road , career : 36 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 41 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , road , career : 63 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 77 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 135 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 153 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 188 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 209 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , road , career : 91 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 107 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 20 + yards , career : 172 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 194 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive seasons , 30 + touchdown passes : 5 , 1994 -- 1998 . ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 9 , 2008 -- 2016 . ) ( 2nd ) Most seasons , 3,500 + passing yards : 14 , 1994 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 16 , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , road , career : 89 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 98 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 82 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 95 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 47 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 54 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 90 + passer rating , career : 141 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 158 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 80 + passer rating , career : 175 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 198 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season road wins as a starting quarterback : 73 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 85 ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive Sunday home games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 13 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 17 ; Peyton Manning , 15 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 23 . ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 35 ; Drew Brees , 28 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 23 . ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 35 ; Drew Brees , 28 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 200 + passing yards , 0 interceptions , career : 75 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 92 ; Tom Brady , 89 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , career : 65 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 80 ; Tom Brady , 75 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , home , career : 55 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady & Peyton Manning , 64 each . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 35 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 41 ; Tom Brady , 36 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 51 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 59 ; Tom Brady , 57 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 55 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady & Peyton Manning , 64 each ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , career : 61 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 75 ; Peyton Manning , 72 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 20 + passing attempts , 0 interceptions , career : 95 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 114 ; Peyton Manning , 104 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , home , career : 57 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 68 ; Peyton Manning , 63 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 110 + passer rating , career : 66 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 78 ; Drew Brees , 73 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season passing yards , career : 5,855 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 9,094 ; Peyton Manning , 7,339 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 200 + passing yards , career : 19 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 30 ; Peyton Manning , 22 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 100 + passing yards , career : 23 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive post season games , 10 + pass completions , career : 24 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive post season games , 10 + pass attempts , career : 24 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 50 + pass completion % , career : 23 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 32 ; Peyton Manning , 24 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , career : 23 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 35 ; Drew Brees , 28 ; Tom Brady , 24 ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season road games , 1 + touchdown passes : 32 ( Record surpassed by Tony Romo , 41 ; Matt Ryan , 36 ; Peyton Manning , 34 ) Surpassed 2014 ( 61 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , career : 508 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 539 ) ( 2nd ) Most passing touchdowns , regular season plus post season combined : 552 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 579 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 1st half , career : 273 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 277 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 1st quarter , career : 108 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 114 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 4th quarter , career : 116 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 121 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes : 159 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 165 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , road , career : 12 . ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , road , career : 75 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 82 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 72 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 76 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 158 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 165 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , road , career : 75 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 82 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 97 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 102 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 15 + yards , career : 225 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 247 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 10 + yards , career : 298 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 324 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 5 + yards , career : 395 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 420 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , red zone , career : 345 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 351 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , < 5 yards , career : 113 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 119 ) ( 2nd ) Most go ahead touchdown passes , regular season game , career : 167 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 168 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive Sunday home games , 4 + touchdown passes , career : 2 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 3 ) ( 2nd ) Most seasons , 35 + touchdown passes : 3 , 1995 -- 1997 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 4 , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ) ( 2nd ) Most seasons , 20 + touchdown passes : 15 , 1994 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2009 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 16 , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 200 + passing yards , career : 209 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 221 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 200 + passing yards , road , career : 104 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 115 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass completions , career : 189 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 202 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass completions , home , career : 90 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 97 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass completions , road , career : 99 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 105 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , career : 128 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 132 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , home , career : 66 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 71 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , career : 184 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 198 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass completion % , home , career : 95 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 100 ) ( 2nd ) Most seasons , 60 + pass completions % : 14 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 15 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive regular season touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home : 20 ( Record surpassed by Aaron Rodgers , 49 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home , career : 40 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 41 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home , career : 54 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 57 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , road , career : 46 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 52 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 67 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 70 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , home , career : 38 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 42 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 29 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 32 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , home , career : 36 . ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 41 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 20 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , road , career : 46 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 52 . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 110 + passer rating , home , career : 39 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 43 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 100 + passer rating , career : 108 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 112 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 100 + passer rating , home , career : 55 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 58 ) ( 2nd ) Most game winning drives , Monday : 4 ( Record surpassed by Ben Roethlisberger , 5 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive home post season games , 1 + TD passes , career : 11 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 ) ( 2nd ) Most post season losses as starting quarterback , career : 11 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 13 ) ( 2nd ) Most combined touchdown passes / rushing touchdowns , career : 522 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 557 ) ( 2nd ) Most stadiums achieved victory as a starter , career : 33 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 37 ) ( 3rd ) Most passing touchdowns , career , 35 to 39 years of age : 119 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 156 ; Peyton Manning , 140 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , career : 78 . ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 88 ; Peyton Manning , 82 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , road , career : 42 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 47 ; Peyton Manning , 45 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 100 + passing yards , 0 interceptions , career : 101 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 114 ; Peyton Manning , 107 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , career : 101 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 115 ; Peyton Manning , 107 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 94 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 102 ; Tom Brady , 99 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 102 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 115 ; Peyton Manning , 109 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , career : 105 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 119 ; Peyton Manning , 108 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season playoff games , 20 + pass attempts , career : 23 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 33 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , 70 + yards , career : 15 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 16 ; Aaron Rodgers , 16 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games as quarterback , career : 24 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 10 + attempts , career : 24 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 10 + completions , career : 24 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) Surpassed 2015 ( 19 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most post season games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 15 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 20 . ) ( 2nd ) Most post season games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 22 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 30 . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 98 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 107 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season wins as starting quarterback , one team , career : 160 , Green Bay Packers . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 192 , New England Patriots . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 50 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 47 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 52 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 10 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , road , career : 48 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 53 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 74 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 83 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , road , career : 34 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 39 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , road , career : 44 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 48 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 100 + passer rating , road , career : 53 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 54 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 105 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 107 ) ( 2nd ) Most passing yards , regular season plus post season combined , career : 77,693 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 79,279 ) ( 2nd ) Most total offence yards , career : 70,195 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 70,654 ) ( 2nd ) Most passing yards , regular season , career : 71,838 ( Record surpassed by Peyton Manning , 71,940 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 20 + completions , 0 interceptions , road , career : 31 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 34 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 30 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , road , career : 32 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 35 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 55 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 43 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 45 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive seasons , 500 + pass attempts , career : 10 ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 11 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season home wins by a starting quarterback , one team , career : 96 ( Green Bay : Lambeau Field , 90 ; Milwaukee County Stadium , 7 ) ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 104 ( New England : Gillette Stadium , 93 ; Foxboro Stadium , 11 ) . Surpassed 2016 ( 4 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , one team , career : 442 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 484 . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 65 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 62 . ( Record surpassed by Drew Brees , 71 . ) ( 3rd ) Most victories , regular season plus post season combined , career : 199 , overall record , 199 - 123 , 0.618 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 219 , overall record : 219 - 63 , 0.777 ; Peyton Manning , 200 , 200 - 92 , 0.685 . ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 40 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , road , career : 2 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , Drew Brees & Joe Flacco , 3 each . ) Surpassed 2017 ( 5 records ) ( edit ) ( 2nd ) Most post season pass interceptions , career : 30 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 31 . ) ( 2nd ) Most passing yards , one team , career : 61,655 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 65,745 . ) ( 2nd ) Most passing yards , 40 + years old , game : 446 ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 447 ) ( 2nd ) Most pass completions , one team , career : 5,377 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 5,590 . ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season victories by a starting quarterback , career : 186 . ( Record surpassed by Tom Brady , 194 . ) Personal bests ( non-nfl records ) ( edit ) 2nd in NFL history ( edit ) Favre 2nd in NFL history ( show ) Regular season ( 2nd ) Most touchdown passes , regular season 40 + years of age , career : 36 ( Warren Moon , 37 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdowns over age 40 , career : 9 ( Warren Moon , 10 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdowns over age 40 , career : 18 ( Warren Moon , 20 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive regular season home games , 1 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ) : 13 ( Dan Marino vs. New York Jets , 16 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football road games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Tom Brady , 5 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 95 + yards , career : 1 ( Joe Montana , 2 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 60 + yards , career : 27 ( Johnny Unitas , 29 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive seasons leading the league in touchdown passes : 3 ; 1995 -- 1997 ( Johnny Unitas , 4 ; 1957 -- 1960 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive seasons , touchdown pass : 19 ( Vinny Testaverde , 21 ) ( 2nd ) Most passing yards , regular season , career , 40 + years of age , career : 6,711 ( Warren Moon , 7,148 ) ( 2nd ) Most pass completions , regular season , career , 40 + years of age , career : 580 ( Warren Moon , 608 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive regular season games , 130 + passer rating , career : 3 ( John Hadl , 4 ) ( 2nd ) Highest passer rating , career , 40 + years of age : 92.2 ( Sonny Jurgensen , 94.5 ) ( 2nd ) Most games played by a non-special teams player : 302 ( Jerry Rice , 303 ) ( 2nd ) Most consecutive games played , career : 299 ( Jeff Feagles , 352 ) ( 2nd ) Most regular season wins by a starting quarterback in one stadium , career : 90 , Lambeau Field ( including once as a Minnesota Viking ) ( John Elway , 95 , Mile High Stadium ) 3rd in NFL history ( edit ) Favre 3rd in NFL history ( show ) Regular season ( 3rd ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 3 ( Dan Marino , 4 ; Drew Brees , 4 ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football home games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 10 ( Dan Marino , 29 ; Drew Brees , 11 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 6 + touchdown passes , home , career : 1 ( Y.A. Tittle , 2 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 6 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 1 ( Y.A. Tittle , 2 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 6 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 1 ( Y.A. Tittle , 2 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2 ) ( 3rd ) Longest overtime touchdown pass : 82 yards to Greg Jennings , 2007 ( Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , 99 yards , 1985 ; Teddy Bridgewater to Jarius Wright , 2014 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season touchdown passes , overtime , career : 2 ( Drew Bledsoe , 4 ; Terry Bradshaw , 3 ) ( 3rd ) Most go ahead touchdown passes when team is trailing , regular season game , age 40 + years old , career : 2 ( Warren Moon , 7 ; Vinny Testaverde , 4 ) ( 3rd ) Most passing yards , 40 + years old , game : 392 ( Brett Favre , 446 ; Warren Moon , 409 ) ( 3rd ) Most consecutive regular season games , 100 + passing yards , career : 126 . ( Dan Marino , 188 ; Drew Brees , 133 . ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , career : 59 ( Peyton Manning , 88 ; Drew Brees , 73 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , home , career : 33 ( Peyton Manning , 46 ; Drew Brees , 43 ) ( 3rd ) Most pass attempts , regular season , career , 40 + years of age : 889 ( Warren Moon , 1,070 ; Vinny Testeverde , 974 ) ( 3rd ) Most pass interceptions , regular season , career , 40 + years of age : 26 ( Warren Moon , 34 ; Vinny Testaverde , 34 ) ( 3rd ) Most regular season games , 130 + passer rating , career : 22 . ( Peyton Manning , 37 ; Drew Brees , 30 . ) ( 3rd ) Most starts by a quarterback , 40 + years of age : 29 ( Warren Moon , 33 ; Vinny Testaverde , 32 ) ( 3rd ) Most seasons played as a quarterback : 20 ( Earl Morrall , 21 ; Vinny Testaverde , 21 ) ( 3rd ) Most game winning drives , Thursday : 2 ( Charle Batch , 4 ; Warren Moon , 3 ) Post season ( 3rd ) Most post season touchdown passes , career : 44 . ( Tom Brady , 63 ; Joe Montana , 45 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season red zone touchdown passes , career : 28 . ( Tom Brady , 55 ; Joe Montana , 32 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 6 . ( Tom Brady & Joe Montana , 9 each . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 20 + completions , career : 13 . ( Tom Brady , 27 ; Peyton Manning , 20 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 4 + touchdown passes and 0 interceptions , career : 1 ( Joe Montana , 2 ; Kurt Warner , 2 ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 3 + touchdown passes and 0 interceptions , career : 3 . ( Aaron Rodgers , 5 ; Joe Montana , 4 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 10 + pass completions and 0 interceptions , career : 9 . ( Tom Brady , 15 ; Peyton Manning , 12 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 60 + pass completion % and 0 interceptions , career : 7 ( Tom Brady , 11 ; Joe Montana , 9 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 55 + pass completion % and 0 interceptions , career : 8 . ( Tom Brady , 13 ; Joe Montana , 9 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 10 + attempts and 0 interceptions , career : 9 . ( Tom Brady , 15 ; Peyton Manning , 12 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 110 + passer rating , career : 5 . ( Tom Brady , 7 ; Joe Montana , 6 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 65 + pass completion % and 0 interceptions , career : 5 . ( Tom Brady , 7 ; Joe Montana , 6 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games . 50 + pass completion % and 0 interceptions , career : 9 . ( Tom Brady , 15 ; Peyton Manning , 11 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season touchdown passes , 2nd period , career : 15 . ( Tom Brady , 20 ; Joe Montana , 16 . ) ( 3rd ) Most post season games , 100 + passer rating , , career : 10 . ( Tom Brady & Joe Montana , 12 each . ) 4th in NFL history ( edit ) Favre 4th in NFL history ( show ) Regular season ( 4th ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 5 ( Tom Brady , 7 ; Peyton Manning , 6 ; Matt Ryan , 6 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , home , career : 11 . ( Drew Brees , 22 ; Peyton Manning , 20 ; Tom Brady , 15 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 5 ( Peyton Manning , 10 ; Tom Brady & Dan Marino , 9 each ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , home , career : 11 . ( Drew Brees , 22 ; Peyton Manning , 20 ; Tom Brady , 15 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , home , career : 11 . ( Drew Brees , 22 ; Peyton Manning , 20 ; Tom Brady , 15 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 15 ( Tom Brady & Peyton Manning , 22 each ; Joe Montana , 16 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , home , career : 26 . ( Drew Brees , 46 ; Dan Marino , 30 ; Peyton Manning , 30 . ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , home , career : 32 . ( Drew Brees , 51 ; Peyton Manning , 41 ; Dan Marino , 34 . ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season road games , 3 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ; vs. San Diego Chargers ) : 3 ( Charley Johnson vs. Cleveland Browns , 4 ; Joe Montana vs. Los Angeles Rams , 4 ; Joe Montana vs. New Orleans Saints , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , season : 5 , 1996 ( Peyton Manning , 9 , 2013 ; Dan Marino , 6 , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 6 , 2004 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 55 + yards , career : 33 ( Johnny Unitas , 37 ; Fran Tarkenton , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 34 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 50 + yards , career : 43 ( Johnny Unitas , 51 ; Fran Tarkenton , 44 ; Peyton Manning , 44 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 45 + yards , career : 49 ( Johnny Unitas , 56 ; Jim Hart , 52 ; Fran Tarkenton , 51 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 40 + yards , career : 63 ( Johnny Unitas , 70 ; Peyton Manning , 67 ; Jim Hart , 65 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 35 + yards , career : 78 ( Peyton Manning , 89 ; Johnny Unitas , 87 ; Fran Tarkenton , 79 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season touchdown passes of 30 + yards , career : 101 ( Peyton Manning , 118 ; Johnny Unitas , 108 ; Fran Tarkenton , 105 ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 2 . ( two separate times ) ( Peyton Manning , 5 ; Drew Brees & Dan Marino , 3 each . ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 2 ( two separate times ) ( Peyton Manning , 5 ; Dan Marino , 4 ; Drew Brees , 3 ) ( 4th ) Most seasons , 4,000 + passing yards , career : 6 ( Peyton Manning , 14 ; Drew Brees , 9 ; Tom Brady , 7 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 75 + pass completion % , career : 28 ( Peyton Manning , 50 ; Drew Brees , 43 ; Philip Rivers , 32 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 75 + pass completion % , road , career : 13 ( Peyton Manning , 23 ; Steve Young , 15 ; Troy Aikman , 15 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 60 + pass attempts , home , career : 1 ( Joe Namath , 2 ; Chris Weinke , 2 ; Tony Romo , 2 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 50 + pass attempts , home , career : 6 ( Tom Brady , 10 ; Dan Marino , 9 ; Drew Blesoe , 7 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 75 + pass completion % and 0 interceptions , career : 20 ( Drew Brees , 34 ; Peyton Manning , 30 ; Steve Young , 21 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season games , 140 + passer rating , career : 13 ( Peyton Manning , 21 ; Tom Brady , 18 ; Drew Brees , 16 ) ( 4th ) Most regular season road wins by a starting quarterback , one team , career : 64 ( Green Bay ) ( Tom Brady , 80 ; Dan Marino & Peyton Manning , 65 each . ) ( 4th ) Most sacked yards lost , career : 3,487 ( Dave Krieg , 3,794 ; John Elway , 3,785 ; Randall Cunningham , 3,537 ) ( 4th ) Most passing yards , 40 + years old , game : 392 . ( Tom Brady , 447 ; Favre , 446 ; Warren Moon , 409 . ) Post season ( 4th ) Longest touchdown pass , post season : 90 yards to Donald Driver 2007 ( 96 yards , Trent Dilfer to Shannon Sharpe , 2001 ; 94 yards , Troy Aikman to Alvin Harper , 1995 ; 93 yards , Daryle Lamonica to Elbert Dubenion , 1963 ) ( 4th ) Most post season touchdown passes of 60 + yards , career : 3 ( Terry Bradshaw , 5 ; Kurt Warner , 5 ; Joe Montana , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most post season games , 60 + pass completion % , career : 12 . ( Tom Brady , 23 ; Peyton Manning , 15 ; Joe Montana , 14 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season games , 55 + pass completion % , career : 17 . ( Tom Brady , 27 ; Peyton Manning , 21 ; Joe Montana , 19 . ) ( 4th ) Most consecutive post season games , 20 + pass attempts , career : 16 . ( Tom Brady , 32 ; Peyton Manning , 27 ; Dan Marino , 18 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season games , 2 + touchdown passes and 0 interceptions , career : 5 . ( Tom Brady , 8 ; Joe Flacco , 7 ; Joe Montana , 6 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season games , 1 + touchdown passes and 0 interceptions , career : 8 . ( Tom Brady , 13 ; Peyton Manning , 10 ; Joe Montana , 9 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season games , 200 + passing yards and 0 interceptions , career : 6 . ( Tom Brady , 11 ; Peyton Manning , 9 ; Joe Montana , 7 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season home losses as starting quarterback , career : 3 ( Peyton Manning , 6 ; Steve Young , 5 , Roger Staubach , 4 ) ( 4th ) Most post season starts , career : 24 . ( Tom Brady , 34 ; Jerry Rice , 29 ; Peyton Manning , 27 . ) ( 4th ) Most post season home victories as starting quarterback , career : 9 . ( Tom Brady , 17 ; Peyton Manning & Joe Montana , 10 each . ) 5th in NFL history ( edit ) Favre 5th in NFL history ( show ) Regular season ( 5th ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 14 ( Dan Marino , 20 ; Drew Brees , 17 ; Eli Manning , 16 ; Peyton Manning ; 15 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football home games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Drew Brees , 10 ; Tom Brady , 6 ; Peyton Manning , 6 ; Steve Young ; 5 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive Monday Night Football road games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 7 ( Eli Manning , 13 ; Terry Bradshaw , 10 ; Peyton Manning , 9 ; Jay Cutler , 8 ) ( 5th ) Most post season touchdown passes , 2nd half , career : 15 ( Tom Brady , 31 ; Joe Montana , 17 ; Terry Bradshaw , 16 ; Dan Marino , 16 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 12 ( Peyton Manning , 15 ; Tom Brady , 13 ; Aaron Rodgers , 13 ; Peyton Manning , 13 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes , one stadium , career : 11 at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Drew Brees , 21 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome ; Peyton Manning , 15 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High ; Brett Favre , 12 at Lambeau Field ; Kurt Warner , 12 at Edward Jones Dome ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Chicago Bears ) : 4 ( Steve Bartkowski vs. New Orleans Saints , 5 ; Brett Favre vs. San Diego Chargers , 5 ; Steve Beuerlein vs. San Francisco 49ers , 5 ; Tom Brady vs. Buffalo Bills , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive regular season home games , 3 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Minnesota Vikings ) : 3 ( Peyton Manning vs. Houston Texans , 5 ; Bert Jones vs. New York Jets , 4 ; Steve Young vs. Atlanta Falcons , 4 ; Kurt Warner vs. Atlanta Falcons , 4 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Drew Brees , 10 ; Peyton Manning , 9 ; Dan Marino , 6 ; Tom Brady , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 4 ( Drew Brees , 10 ; Peyton Manning , 9 ; Dan Marino , 6 ; Tom Brady , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 5 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 4 ( Drew Brees , 10 ; Peyton Manning , 9 ; Dan Marino , 6 ; Tom Brady , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , career : 27 . ( Drew Brees , 48 ; Peyton Manning , 46 ; Tom Brady , 38 ; Dan Marino , 33 . ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 300 + passing yards : 62 . ( Drew Brees , 106 ; Peyton Manning , 93 ; Tom Brady , 76 ; Dan Marino , 63 . ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 300 + passing yards , home , career : 33 . ( Drew Brees , 55 ; Peyton Manning , 43 ; Dan Marino , 36 ; Dan Fouts , 34 . ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 75 + pass completion % , home , career : 15 ( Drew Brees , 32 ; Peyton Manning , 27 ; Philip Rivers , 19 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 16 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 70 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 13 ( Peyton Manning , 20 ; Drew Brees , 19 ; Steve Young , 15 ; Tom Brady , 14 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 140 + passer rating , home , career : 8 ( Peyton Manning , 14 ; Drew Brees , 13 ; Craig Morton , 9 ; Tom Brady , 9 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 110 + passer rating , road , career : 27 ( Peyton Manning , 35 ; Tom Brady , 32 ; Drew Brees , 31 ; Joe Montana , 28 ) ( 5th ) Most 4th quarter / overtime comebacks , Thursday : 1 ( Charlie Batch , Peyton Manning & Warren Moon , 3 each ; John Hadl , 2 ) ( 5th ) Most regular season games , 4 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home , career : 5 . ( Drew Brees , 15 ; Tom Brady , 12 ; Peyton Manning , 11 ; Aaron Rodgers , 6 . ) Post season ( 5th ) Most post season touchdown passes of 50 + yards , career : 4 ( Joe Montana , 6 ; Peyton Manning , 6 ; Terry Bradshaw , 5 ; Kurt Warner , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most consecutive post season games , 1 + passing touchdowns , 200 + passing yards , career : 7 ( Peyton Manning , 13 ; Kurt Warner , 12 ; Tom Brady , 10 ; John Elway , 8 ) ( 5th ) Most post season games , 70 + pass completion % , career : 4 ( Troy Aikman , 7 ; Joe Montana , 5 ; Steve Young , 5 ; Peyton Manning , 5 ) ( 5th ) Most post season games , 65 + pass completion % , career : 8 . ( Tom Brady , 15 ; Peyton Manning , 14 ; Troy Aikman , 10 ; Steve Young , 9 . ) ( 5th ) Most post season games , 30 + pass attempts , career : 13 . ( Tom Brady , 27 ; Peyton Manning , 24 ; Dan Marino & Joe Montana , 14 each . ) ( 5th ) Most post season games , 100 + passing yards and 0 interceptions , career : 8 . ( Tom Brady , 15 ; Peyton Manning , 12 ; Joe Flacco & Joe Montana , 9 each . ) ( 5th ) Most post season games , 20 + pass attempts and 0 interceptions , career : 8 . ( Tom Brady , 14 ; Peyton Manning , 12 ; Joe Flacco & Joe Montana , 9 each . ) Regular season / post season combined ( 5th ) Most game winning drives , career : 45 ( Peyton Manning , 56 ; Dan Marino , 51 ; Tom Brady , 49 ; John Elway , 46 . ) Other notable accomplishments ( edit ) Favre other notable accomplishments ( show ) Regular season Post season touchdown passes , 4th quarter , career : 8 ( Terry Bradshaw , 14 ) Games , regular season , 6 + touchdown passes , career : 1 ( Peyton Manning , 3 ) Games , regular season , 6 + touchdown passes , 200 + passing yards , career : 1 ( Peyton Manning , 3 ) Games , regular season , 6 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 1 ( Peyton Manning , 3 ) Games , regular season , 5 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , road , career : 1 ( Dan Marino , 5 ) Games , regular season , 4 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , career : 8 ( Drew Brees , 28 ) Games , regular season , 3 + touchdown passes , 300 + passing yards , home , career : 12 ( Drew Brees , 43 ) Consecutive regular season games , 3 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 4 ( two separate times ) ( Tom Brady , 10 ) Consecutive regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 100 + passing yards , career : 12 ( Peyton Manning , 15 ) Consecutive regular season games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 36 ( Drew Brees , 54 ) Consecutive regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 12 ( Peyton Manning , 15 ) Consecutive regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Detroit Lions ) : 7 ( Dan Marino vs. New York Jets , 10 ) Consecutive regular season road games , 2 + touchdown passes against one opponent ( vs. Detroit Lions ) : 5 ( Brett Favre vs. Minnesota Vikings , 8 ) Consecutive Sunday home games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 4 ( Drew Brees , 9 ) Consecutive Sunday road games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 24 ( Drew Brees , 40 ) Consecutive Sunday road games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 8 ( Tom Brady , 12 ; Peyton Manning , 12 ) Passing touchdowns , 90 + yards , regular season , career : 1 ( Bill Wade , 3 ; Joe Montana , 3 ) Consecutive regular season games , 10 + completions , career : 90 ( Drew Brees , 158 ) Seasons , 600 + pass attempts : 2 ( Drew Brees , 9 ) Games , regular season , 5 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , home , career : 1 ( Drew Brees , 4 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 4 ) Consecutive regular season games , 2 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 4 ( Tom Brady , 9 ) Consecutive regular season games , 300 + passing yards , 0 interceptions , career : 2 ( four separate times ) ( Drew Brees ( twice ) , 5 ; Peyton Manning , 5 ) Games , regular season , 30 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , career : 6 ( Drew Brees , 26 ) Games , regular season , 30 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , home , career : 3 ( Drew Brees , 12 ) Games , regular season , 85 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , career : 2 ( Steve Young , 6 ; Drew Brees , 6 ) Games , regular season , 75 + pass completion % , 0 interceptions , road , career : 7 ( Drew Brees , 15 ) Games , regular season , 40 + pass attempts , 0 interceptions , home , career : 7 ( Tom Brady , 14 ) Games , regular season , 150 + passer rating , road , career : 2 ( Roger Staubach , 5 ) Games , regular season , 140 + passer rating , road , career : 5 ( Tom Brady , 8 ) Games , regular season , 120 + passer rating , road , career : 16 ( Tom Brady , 21 ) Consecutive regular season games , 120 + passer rating , career : 3 ( Milt Plum , 6 ) Consecutive regular season games , 110 + passer rating , career : 4 ( two separate times ) ( Aaron Rodgers , 11 ) Games , regular season , 140 + passer rating , season : 3 , 1995 ( several others , 4 ) Games , regular season , 130 + passer rating , season : 4 , 1995 ; 2009 ( Aaron Rodgers , 6 , 2011 ; Tony Romo , 6 , 2014 ) Games played , career : 302 ( Morten Andersen , 382 ) Game played at the age of 41 years , 71 days ( George Blanda , 48 years 109 days ) Seasons played 16 games : 17 ( Jeff Feagles , 22 ) Fumbles recovered , career : 42 ( Warren Moon , 56 ) All - pro selections as a quarterback : 3 ( Peyton Manning , 7 ) Post season Passing touchdowns , 30 + yards , post season , career : 8 ( Peyton Manning , 10 ) Passing touchdowns , Super Bowl , career : 5 ( Tom Brady , 15 . ) Passing touchdowns , Super Bowl , game : 3 ( Steve Young , 6 ) Consecutive post season games , 2 + passing touchdowns , 200 + passing yards , career : 4 ( Terry Bradshaw , 7 ; Joe Flacco , 7 ) Consecutive post season games , 2 + passing touchdowns , 100 + passing yards , career : 4 ( Joe Flacco , 8 ) Go ahead touchdown passes when team is trailing , post season game , 4th quarter / overtime , career : 2 ( Joe Montana , 4 ; Tom Brady , 4 ) Games , post season , 300 + passing yards , career : 4 ( Tom Brady , 12 ) Consecutive post season games , 200 + passing yards , career : 7 ( Peyton Manning , 14 ) Consecutive post season games , 100 + passing yards , career : 16 ( Tom Brady , 34 ) Games , post season , 40 + pass attempts , career : 5 ( Tom Brady , 16 ) Consecutive post season games , 2 + passing touchdowns , 0 interceptions , career : 2 ( Joe Montana , 5 ; Drew Brees , 5 ; Joe Flacco , 5 ) Games , post season , 300 + passing yards , 0 interceptions , career : 1 ( Peyton Manning , 5 ) Games , post season , 20 + pass completions , 0 interceptions , career : 4 ( Tom Brady , 9 ) Games , post season , 30 + pass attempts and 0 interceptions , career : 3 ( Peyton Manning , 10 ) Passer rating , Super Bowl , career : 97.61 ( Matt Ryan , 144.1 ) Post season games , 120 + passer rating , career : 3 ( Joe Montana , 5 ; Aaron Rodgers , 5 ) Consecutive post season games , 110 + passer rating , career : 2 ( Joe Montana , 5 ) Consecutive post season games , 100 + passer rating , career : 3 ( Joe Montana , 8 ) Games played , post season , career : 24 ( Tom Brady , 34 ) Post season victories as starting quarterback , career : 13 ( Tom Brady , 25 ) Post season road victories as starting quarterback , career : 3 ( Joe Flacco , 7 ) Regular season / post season combined 4th quarter / overtime comebacks , career : 30 ( Peyton Manning , 45 ) NFL firsts ( edit ) First player with 500 career touchdown passes First player with 70,000 career passing yards First player with 5,000 career pass completions First player with 6,000 career pass completions First player with 9,000 career pass attempts First player with 10,000 career pass attempts First player with 300 career interceptions First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts First quarterback with a win over all 32 teams in the league since expanding to 32 in 2002 First quarterback to win a playoff game at 40 + years of age First player with three consecutive most valuable player awards First known player to be a grandfather while active in the NFL Consecutive starts streak ( edit ) For a more detailed explanation of the streak , see Brett Favre § Consecutive starts streak . NFL record 297 consecutive starts ( 2nd place among all players is Jim Marshall with 270 ; 2nd place among quarterbacks is Eli Manning with 210 . ) Failed to finish a game due to injury on only eight occasions since taking control of the Packers as quarterback . 238 other quarterbacks have started in the NFL during the streak . Detailed list of the 238 QB 's who started during Favre 's streak ( show ) # of QB 's Team Quarterbacks that started for other teams during Favre 's 297 consecutive starts streak 23 Chicago Bears Erik Kramer ( 46 ) ; Kyle Orton ( 33 ) ; Rex Grossman ( 31 ) ; Jay Cutler ( 27 ) ; Jim Miller ( 26 ) ; Jim Harbaugh ( 25 ) ; Shane Matthews ( 15 ) ; Cade McNown ( 15 ) ; Chris Chandler ( 13 ) ; Dave Krieg ( 12 ) ; Steve Walsh ( 11 ) ; Steve Stenstrom ( 7 ) ; Kordell Stewart ( 7 ) ; Brian Griese ( 6 ) ; Chad Hutchinson ( 5 ) ; Craig Krenzel ( 5 ) ; Rick Mirer ( 3 ) ; Jonathan Quinn ( 3 ) ; Peter Tom Willis ( 3 ) ; Henry Burris ( 1 ) ; Todd Collins ( 1 ) ; Will Furrer ( 1 ) ; Moses Moreno ( 1 ) 22 Cleveland Browns Tim Couch ( 59 ) ; Derek Anderson ( 34 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 31 ) ; Charlie Frye ( 19 ) ; Kelly Holcomb ( 12 ) ; Bernie Kosar ( 12 ) ; Brady Quinn ( 12 ) ; Trent Dilfer ( 11 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 10 ) ; Doug Pederson ( 8 ) ; Mike Tomczak ( 8 ) ; Colt McCoy ( 5 ) ; Luke McCown ( 4 ) ; Seneca Wallace ( 4 ) ; Eric Zeier ( 4 ) ; Jake Delhomme ( 3 ) ; Ken Dorsey ( 3 ) ; Todd Philcox ( 3 ) ; Mark Rypien ( 3 ) ; Ty Detmer ( 2 ) ; Bruce Gradkowski ( 1 ) ; Spergon Wynn ( 1 ) ; No team in existence ( 48 ) 21 Miami Dolphins Dan Marino ( 104 ) ; Jay Fiedler ( 59 ) ; Chad Henne ( 23 ) ; Chad Pennington ( 20 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 15 ) ; Joey Harrington ( 11 ) ; A.J. Feeley ( 8 ) ; Cleo Lemon ( 8 ) ; Scott Mitchell ( 7 ) ; Damon Huard ( 6 ) ; Ray Lucas ( 6 ) ; Trent Green ( 5 ) ; Brian Griese ( 5 ) ; John Beck ( 4 ) ; Daunte Culpepper ( 4 ) ; Steve DeBerg ( 4 ) ; Craig Erikson ( 3 ) ; Bernie Kosar ( 2 ) ; Sage Rosenfels ( 2 ) ; Tyler Thigpen ( 1 ) 20 Arizona Cardinals Jake Plummer ( 82 ) ; Kurt Warner ( 57 ) ; Josh McCown ( 22 ) ; Steve Beuerlein ( 21 ) ; Matt Leinart ( 17 ) ; Dave Krieg ( 16 ) ; Chris Chandler ( 14 ) ; Kent Graham ( 14 ) ; Jeff Blake ( 13 ) ; Derek Anderson ( 9 ) ; Boomer Esiason ( 8 ) ; Jay Schroeder ( 8 ) ; Dave Brown ( 7 ) ; Max Hall ( 3 ) ; Shaun King ( 2 ) ; Stoney Case ( 1 ) ; Jim McMahon ( 1 ) ; John Navarre ( 1 ) ; Timm Rosenbach ( 1 ) ; John Skelton ( 1 ) 20 Detroit Lions Scott Mitchell ( 57 ) ; Joey Harrington ( 55 ) ; Charlie Batch ( 46 ) ; Jon Kitna ( 36 ) ; Rodney Peete ( 17 ) ; Matthew Stafford ( 13 ) ; Daunte Culpepper ( 10 ) ; Shaun Hill ( 8 ) ; Erik Kramer ( 7 ) ; Dave Krieg ( 7 ) ; Mike McMahon ( 7 ) ; Dan Orlovsky ( 7 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 6 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 5 ) ; Andre Ware ( 5 ) ; Ty Detmer ( 4 ) ; Don Majkowski ( 2 ) ; Frank Reich ( 2 ) ; Drew Stanton ( 2 ) ; Stoney Case ( 1 ) 20 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders Rich Gannon ( 74 ) ; Jeff Hostetler ( 55 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 28 ) ; JaMarcus Russell ( 25 ) ; Jeff George ( 23 ) ; Josh McCown ( 9 ) ; Andrew Walter ( 9 ) ; Aaron Brooks ( 8 ) ; Jason Campbell ( 8 ) ; Bruce Gradkowski ( 8 ) ; Rick Mirer ( 8 ) ; Jay Schroeder ( 7 ) ; Daunte Culpepper ( 6 ) ; Donald Hollas ( 6 ) ; Todd Marinovich ( 6 ) ; Billy Joe Hobert ( 5 ) ; Vince Evans ( 4 ) ; Charlie Frye ( 3 ) ; Wade Wilson ( 3 ) ; Marques Tuiasosopo ( 2 ) 19 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams Marc Bulger ( 96 ) ; Kurt Warner ( 50 ) ; Tony Banks ( 43 ) ; Chris Miller ( 23 ) ; Jim Everett ( 22 ) ; Sam Bradford ( 12 ) ; Chris Chandler ( 8 ) ; Jamie Martin ( 7 ) ; T.J. Rubley ( 7 ) ; Trent Green ( 6 ) ; Kyle Boller ( 4 ) ; Keith Null ( 4 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 3 ) ; Mark Rypien ( 3 ) ; Steve Walsh ( 3 ) ; Steve Bono ( 2 ) ; Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 2 ) ; Brock Berlin ( 1 ) ; Scott Covington ( 1 ) 19 Washington Redskins Jason Campbell ( 52 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 46 ) ; Mark Brunell ( 33 ) ; Brad Johnson ( 27 ) ; Patrick Ramsey ( 24 ) ; Mark Rypien ( 23 ) ; Tony Banks ( 14 ) ; Trent Green ( 14 ) ; Heath Shuler ( 13 ) ; Donovan McNabb ( 12 ) ; Jeff George ( 7 ) ; Shane Matthews ( 7 ) ; Tim Hasselbeck ( 5 ) ; John Friesz ( 4 ) ; Rich Gannon ( 4 ) ; Danny Wuerffel ( 4 ) ; Todd Collins ( 3 ) ; Jeff Hostetler ( 3 ) ; Cary Conklin ( 2 ) 17 Atlanta Falcons Chris Chandler ( 67 ) ; Michael Vick ( 67 ) ; Matt Ryan ( 42 ) ; Jeff George ( 35 ) ; Bobby Hebert ( 25 ) ; Doug Johnson ( 11 ) ; Joey Harrington ( 10 ) ; Billy Joe Tolliver ( 8 ) ; Chris Miller ( 7 ) ; Chris Redman ( 6 ) ; Tony Graziani ( 5 ) ; Kurt Kittner ( 4 ) ; Wade Wilson ( 3 ) ; Danny Kanell ( 2 ) ; Byron Leftwich ( 2 ) ; Matt Schaub ( 2 ) ; Steve DeBerg ( 1 ) 17 Dallas Cowboys Troy Aikman ( 124 ) ; Tony Romo ( 61 ) ; Quincy Carter ( 31 ) ; Drew Bledsoe ( 22 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 15 ) ; Jason Garrett ( 9 ) ; Chad Hutchinson ( 9 ) ; Jon Kitna ( 6 ) ; Anthony Wright ( 5 ) ; Randall Cunningham ( 3 ) ; Brad Johnson ( 3 ) ; Ryan Leaf ( 3 ) ; Clint Stoerner ( 2 ) ; Drew Henson ( 1 ) ; Bernie Kosar ( 1 ) ; Rodney Peete ( 1 ) ; Wade Wilson ( 1 ) 17 New Orleans Saints Aaron Brooks ( 82 ) ; Drew Brees ( 75 ) ; Jim Everett ( 47 ) ; Wade Wilson ( 14 ) ; Bobby Hebert ( 13 ) ; Billy Joe Hobert ( 12 ) ; Jeff Blake ( 11 ) ; Billy Joe Tolliver ( 11 ) ; Heath Shuler ( 9 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 7 ) ; Danny Wuerffel ( 6 ) ; Todd Bouman ( 3 ) ; Jake Delhomme ( 2 ) ; Doug Nussmeier ( 2 ) ; Mike Buck ( 1 ) ; Mark Brunell ( 1 ) ; Steve Walsh ( 1 ) 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Trent Dilfer ( 76 ) ; Brad Johnson ( 49 ) ; Craig Erickson ( 29 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 24 ) ; Shaun King ( 22 ) ; Josh Freeman ( 21 ) ; Brian Griese ( 21 ) ; Chris Simms ( 15 ) ; Bruce Gradkowski ( 11 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 11 ) ; Josh Johnson ( 4 ) ; Steve DeBerg ( 3 ) ; Byron Leftwich ( 3 ) ; Luke McCown ( 3 ) ; Rob Johnson ( 2 ) ; Tim Rattay ( 2 ) ; Eric Zeier ( 1 ) 16 Baltimore Ravens Joe Flacco ( 44 ) ; Kyle Boller ( 42 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 29 ) ; Steve McNair ( 22 ) ; Tony Banks ( 18 ) ; Elvis Grbac ( 14 ) ; Jim Harbaugh ( 14 ) ; Anthony Wright ( 14 ) ; Jeff Blake ( 10 ) ; Trent Dilfer ( 8 ) ; Chris Redman ( 6 ) ; Eric Zeier ( 5 ) ; Stoney Case ( 4 ) ; Randall Cunningham ( 2 ) ; Scott Mitchell ( 2 ) ; Troy Smith ( 2 ) ; No team in existence ( 61 ) 16 New York Jets Chad Pennington ( 61 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 61 ) ; Boomer Esiason ( 42 ) ; Mark Sanchez ( 27 ) ; Neil O'Donnell ( 20 ) ; Browning Nagle ( 11 ) ; Brooks Bollinger ( 9 ) ; Kellen Clemens ( 9 ) ; Ray Lucas ( 9 ) ; Glen Foley ( 8 ) ; Frank Reich ( 7 ) ; Rick Mirer ( 6 ) ; Bubby Brister ( 4 ) ; Quincy Carter ( 3 ) ; Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) ; Jack Trudeau ( 2 ) ; Favre as starter ( 16 ) 15 Denver Broncos John Elway ( 98 ) ; Jake Plummer ( 54 ) ; Brian Griese ( 51 ) ; Jay Cutler ( 37 ) ; Kyle Orton ( 27 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 7 ) ; Steve Beuerlein ( 5 ) ; Bubby Brister ( 4 ) ; Tommy Maddox ( 4 ) ; Chris Miller ( 3 ) ; Danny Kannel ( 2 ) ; Hugh Millen ( 2 ) ; Bill Musgrave ( 1 ) ; Jarious Jackson ( 1 ) ; Chris Simms ( 1 ) 15 Philadelphia Eagles Donovan McNabb ( 142 ) ; Randall Cunningham ( 34 ) ; Rodney Peete ( 24 ) ; Ty Detmer ( 18 ) ; Bobby Hoying ( 13 ) ; Bubby Brister ( 10 ) ; Doug Pederson ( 9 ) ; Koy Detmer ( 8 ) ; Michael Vick ( 8 ) ; A.J. Feeley ( 7 ) ; Mike McMahon ( 7 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 6 ) ; Kevin Kolb ( 6 ) ; Ken O'Brien ( 4 ) ; Jim McMahon ( 1 ) 15 San Francisco 49ers Steve Young ( 101 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 71 ) ; Alex Smith ( 47 ) ; Shaun Hill ( 16 ) ; Tim Rattay ( 16 ) ; Ken Dorsey ( 10 ) ; Elvis Grbac ( 9 ) ; J.T. O'Sullivan ( 8 ) ; Trent Dilfer ( 6 ) ; Troy Smith ( 5 ) ; Steve Stenstrom ( 3 ) ; Cody Pickett ( 2 ) ; Ty Detmer ( 1 ) ; Jim Druckenmiller ( 1 ) ; Chris Weinke ( 1 ) 14 Minnesota Vikings Daunte Culpepper ( 80 ) ; Brad Johnson ( 46 ) ; Warren Moon ( 39 ) ; Randall Cunningham ( 23 ) ; Tarvaris Jackson ( 19 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 13 ) ; Jim McMahon ( 12 ) ; Jeff George ( 10 ) ; Rich Gannon ( 9 ) ; Sean Salisbury ( 9 ) ; Todd Bouman ( 3 ) ; Kelly Holcomb ( 3 ) ; Spergon Wynn ( 2 ) ; Brooks Bollinger ( 1 ) ; Favre as starter ( 28 ) 14 Seattle Seahawks Matt Hasselbeck ( 128 ) ; Rick Mirer ( 51 ) ; Jon Kitna ( 33 ) ; Warren Moon ( 24 ) ; Seneca Wallace ( 14 ) ; Trent Dilfer ( 12 ) ; John Friesz ( 11 ) ; Stan Gelbaugh ( 9 ) ; Brock Huard ( 4 ) ; Dan McGwire ( 4 ) ; Kelly Stouffer ( 4 ) ; Glenn Foley ( 1 ) ; Charlie Frye ( 1 ) ; Charlie Whitehurst ( 1 ) 13 Carolina Panthers Jake Delhomme ( 90 ) ; Steve Beuerlein ( 51 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 42 ) ; Chris Weinke ( 19 ) ; Rodney Peete ( 15 ) ; Matt Moore ( 13 ) ; Jimmy Clausen ( 6 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 6 ) ; David Carr ( 4 ) ; Frank Reich ( 3 ) ; Randy Fasani ( 1 ) ; Matt Lytle ( 1 ) ; Brian St. Pierre ( 1 ) ; No team in existence ( 45 ) 13 San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers ( 76 ) ; Stan Humphries ( 74 ) ; Drew Brees ( 58 ) ; Doug Flutie ( 22 ) ; Ryan Leaf ( 18 ) ; Jim Harbaugh ( 17 ) ; Craig Whelihan ( 14 ) ; John Freisz ( 6 ) ; Erik Kramer ( 4 ) ; Sean Salisbury ( 3 ) ; Gale Gilbert ( 2 ) ; Moses Moreno ( 2 ) ; Jim Everett ( 1 ) 13 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers Steve McNair ( 131 ) ; Vince Young ( 47 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 28 ) ; Chris Chandler ( 25 ) ; Warren Moon ( 21 ) ; Cody Carlson ( 13 ) ; Billy Volek ( 10 ) ; Neil O'Donnell ( 8 ) ; Billy Joe Tolliver ( 7 ) ; Bucky Richardson ( 4 ) ; Will Furrer ( 1 ) ; Matt Mauck ( 1 ) ; Rusty Smith ( 1 ) 12 Buffalo Bills Jim Kelly ( 71 ) ; Drew Bledsoe ( 48 ) ; J.P. Losman ( 33 ) ; Trent Edwards ( 32 ) ; Doug Flutie ( 30 ) ; Rob Johnson ( 26 ) ; Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 18 ) ; Todd Collins ( 17 ) ; Alex Van Pelt ( 11 ) ; Kelly Holcomb ( 8 ) ; Frank Reich ( 2 ) ; Brian Brohm ( 1 ) 12 Cincinnati Bengals Carson Palmer ( 93 ) ; Jeff Blake ( 66 ) ; Jon Kitna ( 46 ) ; David Klingler ( 25 ) ; Akili Smith ( 17 ) ; Boomer Esiason ( 13 ) ; Ryan Fitzpatrick ( 12 ) ; Neil O'Donnell ( 11 ) ; Scott Mitchell ( 5 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 3 ) ; Paul Justin ( 3 ) ; Jay Schroeder ( 3 ) 11 Jacksonville Jaguars Mark Brunell ( 117 ) ; David Garrard ( 73 ) ; Byron Leftwich ( 44 ) ; Steve Beuerlein ( 6 ) ; Quinn Gray ( 4 ) ; Jonathan Quinn ( 3 ) ; Todd Bouman ( 1 ) ; Jay Fiedler ( 1 ) ; Rob Johnson ( 1 ) ; Jamie Martin ( 1 ) ; Steve Matthews ( 1 ) ; No team in existence ( 45 ) 11 Kansas City Chiefs Trent Green ( 88 ) ; Elvis Grbac ( 47 ) ; Steve Bono ( 31 ) ; Matt Cassel ( 27 ) ; Joe Montana ( 25 ) ; Damon Huard ( 21 ) ; Rich Gannon ( 19 ) ; Dave Krieg ( 18 ) ; Tyler Thigpen ( 11 ) ; Brodie Croyle ( 9 ) ; Warren Moon ( 1 ) 10 Pittsburgh Steelers Ben Roethlisberger ( 94 ) ; Kordell Stewart ( 75 ) ; Neil O'Donnell ( 50 ) ; Tommoy Maddox ( 32 ) ; Mike Tomczak ( 27 ) ; Charlie Batch ( 6 ) ; Kent Graham ( 5 ) ; Bubby Brister ( 4 ) ; Dennis Dixon ( 3 ) ; Jim Miller ( 1 ) 9 Indianapolis Colts Peyton Manning ( 204 ) ; Jim Harbaugh ( 46 ) ; Jeff George ( 21 ) ; Jack Trudeau ( 8 ) ; Paul Justin ( 7 ) ; Don Majkowski ( 6 ) ; Craig Erickson ( 3 ) ; Kelly Holcomb ( 1 ) ; Browning Nagle ( 1 ) 9 New York Giants Eli Manning ( 99 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 68 ) ; Dave Brown ( 53 ) ; Danny Kanell ( 20 ) ; Kent Graham ( 19 ) ; Phil Simms ( 17 ) ; Jeff Hostetler ( 9 ) ; Kurt Warner ( 9 ) ; Jesse Palmer ( 3 ) 8 New England Patriots Tom Brady ( 139 ) ; Drew Bledsoe ( 123 ) ; Matt Cassel ( 15 ) ; Scott Zolak ( 7 ) ; Hugh Millen ( 4 ) ; Scott Secules ( 4 ) ; Tommy Hodson ( 3 ) ; Jeff Carlson ( 2 ) 5 Houston Texans David Carr ( 75 ) ; Matt Schaub ( 50 ) ; Sage Rosenfels ( 10 ) ; Tony Banks ( 3 ) ; David Ragone ( 2 ) ; No team in existence ( 157 ) Green Bay Packers Aaron Rodgers ( 44 ) ; Favre as starter ( 253 ) 238 TOTALS ( active QB 's noted with an asterisk ) Peyton Manning ( 204 ) ; Drew Bledsoe ( 193 ) ; Kerry Collins ( 173 ) ; Donovan McNabb ( 154 ) ; Steve McNair ( 153 ) ; Vinny Testaverde ( 153 ) ; Mark Brunell ( 151 ) ; Tom Brady * ( 139 ) ; Jake Plummer ( 136 ) ; Drew Brees * ( 133 ) ; Matt Hasselbeck ( 128 ) ; Chris Chandler ( 127 ) ; Brad Johnson ( 125 ) ; Troy Aikman ( 124 ) ; Jon Kitna ( 121 ) ; Jeff Garcia ( 116 ) ; Kurt Warner ( 116 ) ; Trent Dilfer ( 113 ) ; Trent Green ( 113 ) ; Rich Gannon ( 106 ) ; Dan Marino ( 104 ) ; Jim Harbaugh ( 102 ) ; Steve Young ( 101 ) ; Jeff Blake ( 100 ) ; Daunte Culpepper ( 100 ) ; Eli Manning * ( 99 ) ; John Elway ( 98 ) ; Marc Bulger ( 96 ) ; Jeff George ( 96 ) ; Jake Delhomme ( 95 ) ; Ben Roethlisberger * ( 94 ) ; Gus Frerotte ( 93 ) ; Carson Palmer * ( 93 ) ; Aaron Brooks ( 90 ) ; Neil O'Donnell ( 89 ) ; Warren Moon ( 85 ) ; Steve Beuerlein ( 83 ) ; Brian Griese ( 83 ) ; Kordell Stewart ( 82 ) ; Chad Pennington ( 81 ) ; David Carr ( 79 ) ; Tony Banks ( 78 ) ; Joey Harrington ( 76 ) ; Philip Rivers * ( 76 ) ; Michael Vick ( 75 ) ; Stan Humphries ( 74 ) ; David Garrard ( 73 ) ; Jim Kelly ( 71 ) ; Scott Mitchell ( 71 ) ; Jim Everett ( 70 ) ; Elvis Grbac ( 70 ) ; Rick Mirer ( 68 ) ; Jeff Hostetler ( 67 ) ; Jay Cutler * ( 64 ) ; Boomer Esiason ( 63 ) ; Randall Cunningham ( 62 ) ; Tony Romo ( 61 ) ; Dave Brown ( 60 ) ; Jason Campbell ( 60 ) ; Jay Fiedler ( 60 ) ; Kyle Orton ( 60 ) ; Tim Couch ( 59 ) ; Erik Kramer ( 57 ) ; Rodney Peete ( 57 ) ; Dave Krieg ( 53 ) ; Charlie Batch ( 52 ) ; Doug Flutie ( 52 ) ; Matt Schaub * ( 52 ) ; Byron Leftwich ( 49 ) ; Alex Smith * ( 47 ) ; Vince Young ( 47 ) ; Kyle Boller ( 46 ) ; Joe Flacco * ( 44 ) ; Aaron Rodgers * ( 44 ) ; Derek Anderson * ( 43 ) ; Matt Cassel * ( 42 ) ; Matt Ryan * ( 42 ) ; Kent Graham ( 38 ) ; Bobby Hebert ( 38 ) ; Trent Edwards ( 36 ) ; Craig Erickson ( 35 ) ; Mike Tomczak ( 35 ) ; Quincy Carter ( 34 ) ; Steve Bono ( 33 ) ; J.P. Losman ( 33 ) ; Chris Miller ( 33 ) ; Ryan Fitzpatrick * ( 32 ) ; Tommy Maddox ( 32 ) ; Rex Grossman ( 31 ) ; Josh McCown * ( 31 ) ; Rob Johnson ( 29 ) ; Mark Rypien ( 29 ) ; Damon Huard ( 27 ) ; Jim Miller ( 27 ) ; Mark Sanchez * ( 27 ) ; Billy Joe Tolliver ( 26 ) ; Ty Detmer ( 25 ) ; David Klingler ( 25 ) ; Joe Montana ( 25 ) ; JaMarcus Russell ( 25 ) ; Shaun Hill * ( 24 ) ; Kelly Holcomb ( 24 ) ; Danny Kanell ( 24 ) ; Shaun King ( 24 ) ; Patrick Ramsey ( 24 ) ; Charlie Frye ( 23 ) ; Chad Henne * ( 23 ) ; Bubby Brister ( 22 ) ; Shane Matthews ( 22 ) ; Heath Shuler ( 22 ) ; Todd Collins ( 21 ) ; Josh Freeman ( 21 ) ; John Friesz ( 21 ) ; Ryan Leaf ( 21 ) ; Wade Wilson ( 21 ) ; Bruce Gradkowski ( 20 ) ; Chris Weinke ( 20 ) ; Tarvaris Jackson ( 19 ) ; Anthony Wright ( 19 ) ; Tim Rattay ( 18 ) ; Jay Schroeder ( 18 ) ; Seneca Wallace ( 18 ) ; Billy Joe Hobert ( 17 ) ; Matt Leinart ( 17 ) ; Doug Pederson ( 17 ) ; Phil Simms ( 17 ) ; Akili Smith ( 17 ) ; Chris Simms ( 16 ) ; A.J. Feeley ( 15 ) ; Bernie Kosar ( 15 ) ; Ray Lucas ( 15 ) ; Cade McNown ( 15 ) ; Steve Walsh ( 15 ) ; Chad Hutchinson ( 14 ) ; Jim McMahon ( 14 ) ; Mike McMahon ( 14 ) ; Frank Reich ( 14 ) ; Craig Whelihan ( 14 ) ; Cody Carlson ( 13 ) ; Ken Dorsey ( 13 ) ; Bobby Hoying ( 13 ) ; Matt Moore * ( 13 ) ; Matthew Stafford * ( 13 ) ; Sam Bradford * ( 12 ) ; Browning Nagle ( 12 ) ; Brady Quinn ( 12 ) ; Chris Redman ( 12 ) ; Sage Rosenfels ( 12 ) ; Sean Salisbury ( 12 ) ; Tyler Thigpen ( 12 ) ; Doug Johnson ( 11 ) ; Alex Van Pelt ( 11 ) ; Brooks Bollinger ( 10 ) ; Paul Justin ( 10 ) ; Steve Stenstrom ( 10 ) ; Jack Trudeau ( 10 ) ; Billy Volek ( 10 ) ; Danny Wuerffel ( 10 ) ; Eric Zeier ( 10 ) ; Kellen Clemens * ( 9 ) ; Brodie Croyle ( 9 ) ; Glenn Foley ( 9 ) ; Jason Garrett ( 9 ) ; Stan Gelbaugh ( 9 ) ; Andrew Walter ( 9 ) ; Steve DeBerg ( 8 ) ; Koy Detmer ( 8 ) ; Cleo Lemon ( 8 ) ; Don Majkowski ( 8 ) ; Jamie Martin ( 8 ) ; J.T. O'Sullivan ( 8 ) ; Todd Bouman ( 7 ) ; Luke McCown * ( 7 ) ; Dan Orlovsky * ( 7 ) ; T.J. Rubley ( 7 ) ; Troy Smith ( 7 ) ; Scott Zolak ( 7 ) ; Stoney Case ( 6 ) ; Jimmy Clausen * ( 6 ) ; Donald Hollas ( 6 ) ; Kevin Kolb ( 6 ) ; Ken O'Brien ( 6 ) ; Jonathan Quinn ( 6 ) ; Todd Marinovich ( 6 ) ; Hugh Millen ( 6 ) ; Tim Hasselbeck ( 5 ) ; Tony Graziani ( 5 ) ; Craig Krenzel ( 5 ) ; Colt McCoy * ( 5 ) ; Andre Ware ( 5 ) ; John Beck ( 4 ) ; Vince Evans ( 4 ) ; Quinn Gray ( 4 ) ; Brock Huard ( 4 ) ; Josh Johnson * ( 4 ) ; Kurt Kittner ( 4 ) ; Dan McGwire ( 4 ) ; Keith Null ( 4 ) ; Bucky Richardson ( 4 ) ; Scott Secules ( 4 ) ; Kelly Stouffer ( 4 ) ; Dennis Dixon ( 3 ) ; Max Hall ( 3 ) ; Tommy Hodson ( 3 ) ; Moses Moreno ( 3 ) ; Jesse Palmer ( 3 ) ; Todd Philcox ( 3 ) ; Peter Tom Willis ( 3 ) ; Spergon Wynn ( 3 ) ; Jeff Carlson ( 2 ) ; Cary Conklin ( 2 ) ; Will Furrer ( 2 ) ; Gale Gilbert ( 2 ) ; Doug Nussmeier ( 2 ) ; Cody Pickett ( 2 ) ; Dave Ragone ( 2 ) ; Drew Stanton * ( 2 ) ; Clint Stoerner ( 2 ) ; Marques Tuiasosopo ( 2 ) ; Brock Berlin ( 1 ) ; Brian Brohm ( 1 ) ; Mike Buck ( 1 ) ; Henry Burris ( 1 ) ; Scott Covington ( 1 ) ; Jim Druckenmiller ( 1 ) ; Randy Fasani ( 1 ) ; Drew Henson ( 1 ) ; Jarious Jackson ( 1 ) ; Matt Lytle ( 1 ) ; Steve Matthews ( 1 ) ; Matt Mauck ( 1 ) ; Bill Musgrave ( 1 ) ; John Navarre ( 1 ) ; Timm Rosenbach ( 1 ) ; Brian St. Pierre ( 1 ) ; John Skelton ( 1 ) ; Rusty Smith ( 1 ) ; Charlie Whitehurst * ( 1 ) 12 quarterbacks started for other teams during the streak , but were back - ups to Favre at one point Don Majkowski ( 1992 ) Ty Detmer ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Mark Brunell ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Doug Pederson ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2001 -- 2004 ) Steve Bono ( 1997 ) Rick Mirer ( 1998 ) Matt Hasselbeck ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Aaron Brooks ( 1999 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 2000 ) Henry Burris ( 2001 ) J.T. O'Sullivan ( 2004 ) Kellen Clemens ( 2008 ) Tarvaris Jackson ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3 quarterbacks ( former starters ) did not start another game after being a back - up to Favre during the streak Jim McMahon ( 1995 -- 1996 ) T.J. Rubley ( 1995 ) Sage Rosenfels ( 2009 ) 3 quarterbacks were back - ups to Favre , did not have a start during the streak , and had a start after the streak ended Todd Bouman ( 2006 ) Joe Webb ( 2010 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 7 quarterbacks were back - ups to Favre , never had a start in their NFL career Craig Nall ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Ingle Martin ( 2006 ) Brett Ratliff ( 2008 ) Erik Ainge ( 2008 ) Brad Smith ( 2008 ) Rhett Bomar ( 2010 ) R.J. Archer ( 2010 ) 8 quarterbacks were practice squad members during the streak and were not on the team roster Mike McCoy ( 1995 ) Kyle Wachholtz ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Greg Zolman ( 2002 ) Eric Crouch ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Scott McBrien ( 2004 ) Dalton Bell ( 2007 ) Paul Thompson ( 2007 ) John David Booty ( 2009 ) 3 quarterbacks were training camp - only participants with Favre during the streak but failed to make the team Kurt Warner ( 1994 ) Jay Barker ( 1995 ) Ronnie McAda ( 1997 ) Note : Active NFL players noted in bold Franchise records ( edit ) Green Bay Packers records ( edit ) Records owned as of the date of Favre 's retirement <Td_colspan="2"> Touchdown passes Most seasons leading league , touchdown passes : 4 , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdown passes : 3 , 1995 -- 1997 Most touchdown passes , career : 442 , 1992 -- 2007 Most touchdown passes , season : 39 , 1996 Most touchdown passes , game : 5 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 ( tied with others ) Most games , 4 + touchdown passes , career : 19 , 1992 -- 2007 Most games , 4 + touchdown passes , season : 5 , 1996 Most games , 3 + touchdown passes , career : 64 , 1992 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + touchdown passes , 0 interceptions , career : 30 , 1992 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + touchdown passes , season : 8 , 1996 Most consecutive games , 4 + touchdown passes , career : 2 , 1996 , 2003 Most consecutive games , 4 + touchdown passes , season : 2 , 1996 , 2003 Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 12 , 1994 -- 1995 Most consecutive games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 36 , 2002 -- 2004 <Td_colspan="2"> Yards passing Most seasons leading team , yards passing : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons leading team , yards passing : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most yards passing , career : 61,655 , 1992 -- 2007 Most seasons , 3,000 or more yards passing : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 3,000 or more yards passing : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most 300 or more passing yard games , career : 55 , 1992 -- 2007 Most 300 or more passing yard games , season : 7 , 1995 , 2007 Longest completed pass : 99 yards to Brooks , Green Bay vs. Chicago , 1995 - 09 - 11 <Td_colspan="2"> Pass attempts Most seasons leading league , passes attempted : 3 , 1999 , 2005 -- 2006 ( Herber , 3 , 1932 , 1934 , 1936 ) Most seasons leading team , passes attempted : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons leading team , passes attempted : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 Most passes attempted , season : 613 , 2006 Most passes attempted , career : 8,754 , 1992 -- 2007 Most passes attempted , game : 61 , 2006 , San Francisco vs. Green Bay , 1996 - 10 - 14 ( 28 completions ) <Td_colspan="2"> Pass completions Most passes completed , career : 5,377 , 1992 -- 2007 Most passes completed , season : 372 , 2005 ( 607 attempts ) Most passes completed , game : 36 , Green Bay vs. Chicago , 1993 - 12 - 05 ( 54 attempts ) Most consecutive passes completed , game : 20 , Green Bay vs. Detroit , 2007 - 11 - 22 <Td_colspan="2"> Completion percentage Highest completion percentage , season ( 140 attempts ) : 66.54 % , 2007 ( 356 completions , 535 attempts ) <Td_colspan="2"> Had intercepted Most passes had intercepted , career : 286 , 1992 -- 2007 Most passes had intercepted , season : 29 , 2005 ( Dickey , 29 , 1983 ) Most attempts , no interceptions , game : 46 , Minnesota vs. Green Bay , 2007 - 11 - 11 ( Majkowski , 46 , 1990 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Times sacked Most times sacked , career : 438 , 1992 -- 2007 <Td_colspan="2"> Service Most seasons , active player : 16 , 1992 -- 2007 ( Starr , 16 , 1956 -- 1971 ) Most games played , career : 255 , 1992 -- 2007 Most consecutive games played , career : 255 , 1992 -- 2007 Most games started , career : 253 , 1992 -- 2007 Most consecutive starts , career : 253 , 1992 -- 2007 <Td_colspan="2"> Wins Most quarterback regular season wins , career : 160 , 1992 -- 2007 Most quarterback regular season home wins , career : 96 , 1992 -- 2007 Most quarterback regular season away wins , career : 64 , 1992 -- 2007 Most quarterback playoff wins , career : 12 , 1992 -- 2007 Most quarterback regular season & playoff wins , career : 172 , 1992 -- 2007 New York Jets records ( edit ) Records owned as of the date of Favre 's retirement <Td_colspan="2"> Touchdown passes Most touchdown passes , game : 6 , 2008 ( Namath , 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Pass completions Most pass completions , season : 343 , 2008 Minnesota Vikings records ( edit ) Records owned as of the date of Favre 's retirement <Td_colspan="2"> Touchdown ratios Highest touchdown to interception ratio , season ( min . 20 touchdowns ) : 4.71 , 2009 Stadium records ( edit ) Lambeau Field records ( edit ) Most games played , career : 120 , 1992 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2010 Most passing yards , career : 28,240 , 1992 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2010 Most touchdown passes , career : 214 , 1992 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2010 Most touchdown passes , game : 5 , 1995 , 1997 ( Horn , 1969 ; Marino , 1985 ) Most consecutive games , 1 + touchdown passes , career : 25 , 1992 -- 1996 Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 12 , 1994 -- 1996 Most consecutive touchdown passes , no interceptions , career : 20 , 1995 Most games won , career : 90 , 1992 -- 2007 , 2009 Most consecutive wins , regular season , career : 25 , 1995 -- 1998 Most consecutive wins , regular season & playoffs , career : 29 , 1995 -- 1998 Most games with 5 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1995 ; 1997 ( Horn , 1969 ; Marino , 1985 ) Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 2 , 1995 ; 1996 , 1997 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes , season : 5 , 1996 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes , season : 8 , 1995 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes , season : 8 , 1995 ; 1997 ; 1999 ; 2003 ; 2004 Milwaukee County Stadium records ( edit ) Most games with 2 + touchdown passes , season : 3 , 1994 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes , season : 3 , 1992 ; 1994 ( tied with several others ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome records ( edit ) Most consecutive games , 2 + touchdown passes , career : 11 , 2000 -- 2009 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 2 , 2009 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes , season : 5 , 2009 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes , season : 6 , 2009 ( Moon , 1995 ; Culpepper , 2003 ) Most games with 1 + touchdown passes , season : 8 , 2009 ( Culpepper , 2004 ) Giants Stadium records ( edit ) Most games with 6 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2008 ( Marino , 1986 ) Most games with 5 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2008 ( tied with several others ) Ericsson Stadium records ( edit ) Most games with 5 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1998 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1998 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1997 ( Collins , 1996 ; Grbac , 1997 ) Ford Field records ( edit ) Most games played , career : 1 , 2002 ( Harrington ) Most passing yards , career : 357 , 2002 Most passing yards , game : 357 , 2002 Most touchdown passes , career : 3 , 2002 Most touchdown passes , game : 3 , 2002 Most games won , career : 1 , 2002 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2002 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2002 ( Harrington ) Most games with 1 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2002 ( Harrington ) Memorial Stadium ( Champaigne ) records ( edit ) Most games with 3 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 2002 ( Brooks , 2002 ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome records ( edit ) Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1995 ( tied with several others ) Soldier Field records ( edit ) Longest completion , game : 99 yards to Brooks , September 11 , 1995 Most consecutive wins , opposing quarterback , career : 10 , 1994 -- 2003 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1996 ( Spurrier 1972 ; Kenney 1987 ; Miller 1992 ) Tampa Stadium records ( edit ) Most games with 4 + touchdown passes , season : 1 , 1993 , 1996 ( tied with several others ) ^ * = Record has since been surpassed . ^ ~ = Record has since been tied . See also ( edit ) Iron man List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of career achievements by Peyton Manning List of career achievements by Tom Brady List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics External links ( edit ) Brett Favre touchdown database by Milwaukee Journal Sentinel <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements Preceded by Ron Jaworski ( 116 ) Consecutive starts by a quarterback in the NFL ( 297 ) 1999 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Dan Marino ( 4,967 ) Total pass completions in the NFL ( 6,300 ) 2006 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by John Elway ( 148 ) Wins as a starting quarterback in the NFL ( 186 ) 2007 -- 2017 Succeeded by Tom Brady ( 194 ) Preceded by Dan Marino ( 420 ) Total touchdown passes in the NFL ( 508 ) 2007 -- 2014 Succeeded by Peyton Manning ( 539 ) Preceded by Dan Marino ( 8,358 ) Total pass attempts in the NFL ( 10,169 ) 2007 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Dan Marino ( 61,361 ) Total passing yards in the NFL ( 71,838 ) 2007 -- 2015 Succeeded by Peyton Manning ( 71,940 ) Preceded by Jim Marshall ( 270 ) Consecutive starts by a player in the NFL ( 297 ) 2009 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Bruce Matthews ( 293 ) Total starts in the NFL ( 298 ) 2010 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Iron Man '' . www.profootballhof.com . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Favre glad Archived October 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1987 So Miss Golden Eagles Stats Jump up ^ 1988 So Miss Golden Eagles Stats Jump up ^ 1989 So Miss Golden Eagles Stats Jump up ^ 1990 So Miss Golden Eagles Stats Jump up ^ Brett Favre QB Jump up ^ Brett Favre College Stats Jump up ^ Independence Bowl Jump up ^ 1988 Independence Bowl Jump up ^ All - American Bowl Jump up ^ Wolfpack makes All American a great game All American Bowl ^ Jump up to : Austin Davis Stats ^ Jump up to : Southern Miss Individual Records ^ Jump up to : Austin Davis Career Game Log ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre Statistics Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brett Favre Playoffs Game Log Jump up ^ Lions - Vikings breakdown : Favre has their number Jump up ^ Formula was all Favre ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre Career Splits ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Legwold , Jeff ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brett Favre , Ken Stabler , Marvin Harrison among Hall 's 2016 class '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre Career Highlights HOF Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre praises staff and team at Packers Hall of Fame induction '' . Sports Illustrated . July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1995 NFL All - Pros Jump up ^ 1996 NFL All - Pros Jump up ^ 1997 NFL All - Pros Jump up ^ 2001 NFL All - Pros Jump up ^ 2002 NFL All - Pros Jump up ^ 2007 NFL All - Pros ^ Jump up to : AP MVP winners Archived March 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PFWA MVP winners Jump up ^ Newspaper Ent . Assoc . MVP winners Jump up ^ NFL Most Valuable Player / Player of the Year Jump up ^ Bert Bell Award ( Player of the Year ) winners Jump up ^ Miller Lite NFL Player of the Year Award Archived August 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AP Offensive Player of the Year winners Archived March 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Washington DC Touchdown Club : NFL Player Of The Year Awards Jump up ^ Past NFC Offensive Honorees Jump up ^ UPI NFC Offensive Player of the Year Winners Archived January 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Football 's 100 Greatest Players '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ NFL 's All - Decade Team of the 1990s -- OFFENSE Archived February 17 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Parkosewich , Gary ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` Bringing Social Justice Through Sports '' . The Daily Campus . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brett Favre at a glance Jump up ^ Shipnuck , Alan ( December 4 , 2006 ) . `` 2007 Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brett Favre honored with Make - A-Wish award Jump up ^ Favre Chokes Up at Make - A-Wish Honor Jump up ^ United States Sports Academy Male Athlete Of The Year ^ Jump up to : `` Favre named NFC Offensive Player of the Week '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Vikings . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Favre wins Player of the Month for first time since 04 '' . startribune.com . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Awards Jump up ^ Galloping Gobbler Jump up ^ Madden cover rankings Jump up ^ FedEx Players of the Year ^ Jump up to : Most Seasons Leading League thru 2007 season Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : NFL Year - by - Year Passing Touchdowns Leaders Jump up ^ Passing Touchdowns 24 -- 29 Jump up ^ Passing Touchdowns 40 + Jump up ^ TOT TD 2ND Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 19 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 18 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 17 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 16 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 15 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 14 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 13 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 12 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 11 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 10 Years Jump up ^ Decade of Dominance Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 9 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 8 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 7 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 6 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 5 Years Jump up ^ Most TD passes Dif 4 Years Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 40 + Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 40 + Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 2 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 1 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 1 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 1 Road '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 100 Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 100 Road Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Longest Pass Leaders '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre : Memorable moments Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 4 + TD Passes Chicago Bears Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 4 + TD Passes Oakland Raiders ^ Jump up to : Consecutive Regular Games 3 + TD Passes San Diego Chargers ^ Jump up to : Consecutive Regular Games 3 + TD Passes New Orleans Saints ^ Jump up to : Consecutive Regular Games 3 + TD Passes San Francisco 49ers ^ Jump up to : Consecutive Regular Games 3 + TD Passes Buffalo Bills Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 1 + TD Passes Chicago Bears ^ Jump up to : Consecutive Road Games 2 + TD Passes Minnesota Vikings '' Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Games 1 + TD Passes Chicago Bears '' Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF road 3 + TD Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 80 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 75 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 65 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TD 1 Yard '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ All passing touchdowns , distance between 0 and 1 yard Jump up ^ TD 35 Consecutive Jump up ^ TD 30 + Jump up ^ TD 30 + < 30 Jump up ^ Aaron Rodgers joins Dan Marino and Brett Favre on list of 30 under 30 Jump up ^ TD 15 + Jump up ^ TD 15 Consecutive Jump up ^ TD 10 + Jump up ^ TD 10 Consecutive ^ Jump up to : Lambeau Field History Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Trailing Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD 40 + ^ Jump up to : DOME SWEET DOME Jump up ^ Consecutive Playoff Games 1 + TD Passes Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Playoff Games 1 + TD Passes Jump up ^ TD Passes Playoffs 40 + Archived February 1 , 2013 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ Passing Post TD 4 40 + Jump up ^ Passing Post TD 3 40 + Jump up ^ Passing Post TD 2 40 + Jump up ^ Passing Post TD 1 40 + Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 90 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 1ST HALF Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 1ST Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 80 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 70 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 40 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 20 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 10 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Post Archived January 31 , 2013 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Trailing Post Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Post 40 + Jump up ^ Old Man Favre ^ Jump up to : Green Bay Packers 28 at Detroit Lions 24 ^ Jump up to : Detroit Lions 12 at Green Bay Packers 16 Jump up ^ Passing 100 Yards Jump up ^ Passing 100 Yards Home Jump up ^ Passing 100 Yards Road Jump up ^ Passing Yards 3000 Jump up ^ Passing Yards Consecutive 3000 Jump up ^ Passing Yards 2500 Jump up ^ Passing Yards Consecutive 2500 ^ Jump up to : Favre 's career - high 446 yards rally Vikes to OT win Archived November 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Leaderboard : Passing Completions '' . profootballreference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Games Completions Jump up ^ Consecutive Games Completions Jump up ^ Pass Completions 10 Jump up ^ Pass Completions 10 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completions 10 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 55 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 55 Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 55 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 50 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 50 Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 50 Road Jump up ^ Making Connections Jump up ^ 300 Completions Seasons Jump up ^ Consecutive 300 Completions Seasons Jump up ^ 200 Completions Seasons Jump up ^ Consecutive 200 Completions Seasons Jump up ^ Comp 55 % Seasons Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 75 Jump up ^ Leaderboard : Playoff Passing Completions ^ Jump up to : Gunslinger Attempts ^ Jump up to : `` Leaderboard : Passing Attempts '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 30 Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 30 Home Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 30 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 20 Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 20 Home Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 20 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 10 Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 10 Home Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 10 Road Jump up ^ Games Attempts Jump up ^ Consecutive Games 10 + Attempts Jump up ^ Iron Man 301 Jump up ^ Consecutive Games Attempts Jump up ^ 500 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ 400 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ Consecutive 400 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ 300 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ Consecutive 300 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ Leaderboard : Playoff Passing Attempts ^ Jump up to : Questionable Decisions Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Passing Interceptions '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 75 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 70 Int 0 Jump up ^ Magnificent Monday Night for Favre Jump up ^ Nick Foles ties NFL record with 7 TD passes ; Eagles win Jump up ^ 11 amazing facts about Nick Foles touchdown bonanza Jump up ^ Passer Rating 130 Post Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Games Started '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Favre breaks NFL record by playing in 283rd consecutive game '' . NFL.com . December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Games Played All Jump up ^ Games Played Sunday Jump up ^ Games Played Monday ^ Jump up to : `` Vikings quarterback Brett Favre is back on old turf '' . LA Times . October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre 's career : by the numbers Jump up ^ Most Games Seasons Started 16 Jump up ^ Most Games Seasons Started QB 16 Jump up ^ Most Games Seasons Played QB 16 Jump up ^ FAVRE AND AWAY Jump up ^ Green Bay Packers 20 at Detroit Lions 30 Jump up ^ Detroit Lions 30 at Green Bay Packers 38 Jump up ^ Green Bay Packers 31 at Detroit Lions 34 ^ Jump up to : Favre is first QB to beat all 32 NFL teams Jump up ^ QB Wins Regular 40 + ^ Jump up to : Tom Brady Career Splits Jump up ^ Brady is on verge of a Favre - like record against the Bills Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ NFL Career Game Winning Drives Leaders Home Jump up ^ NFL Career Comebacks Leaders Home ^ Jump up to : `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . November 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com . December 31 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com . January 4 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com . January 12 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com . January 4 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : He 's hot when the weather 's cold Jump up ^ Favre not enjoying cold road games Jump up ^ Minnesota Vikings 30 at Chicago Bears 36 Jump up ^ On Icy Night Made for Vikings Lore , Bears Bundle Up a Division Title ^ Jump up to : Favre led the Pack back ^ Jump up to : CHAPTER 3 -- COLD ^ Jump up to : Vick cooler than Frozen Tundra Jump up ^ Top 5 Moments Packers - Bears Rivalry Jump up ^ Career Playoff Losses , Road : QB ^ Jump up to : AP MVP Winners Archived March 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Taking a Beating Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Times Sacked '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl Winners Jump up ^ Mind - blowing stats for Super Bowl XLIX Jump up ^ It 's Testaverde Vs. Favre In Oldest - Ever Quarterback Matchup Jump up ^ Packers 31 , Panthers 17 Jump up ^ 3 + Pass TD 200 + Pass Yards Consecutive 1998 Jump up ^ 3 + Pass TD 200 + Pass Yards Consecutive Jump up ^ NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders 1999 Jump up ^ NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders 2000 Jump up ^ NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders Jump up ^ TD 25 Consecutive Jump up ^ Montana 's Super Bowl performance reigns supreme ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl Leaders Jump up ^ Tom Brady rebounds as Pats punish Raiders for many mistakes Jump up ^ QB Wins under age 30 Jump up ^ Consecutive 20 + pass completions post games Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Games 3 + TD Passes ^ Jump up to : Consecutive MNF road 2 + TD Jump up ^ NFL RECORD : Passing TD tandem -- Brady and Moss Jump up ^ Yards 3500 Consecutive Jump up ^ 3 + Pass TD 0 INT Consecutive Jump up ^ Consecutive Thursday 2 + TD ^ Jump up to : Pass Completions 30 Int 0 2006 Jump up ^ Green Bay Packers 23 at Minnesota Vikings 16 Jump up ^ Green Bay Packers 37 at Detroit Lions 26 Jump up ^ New England Patriots 48 at Dallas Cowboys 27 Jump up ^ New England Patriots 56 at Buffalo Bills 10 Jump up ^ New England Patriots 38 at New York Giants 35 Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ TD 25 + Jump up ^ Consecutive Thursday road 1 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive Thursday road 2 + TD Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 3RD Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 70 Road Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Home Jump up ^ TD 20 Consecutive Jump up ^ `` Giants 24 , Patriots 20 '' . CBS Sports . November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 300 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 50 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 130 Home Jump up ^ Passing Touchdowns 30 -- 34 Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 300 Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 300 Road Jump up ^ Passing 300 Yards Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 30 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Consecutive 1 + TD 100 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Games 2 + TD Passes Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 75 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 5 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 40 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 3 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ For 73rd time , Peyton Manning throws three TD passes in game Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 25 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 200 Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 100 Jump up ^ Consecutive 20 + pass completion 0 INT post games Jump up ^ Pro Bowls QB Jump up ^ Champ Bailey , Peyton Manning make history with 12 Pro Bowls Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 3 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ Consecutive Home Games 2 + TD Passes ^ Jump up to : Josh McCown a modern - day Shane Falco ? Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass TD 3 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass TD 3 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Completions 20 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 70 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 70 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 20 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 120 Home Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoffs Passes Completed Leaders Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoffs Pass Attempts Leaders Jump up ^ Passer Rating 120 Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing 300 Yards Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 40 Int 0 Jump up ^ Games Played Thursday Jump up ^ QB Index Jump up ^ Passing YD 2 Passing YD 300 Jump up ^ TOT TD 2ND HALF Jump up ^ TOT TD 3RD Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 4 Road '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 200 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 100 Road Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 3 Road '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 200 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 100 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 200 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 200 Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 200 Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 200 Road Jump up ^ TOT TD 20 Jump up ^ TD 30 Consecutive Jump up ^ Passing Yards 3500 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 60 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 60 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 60 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 90 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 80 ^ Jump up to : Peyton Manning Career Splits Jump up ^ Consecutive Sunday home 2 + TD Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 4 Passing YD 200 '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 4 Passing YD 200 '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Passing 200 Yards Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion 20 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass Completions 10 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 60 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 55 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 50 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 30 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 20 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 10 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 110 Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoffs Passing Yards Leaders Jump up ^ `` Post Passing 200 Yards '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Post Passing 100 Yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Consecutive 10 + pass completions post games Jump up ^ Consecutive 10 + pass attempts post games Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 50 > Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 4 '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Games 1 + TD Passes ^ Jump up to : `` Leaderboard : Passing Touchdowns '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Leaderboard : Playoff Passing Touchdowns Jump up ^ TOT TD 1ST HALF Jump up ^ TOT TD 1ST Jump up ^ TOT TD 4TH Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 2 '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ TD 4 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 2 Road '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 100 Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 100 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 15 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 10 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 5 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` TD Red Zone '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD < 5 '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Jump up ^ Consecutive Sunday home 4 + TD Jump up ^ TD 35 + Jump up ^ TD 20 + Jump up ^ Passing 200 Yards Jump up ^ Passing 200 Yards Road Jump up ^ Pass Completions 20 Jump up ^ Pass Completions 20 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completions 20 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 65 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 65 Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 60 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 60 Home Jump up ^ Comp 60 % Seasons ^ Jump up to : ( NBC. Telecast. Nov. 9.2014 NBC Football Night In America Nov 9 , 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Aaron Rodgers keeps piling up stats for Packers Jump up ^ Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is human Jump up ^ Pass TD 2 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass TD 1 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completions 10 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 65 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 65 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 65 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 40 Home Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 20 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 110 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 100 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 100 Home Jump up ^ GWD Monday Jump up ^ Consecutive Home Playoff Games 1 + TD Passes Jump up ^ Career Playoff Losses : QB Jump up ^ `` Favre , Jets hand Titans first loss of the season '' . NFL.com . November 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings 34 at Cleveland Browns 20 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . September 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady Career Games Log Jump up ^ Passing Touchdowns 35 -- 39 Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 40 Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 40 Road Jump up ^ Passing Yards 100 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion 10 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 55 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 50 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 10 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 20 Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 70 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ Career Playoff Games Leaders : QB Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 10 Jump up ^ Post Pass Completions 10 Jump up ^ `` Passing TD Playoffs 2 '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` Passing TD Playoffs 1 '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 1 Int 0 '' . PFRef.com . ^ Jump up to : Tom Brady Statistics Jump up ^ Tom Brady most wins with one team Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 50 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 10 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass TD 2 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass TD 2 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass TD 1 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 100 Road Jump up ^ Passing 200 Yards Home Jump up ^ Passing Yards Reg + Post Jump up ^ Total Offence Leaders Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Passing Yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pass Completions 20 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 30 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 50 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Consecutive 500 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ 7 -- 1 Vikings beat Packers again 38 -- 26 Archived March 17 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Touchdown Database Milwaukee County Stadium '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions 17 at Green Bay Packers 26 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 65 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 40 Int 0 Consecutive Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoffs Pass Intercepted Leaders ^ Jump up to : Player Records 2009 Jump up ^ Tom Brady Throws for 447 Yards vs. Saints , the Most Ever for Player 40 or Older Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre 's Career Statistics '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ TD Passes 40 + Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 40 + Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 40 + Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 1 + TD Passes Chicago Bears Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 1 + TD Passes New York Jets Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 95 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 60 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Quarterbacks Leading The League In Touchdown Passes In Consecutive Years Jump up ^ TD 1 Consecutive '' Jump up ^ Passing Yards 40 + Jump up ^ Passing Completions 40 + Jump up ^ Passer Rating Consecutive 130 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 40 + Jump up ^ NFL Career Games Leaders Jump up ^ `` Giants punter Jeff Feagles retires after 22 seasons and record 352 consecutive games '' . The Gaea Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF 3 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF home 1 + TD Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 6 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 6 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 6 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ Longest TD OT Jump up ^ TOT TD OT Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Trailing 40 + Jump up ^ Consecutive 100 + pass yard games Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 70 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 70 Home Jump up ^ Passing Attempts 40 + Jump up ^ Passing Interceptions 40 + Jump up ^ Passer Rating 130 Jump up ^ QB Starts 40 + Jump up ^ Seasons Played QB Jump up ^ GWD Thursday Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoffs Passing Touchdowns Leaders Jump up ^ `` TD Post Red Zone '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD Playoffs 3 Jump up ^ `` Post Pass Completions 20 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Post Pass TD 4 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass TD 3 Int 0 Jump up ^ `` Post Pass Completions 10 Int 0 '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Post Completion % 60 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Completion % 55 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 10 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 110 Post Jump up ^ Post Completion % 65 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Completion % 50 Int 0 Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 2ND Jump up ^ Passer Rating 100 Post Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF 2 + TD Jump up ^ `` Passing TD 4 Home '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 300 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 200 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 100 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 300 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 2 Passing YD 300 Home Jump up ^ Passing TD 1 Passing YD 300 Home Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Road Games 3 + TD Passes Chicago Bears Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Road Games 3 + TD Passes San Diego Chargers Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Road Games 3 + TD Passes Cleveland Browns Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Road Games 3 + TD Passes Los Angeles Rams Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Road Games 3 + TD Passes New Orleans Saints Jump up ^ TD Passes 4 + , Season Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 55 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 50 + '' . PFRef.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 45 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 40 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 35 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 30 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ 4 + Pass TD 200 + Pass Yards Consecutive Jump up ^ 4 + Pass TD 100 + Pass Yards Consecutive Jump up ^ Passing Yards 4000 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 75 Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 75 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 60 Home Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 50 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 75 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 140 Jump up ^ Dan Marino Career Splits Archived October 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NFL Career Sacked Yards Lost Leaders Jump up ^ Longest Playoff TD Passes Jump up ^ `` TD Post 60 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 60 Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 55 Jump up ^ Consecutive 20 + pass attempts post games Jump up ^ Post TD 2 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass TD 1 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Yards 200 Int 0 Jump up ^ Career Playoff Losses , Home : QB Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoff Games Started Leaders Jump up ^ Career Playoff Wins , Home : QB Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF 1 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF home 2 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive MNF road 1 + TD Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 2ND HALF Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 3 + TD Passes Chicago Bears Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 3 + TD Passes Minnesota Vikings Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 3 + TD Passes Houston Texans Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 3 + TD Passes New York Jets Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Home Games 3 + TD Passes Atlanta Falcons Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Passing YD 200 Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Passing YD 100 Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 300 Jump up ^ Passing 300 Yards Jump up ^ Passing 300 Yards Home Jump up ^ Passing Completion % 75 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 70 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 140 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 110 Road Jump up ^ 4th / OT Comebacks Thursday Jump up ^ Pass TD 4 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ `` TD Post 50 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Consecutive 1 + TD 200 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 70 Jump up ^ Post Passing Completion % 65 Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 30 Jump up ^ Post Pass Yards 100 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 20 Int 0 Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Game - Winning Drives Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ TOT POST TD 4TH Jump up ^ Passing TD 6 Jump up ^ Passing TD 6 Passing YD 200 Jump up ^ Passing TD 6 Passing YD 100 Jump up ^ Passing TD 5 Passing YD 300 Road Jump up ^ Passing TD 4 Passing YD 300 Jump up ^ Passing TD 3 Passing YD 300 Home Jump up ^ 3 + Pass TD 100 + Pass Yards Consecutive Jump up ^ 2 + Pass TD 100 + Pass Yards Consecutive Jump up ^ Consecutive Games 1 + TD Passes Jump up ^ Unitas ' record Jump up ^ Consecutive Games 2 + TD Passes Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 2 + TD Passes Detroit Lions Jump up ^ Consecutive Regular Games 2 + TD Passes New York Jets Jump up ^ Consecutive Road Games 2 + TD Passes Detroit Lions '' Jump up ^ Consecutive Sunday home 3 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive Sunday road 1 + TD Jump up ^ Consecutive Sunday road 2 + TD Jump up ^ `` TOT TD 90 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Consecutive 10 + pass completion games Jump up ^ 600 Pass Attempts Jump up ^ Pass TD 5 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ 2 + Pass TD 0 INT Consecutive Jump up ^ 300 + Pass Yards 0 INT Consecutive Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass Completions 30 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 85 Int 0 Jump up ^ Pass Completion % 75 Int 0 Road Jump up ^ Pass Attempts 40 Int 0 Home Jump up ^ Passer Rating 150 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 140 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating 120 Road Jump up ^ Passer Rating Consecutive 120 Jump up ^ Passer Rating Consecutive 110 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 140 Season Jump up ^ Passer Rating 130 Season Jump up ^ NFL Games Career Leaders ^ Jump up to : History : Players Who 've Played in NFL at Age 40 or Older Jump up ^ George Blanda Career Game Log Jump up ^ Seasons Played 16 Jump up ^ NFL Career Fumbles Recovered Leaders Jump up ^ All - pro QB Jump up ^ `` TOT TD Post 30 + '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Consecutive 2 + TD 200 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Consecutive 2 + TD 100 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Go Ahead TD Trailing Post 4Q OT Archived May 22 , 2015 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Post Passing 300 Yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Consecutive 200 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Consecutive 100 + pass yards post games Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 40 Jump up ^ Consecutive 2 + pass TD 0 INT post games Jump up ^ Post Pass Yards 300 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Completions 20 Int 0 Jump up ^ Post Pass Attempts 30 Int 0 Jump up ^ Passer Rating 120 Post Jump up ^ Consecutive 110 + passer rating post games Jump up ^ Consecutive 100 + passer rating post games Jump up ^ NFL Career Playoff Games Leaders Overall Jump up ^ Career Playoff Victories : QB Jump up ^ Career Playoff Wins , Road : QB Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Comebacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Brett Favre hits 500 TDs , 70,000 yards ^ Jump up to : Milestones and more Jump up ^ Elias Says ... Experience the difference for Favre Jump up ^ Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 Jump up ^ Total Pass Attempts thru 2008 Jump up ^ Total Pass Ints thru 2008 Jump up ^ Manning hits 200 starts today ^ Jump up to : Game Changers : Brett Favre , MVP Quarterback ! Superbowl ( sic ) Champ , Author and Family Man Jump up ^ Brett Favre is a grandfather after daughter Brittany gives birth to a boy , `` The Huddle '' , USA Today blog , April 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Packers QB Rodgers out for season ; Favre likely to play '' . ESPN . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots rough up Favre , hold off Vikings for fifth consecutive win '' . NFL.com . October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings lose Brett Favre to injury , but beat Buffalo Bills '' . The Saratogian . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sun Times , Chicago ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Favre 's record streak ends in Vikings ' loss to Giants '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ PACKERS ALONE IN QBs Jump up ^ A look back at when Brett Favre 's consecutive starts streak began ^ Jump up to : Inman : Raiders , 49ers do n't do quarterback streaks Archived February 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : All - Time Practice Squad Jump up ^ Remember Eric Crouch ? He 's giving up football Jump up ^ Vikings sign Booty to practice squad ^ Jump up to : `` Individual Records : Passing '' ( PDF ) . Packers.com . Green Bay Packers . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ EXTRA POINT ^ Jump up to : Franchise marks set this season Jump up ^ `` QB has 13th straight multi-TD game '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's amazing streak ends at 36 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Individual Records : Service '' ( PDF ) . Packers.com . Green Bay Packers . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Favre 's career day carries Jets past Cardinals Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Passing Single - Season Register '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Regular Season Lambeau Field , Passing TD ^ Jump up to : Packers : Rodgers surpasses Favre for longest TD streak at Lambeau ^ Jump up to : Green Bay Packers QB Aaron Rodgers ' Lambeau Field TD pass streak at 26 games Archived January 24 , 2013 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ Games 5 + TD Season LF Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season LF Jump up ^ Games 3 + TD Season LF Jump up ^ Games 2 + TD Season LF Jump up ^ Games 1 + TD Season LF Jump up ^ Games 2 + TD Season MCS Jump up ^ Games 2 + TD Season MCS Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season HHHM Jump up ^ Games 3 + TD Season HHHM Jump up ^ Games 2 + TD Season HHHM Jump up ^ Games 1 + TD Season HHHM Jump up ^ Games 6 + TD Season GS Jump up ^ Games 5 + TD Season GS Jump up ^ Games 5 + TD Season ES Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season ES Jump up ^ Games 3 + TD Season ES ^ Jump up to : Ford Field History ^ Jump up to : Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - September 22nd , 2002 Jump up ^ Games 3 + TD Season FF Jump up ^ Games 2 + TD Season FF Jump up ^ Games 1 + TD Season FF Jump up ^ Games 3 + TD Season MSC Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season MBS Jump up ^ Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 ^ Jump up to : Remmel : Packers vs. Bears Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season SF Jump up ^ Games 4 + TD Season TS ^ Jump up to : Notebook : Rodgers continues run into record books Jump up ^ Rodgers breaks Favre 's GB single - season TD record Archived April 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers continues to do it all '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Rodgers Career Game Log Archived December 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Matt Flynn 's historic day leads Packers ' backups past Lions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Brett_Favre&oldid=816070345 '' Categories : Brett Favre Career achievements of American football players National Football League records and achievements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Brett Favre's NFL records and achievements 2. Favre's consecutive starts streak and Iron man legacy 3. College records and achievements of Brett Favre 4. Professional career statistics and accomplishments of Brett Favre 5. Postseason performance and records of Brett Favre

when did regional rural banks start functioning in india

Regional rural Bank - Wikipedia Regional rural Bank Jump to : navigation , search Regional Rural Banks are local level banking organizations operating in different States of India . They have been created with a view to serve primarily the rural areas of India with basic banking and financial services . However , RRBs may have branches set up for urban operations and their area of operation may include urban areas too . The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by Government of India covering one or more districts in the State . RRBs also perform a variety of different functions . RRBs perform various functions in following heads : Providing banking facilities to rural and semi-urban areas . Carrying out government operations like disbursement of wages of MGNREGA workers , distribution of pensions etc . Providing Para-Banking facilities like locker facilities , debit and credit cards . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recapitalization 3 Organizational structure 4 Amalgamation 5 Legal existence and protection 6 References History ( edit ) Regional Rural Banks were established under the provisions of an Ordinance passed in September 1975 and the RRB Act 1976 to provide sufficient banking and credit facility for agriculture and other rural sectors . These were set up on the recommendations of The M. Narasimham Working Group during the tenure of Indira Gandhi 's government with a view to include rural areas into economic mainstream since that time about 70 % of the Indian Population was of Rural Orientation . The development process of RRBs started on 2 October 1975 with the forming of the first RRB , the Prathama Bank with authorised capital of Rs. 5 crore at its starting . Also on 2 October 1976 five regional rural banks were set up with a total authorised capital Rs. 100 crore ( $10 Million ) which later augmented to 500 crore ( $50 million ) . The Regional Rural Banks were owned by the Central Government , the State Government and the Sponsor Bank ( there were five commercial banks , Punjab National Bank , State Bank of India , Syndicate Bank , United Bank of India and UCO Bank , which sponsored the regional rural banks ) who held shares in the ratios as follows Central Government -- 50 % , State Government -- 15 % and Sponsor Banks -- 35 % . Earlier , Reserve Bank of India had laid down ceilings on the rate of interest to be charged by these RRBs . Recapitalization ( edit ) Subsequent to review of the financial status of RRBs by the Union Finance Minister in August , 2009 , it was felt that a large number of RRBs had a low Capital to Risk weighted Assets Ratio ( CRAR ) . A committee was therefore constituted in September , 2009 under the Chairmanship of KC Chakrabarty , Deputy Governor , RBI to analyse the financials of the RRBs and to suggest measures including re-capitalisation to bring the CRAR of RRBs to at least 9 % in a sustainable manner by 2012 . The Committee submitted its report in May , 2010 . The following points were recommended by the committee : RRBs to have CRAR of at least 7 % as of 31 March 2011 and at least 9 % from 31 March 2012 onwards . recapitalisation requirement of Rs. 2,200.00 crore for 40 of the 82 RRBs . This amount is to be released in ' two installments in 2010 -- 11 and 2011 -- 12 . The remaining 42 RRBs will not require any capital and will be able to maintain CRAR of at least 9 % ifs on 31 March 2012 and thereafter on their own . A fund of Rs. 100 crore to be set up for training and capacity building of the RRB staff . The Government of India recently approved the recapitalization of Regional Rural Banks ( RRBs ) to improve their Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio CRAR ) in the following manner : Share of Central Government i.e. Rs. 1 , 100 crore will be released as per provisions made by the Department of Expenditure in 2010 - 11 and 2011 - 12 . However , release of Government of India share will be contingent on proportionate release of State Government and Sponsor Bank share . A capacity building fund with a corpus of Rs. 100 crore to be set up by Central Government with NABARD for training and capacity building of the RRB staff in the institution of NABARD and other reputed institutions . The functioning of the Fund will be periodically reviewed by the Central Government . An Action Plan will be prepared by NABARD in this regard and sent to Government for approval . Additional amount of Rs. 700 crore as contingency fund to meet the requirement of the weak RRBs , particularly those in the North Eastern . and Eastern Region , the necessary provision will be made in the Budget as and when the need arises . Organizational structure ( edit ) The organizational structure for RRB 's varies from branch to branch and depends upon the nature and size of business done by the branch . The Head Office of an RRB normally had three to seven departments . The following is the decision making hierarchy of officials in a Regional Rural Bank . Board of Directors Chairman & Managing Director General Manager Chief Manager / Regional Managers Senior Manager Manager Officer / Assist Amalgamation ( edit ) Currently , RRB 's are going through a process of amalgamation and consolidation . 25 RRBs have been amalgamated in January 2013 into 10 RRBs . This counts 67 RRBs till the first week of June 2013 . This counts 56 as of March 2015 . On 31 March 2016 , there were 56 RRBs ( post-merger ) covering 525 districts with a network of 14,494 branches . All RRBs were originally conceived as low cost institutions having a rural ethos , local feel and pro poor focus . However , within a very short time , most banks were making losses . The original assumptions as to the low cost nature of these institutions were belied . This may be again amalgamated in near future . At present there are 56 RRBs in India . Legal existence and protection ( edit ) RRB are recognized by the law and they have legal significance . The Regional Rural Banks Act , 1976 Act No. 21 Of 1976 ( 9 February 1976 . ) reads `` For the incorporation , regulation and winding up of Regional Rural Banks with a view to developing the rural economy by providing , for the purpose of development of agriculture , trade , commerce , industry and other productive activities in the rural areas , credit and other facilities , particularly to the small and marginal farmers , agricultural laborers , artisans and small entrepreneurs , and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto '' . List of Regional Rural banks Allahabad UP Gramin Bank , Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank , Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank , Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank , Assam Gramin Vikash Bank , Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank , Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank , Baroda Rajasthan Ksethriya Gramin Bank , Baroda UP Gramin Bank , Bihar Gramin Bank , Central Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank Chaitanya Godavari Grameena Bank , Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank , Dena Gujarat Gramin Bank , Ellaquai Dehati Bank , Gramin Bank Of Aryavart , Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank , Jammu And Kashmir Grameen Bank , Jharkhand Gramin Bank , Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank , Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank , Kaveri Grameena Bank , Kerala Gramin Bank , ( ( Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank ) ) , Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank , Madhyanchal Gramin Bank , Maharashtra Gramin Bank , Malwa Gramin Bank , Manipur Rural Bank , Marudhara Rajasthan Gramin Bank , Meghalaya Rural Bank , Mizoram Rural Bank , Nagaland Rural Bank , Narmada Jhabua Gramin Bank Odisha Gramya Bank , Pallavan Grama Bank , Pandyan Grama Bank , Paschim Banga Gramin Bank , Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank , Prathama Bank , Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank , Punjab Gramin Bank , Purvanchal Bank , Saptagiri Grameena Bank , Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank , Sarva UP Gramin Bank , Saurashtra Gramin Bank , Sutlej Gramin Bank , Telangana Grameena Bank , ( Formerly known as Deccan Grameena Bank ) Tripura Gramin Bank , Utkal Grameen Bank , Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank , Uttarakhand Gramin Bank , Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank , Vananchal Gramin Bank , Vidharbha Konkan Gramin Bank , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Conference of Principal Code Compliance Officers ( PCCOs ) / Chairmen of Regional Rural Banks organised by BCSBI at Mumbai , on July 15 , 2013 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ RRBs Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 31 . Reserve Bank of India : http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=RegionalRuralBanks.htm NABARD Website http://www.nabard.org/pdf/report_financial/Chap_V.pdf AAPTGYAN http://aaptgyan.com/regional-rural-banks-conception-present-scenario#Regional_Rural_Banks_CONCEPTION_AND_THE_BRIEF_HISTORY_PRESENT_SCENARIO-1 NABARD DEPARTMENTS http://www.nabard.org/departments/rrbs.asp Legal Existence of RBI http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=197621 Organizational Structure and Human Resource Management in RRB 's : http://www.nabard.org/pdf/rrb/chap%205.pdf indiankanoon.org/doc/857753 Speech from finance minister of India <Th_colspan="2"> Banking in India Reserve bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank List of regional rural banks in Uttar Pradesh Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR Electronic funds transfers IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI AEPS Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Related topics ATM usage fees in India Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India Bharat Bill Payment System De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India National Payments Corporation of India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Rural_Bank&oldid=798217229 '' Categories : Regional rural banks of India Banks established in 1975 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া ಕನ್ನಡ தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Regional Rural Banks in India 2. Banking services in rural areas 3. Functions of Regional Rural Banks 4. Recapitalization of RRBs 5. Organizational structure of RRBs

what type of engine does my bmw have

List of BMW engines - wikipedia List of BMW engines Jump to : navigation , search BMW IIIa , the first engine produced by BMW BMW B58 , the most recent six - cylinder petrol engine produced by BMW BMW has been producing engines for automobiles , motorcycles and aircraft since 1917 , when production began on a straight - six aircraft engine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motorcycle engines 2 Automotive petrol engines 2.1 Straight - three 2.2 Inline - four 2.3 Straight - six 2.4 V8 2.5 V10 2.6 V12 2.7 Timelines 3 Automotive diesel engines 3.1 Straight - three 3.2 Inline - four 3.3 Straight - six 3.4 V8 3.5 Timelines 4 Aircraft engines 4.1 Straight - six 4.2 V12 4.3 Radial 4.4 Jet 5 References Motorcycle engines ( edit ) Main article : History of BMW motorcycles Automotive petrol engines ( edit ) As per many other manufacturers , BMW has produced automotive petrol / gasoline engines in the following layouts : inline - four ( straight four ) and V8 . BMW is also well - known for its history of straight - six ( inline - six ) engines ( instead of the V6 layout , which has replaced the straight - six layout for most other manufacturers ) . It has also produced engines in the following layouts : inline / straight three , V10 and V12 . Prototype V16 engines have been made , however they have not reached production . These prototypes were the 1987 Goldfish 6.7 L engine ( based on the M70 V12 engine ) and the 2004 Rolls - Royce 100EX 9.0 L engine . Straight - three ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement B38 2013 -- present 1.2 -- 1.5 L Inline - four ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement M10 1960 -- 1984 1.5 -- 2.0 L S14 1986 -- 1990 2.0 -- 2.5 L M40 1987 -- 1995 1.6 -- 1.8 L M42 1989 -- 1996 1.8 L M43 1991 -- 2002 1.6 -- 1.9 L M44 1996 -- 2001 1.9 L N40 2001 -- 2004 1.6 L N42 2001 -- 2004 1.8 -- 2.0 L N46 2004 -- 2007 1.8 -- 2.0 L N45 2004 -- 2011 1.6 -- 2.0 L N43 2007 -- 2011 1.6 -- 2.0 L N20 2011 -- present 1.6 -- 2.0 L N13 2011 -- present 1.6 L N26 2012 -- present 2.0 L B48 2013 -- present 2.0 L Straight - six ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement M78 1933 -- 1950 1.2 - 1.9 L M328 1936 -- 1940 2.0 - 2.1 L M335 1939 -- 1941 3.5 L M337 1952 -- 1958 2.0 - 2.1 L M30 1968 -- 1994 2.5 - 3.5 L M20 1977 -- 1993 2.0 - 2.7 L M88 / S38 1978 -- 1989 3.5 L M102 1980 -- 1982 3.2 L M106 1982 -- 1986 3.4 L M50 1989 -- 1996 2.0 - 2.5 L S50 1992 -- 1999 3.0 - 3.2 L M52 1994 -- 2000 2.0 - 2.8 L S52 1996 -- 2000 3.2 L M54 2000 -- 2006 2.2 - 3.0 L S54 2000 -- 2008 3.2 L M56 2002 -- 2005 2.5 L N52 2005 -- 2015 2.5 - 3.0 L N54 2006 -- 2016 3.0 L N53 2007 -- 2014 2.5 - 3.0 L N55 2009 -- present 3.0 L S55 2014 -- present 3.0 L B58 2015 -- present 3.0 L V8 ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement OHV V8 1951 -- 1965 2.6 - 3.2 L M60 1992 -- 1996 3.0 - 4.0 L M62 1996 -- 2005 3.5 - 4.4 L S62 1998 -- 2006 4.9 L P60 2000 -- 2005 4.0 L N62 2001 -- 2010 * 3.6 - 4.8 L S65 2007 -- 2013 4.0 L N63 2008 -- present 4.4 L S63 2009 -- present 4.4 L * still used in Morgan Aero 8 as of 2017 V10 ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement S85 2005 -- 2010 5.0 L V12 ( edit ) Engine code Years Displacement M70 1987 -- 1996 5.0 L S70 1992 -- 2000 5.6 - 6.1 L M73 1993 -- 2002 5.4 L N73 2003 -- 2016 6.0 - 6.75 L N74 2009 -- present 6.0 - 6.6 L Timelines ( edit ) <Th_colspan="41"> BMW automotive petrol engines : 1920s to 1940s -- next '' <Td_colspan="10"> 1920s <Td_colspan="10"> 1930s <Td_colspan="10"> 1940s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 straight - 4 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> Austin / Dixi side valve <Td_colspan="3"> Austin / BMW side valve <Td_colspan="3"> 3 / 20 OHV engine <Td_colspan="2"> 309 OHV engine <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> straight - 6 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="8"> M78 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> M78 * > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> M328 <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="3"> M335 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="30"> * made in the Soviet Occupation Zone by Autovelo <Th_colspan="41"> `` previous -- BMW automotive petrol engines : 1940s -- 1960s -- next '' <Td_colspan="10"> 1940s <Td_colspan="10"> 1950s <Td_colspan="10"> 1960s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 straight - 4 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> M10 > > straight - 6 <Td_colspan="1"> < < M78 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="11"> M78 * > > <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> M30 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> M337 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> < < M328 <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> < < M335 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> V8 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="12"> OHV V8 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="30"> * made in the Soviet Occupation Zone by Autovelo <Th_colspan="42"> `` previous -- BMW automotive petrol engines : 1960s to 1980s -- next '' <Td_colspan="10"> 1960s <Td_colspan="10"> 1970s <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 straight - 4 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="25"> M10 <Td_colspan="4"> M40 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="1"> M42 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> S14 > > straight - 6 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="22"> M30 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="13"> M20 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> M88 / M90 <Td_colspan="4"> S38 > > straight - 6 turbo <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> M102 <Td_colspan="5"> M106 <Td_colspan="3"> V8 <Td_colspan="6"> < < OHV V8 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> V12 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> M70 > > <Th_colspan="42"> `` previous -- BMW automotive petrol engines : 1980s to 2000s -- next '' <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 straight - 4 <Td_colspan="7"> < < M10 <Td_colspan="4"> M40 <Td_colspan="10"> M43 <Td_colspan="3"> N40 / N42 <Td_colspan="6"> N45 / N46 > > <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> M42 <Td_colspan="5"> M44 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> N43 > > <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> S14 <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> straight - 6 <Td_colspan="10"> < < M20 <Td_colspan="4"> M50 <Td_colspan="6"> M52 <Td_colspan="4"> M54 <Td_colspan="6"> N52 > > <Td_colspan="14"> < < M30 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="3"> N53 > > <Td_colspan="6"> < < M88 / M90 <Td_colspan="11"> S38 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> S50 / S52 <Td_colspan="9"> S54 straight - 6 turbo <Td_colspan="2"> M102 <Td_colspan="5"> M106 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> N54 <Td_colspan="1"> N55 > > V8 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> M60 <Td_colspan="6"> M62 <Td_colspan="6"> N62 <Td_colspan="2"> N63 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> S62 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> S65 > > V10 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> S85 > > V12 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> M70 <Td_colspan="9"> M73 <Td_colspan="5"> N73 <Td_colspan="2"> N74 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> S70 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Th_colspan="42"> `` previous -- BMW automotive petrol engines : 2000s to 2010s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="8"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 straight - 3 turbo <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> B38 > > straight - 4 <Td_colspan="1"> < < M43 <Td_colspan="3"> N40 / N42 <Td_colspan="3"> N45 / N46 <Td_colspan="4"> N43 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> < < M44 <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> straight - 4 turbo <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> N13 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> N20 / N26 <Td_colspan="4"> B48 > > straight - 6 <Td_colspan="3"> M54 / M56 <Td_colspan="4"> N52 <Td_colspan="8"> N53 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> S54 <Td_colspan="10"> straight - 6 turbo <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> N54 <Td_colspan="7"> N55 <Td_colspan="2"> B58 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> S55 > > V8 <Td_colspan="2"> M62 <Td_colspan="9"> N62 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> S62 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> S65 <Td_colspan="4"> V8 turbo <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> N63 > > <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> S63 > > V10 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="6"> S85 <Td_colspan="7"> V12 <Td_colspan="3"> < < M73 <Td_colspan="6"> N73 <Td_colspan="10"> V12 turbo <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> N74 > > Automotive diesel engines ( edit ) Straight - three ( edit ) 2012 -- present -- 1.5 L B37 Inline - four ( edit ) 1994 -- 2000 -- 1.7 L M41 1998 -- 2006 -- 2.0 L M47 2006 -- present -- 2.0 L N47 2013 -- present -- 2.0 L B47 Straight - six ( edit ) 1983 -- 1993 -- 2.4 L M21 1991 -- 2000 -- 2.5 L M51 1998 -- present -- 2.5 - 3.0 L M57 2008 -- present -- 2.5 - 3.0 L N57 2015 -- present -- 3.0 L B57 V8 ( edit ) 1998 - 2009 - 3.9 - 4.4 L M67 Timelines ( edit ) <Th_colspan="42"> ( show ) BMW road car diesel engine timeline , 1980s - 2000s -- next '' Family <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 4 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="14"> <Td_colspan="7"> M41 <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="18"> <Td_colspan="10"> M47 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="26"> <Td_colspan="4"> N47 6 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> M21 <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="8"> M51 <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="18"> <Td_colspan="12"> M57 <Td_colspan="28"> <Td_colspan="2"> N57 8 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="18"> <Td_colspan="12"> M67 <Th_colspan="42"> ( show ) `` previous -- BMW road car diesel engine timeline , 2010s - 2030s Family <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 3 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> B37 4 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="4"> < < N47 <Td_colspan="4"> B47 6 - cylinder diesel <Td_colspan="4"> < < M57 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> < < N57 <Td_colspan="3"> B57 Aircraft engines ( edit ) Straight - six ( edit ) 1917 -- 1919 -- IIIa , 19.1 L straight - six -- first BMW corporate product of any kind 1919 , 1925 -- ? -- IV , 23.5 L straight - six V12 ( edit ) VI , 38.2 L V12 1926 -- 1937 -- VI , 45.8 L V12 VIIa supercharged V12 116 ( initially XII ) , 20.7 L V12 , never manufactured 116 ( initially XV ) , 36.0 L V12 , never manufactured Radial ( edit ) X , 2.2 L 5 - cylinder Xa , 2.9 L 5 - cylinder 1933 -- ? -- 132 , 27.7 L 9 - cylinder , development of Pratt & Whitney R - 1690 Hornet built under licence 1935 -- 114 , prototype development of 132 1935 -- BMW - Lanova 114 V - 4 , supercharged liquid - cooled diesel prototype development of 114 1939 -- 1945 -- 801 , 41.8 L supercharged 14 - cylinder double row 1942 -- 802 , 53.7 L supercharged 18 - cylinder double row , never manufactured 803 , 83.5 L supercharged 28 - cylinder 4 - row liquid - cooled , never manufactured 1936 -- 1944 -- Bramo 323 , 26.8 L supercharged 9 - cylinder , inherited when BMW bought Bramo in 1939 Jet ( edit ) 1944 -- 1945 -- 003 axial flow turbojet 1997 -- 2000 -- BMW Rolls - Royce BR700 family of turbofans ; Rolls - Royce plc bought out the venture in 2000 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Press release : Morgan announces 5th generation Aero 8 '' ( PDF ) . Morgan . 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . <Th_colspan="3"> BMW Brands Marques Active BMW BMW Motorrad Mini Rolls - Royce Zinoro Dormant / defunct Dixi Riley Triumph Former Land Rover Rover Husqvarna Other BMW i Progressive Activity Series Sports Activity Series X Series Divisions , subsidiaries and joint ventures Current BMW Brilliance ( 50 % ) BMW India BMW M BMW Mexico BMW Motorsport BMW US Manufacturing Company DesignworksUSA Here ( 33 % ) Rolls - Royce Motor Cars Former and defunct BMW Marine Fahrzeugfabrik Eisenach Hans Glas Rover Group Land Rover Husqvarna Motorcycles Predecessors Automobilwerk Eisenach Bayerische Flugzeugwerke Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik Rapp Motorenwerke Products , services and technologies Vehicles BMW Concept Motorcycles Husqvarna Mini Rolls - Royce Other BMW Assist BMW xDrive CleanEnergy Engines Aircraft engines Global Hybrid Cooperation iDrive VANOS Motorsport Motorsport BMW in motorsport BMW in Formula One BMW Grand Prix results BMW M1 Procar Championship Formula BMW Kumho BMW Championship Team RMG Team Schnitzer Team RBM Team MTEK Team RLL Team Schubert Places and facilities BMW Central Building BMW Headquarters BMW Museum BMW Welt Goodwood plant Plant Oxford People Designers Fritz Fiedler Raymond Freymann Max Friz Paul G. Hahnemann Susanne Klatten Eberhard von Kuenheim Gustav Otto Helmut Panke Bernd Pischetsrieder Franz Josef Popp Karl Rapp Norbert Reithofer Herbert Quandt Ian Robertson Anders Warming Adrian van Hooydonk Chris Bangle Joji Nagashima Karim Habib Other Alpina BMW Art Car BMW Car Club of America BMW Championship ( PGA Tour ) BMW Guggenheim Lab BMW International Open BMW of North America , Inc. v. Gore BMW Open Eisenacher Motorenwerk The Hire History of BMW History of BMW motorcycles Hofmeister kink When Rover Met BMW <Td_colspan="3"> Integrated into other BMW divisions or business groupings Sold A marque of BMW Brilliance Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_BMW_engines&oldid=805874265 '' Categories : BMW engines BMW Automobile - related lists Lists of engines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 05 : 13 . 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1. BMW engines for automobiles, motorcycles, and aircraft 2. Types of BMW petrol engines: straight-three, inline-four, straight-six, V8, V10, V12 3. BMW diesel engines: straight-three, inline-four, straight-six, V8 4. Timeline of BMW automotive petrol engines 5. Timeline of BMW road car diesel engines

my gift is a song and this one for you

My Gift Is You - wikipedia My Gift Is You Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` My Gift Is You '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Gwen Stefani <Th_colspan="2"> from the album You Make It Feel Like Christmas Released October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2017 Genre Christmas pop - soul Length 2 : 51 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Gwen Stefani Justin Tranter Michael Busbee Producer ( s ) busbee Eric Valentine <Th_colspan="2"> You Make It Feel Like Christmas track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let It Snow '' ( 2 ) `` My Gift Is You '' ( 3 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 4 ) `` My Gift Is You '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani for her fourth studio album , You Make It Feel Like Christmas ( 2017 ) . It was released digitally on October 6 , 2017 , along with the rest of the parent album , through Interscope Records . The track was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , and Michael Busbee while production was handled by busbee and Eric Valentine . Musically , the track is a Christmas song that contains elements of pop - soul music . The lyrics revolve around Stefani 's relationship with boyfriend Blake Shelton and deal with choosing love over materialism . It is one of the most personal tracks on You Make It Feel Like Christmas . Several music critics listed `` My Gift Is You '' as one of the highlights included on the parent album . Commercially , it peaked at number six on both Billboard 's Holiday Digital Songs and Holiday Digital Song Sales charts in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Reception 4 Credits and personnel 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Throughout 2017 , Stefani attended studio recording sessions where she was in the process of creating new music with various musicians . In July of the same year , the singer announced in a press statement that she planned to release some of the new music by the end of 2017 . The title of several tracks first leaked on August 2 , 2017 when they appeared as published works on the official website for GEMA , a German music database . Due to some of the revealed song titles that mistakenly appeared , multiple music critics suggested that the singer 's new music may be among material for a holiday album . `` My Gift Is You '' was included on the list of leaked titles , in addition to album tracks `` Christmas Eve '' and `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' . The song was officially revealed as part of the parent album on September 18 when Stefani unveiled its title , You Make It Feel Like Christmas , in addition to its track listing and the lead single . `` My Gift Is You '' was written by Stefani , Justin Tranter , and Michael Busbee while production was handled by busbee and Eric Valentine . Stefani had expressed interest in collaborating with Busbee , who also serves as an executive producer for the parent album , ever since she had heard his work on Pink 's `` Try '' in 2012 . Tranter was also enlisted as a songwriter for the album due to his ability to `` write a hit '' . The song was made available for purchase as a digital download on October 6 , 2017 , along with the rest of You Make It Feel Like Christmas , through Interscope Records . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Several of the songs on You Make It Feel Like Christmas , including `` My Gift Is You '' , allude to Stefani 's relationship with Blake Shelton . `` My Gift Is You '' is a Christmas and pop - soul song that lasts two minutes and 51 seconds . Musically , it is a blend of the sound of classic Christmas songs with the contemporary style of more modern ones . The beat evident in the production is comparable to the one that appears in Ben E. King 's 1961 single `` Stand by Me '' , due to the similarities in `` poignant bass notes '' that help create a sense of the holiday season . As a whole , You Make It Feel Like Christmas contains various songs alluding to Stefani 's relationship with boyfriend Blake Shelton . Rachel McRady from Entertainment Tonight suggested that even when considering their previously released duet ( `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' ) , `` My Gift Is You '' may be the `` most telling tune '' on the parent album . Stefani sings : `` I ca n't wait to give all my lovin ' to my best friend / All I want is you to take my love and give it back again '' . While crooning , she says : `` Do n't need no money . Do n't need a thing / I do n't even need a wedding ring / All I need is love and the truth / And I got it , my gift is you '' . In these lyrics , Stefani `` disregards material possessions ( in favor of ) Christmas '' and `` flaunts her newfound love with ( Shelton ) '' . Reception ( edit ) `` My Gift Is You '' was selected as a standout track by several music critics . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine singled out the track as a highlight on You Make It Feel Like Christmas , describing it as `` Stefani 's obligatory entry in the canon of contemporary holiday songs in which the singer eschews all things material '' . Furthermore , he called the track `` surprisingly capable '' and wrote `` like the album as a whole , ( it ) at least makes it feel like Christmas '' . Additionally , Janine Lano from The Highlander listed `` My Gift Is You '' as one of the four best tracks on the record . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that the song , in addition to album tracks `` Never Kissed Anyone with Blue Eyes Before You '' and `` When I Was a Little Girl '' , is too modern in order to be reminiscent of a Christmas tune : `` ' My Gift Is You ' is a love song bearing the faintest hint of mistletoe '' . `` My Gift Is You '' appeared on two seasonal Billboard component charts in the United States . On the Holiday Digital Songs and Holiday Digital Song Sales charts , which both track the best - selling digital holidays songs of the week , it entered and peaked at number six during the week of October 28 , 2017 . Out of all of the songs that appear on You Make It Feel Like Christmas , `` My Gift Is You '' was the highest peaking song on these two charts , with the exception of `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' , which reached number four on both of them . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of You Make It Feel Like Christmas . Gwen Stefani -- lead vocals , lyrics Alisha Bauer -- cello Charles Bisharat -- violin busbee -- lyrics , production Greg Camp -- electric guitar Daphne Chen -- violin Mario DeLeon -- violin Richard Dodd -- cello Vanessa Freebairn - Smith -- cello Matthew Funes -- viola Eric Gorfain -- violin Sean Hurley -- bass Leah Katz -- viola Songa Lee -- violin Natalie Leggett -- violin Laura Mace -- background vocals Darrin McCann -- viola Matt Musty -- percussion , timpani Robin Olson -- violin Monet Owens -- background vocals Joel Pargman -- violin Kathryn Reddish -- viola Michele Richards -- violin Dolly Sparks -- background vocals Aaron Sterling -- drums John Storie -- electric guitar Justin Tranter -- lyrics Eric Valentine -- production Patrick Warren -- piano John Wittenberg -- violin Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Holiday Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Holiday Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Is Releasing New Music This Year '' . Fuse . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Festive ! It Looks Like Gwen Stefani Is Recording a Christmas Album '' . Idolator . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Lauren ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sia and Gwen Stefani Both Apparently Have Christmas Albums Coming '' . Vice . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tenreyro , Tatiana ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Teases ' You Make It Feel Like Christmas ' Album : Watch Preview '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Announces Festive LP ' You Make It Feel Like Christmas ' '' . Idolator . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : You Make It Feel Like Christmas ( CD liner notes ) . Gwen Stefani . Interscope. 2017 . 02557 - 84801 . Jump up ^ Havens , Lyndsey ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` How a Run on Blake Shelton 's Ranch Led to Gwen Stefani 's Christmas Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Gift Is You -- Gwen Stefani -- From the Album You Make It Feel Like Christmas -- MP3 '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas -- Gwen Stefani -- MP3 '' . Amazon.com ( US ) . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Stefani -- You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas -- Gwen Stefani '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lano , Janine ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' You Make It Feel Like Christmas `` : More a love letter to Gwen Stefani 's new boo than Christmas album '' . The Highlander . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McRady , Rachel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Releases Christmas Album Filled With Blake Shelton References : Listen to Her ' Wedding Ring ' Lyric '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen . `` Gwen Stefani -- You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holiday Digital Songs : October 28 , 2017 '' . Billboard . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holiday Digital Song Sales : October 28 , 2017 '' . Billboard . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gwen Stefani songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Songs Love . Angel . Music . Baby . `` What You Waiting For ? '' `` Rich Girl '' `` Hollaback Girl '' `` Cool '' `` Luxurious '' `` Harajuku Girls '' `` Crash '' `` The Real Thing '' `` Serious '' `` Long Way to Go '' The Sweet Escape `` Wind It Up '' `` The Sweet Escape '' `` Early Winter '' `` Now That You Got It '' `` 4 in the Morning '' `` Yummy '' This Is What the Truth Feels Like `` Misery '' `` Make Me Like You '' `` Used to Love You '' `` Asking 4 It '' `` Rare '' You Make It Feel Like Christmas `` My Gift Is You '' `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' `` Under the Christmas Lights '' `` Santa Baby '' `` Christmas Eve '' Collaborations `` Everybody Is a Star '' `` South Side '' `` Let Me Blow Ya Mind '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Slave to Love '' `` Can I Have It Like That '' `` Need You Tonight '' `` Glycerine '' `` My Heart Is Open '' `` Together '' `` Kings Never Die '' `` Leather and Lace '' `` Go Ahead and Break My Heart '' `` Hands '' `` Hair Up '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Non-album songs `` Almost Blue '' `` Baby Do n't Lie '' `` Spark the Fire '' `` Shine '' `` Start a War '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Gift_Is_You&oldid=815634170 '' Categories : 2017 songs American Christmas songs Gwen Stefani songs Songs written by busbee Songs written by Justin Tranter Songs written by Gwen Stefani Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "My Gift Is You" - Gwen Stefani's Christmas pop-soul song 2. Gwen Stefani's album "You Make It Feel Like Christmas" 3. Relationship between Gwen Stefani and Blake Shelton 4. Lyrics of "My Gift Is You" - choosing love over materialism 5. Commercial success of "My Gift Is You" on Billboard charts

lambert's home of the throwed rolls alabama

Lambert 's cafe - wikipedia Lambert 's cafe <Th_colspan="2"> Lambert 's Cafe <Td_colspan="2"> Lambert 's Cafe in Foley , Alabama <Th_colspan="2"> Restaurant information Slogan Home of Throwed Rolls Established 1942 Food type Southern / country cooking Website throwedrolls.com Lambert 's Cafe is a US restaurant chain with locations in Foley , Alabama ; Sikeston , Missouri ; and Ozark , Missouri . It was founded in 1942 . It is known for throwing hot rolls to the customers . It features Southern or country cooking ( fried chicken , catfish , etc . ) ; a variety of side dishes , called `` pass arounds '' , are brought to the table to accompany each meal . The restaurants have been cited as a prime example of `` road food '' , and diners often arrive via tour bus . Contents 1 History 2 Legal issues 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The cafe was started in Sikeston in 1942 by Earl Lambert , assisted by his wife Agnes , his brother Robert , and Robert 's wife Ruby . In 1976 Earl 's son Norman `` ' Ole Norm '' Lambert , a former football coach at Sikeston High School , took over management . It was Norman who started the tradition of throwing rolls to customers . In 1981 he explained , `` I started throwing rolls about four years ago when we were in our old cafe . It was too crowded one noon for me to serve the rolls to a customer and somebody yelled , ' Throw em . ' So I threw them . So , now I do that about every noon meal and during the evenings too . The rolls are fresh , right out of the oven . '' Legal issues ( edit ) In August 2015 the restaurant was sued by a customer who says he suffered permanent eye injuries after being struck by a hot roll thrown by a staff member . A lawyer acting for the plaintiff said Lambert 's has been sued similar injuries in the past . A Lambert 's spokesman confirmed that other customers have previously sought damages for similar claims , and in some cases medical expenses have been paid . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lambert 's Cafe , Home of Throwed Rolls '' . throwedrolls.com . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 great places to take an exit to good eatin ' '' . USA Today . May 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Denise ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Throwing fun food ideas to I - 55 travelers '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Landis , Debra Chandler ( September 29 , 1981 ) . `` Norman Lambert Throws Rolls '' . Southeast Missourian . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/08/14/man-sues-restaurant-rolls-throwing/31703807/ Jump up ^ http://fox2now.com/2015/08/13/the-man-behind-the-throwed-roll-lawsuit-against-lamberts/ Jump up ^ http://www.kctv5.com/story/29775197/woman-suing-lamberts-cafe External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert%27s_Cafe&oldid=798585818 '' Categories : Cuisine of the Southern United States Buildings and structures in New Madrid County , Missouri Restaurants in Missouri Restaurants in Alabama Restaurants established in 1942 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 19 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lambert's Cafe - US restaurant chain known for throwing hot rolls to customers 2. Southern/country cooking - fried chicken, catfish, and pass arounds 3. History of Lambert's Cafe - founded in 1942 by Earl Lambert 4. Legal issues - customer sued for eye injury from a thrown roll 5. Locations - Foley, Alabama; Sikeston, Missouri; Ozark, Missouri

when does the amniotic sac develop and when does it break

Amniotic sac - wikipedia Amniotic sac Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Amniotic sac <Td_colspan="2"> 10 - week - old human fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac <Td_colspan="2"> The amniotic sac opened during afterbirth examination . <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The amniotic sac , commonly called the bag of waters , sometimes the membranes , is the sac in which the fetus develops in amniotes . It is a thin but tough transparent pair of membranes that hold a developing embryo ( and later fetus ) until shortly before birth . The inner of these fetal membranes , the amnion , encloses the amniotic cavity , containing the amniotic fluid and the fetus . The outer membrane , the chorion , contains the amnion and is part of the placenta . On the outer side , the amniotic sac is connected to the yolk sac , the allantois and , via the umbilical cord , to the placenta . Amniocentesis is a medical procedure where fluid from the sac is sampled to be used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Birth 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) Amniotic cavity in human embryo 1.3 mm . long The amniotic cavity is the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion , containing the amniotic fluid . The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold , which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity , and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo . As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo , the amniotic cavity is formed . Development ( edit ) At the beginning of the second week , a cavity appears within the inner cell mass and when it enlarges it becomes the amniotic cavity . The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the epiblast . Epiblast migrates between the epiblastic disc and trophoblast . In this way the epiblastic cells migrate between the embryoblast and trophoblast . The floor is formed by the epiblast which later on transforms to ectoderm while the remaining cells which are present between the embryoblast and trophoblast are called amnioblasts ( flattened cells ) . These cells are also derived from epiblast which is transformed into ectoderm . The amniotic cavity is surrounded by a membrane , called the amnion . As the implantation of the blastocyst progresses , a small space appears in the embryoblast , which is the primordium of the amniotic cavity . Soon amniogenic ( amnion forming cells ) amnioblasts separate from the epiblast and line the amnion , which encloses the amniotic cavity . The epiblast forms the floor of the amniotic cavity and is continuous peripherally with the amnion . The hypoblast forms the roof of the exocoelomic cavity and is continuous with the thin exocoelomic membrane . This membrane along with hypoblast forms the primary yolk sac . The embryonic disc now lies between the amniotic cavity and the primary yolk sac . Cells from the yolk sac endoderm form a layer of connective tissue , the extraembryonic mesoderm , which surrounds the amnion and yolk sac . Birth ( edit ) If , after birth , the complete amniotic sac or big parts of the membrane remain coating the newborn , this is called a caul . When seen in the light , the amniotic sac is shiny and very smooth , but tough . Once the baby is pushed out of the mother 's uterus , the umbilical cord , placenta , and amniotic sac are pushed out in the after birth . Function ( edit ) The amniotic sac and its filling provide a liquid that surrounds and cushions the fetus . It allows the fetus to move freely within the walls of the uterus . Buoyancy is also provided . Clinical significance ( edit ) Chorioamnionitis is inflammation of the amniotic sac ( chorio - + amnion + - itis ) , usually because of infection . It is a risk factor for neonatal sepsis . During labor , the amniotic sac must break so that the child can be born . This is known as rupture of membranes ( ROM ) . Normally , it occurs spontaneously at full term either during or at the beginning of labor . A premature rupture of membranes ( PROM ) is a rupture of the amnion that occurs prior to the onset of labor . An artificial rupture of membranes ( AROM ) , also known as an amniotomy , may be clinically performed using an amnihook or amnicot in order to induce or to accelerate labour . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blackwell 's Nursing Dictionary '' . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ What is the amniotic sac ? , NHS Jump up ^ Larsen , WJ ( 2001 ) . Human Embryology ( 3rd ed . ) . Churchill Livingstone . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7 . Jump up ^ The word amniocentesis itself indicates precisely the procedure in question , Gr . ἀμνίον amníon being the `` inner membrane round the foetus '' and κέντησις kéntēsis meaning `` pricking '' , i.e. its puncture in order to retrieve some amniotic fluid . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic Tests -- Amniocentesis '' . Harvard Medical School . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Amniotic_egg.html http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/IMPLANTATION.htm <Th_colspan="2"> Membranes of the fetus and embryo Embryo Trophoblast Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast Intermediate trophoblast Allantois Decidua Decidual cells Chorionic villi / Intervillous space Amnion sac cavity Fetus Umbilical cord Umbilical artery Umbilical vein Wharton 's jelly Circulatory Placenta Chorion Other Blastocoel Heuser 's membrane Vitelline duct Gestational sac <Th_colspan="2"> Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amniotic_sac&oldid=825169767 '' Categories : Body fluids Embryology Obstetrics Human anatomy Midwifery Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Simple English کوردی Svenska தமிழ் 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Amniotic sac development 2. Function of the amniotic sac 3. Clinical significance of the amniotic sac 4. Rupture of membranes during birth 5. Chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis

in which one of the following states do you not have to register to vote brainly

Yahoo ! Answers - Wikipedia Yahoo ! Answers Jump to : navigation , search Yahoo ! Answers <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> A screenshot of a Yahoo ! Answers question . Type of site Collaboration Available in Chinese , English , French , German , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Portuguese , Spanish , Thai , Vietnamese Website answers.yahoo.com Commercial No Launched June 28 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) Current status Active Yahoo ! Answers is a community - driven question - and - answer ( Q&A ) website or a knowledge market from Yahoo ! , that allows users to both submit questions to be answered and answer questions asked by other users . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Site operation 3 Level table 4 Badges 4.1 Top Contributor 4.2 Staff 4.3 Official 4.4 Knowledge Partners 5 Academic studies 6 Quality of answers 7 Promotions and events 7.1 Yamster 7.2 Special guests 8 Site statistics 9 In popular media 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) The website Yahoo ! was officially incorporated on March 2 , 1995 , and was created by Jerry Yang and David Filo . The website began as a search directory for various websites , and soon grew into an established Internet resource that features the `` Yahoo ! Answers '' platform . Yahoo ! Answers was launched on June 28 , 2005 , while in internal alpha testing by Director of Engineering , Ofer Shaked . Yahoo ! Answers was launched to the general public while in beta testing on December 8 , 2005 , which lasted until May 14 , 2006 . Yahoo ! Answers was finally incorporated for general availability on May 15 , 2006 . Yahoo ! Answers was created to replace Ask Yahoo ! , Yahoo ! 's former Q&A platform which was discontinued in March 2006 . The site gives members the chance to earn points as a way to encourage participation and is based on Naver 's Knowledge iN . Yahoo ! Answers is available in 12 languages , but several Asian sites operate a different platform which allows for non-Latin characters . The platform is known as Yahoo ! Chiebukuro ( Yahoo ! 知恵袋 ) in Japan and as Yahoo ! Knowledge in Korea , Taiwan , China , and Hong Kong . An Arabic language Q&A platform called Seen Jeem is available through the Yahoo ! subsidiary Maktoob . On December 8 , 2016 , Yahoo ! released an app for the platform called Yahoo ! Answers Now ( formally known as Yahoo ! Hive ) for iOS and Android . The number of poorly formed questions and inaccurate answers has made the site a target of ridicule . Site operation ( edit ) Yahoo ! Answers allows any questions that do not violate Yahoo ! Answers community guidelines . To encourage good answers , helpful participants are occasionally featured on the Yahoo ! Answers Blog . Though the service itself is free , the contents of the answers are owned by the respective users -- while Yahoo ! maintains a non-exclusive royalty - free worldwide right to publish the information . Chat is explicitly forbidden in the Community Guidelines , although categories like Politics and Religion & Spirituality are mostly opinion . Users may also choose to reveal their Yahoo ! Messenger ID on their Answers profile page . Misuse of Yahoo ! Answers is handled by a user moderation system , where users report posts that are in breach of guidelines or the Terms of Service . Posts are removed if they receive sufficient weight of trusted reports ( reports from users with a reliable reporting history ) . Deletion may be appealed : an unsuccessful appeal receives a 10 - point penalty ; a successful one reinstates the post and reduces the ' trust rating ' ( reporting power ) of the reporter . If a user receives a large number of violations in a relatively short amount of time or a very serious violation , it can cause the abuser 's account to be suspended . In extreme , but rare cases ( for a Terms of Service violation ) , the abuser 's entire Yahoo ! ID will be suddenly deactivated without warning . To open an account , a user needs a Yahoo ! ID but can use any name as identification on Yahoo ! Answers . A user can be represented by a picture from various internet avatar sites or a user - made graphic uploaded to replace their default Yahoo graphic . Yahoo ! Avatars was discontinued in 2012 . When answering a question , a user can search Yahoo ! or Wikipedia , or any source of information that the user wishes , as long as they mention their source . Questions are initially open to answers for four days . However , the asker can choose to pick a best answer for the question after a minimum of one hour . However , comments and answers can still be posted after this time . To ask a question , one has to have a Yahoo ! account with a positive score balance of five points or more . The points system is weighted to encourage users to answer questions and to limit spam questions . There are also levels ( with point thresholds ) , which give more site access . Points and levels have no real world value , can not be traded , and serve only to indicate how active a user has been on the site . A notable downside to the points / level system is that it encourages people to answer questions even when they do not have a suitable answer to give to gain points . Users also receive ten points for contributing the `` Best Answer '' which is selected by the question 's asker . The voting function , which allowed users to vote for the answer they considered best , was discontinued in April 2014 . In addition to points awarded for activity , Yahoo ! Answers staff may also award extra points if they are impressed with a user 's contributions . The Yahoo ! Answers community manager has stated that `` power users '' who defend the company should be thanked and rewarded . Level table ( edit ) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Points 1 -- 249 250 -- 999 1,000 -- 2,499 2,500 -- 4,999 5,000 -- 9,999 10,000 -- 24,999 25,000 + Questions 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 Answers 20 80 120 160 160 160 160 Commentaries 10 20 30 40 40 40 40 Stars 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 Evaluation permission No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Note : All limitations are per day . Users begin on level 1 and receive 100 free points . Prior to this , they began on level 0 , could only answer one question , and then were promoted to level 1 . Before April 20 , 2012 , users levels 5 and above could give an unlimited amount of questions , answers , and comments . Yahoo ! Answers established an upper limit to curb spam and unproductive answers . Before April 2014 users were also able to vote for a best answer if the asker did not choose one , but this was discontinued . Badges ( edit ) Top Contributor ( edit ) The point system ostensibly encourages users to answer as many questions as they possibly can , up to their daily limit . Once a user achieves and maintains a certain minimum number of such contributions ( See Note * , further ... ) , they may receive an orange `` badge '' under the name of their avatar , naming the user a Top Contributor ( TC ) . Users can lose this badge if they do not maintain their level of participation . Once a user becomes a `` Top Contributor '' in any category , the badge appears in all answers , questions , and comments by the user , regardless of category . A user can be a Top Contributor in a maximum of 3 categories . The list of Top contributors is updated every Monday . Although Yahoo ! Answers staff has kept secret the conditions of becoming a TC , many theories exist among users , for example : Maintaining a weekly ( mystery ) `` quota '' of answers in the category . User wanting to become a TC must have more than or equal to 12 % Best answers . User should be at least on level 2 , although there have been claims that first - level users with TC Badge have been seen . User should concentrate only on one particular category to become a Top Contributor for that category . Out of these , none have an official status . This feature began March 8 , 2007 . Staff ( edit ) Badge is seen under the name staff members of Yahoo ! Answers . Official ( edit ) This type of badge is found on the name of celebrities ( like mentioned above ) and government departments like the health department . Knowledge partners ( edit ) These badges are found under the name of the companies or organizations who share their personal knowledge and experience with the members of Yahoo ! Answers . Academic studies ( edit ) A number of studies have looked at the structure of the community and the interaction between askers and responders . Studies of user typology on the site have revealed that some users answer from personal knowledge -- `` specialists '' -- while others use external sources to construct answers -- `` synthesists '' , with synthesists tending to accumulate more reward points . Adamic et al. looked at the ego networks of users and showed that it is possible to distinguish `` answer people '' from `` discussion people '' with the former found in specialist categories for factual information , such as mathematics and the latter more common in general interest categories , such as marriage and wrestling . They also show that answer length is a good predictor of `` best answer '' choice . Kim and Oh looked at the comments given by users on choosing best answers and showed that content completeness , solution feasibility and personal agreement / confirmation were the most significant criteria . Quality of Answers ( edit ) Researchers found that questions seeking factual information received few answers and that the knowledge on Yahoo ! Answers is not very deep . Despite the presence of experts , academics and other researchers , Yahoo ! Answers ' base consists of a much more general group ; hence , it has been criticized for the large number of dubious questions , such as `` how is babby formed how girl get pragnent '' ( sic ) , which sparked an Internet meme . This `` Internet language '' of incorrect spelling and improper grammar also contributes to Yahoo ! Answers ' reputation of being a source of entertainment rather than a fact based question and answer platform , and for the reliability , validity , and relevance of its answers . A 2008 study found that Yahoo ! Answers is suboptimal for questions requiring factual answers and that the quality decreases as the number of users increases . One journalist observed that the structure Yahoo ! Answers provides , particularly the persistence of inaccuracies , the inability to correct them , and a point structure that rewards participation more readily than accuracy , all indicate that the site is oriented towards encouraging use of the site , not offering accurate answers to questions . The number of poorly formed questions and inaccurate answers has made the site a target of ridicule . Likewise , posts on many Internet forums and Yahoo ! Answers itself indicate that Yahoo ! Answers attracts a large number of trolls . The site does not have a system that filters the correct answers from the incorrect answers . At one time , the community could vote for the best answer among the posted answers ; but that option was disabled in March 2014 . For most of the life of Yahoo ! Answers , once the `` best answer '' was chosen , there was no way to add more answers nor to improve or challenge the best answer chosen by the question asker ; there is a display of thumbs down or thumbs up for each answer , but viewers can not vote . In April 2014 , this was changed to allow for additional answers after a best answer is chosen , but the best answer can never be changed . Also , while `` best answers '' can be briefly commented upon , the comment is not visible by default and is hence hardly read . ( Even the user who posts the question is n't notified , before or after the best answer is picked , about a comment on the question or on the best answer . ) If the best answer chosen is wrong or contains problematic information , the only chance to give a better ( or correct ) answer will be the next time the same question is asked . The older answer will likely get higher priority in search engines . Any new answer will most probably not be seen by any original questioner . Promotions and events ( edit ) Yamster ( edit ) The Yahoo ! Answers green smiley . The official Yahoo ! Answers mascot is a cartoon hamster called Yamster . Yamster is a combination , or portmanteau , of the words `` Yahoo '' and `` hamster '' . The mascot is also used as an avatar for Yahoo ! Answers staff . During beta testing of Yahoo ! Answers in 2005 , the Director of Product Management would use a Gemmy Kung Fu Hamster to summon employees to meetings . The toy was a battery - operated , dancing , musical plush hamster clothed in a karate uniform . A Yahoo ! Answers employee selected a photo of the toy as the staff avatar . A user then questioned the potential trademark / copyright infringement of using such an avatar . At that time , the photo was replaced with the Yahoo ! Answers green smiley face . At the beginning of 2006 , the green smiley face was replaced by the cartoon Yamster clad in a karate uniform . As of November 2009 , the history of Yamster , complete with photos of the toy , was available on the Yahoo ! Answers Team Vietnam blog . Special guests ( edit ) Several celebrities and notables have appeared on Yahoo ! Answers to ask questions . These users have an `` official '' badge below their avatar and on their profile page . During the 2008 U.S. Presidential campaign , Hillary Clinton , John McCain , Barack Obama , and Mitt Romney posted questions on Yahoo ! Answers , in addition to YouTube . In an awareness campaign , `` UNICEF Up Close 2007 '' , nine UNICEF ambassadors asked questions . The launch of Answers on Yahoo ! India included a question from A.P.J. Abdul Kalam , the President of India at that time . Other guests have included international leaders ( Queen Rania of Jordan , candidate for United Nations Secretary - General Shashi Tharoor ) , Nobel Peace Prize laureates ( Al Gore , Muhammad Yunus ) and other international activists ( Bono , Jean - Michel Cousteau ) , intellectuals ( Stephen Hawking , Marilyn vos Savant ) , and numerous other celebrities . Site statistics ( edit ) Yahoo ! used comScore statistics in December 2006 to proclaim Yahoo ! Answers `` the leading Q&A site on the web '' . Currently Yahoo ! Answers is ranked as the second most popular Q&A site on the web by comScore . The slogan `` The world 's leading Q&A site '' has since been adopted by Answers.com . In 2009 , Yahoo ! Answers staff claimed 200 million users worldwide and 15 million users visiting daily . Google Trends has reported around 4 million unique visitors ( Global ) daily . In January 2010 , the web analytics website Quantcast reported 24 million active users ( US ) per month ; in November 2015 , that had fallen by 77 % to 5.6 million . Quantcast traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , January 2010 : 24,201,619 people per month ( US ) 62,171,200 visits per month ( US ) For January 1 -- 30 , 2015 : 11,273,839 people per month ( US ) For October 31 -- November 29 , 2015 : 5,555,080 people per month ( US ) For December 1 -- December 30 , 2015 : 4,546,016 people per month ( US ) Google Ad Planner traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , December 2009 : 26,000,000 unique visitors ( users ) ( US ) 110,000,000 total visits ( US ) Compete Site Analytics traffic statistics for Yahoo ! Answers , December 2009 : 33,090,163 unique visitors ( US ) 64,928,634 visits ( US ) Yahoo ! Answers represents between 1.03 % to 1.7 % of Yahoo ! traffic . In popular media ( edit ) The comedy / advice podcast My Brother , My Brother and Me features a reoccurring segment in which co-host Griffin McElroy selects and reads a particularly humorous or outrageous question from Yahoo ! Answers . The hosts then discuss and attempt to answer the question , to comedic effect . The Internet troll Ken M is a regular user on Yahoo ! Answers , posting comments that confound and annoy other users . There are several communities on social media sites such as Reddit and Facebook dedicated to observing his antics , especially on Yahoo ! Answers . Ken was named as one of Time 's most influential people online in 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of question - and - answer websites Ask MetaFilter Askalo Askville Blurtit GirlsAskGuys Google Answers Q&A software Hunch Knowledge Search LinkedIn Answers Quora Stack Exchange Wiki Answers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mccullough , Brian . `` On the 20th Anniversary -- The History of Yahoo 's Founding '' . Internet History Podcast . Jump up ^ `` First / oldest Y ! A account - Director of Engineering , Ofer Shaked 's Yahoo ! Answers account , created on June 28 , 2005 '' . Yahoo ! Answers . 2005 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SiliconBeat : Yahoo Answers '' . SiliconBeat. 2005 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of Yahoo Answers - Search Engine Watch '' . Search Engine Watch . 2005 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo launches Q&A service - CNET News.com '' . CNET. 2005 - 12 - 07 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Answers - Home on December 10 , 2005 '' . Wayback Machine . December 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo - Yahoo ! Search Leverages Human Knowledge From Yahoo ! Answers to Improve Web Search ; Yahoo ! Answers Surpasses 10 Million Answers to Everyday Questions From Real People '' . Yahoo ! Investor . 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Yahoo Answers Birthday : One Year Old '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Chiebukuro Website '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now on the App Store '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Google Play . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers Now is a standalone app for iOS '' . Engadget. 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo officially launches its Yahoo Answers Q&A mobile app - VentureBeat '' . VentureBeat. 2016 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Answers makes its official mobile debut - TechCrunch '' . TechCrunch. 2016 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Raphael , J.R. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` The 20 Dumbest Questions on Yahoo Answers '' . PC World . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Murad ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Ask a silly question ... '' The Times . London . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Community guidelines '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Terms of Service '' . Yahoo ! Terms . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . 9 ) Content submitted or made available for inclusion on the Yahoo ! Services : Yahoo ! does not claim ownership of Content you submit or make available for inclusion on the Yahoo ! Services . However , with respect to Content you submit or make available for inclusion on publicly accessible areas of the Yahoo ! Services , you grant Yahoo ! the following worldwide , royalty - free and non-exclusive license ( s ) , as applicable ^ Jump up to : Moore , Nicole Casal ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Users of Yahoo Answers seek advice , opinion , expertise '' . University of Michigan News Service . Ann Arbor , Michigan . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What if my question does n't receive any answers ? '' . Yahoo ! Help . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yahoo ! Answers -- Point System '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A person in my category has - 9,000 points this week . ( Yes , that 's a minus . ) Someone else has - 22 % Best Answers . ( Also a minus ) '' . Yahoo ! Answers Suggestion Board . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Sometimes when we ( Yahoo ! Answers employees ) are impressed with a user 's answer quality or overall contribution to make Answers a better place , we award extra points as a mark of encouragement . Jump up ^ `` Managing the Mob : What to do when things go wrong '' . Socialtext . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Limitations on Level 5 , 6 and 7 Users '' . Yahoo ! Answers Blog. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Top Contributor ? '' . Yahoo ! Answers . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` What do the different badges on Yahoo ! Answers mean ? '' . Yahoo ! Answers . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gazan , R. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Specialists and Synthesists in a Question Answering Community '' . 69th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology ( ASIST ) , Austin ( US ) , 3 -- 8 November 2006 . Richard B. Hill . 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what is a crystal and how does it form

Crystal - wikipedia Crystal `` Crystalline '' and `` Xtal '' redirect here . For the Björk song , see Crystalline ( song ) . For other uses , see Xtal ( disambiguation ) . This article is about crystalline solids . For the type of glass , see Lead glass . For other uses , see Crystal ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A crystal of amethyst quartz Microscopically , a single crystal has atoms in a near - perfect periodic arrangement ; a polycrystal is composed of many microscopic crystals ( called `` crystallites '' or `` grains '' ) ; and an amorphous solid ( such as glass ) has no periodic arrangement even microscopically . A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents ( such as atoms , molecules , or ions ) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure , forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions . In addition , macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape , consisting of flat faces with specific , characteristic orientations . The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography . The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification . The word crystal derives from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος ( krustallos ) , meaning both `` ice '' and `` rock crystal '' , from κρύος ( kruos ) , `` icy cold , frost '' . Examples of large crystals include snowflakes , diamonds , and table salt . Most inorganic solids are not crystals but polycrystals , i.e. many microscopic crystals fused together into a single solid . Examples of polycrystals include most metals , rocks , ceramics , and ice . A third category of solids is amorphous solids , where the atoms have no periodic structure whatsoever . Examples of amorphous solids include glass , wax , and many plastics . Crystals are often used in pseudoscientific practices such as crystal therapy , and , along with gemstones , are sometimes associated with spellwork in Wiccan beliefs and related religious movements . Contents 1 Crystal structure ( microscopic ) 2 Crystal faces and shapes 3 Occurrence in nature 3.1 Rocks 3.2 Ice 3.3 Organigenic crystals 4 Polymorphism and allotropy 5 Crystallization 6 Defects , impurities , and twinning 7 Chemical bonds 8 Quasicrystals 9 Special properties from anisotropy 10 Crystallography 11 Image gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading Crystal structure ( microscopic ) Halite ( table salt , NaCl ) : Microscopic and macroscopic Microscopic structure of a halite crystal . ( Purple is sodium ion , green is chlorine ion . ) There is cubic symmetry in the atoms ' arrangement . Macroscopic ( ~ 16cm ) halite crystal . The right - angles between crystal faces are due to the cubic symmetry of the atoms ' arrangement . Main article : Crystal structure The scientific definition of a `` crystal '' is based on the microscopic arrangement of atoms inside it , called the crystal structure . A crystal is a solid where the atoms form a periodic arrangement . ( Quasicrystals are an exception , see below . ) Not all solids are crystals . For example , when liquid water starts freezing , the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse , forming a polycrystalline structure . In the final block of ice , each of the small crystals ( called `` crystallites '' or `` grains '' ) is a true crystal with a periodic arrangement of atoms , but the whole polycrystal does not have a periodic arrangement of atoms , because the periodic pattern is broken at the grain boundaries . Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline , including almost all metals , ceramics , ice , rocks , etc . Solids that are neither crystalline nor polycrystalline , such as glass , are called amorphous solids , also called glassy , vitreous , or noncrystalline . These have no periodic order , even microscopically . There are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids : most notably , the process of forming a glass does not release the latent heat of fusion , but forming a crystal does . A crystal structure ( an arrangement of atoms in a crystal ) is characterized by its unit cell , a small imaginary box containing one or more atoms in a specific spatial arrangement . The unit cells are stacked in three - dimensional space to form the crystal . The symmetry of a crystal is constrained by the requirement that the unit cells stack perfectly with no gaps . There are 219 possible crystal symmetries , called crystallographic space groups . These are grouped into 7 crystal systems , such as cubic crystal system ( where the crystals may form cubes or rectangular boxes , such as halite shown at right ) or hexagonal crystal system ( where the crystals may form hexagons , such as ordinary water ice ) . Crystal faces and shapes As a halite crystal is growing , new atoms can very easily attach to the parts of the surface with rough atomic - scale structure and many dangling bonds . Therefore , these parts of the crystal grow out very quickly ( yellow arrows ) . Eventually , the whole surface consists of smooth , stable faces , where new atoms can not as easily attach themselves . Crystals are commonly recognized by their shape , consisting of flat faces with sharp angles . These shape characteristics are not necessary for a crystal -- a crystal is scientifically defined by its microscopic atomic arrangement , not its macroscopic shape -- but the characteristic macroscopic shape is often present and easy to see . Euhedral crystals are those with obvious , well - formed flat faces . Anhedral crystals do not , usually because the crystal is one grain in a polycrystalline solid . The flat faces ( also called facets ) of a euhedral crystal are oriented in a specific way relative to the underlying atomic arrangement of the crystal : they are planes of relatively low Miller index . This occurs because some surface orientations are more stable than others ( lower surface energy ) . As a crystal grows , new atoms attach easily to the rougher and less stable parts of the surface , but less easily to the flat , stable surfaces . Therefore , the flat surfaces tend to grow larger and smoother , until the whole crystal surface consists of these plane surfaces . ( See diagram on right . ) One of the oldest techniques in the science of crystallography consists of measuring the three - dimensional orientations of the faces of a crystal , and using them to infer the underlying crystal symmetry . A crystal 's habit is its visible external shape . This is determined by the crystal structure ( which restricts the possible facet orientations ) , the specific crystal chemistry and bonding ( which may favor some facet types over others ) , and the conditions under which the crystal formed . Occurrence in nature Ice crystals Fossil shell with calcite crystals Rocks By volume and weight , the largest concentrations of crystals in the Earth are part of its solid bedrock . Crystals found in rocks typically range in size from a fraction of a millimetre to several centimetres across , although exceptionally large crystals are occasionally found . As of 1999 , the world 's largest known naturally occurring crystal is a crystal of beryl from Malakialina , Madagascar , 18 m ( 59 ft ) long and 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) in diameter , and weighing 380,000 kg ( 840,000 lb ) . Some crystals have formed by magmatic and metamorphic processes , giving origin to large masses of crystalline rock . The vast majority of igneous rocks are formed from molten magma and the degree of crystallization depends primarily on the conditions under which they solidified . Such rocks as granite , which have cooled very slowly and under great pressures , have completely crystallized ; but many kinds of lava were poured out at the surface and cooled very rapidly , and in this latter group a small amount of amorphous or glassy matter is common . Other crystalline rocks , the metamorphic rocks such as marbles , mica - schists and quartzites , are recrystallized . This means that they were at first fragmental rocks like limestone , shale and sandstone and have never been in a molten condition nor entirely in solution , but the high temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism have acted on them by erasing their original structures and inducing recrystallization in the solid state . Other rock crystals have formed out of precipitation from fluids , commonly water , to form druses or quartz veins . The evaporites such as halite , gypsum and some limestones have been deposited from aqueous solution , mostly owing to evaporation in arid climates . Ice Water - based ice in the form of snow , sea ice and glaciers is a very common manifestation of crystalline or polycrystalline matter on Earth . A single snowflake is a single crystal or a collection of crystals , while an ice cube is a polycrystal . Organigenic crystals Many living organisms are able to produce crystals , for example calcite and aragonite in the case of most molluscs or hydroxylapatite in the case of vertebrates . Polymorphism and allotropy Main articles : Polymorphism ( materials science ) and Allotropy The same group of atoms can often solidify in many different ways . Polymorphism is the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal form . For example , water ice is ordinarily found in the hexagonal form Ice I , but can also exist as the cubic Ice I , the rhombohedral ice II , and many other forms . The different polymorphs are usually called different phases . In addition , the same atoms may be able to form noncrystalline phases . For example , water can also form amorphous ice , while SiO can form both fused silica ( an amorphous glass ) and quartz ( a crystal ) . Likewise , if a substance can form crystals , it can also form polycrystals . For pure chemical elements , polymorphism is known as allotropy . For example , diamond and graphite are two crystalline forms of carbon , while amorphous carbon is a noncrystalline form . Polymorphs , despite having the same atoms , may have wildly different properties . For example , diamond is among the hardest substances known , while graphite is so soft that it is used as a lubricant . Polyamorphism is a similar phenomenon where the same atoms can exist in more than one amorphous solid form . Crystallization Main articles : Crystallization and Crystal growth Vertical cooling crystallizer in a beet sugar factory . Crystallization is the process of forming a crystalline structure from a fluid or from materials dissolved in a fluid . ( More rarely , crystals may be deposited directly from gas ; see thin - film deposition and epitaxy . ) Crystallization is a complex and extensively - studied field , because depending on the conditions , a single fluid can solidify into many different possible forms . It can form a single crystal , perhaps with various possible phases , stoichiometries , impurities , defects , and habits . Or , it can form a polycrystal , with various possibilities for the size , arrangement , orientation , and phase of its grains . The final form of the solid is determined by the conditions under which the fluid is being solidified , such as the chemistry of the fluid , the ambient pressure , the temperature , and the speed with which all these parameters are changing . Specific industrial techniques to produce large single crystals ( called boules ) include the Czochralski process and the Bridgman technique . Other less exotic methods of crystallization may be used , depending on the physical properties of the substance , including hydrothermal synthesis , sublimation , or simply solvent - based crystallization . Large single crystals can be created by geological processes . For example , selenite crystals in excess of 10 meters are found in the Cave of the Crystals in Naica , Mexico . For more details on geological crystal formation , see above . Crystals can also be formed by biological processes , see above . Conversely , some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring , such as antifreeze proteins . Defects , impurities , and twinning Main articles : Crystallographic defect , Impurity , Crystal twinning , and Mosaicity Two types of crystallographic defects . Top right : edge dislocation . Bottom right : screw dislocation . An ideal crystal has every atom in a perfect , exactly repeating pattern . However , in reality , most crystalline materials have a variety of crystallographic defects , places where the crystal 's pattern is interrupted . The types and structures of these defects may have a profound effect on the properties of the materials . A few examples of crystallographic defects include vacancy defects ( an empty space where an atom should fit ) , interstitial defects ( an extra atom squeezed in where it does not fit ) , and dislocations ( see figure at right ) . Dislocations are especially important in materials science , because they help determine the mechanical strength of materials . Another common type of crystallographic defect is an impurity , meaning that the `` wrong '' type of atom is present in a crystal . For example , a perfect crystal of diamond would only contain carbon atoms , but a real crystal might perhaps contain a few boron atoms as well . These boron impurities change the diamond 's color to slightly blue . Likewise , the only difference between ruby and sapphire is the type of impurities present in a corundum crystal . Twinned pyrite crystal group . In semiconductors , a special type of impurity , called a dopant , drastically changes the crystal 's electrical properties . Semiconductor devices , such as transistors , are made possible largely by putting different semiconductor dopants into different places , in specific patterns . Twinning is a phenomenon somewhere between a crystallographic defect and a grain boundary . Like a grain boundary , a twin boundary has different crystal orientations on its two sides . But unlike a grain boundary , the orientations are not random , but related in a specific , mirror - image way . Mosaicity is a spread of crystal plane orientations . A mosaic crystal is supposed to consist of smaller crystalline units that are somewhat misaligned with respect to each other . Chemical bonds In general , solids can be held together by various types of chemical bonds , such as metallic bonds , ionic bonds , covalent bonds , van der Waals bonds , and others . None of these are necessarily crystalline or non-crystalline . However , there are some general trends as follows . Metals are almost always polycrystalline , though there are exceptions like amorphous metal and single - crystal metals . The latter are grown synthetically . ( A microscopically - small piece of metal may naturally form into a single crystal , but larger pieces generally do not . ) Ionic compound materials are usually crystalline or polycrystalline . In practice , large salt crystals can be created by solidification of a molten fluid , or by crystallization out of a solution . Covalently bonded solids ( sometimes called covalent network solids ) are also very common , notable examples being diamond and quartz . Weak van der Waals forces also help hold together certain crystals , such as crystalline molecular solids , as well as the interlayer bonding in graphite . Polymer materials generally will form crystalline regions , but the lengths of the molecules usually prevent complete crystallization -- and sometimes polymers are completely amorphous . Quasicrystals The material holmium -- magnesium -- zinc ( Ho -- Mg -- Zn ) forms quasicrystals , which can take on the macroscopic shape of a dodecahedron . ( Only a quasicrystal , not a normal crystal , can take this shape . ) The edges are 2 mm long . Main article : Quasicrystal A quasicrystal consists of arrays of atoms that are ordered but not strictly periodic . They have many attributes in common with ordinary crystals , such as displaying a discrete pattern in x-ray diffraction , and the ability to form shapes with smooth , flat faces . Quasicrystals are most famous for their ability to show five-fold symmetry , which is impossible for an ordinary periodic crystal ( see crystallographic restriction theorem ) . The International Union of Crystallography has redefined the term `` crystal '' to include both ordinary periodic crystals and quasicrystals ( `` any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction diagram '' ) . Quasicrystals , first discovered in 1982 , are quite rare in practice . Only about 100 solids are known to form quasicrystals , compared to about 400,000 periodic crystals known in 2004 . The 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals . Special properties from anisotropy See also : Crystal optics Crystals can have certain special electrical , optical , and mechanical properties that glass and polycrystals normally can not . These properties are related to the anisotropy of the crystal , i.e. the lack of rotational symmetry in its atomic arrangement . One such property is the piezoelectric effect , where a voltage across the crystal can shrink or stretch it . Another is birefringence , where a double image appears when looking through a crystal . Moreover , various properties of a crystal , including electrical conductivity , electrical permittivity , and Young 's modulus , may be different in different directions in a crystal . For example , graphite crystals consist of a stack of sheets , and although each individual sheet is mechanically very strong , the sheets are rather loosely bound to each other . Therefore , the mechanical strength of the material is quite different depending on the direction of stress . Not all crystals have all of these properties . Conversely , these properties are not quite exclusive to crystals . They can appear in glasses or polycrystals that have been made anisotropic by working or stress -- for example , stress - induced birefringence . Crystallography Main article : Crystallography Crystallography is the science of measuring the crystal structure ( in other words , the atomic arrangement ) of a crystal . One widely used crystallography technique is X-ray diffraction . Large numbers of known crystal structures are stored in crystallographic databases . Image gallery Insulin crystals grown in earth orbit . Hoar frost : A type of ice crystal ( picture taken from a distance of about 5 cm ) . Gallium , a metal that easily forms large crystals . An apatite crystal sits front and center on cherry - red rhodochroite rhombs , purple fluorite cubes , quartz and a dusting of brass - yellow pyrite cubes . Boules of silicon , like this one , are an important type of industrially - produced single crystal . A specimen consisting of a bornite - coated chalcopyrite crystal nestled in a bed of clear quartz crystals and lustrous pyrite crystals . The bornite - coated crystal is up to 1.5 cm across . See also Atomic packing factor Anticrystal Cocrystal Colloidal crystal Crystal growth Crystal oscillator Liquid crystal Time crystal References Jump up ^ Stephen Lower . `` Chem1 online textbook -- States of matter '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft and Mermin ( 1976 ) . Solid state physics . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ κρύσταλλος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ κρύος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language '' . Kreus. 2000 . Jump up ^ Regal , Brian . ( 2009 ) . Pseudoscience : A Critical Encyclopedia . Greenwood . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35507 - 3 Jump up ^ Patti Wigington ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Using Crystals and Gemstones in Magic '' . About.com . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic of Crystals and Gemstones '' . WitchesLore. 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The surface science of metal oxides , by Victor E. Henrich , P.A. Cox , page 28 , google books link Jump up ^ G. Cressey and I.F. Mercer , ( 1999 ) Crystals , London , Natural History Museum , page 58 Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Flett , John Smith ( 1911 ) . `` Petrology '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Libbrecht , Kenneth ; Wing , Rachel ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . The Snowflake : Winter 's Frozen Artistry . Voyageur Press . ISBN 9781627887335 . Jump up ^ `` Cave of Crystal Giants -- National Geographic Magazine '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ Britain ) , Science Research Council ( Great ( 1972 ) . Report of the Council . H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ International Union of Crystallography ( 1992 ) . `` Report of the Executive Committee for 1991 '' . Acta Crystallogr . A. 48 ( 6 ) : 922 . doi : 10.1107 / S0108767392008328 . PMC 1826680 . Jump up ^ Steurer W. ( 2004 ) . `` Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals . Part I. Pentagonal , octagonal , decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals '' . Z . Kristallogr. 219 ( 7 -- 2004 ) : 391 -- 446 . Bibcode : 2004ZK ... 219 ... 391S . doi : 10.1524 / zkri. 219.7. 391.35643 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Further reading Find more aboutCrystalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Howard , J. Michael ; Darcy Howard ( Illustrator ) ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems '' . Bob 's Rock Shop . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Krassmann , Thomas ( 2005 -- 2008 ) . `` The Giant Crystal Project '' . Krassmann . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Various authors ( 2007 ) . `` Teaching Pamphlets '' . Commission on Crystallographic Teaching . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Various authors ( 2004 ) . `` Crystal Lattice Structures : Index by Space Group '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Various authors ( 2010 ) . `` Crystallography '' . Spanish National Research Council , Department of Crystallography . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . 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when do miranda and ben get back together

Miranda Bailey - Wikipedia Miranda Bailey Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miranda Bailey <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice character <Td_colspan="2"> The season nine promotional photograph of Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Chandra Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) The Nazi Dr. B Mandy BCB ( Booty Call Bailey ) Occupation Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Attending General Surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Chief of Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family William Bailey ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Tucker Jones ( divorced ) Ben Warren Significant other ( s ) Eli Lloyd Children William George `` Tucker '' Bailey Jones Religion Christianity Miranda Bailey , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on ABC in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and has been portrayed by actress Chandra Wilson since the show 's inception in 2005 . Introduced as a resident in general surgery at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Bailey worked her way up to the attending physician level , and on September 24 , 2015 , was named the Chief of Surgery . Her relationship with the five surgical interns she was in charge of - Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) - formed a focal point at the beginning of the series . Her colleagues refer to her as `` The Nazi '' because of her tough personality and blunt attitude . Although often harsh with her interns , she has been shown to provide both support and advice . She married Tucker Jones in 1995 , but their marriage encountered difficulties in 2007 , due to her commitments as both a parent to son Tuck and to her career as a surgeon . Miranda Bailey is a Wellesley College graduate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Miranda Bailey is introduced to the interns as `` The Nazi '' in the first season premiere because of her blunt attitude and demanding of respect . When she was still a resident , Webber once pointed out that she disliked nearly every attending she worked under and , indeed , the attendings take her seriously due to her formidable reputation . Off the bat she tells her interns to ' not bother sucking up cause I already hate you and that 's not going to change ' however Miranda 's more motherly and protective side is exhibited as she increasingly cares about not only her patients but also her colleagues . She is protective of her interns , as shown when she warns Derek to stay away from Meredith . Miranda also stays beside Cristina 's side as she recovers from surgery . It is later found out that she has been married for ten years and is expecting a baby . Her son was born during a bomb scare at Seattle Grace while her husband was in surgery with Dr. Derek Shepherd , having crashed his car on the way to the hospital . George O'Malley helped her through labor , and she thanked him by naming her son William George Bailey ( though he is nicknamed `` Tuck '' ) . Bailey adjusts to becoming a parent and reconciling this with her desire to continue her career as a surgeon . Her professional confidence was shaken and questioned by other surgeons when Izzie Stevens cut Denny Duquette 's LVAD wire and Denny subsequently died and Burke 's secret was kept by Cristina ; Bailey felt that she was n't in control of her interns , and that the incidents were ultimately her fault . Dr. Richard Webber , Chief of Surgery , comforts her saying ' You raised them like babies , and some of them turn out just like you ' . Disillusioned by how little she can help patients as a surgeon , Bailey decided to open a free clinic at Seattle Grace ; The Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic has since opened , paid for using part of the $8.7 million bequeathed to Izzie by Denny Duquette . She competed for the post of Chief Resident but lost to Callie Torres . After losing the Chief Resident position Miranda decided to be Callie 's `` number two , '' as Torres was lacking competence . The Chief saw Bailey pick up the slack and told Bailey that he made a mistake in not giving her the job in the first place . Miranda helped save the life of a white supremacist paramedic despite his racist treatment of her . When closing his stomach after the surgery , she comments to George that the incision will need to be aligned better , thus ruining the patient 's large swastika tattoo on his stomach . Following severe injuries to her son and several arguments over the state of their marriage , Doctor Bailey and her husband separated because her husband believed that she placed her job at the hospital before her family and that it led to Tucker 's injuries . Miranda realizes that if she wants to continue with her surgical career , she will not be able to remain in control of the clinic , and so hands over the reins to Izzie Stevens , telling her she has earned it . After watching the residents fight after the chance to do a solo surgery Bailey realizes that she has become somewhat bored with General Surgery and may need a change of specialty . She became drawn to Pediatric surgery after working on a number of pediatric case and working closely with , ( and having many arguments with , Arizona Robbins , a Pediatric surgeon . Chief Webber is unhappy with Bailey 's decision to leave General Surgery , and discouraged her at every opportunity , giving her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and purchasing a surgical robot to lure her back to General Surgery . Ultimately , Bailey decided to continue to pursue her career in General Surgery because she had a fight with her husband who said that if she accepted a position as a Peds fellow , he would divorce her . She decides to go through with the divorce and states there will be no time to start a new specialty as a single - mom . Additionally , Bailey supports Izzie through her rounds of chemo and cancer treatments . After declining a fellowship in Pediatrics Bailey starts as an Attending in General Surgery . Bailey is deeply hurt by the news of George 's death and Izzie 's near - death that she realizes that she is caring about them like her own children . She begins a relationship with the anesthesiologist from Mercy West , Ben Warren . After witnessing Charles Percy being shot Bailey is caught at gunpoint when Gary Clark comes back to the hospital . She grows close with a patient , Mary Portman who was to get her colostomy bag removed that day , when she fights to save Charles ' life . She is unsuccessful in getting him down to the OR and Charles dies in Miranda 's lap . As Miranda comforts him Charles ' last words were `` You ( Bailey ) were always my favorite , I thought you should know '' . Left devastated , Bailey goes to visit her parents with her son and upon coming back breaks up with Ben trying to hold it together . Mary Portman comes back to get her surgery however ends up in a coma after the surgery and dies , with no known cause . Miranda starts on a quest to cure fistulas and encounters a nurse , Eli , who she starts dating . Dr. Bailey takes Meredith 's deceit in the Alzheimer 's trial personally , and she takes her anger out on Meredith throughout the first when Richard resigns as head of surgery and takes the fall for Meredith 's mistake . Dr. Bailey resumes control of Ellis Grey 's Diabetes trial and Richard consistently pushes Dr. Bailey to forgive Meredith and put her on the trial . Bailey forgives Meredith admitting that her anger stemmed from her frustration at seeing her interns stand up for principles at the detriment of their careers ( Meredith ) and lives ( George ) . Bailey breaks off her relationship with Eli , recognizing that she was not interested in pursuing the relationship further , and renews her relationships with Ben the anesthesiologist . Though she eventually moves in with him and Ben asks her to marry him on a crossword puzzle . However , at the moment she is about to say yes , he tells her he landed a surgical internship in California . They become engaged and her newfound happiness leads to her being dubbed as BCB ( `` Booty Call Bailey '' ) by new interns because whenever Ben is in town she is giddy and has sex with him as much as possible . On the way to her wedding , Bailey is pulled in to perform surgery on Richard 's wife , Adele . After saving Adele she returns to the venue and gets married to Ben . She launches a genome mapping program and Meredith is the first one to test it . An investigation on Bailey takes place after three of her patients contracted an infection and died . It concludes that she initially had the infection but that it spread via permeable gloves , which are a new brand the hospital had been recently using . Following that incident , Bailey shuts everyone out for some time , because she feels that she is dirty and contaminated . She blamed Dr. Webber the most for abandoning her and avoids him altogether . Eventually , her husband , Ben , flies to Seattle to get her out of the genome lab . In the first part of the season finale , Bailey returns to work but does not go into the surgical OR . Eventually , with Dr. Webber 's stern push , she decides to be on the OR rotation for the upcoming storm along with her intern , Shane Ross . After feeling responsible for the electrical injuries of Dr. Richard Webber , Bailey takes him on as a patient . Bailey 's husband Ben returns for Halloween and states that he has dropped out of residency to spend more time with her and Tuck. Bailey is not impressed by this decision and starts exhibiting some odd behaviors . Ben suggests that Bailey might have developed OCD after what happened with the CDC investigation . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes intended the character of Bailey to be a tiny blonde with curls as `` it would be unexpected to have this sweet - looking person open her mouth and say tough things . '' However , Wilson 's audition went so well that she was offered the part , and the character was rewritten . Sandra Oh was initially looking to audition for the part of Dr. Bailey . Of her role , Wilson said : `` I thought it was endearing ; endearing as the word ' Nazi ' can be . '' Wilson explained how she plays Bailey : `` It 's a teacher 's mentality . The pilot described me as the Nazi , so I had to think about that and try to relate . It 's about my demeanor , how I carry myself , demanding respect from my students . Once I have that , I just teach . '' Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 ) Bailey has been characterized as `` straightforward '' , `` tough '' , and `` quick - witted '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . Reflecting on her character , Chandra Wilson said : `` I think a strength and a weakness for her is her ego . The strength part is great because it really does make her a really good physician . She 's really good at her job and she continues to evolve and she continues to look at ways to be ' value added ' at the hospital and is incredibly independent . That independence has certainly gotten in the way of her personal relationships . It 's gotten in the way of her being a team player on many occasions . '' Reception ( edit ) USA Today TV critic wrote in 2006 that Emmy voters could consider Chandra Wilson because she adds `` warmth and humor to Bailey without making her go all squishy . '' Reviewing the show 's fourth season , Patrick Luce of Monsters and Critics found Bailey `` one of the most interesting characters to watch '' as `` she had to deal with losing a promotion to Sara Ramírez 's Dr. Torres ; her own marriage trouble ; and the continued stress of balancing being a mom and being a doctor . '' He also appreciated the fact that people got to see `` a softer side '' of her while she kept `` all the biting satire and sarcasm that made the character great . '' Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times deemed Bailey and Sam her favorite pairing of the Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice crossover , praising : `` The grief he gave her about becoming a pediatric surgeon ... the grief she gave him for letting ex-wife Naomi go and wind up in the arms of Archer ... the fist bump . I say again , the fist bump ! Together , Chandra Wilson and Taye Diggs are hilarious and touching and all sorts of fabulous . Here 's hoping this is n't the last we ever see of this unexpectedly dynamic duo . '' Fellow Los Angeles Times critic , Carina MacKenzie , welcomed Bailey 's `` flirtation '' with Ben ( Jason George ) because it was `` nice to see her fun , flirty side '' presented with a bit of humor after the deterioration of her relationship with Tucker . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Entertainment Weekly included Bailey in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . AOL TV named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters . Chandra Wilson has received multiple nominations for her portrayal of Dr. Miranda Bailey . She won a 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance in the show 's third season . She has been nominated each year from 2006 to 2009 at the Emmy Awards for `` Supporting Actress in a Drama Series '' , losing in 2007 to co-star Katherine Heigl in the role of Izzie Stevens for the performance in the episode `` Oh , the Guilt '' . She has also been praised for her performance in Grey 's Anatomy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards , receiving three nominations along with the other cast members for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' each year from 2006 to 2008 , with the 2007 Awards marking a victory . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Episode 17 of Season 2 `` ( As We Know It ) '' Jump up ^ Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc. p. 5 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 05 -- 0 : 15 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Mike ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy role nets actress an Emmy bid '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive Interview : Chandra Wilson Says Bailey ' Did n't Do Anything Wrong ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Luce , Patrick ( September 14 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fourth Season ( Expanded ) -- DVD Review '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Malcom , Shawna ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Crossing over at Seattle Grace '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Love is in the air for Bailey '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Miranda Bailey on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Bailey&oldid=786262900 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional African - American people Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from April 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2017 , at 09 : 20 . 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1. Miranda Bailey - Grey's Anatomy character 2. Chief of Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital 3. Tough and demanding personality 4. Balancing career and personal life 5. Relationships with colleagues and interns

who played mike franks daughter in law on ncis

List of NCIS characters - wikipedia List of NCIS characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NCIS is an American police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service , which investigates crimes involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps . The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill as a backdoor pilot with the season eight episodes `` Ice Queen '' and `` Meltdown '' of JAG . The series premiered on September 23 , 2003 featuring an ensemble cast which has included Mark Harmon , Sasha Alexander , Michael Weatherly , Pauley Perrette , David McCallum , Sean Murray , Cote de Pablo , Lauren Holly , Rocky Carroll , Brian Dietzen , Emily Wickersham , Wilmer Valderrama , Jennifer Esposito , Duane Henry , and Maria Bello . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Notes 1.2 Notes 2 Main cast and characters 2.1 Leroy Jethro Gibbs 2.2 Caitlin Todd 2.3 Anthony DiNozzo 2.4 Abby Sciuto 2.5 Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard 2.6 Timothy McGee 2.7 Ziva David 2.8 Jenny Shepard 2.9 Leon Vance 2.10 Jimmy Palmer 2.11 Ellie Bishop 2.12 Nick Torres 2.13 Alexandra Quinn 2.14 Clayton Reeves 2.15 Jacqueline Sloane 3 Recurring and notable cast and characters 3.1 Family 3.2 NCIS and Navy employees 3.3 Other agencies 3.4 Antagonists 3.5 Other characters 3.6 E.J. Barrett 3.7 Agah Bayar 3.8 Merton Bell 3.9 Jeanne Benoit 3.10 René Benoit 3.11 Abigail Borin 3.12 Stan Burley 3.13 Maureen Cabot 3.14 Simon Cade 3.15 Paula Cassidy 3.16 Rebecca Chase 3.17 Carrie Clark 3.18 Jonas Cobb 3.19 Jonathan Cole 3.20 Grace Confalone 3.21 Jerome Craig 3.22 Rachel Cranston 3.23 Phillip Davenport 3.24 Eli David 3.25 Harper Dearing 3.26 Anthony DiNozzo , Sr . 3.27 Ned Dorneget 3.28 Chad Dunham 3.29 Orli Elbaz 3.30 Adam Eshel 3.31 Delilah Fielding 3.32 Jenna Flemming 3.33 Stephanie Flynn 3.34 Emily Fornell 3.35 Tobias Fornell 3.36 Mike Franks 3.37 Jackson Gibbs 3.38 Kelly Gibbs 3.39 Shannon Gibbs 3.40 Jordan Hampton 3.41 Margaret Allison Hart 3.42 Ari Haswari 3.43 Kasie Hines 3.44 Gerald Jackson 3.45 Nikki Jardine 3.46 Clayton Jarvis 3.47 Zoe Keates 3.48 Trent Kort 3.49 Brent Langer 3.50 Michelle Lee 3.51 Gayne Levin 3.52 Jake Malloy 3.53 Hollis Mann 3.54 John McGee 3.55 Sarah McGee 3.56 Tess Monroe 3.57 Thomas Morrow 3.58 Chris Pacci 3.59 Richard Parsons 3.60 Sarah Porter 3.61 Paloma Reynosa 3.62 Alejandro Rivera 3.63 Michael Rivkin 3.64 Samantha Ryan 3.65 Leyla Shakarji 3.66 Charles `` Chip '' Sterling 3.67 Diane Sterling 3.68 Cyril Taft 3.69 Joanna Teague 3.70 Jackie Vance 3.71 Carol Wilson 3.72 Cassie Yates 4 Crossover cast and characters 4.1 JAG 4.1. 1 Vivian Blackadder 4.1. 2 Faith Coleman 4.1. 3 Other appearances 4.2 NCIS : Los Angeles 4.2. 1 Lara Macy 4.2. 2 Other appearances 4.3 NCIS : New Orleans 5 References Overview ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="15"> Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Mark Harmon Leroy Jethro Gibbs <Td_colspan="15"> Main Sasha Alexander Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd <Td_colspan="2"> Main Guest <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Michael Weatherly Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo <Td_colspan="13"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Pauley Perrette Abby Sciuto <Td_colspan="15"> Main David McCallum Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard <Td_colspan="15"> Main Sean Murray Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Recurring <Td_colspan="14"> Main Cote de Pablo Ziva David <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> Main <Td_colspan="4"> Lauren Holly Jenny Shepard <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Rocky Carroll Leon Vance <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="10"> Main Brian Dietzen Jimmy Palmer <Td_colspan="9"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main Emily Wickersham Eleanor `` Ellie '' Bishop <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> Main Wilmer Valderrama Nicholas `` Nick '' Torres <Td_colspan="13"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main Jennifer Esposito Alexandra Quinn <Td_colspan="13"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Duane Henry Clayton Reeves <Td_colspan="12"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Main Maria Bello Jacqueline Sloane <Td_colspan="14"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sasha Alexander appeared in `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' via deleted scenes from earlier seasons ; she also recorded a voice - over specifically for this episode . She later appeared `` Life Before His Eyes '' using digitally manipulated CGI footage from the season 2 episode `` SWAK '' . Jump up ^ Sasha Alexander appeared in flashbacks within the episode `` House Rules '' , and during `` The Lost Boys '' using digitally manipulated CGI footage taken from the season 1 episode `` Reveille '' . Jump up ^ Cote de Pablo was promoted to series regular in the season 3 episode `` Silver War '' . She was credited as `` Guest Starring '' in episodes in which she appeared prior to this episode and remained a regular until the second episode of season eleven , when she made her final appearance . Jump up ^ Lauren Holly appeared in season 8 's `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' via flashback , and in season 9 's `` Life Before His Eyes '' using digitally manipulated CGI footage from the season 5 episode `` Judgment Day '' . Jump up ^ Lauren Holly appeared in flashbacks within the episodes `` House Rules '' and `` Check '' . She also appeared in the episode `` The Lost Boys '' using digitally manipulated CGI footage from the season 5 episode `` Judgment Day '' . Jump up ^ Although credited as `` Also Starring '' in seasons 6 -- 9 , Brian Dietzen was treated as guest cast by CBS . Jump up ^ Emily Wickersham was promoted to a starring role in `` Kill Chain '' . Prior to that she was credited as a guest star in episodes in which she appeared . Cast Character Rank / position <Th_colspan="3"> Seasons First episode Last episode No. of episodes ( credited ) Notes Regular Recurring Guest Mark Harmon Leroy Jethro Gibbs Supervisory Special Agent 1 -- `` Yankee White '' ( 1.01 ) 354 Sasha Alexander Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Special Agent 1 -- 2 3 , 8 -- 9 , 12 `` The Lost Boys '' ( 12.23 ) 51 Michael Weatherly Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Special Agent 1 -- 13 `` Family First '' ( 13.24 ) 306 Pauley Perrette Abby Sciuto Forensic Specialist 1 -- 15 `` Two Steps Back '' ( 15.22 ) 354 David McCallum Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard Medical Examiner 1 -- 354 Sean Murray Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Special Agent 2 -- `` Sub Rosa '' ( 1.07 ) 338 Cote de Pablo Ziva David Special Agent 3 -- 11 `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' ( 3.01 ) `` Past , Present , and Future '' ( 11.02 ) 189 Lauren Holly Jenny Shepard Director 3 -- 5 9 , 12 `` The Lost Boys '' ( 12.23 ) 65 Rocky Carroll Leon Vance Director 6 -- 5 `` Internal Affairs '' ( 5.14 ) 254 Brian Dietzen Jimmy Palmer Medical Examiner 10 -- 1 -- 9 `` Split Decision '' ( 1.21 ) 253 Emily Wickersham Eleanor Bishop Special Agent 11 -- 11 `` Gut Check '' ( 11.09 ) 112 Wilmer Valderrama Nicholas `` Nick '' Torres Special Agent 14 -- `` Rogue '' ( 14.01 ) 48 Jennifer Esposito Alexandra Quinn Special Agent 14 `` Rendezvous '' ( 14.24 ) 24 Duane Henry Clayton Reeves MI6 Officer 14 -- 15 13 `` Dead Letter '' ( 13.23 ) `` Two Steps Back '' ( 15.22 ) 46 Maria Bello Jacqueline `` Jack '' Sloane Psychologist , Special Agent 15 -- 15 `` Skeleton Crew '' ( 15.04 ) 21 Diona Reasonover Kasie Hines Forensic Specialist 16 -- 15 `` One Man 's Trash '' ( 15.17 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leon Vance was Assistant Director during season 5 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Palmer was Assistant Medical Examiner during seasons 1 -- 14 . Main cast and characters ( edit ) Leroy Jethro Gibbs ( edit ) Main article : Leroy Jethro Gibbs Supervisory Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) was born in Stillwater , Pennsylvania to Jackson and Ann Gibbs . He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1976 and became a Scout Sniper . After serving in Panama and Iraq , he retired from the Marine Corps with the rank of Gunnery Sergeant . He joined NIS , which later became NCIS , after his wife Shannon and only daughter Kelly were murdered in 1991 . He later travelled to Mexico and murdered the drug dealer responsible , a crime he kept concealed for twenty years . Since then , he has been married and divorced three times , and is single , although he has had a number of romantic relationships since his last divorce . Gibbs leads a Major Case Response Team ( MCRT ) consisting of field agents Anthony DiNozzo , Timothy McGee , and Ellie Bishop , supported by forensic scientist Abby Sciuto and medical examiner Dr. Mallard . In the episode `` Bête Noire '' , Gibbs comes face to face with terrorist Ari Haswari and tries to kill him but fails . Finding Ari later becomes an obsession for Gibbs after Ari shoots and kills original team member Kate Todd in front of Gibbs and DiNozzo in the season two finale , `` Twilight '' . Gibbs often shows frustration with his team ( particularly DiNozzo for rambling or McGee for getting sucked into technical rambling ) by slapping them over the back of the head , an action that is later shared between team members and known as a `` headslap '' or `` Gibbs - slap '' . Gibbs is often shown in his basement building boats , one of which he names after his daughter and another after one of his ex-wives . In the episode `` Blowback '' , when confronting `` Goliath '' on the plane about `` ARES '' , Gibbs reveals he is a Virgo . He is an expert sniper , as evidenced in `` Hiatus '' with flashbacks of him hitting at 1,200 yards a long - distance head shot of his family 's murderer , who was driving a moving vehicle , and in `` Jeopardy '' when he hits a kidnapper with a very swift shot to the forehead taken with his left hand while kneeling inside a car trunk . In `` Truth or Consequences '' , Gibbs saves his entire team by shooting the leader of a terrorist cell after DiNozzo and McGee get captured looking for Ziva . In the episode `` Extreme Prejudice '' , Gibbs goes after Harper Dearing , cornering the terrorist in a home in West Virginia , and when the man is about to use his gun , Gibbs stabs him , killing him . Harmon is the only actor to appear in every episode of NCIS . Caitlin Todd ( edit ) Main article : Caitlin Todd Special Agent Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd ( Sasha Alexander ) first appears in the episode `` Yankee White '' . Todd is a former Secret Service agent , recruited by Gibbs after she successfully helped him solve a murder aboard Air Force One . She works well with everyone on the team , becoming particularly close with Ducky and Abby , who convinces her to get a tattoo . However , Todd 's relationship with DiNozzo is more adversarial and they are more like siblings than anything else . Tony frequently flirts with her and sometimes goes through her personal belongings , no matter how many times she points out that his behavior is grossly unprofessional . At the same time , Kate is willing to risk her life for DiNozzo and admits that life would be considerably less interesting without him around . Following Sasha Alexander 's decision to leave the show , Todd is killed in the line of duty ( at the end of the episode `` Twilight '' ) by Ari Haswari , collateral damage in the terrorist 's obsession with Gibbs . She dies after being shot in the head by Ari with a lone bullet that is fired from a model of sniper rifle ( Bravo 51 ) nicknamed `` Kate '' . She is replaced at NCIS by Ziva David . Anthony DiNozzo ( edit ) Main article : Anthony DiNozzo Senior Field Special Agent Anthony D. `` Tony '' DiNozzo , Jr . ( Michael Weatherly ) is a former homicide detective for the Baltimore , Philadelphia and Peoria Police Departments . Like Gibbs , he has limited patience for the scientific method and technical terms . DiNozzo is known for his seemingly - endless film references ; Ziva insists that his dying words will be `` I 've seen this film '' . He attended Ohio State University as a physical education major and was a member of the `` Alpha Chi Delta '' fraternity , class of 1989 . DiNozzo is said to have played college basketball , `` running the point for Ohio State '' according to Abby . It is mentioned in the season three episode `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' that he comes from a wealthy family but has been cut off by his father , Anthony DiNozzo Sr ( played by Robert Wagner who in turn was played by Weatherly in a TV movie ) . DiNozzo 's mother was over-protective and she `` dressed him like a sailor until he was ten '' . ( `` Frame Up '' ) DiNozzo is a flirt , and has a fondness for playing pranks on his co-workers , sometimes with little respect for their boundaries . During the course of season four , he is on an undercover assignment that Director Jenny Shepard leads , the key mission being to find arms dealer La Grenouille by posing as his daughter 's boyfriend , but he ends up falling in love with her . In the episode `` Knockout '' , he reveals that he is not doing well with women and that he is still hurting from his relationship with Jeanne Benoit . There is a great deal of romantic tension between Tony and Ziva . Despite his playboy manner and lighthearted nature , DiNozzo is frequently shown to be very sharp ; he is able to coax Mossad Director Eli David into admitting that he ordered Rivkin and Ziva to spy on NCIS . He is reassigned as an Agent Afloat in the season five finale `` Judgment Day '' , and transferred back to the Major Case Response Team in the episode `` Agent Afloat '' . In the season nine finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , a bomb blast at NCIS headquarters occurs with Tony and Ziva in the elevator . Both are rescued from the elevator and survive their ordeal . In season thirteen , DiNozzo confesses his love for Ziva after learning of her apparent death , and it is revealed that the two have a child named Tali . He departs NCIS in order to travel to Israel to find answers and to Paris because Ziva loved Paris . In season 14 it is revealed that Tali and Tony like Paris so much they 'll stay indefinitely . Prior to his departure in the season thirteen episode `` Family First '' , Michael Weatherly appeared in every episode except season thirteen 's `` Homefront '' . Abby Sciuto ( edit ) Main article : Abby Sciuto Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto ( Pauley Perrette ) is a forensic specialist with NCIS , originally from Jefferson Parish , Louisiana . As indicated in the episode `` Seadog '' , she is the adopted child of deaf parents , though she does not find out she is adopted until season nine when she learns that she has a biological brother ( with whom she reconnects in season ten ) . She is known for her gothic style of dress ( although she herself does not consider herself to be `` Goth '' ) and her addiction to the fictional , high - caffeine beverage `` Caf - Pow ! '' which according to former NCIS director Jenny Shepard earned her the nickname `` Energizer Abby '' . Abby has a brief sexual relationship with Special Agent McGee , seen in the season one episode `` Reveille '' , which ends with the two remaining friends . She is the most active and affectionate person of the team , often hugging everyone and talking fast , though she can be easily distracted . She is one of the few who can talk to Gibbs freely , and he often brings her Caf - Pows when he visits her lab for information . She and Gibbs are both fluent in sign language . She has a stuffed hippopotamus named Bert that often appears in the show and provides comic relief with its farting in otherwise tense situations . Abby is a devout Roman Catholic and her hobbies include being on a bowling team with nuns , helping build homes for the needy , and playing computer games . She sleeps in a coffin and is , according to DiNozzo , `` the happiest goth you will ever meet '' . In the season nine finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , a bomb blast at NCIS headquarters occurs with Gibbs tackling Abby to the floor in her lab . In the episode `` Extreme Prejudice '' , it is revealed that she survives and is physically unharmed . In 2017 , Perrette revealed that she would leave the show after the end of season 15 . Late in season 15 , MI6 Agent Clayton Reeve is killed while protecting Abby from a supposed mugger . Abby was severely wounded , but recovered . She found the man who tried to have her killed and coerced him to confess . She then resigned from NCIS , in order to start a charity in England in memory of Reeve 's mother . This was a dream of his for after he retired . Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Donald Mallard <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Ice Queen '' ( JAG ) Created by Donald P. Bellisario , Don McGill Portrayed by David McCallum Adam Campbell ( young ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Ducky Occupation Coroner Affiliation Naval Criminal Investigative Service Title Chief Medical Examiner Family Joseph Mallard ( father , deceased ) Victoria Mallard ( mother , deceased ) Lorraine Mallard ( ex-stepmother ) Nicholas Mallard ( half - brother ) Nationality Scottish Dr. Donald Horatio `` Ducky '' Mallard , D.H.L. ( hon . ) ( David McCallum ) is the chief medical examiner at NCIS and an old friend of Gibbs . His nickname `` Ducky '' , which the NCIS team addresses him as , is a play on his last name Mallard . When he was younger he went by `` Donnie '' . Mallard is Scottish - born ; his cellphone 's ringtone features bagpipes playing `` Scotland the Brave '' . Mallard is a kind but eccentric character who often talks to the deceased ( `` their bodies tell me a great deal ; it helps to reciprocate '' ) and rambles to the living with long personal remembrances or historical accounts . In `` Truth or Consequences '' , DiNozzo says that `` sometimes his head is connected directly to his mouth '' . He calls co-workers by their full first names or by their surnames with an honorific ( `` Abigail '' for Abby Sciuto , `` Mr. Palmer '' for his assistant Jimmy Palmer etc . ) , and Jenny Shepard and Leon Vance by their job title , `` Director '' . He has stated that he is not a religious person . Mallard attended Eton College and the University of Edinburgh Medical School and served in the Royal Army Medical Corps . While in the RAMC , he served in the Vietnam War while on an officer - exchange program with the United States military . He served in Bosnia during the Yugoslav Wars and in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion . While in Afghanistan , Ducky stumbled on a CIA interrogation program in the Jalozai refugee camp on the Pakistani border , run by Marcin Jerek , aka Mr. Pain , which tortured Afghan refugees for intelligence purposes . When Ducky found out about the program through Javid , a young man being tortured by Mr. Pain , he gave Javid and a number of other prisoners a lethal injection of morphine to save them from a slow and painful death . When Javid 's sister attacked Ducky at a crime scene , the story resurfaced and Ducky was to be investigated by the Afghan government for war crimes . However , he was found innocent when he confronted Mr. Pain at the Afghan embassy . It was revealed that Mr. Pain knew that Javid was innocent and that the only reason he was torturing him was to break Ducky to stop giving prisoners morphine injections . Pain was then arrested and turned over to the Afghan government for trial . However , Ducky claimed that he would not be forgiven for the act by others or by himself . He then joined NCIS in 1992 . Ducky and Gibbs have worked together for many years and Ducky is Gibbs ' closest friend . Although most of his time is spent in autopsy and attending crime scenes , he is sent on an important undercover mission in `` Blowback '' . Ducky has a `` second talent '' , as Gibbs calls it , to be able to read people , which he expands in season four by studying psychology . In cases without actual bodies , he assists by using his psychological training to decipher the clues left by the perpetrators and establish modus operandi and motive . Until season six , Ducky lives with his aging mother and her corgis . Nina Foch , who played Ducky 's mother , died in 2008 . In `` Broken Bird '' , Ducky reveals that his mother has moved out and has Alzheimer 's disease . In `` Double Identity '' , it is revealed that Ducky 's mother has died . Her headstone indicates she lived 1912 -- 2010 . The rest of the team only learns of Victoria Mallard 's passing when Abby follows Ducky to her grave . Later , Gibbs pays him a condolence call in the autopsy room , but Ducky seems relieved at her death ( probably as she was no longer suffering from Alzheimer 's ) , grateful to have been her son and proud that she almost lived to the age of 100 . In season nine , `` Playing with Fire '' , it is revealed that Ducky has inherited a lot of money from his mother 's estate . Gibbs is the first person he reveals this to . In the episode `` Spinning Wheel '' , Ducky is revealed to have a half - brother , Nicholas , who is 20 years his junior ; his father Joseph and his ex-stepmother , Lorraine , are also introduced in that episode . Ducky drives a Morgan that he restored himself . There is a running gag in which Ducky and his assistant ( first Gerald and then Jimmy ) frequently get lost or meet a mishap when driving to the crime scene . In the Halloween episode `` Witch Hunt '' , he and Jimmy are late after their van is pelted with eggs by youths in ninja costumes . According to Jimmy , Ducky chased the teens for several blocks and apprehended them and made them clean its windshield . He asks Gibbs to be the executor of his will . While walking on a beach , Ducky suffers a heart attack in the season nine finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , after hearing about the bomb blast at NCIS headquarters and then is seen lying motionless . In `` Extreme Prejudice '' , it is shown that he is alive and receiving treatment after being found on the beach . He recovers from his heart attack , and under reduced workload , returns to work alongside the team . From this he is seen to push Jimmy into being more confident and to be ready to take his place . In `` Twofer '' , Ducky learns that his alma mater , the University of Edinburgh , wants to present him with an honorary doctor of Humane Letters , which he receives in `` Exit Strategy '' . In season 15 , Ducky took a sabbatical from NCIS to teach at a New York City medical school , leaving Dr. Palmer in charge in his absence . When Special Agent Todd asked Gibbs `` What did Ducky look like when he was younger ? '' he replied , `` Illya Kuryakin '' -- the Russian U.N.C.L.E. agent played by McCallum in the 1960s television show The Man From U.N.C.L.E. In the episode `` Hung Out to Dry '' , it is revealed that he has a nephew , though no further information follows . Until season 15 , David McCallum had appeared in every episode of NCIS except `` Legend Part II '' . Timothy McGee ( edit ) Main article : Timothy McGee Timothy `` Tim '' McGee ( Sean Murray ) first appears in the episode `` Sub Rosa '' as a case agent stationed at Norfolk , and is promoted to field agent and assigned to Agent Gibbs ' team at the end of the season two premiere , `` See No Evil '' , becoming a regular character . He serves as a field computer consultant and occasionally assists Abby in the lab . McGee clashes with DiNozzo , though after the two became partners ( following Ziva 's departure from the team at the end of season six ) , they are frequently shown to form an effective team ; however , their relationship has occasionally reverted to its original state upon Ziva 's return . McGee 's methods are often indecipherable to the other team members , which earns him the pejorative nicknames `` McGeek '' , `` McGoo '' , and `` Probie '' from DiNozzo ( along with other derisive nicknames , usually based on his surname ) ; and `` Elf Lord '' , used by multiple characters due to his elf character in an online role playing computer game . He studied biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University , and computer forensics at MIT . He graduated top of his class at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center . McGee is also a writer , writing mystery crime novels including a national bestseller , Deep Six : The Continuing Adventures of L.J. Tibbs , under the pseudonym Thom E. Gemcity ( an anagram of his name ) , featuring characters based on his fellow co-workers and others from his everyday life . He drives a silver Porsche Boxster as seen in the episode `` Twisted Sister '' . He owns a dog , Jethro . Jethro was falsely accused of killing his police handler until Abby proves his innocence , names him and convinces McGee to take him because her landlord wo n't let her keep the dog herself , despite the dog having attacked him earlier in the episode ( `` Dog Tags '' ) . McGee is transferred to Cybercrimes Division in season five ( `` Judgment Day '' ) and back to the Major Case Response Team in season six ( `` Last Man Standing '' ) . With DiNozzo 's departure in the final episode of season thirteen , McGee is permanently promoted to Senior Field Agent . Ziva David ( edit ) Main article : Ziva David Ziva David ( Cote de Pablo ) initially holds the post of Mossad Liaison Officer to NCIS , to which she is appointed following the murder of Special Agent Caitlin Todd by a rogue Mossad operative named Ari Haswari . Ziva was Ari 's control officer and half - sister . Despite initially believing that Ari is innocent , she fatally shoots him when he attempts to kill Gibbs , earning the latter 's trust . Later , she requests a liaison assignment to NCIS , and joins Gibbs ' team . At the end of season six , she falls under suspicion as a spy for Mossad . De Pablo describes the character as someone who is `` completely different from anyone else on the show '' because `` she 's been around men all her life ; she 's used to men in authority . She 's not afraid of men '' . The series creator Don Bellisario stated , `` When the Kate ( Todd ) character was killed , I did n't want to bring in the same character I had in Kate , someone who was very Puritan , uptight and treated Tony like a big brother . I wanted to bring in a character that causes Tony to have to sit back and not quite be able to handle her . And I wanted someone who was more international '' . David 's specialties with Mossad were espionage , assassination and counter-terrorism and she is highly trained in martial arts . She speaks Hebrew , English , Arabic , Spanish , French , Italian , German , Russian and Turkish . Despite being fluent in English , she sometimes misinterprets idioms and phrases ; this is a running joke within the series . Throughout the series , she is accused of driving too fast with passengers ( though she claims that she was trained to drive quickly to avoid roadside ambushes ) , leading to McGee and DiNozzo always wanting to drive whenever they are partnered with her . She is shown to frequently clash with DiNozzo in good - natured arguments . She is very skilled with a knife and is shown teaching her colleagues how to throw one properly . She is the one person Gibbs trusts with any type of firearm in difficult situations . Throughout her career , she has travelled extensively to countries including Egypt ( where she met Jenny Shepard ) , Iraq , the United Kingdom and Morocco . Following Ziva 's captivity and torture in a terrorist camp in Somalia , an ordeal that lasts for several months , she resigns from Mossad . In the season seven episode `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' she becomes a probationary NCIS Special Agent . Since then , Tony refers to her ( as with McGee ) as `` Probie '' . As of `` Rule Fifty - One '' , she is a citizen of the United States and able to become a full agent which is made official in season nine 's `` Nature of the Beast '' . David rarely speaks of her personal life . As of season ten , all of her immediate family are deceased . Her father , Eli David , is the director of Mossad until he is shot and killed in `` Shabbat Shalom '' . The show rarely mentions her mother , Rivka , who taught her to drive ; all that is known is that her mother is deceased and that she does not have the same mother as Ari . Her younger sister , Tali David , was killed in a Hamas terrorist attack against Israel at the age of sixteen . She also has an Aunt Nettie who likes to play mahjong . Ziva is able to play the piano and is shown to enjoy cooking and reading . She enjoys the fictional drink Berry Mango Madness . She drives a red Mini Cooper but at the end of season ten , she sells the Mini and replaces it with an Inferno Orange Metallic V6 Camaro convertible . She likes listening to the Israeli band Hadag Nachash and the Latin American band Kinky . She does not own a television but her favorite film is The Sound of Music . Following Ziva 's resignation from NCIS , she is replaced by former NSA analyst Ellie Bishop . In season thirteen , following Ziva 's presumed death at the hands of a Trent Kort - hired assassin , it is revealed she and Tony have a child named Tali . Jenny Shepard ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jennifer Shepard <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Kill Ari , Part I '' Last appearance `` Judgment Day '' Created by Donald P. Bellisario Portrayed by Lauren Holly <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Jenny Madam Director Occupation NCIS Director Affiliation Naval Criminal Investigative Service Title Director Family COL Jasper Shepard , US Army ( father , deceased ) Jennifer `` Jenny '' Shepard ( Lauren Holly ) is the director of NCIS from season three to season five , replacing Thomas Morrow . She first appears in the episode `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' . She was a military brat ; her father , Jasper Shepard , was a colonel in the United States Army . She is Gibbs ' former partner and lover . While she and Gibbs were stationed in Europe , Gibbs was ordered back to the US and she was offered her own section in Europe . When Gibbs asked Jenny to go with him , she refused as she wished to advance her career to exact revenge on the arms dealer who killed her father . Jenny and Gibbs are reunited in `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' , which stirs Gibbs ' heart and opens a constant flirtation between her and Gibbs . Shepard has a close relationship with Ziva David and occasionally provides her with key information on cases without going through regular channels or telling Gibbs , as in the season three episode `` Head Case '' . They make it a point to keep these dealings confidential , arguing that `` what Gibbs does n't know ca n't hurt us '' . Later in the episode , though , Gibbs ' remarks reveals that he already knows about her assistance . Shepard and Ziva have a working relationship prior to Shepard 's being appointed Director of NCIS . During season four , Director Shepard places Tony DiNozzo on an undercover assignment to get close to arms dealer René Benoit . The sub-plot comes to a head late in the season when it is revealed that Jenny blames Benoit for her father 's death and that Benoit is now central to a major CIA deep - cover operation . Gibbs confronts Jenny over the operation , suggesting she is letting her emotions rule and has knowingly placed DiNozzo in danger and jeopardized a major CIA operation for the purposes of revenge . During the episode `` Internal Affairs '' , it is strongly implied that Shepard is responsible for Benoit 's murder ; this is reiterated when Gibbs looks through the FBI 's file on Benoit 's death in `` Judgment Day '' ( Part 1 ) . In several episodes during season five , Jenny 's failing health becomes a plot issue . For example , in `` Stakeout '' , Ducky is shown ordering a test on a blood sample and tells Abby it is from a John Doe . However , when Abby talks to Jimmy Palmer , he says they have no John Does . Gibbs deduces , correctly , that the only person Ducky would `` stick his neck out '' for would be the Director . In the next episode , `` Dog Tags '' , Gibbs questions Jenny about her illness and she says she is fine . Her exact illness is never revealed ; however , in `` Stakeout '' , Abby tells Ducky there is an elevated level of creatine kinase in the blood sample she runs . Mike Franks also discovers Shepard 's illness by going through her purse and finding her medication . Shepard is killed in the episode `` Judgment Day '' ( Part 1 ) . Franks and Jenny are talking in an abandoned diner when she reveals that she regrets leaving Gibbs and she is still in love with him . It is revealed that she botched an operation ten years prior , when she and Gibbs had been ordered to assassinate a pair of Russian crime lords and lovers . Gibbs shot the man , but Jenny faced down the woman , Natasha ( aka Svetlana ) , and let her live . Natasha sends assassins to kill Jenny in the diner ; Jenny kills them all but dies of her injuries . Franks , who is outside at the time of the shooting , returns to Jenny 's house where Natasha is trying to kill Gibbs , and Franks shoots her . Gibbs and Franks decide to cover Jenny 's mistake and death by burning down her Georgetown mansion . Jenny 's cause of death is reported as `` death in home fire '' . Her loss affects the rest of the characters greatly . Abby regrets that she never told Jenny she was a snappy dresser , and says that would have made her smile . After Director Shepard 's death , she is replaced by Assistant Director Leon Vance . Leon Vance ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Leon Vance <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Internal Affairs '' Created by Shane Brennan Portrayed by Rocky Carroll <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation NCIS Director Affiliation Naval Criminal Investigative Service Title Assistant Director Director Spouse ( s ) Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Vance ( née Thomas ) ( wife , deceased ) Children Kayla Vance ( daughter ) Jared Vance ( son ) Relatives Lamar Addison ( father - in - law ) Michael Thomas ( brother - in - law ) Leon James Vance ( Rocky Carroll ) first appears in the season five episode `` Internal Affairs '' as the Assistant Director of the NCIS , and is named Director after the death of Jenny Shepard . In `` Knockout '' it is revealed that he was originally from Ohio , but grew up in Chicago where he trained to be a boxer . His wife states that Vance attended the United States Naval Academy and was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the Marine Corps , but was forced to take a medical discharge before ever serving due to surgery to repair a detached retina suffered during his boxing career . However , Ducky later reveals to Gibbs that Vance 's close childhood friend , who had died just prior to the start of the episode , also suffered a detached retina . Vance also reveals that it was this friend who decided that Vance should leave Chicago while he stayed behind . Vance says this despite his insistence to Gibbs that his friend was a Marine , though there is no record of his friend 's service in the military . More of Vance 's background is revealed in `` Enemies Domestic '' , in season eight . To play the young Vance , Rocky Carroll underwent make - up procedures that he described as `` a little instant facelift '' . In 1991 , Vance was a student at the Naval War College in Rhode Island , and began to take an interest in black operations . He even imagines one himself : Operation Frankenstein , which would later play a big part in the season eight finale . NIS ( later renamed NCIS ) takes an interest in him and he is recruited by Special Agent Whitney Sharp . Vance is trained by Sharp and after a six - week training course , leaves for an operation in Amsterdam , codenamed Trident . He meets his handler , Riley McAllister , who tells him that the target is a Russian agent known to Vance only as `` The Russian '' . NIS believes he is bribing sailors for intelligence . Vance meets Eli David , a promising Mossad agent , who tells him he knows of the operation and that the Russian will kill him . Later , Eli betrays Vance to the Russian but it is revealed that this is so he can kill him himself . Eli also tells Vance he has been chosen because he is expendable and would not be missed . Eli and Vance kill the Russian 's hit team , but the Russian manages to escape . Eli is unable to find him or who he was . Vance is credited with the elimination of the hit team and he starts to rise swiftly through the ranks at NCIS . He keeps believing , along with Eli , that there was a dirty agent in NCIS , who had really tipped off the Russian about Vance 's mission . It is later revealed that this is McAllister ; an expert on Russia , he saw that the Soviet Union 's collapse had diverted attention onto the Middle East , and planned to have Vance killed by a Russian operative to show that Russia still posed a major threat , thus setting himself up for the directorship of NCIS . Then - Assistant Director Vance takes over for Jenny Shepard during her leave of absence between `` Internal Affairs '' and `` Judgment Day '' , establishing himself as a formidable presence with Gibbs and his team . He scatters Tony , McGee , and Ziva to various departments and assigns Gibbs a new team in the Season 6 premiere `` Last Man Standing '' upon being named Director ; however it is later revealed that he did this to flush out a mole in the agency . Vance and Gibbs clash during this span , prompting a cold war between them which ends with a détente in `` Agent Afloat '' at the start of season six . However , the two clash later on as Gibbs feels he can not fully trust Vance , though he can not identify a specific reason why . Vance spearheads the investigation into Shepard 's death , and is angered greatly when he is not kept in the loop by Gibbs and Mike Franks , who ultimately manipulate the situation to exonerate Shepard from her past failure , not what Vance had in mind . After Shepard 's death , and possibly before , he lobbies the Secretary of the Navy hard to take over NCIS , as seen in `` Cloak '' , but in `` Semper Fidelis '' the Secretary informs Gibbs of a major operation which will require Vance to serve as its head , and that NCIS and the Navy will need Gibbs and Vance to get along . Things come to a head in `` Aliyah '' , when Gibbs accuses Vance of selling out his team to Mossad Director Eli David . Vance responds that Ziva is a plant , used to get Mossad a foothold in NCIS through Gibbs . Vance also reveals that he knows about the true story of the death of Ari Haswari . After this , the two of them realize that circumstances will prove one of them right . At the start of season seven , Vance approves Ziva 's transfer to NCIS , proving that Gibbs was right , and Ziva is loyal to NCIS . Despite his professional attitude towards Gibbs ' team , Vance shows that he does care about them at least once when Alejandro Rivera threatens Abby in `` Spider and the Fly '' . He tells Rivera to leave before he gets hurt and when Rivera asks by whom , he replies angrily : `` By me . '' Even after the events of `` Aliyah '' , Vance is shown to still be in official contact with Eli David in his capacity as director of Mossad . This is shown when he receives a text message on his phone from Eli which says only : `` I found him '' . Vance also refuses to discuss a phone call from Eli with Gibbs , despite knowing how dangerous Eli is , and despite his precarious relationship with Gibbs and his team . Upon being promoted to the director 's position at the end of season five , Vance immediately goes to former Director Shepard 's office , and is seen to shred a single mysterious document from his own personnel file . It is revealed in season six ( `` Semper Fidelis '' ) that the document was written by his supervising agent at the time . The Secretary of the Navy tells Gibbs that the file is a fabrication and that he thought all copies had been destroyed . It is further revealed in the season eight episode , `` Enemies Domestic '' , that the head of the San Diego field office , when Vance was assigned there , had begun creating a legend for Vance that incorporated fictitious information about Vance in order to backstop a deep cover assignment , including the false information that Vance had been a pilot and director of a field office . In the season nine finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , a bomb blast occurs at NCIS headquarters with Vance 's whereabouts unknown . In the season 10 premiere , `` Extreme Prejudice '' , it is revealed that he survived relatively unscathed . In the season 10 episode `` Shabbat Shalom '' , Vance is widowed when his wife Jackie is shot and dies in surgery . Eli David also dies in the episode . In the Season 11 episode `` Homesick '' , Jackie 's estranged biological father Lamar Addison shows up at the family home , much to Vance 's displeasure . It is revealed that he walked out on Jackie and her mother and brother when she was young and that he was never married to her mother . Vance and Jackie have two children : a daughter , Kayla , and a son , Jared . Vance met his wife while attending a University of Maryland basketball game while Len Bias was playing . By season 10 , Vance and Gibbs are on friendlier terms . Gibbs is particularly empathetic to Vance after his wife 's murder and his recovery from a serious injury since Gibbs himself has been through a similar experience . Vance also prevents Gibbs ' detention during a DOD internal investigation by allowing him to be temporarily assigned to JSOC . In `` Double Trouble '' , Vance is almost asked to resign after a confrontation with former NCIS Agent Kip Klugman , whom Vance arrested during his last case as a field agent in San Diego in 2005 , until he and Gibbs are able to clear his name . In that episode , Secretary Porter mentions that he has been the Director of NCIS for longer than his last two predecessors combined ( at that point , just over 7 years ) . Jimmy Palmer ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jimmy Palmer <Td_colspan="2"> NCIS character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Split Decision '' Created by Donald P. Bellisario Portrayed by Brian Dietzen <Th_colspan="2"> Information Occupation Assistant Medical Examiner Affiliation Naval Criminal Investigative Service Title Medical Examiner Spouse ( s ) Breena Palmer ( née Slater ) Children Victoria Elizabeth Palmer ( daughter ) Relatives Ed Slater ( father - in - law ) Dr. James `` Jimmy '' Palmer ( Brian Dietzen ) is an assistant medical examiner who first appears in the episode `` Split Decision '' . After Gerald Jackson is incapacitated , Palmer becomes Mallard 's assistant . He self - identifies as a sufferer of a `` mild '' case of diabetes mellitus in the episode `` In The Dark '' . He often seems intimidated by Gibbs , especially when he goes into one of his trademark strange rambling explanations of something that has not been requested . Part of the reason that Dr. Mallard and he are often not at the crime scene until well after Gibbs and his team arrive is related to Dr. Mallard 's emphasis on Jimmy being a horrible driver and always getting lost , although Jimmy tries to defend himself by pointing out that Ducky is the one with the map . He was named after former Baltimore Orioles pitcher Jim Palmer , but does not like baseball . Jimmy is the central character of the episode `` About Face '' where he must recover his memory to find a suspect to a murder case and his attempted killer . Like Ducky , Palmer speaks to the dead , though he is far more irreverent , sometimes raising not only eyebrows but doubts about his analytic abilities in the process . Some episodes depict an ongoing illicit office romance between Jimmy and Michelle Lee . They make excuses for working late and are seen entering and exiting the underside of the autopsy table . In the episode `` Last Man Standing '' , Palmer admits to Gibbs and Vance that he and Agent Lee had been `` doing it '' for a while , but he had broken it off because he felt `` used '' - an important bit of information about Lee 's character , as a bit of dramatic irony reveals at the end of the same episode . In `` The Good Wives Club '' , it is revealed that Jimmy is claustrophobic ; when he is entering the enclosed hallway he is seen sweating profusely and when he has to go get the body bag he freaks out about having to go back through it . In `` About Face '' , as Jimmy is being hypnotized by Abby , it seems that Jimmy has a shoe fetish , as he dreamily talks in detail about Ziva and Abby 's footwear instead of recalling information about the current case . The episode also indicates that his mother 's name is Eunice . In the episode `` Bounce '' we see that Palmer regularly helps Tony when he is in charge , despite the fact that Tony has frequently mocked Palmer by calling him an `` autopsy gremlin '' ; yet since DiNozzo mocks just about everyone in the series , this is unsurprising . Palmer is also shown to have severe tinnitus . Season seven reveals that Jimmy is in love with a girl named Breena Slater , who is employed as an mortician and appears in the episode `` Mother 's Day '' . In the season eight finale , `` Pyramid '' , NCIS special agent E.J. Barrett congratulates Jimmy on his engagement , and in the season nine premiere `` Nature of the Beast '' , Ziva says that they are getting married next spring . In `` Newborn King '' , Palmer is accompanied to NCIS headquarters by Breena 's father , Ed Slater . Ed alternates between grating on the nerves of the entire team and mocking Palmer 's career choice . Most of the team either ignore Ed or quietly tolerate his rudeness out of respect for Palmer and his guest . Abby is the exception -- when Ed makes a comment regarding the supposed promiscuity of tattooed women , she places Palmer and Slater in `` time out '' by locking them in her office . Palmer eventually tires of Ed 's behavior , telling him to sit down and shut up . The end of the episode shows Ed accepting Palmer and expressing a desire for a grandchild . In `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , prior to a bomb blast at the NCIS headquarters , Palmer and Breena decide to get married on the spot so he can assist the rest of the team in the Harper Dearing case . In episode `` Damned If You Do '' , Jimmy tells Ducky that he and Breena are on a waiting list for adoption , seeing as how there are so many children without parents . In the season 11 episode , `` The Admiral 's Daughter '' it is revealed to Jimmy through a word game that Breena is pregnant . Breena gives birth to the baby girl in the season twelve episode `` We Build , We Fight '' , and they name her `` Victoria Elizabeth Palmer '' after Ducky 's mother , with Ducky as her `` Grand - Ducky '' . During his first few seasons , Jimmy is portrayed as a geek with a tendency to ramble or speak out of turn , much to the irritation of Gibbs and even Ducky on occasions . When he first starts , as with most `` newbies '' , he is subjected to some teasing by DiNozzo . By season ten , he is shown as more of a surrogate son to Ducky rather than simply his assistant ( though this relationship has been implied throughout the series ) . In `` Extreme Prejudice '' , he insists on remaining at Ducky 's bedside until Ducky convinces him that NCIS needs him more . In the season fourteen episode `` Keep Going '' , Jimmy confesses to a victim 's son that he is now a qualified doctor , having passed his Medical Examiner test ( on the third time ; he had failed it twice before ) , but does n't want the rest of the team to know . However , everyone finds out because he was speaking in front of a mic , and Ducky congratulates him . In season 15 , Jimmy takes over as NCIS ' Chief Medical Examiner after Ducky took a sabbatical from NCIS to teach at a New York City medical school . Ellie Bishop ( edit ) Eleanor Raye `` Ellie '' Bishop ( Emily Wickersham ) is an NSA analyst who first appears in the season 11 episode `` Gut Check '' . Bishop is a `` country girl '' from Oklahoma and has three older brothers . Described by her boss at the NSA as a `` reclusive data freak '' , Bishop claims that she `` remembers almost everything she reads '' , and often thinks while sitting cross-legged on the floor . She has a love of food , and is often shown eating snacks at her desk . She also tends to associate specific memories with whatever food she was eating at the time . She applied to NCIS before taking the job with the NSA , and Gibbs invites her to a `` joint duty assignment '' . Gibbs later offers her a probationary position as a Special Agent in `` Monsters and Men '' , affectionately referring to her as `` probie '' for the first time . After that , DiNozzo and McGee are seen pulling the seniority card by ordering her around to do more menial tasks , such as evidence collection . Bishop is repeatedly shown as a bit of a perfectionist , sometimes asking for second tries , knowing she can do better the next time around . Alex Quinn has remarked that she is too tightly wound . When first introduced , DiNozzo and McGee quickly notice her wedding band , but she remains coy when asked about her marital status . It is eventually revealed that she is married and her husband 's name is Jake Malloy ( Jamie Bamber ) , an attorney for the NSA . They met during their first week at NSA , though during season thirteen they appear to be having marital difficulties . In `` Day in Court '' , Jake reveals he is having an affair with a fellow NSA Agent . Bishop is horrified and the two separate , with Bishop going home to Oklahoma to get some distance . She later returns to DC to continue with NCIS , and tells Jake that their marriage has been deteriorating quickly since she joined NCIS . Despite him wanting to make things work , she has already decided to file for divorce . She sees Gibbs as a father figure and leans on him . After her divorce she prefers to stay single for a while . It is revealed in `` Enemy Combatant '' that Ellie is dating NCIS translator Qasim Naasir , last seen in season twelve . Unfortunately , the relationship ends abruptly when Qasim dies from injuries sustained in an attack by a criminal that the NCIS team have been tracking , leaving Bishop grief - stricken and hellbent on exacting revenge for Qasim 's murder . Quinn is extremely concerned about her wellbeing , especially as she eavesdrops on her asking MI6 officer Clayton Reeves to translate the files Qasim was assigned to assist the case . It is revealed that Qasim proposed to Bishop a few weeks before he died . She asked him for some time to think , and he agreed . Bishop planned to accept the night he died , but never had the chance . While Gibbs and McGee were held prisoner in Paraguay between seasons 14 and 15 , Bishop , as the ranking agent , served as Special Agent - in - Charge of the Major Case Response Team ; she retained command until Gibbs was medically and psychologically cleared for duty . In the episode `` High Tide '' , Bishop and fellow agent Nick Torres go on an undercover mission , which revolves around them both acting like a couple . Both of them find that they enjoy the experience and develop a mutual lingering attraction towards each other . Nick Torres ( edit ) Nicholas `` Nick '' Torres ( Wilmer Valderrama ) is an undercover agent who first appears in the season 14 premiere , `` Rogue '' . Nick has been an NCIS deep cover agent for years , but when his cover is blown and he learns his sister 's life could be in danger , he races back to DC in an ill - fated attempt to stop it . His mission crosses over with that of Gibbs ' team . However , after working with them to bring down his sister 's attackers , he is offered a spot on the team with Alex Quinn . Nick often has trouble readjusting to a normal life and working with a team ; he is thus reluctant to wear the NCIS windbreaker or cap when visiting crime scenes . Being undercover for so long has given him a range of skills such as close combat training , but his methods are a bit unpredictable : e.g. , such as drawing a gunman 's attention by jumping onto a poker table with McGee holding them at gunpoint . Nick is also not afraid to break rules if he needs to , which on occasion has him butting heads with Gibbs . He is very charismatic , has a sense of humor and is very adept in social situations ; he once got a suspect to talk by offering her a candy bar . He has a picture of himself on his desk as a reminder of a woman he loved but lost to cancer as a teenager . Torres is superstitious of anything relating to the dead ; once forgoing an apartment where the resident had recently died and proclaiming he could never work in a cemetery because of this . He also strikes up a friendly rivalry with Clayton Reeves , and they both try to one - up each other -- from undercover tactics to arm - wrestling contests . In the episode `` High Tide '' , Torres and Ellie Bishop go on an undercover mission , which revolves around them both acting like a couple . Both of them find that they enjoy the experience and develop a mutual lingering attraction towards each other . In the episode `` Death from Above '' , it is revealed that Torres has feelings for Bishop . Alexandra Quinn ( edit ) Alex Quinn ( Jennifer Esposito ) joins Gibbs ' team after 15 years assigned to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center ( FLETC ) . Before that she was a field agent , but after her partner was killed in an ambush while the two were following suspects , and her engagement to Mike fell apart , she left the field . Quinn met Gibbs when he was a part of the team investigating her partner 's death . She has a sister in her twenties and a mother who is later revealed to be developing Alzheimer 's . She is described as having `` sharp wit , quick mind and immense talent as a federal agent '' . Quinn prides herself on remembering every agent she 's ever trained , including McGee , Bishop , and Torres . Quinn leaves the team at the end of Season 14 to take care of her ailing mother . Clayton Reeves ( edit ) Clayton Dante Reeves ( Duane Henry ) is a British MI6 Intelligence Officer who first encounters the NCIS team working abroad with DiNozzo . Upon returning to the US , Clayton is attacked by Trent Kort , who he later shoots and kills . He first appears in season 13 , and returns as a main character for season 14 . In `` Pay to Play '' , he returns , now working at NCIS 's International Desk . Because his desk is behind the bullpen of the team , a running gag is he tends to pop up unexpectedly with information in regards to the case at hand . After a botched undercover job to capture the terrorist Chen , he secretly works with Bishop to find a lead on him and arrest him , despite Gibbs ordering them both to stand down . Reeves has many skills from his career as an MI6 agent and brings those skills to the team when needed , ranging from computer forensics to piloting for his undercover work . While friendly and charming to everyone he meets , he strikes up a rivalry with Torres ; both are seasoned undercover agents and generally try to one up each other . During season 15 , it 's revealed he is a recovering alcoholic as he often drank to cope the stresses of his undercover operations . His past is unknown , but he lost his mother at a very young age and was homeless . In an effort to honour her and as part of his recovery , Clayton volunteers at a program that helps homeless veterans and their kids . He is killed at the very end of `` One Step Forward '' by a hitman hired by Robert King to kill Abby . Devastated by his death , Abby leaves NCIS to escort Reeves ' body back to London for his funeral and to start a homeless charity in honour of Reeves and his mother . Jacqueline Sloane ( edit ) Dr Jacqueline `` Jack '' Sloane ( Maria Bello ) is an NCIS senior special agent and operational psychologist , specializing in profiling . She holds a Ph. D. in Psychology , and is a former Lieutenant in the United States Army . Sloane served in Afghanistan , where she was a prisoner of war . The memories of this experience are shown to often have a serious effect on Sloane , but also allow her to connect with people suffering from similar trials . Sloane transferred from the Southwest Field Office in San Diego to NCIS Headquarters at the behest of Dir . Vance during season 15 . Recurring and notable cast and characters ( edit ) Key Recurring Guest Actor Character <Th_colspan="15"> Season Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 <Th_colspan="18"> Family ( edit ) Nina Foch Victoria Mallard <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="12"> 2 -- 3 Caroline Lagerfelt <Td_colspan="13"> 14 Troian Bellisario Sarah McGee <Td_colspan="11"> 2 , 4 Mary Mouser Kelly Gibbs <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 3 -- 4 , 8 -- 9 Brenna Radding <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> 5 Sam Schuder <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Mila Brener <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 Darby Stanchfield Shannon Gibbs <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> 3 , 5 -- 7 , 9 Aviva <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 6 -- 7 , 9 Heather Scobie Diane Sterling <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="11"> Melinda McGraw <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> 9 -- 12 Michael Nouri Eli David <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> 6 -- 8 , 10 Ben Morrison <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 10 -- 11 Ralph Waite Jackson Gibbs <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> 6 -- 11 Clint Carmichael <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="9"> 6 Andrew Lander <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 Rob Norton <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 Paula Newsome Jackie Vance <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> 6 -- 7 , 9 -- 10 Khamani Griffin Jared Vance <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> 6 Akinsola Aribo <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 9 -- 11 China Anne McClain Kayla Vance <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> 6 Kiara Muhammad <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 9 -- 11 Naomi Grace <Td_colspan="14"> <Td_colspan="1"> 15 Robert Wagner Anthony DiNozzo Sr . <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> 7 -- 15 Michelle Pierce Breena Slater <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> 7 , 9 , 11 -- 12 Wendy Makkena Rachel Cranston <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 8 -- 9 , 11 Daniel Louis Rivas Kyle Davis <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Jamie Bamber Jake Malloy <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 -- 13 <Th_colspan="18"> NCIS and Navy employees ( edit ) Alan Dale Tom Morrow <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- 3 , 10 -- 13 Pancho Demmings Gerald Jackson <Td_colspan="12"> 1 , 3 Patrick Labyorteaux Bud Roberts <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 , 14 -- 15 Joel Gretsch Stan Burley <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 , 9 -- 10 , 13 Jessica Steen Paula Cassidy <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="3"> 1 -- 4 , 12 Tim Kelleher Chris Pacci <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> 1 , 8 -- 9 , 12 Tamara Taylor Cassie Yates <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="12"> 2 -- 3 Michael Bellisario Charles Sterling <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="12"> Stephanie Mello Cynthia Sumner <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="11"> 3 -- 4 Muse Watson Mike Franks <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 3 -- 13 , 15 Liza Lapira Michelle Lee <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> 4 , 6 Susan Kelechi Watson Nikki Jardine <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> 5 Jonathan LaPaglia Brent Langer <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> 5 -- 6 Todd Lowe Chad Dunham <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> 6 Jude Ciccolella Phillip Davenport <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> 6 , 8 Jackie Geary Susan Grady <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 7 -- 8 , 11 Michael O'Neill Riley McCallister <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 8 -- 9 Sarah Jane Morris E.J. Barrett <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> 8 -- 9 Matt Willig Simon Cade <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> 8 -- 9 Alimi Ballard Gayne Levin <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> 8 Matt Craven Clayton Jarvis <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 8 -- 11 Matt Jones Ned Dorneget <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> 9 -- 10 , 12 Greg Germann Jerome Craig <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Leslie Hope Sarah Porter <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 11 -- 13 Scott Bakula Dwayne Pride <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 11 , 13 -- 14 Lucas Black Chris LaSalle <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> 11 , 13 -- 14 Zoe McLellan Merri Brody <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 11 , 13 CCH Pounder Loretta Wade <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 Rafi Silver Qasim Naasir <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> 12 , 14 Tony Gonzalez Tony Francis <Td_colspan="11"> 12 , 14 <Th_colspan="18"> Other agencies ( edit ) Joe Spano Tobias Fornell <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 1 -- 15 Alicia Coppola Faith Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="13"> 1 -- 2 Don Franklin Ron Sacks <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="11"> 3 -- 4 Susanna Thompson Hollis Mann <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> 4 -- 5 , 11 -- 12 David Dayan Fisher Trent Kort <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> 4 -- 6 , 8 , 13 Merik Tadros Michael Rivkin <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> 6 Arnold Vosloo Amit Hadar <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> 6 , 8 Jack Conley Danny Sportelli <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> 7 , 9 , 15 Diane Neal Abigail Borin <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> 7 -- 12 TJ Ramini Malachi Ben - Gidon <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> 7 -- 8 Enrique Murciano Ray Cruz <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 8 -- 9 Jamie Lee Curtis Samantha Ryan <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Marina Sirtis Orli Elbaz <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 - 11 , 13 Margo Harshman Delilah Fielding - McGee <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 -- 15 Marisol Nichols Zoe Keats <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> 12 <Th_colspan="18"> Antagonists ( edit ) Rudolf Martin Ari Haswari <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="6"> 1 -- 3 , 9 Eddie Jemison Terry Spooner <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> 3 , 15 Enzo Cilenti Mamoun Sharif <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> Armand Assante René Benoit <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> 4 -- 5 Omid Abtahi Saleem Ulman <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> 6 -- 7 Peter Jason Robert King <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 , 15 Marco Sanchez Alejandro Rivera <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> 7 -- 8 , 11 , 15 Jacqueline Obradors Paloma Reynosa <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="7"> 7 -- 8 Tamer Hassan Agah Bayar <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> 8 -- 9 , 12 Kerr Smith Jonas Cobb <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> 8 Scott Wolf Jonathan Cole <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Philip Casnoff Sean Latham <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Richard Schiff Harper Dearing <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> 9 -- 10 Oded Fehr Ilan Bodnar <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 French Stewart Paul Triff <Td_colspan="13"> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 -- 15 Graham Hamilton Gabriel Hicks <Td_colspan="14"> <Td_colspan="1"> 15 <Th_colspan="18"> Other characters ( edit ) Scottie Thompson Jeanne Benoit <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> 4 -- 5 , 13 Payton Spencer Emily Fornell <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> Juliette Angelo <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 -- 14 Paul Telfer Damon Werth <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> 5 , 7 Sean Harmon Young Gibbs <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> 6 -- 9 Micah Owens <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 Tehmina Sunny Leyla Shakarji <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 7 -- 8 , 11 Meredith Eaton Carol Wilson <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> 7 , 9 , 11 Rena Sofer Margaret Allison Hart <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="8"> 7 Gabi Coccio Young Ziva <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> 10 -- 11 Adam Campbell Young Ducky <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> 12 -- 14 Jon Cryer Dr. Cyril Taft <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 Laura San Giacomo Dr. Grace Confalone <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 -- 15 Notes E.J. Barrett ( edit ) Sarah Jane Morris played E.J. Barrett . Erica Jane `` E.J. '' Barrett ( Sarah Jane Morris ) is an NCIS agent reassigned to Washington in the season eight episode `` One Last Score '' . She was originally a Major Case Response Team leader stationed in Rota , Spain , which attracts DiNozzo 's attention as he had previously been offered the same position in the season four episode `` Singled Out '' , though he does not resent her position as he turned the offer down to stay in Washington . Barrett 's presence is a source of tension between Gibbs and Director Vance , as Gibbs initially believes Barrett was reassigned to Washington because of budget cuts . However , in the episode `` Two - Faced '' , it is revealed that Barrett is stationed in Washington to track a serial killer known as the `` Port - to - Port Killer '' ( or P2P for short ) . When one of the killer 's victims is found within the MCRT 's jurisdiction , Vance puts together a task force to capture the killer , appointing Barrett as lead investigator . Gibbs begins to suspect Barrett and DiNozzo are in a relationship and dividing the loyalties of the team , and is so distrusting of her that he questions her very motivations for being an NCIS agent , opposing her in everything from interrogating a suspect to profiling the killer . In the season eight finale , `` Pyramid '' , it is revealed that E.J. is the former Navy Secretary Philip Davenport 's niece . E.J. and her team are ambushed by the P2P at the end of `` Swan Song '' . Her team members Gayne Levin and Simon Cade are shot and Levin is killed . E.J. survives , but is left in the trunk of a car . After being rescued by Gibbs , she is taken hostage by the P2P but is again rescued by Gibbs . E.J. then gives up her post at NCIS , but not before removing a little microchip from Levin 's arm . Gibbs leaves the door open for her , having finally warmed to her . At the end of season eight , DiNozzo is tasked with dealing with an agent who is selling top - secret information . In the season nine premiere , `` Nature of the Beast '' , Tony stops E.J. from running away with the microchip . E.J. then reveals that Levin asked her to bring the microchip to Navy Captain Felix Wright if anything happened to him . However , the captain was murdered and E.J. and Tony are targeted by an unknown killer . They turn to Gibbs for help and E.J. says that she does not know what is on the microchip . She meets with her team member Simon Cade in an alley . DiNozzo steps in and wants to arrest Cade , and reveals that he was the agent selling top - secret information . However , Cade knows nothing about it and all three realize that they have been used . They then get shot , Cade fatally , E.J. in the stomach and Tony in his shoulder . Their shooter appears to be Casey Stratton , seemingly an FBI agent , but not known by the FBI itself . E.J. then goes into hiding to escape Stratton 's attention , leaving both NCIS and Stratton looking for her . A petty officer she had called for help dies at the hands of an unknown assassin . Gibbs and his team investigate the murder , reuniting them with E.J. in `` Housekeeping '' After they apprehend the assassin who had been tracking E.J. for the past year , she and Tony reconcile , and she returns to her home on vacation . Agah Bayar ( edit ) Agah Bayar ( Tamer Hassan ) is an international Turkish arms dealer , who first appeared in the season eight episode `` Broken Arrow '' . He had a brief appearance in the episode `` Kill Screen '' and returned in the season nine episode `` Need to Know '' and the season 12 episode Lost Boys . Gibbs does not like Bayar , as he seems to avoid trouble with federal agencies too easily . Merton Bell ( edit ) Robert Patrick recurred as Merton Bell . Colonel Merton Bell ( Robert Patrick ) is a former Army tank unit commander and the President of First Defense PMC , the largest security and bounty hunting firm in the U.S and the main antagonist of season seven . He is hired by an Iraqi tribal leader to capture her daughter and granddaughter from Mike Franks ' home in Mexico . Bell sends two of his men to accomplish the mission , but they are killed by Franks ' daughter - in - law , Leyla Shakarji . Franks and his family run away to Gibbs ' home in Washington , D.C. where they can be protected , but Bell finds out they are there and sends a squad to capture them . With the help of Damon Werth , a former Marine under Bell 's employ , Gibbs traps and arrests Bell before turning them over to the Mexicans for trial . Bell is released with the help of American lawyer Margaret Allison Hart . He then sends Hart to Washington in a bid to have his revenge against Gibbs . In `` Patriot Down '' , Hart reveals to Vance that since he got out of prison , Bell had been gathering information on Gibbs and is responsible for uncovering evidence that almost twenty years earlier , Gibbs killed Pedro Hernandez , the drug dealer who murdered Gibbs ' wife and daughter in 1991 . Bell orders his right - hand man , Jason Paul Dean , to kill Special Agent Lara Macy , who has discovered this evidence but subsequently buried it according to `` Legend , Part 2 '' . Bell and his men then set out for Mexico to murder Mike Franks and his family , but they are all killed by Dean who is revealed to be working for an unknown party . Gibbs initially believes Bell 's body is actually Franks , but Dean confesses to the murder , leaving the fate of Franks and his family unknown until `` Rule Fifty - One '' . In the same episode , it is revealed that Bell was working for the Reynosa drug cartel . Paloma Reynosa , daughter of Pedro Hernandez and head of the cartel , plans to use his vendetta against Gibbs to have her revenge for her father 's death . She orders Dean to kill him as she no longer needs him . Jeanne Benoit ( edit ) Scottie Thompson recurs as Jeanne Woods . Jeanne Benoit ( later Jeanne Woods ) ( Scottie Thompson ) first appears in the episode `` Sandblast '' as Tony DiNozzo 's new girlfriend . She is an ER resident in Washington , D.C. In the episode `` Angel of Death '' , it is revealed that she is the daughter of arms dealer René Benoit and that Director Shepard , during Gibbs ' absence at the end of season 3 , assigned Tony to an undercover mission to get close to her . After her father is found dead , an FBI team led by Agent Tobias Fornell investigates Gibbs ' team and interrogates Tony based on testimony from Jeanne that he killed him . She later admits to Shepard that she lied out of anger at Tony for breaking her heart by lying about his identity and his intentions . She leaves the squad room after telling Tony ( who did not lie about his feelings , despite his undercover deceptions ) that she wished she had never met him . In the episode `` Bounce '' , she is mentioned as someone who could possibly have a grudge against Tony and be willing to frame him . Jeanne returns in the episode `` Saviors '' when NCIS investigate an attack on volunteer doctors in South Sudan . Two doctors go missing , one of whom is Jeanne 's husband . She joins Tony and Tim on their mission , where Tony promises that they wo n't rest until they locate her husband . On their return flight , Jeanne thanks Tony and tells him that she owes him . He responds `` No , you do n't ... we 're good '' . leaving the pair to part amicably after eight years . Months later , in `` Loose Cannons '' , Tony encounters Jeanne and her husband while investigating a case ; she worries about it being connected with her father , which Tony assures her it is n't . However , when NCIS finds out that the case is connected with her father , Jeanne accuses Tony of lying to her . He tries to apologize , as he did n't know , but she says she was beginning to feel whole again until encountering him . Later , after the case is closed , Tony returns to Jeanne 's office to find her alone after a fight with her husband regarding her unresolved feelings for Tony . Tony fully apologizes to her and sits down with her , admitting he is n't feeling whole either . They then have an amicable conversation about both of them wanting to go back in time to fix their relationship , in the hope of a happier ending . However , as they part , they both stand up and have a tense moment where they nearly kiss , but both agree it should not go any further . René Benoit ( edit ) René Benoit , alias La Grenouille ( `` The Frog '' ) ( Armand Assante ) is a French arms dealer and the primary antagonist of seasons 4 and 5 . He is always referred to by his sobriquet , an ethnic slur for the French . He is introduced in the episode `` Blowback '' . Director Shepard has been obsessed with bringing him to justice for over ten years because she believes he killed her father and made it look like a suicide . Although he has connections to Iran , the CIA appears to tolerate him as a method of funneling disinformation to Iran as well as maintaining him as a prominent arms dealer so as to keep a degree of control over the arms trade . According to a psychological profile by Dr. Mallard , even though La Grenouille is a `` merchant of death '' , he is not a violent man by nature , a viewpoint Gibbs later embraces , as he too learns the fact that the arms dealer is n't really dangerous anyway . Director Shepard 's investigation of La Grenouille almost ruins a CIA sting operation to get a faulty weapon system into Iranian hands . Subsequently , the CIA do their best to protect their asset . In `` Bury Your Dead '' , Benoit asks Director Shepard for protection , claiming someone is trying to kill him and take over his arms business , added to the fact that he no longer trusts the CIA . Shepard tells him `` protect yourself '' in true devotion to her father and hands him her gun , although it is later shown that he does n't take it , as Gibbs is there in the same room to see what really happened that night . At the end of the episode , he is seen floating in the Washington Channel with a single gunshot to his head ( from Director Shepard 's gun ) . In the episode `` Angel of Death '' , it is revealed that La Grenouille is the father of Jeanne Benoit , the woman that DiNozzo falls in love with after seducing her in the course of Director Shepard 's undercover investigation , which Shepard later reveals in an apology to the young woman for `` crossing the line '' in `` Internal Affairs '' . It is implied that both Trent Kort and NCIS Director Jenny Shepard kill him in the episode `` Internal Affairs '' , and in `` Judgment Day '' ( Part 1 ) Gibbs , reviewing the FBI file , finds evidence that further implicates her while looking at a familiarly marked bullet . Abigail Borin ( edit ) Diane Neal recurred as Special Agent Abigail Borin . Supervisory Special Agent Abigail `` Abby '' Borin ( Diane Neal ) is a Coast Guard Investigative Service ( CGIS ) Special Agent . Originally from a small town in Ohio and an only child , Borin served a tour of duty in Iraq as a sergeant before presumably retiring from the Marines and joining CGIS where she later rose through the ranks , eventually getting the opportunity to lead her own team . Her most recent appearance was in the season twelve episode , `` The San Dominick '' . She is similar to Gibbs ; both are coffee drinkers , liking it the same way , and workaholics with a strong sense of duty to their jobs . In `` Safe Harbor '' , Tony attempts to matchmake the two of them , to no avail , although Borin continues to humor him by returning his wisecracks . The character is also a recurring special guest on the spin - off NCIS : New Orleans , first appearing when she and Special Agent Dwayne Pride 's team conduct a joint investigation . It is revealed that she took Advanced Placement Spanish at Chaminade - Julienne High School in Dayton , Ohio and is fluent in the language . She previously worked with Pride on a joint undercover operation . Stan Burley ( edit ) Stan Burley ( Joel Gretsch ) is an NCIS agent who first appears in the first - season episode `` High Seas '' . Prior to the series ' start , he was Gibbs ' partner and subordinate , but eventually was transferred out as an Agent Afloat , when he was replaced by DiNozzo . He looks up to Gibbs , and enlists his and his teams ' help in tracking down a drug dealer on board the USS Enterprise . Burley knew ( or at least knew of ) Mike Franks , and calls Gibbs following his death to express his condolences . Over eight years after his first appearance , Burley returns in the season nine episode `` Playing with Fire '' , where he leads DiNozzo and David in tracking down and thwarting a terrorist who tries to destroy the carrier USS Benjamin Franklin in Naples , Italy , under the orders of businessman Harper Dearing . Burley is injured by the terrorist in the process . He returns with DiNozzo and David to the Navy Yard , and is part of the crowd which sees Gibbs place Dearing 's photo on the wall of NCIS Most Wanted . Maureen Cabot ( edit ) Maureen Cabot ( Kelli Williams ) is an NCIS Special Agent assigned to the Family & Sexual Violence Program . Nicknamed `` Mo '' , she assisted Gibbs in the episodes `` Alleged '' and `` Viral '' . Simon Cade ( edit ) Special Agent Simon Cade ( Matthew Willig ) was an NCIS special agent on E.J. Barrett 's team who appears in three episodes in season eight and the season nine premiere . Prior to being a NCIS agent , Cade attended Yale , where he played football . In the episode `` Swan Song '' , he is wounded in a shootout with Jonas Cobb , but recovers . Following his recovery , he drops off the grid and is suspected of being a mole . Cade was shot and killed by Jonathan Cole in the season nine premiere `` Nature of the Beast '' . Paula Cassidy ( edit ) Supervisory Special Agent Paula Cassidy ( Jessica Steen ) is a criminal profiler for NCIS , who first appears in the episode `` Minimum Security '' . An expert on Middle Eastern terrorists , she works as an interrogator at Guantanamo Bay . During `` Minimum Security '' , she is viewed with suspicion by Gibbs as the deceased victim in the episode had letters containing her name . She develops a romantic relationship with DiNozzo and the two seemingly stay in contact , but she breaks it off at the end of `` Heart Break '' after hearing nothing from him ( or possibly due to her anger at Gibbs giving her grief ) . Following the aftermath of Kate Todd 's death , Cassidy temporarily joins Gibbs ' team during `` Mind Games '' and helps in the case of a serial killer as well as tracking down a copycat who is carrying out similar killings . After becoming a team leader and being assigned to the Pentagon , Cassidy 's team is killed while investigating a suspected terrorist , and she later joins the team to find out who arranged the phone call and the trap that sent her team to their deaths . She also has a hostile relationship with Ziva David , pronouncing Ziva 's surname wrong to antagonize her , a trait that Abby repeats upon meeting Ziva for the first time . It is later revealed that Ziva has been allowing herself to be the target of Cassidy 's anger in order to help her through the ordeal of losing her team . Furthermore , as a result of the bombing , Cassidy is left with psychological scars and begins developing survivor 's guilt , believing herself to be the one responsible for unknowingly sending her team into the trap . She later sacrifices herself to stop a suicide bomber in the episode `` Grace Period '' , thus saving Gibbs , DiNozzo , Ziva , and three Muslim clerics , who were signing fatwās to promote peace in the Middle East . Her death leaves Tony grief - stricken and finally gives him the courage he needs to tell Jeanne that he loves her . Her portrait is later seen in a bar wall honoring officers who have been killed in the line of duty . Rebecca Chase ( edit ) Rebecca Chase ( Jeri Ryan ) is the second ex-wife of Leroy Jethro Gibbs . She first appears in `` Check '' . Carrie Clark ( edit ) Carrie Clark ( Salli Richardson - Whitfield ) is a lawyer and a former Special Agent with the FBI . She worked on FBI Special Agent Tobias Fornell 's team , now a criminal attorney . She appears in season 11 episode 8 `` Alibi '' , season 12 episode 8 `` Semper Fortis '' and season 13 episode 9 `` A Day in Court '' . She has worked with Gibbs and his team on a case , while working for the FBI ( off screen ) . She first appears in episode Alibi , after Marine Staff Sergeant Justin Dunne , is arrested , Dunne requests an attorney , and hires former FBI agent Carrie Clark , who also happens to be an old acquaintance of the team . Dunne tells Carrie that he has an alibi , in that he was involved in a murder outside of the base at the time of the hit and run , and that somebody else must have stolen his truck . Due to attorney - client privilege , Carrie can not tell Gibbs and the team anything about Dunne 's crime other than he has a solid alibi . However , she manages to leave small , subtle clues for the team to follow . Jonas Cobb ( edit ) Lieutenant Jonas Cobb ( Kerr Smith ) is the real name of the `` Port - to - Port Killer '' , or ' P2P ' for short , the primary antagonist of season eight . Originally recruited into a CIA assassination team code - named Frankenstein , Cobb cracked under intense and inhumane training before escaping . He re-surfaced in Rota , Spain , where he began his pattern of killing Navy personnel when they made landfall . He has also killed victims in Guam , Japan , Norfolk , Washington , D.C and was in the process of killing another victim in Hawaii before being interrupted by CIA operative Trent Kort . A ruthless serial killer , he is responsible for the deaths of Mike Franks and NCIS Agent Gaven Levin ( the latter one he fatally shoots with Franks 's own gun instead of using a knife ) , and takes NCIS agent E.J. Barrett hostage . One body in the episode `` Baltimore '' resembles P2P 's work , but is later found to be a copycat by Dr. Mallard because of the way the knot is tied . The killer is revealed to be Agent DiNozzo 's former superior at Baltimore PD , and the victim is DiNozzo 's former partner there , with whom he never got to reconcile . The real P2P , though not known to be Cobb at the time , makes the deception final through a fake Abby Scuito email . Cobb 's modus operandi involves luring his victims into a trap before slashing their throats from behind . He then scrubs the body down with a hospital - grade cleanser before wrapping the bodies in plastic and dumping them in isolated areas . He has been known to dress seamen in the uniforms of officers , and often leaves personal effects of his victims behind frozen in ice that foreshadow his next kill , though his m.o. changes forever in `` Swan Song '' . Psychological profiling of Cobb depicts him as methodical , intelligent , and opposed to authority , but not easily distracted by law enforcement . The threat posed by Cobb is deemed so great by Director Vance , that he deliberately changes NCIS policy to antagonize Gibbs in the hopes of setting Gibbs up as a figure Cobb will identify with , in an attempt to lure Cobb into a trap . Cobb , after abducting Ziva David , gives himself up to NCIS in order to start the next phase of his plan . While Gibbs interrogates him with Agent Barrett watching , he tells a story about the son of a Marine who was told that he had to have his horse put to sleep , which turns out to be a deadly seed planted into Cobb as a child , since the story was about him anyway . Cobb is killed in the season eight finale , `` Pyramid '' , where it is revealed that everything he had done since his first kill in Rota has been a part of a larger plan to get revenge on those he holds responsible for Operation Frankenstein -- Leon Vance , Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy . He is aware that what he does is evil , but maintains that his actions have been for the greater good . He is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance when he refuses to surrender . In death , he is said to have had a smile on his face while his corpse lay on a wrecked car . Jonathan Cole ( edit ) Jonathan Cole ( Scott Wolf ) , alias FBI Agent Casey Stratton , is one of the primary antagonists of season nine . He was formerly a member of `` Phantom Eight '' , a clandestine team of operatives assigned to the Watcher Fleet tasked with protecting the United States Navy . Cole goes rogue some time after the Phantom Eight are disbanded and begins working with Sean Latham , the corrupt Director of Special Operations for the Office of Naval Intelligence and a former member of Phantom Eight himself . Cole and Latham conspire to sell a series of microchips belonging to Phantom Eight members , which give their owners unrivalled access to the Navy mainframe . Cole makes his first appearance in `` Nature of the Beast '' , where he adopts the alias of Casey Stratton , an FBI Agent assigned to investigate a shooting involving Tony DiNozzo . DiNozzo , having forgotten the events that led up to the trauma of the shooting , attempts to reconstruct his memories , recounting his investigation of NCIS Agents Simon Cade and E.J. Barrett . His investigation centers on a microchip Barrett extracted from the body of Gayne Levin , who also served in Phantom Eight , but wound up the last murder victim of Lt. Jonas Cobb , the Port - to - Port Killer . Cole manipulates DiNozzo , Barrett , and Cade into first distrusting one another and then meeting , where he attempts to kill all three before fleeing with the microchip . Cole kills Cade , wounds DiNozzo , and misses Barrett , who flees . He later approaches DiNozzo in the hospital under the Casey Stratton alias , but is unable to kill him as DiNozzo is under guard . Cole reappears in `` Housekeeping '' , where he attempts to kill E.J. Barrett , who has since resurfaced . After the first failed attempt , Latham advises Cole to abandon his mission , but Cole refuses , claiming that he has to see it through , and he murders Latham . Now aware of his role in Phantom Eight and his actual name , NCIS trick Cole into attacking a safehouse under the pretense that Barrett and DiNozzo are hiding there . The safehouse is empty , and Cole is apprehended . His final appearance comes in `` Till Death Do Us Part '' when Gibbs feels he would be an ideal operative to get close to the terrorist Harper Dearing . Cole agrees in exchange for a ( slightly ) reduced sentence , but Dearing is already aware of his role and rejects his offer of help . Cole is killed when attempting to defuse a bomb left by Dearing outside NCIS headquarters . Although Cole never offers a reason for his crimes , and the circumstances that led to his becoming a traitor are never detailed , he does admit that he thought he had good reasons for doing what he did ; he was soon proven wrong . Grace Confalone ( edit ) Dr Grace Confalone ( Laura San Giacomo ) is the therapist of both Gibbs and Dr. Cyril Taft . First appearing in `` Loose Cannons '' , Grace builds a professional relationship and personal friendship with Gibbs , nicknaming him `` Popeye '' , and often resorting to child psychology ( including picture charts ) to tap into his psyche . In `` Family First '' , Grace befriends Tobias Fornell 's daughter Emily at the request of Gibbs while Fornell is in a coma after having been shot . Grace returns in `` Privileged Information '' , as Gibbs investigates a patient of hers , a Marine Sergeant , after she ends up in a coma , and tells Gibbs he should treat it as a murder investigation , but can not divulge further due to doctor - patient confidentiality . When the patient dies , Grace tells Gibbs that the patient was involved in covering up a murder , but that she did n't tell her any details . In `` Twofer '' , following Gibbs ' and McGee 's return to the US after a failed mission in Paraguay , Grace is appointed to conduct psychiatric evaluations on them to determine whether they are fit to return to NCIS . Gibbs surprisingly is able to open up to her about his troubles more than she 's already known , but McGee skips his appointment with her , frustrating her . Gibbs is able to convince McGee to go to his appointment with Grace , and meets with McGee outside her office after the session , having himself become a more regular patient of Grace . In `` Two Steps Back '' , Grace is seen playing a poker game at Gibbs ' house with Gibbs , Vance , Fornell and new NCIS agent Jack Sloane , whom she meets for the first time . Jerome Craig ( edit ) Jerome Craig ( Greg Germann ) is the Deputy Director of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service . Craig is promoted to Acting Director following the drive - by shooting of Jackie Vance . It is in this capacity that he helps investigate Ajay Khan ( `` Canary '' ) , though he later steps down from his position in `` Hereafter '' . Craig is a bureaucrat , with little - to - no field experience . Rachel Cranston ( edit ) Dr. Rachel Cranston ( née Todd ) ( Wendy Makkena ) is a psychologist and the older sister of Caitlin Todd . She has made four appearances to date , the first being in the season eight episode `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' , Tony gives her the nickname `` Dr. Kate 's Sister '' . In the season nine premiere `` Nature of the Beast '' , she helps the team piece together the events of Tony 's undercover assignment . Her most recent appearance is in the season eleven `` Double Back '' , when she psychologically evaluates McGee after a bombing leaves his girlfriend Delilah paralyzed . Phillip Davenport ( edit ) The former United States Secretary of the Navy , Phillip Davenport ( Jude Ciccolella ) presumably took over from Edward Sheffield ( Dean Stockwell ) , who was last seen in the position during the final season of JAG and the second season of NCIS . He was in office from at least 2008 ( during which he made his first appearance ) until he resigned in 2011 during the events of `` Pyramid '' . Eli David ( edit ) Eli David ( played by Michael Nouri ) has a recurring role , starting in `` Last Man Standing '' , as the head of Mossad . Earlier in the series , it is also mentioned that he is Ziva David 's father , as well as that of her half - brother , Ari Haswari , a sort of mercenary / terrorist whom she prevents from shooting Agent Gibbs . David also had a younger daughter , Tali , Ziva 's full sister , who is also deceased . Though appearing to be `` all business '' and uncaring about his children , Eli 's reasons for this come from the need to preserve the existence of Israel , a country surrounded by enemy nations . He and Director Vance have shared a history since a time in Amsterdam when Eli saved his life from the attempts of a Russian hit squad . Towards the end of season six , Eli sends Michael Rivkin to Washington in what Vance describes as a not - so - subtle message that he does not think NCIS are doing their jobs . During `` Semper Fidelis '' , Eli is suspected of using Michael Rivkin to spy on the Americans and using the intelligence to locate a terrorist handler and find a training camp located in Somalia . Vance claims that Eli ordered Ziva to kill Ari and gain Gibbs ' trust . In `` Aliyah '' , when Ziva , Gibbs , Vance , and Tony travel to Israel , David accuses Tony of killing Michael Rivkin out of jealousy ; Tony , in turn , accuses him of sending every corrupt Mossad officer to Washington for NCIS to handle . Later , David demands that Ziva return full - time to Mossad and complete Rivkin 's assignment . Ziva thus travels covertly into a Somali terrorist camp to eliminate Saleem Ulman , its leader . After one member of the team is killed and the other two are wounded , their instructions stand , and this leads directly to Ziva 's captivity and torture at Saleem 's hands . Afterward , during the episode `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' , Eli sends Mossad operative Malachi Ben - Gidon to Washington to discredit Ziva and her account of events that led to her capture prior to `` Truth or Consequences '' , which prompts her to believe that her father is corrupt : an opinion disproven during the events of `` Enemies Foreign '' / `` Enemies Domestic '' ( season eight ) , wherein Ziva manages to reconcile with her father after understanding his reasoning , and concluding that she wants to live her life on her own terms instead of her father 's . In the 11th episode of Season 10 , `` Shabbat Shalom '' , Director David comes to the U.S. without any type of protection in hopes of making peace not only with Ziva , but also with Iran via their Intelligence Bureau 's Head , David 's childhood friend Arash Kazmi ( Nasser Faris ) . Unfortunately , both he and Jackie , Director Vance 's wife , are shot and killed in the Vance home during dinner in a drive - by shooting orchestrated by hawkish anti-peace Mossad personnel headed by Deputy Director Ilan Tohar Bodnar ( Oded Fehr ) . The last we see of Director David is Ziva holding his body while sobbing and praying in her native Hebrew . As it turns out , Kazmi was also assassinated that night , an action blamed on the fugitive Bodner , but really undertaken by the CIA in an effort to `` stir the ( political ) pot '' in Middle East affairs involving Israel and Iran ( see season 10 , episode 24 , `` Damned If You Do ) '' . Harper Dearing ( edit ) Richard Schiff played Harper Dearing . Harper Dearing ( Richard Schiff ) is the primary antagonist during the last episodes of the ninth season . Initially described as `` an eccentric businessman whose son was killed in a terrorist bombing '' , he appears as a domestic terrorist , out for revenge against the Navy due to the death of his son , Evan , which is revealed in `` Up in Smoke '' . Dr. Samatha Ryan describes Dearing as `` a sociopathic , paranoid narcissist '' . After a series of attacks on Navy ships , Dearing plants a bomb at the NCIS Headquarters in the season finale , `` Till Death Do Us Part '' . The resulting cliffhanger leaves most of the main characters ' fates unclear . These events spur Gibbs to seek personal revenge against Dearing , culminating in a confrontation in which Gibbs fatally stabs Dearing in self - defense . Anthony DiNozzo , Sr. ( edit ) Robert Wagner plays Anthony DiNozzo , Sr . Anthony DiNozzo , Sr. ( Robert Wagner ) is the father of Tony DiNozzo . Described by his son as a `` con man '' , DiNozzo prefers to refer to himself as an entrepreneur . From season seven , he attempts to rebuild his relationship with his son , from whom he had been previously estranged . The character is shown to be particularly charming . Ned Dorneget ( edit ) Special Agent Ned Dorneget ( Matt L. Jones ) is a probationary agent first introduced in the Season 9 episode `` Sins of the Father '' . Usually known as `` Dorney '' to the rest of the team , he is often assigned to the evidence locker against his wishes and desires to become a full field agent . In `` Need to Know '' , Gibbs decides that he is ready and hands him his first field assignment . Like McGee during his days as a probie , Dorneget is often the butt of Tony 's hazing pranks in Season 10 , most notably in the episode `` Prime Suspect '' . The character does not return for Season 11 but is briefly mentioned in the Season 12 episode `` The San Dominick '' , when he calls McGee for updates regarding Gibbs and the hostage situation . Two years later , Dorneget returns in the Season 12 episode , `` Troll '' where it is revealed that he has become a fully - fledged NCIS Special Agent and that he also works for NCIS Cyber Operations . In `` The Lost Boys '' , Dorneget is killed in Cairo in a terrorist bomb attack after saving dozens of people at a hotel . His mother , CIA officer Joanna Teague ( Mimi Rogers ) works with NCIS to find the terrorist group responsible for his death . Chad Dunham ( edit ) Special Agent Chad Dunham ( Todd Lowe ) first appears in the episode `` Truth or Consequences '' . Chad Dunham is a recurring NCIS Special Agent who was stationed in the Horn of Africa when Ziva was being held captive by a group of terrorists in the beginning of season seven . He returned in episode four , `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' . His third appearance ( and the last to date ) is in season seven , episode seven , `` Endgame '' , although this time it was in person in DC , when Ziva notices that he `` cleans up nice '' . Orli Elbaz ( edit ) Orli Elbaz ( Marina Sirtis ) is the Director of Mossad , protégée of Eli David , and a close friend to Ziva . In the distant past , prior to her appointment to Mossad , Orli had an affair with Eli David that led to the dissolution of his marriage to Rivka David . In the aftermath of Eli 's murder , with Ilan Bodnar going on the run until killed in a fight with Special Agent Ziva David , Orli becomes the new director of Mossad . Though she and Ziva are initially resentful of one another , they reconcile in the season following Ziva 's departure from NCIS -- and Elbaz is one of the only people she confides in about the paternity of Tali . Orli is last seen transporting the child to NCIS , and relinquishing custody to DiNozzo . Adam Eshel ( edit ) Adam Eshel ( Damon Dayoub ) works at Mossad 's Shin Bet and is also Ziva David 's Mossad contact . During Eshel 's first appearance , he assists in the investigation into Ilan Bodnar , working with Tony and Ziva ; in the same episode , it is mentioned that he and Ziva spent the night together after her father 's funeral . In `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' , Eshel lends his expertise in order to give DiNozzo an insight into Ziva 's personal life and current whereabouts . He is mentioned in `` Family First '' , with DiNozzo stating he has asked Eshel about Ziva 's current location , but he has not had contact with her in over a year . Delilah Fielding ( edit ) Delilah Fielding - McGee ( Margo Harshman ) is a Department of Defense analyst and McGee 's girlfriend and later his wife . An agent with the Department of Defense , Delilah first appears in the Season 11 premiere episode `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' and later becomes an ally , assisting the NCIS team in their hunt for terrorist Benham Parsa . In the Season 11 episodes `` Kill Chain '' and `` Double Back '' , Delilah is left badly injured in a missile attack at a black - tie event she and McGee are attending . While McGee is not seriously injured , Delilah is left permanently paralyzed due to shrapnel embedded in her spine , and she thereafter uses a wheelchair . She continues to assist the NCIS team . After spending almost a year as a senior intelligence analyst in Dubai , Delilah returns in the episode , `` Status Update '' . When she returns as team leader now based in the US , she and McGee move in together . McGee later buys an engagement ring , with the intent of proposing to Delilah . When McGee spontaneously proposes to Delilah in the elevator in the episode `` Love Boat '' , she accepts . By the middle of `` Something Blue '' , McGee and Delilah have been planning their July wedding when Delilah collapses due to the stress of wedding planning . While she recovers in hospital , she and McGee find out that she is pregnant . This causes them to change their minds about wedding planning and they marry in a private ceremony in their apartment surrounded by the NCIS team . In the episode `` Ready or Not '' , Delilah goes into labor and Abby takes her to the hospital . A hostage situation occurs in the hospital and McGee is caught up in it unexpectedly while Delilah gives birth to twins , John ( a boy ) , named after McGee 's father Admiral John McGee and Morgan ( a girl ) , named after ER Guard ( and former Law Enforcement Officer ) Morgan Cade who was fatally shot trying to help McGee arrest an arms dealer . McGee is unharmed and eventually is able to be with Delilah when she gives birth . Jenna Flemming ( edit ) Jenna Flemming ( Mary Stuart Masterson ) is a Congresswoman in the United States House of Representatives , representing Maryland 's 9th district . Her political career started when she was elected to the School Board ; she has been a member of the House since 2001 . Since `` A Many Splendored Thing '' , Congresswoman Flemming is the ranking member of the House Counterterrorism Subcommittee . She was a descendant of Attila the Hun . Congresswoman Flemming starts a romantic relationship with Director Vance after his team investigates death threats against her and the death of her aide . She is interested in grooming Vance for a political career , and even offered to help Gibbs become the new Director of NCIS should Vance leave . When Flemming and Vance come to blows over their different views of politics , the two agree that they are not good at not letting these differences interfere with their relationship and decide to take a break from it to figure things out . Stephanie Flynn ( edit ) Stephanie Bronwyn Flynn ( Kathleen York ) is Gibbs ' third ex-wife . She first appears in `` Ex-File '' . Emily Fornell ( edit ) Emily Fornell ( Juliette Angelo ) is the daughter of Agent Tobias Fornell and Diane Sterling . Emily first appears during season four , played by Payton Spencer . During season eleven , `` Devils Triad '' , Emily is kidnapped and subsequently rescued by NSA Analyst Eleanor Bishop , while in season twelve she is visibly distraught following her mother 's death . In `` Cabin Fever '' , she enlists Gibbs ' assistance when Tobias is arrested for DUI . She later appears in person in the episode `` Dead Letter '' , where she quickly learns about her father being critically wounded by an unknown assassin . Out of anger and grief ( especially as it happens just a year after her mother has been murdered ) , she demands that Gibbs swear to her to find the one who did this and make him pay . She later calls Gibbs requesting his help , as the nurse at the hospital refuses to resuscitate Fornell due to a `` do not resuscitate '' clause he had written when he was still grieving for her mom 's death . While waiting for him to wake up , she attempts to paint his toenails to look like watermelons , but then she notices he is waking up and tries to talk to him . He is only awake for a few moments , but he tells her to tell Gibbs some vital information relating to SISCO regarding stolen cell - phones . This information allows them to track down Jacob Scott ( whom they had believed was the man who murdered Terdei and left Fornell under critical condition at the time ) who , much to everyone 's surprise , has surrendered to NCIS custody at the Navy Yard . In `` Family First '' , she is still waiting for her dad 's recovery . During this time , she also runs out of nail - polish , thus leaving her pedicure on her dad incomplete . In addition , Gibbs , under the pretense of helping to catch the man who tried to kill Tobias ( although it is heavily implied that it is actually to help Emily come to terms with what might happen ) , brings his shrink , Dr. Grace Confalone , who also proceeds to help her with the project . She affectionately calls Gibbs `` Uncle Gibbs '' . Tobias Fornell ( edit ) Senior FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell ( Joe Spano ) , later a private investigator , first appears in the series premiere episode `` Yankee White '' . He is often involved in `` inter-agency turf wars '' with Gibbs ' NCIS team . The two frequently pretend to be furiously angry at each other in front of their agents , while privately they are on friendly terms . When their teams have to share jurisdiction on a case , Gibbs usually asks for operational control ; in exchange , credit for successes is claimed by Fornell 's team . Their friendship is close enough for Gibbs to delay his retirement in the episode `` Escaped '' to assist Fornell in recapturing a fugitive . In the episode `` The Bone Yard '' , Fornell comes to Gibbs for help when he is accused of being a mole for the mafia . In the same episode , he reveals that Gibbs is likely his only friend . Gibbs seems to feel similarly about Fornell , going so far as to fake Fornell 's death to further the investigation to clear him of guilt . It is revealed in the episode `` Twilight '' , that Fornell was married to Gibbs ' second wife ( Diane ) after she and Gibbs divorced , something that Gibbs warned him against . Fornell often refers to Diane as `` our ex-wife '' to Gibbs . Fornell and Diane have a daughter , Emily . After a period of estrangement , the two reunite and agree to marry . Diane is later murdered , and Fornell turns to alcoholism for a short time . After being shot by an unknown assailant ( later revealed to be Trent Kort ) in `` Homefront '' , Fornell spends the next few months convalescing on Gibbs ' couch , before finally returning to his own place around Christmas . In season 15 , Gibbs discovers that Fornell had falsified evidence to get Gabriel Hicks convicted as a serial murder and is forced to testify against him , resulting in his being fired from the FBI and becoming a private investigator ; this causes a temporary break in their friendship . They make up when Hicks is eventually found to indeed be guilty and is arrested , exonerating Fornell . Despite being offered back a position in the FBI , Fornell chooses to stay in his new career . Fornell is the only recurring character to appear in every season of NCIS . Mike Franks ( edit ) Special Agent - in - Charge Mike Franks , NIS ( Ret . ) ( Muse Watson ) is introduced in episode flashbacks in the episode `` Hiatus '' ( Part 1 ) . He is Gibbs ' former mentor and partner , still referring to Gibbs as `` Probie '' , just as DiNozzo does with McGee . In `` Hiatus '' ( Part 2 ) , it is stated that he retired to Mexico in 1996 , roughly five years after Gibbs joined NCIS , after being disgruntled with the government 's failure to prevent the Khobar Towers bombing . Although he comes across as crass and uncaring , Franks has been known to be very devious and sneaky , even hiding the fact that he had a son , though Gibbs helps hide his granddaughter and the girl 's mother . Gibbs has picked up many of his mannerisms , including the trademark head slap he gives to DiNozzo and his ability to find a way around red tape . Jenny Shepard , who was still a junior agent during Franks ' time , brings him back in hopes of helping Gibbs regain his memory after suffering a concussion in part 2 of `` Hiatus '' . He is unable to help Gibbs regain his memory , although Gibbs recognizes him on sight . Franks is the only survivor of the gun battle that ends Director Shepard 's life and finds some evidence for which the new director was apparently looking , though he is outside getting himself water for tea when the shooting starts and goes back in to make sure that the other shooters are dead . He is the last person to know about then - Director Shepard 's incurable illness during her lifetime , as Gibbs only has suspicions at the time as of `` Judgment Day '' ( Part 1 ) . In his visit to Gibbs ' bedside in season three , it is revealed in flashbacks that he warned members of the intelligence community about the threat that Osama Bin Laden posed to American servicemen abroad some time before the Khobar Towers bombing . After the deaths of a number of Air Force personnel in the bombing , Franks retired to Mexico and handed control of the MCRT to Gibbs . In season seven , Franks is seemingly ambushed by Colonel Merton Bell 's henchmen and hitmen from the Reynosa drug cartel . His fate is left ambiguous and whether he is killed or captured in the attack is unknown . However , Franks later appears again to assist DiNozzo in investigating Alejandro . As a result of the gunfight between Bell and the Reynosa Cartel 's men , Franks loses his right index finger . In the beginning of season eight , in the episode `` Spider and the Fly '' , he appears after four months by showing up at Gibbs ' house to help him , the team , Vance , and Jackson Gibbs destroy Paloma and Alejandro once and for all . Franks is killed by Jonas Cobb , the `` Port - to - Port Killer '' , outside of Gibbs ' house in the season - eight episode `` Swan Song '' as he attempts to apprehend Cobb . Franks , a Marine like Gibbs , is given a full military burial at the end of the season - eight finale . Franks was also revealed in this episode to be dying of cancer and Gibbs was making him a coffin . In the episode `` Newborn King '' , Leyla and her daughter are revealed to have moved to Washington , DC , following Franks ' death . In `` Outlaws and In - Laws '' , Gibbs is stated to be godfather to Leyla 's daughter Amira . In `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' Franks is shown ( in flashback ) as having conducted a rescue program for Afghan women . Mike continues to appear as a figment of Gibbs ' imagination , often offering advice . Jackson Gibbs ( edit ) Jackson Gibbs ( Ralph Waite ) is the father of Leroy Jethro Gibbs . After his son left to join the Marines , Jackson Gibbs continued to live in the town of Stillwater , Pennsylvania . He was widowed some years before the events in the season six episode `` Heartland '' . During the episode `` Frame Up '' , Gibbs mentions that his father painted pin - up girl Betty Grable on the nose of his P - 51 Mustang . Jackson served as a pilot in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II . Disoriented once while returning from a mission , Jackson was saved by an enemy German pilot . The pilots ' reunion is the subject of the eleventh season 's episode Better Angels . In the season seven finale , `` Rule Fifty - One '' , Paloma Reynosa of the Reynosa cartel enters Gibbs ' store and turns the sign on the door from open to closed . This is following Reynosa 's warning to Gibbs that if he does not do exactly as she says she will kill everyone he ever met and is all part of Paloma 's plan to get revenge on Gibbs who killed her father twenty years previously . However , in the season eight opening , `` Spider and the Fly '' , it is revealed that Gibbs managed to warn his father about the approaching danger just in time and Jackson is able to fight back against Paloma 's men and escape before they could manage to kill him . In `` Heartland '' , it is revealed that Jackson and his son are estranged , but in later appearances , they reconcile and become close . In `` The Namesake '' , it is revealed that Jackson named his son after LJ . According to Jethro , it was LJ who inspired him to join the Marine Corps as a teenager . LJ revealed to Gibbs that he , Jackson and the latter 's wife Ann were friends growing up and both men fell in love with Ann . Due to segregation , Jackson married Ann as LJ was African - American and an inter-racial marriage was a social taboo during that time . The strained relationship between Gibbs and Jackson starts to mend after they bond during the case and they get an insight into what the other is feeling . Gibbs finally starts to forgive his father when he learns that he has finished restoring the car that had been Gibbs ' only dream during his teenage years . Jackson later tells Gibbs to take the car and they promise to keep in touch . Gibbs also starts to call his father `` Dad '' instead of `` Jack '' . It is eventually revealed that Gibbs ' resentment for his father came from the difficult relationship between his parents . Gibbs ' mother , Ann , was a hard woman to live with and they mutually had affairs despite their strong feelings for one another . Gibbs blamed his father 's affairs for his mother leaving . The only thing that kept Gibbs and his father in contact after that was Gibbs ' wife , Shannon . In the season 11 finale , `` Honor Thy Father '' ( which aired exactly three months after Waite 's death in February 2014 ) , Vance tells Gibbs that Jackson suffered a fatal stroke . Jackson is buried with full military honors . LJ and Gibbs ' team are present at the funeral . Kelly Gibbs ( edit ) Kelly Gibbs is the daughter of Leroy Jethro Gibbs and his first wife , Shannon . Both Shannon and Kelly were killed in a car wreck caused by Mexican drug dealer Pedro Hernandez in Oceanside , California , while Gibbs was deployed during Desert Storm . She first appears in `` Hiatus '' ( Part 1 ) . Shannon Gibbs ( edit ) Shannon Gibbs ( née Fielding ) ( Darby Stanchfield ) is the late wife of Leroy Jethro Gibbs and the mother of his daughter , Kelly . Both Shannon and Kelly were killed in a car wreck caused by Mexican drug dealer Pedro Hernandez in Oceanside , California , while Gibbs was deployed during Desert Storm . She first appears in `` Hiatus '' ( Part 1 ) . Jordan Hampton ( edit ) Dr. Jordan Hampton ( Torri Higginson ) first appears in the episode `` Identity Crisis '' . When a `` John Doe '' is donated to science and Ducky finds mercury in his brain , he is outraged that the medical examiner who performed the autopsy did not think to check his brain before donating him . As he and Gibbs go to confront `` him '' ( Ducky mistakenly assumed that Dr. Hampton was male ) , he asks Gibbs to think no less of him for giving the M.E. a piece of his mind . After finding out that Dr. Hampton was not male , Ducky was visibly placated . Jordan came back to Ducky 's autopsy room to help him find anything else she might have missed , and decodes the tattoo on his arm , helping Gibbs and his team eventually solve the case . She also reveals in this episode that she likes things neat and clean . She made a reappearance in the episode `` Broken Bird '' to help Ducky overcome grief and guilt for euthanizing a tortured Afghan when he was a doctor in the military . The two show some romantic interest in both episodes . Also , although she did not appear in the episode , she gave Ducky the autopsy report for La Grenouille in the episode `` Internal Affairs '' . Margaret Allison Hart ( edit ) M. Allison Hart ( Rena Sofer ) is an attorney . She is contacted by Colonel Merton Bell while he is being tried by the Mexican authorities for bounty hunting in their country . Hart successfully gets Bell released from prison on the condition that he not leave Mexico . Vengeful against the man who sent him to prison , Bell sends Hart to Washington to defend any accused who are involved in Gibbs ' investigations . Hart starts to take up every case that involves Gibbs . Hart 's skills as a lawyer are a match for Gibbs ' skills as an investigator . Despite their animosity , they appear to be attracted to one another . It is implied that they share a kiss at the end of one episode . In the episode `` Mother 's Day '' , when Gibbs ' former mother - in - law ( Shannon 's mother ) becomes a suspect in a murder investigation in which the victim was linked to the cartel responsible for the deaths of Shannon and Kelly , Gibbs covertly hires Hart to defend her . He then deliberately makes procedural errors to prevent her arrest and prosecution , permitting Hart to get her out of NCIS ' custody . In the episode `` Patriot Down '' , Abby writes a report on the murder of Mexican drug dealer Pedro Hernandez , a crime committed by Gibbs in 1991 in retaliation for Hernandez ' murder of Gibbs ' wife and daughter . The report never makes it to Mexico as it is intercepted by Hart , indicating that she has switched her allegiances . Her last appearance is `` Rule Fifty - One '' , in which she confronts Gibbs over the report , and though she states that the report will end his career , she offers to defend him in court if it comes to that . Off - screen in `` The Spider and the Fly '' , Hart resigns from her job at NCIS and moves away , taking the report with her in order to protect Gibbs from Paloma Reynosa and Alejandro Rivera , Hernandez 's two children hell bent on revenge on Gibbs for their father 's murder . After Alejandro accidentally kills Paloma , mistaking her for Gibbs , and is arrested , Hart mails the report back to Vance , who then puts it far away in storage . Ari Haswari ( edit ) Ari Haswari ( portrayed by Rudolf Martin ) is a terrorist who attacks and wounds both Gibbs and Gerald Jackson when he infiltrates the NCIS morgue during the episode `` Bête Noire '' . NCIS initially identifies him as an undercover Mossad agent in the episode `` Reveille '' , but he is really a rogue agent working for Hamas and he is later found to be the leader of an Al - Qaeda cell in Washington , D.C. , the latter info a correct summation made by Gibbs in `` Twilight '' . Ari is an early arch - enemy of Agent Gibbs , as well as Eli David 's first - born child . Both of his parents were medical doctors ; Ari 's mother , Hasmia Haswari , was Palestinian and his father , Dr. Benjamin Weinstein ( actually Eli David using an alias ) , was Israeli . He underwent medical training in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , in order to serve undercover inside the Gaza Strip , where his mother was killed during a retaliatory bombardment by Israel . The event prompted Ari to join the radical Islamic cause . It is shown that he hates his Israeli father as Eli David arranged for the attack on Gaza on a day when Ari was in the city . He preferred to be referred to as Haswari in school instead of Ari . Ari 's motivation for his actions is his hatred of his father , who groomed him from birth to be a spy within Al - Qaeda , and was very likely the reason why Gibbs later suspects him in `` Twilight '' to be the head of an Al - Qaeda cell in Washington , D.C. After murdering Special Agent Kate Todd in the episode `` Twilight '' , and mounting several further attacks on NCIS members ( including Gibbs ) in the two part episodes `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' and `` Kill Ari ( Part 2 ) '' , his reign of terror finally comes to an end when Ari is killed by his half - sister , Mossad officer Ziva David , who is later offered and accepts a position at NCIS as Mossad liaison officer . It is revealed in the episode `` Aliyah '' by Director Vance that Ziva had been under orders to kill Ari , as he was out of control and planning a massive terrorist attack , and to gain Gibbs ' trust in the process , which ended whatever secret Gibbs and Ziva could keep from the rest of NCIS . Ziva initially does not believe that Ari was an enemy agent and becomes his control officer in hopes of protecting him , until he nearly kills Gibbs , when she hears the truth from his own lips . Ziva does not fully come to terms with killing her brother , and experiences moments of guilt and hurt , even with her departure from Mossad ( after the beginning of season 7 ) and her new American citizenship coming through ( in that season 's finale episode `` Rule Fifty - One '' ) . Haswari is mentioned various times even after the character 's death and Ziva 's departure from NCIS . In the season 12 premiere he is mentioned by his half - brother terrorist Sergei Mishnev , the main antagonist of the season ( Alex Veadov ) , who attempts to kill Gibbs in revenge . Kasie Hines ( edit ) Kasie Hines ( Diona Reasonover ) is a graduate student at the medical school in New York where Ducky is guest teaching in season 15 . Ducky hires her as his assistant to help keep him on schedule on a book he is writing about past cases . However , when a past cold case resurfaces in `` One Man 's Trash '' , Ducky returns to NCIS to assist in the investigation , bringing a reluctant Kasie along with him to help and meet his co-workers . While Kasie is friendly towards most of Gibbs ' team to the point of giving hugs , she is noticeably cold towards Abby Sciuto , making no attempts to connect with her despite staying in her guest room . This frustrates Abby , who believes that Kasie does n't like her despite her attempts to be friendly , and later learns from Ducky that Kasie has a degree in forensic science . After witnessing Kasie encourage Ducky to use the case to inspire his creativity for the book , Abby confronts Kasie , who admits that she is a fan of Abby 's work and freaked out internally when she met her , and the two develop a close friendship . Following Abby 's resignation from NCIS , Gibbs hires Kasie in `` Fallout '' to fill in for her temporarily until he finds a permanent replacement , which she agrees to do with Abby 's blessing . However , this slightly unsettles the rest of the members of Gibbs ' team , who are still trying to cope with Abby 's departure . Gerald Jackson ( edit ) Gerald Jackson ( Pancho Demmings ) first appears in the episode `` Yankee White '' . Gerald Jackson is Dr. Mallard 's original assistant until being incapacitated by Ari Haswari after being held hostage in the morgue While recuperating from the gunshot wound to his shoulder , his position is filled by Jimmy Palmer . Approximately a year and a half later , a week before he was scheduled to return to work , Gerald is again captured by Ari Haswari in an effort to secure Dr. Mallard 's attention . After Ari released him , Gerald was not seen again `` Kill Ari ( Part 2 ) '' and was replaced by Jimmy Palmer . Nikki Jardine ( edit ) NCIS Intelligence Analyst Nikki Jardine ( Susan Kelechi Watson ) first appears in the episode `` Leap of Faith '' . She assists Gibbs ' team in keeping watch on communications , and speaks fluent Arabic and Kurdish . When she is first introduced , Tony and the rest of the team are turned off by her germaphobic behaviour : reluctance to shake hands , wiping down phones with wet wipes before using them . In the episode `` In the Zone '' , despite being a germaphobe , revolted at the idea of field work , Jardine asks to go to Baghdad with Tony . She ostensibly goes there on a case , but she also has her own reasons . Her brother had been injured while serving there , and a local villager , mistaken by Marines as an insurgent , was killed while attempting to help him , prompting Jardine to help the villager 's children . Her last appearance is `` In the Zone '' . Clayton Jarvis ( edit ) Clayton Jarvis ( Matt Craven ) is the Secretary of the Navy appointed after the events of the season eight finale , `` Pyramid '' , which led to the resignation of Secretary Davenport . Jarvis is an old friend of Director Leon Vance and it seems that he comes highly recommended in D.C. Jarvis is introduced in the final scene in a meeting between himself , Director Vance and Anthony DiNozzo . In the meeting , Jarvis appoints DiNozzo to NCIS ' black operations program and orders him to investigate an NCIS agent suspected of leaking information . When Jarvis hands DiNozzo the file with the agent 's name , he recognizes the name but it remains unknown to viewers . In season nine 's `` Nature of the Beast '' , it is revealed that the mole is none other than Simon Cade , a member of E.J. Barrett 's team . However , it is also revealed that Cade was framed earlier , and that Jarvis was supplied with misinformation by Sean Latham . Nevertheless , Jarvis proves to be an asset to the team such as when E.J. Barrett reappears . Jarvis lies to Sean Latham , knowing that he will leak the information to E.J. 's tracker , so that they can lead him into a trap . He later also helps a joint NCIS / PsychOps operation to apprehend the person who is blackmailing him with a copy of a top secret file . The blackmailer is believed to be Jarvis 's childhood friend , Philip Wickes , whose company is about to lose its contracts with the Navy . The operation involves a faked assassination attempt on Jarvis to destabilize Wickes . Jarvis later dies in the Season 11 premiere episode , `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' where he is the victim of a bombing ; his death leaves Vance devastated . Following Jarvis 's death , he is replaced by Sarah Porter ( Leslie Hope ) . Zoe Keates ( edit ) Special Agent Zoe Keates ( Marisol Nichols ) is employed by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . Prior to 2001 , Zoe worked for the Philadelphia Police Department alongside Anthony DiNozzo , where they were both rookie patrol officers at the same time . They were partners until DiNozzo transferred to Baltimore . In season twelve , Zoe and Tony meet during an investigation into a jihadist group . Sometime later , they begin a relationship , and DiNozzo introduces her to his father . In `` Sister City '' , DiNozzo informs McGee and Bishop that he and Zoe have split up . Trent Kort ( edit ) Trent Kort ( David Dayan Fisher ) first appears in the episode `` Smoked '' . He works for the CIA ; while he usually manages to avoid getting caught for illegalities , he nevertheless almost always has his own agenda . He has a tendency to lie to peoples ' faces , even Gibbs ' . ( In the episode `` Dead Reckoning '' , he tells Gibbs that trust is elusive at best ; Gibbs responds that , between them , it is not elusive but impossible . ) He manages to keep a neutral relationship with everyone on Gibbs ' team except DiNozzo , as he blows up Tony 's car in the episode `` Bury Your Dead '' and keeps La Grenouille informed about Tony 's relationship with his daughter , even though it is an undercover mission . However , Kort is shown to have some strong ties within the CIA , as he is able to get files for Gibbs on Ducky and Director Vance . It is also speculated that Kort killed La Grenouille , though it is implied Jenny Shepard may have also been responsible , as her Glock 19 magazine is found to have left the same imprints on a 9mm bullet as the one that killed `` The Frog '' . Following the La Grenouille incident , Kort is assigned to a desk . After engineering a double murder , Kort approaches Gibbs for help in tracking down one of NCIS ' most - wanted criminals , and seizes $300 million in illegal assets for the CIA 's use -- attempting to get his old field - agent job back . Gibbs believes that Kort may be more dangerous behind a desk than when he is in the field . Kort returns in season eight , tracking down Lt. Jonas Cobb -- also known as the Port - to - Port Killer -- at the behest of the CIA . Aware of Cobb 's identity from the beginning of the investigation , Kort tries to save one of Cobb 's victims ; but the effort costs him his left eye , which he sends to the NCIS team . Kort is later revealed to have been the training officer for Operation Frankenstein , the `` super soldier '' program in which Cobb participated . Cobb wants revenge on all those who made him a killer and that includes Kort , whom he kidnaps along with Jimmy Palmer and E.J. Barrett in the season finale . However , his real goal is to have revenge on the man who authorized the operation : SecNav Phillip Davenport . As he is waiting for Davenport to arrive , Cobb tortures Kort , Palmer , and E.J. with a water hose as a reminder of what he was put through during his training . Cobb is killed before he can kill any of the hostages . CIA agent Ray Cruz later receives a text message saying that Kort is in Tel Aviv and that he has to go there straight away . Kort also makes an appearance in NCIS : Los Angeles , revealing that he has worked with Agent G. Callen in the past . Kort returns in Season 13 `` Dead Letter '' , with a glass eye replacing his lost one . He is found assaulting a MI6 agent , Clayton Reeves . Later in the season , it is revealed that Kort is the man responsible for framing British agent Jacob Scott , with Kort being revealed as the person who sold nuclear secrets to the Russians , therefore being shown as the main antagonist of that season , and later also being responsible for the apparent death of Ziva David , after hiring a contract killer to burn down Eli David 's farmhouse in Israel in a martyr attack . Eventually , he attempts to shoot Reeves again , only to be shot dead himself , when the NCIS team and FBI agent Tess Monroe arrive on the scene and confront him over his actions . Brent Langer ( edit ) Special Agent Brent Langer ( Jonathan LaPaglia ) first appears in the episode `` Tribes '' . He is killed in the episode `` Last Man Standing '' by Agent Michelle Lee , and initially suspected of being a mole. Lee is , in fact , the mole , as Langer learns , and she kills him to preserve her cover . He was mentored by Gibbs at NCIS before joining the FBI and is transferred back to NCIS at Gibbs ' recommendation . He works with Gibbs ' team in the episode `` Tribes '' , where he assists the team in tracking down a terrorist recruiter . Gibbs places his voided FBI agent ID card on a wall commemorating fallen personnel in the episode , `` Collateral Damage '' , just as Gibbs is turning his suspicion back to Agent Lee . Michelle Lee ( edit ) Special Agent Michelle Lee ( Liza Lapira ) first appears in the episode `` Shalom '' . She is brought in between season three and four to bring the team back up to full strength following the departure of Gibbs . Following Gibbs ' return early on in the season she is transferred to the legal department and is frequently seen delivering warrants to the team , also having a covertly intimate affair with the medical examiner 's assistant , Jimmy Palmer . She returns to the series in season six as part of Gibbs ' new team , but is reassigned after the first episode . It is revealed that she is a mole in NCIS who has accessed for a foreign power at least the Joint Chiefs ' strategic battle plans for a potential Middle Eastern operation , if Israel 's enemies were to once again make war upon her . Although Gibbs figures out gradually that she is a spy , and affirms his conclusions by inserting a picture of an agent she shot , as if he were the spy , on a barwall `` Slain Heroes '' wall ( `` Collateral Damage '' ) , she is caught in the next episode `` Cloak '' . However , when caught she claims that she was forced to trade government secrets because her daughter Amanda has been kidnapped . But Amanda , it turns out , is actually her sister . The deaths of their parents prompted Lee to raise Amanda as her child . In the episode `` Dagger '' , after she learns that Amanda is safe , she gives Gibbs silent permission to kill the Weatherman , the person responsible for the crimes . The Weatherman uses her as a human shield until Gibbs fires into Lee 's abdomen , the bullets passing through her body and killing both of them . In the course of her espionage , Lee kills Special Agent Brent Langer and Petty Officer Steve Vargo , whom she was blackmailing for the aforementioned classified information . Director Vance hints that she may have been headed for a death sentence had she survived in `` Dagger '' . When asked by Vance if Lee should be called a hero or a villain , Gibbs responds simply , `` Both '' . Gayne Levin ( edit ) Special Agent Gayne Levin ( Alimi Ballard ) was an NCIS special agent on the team of E.J. Barrett who appears in three episodes in season eight . In the episode `` Swan Song '' , he is shot and killed in a shootout with Jonas Cobb . Jake Malloy ( edit ) Jamie Bamber appears as Jake Malloy Jake Malloy ( Jamie Bamber ) is NCIS Agent Ellie Bishop 's ex-husband and an attorney for the National Security Agency . He becomes friends with Ellie 's boss , SSA Leroy Jethro Gibbs . After her transfer from the NSA to NCIS , Jake and Ellie 's marriage begins to show signs of stress , which he disingenuously attributes to the fact that they can no longer talk about their day with each other like they used to . However , it is revealed , in the season 13 episode 9 `` Day In Court '' , that Jake has been dishonest , having an affair with fellow NSA employee Taylor Matthews . Following this revelation , Bishop returns home to Oklahoma for some time to herself . Then in the `` Spinning Wheel '' Jake comes to Bishop and makes attempts to apologize for the infidelity , but she recognizes that an affair is only a symptom of a wider pattern , and tells him that their marriage is over . Hollis Mann ( edit ) Susanna Thompson starred as Hollis Mann . Lieutenant Colonel Hollis Mann ( Susanna Thompson ) is a unit commander in the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command , NCIS 's counterpart in the Army . She first appears in the episode `` Sandblast '' . Mann is assigned by her superiors to work on a co-operative investigation with NCIS involving a bombing at the Army - Navy Golf Club . She and Gibbs have a serious relationship , even earning the nickname `` future ex-wife number four '' from DiNozzo . Their attraction becomes overt in the episode `` Sharif Returns '' , as they discuss their possible relationship but refuse to act on it until Sharif is caught . At the end of the episode , they kiss . Although she and Gibbs clearly have serious feelings for each other , she is often frustrated by his reluctance to express his emotions . In the episode `` In the Dark '' , she returns from choosing her successor and is upset to find that Gibbs has worked through the night to fix her home 's plumbing , seeing it as a sign that he does not want to stick around . She confronts him , saying , `` I 'm aware there are three billion men in the world , and not all of them have to want me , but you should want me , and the fact that you do n't makes me wonder why I ever wanted you . '' He calmly informs her that he worked on the plumbing through the night because he wanted to surprise her , but that `` it 's gon na be a bigger job than I thought ... it 's gon na take a while '' . She realizes that this is his oblique way of committing to their relationship for the long haul and kisses him fiercely . In the episode `` Ex-File '' the relationship with Gibbs ends when she discovers the truth about Shannon and Kelly from Ducky and realizes that Gibbs is still silently mourning their deaths . She is offered a position at NCIS by Director Jenny Shepard , but instead chooses retirement from the Army , in the episode `` In the Dark '' . In the episode `` Lost and Found '' , the Stars and Stripes military newspaper Shepard is reading reveals that Mann has relocated to the Hawaiian island of Lanai . Mann reappears in the eleventh - season episode `` Kill Chain '' , as a special agent for the Defense Criminal Investigative Service , which is the criminal investigative arm of the Department of Defense 's Office of the Inspector General , and she later returns in the NCIS Season 12 episode , `` We Build , We Fight '' . John McGee ( edit ) Admiral John McGee ( Jamey Sheridan ) is the father of Timothy McGee . He appears in `` Squall '' , where it is revealed that he has cancer . In `` House Rules '' , ADM McGee passes away . Sarah McGee ( edit ) Sarah McGee ( portrayed by Sean Murray 's real - life stepsister Troian Bellisario ) is the younger sister of Timothy McGee . She makes two quick cameos in Seasons 2 and 3 before making a full appearance in `` Twisted Sister '' . Tess Monroe ( edit ) Tess Monroe ( Sarah Clarke ) is an FBI Senior Special Agent . After working with Tobias Fornell , Monroe joins NCIS in the hunt for British spy Jacob Scott during season thirteen . She later shoots and kills Trent Kort . Executive Producer Gary Glasberg described Monroe as `` full of fire and cynicism and sarcasm and wit and energy and is extremely experienced '' . Tess has been divorced multiple times , but has no children . She `` thinks of her team as her family . She 's no - nonsense on the outside , but has a big heart underneath with a belief in honor , justice and doing what 's right . She 'll fight to protect the values she holds dear , and her team , with determination and a bit of sarcasm '' . Thomas Morrow ( edit ) Thomas Morrow ( Alan Dale ) is the Director of NCIS until the beginning of season three . He first appears in the NCIS two - part pilot episodes , `` Ice Queen '' and `` Meltdown '' , before making his official debut in the season one episode , `` Yankee White '' , with his final appearance as NCIS Director in the season three opener `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' , when he leaves to accept an appointment as a Senior Division Chief in the Department of Homeland Security . He appears in several episodes during seasons one and two , but unlike his replacements , Directors Shepard and Vance , Morrow himself is not part of the main cast , and is credited as either a recurring character or a guest star . He has less direct involvement with the team 's cases than either of his successors ( exceptions being matters of terrorism and national security ) , and seems to spend much of his time in MTAC monitoring NCIS ' global presence . While he seems to like Gibbs , he is less tolerant of Gibbs ' personal style and methods than Jenny or Vance ; he has a deeply serious , almost stern demeanor , and Gibbs only ever refers to him as `` sir '' . This is probably due to Gibbs being a former Gunnery Sergeant / Scout - Sniper in the U.S. Marine Corps . and Morrow being a former Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy . He reappears in his Homeland Security position in the Season 10 episodes , `` Chasing Ghosts '' and `` Berlin '' . He also appears in the Season 11 premiere episode , `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' where he is left badly injured in an explosion that kills current SECNAV , Clayton Jarvis . Morrow later informs Vance that a terrorist group , the Brotherhood of Doubt , are responsible for the bombing and are targeting former NCIS Special Agent Ziva David . In the season 13 episode , `` Return to Sender '' , Morrow is found dead , having been shot in the head by a sniper the team presume is former British spy Jacob Scott , although it is later revealed that the actual killer is former CIA agent Trent Kort . Chris Pacci ( edit ) Special Agent Christopher `` Chris '' Pacci ( Tim Kelleher ) is an NCIS special agent who worked at NCIS Headquarters with Special Agent Gibbs for at least three years . He was murdered in `` Dead Man Talking '' . Richard Parsons ( edit ) Colin Hanks played Richard Parsons . Richard Parsons ( Colin Hanks ) is an investigator who works for the Department of Defense Inspector General . He also bears some resemblance to Timothy McGee , causing Anthony DiNozzo and Abby Sciuto to refer to him as McGee 's `` evil doppelgänger '' . He first appears in `` Double Blind '' , the penultimate episode of season 10 , in which he is investigating the aftermath of the NCIS team 's handling of the Ilan Bodnar case . Initially believed to be pursuing Ziva David , and then Director Vance , the team soon learn his target is Leroy Jethro Gibbs . Parsons goes to great lengths to take Gibbs to court for all of his `` wrongdoings '' , but after a bombing that results in the death of SECNAV Clayton Jarvis in the season 11 premiere episode `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' , Parsons ' perspective on Gibbs ' team changes after Gibbs defends him during an ambush in Iran . Parsons repays the debt by saving Gibbs ' life during a gunfight . Later , back in Washington , D.C. , Parsons drops his investigation into NCIS and also grants McGee , David , and DiNozzo permission to get their badges back and become agents again . Sarah Porter ( edit ) Sarah Porter ( Leslie Hope ) is the incumbent United States Secretary of the Navy . Recruited without any military background , she is the first female to hold the position . She attended Harvard and attained a business degree , before becoming a career politician . She is divorced and has one daughter , Megan , who is revealed to be a teenager . Gibbs is later tasked with locating her daughter after she is kidnapped in `` React '' , an event which leads Porter to question her future as the Secretary of the Navy , although she remains at her post as of season 14 . Secretary Porter has also appeared in an episode of season 2 of NCIS : New Orleans , and has frequently been mentioned on NCIS : Los Angeles , although she 's yet to make a physical appearance . Paloma Reynosa ( edit ) Paloma Reynosa ( Jacqueline Obradors ) is the head of the Reynosa drug cartel , the most powerful cartel in Mexico , the daughter of drug dealer Pedro Hernandez and the elder sister of Mexican Justice Department official Alejandro Rivera . Paloma took over control of the cartel when her husband died . During her years in charge , the cartel grew to be powerful enough to infiltrate the US Navy . As a way to try to end the drug war in Mexico , the Mexican government launches a task force project with American law enforcement agencies to strike against the cartels . Paloma is contacted by Colonel Merton Bell , who is seeking revenge against the man who had sent him into a Mexican prison : Agent Gibbs . Bell has uncovered evidence that Gibbs killed Paloma 's father with a sniper rifle in 1991 . They form a partnership and elaborate a scheme to have revenge on Gibbs . Paloma 's brother , Alejandro , uses his position in the task force to get the forensic evidence linking Gibbs to the murder using Abby Sciuto 's skills . When the evidence is uncovered , Bell sends Lieutenant Jason Paul Dean to kill Special Agent Lara Macy , who knew about Hernandez ' murder but covered up the evidence while still an MP officer , believing it to be a just killing . Later , Bell tries to kill Mike Franks but Paloma needs him alive as leverage so she orders Dean to kill Bell and bring back Franks ' severed finger . He also returns with Gibbs taken prisoner . Paloma tells him of her true intention : she does n't want his death , she wants his life . She wants Gibbs to work for her or she will kill his friends and family , starting with his coworkers and finishing with his father . Four months later , Paloma is lured to a safe house where she believes Gibbs , Jackson , and Mike Franks have taken refuge . Alejandro arrives separately , having been tricked into believing Paloma is dead through a note purposely left behind by Director Vance and Agent DiNozzo as bait for a trap . He then opens fire on the safe house with a submachine gun , believing Gibbs and his father to be in it . After being arrested , Alejandro soon learns that Paloma was actually in the safe house all along , resulting in Alejandro unintentionally killing his sister . Paloma then recites the poem of the spider and the fly as her last words before dying . Paloma has a fascination for the work of Tennessee Williams , citing him on three occasions : twice in `` Rule Fifty - One '' ( `` We are all sentenced to solitary confinement within our own skins for life '' and `` Cruel men consider themselves paragons of frankness '' ) and in `` Spider and the Fly '' ( `` Do n't look forward to the day you stop suffering for when it comes you 'll know you 're dead . '' ) . Alejandro Rivera ( edit ) Alejandro Rivera ( Marco Sanchez ) is a high - ranking official of the Mexican Justice Department and , secretly , the son of drug dealer Pedro Hernandez and the brother of Paloma Reynosa who is the head of the Reynosa drug cartel . Rivera is assigned by his government to be a liaison with American law enforcement agencies on a special anti-drug project of forming a Mexican - American task force to strike against the drug cartels , notably against Reynosa . Secretly , Rivera 's objective is to have revenge for his father 's death by using Abby Sciuto 's forensic skills to investigate the cold case while training a class of task force forensic specialists in Mexico . It is later revealed that Gibbs killed Hernandez and Rivera was counting on Abby 's report to bring Gibbs down but it never reaches Mexico having been intercepted by Margaret Allison Hart , who is working on the task force project . However , Alejandro makes one huge mistake when he arrives at NCIS and later threatens Abby , prompting the entire team , including Leon Vance , to have him removed . He is duped into thinking that his sister , Paloma , had been killed , and goes to the safe house she was at , thinking that he can kill Gibbs and his father . However , he ends up killing Paloma and is then arrested for her death . He reappears in season 11 's finale `` Honor Thy Father '' when it is revealed that he used his cartel to fund operations for the Brotherhood of Doubt after Parsa 's death , as a result of the two sharing a common enemy -- Agent Gibbs . Michael Rivkin ( edit ) Michael Rivkin ( Merik Tadros ) first appears in the episode `` Last Man Standing '' as a Mossad officer . He is working with Ziva David when she is on an undercover mission for the Mossad in Morocco ( Ziva having been dismissed from NCIS in the previous episode ) . Later on in the episode , he is seen in the office of the head of Mossad , Eli David , Ziva 's father , as Ziva talks on the phone to Gibbs . Tony becomes suspicious of the man that Ziva appears to be dating , and keeps trying to find out who he is . For example , in the episode `` Legend ( Part 1 ) '' , Tony asks Abby to check the records on Rivkin . In the episode `` Legend ( Part 2 ) '' , Michael appears as an undercover Mossad agent who is investigating the same terrorists that NCIS is investigating , killing them off one by one before NCIS can apprehend them . He is asked to leave the U.S. by NCIS agent in charge in Los Angeles , Lara Macy and later by DiNozzo , both of them citing laws that prohibit foreign intelligence operatives from working in the United States . In the episode `` Semper Fidelis '' , what appears to be an open and shut case of an Immigrations , Customs and Enforcement agent killed by a terrorist is complicated by the presence of Rivkin , who is still in the US visiting Ziva . Tony traces communication with the terrorist 's computer to Ziva 's apartment , where he finds Rivkin . After attempting to arrest an intoxicated Rivkin for the murders of the ICE agent and the terrorist handler NCIS was tracking , a struggle ensues and Tony shoots Rivkin in self - defense . Ziva later enters her apartment and attempts to help Rivkin but he succumbs to his injuries and dies in hospital . Finally , in the episode `` Aliyah '' , the relationship between Rivkin and Ziva comes out and this leads Gibbs , Leon Vance , and Tony to Israel . There Eli David accuses Tony of killing Rivkin out of jealousy and Ziva , no longer able to trust Tony , stays in Israel . Samantha Ryan ( edit ) Jamie Lee Curtis appeared as Dr. Sam Ryan . Dr. Samantha Ryan ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) is a psychologist , criminal profiler and Director of PsyOps . She is introduced in the episode `` Psych Out '' when a patient , a Navy warfare psychologist , of her colleague is found dead and Gibbs and his team are called in to investigate . She begins a romantic relationship with Gibbs and frequents his house , even causing him to be uncharacteristically late for work once . Like Gibbs , she has a young child , a son , and is either divorced or separated from her partner / husband . While Gibbs and Ryan try to keep their relationship strictly professional when at the office , Gibbs ' agents and Ryan 's co-workers frequently speculate on their relationship , as seen in `` The Tell '' . Her last appearance is in `` Till Death Do Us Part '' when she is threatened by terrorist Harper Dearing , who is seeking revenge on everything and anyone connected with the Navy for the death of his son . Leyla Shakarji ( edit ) Leyla Shakarji ( Tehmina Sunny ) is the daughter - in - law of Mike Franks . She was disowned by her family and then smuggled out of Iraq after becoming pregnant with the child of Franks 's biological son , Lance Corporal Liam O'Neill , USMC . O'Neill was murdered and Gibbs finds out about Leyla from Franks as he was the lead agent assigned to the case . She and her daughter , Amira , lived with Mike in Mexico until his death in 2011 . Gibbs , as Amira 's godfather , asks Leyla to move to Washington DC to be nearer to him as he is their closest thing to family . Leyla 's mother , Shada Shakarji ( Diane Venora ) , is the tough - as - nails matriarch of one of the most prominent tribes in Iraq , due to the fact that most of her male relatives are now deceased . Charles `` Chip '' Sterling ( edit ) Chip Sterling ( Michael Bellisario ) first appears in the episode `` The Voyeur 's Web '' , as a new lab assistant working alongside Abby Sciuto , whom new NCIS Director Jenny Shepard has hired for her much to the displeasure of Abby , who continues to insist she prefers to work alone . As with most newbies , Chip ends up being the butt of Tony 's jokes and is told off by Gibbs for lack of concentration on several occasions . Chip , having sinister motives , after being fired from his last job , attempts to frame Tony for murder ( in which he almost succeeds ) in the episode `` Frame Up '' . In a last - ditch effort , he also attempts to attack Abby with a knife after being discovered , but she quickly subdues and hog - ties him with duct tape before asking Gibbs if she can now work alone . Diane Sterling ( edit ) Diane Sterling ( formerly Gibbs , Fornell ) ( Melinda McGraw ) is the first ex-wife of Leroy Jethro Gibbs , the ex-wife of FBI Special Agent Tobias Fornell and DHS Special Agent Victor Sterling , and the mother of Emily Fornell . She makes her first full appearance in `` Devil 's Triangle '' in 2011 , but appears in a brief cameo ( portrayed by an uncredited actress , Heather Scobie ) in `` Angel of Death '' in 2007 . When she divorced Gibbs , Diane took his money , including his grandfather 's watch . Similarly , after her divorce from Fornell , she got his money as well , in addition to joint custody of their daughter . Before Emily was born , Diane worked for the IRS as a tax auditor ; in 2012 , she returns to the IRS and is made a special agent / criminal investigator with the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigations Division ( IRS - CID ) , much to the shock of her federal agent ex-husbands . In `` Check '' , Diane is murdered by Sergei Mishnev in a re-creation of Special Agent Caitlin Todd 's death at the hands of Ari Haswari in `` Twilight '' with Diane dying after being shot in the head by Sergei who uses a sniper rifle . In `` Cabin Fever '' , Diane is avenged when Fornell finally kills Sergei Mishnev . Cyril Taft ( edit ) Captain Cyril Taft , M.D. , USNR ( Jon Cryer ) is a doctor who appears in the NCIS Season 13 premiere episode , `` Stop the Bleeding '' where he performs surgery on Gibbs , who has been left badly injured after being shot by Luke Harris . Taft is a former surgeon at the Walter Reed Memorial Hospital . Taft 's son died at a young age . Taft later begins a friendship with Gibbs , and the two are shown to mutually support each other through their respective struggles . He also convinces Gibbs to seek counseling and eventually is able to make an introduction to his therapist , Grace Confalone . Joanna Teague ( edit ) Joanna Teague ( Mimi Rogers ) is a senior CIA officer . The mother of Ned Dorneget , Teague works with both DiNozzo and Gibbs in the aftermath of his death . Jackie Vance ( edit ) Jackie Vance ( Paula Newsome ) was the wife of NCIS Director Leon Vance . In the season 10 episode `` Shabbat Shalom '' , Jackie is shot and dies in surgery . Jackie 's estranged biological father , Lamar Addison , who was never married to her mother , walked out on Jackie and her mother and brother ( Michael Thomas ) when she was young . Vance and Jackie have two children : a daughter , Kayla , and a son , Jared . Jackie and Vance met while attending a University of Maryland basketball game where Len Bias was playing . Carol Wilson ( edit ) Carol Wilson ( Meredith Eaton ) is an immunologist who works for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . She first appears in the season 7 episode `` Faith '' when she visits her good friend Abby Sciuto at NCIS headquarters to ask for a favor . The character also makes a guest appearance in the spin - off NCIS : New Orleans , in the episode `` Carrier '' , when she is consulted after the New Orleans agents find a Navy officer dead from a strain of bubonic plague . Cassie Yates ( edit ) Cassie Yates ( Tamara Taylor ) , an NCIS special agent , first appears in the episode `` SWAK '' and again in the episode `` Jeopardy '' . In her first appearance , it is revealed that she was trained by the late Special Agent Chris Pacci . Crossover cast and characters ( edit ) JAG ( edit ) Vivian Blackadder ( edit ) Robyn Lively starred as Vivian Blackadder in JAG . Special Agent Vivian Blackadder ( Robyn Lively ) is a former FBI agent who joins NCIS after the attack on the USS Cole , in which her brother , Rex , was killed . Despite being a special agent , she seemed to be more focused on avenging her brother 's death by any means possible rather than attempting to work with the rest of the team . Her obsession with getting revenge often drew Gibbs ' ire -- Gibbs told her to stay focused on their case or he would send her back to the FBI . Later , in the JAG episode `` Meltdown '' , she blew an NCIS operation to capture a terrorist planning another attack . Although it is not shown , it is implied that she either returned to the FBI or was fired from NCIS for good because of her mistakes . She is the only major character who appeared in the pilot episodes from JAG , and not in the series NCIS . Vivian Blackadder appeared in the JAG episodes `` Ice Queen '' and `` Meltdown '' . Faith Coleman ( edit ) Lieutenant Commander Faith Coleman ( Alicia Coppola ) is a prosecutor for the Judge Advocate General 's office . Coleman first appeared in the JAG episode `` Ice Queen '' and went on to make several appearances on NCIS , assisting Gibbs and his team . She successfully defended Commander Harmon Rabb when he was accused of the murder of fellow JAG lawyer Lieutenant Loren Singer . Her last appearance to date was in the episode `` Hometown Hero '' , although she was mentioned in the episode `` Head Case '' . Faith Coleman recurred on NCIS , following several guest appearances on JAG . Other appearances ( edit ) Adam Baldwin as Commander Michael Rainer , a US Navy SEAL assigned to Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek . Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts , a JAG officer . He first appeared during season 1 ( concurrent with JAG season 9 ) , during which time he was still a lieutenant at JAG Headquarters . He later reappeared in season 14 and 15 as a captain ; the latter of which revealed that he was now the commanding officer of the Regional Legal Service Office Mid-Atlantic at Naval Station Norfolk . John M. Jackson as Rear Admiral A.J. Chegwidden ( Ret . ) , a former Judge Advocate General of the United States Navy who joined the private sector after retiring from the navy . He appeared in season 10 to represent SSA Leroy Jethro Gibbs during a Department of Defense Inspector General investigation . NCIS : Los Angeles ( edit ) Lara Macy ( edit ) Lara Macy ( Louise Lombard ) was a former USMC Lieutenant working as a military police officer , and almost two decades earlier had investigated then - USMC Gunnery Sergeant Leroy Jethro Gibbs ' role in the murder of Mexican drug lord Pedro Hernandez . Due to the past investigation , their relationship was volatile until the OSP 's operational psychologist Nate Getz revealed to Gibbs that Macy had been protecting him for eighteen years by covering up the evidence . Since Hernandez was responsible for the slaying of Gibbs ' wife and daughter , Macy felt that his actions against Hernandez were justified , a move that would end up costing Macy her own life years later . In the NCIS : Los Angeles episode `` Ambush '' , Hetty remarks to Director Vance that the last she 'd heard , as the result of a political `` witch - hunt '' , Macy was `` working out of a quonset hut in Djibouti '' . This was contradicted on a subsequent episode of NCIS , where Macy 's personnel file states that she never worked in Djibouti but was instead reassigned to Marseille , to head up an NCIS undercover team there . It is likely that the Los Angeles branch had been fed misinformation due to the covert nature of Macy 's new assignment . While in Marseille , Macy began working on a rape case involving a Petty Officer Second Class before later returning to the United States . In `` Patriot Down '' , badly burnt remains were discovered in Annapolis with NCIS Special Agent Timothy McGee confirming that the remains were those of Macy , leaving the NCIS team and agency itself devastated . It was later revealed that Macy had been brutally murdered and her body set alight with her killer being revealed as Jason Paul Dean , a mercenary and former U.S. Army Ranger , as part of a plot to get to Gibbs in relation to the Hernandez case . Lara Macy appeared in the NCIS episodes `` Legend ( Part I ) '' and `` Legend ( Part II ) '' . Other appearances ( edit ) Chris O'Donnell as G. Callen LL Cool J as Sam Hanna Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye Barrett Foa as Eric Beale Peter Cambor as Nate Getz Brian Avers as Mike Renko Kelly Hu as Lee Wuan Kai NCIS : New Orleans ( edit ) Scott Bakula as Dwayne Pride Lucas Black as Chris LaSalle Zoe McLellan as Meredith Brody CCH Pounder as Loretta Wade Shalita Grant as Sonja Percy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( # 913 ) `` A Desperate Man '' `` . Listings A-Z -- ncis on cbs . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 911 ) `` Newborn King '' `` . Listings A-Z -- ncis on cbs . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 908 ) `` Engaged ( Part I ) '' `` . Listings A-Z -- ncis on cbs . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kill Ari '' . NCIS . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2005 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Kill Ari ( Part I ) '' Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( July 17 , 2005 ) . `` ' NCIS ' moves on '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` Behind a Quiet Little Hit , a Reliable Hit Maker '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DarkUFO ( August 9 , 2008 ) . `` Spoiler TV : NCIS -- Latest from TV Guide '' . Spoilertv.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Truth or Consequences '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2009 . 24 : 14 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Andrea Park ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pauley Perrette announces she 's leaving `` NCIS '' after 15 seasons `` . CBS . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` So It Goes '' . NCIS . Season 12 . Episode 3 . October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iceman '' Jump up ^ Season 6 , Episode 18 ( `` South by Southwest '' ) , transcript at http://www.livedash.com/transcript/ncis-%28south_by_southwest%29/510/KPIX/Tuesday_December_1_2009/130322/ Jump up ^ `` Bikini Wax '' . NCIS . Season 2 . Episode 18 . March 29 , 2005 . 08 : 14 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Searchers '' . NCIS . Season 12 . Episode 7 . November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broken Bird '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 13 . January 13 , 2009 . 24 : 56 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Double Identity '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 17 . March 9 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Spinning Wheel '' . NCIS . Season 13 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2015 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Enigma '' . NCIS . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 24 , 2004 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Witch Hunt '' . NCIS . Season 4 . Episode 6 . October 31 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Ravenous '' . NCIS . Season 3 . Episode 17 . March 7 , 2006 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Genzlinger , Neil ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Watch : How to Resolve a Cliffhanger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twofer '' . NCIS . Season 15 . Episode 2 . October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exit Strategy '' . NCIS . Season 15 . Episode 3 . October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Meat Puzzle '' . NCIS . Season 2 . Episode 13 . February 8 , 2005 . 21 : 37 minutes in . Jump up ^ Mason , Dave , `` De Pablo adds spice to ' NCIS ' Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , The San Diego Union - Tribune , January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved on October 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` ' NCIS ' delivers without hype '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hereafter '' . NCIS . Season 10 . Episode 15 . February 19 , 2013 . CBS . Per the Vances ' marriage license . ^ Jump up to : `` Knockout '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 18 . March 17 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS ' exclusive : Behind - the - scenes of Vance 's origin episode '' . Inside TV ( column ) . Entertainment Tonight . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enemies Domestic '' . NCIS . Season 8 . Episode 9 . November 23 , 2010 . 3 : 01 -- 3 : 34 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' NCIS ' scoop : Vance paper - shredding mystery solved next week ! '' . Popwatch ( blog ) . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Bird '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 13 . January 13 , 2009 . 11 : 11 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` NCIS : Your First Impression of Ellie Bishop ? '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gut Check '' . NCIS . Season 11 . Episode 9 . November 19 , 2013 . 26 : 58 , 36 : 49 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Crescent City ( Part II ) '' . NCIS . Season 11 . Episode 19 . April 1 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Esposito Is Your Newest NCIS Agent in Season 14 '' . eonline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ tvline.com/2017/06/09/ncis-season-15-jennifer-esposito-leaving-alex-quinn/ Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Cote de Pablo '' . TV Line . January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Housewives ' Legal Drama , Good Wife Flashbacks , and Diaries ' BFFs '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' : Season 10 opens with ' Extreme Prejudice ' -- what to watch for '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' NCIS ' season finale : Too many lives in the balance ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Better Angels '' . NCIS . Season 11 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fifty - One '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 25 , 2010 . 42 : 50 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fifty - One '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 25 , 2010 . 7 : 27 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Bête Noire '' . NCIS . Season 1 . Episode 16 . Jump up ^ `` Kill Ari : Part 2 '' . NCIS . Season 3 . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ `` Collateral Damage '' . NCIS . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 11 , 2008 . 41 : 40 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Meet the NCIS Newbies : Tess Monroe and Clayton Reeves '' . eonline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS Just Added a New Agent '' . eonline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ambush '' . NCIS : Los Angeles . Season 1 . Episode 8 . November 17 , 2009 . 08 : 05 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Down '' . NCIS . Season 7 . Episode 23 . May 18 , 2010 . 06 : 15 minutes in . <Th_colspan="2"> hide NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCIS_characters&oldid=854448843 '' Categories : NCIS ( TV series ) characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of American crime television series characters Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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1. NCIS characters 2. Leroy Jethro Gibbs 3. Caitlin Todd 4. Anthony DiNozzo 5. Abby Sciuto

what is the color of horseshoe crab blood

Horseshoe crab - wikipedia Horseshoe crab <Th_colspan="2"> Limulidae Temporal range : Late Ordovician - present PreЄ Є Pg <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Limulus polyphemus <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Merostomata Order : Xiphosura Suborder : Xiphosurida Family : Limulidae Leach , 1819 <Th_colspan="2"> Genera <Td_colspan="2"> Carcinoscorpius Limulus † Mesolimulus Tachypleus Horseshoe crabs are marine arthropods of the family Limulidae , suborder Xiphosurida , and order Xiphosura . Horseshoe crabs live primarily in and around shallow ocean waters on soft sandy or muddy bottoms . They occasionally come onto shore to mate . They are commonly used as bait and in fertilizer . In recent years , population declines have occurred as a consequence of coastal habitat destruction in Japan and overharvesting along the east coast of North America . Tetrodotoxin may be present in the roe of species inhabiting the waters of Thailand . Because of their origin 450 million years ago , horseshoe crabs are considered living fossils . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Anatomy and behavior 3 Breeding 4 Threats 4.1 Harvest for blood 4.2 Fishery 4.3 Shoreline development 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Classification ( edit ) Horseshoe crabs superficially resemble crustaceans but belong to a separate subphylum of the arthropods , Chelicerata , and are closely related to arachnids . Horeshoe crabs are closely related to the extinct eurypterids ( sea scorpions ) , which include some of the largest arthropods to have ever existed , and the two may be sister groups . ( Other studies have placed eurypterids closer to the arachnids in a group called Metastomata . ) The earliest horseshoe crab fossils are found in strata from the late Ordovician period , roughly 450 million years ago . The Limulidae are the only recent family of the order Xiphosura , and contains all four living species of horseshoe crabs : Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda , the mangrove horseshoe crab , found in Southeast Asia Limulus polyphemus , the Atlantic horseshoe crab , found along the American Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico Tachypleus gigas , found in Southeast and East Asia Tachypleus tridentatus , found in Southeast and East Asia Anatomy and behavior ( edit ) Underside of a horseshoe crab showing the legs and book gills The entire body of the horseshoe crab is protected by a hard carapace . It has two compound lateral eyes , each composed of about 1,000 ommatidia , plus a pair of median eyes that are able to detect both visible light and ultraviolet light , a single endoparietal eye , and a pair of rudimentary lateral eyes on the top . The latter become functional just before the embryo hatches . Also , a pair of ventral eyes is located near the mouth , as well as a cluster of photoreceptors on the telson . The horseshoe crab has five additional eyes on top of its shell . Despite having relatively poor eyesight , the animals have the largest rods and cones of any known animal , about 100 times the size of humans ' , and their eyes are a million times more sensitive to light at night than during the day . The mouth is located in the center of the legs , whose bases are referred to as gnathobases and have the same function as jaws and help grind up food . The horseshoe crab has five pairs of legs for walking , swimming , and moving food into the mouth , each with a claw at the tip , except for the last pair . External video <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Rendezvous with a Horseshoe Crab , August 2011 , 4 : 34 , NewsWorks <Td_colspan="2"> The Horseshoe Crab Spawn , June 2010 , 5 : 08 , HostOurCoast.com <Td_colspan="2"> Horseshoe Crabs Mate in Massive Beach `` Orgy '' , June 2014 , 3 : 29 , National Geographic Behind its legs , the horseshoe crab has book gills , which exchange respiratory gases , and are also occasionally used for swimming . As in other arthropods , a true endoskeleton is absent , but the body does have an endoskeletal structure made up of cartilaginous plates that support the book gills . They are more often found on the ocean floor searching for worms and molluscs , which are their main food . They may also feed on crustaceans and even small fish . Females are larger than males ; C. rotundicauda is the size of a human hand , while L. polyphemus can be up to 60 cm ( 24 in ) long ( including tail ) . The juveniles grow about 33 % larger with every molt until reaching adult size . Horseshoe crabs normally swim upside down , inclined at about 30 ° to the horizontal and moving at about 10 - 15 cm / s . Horseshoe crabs have two primary compound eyes and seven secondary simple eyes . Two of the secondary eyes are on the underside . Painting by Heinrich Harder , c. 1916 Breeding ( edit ) Horseshoe crabs mating Horseshoe crab eggs During the breeding season , horseshoe crabs migrate to shallow coastal waters . A male selects a female and clings to her back . Often , several males surround the female and all fertilize together , which makes it easy to spot and count females as they are the large center carapace surrounded by 3 - 5 smaller ones . The female digs a hole in the sand and lays her eggs while the male ( s ) fertilize them . The female can lay between 60,000 and 120,000 eggs in batches of a few thousand at a time . The eggs take about two weeks to hatch ; shore birds eat many of them before they hatch . The larvae molt six times during the first year . Raising horseshoe crabs in captivity has proven to be difficult . Some evidence indicates that mating takes place only in the presence of the sand or mud in which the horseshoe crab 's eggs were hatched . It is not known with certainty what is in the sand that the crab can sense , nor how they sense it . Threats ( edit ) Harvest for blood ( edit ) Horseshoe crabs use hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood . Because of the copper present in hemocyanin , their blood is blue . Their blood contains amebocytes , which play a similar role to the white blood cells of vertebrates in defending the organism against pathogens . Amebocytes from the blood of L. polyphemus are used to make Limulus amebocyte lysate , which is used for the detection of bacterial endotoxins in medical applications . This means there is a high demand for harvesting the blood , which involves collecting and bleeding the animals , and then releasing them back into the sea . Most of the animals survive the process ; mortality is correlated with both the amount of blood extracted from an individual animal , and the stress experienced during handling and transportation . Estimates of mortality rates following blood harvesting vary from 3 - 15 % to 10 - 30 % . Approximately 500,000 crabs are harvested annually . The mortality rate of bled horseshoe crabs could be as high as 29 % . Bleeding may also prevent female horseshoe crabs from being able to spawn or decrease the number of eggs they are able to lay . Up to 30 % of an individual 's blood is removed , according to the biomedical industry , and the horseshoe crabs spend between one and three days away from the ocean before being returned . Some scientists are skeptical that certain companies return their horseshoe crabs to the ocean at all , instead suspecting them of selling the horseshoe crabs as fishing bait . Fishery ( edit ) Horseshoe crabs are used as bait to fish for eels ( mostly in the United States ) and whelk , or conch . However , fishing with horseshoe crab is temporarily forbidden in New Jersey ( moratorium on harvesting ) and restricted to males in Delaware . A permanent moratorium is in effect in South Carolina . The eggs are eaten in parts of Southeast Asia and China . A low horseshoe crab population in the Delaware Bay is hypothesized to endanger the future of the red knot . Red knots , long - distance migratory shorebirds , feed on the protein - rich eggs during their stopovers on the beaches of New Jersey and Delaware . An effort is ongoing to develop adaptive - management plans to regulate horseshoe crab harvests in the bay in a way that protects migrating shorebirds . Shoreline Development ( edit ) Development along shorelines is dangerous to horseshoe crab spawning , limiting available space and degrading habitat . Bulkheads can block access to intertidal spawning regions as well . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kōichi Sekiguchi ( 1988 ) . Biology of Horseshoe Crabs . Science House . ISBN 978 - 4 - 915572 - 25 - 8 . Jump up ^ Attaya Kungsuwan ; Yuji Nagashima ; Tamao Noguchi ; et al. ( 1987 ) . `` Tetrodotoxin in the Horseshoe Crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Inhabiting Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 53 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 266 . doi : 10.2331 / suisan. 53.261 . Jump up ^ David Sadava ; H. Craig Heller ; David M. Hillis ; May Berenbaum ( 2009 ) . Life : the Science of Biology ( 9th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 683 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 1962 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Garwood , Russell J. ; Dunlop , Jason A. ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Three - dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders '' . PeerJ. 2 : e641 . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 641 . PMC 4232842 . PMID 25405073 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clarke JM , Ruedemann R . The Eurypterida of New York . Jump up ^ Weygoldt P , Paulus HF ( 1979 ) . `` Untersuchungen zur Morphologie , Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Chelicerata '' . Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung. 17 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 116 , 177 -- 200 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.1979. tb00694. x . Jump up ^ Anatomy : Vision -- The Horseshoe Crab Jump up ^ `` Horseshoe Crabs , Limulus polyphemus '' . MarineBio.org . Jump up ^ Palumbi , Stephen R. ; Palumbi , Anthony R. ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` The Extreme Life of the Sea '' . Princeton University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The biology of cartilage . I. Invertebrate cartilages : Limulus gill cartilage '' . ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Lesley Cartwright - Taylor ; Julian Lee ; Chia Chi Hsu ( 2009 ) . `` Population structure and breeding pattern of the mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Singapore '' ( PDF ) . Aquatic Biology . 8 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 69 . doi : 10.3354 / ab00206 . Jump up ^ Manton SM ( 1977 ) The Arthropoda : habits , functional morphology , and evolution Page 57 , Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Shuster CN , Barlow RB and Brockmann HJ ( Eds . ) ( 2003 ) The American Horseshoe Crab Pages 163 -- 164 , Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674011595 . Jump up ^ Vosatka ED ( 1970 ) . `` Observations on the Swimming , Righting , and Burrowing Movements of Young Horseshoe Crabs , Limulus Polyphemus '' ( PDF ) . The Ohio Journal of Science . 70 ( 5 ) : 276 -- 283 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battelle , B.A. ( December 2006 ) , `` The eyes of Limulus polyphemus ( Xiphosura , Chelicerata ) and their afferent and efferent projections . '' , Arthropod Structure & Development , 35 ( 4 ) : 261 -- 74 , doi : 10.1016 / j. asd. 2006.07. 002 , PMID 18089075 . Jump up ^ Barlow RB ( 2009 ) `` Vision in horseshoe crabs '' Pages 223 -- 235 in JT Tanacredi , ML Botton and D Smith , Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs , Springer . ISBN 9780387899589 . Jump up ^ `` The Rabbit and the Horse Shoe Crab '' . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ David Funkhouser ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Crab love nest '' . Scientific American . 304 ( 4 ) : 29 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0411 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Data '' . / www.horseshoecrab.org . Jump up ^ Lenka Hurton ( 2003 ) . Reducing post-bleeding mortality of horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ) used in the biomedical industry ( PDF ) ( M.Sc . thesis ) . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Jump up ^ `` Crash : A Tale of Two Species -- The Benefits of Blue Blood -- Nature -- PBS '' . 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The Blood Harvest The Atlantic , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chesler , Caren . `` The Blood of the Crab '' . Popular Mechanics ( 13 April 2017 ) . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , R.H. ; Shin , M.L. ; Cheung , S.G. ( Eds . ) ( 2015 ) . Changing Global Perspectives on Horseshoe Crab Biology , Conservation and Management . Springer International Publishing . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chesler , Caren . `` Medical Labs May Be Killing Horseshoe Crabs '' . Scientific American . Scientific American . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Chesler , Caren ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Medical Labs May Be Killing Horseshoe Crabs '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Horseshoe crab '' . SC DNR species gallery . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2016 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ 大西 一 實 . `` Vol. 56 食 うか 食 われる か ? '' . あくあ は 〜 つ 通信 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Red knots get to feast on horseshoe crab eggs '' . Environment News Service . March 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Critter Class Hodge Podge ( Horseshoe crabs and Wooly Bears ) '' ( PDF ) . The Wildlife Center . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation '' . ERDG . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Arthropods portal Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` King - Crab '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limulidae . LAL Update Science Friday Video : horseshoe crab season Horseshoe crab at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal The Horseshoe Crab -- Medical Uses ; The Ecological Research & Development Group ( ERDG ) RedKnot.org links to shorebird recovery sites , movies , events & other info on Red Knot rufa & horseshoe crabs . Crab Bleeders Article about the men who bleed horseshoe crabs for science . Day time mating of horseshoe crabs in Maine Sarah Zhang , The Last Days of the Blue - Blood Harvest , The Atlantic , May 9 , 2018 Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1329239 ADW : Limulidae BugGuide : 352891 EoL : 1921 EPPO : 1LIMUF GBIF : 9222 iNaturalist : 326110 IRMNG : 104371 ITIS : 82701 NCBI : 6846 WoRMS : 150511 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horseshoe_crab&oldid=846508588 '' Categories : Extant Ordovician first appearances Living fossils Xiphosura Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Esperanto فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Português Simple English Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 05 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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1. Marine arthropods 2. Shallow ocean waters 3. Population declines 4. Blood harvesting 5. Threats to horseshoe crabs

who opened for beyonce on the run 2

On the Run II Tour - wikipedia On the Run II Tour On the Run II Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Tour by Beyoncé and Jay - Z <Td_colspan="2"> Start date June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) End date October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) Legs No. of shows 18 in Europe 30 in North America 48 in total <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Beyoncé tour chronology The Formation World Tour ( 2016 ) On the Run II Tour ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="3"> Jay - Z tour chronology 4 : 44 Tour ( 2017 ) On the Run II Tour ( 2018 ) The On the Run II Tour is the second co-headlining stadium tour by American singer Beyoncé and rapper Jay - Z . It was officially announced on March 12 , 2018 , and began on June 6 , 2018 in Cardiff . It is scheduled to end on October 4 , 2018 in Seattle . This is their first tour together since On the Run Tour in 2014 . On May 31 , it was announced via Twitter that R&B duo Chloe x Halle and DJ Khaled would be the opening acts for the North American leg of the tour . Following the show in London on June 16 , 2018 , the pair released their collaborative album Everything Is Love exclusively on Tidal . The news of the duo 's new album was announced by a showing of the music video for its lead single , `` Apeshit , '' followed by a sign on stage which announced `` ALBUM OUT NOW . '' The release was then shared on the artists ' respective Instagram and Facebook profiles with the artist of the album being dubbed as The Carters . On the same day , the music video for `` Apeshit '' , was released on Beyoncé 's official YouTube channel . Contents 1 Commercial performance 2 Critical response 3 Set list 4 Shows 5 Personnel 5.1 Creative direction and executive producers 5.2 Musical arrangement 5.3 Choreography 5.4 Additional choreography 5.5 Dancers 5.6 Background Singers 6 References Commercial performance ( edit ) Billboard stated the tour could double the On the Run Tour 's gross , predicting it could net between $180 million and $200 million , if the success of the previous tour is replicated . Following the first day of general sale , an extra show was added in Amsterdam , after the first date sold out within an hour , as well as in Paris , Landover , East Rutherford , Chicago , Atlanta , Houston , Pasadena and London . Newly added shows were also announced on March 20 , in Columbus , Columbia , Seattle and London . Critical response ( edit ) The opening show in Cardiff , received very positive reviews . Mark Sutherland from Rolling Stone gave the opening show in Cardiff a positive review . He called it a sort of reaffirmation of dominance for the pair as they deliver a `` a hits - packed , visually stunning show '' . Writing for The Guardian , Rachel Aroesti awarded the concert four out of five stars and noted that the concept of the show revolved around the singers showing the `` deathless nature of their love rather than its perfection '' . Beyoncé was critiqued after some of her biggest hits were left out of the set list on the opening night , including `` Halo '' , `` If I Were a Boy '' , `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' and `` Love on Top '' . However , with over 60 songs rehearsed for the tour , the set list is likely to change between shows . Set list ( edit ) This setlist does represent all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Holy Grail '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' '' Summer '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Diva '' / `` Clique '' `` Dirt Off Your Shoulder '' `` On to the Next One '' `` FuckWithMeYouKnowIGotIt '' `` Flawless '' / `` Feeling Myself '' `` Top Off '' `` Naughty Girl '' / `` Big Pimpin ' '' '' Nice '' `` Run This Town '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Mi Gente ( Remix ) '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' `` Bam '' / `` Black Effect '' `` Countdown '' `` Sorry '' / `` Me , Myself and I '' `` 99 Problems '' `` Ring the Alarm '' / `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` I Care '' / `` 4 : 44 '' `` No Church In The Wild '' `` Song Cry '' / `` MaNyfaCedGod '' `` Resentment '' `` Family Feud '' / `` Upgrade U '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Beach Is Better '' `` Formation '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Public Service Announcement '' `` The Story of O.J. '' `` Déjà Vu '' / `` Show Me What You Got '' / `` Do My ... '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` Down 4 My Niggaz '' / `` Freedom '' `` U Do n't Know '' `` Perfect Duet '' / `` Young Forever '' `` Apeshit '' Notes On June 13th , 2018 during the Manchester show at Ethiad Stadium , `` Mi Gente '' was added to the setlist . On June 16th , 2018 at the end of the 2nd London show at London Olympic Stadium , `` Apeshit '' and its accompanying music video were premiered . Immediately following the showing of the video , the words `` ALBUM OUT NOW '' flashed over the stadium announcing the release of `` Everything Is Love '' , a joint album by Beyoncé and Jay Z ( The Carters ) . On July 15th , 2018 at the end of the 2nd Paris show at the Stade de France , `` Apeshit '' was performed in celebration of the France National team winning the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the concert being held in the team 's home stadium . This was the only performance of `` Apeshit '' on the European leg . On July 25th , 2018 during the Cleveland show at FirstEnergy Stadium , `` Apeshit '' was added to the setlist . On July 30th , 2018 during the Philadelphia show at Lincoln Financial Field , `` Black Effect '' was premiered and added to the setlist . On August 2nd , 2018 at the beginning of the first show in East Rutherford at Metlife Stadium , the entire stadium was evacuated due to a nearby thunderstorm . The show start time was postponed until 11 : 30pm with the show ending at 1 : 30am On August 3rd , 2018 during the second show in East Rutherford at Metlife Stadium , `` Nice '' was added to the setlist . On August 11th , 2018 during the second show in Chicago at Soldier Field , `` Summer '' was added to the setlist . `` Apeshit '' was also performed for the first time in its entirety with choreography and background dancers . Shows ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening acts , tickets sold , number of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 1 -- Europe June 6 , 2018 Cardiff Wales Principality Stadium DJ Tom Clugston 39,731 / 39,731 $4,186,450 June 9 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland Hampden Park Nasty P 37,963 / 37,963 $4,132,251 June 13 , 2018 Manchester England Etihad Stadium DJ Stylus 45,097 / 45,097 $5,700,721 June 15 , 2018 London London Stadium N / A 126,443 / 126,443 $11,035,860 June 16 , 2018 June 19 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Amsterdam Arena DeeJay Abstract 97,869 / 97,869 $9,753,269 June 20 , 2018 DJ Flava June 23 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Telia Parken N / A 45,356 / 45,356 $5,741,911 June 25 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 46,647 / 46,647 $4,610,554 June 28 , 2018 Berlin Germany Olympiastadion 57,155 / 57,155 $5,697,111 June 30 , 2018 Warsaw Poland PGE Narodowy DJ Eprom 53,500 / 53,500 $4,624,995 July 3 , 2018 Cologne Germany RheinEnergieStadion DJ Teddy - O 39,501 / 39,501 $4,520,814 July 6 , 2018 Milan Italy San Siro N / A 49,051 / 49,051 $4,460,552 July 8 , 2018 Rome Stadio Olimpico 40,440 / 40,440 $3,475,543 July 11 , 2018 Barcelona Spain Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys 46,982 / 46,982 $4,733,549 July 14 , 2018 Paris France Stade de France 111,615 / 111,615 $10,905,089 July 15 , 2018 July 17 , 2018 Nice Allianz Riviera 33,662 / 33,662 $3,898,880 <Th_colspan="7"> Leg 2 -- North America July 25 , 2018 Cleveland United States FirstEnergy Stadium Chloe x Halle DJ Khaled 38,931 / 38,931 $4,194,376 July 27 , 2018 Landover FedExField 81,964 / 81,964 $11,437,578 July 28 , 2018 July 30 , 2018 Philadelphia Lincoln Financial Field 54,870 / 54,870 $6,709,691 August 2 , 2018 East Rutherford MetLife Stadium 99,755 / 99,755 $13,886,416 August 3 , 2018 August 5 , 2018 Foxborough Gillette Stadium 47,667 / 47,667 $6,159,980 August 8 , 2018 Minneapolis U.S. Bank Stadium -- -- August 10 , 2018 Chicago Soldier Field -- -- August 11 , 2018 August 13 , 2018 Detroit Ford Field -- -- August 16 , 2018 Columbus Ohio Stadium -- -- August 18 , 2018 Buffalo New Era Field -- -- August 21 , 2018 Columbia Williams -- Brice Stadium -- -- August 23 , 2018 Nashville Vanderbilt Stadium -- -- August 25 , 2018 Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium -- -- August 26 , 2018 August 29 , 2018 Orlando Camping World Stadium -- -- August 31 , 2018 Miami Gardens Hard Rock Stadium -- -- September 11 , 2018 Arlington AT&T Stadium -- -- September 13 , 2018 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome -- -- September 15 , 2018 Houston NRG Stadium -- -- September 16 , 2018 September 19 , 2018 Glendale University of Phoenix Stadium -- -- September 22 , 2018 Pasadena Rose Bowl -- -- September 23 , 2018 September 27 , 2018 San Diego SDCCU Stadium -- -- September 29 , 2018 Santa Clara Levi 's Stadium -- -- October 2 , 2018 Vancouver Canada BC Place -- -- October 4 , 2018 Seattle United States CenturyLink Field <Th_colspan="5"> Total 1,194,199 / 1,194,199 $138,865,590 Personnel ( edit ) Creative direction and executive producers ( edit ) Jay - Z Beyoncé Ed Burke - Creative Director Todd Tourso - Additional creative direction Erin Williams - Executive Producer Musical arrangement ( edit ) Jay Z Beyoncé Derek Dixie Omar Edwards Chris Grant Gimel Keaton Stuart White Choreography ( edit ) Chris Grant JaQuel Knight Additional choreography ( edit ) Dana Foglia Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui Jasmine Badie Frank Gatson Jr . Jamal Rasheed Ashanti Ledon Dnay Baptiste Sheryl Murakami Les Twins Tanisha Scott LaVelle Smith Dancers ( edit ) Ashley Everett - Dance Captain Kimberly `` Kimmie '' Gipson - Dance Captain Jasmine Badie Dnay Baptiste Bianca Brewton Hannah Douglass Jasmine Harper Corbin Hunter Dominique Loude Tacir Roberson Deijah Robinson Ashley Seldon Quinetta Wilmington Habby Jacques Huwer `` Havoc '' Marche Jo'Artis `` Big Mijo '' Ratti Britton Shaw Nicholas `` Slick '' Stewart Background Singers ( edit ) Tiffany Moníque Ryan - Lead Background Vocalist Kiandra Richardson Steve Epting Jerome `` J Rome '' Wayne References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` On the Run II Tour '' . beyonce.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z and Beyonce Announce ' On the Run II ' Stadium Tour Dates '' . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chloe x Halle & DJ Khaled Set To Open Beyoncé & JAY - Z 's On The Run II Tour '' . thehollywoodunlocked.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé and JAY - Z 's On The Run II Tour Could Do Double the Business Their 2014 Tour Did '' . Billboard . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé en Jay - Z geven extra concert in Amsterdam '' . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAY - Z & Beyoncé Announce Additional Dates for On the Run II Tour '' . Billboard . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` 5 Ways Beyonce Is Asserting Her Dominance at the ' On the Run II ' Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aroesti , Rachel ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Beyoncé & Jay - Z : OTR II review -- heart - stopping scenes from a marriage '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Beyonce and Jay - Z loved - up as tour begins '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` JAY - Z & Beyoncé Setlist at MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford '' . setlist.fm . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ European boxscore : `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . `` 2018 MID-YEAR TOP 100 WORLDWIDE CONCERT GROSSES '' ( PDF ) . Pollstar . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2018 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poznaliśmy support Beyonce & JAYA - Z '' ( in Polish ) . CGM . June 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ North American boxscore : `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2018 . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Beyoncé <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade Collaborative albums Everything Is Love ( with Jay - Z as The Carters ) EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Live and video releases Live at Wembley The Ultimate Performer B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour The Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay - Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move ! Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Jay - Z <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Videos Songs Films Awards and nominations Studio albums Reasonable Doubt In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter The Dynasty : Roc La Familia The Blueprint The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse The Black Album Kingdom Come American Gangster The Blueprint 3 Magna Carta Holy Grail 4 : 44 Collaborations albums The Best of Both Worlds ( with R. Kelly ) Unfinished Business ( with R. Kelly ) Collision Course ( with Linkin Park ) Watch the Throne ( with Kanye West ) Everything Is Love ( with Jay - Z as The Carters ) Live albums MTV Unplugged Live in Brooklyn Compilation albums Chapter One : Greatest Hits Blueprint 2.1 Bring It On : The Best of Jay - Z Greatest Hits Jay - Z : The Hits Collection , Volume One Concert tours Blueprint Lounge Tour Best of Both Worlds Tour American Gangster Live Heart of the City Tour Projekt Revolution 2008 Europe Jay - Z & Ciara Live Jay - Z Fall Tour The Home & Home Tour U2 360 ° Tour Watch the Throne Tour Legends of the Summer Magna Carter World Tour On the Run Tour 4 : 44 Tour On the Run II Tour Related articles Roc - A-Fella Records Rocawear Roc Nation StarRoc Takeover Roc Nation 40 / 40 Club Beyoncé Kanye West Rihanna Linkin Park The Grey Album Jaydiohead Fade to Black Live Nation Entertainment NBA 2K13 Brooklyn Nets Made in America Festival Made in America Project Panther Bidco <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Run_II_Tour&oldid=854560275 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours Beyoncé concert tours Jay - Z concert tours Co-headlining concert tours Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 06 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. On the Run II Tour 2. Beyoncé and Jay-Z 3. Stadium tour 4. Collaborative album 5. Setlist and performances

when did the bmw 2 series come out

BMW 2 Series - wikipedia BMW 2 Series Not to be confused with BMW 02 Series . This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> BMW 2 Series <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer BMW <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact car The BMW 2 Series is a compact car produced by BMW . The 2 Series has several different body styles . It is available as a compact coupé that replaced the 1 Series coupé , or as a convertible model that replaces the 1 Series convertible in the BMW lineup . There is also a new compact MPV body style , which BMW refers to as an Active Tourer . The 2 Series Active Tourer mechanicals are unrelated to the coupé and convertible models ' . While it shares the 2 Series name , it is built on a totally different front wheel drive platform that is shared with the third generation MINI Cooper , dubbed UKL1 . The 2 Series currently competes with new models from Audi and Mercedes - Benz , the A3 Sedan and the CLA Class , respectively , until BMW releases its own front wheel drive / all wheel drive compact sedan . In June 2015 , BMW also released a seven seater 2 Series Gran Tourer . Contents 1 Variants 1.1 BMW 2 Series Coupé ( F22 , 2014 -- present ) 1.2 BMW 2 Series Active Tourer ( F45 , 2014 -- present ) 1.3 BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer ( F46 , 2015 -- present ) 2 References Variants ( edit ) BMW 2 Series coupé ( F22 , 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> BMW 2 Series Coupé and Cabrio <Td_colspan="2"> Main article : BMW 2 Series ( F22 ) BMW M235i coupé The BMW 2 Series Coupé and Cabrio are rear - wheel - drive coupés ( F22 ) and conveibles ( F23 ) related to the BMW 1 Series ( F20 ) . BMW 2 Series Active Tourer ( f45 , 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : BMW 2 Series Active Tourer <Th_colspan="2"> BMW 2 Series Active Tourer <Td_colspan="2"> BMW 218i Active Tourer Advantage The BMW 2 Series Active Tourer is a compact MPV , built on the front - wheel - drive BMW UKL platform . BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer ( F46 , 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : BMW 2 Series Active Tourer <Th_colspan="2"> BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact MPV BMW 218d Gran Tourer Advantage ( Germany ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BMW 's 2 - Series Gran Tourer - a seven seat premium people carrier '' . THE IRISH TIMES. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . <Th_colspan="40"> `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s Series <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1 Series <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> E87 <Td_colspan="7"> F20 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> E82 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> F52 2 Series <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> F22 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> F45 3 Series <Td_colspan="5"> < < E46 <Td_colspan="7"> E90 <Td_colspan="7"> F30 4 Series <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> F32 5 Series <Td_colspan="3"> < < E39 <Td_colspan="7"> E60 <Td_colspan="7"> F10 <Td_colspan="2"> G30 6 Series <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="7"> E63 <Td_colspan="6"> F12 <Td_colspan="2"> G32 7 Series <Td_colspan="1"> < < E38 <Td_colspan="7"> E65 <Td_colspan="7"> F01 <Td_colspan="4"> G11 8 Series <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> G15 Z Series <Td_colspan="2"> < < Z3 <Td_colspan="7"> E85 <Td_colspan="8"> E89 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> < < Z8 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> i3 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> I01 i8 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> I12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_2_Series&oldid=852745334 '' Categories : BMW vehicle series Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. BMW 2 Series - compact car produced by BMW 2. Different body styles of the BMW 2 Series - coupe, convertible, and compact MPV 3. BMW 2 Series Active Tourer - built on a front-wheel drive platform 4. BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer - seven-seater compact MPV 5. Competition with Audi and Mercedes-Benz models - A3 Sedan and CLA Class

who disproved the idea of inheritance using tailless mice

August Weismann - wikipedia August Weismann Jump to : navigation , search For the 19th - century New York politician , see Augustus Weismann . <Th_colspan="2"> August Weismann <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1834 - 01 - 17 ) 17 January 1834 Frankfurt am Main 5 November 1914 ( 1914 - 11 - 05 ) ( aged 80 ) Freiburg Known for germ plasm theory Awards Darwin -- Wallace Medal ( Silver , 1908 ) August Friedrich Leopold Weismann ( 17 January 1834 -- 5 November 1914 ) was a German evolutionary biologist . Ernst Mayr ranked him as the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century , after Charles Darwin . Weismann became the Director of the Zoological Institute and the first Professor of Zoology at Freiburg . His main contribution involved germ plasm theory , at one time also known as Weismannism , according to which inheritance ( in a multicellular organism ) only takes place by means of the germ cells -- the gametes such as egg cells and sperm cells . Other cells of the body -- somatic cells -- do not function as agents of heredity . The effect is one - way : germ cells produce somatic cells and are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or therefore any ability an individual acquires during its life . Genetic information can not pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation . Biologists refer to this concept as the Weismann barrier . This idea , if true , rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Jean - Baptiste Lamarck . The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the modern synthesis of the early 20th century , though scholars do not express it today in the same terms . In Weismann 's opinion the largely random process of mutation , which must occur in the gametes ( or stem cells that make them ) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on . Weismann became one of the first biologists to deny Lamarckism entirely . Weismann 's ideas preceded the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel 's work , and though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism , younger workers soon made the connection . Weismann is much admired today . Ernst Mayr judged him to be the most important evolutionary thinker between Darwin and the evolutionary synthesis around 1930 -- 1940 , and `` one of the great biologists of all time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Youth and studies 1.2 Professional life 2 Contributions to evolutionary biology 2.1 German work on cells 2.2 1868 -- 1881 / 82 2.3 1882 -- 1895 2.4 1896 -- 1910 2.5 Experiments on the inheritance of mutilations 3 Awards 4 Publications by Weismann 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Life ( edit ) Youth and studies ( edit ) Weismann was born a son of high school teacher Johann ( Jean ) Konrad Weismann ( 1804 -- 1880 ) , a graduate of ancient languages and theology , and his wife Elise ( 1803 -- 1850 ) , née Lübbren , the daughter of the county councillor and mayor of Stade , on 17 January 1834 in Frankfurt am Main . He had a typical 19th century bourgeois education , receiving music lessons from the age of four , and drafting and painting lessons from Jakob Becker ( 1810 -- 1872 ) at the Frankfurter Städelsche Institut from the age of 14 . His piano teacher was a devoted butterfly collector and introduced him to the collecting of imagos and caterpillars . But studying natural sciences was out of the question due to the cost involved and limited job prospects . A friend of the family , chemist Friedrich Wöhler ( 1800 -- 1882 ) , recommended studying medicine . A foundation from the inheritance of Weismann 's mother allowed him to take up studies in Göttingen . Following his graduation in 1856 , he wrote his dissertation on the synthesis of hippuric acid in the human body . Professional life ( edit ) Immediately after university , Weismann took on a post as assistant at the Städtische Klinik ( city clinic ) in Rostock . Weismann successfully submitted two manuscripts , one about hippuric acid in herbivores , and one about the salt content of the Baltic Sea , and won two prizes . The paper about the salt content dissuaded him from becoming a chemist , since he felt himself lacking in apothecarial accuracy . After a study visit to see Vienna 's museums and clinics , he graduated as a physician and settled in Frankfurt with a medical practice in 1868 . During the war between Austria , France and Italy in 1859 , he became Chief Medical Officer in the military . During a leave from duty , he walked through Northern Italy and the County of Tyrol . After a sabbatical in Paris , he worked with Rudolf Leuckart at the University of Gießen . He returned to Frankfurt as personal physician to the banished Archduke Stephen of Austria at Schaumburg Castle from 1861 to 1863 . From 1863 , he was privatdozent in comparative anatomy and zoology ; from 1866 extraordinary professor ; and from 1873 to 1912 full professor , first holder of the chair in zoology and director of the zoological institute at Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg in Breisgau . He retired in 1912 . His son Julius Weismann ( 1879 - 1950 ) was a composer . Contributions to evolutionary biology ( edit ) At the beginning of Weismann 's preoccupation with evolutionary theory was his grappling with Christian creationism as a possible alternative . In his work Über die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie ( On the justification of the Darwinian theory ) he compared creationism and evolutionary theory , and concluded that many biological facts can be seamlessly accommodated within evolutionary theory , but remain puzzling if considered the result of acts of creation . After this work , Weismann accepted evolution as a fact on a par with the fundamental assumptions of astronomy ( e.g. Heliocentrism ) . Weismann 's position towards the mechanism of inheritance and its role for evolution changed during his life . Three periods can be distinguished . German work on cells ( edit ) Weismann 's germ plasm theory . The hereditary material , the germ plasm , is confined to the gonads . Somatic cells ( of the body ) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm . Weismann 's work on the demarcation between germ - line and soma can scarcely be appreciated without considering the work of ( mostly ) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century . This was the time that the mechanisms of cell division began to be understood . Eduard Strasburger , Walther Flemming , Heinrich von Waldeyer and the Belgian Edouard Van Beneden laid the basis for the cytology and cytogenetics of the 20th century . Strasburger , the outstanding botanical physiologist of that century , coined the terms nucleoplasm and cytoplasm . He said `` new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other cell nuclei '' . Van Beneden discovered how chromosomes combined at meiosis , during the production of gametes , and discovered and named chromatin . Walther Flemming , the founder of cytogenetics , named mitosis , and pronounced `` omnis nucleus e nucleo '' ( which means the same as Strasburger 's dictum ) . The discovery of mitosis , meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times , and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology . Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876 , by Oscar Hertwig . It was described again in 1883 , at the level of chromosomes , by Van Beneden in Ascaris eggs . The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance , however , was first described in 1890 by Weismann , who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained . Thus the work of the earlier cytologists laid the ground for Weismann , who turned his mind to the consequences for evolution , which was an aspect the cytologists had not addressed . All this took place before the work of Mendel had been rediscovered 1868 -- 1881 / 82 ( edit ) Weismann starts out believing , like many other 19th century scientists , among them Charles Darwin , that the observed variability of individuals of one species is due to the inheritance of sports ( Darwin 's term ) . He believed , as written in 1876 , that transmutation of species is directly due to the influence of environment . He also wrote , `` if every variation is regarded as a reaction of the organism to external conditions , as a deviation of the inherited line of development , it follows that no evolution can occur without a change of the environment '' . ( this is close to the modern use of the concept that changes in the environment can mediate selective pressures on a population , so leading to evolutionary change . ) Weismann also used the classic Lamarckian metaphor of use and disuse of an organ . 1882 -- 1895 ( edit ) Weismann 's first rejection of the inheritance of acquired traits was in a lecture in 1883 , titled `` On inheritance '' ( `` Über die Vererbung '' ) . Again , as in his treatise on creation vs. evolution , he attempts to explain individual examples with either theory . For instance , the existence of non-reproductive castes of ants , such as workers and soldiers , can not be explained by inheritance of acquired characters . Germ plasm theory , on the other hand , does so effortlessly . Weismann used this theory to explain Lamark 's original examples for `` use and disuse '' , such as the tendency to have degenerate wings and stronger feet in domesticated waterfowl . 1896 -- 1910 ( edit ) Weismann worked on the embryology of sea urchin eggs , and in the course of this observed different kinds of cell division , namely equatorial division and reductional division , terms he coined ( Äquatorialteilung and Reduktionsteilung respectively ) . His germ plasm theory states that multicellular organisms consist of germ cells containing heritable information , and somatic cells that carry out ordinary bodily functions . The germ cells are influenced neither by environmental influences nor by learning or morphological changes that happen during the lifetime of an organism , which information is lost after each generation . The concept as he proposed it was referred to as Weismannism in his day , for example in the book An examination of Weismannism by George Romanes This idea was illuminated and explained by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel 's work in the early years of the 20th century ( see Mendelian inheritance ) . Experiments on the inheritance of mutilations ( edit ) The idea that germline cells contain information that passes to each generation unaffected by experience and independent of the somatic ( body ) cells , came to be referred to as the Weismann barrier , and is frequently quoted as putting a final end to the theory of Lamarck and the inheritance of acquired characteristics . What Lamarck claimed was the inheritance of characteristics acquired through effort , or will . Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68 white mice , repeatedly over 5 generations , and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail . He stated that `` 901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents , and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ . '' Weismann was aware of the limitations of this experiment , and made it clear that he embarked on the experiment precisely because , at the time , there were many claims of animals inheriting mutilations ( he refers to a claim regarding a cat that had lost its tail having numerous tail-less offspring ) . There were also claims of Jews born without foreskins . None of these claims , he said , were backed up by reliable evidence that the parent had in fact been mutilated , leaving the perfectly plausible possibility that the modified offspring were the result of a mutated gene . The purpose of his experiment was to lay the claims of inherited mutilation to rest . The results were consistent with Weismann 's germ plasm theory . Awards ( edit ) He was awarded the Linnean Society of London 's Darwin - Wallace Medal in 1908 . Publications by Weismann ( edit ) 1868 . Über die Berechtigung der Darwin'schen Theorie : Ein akademischer Vortrag gehalten am 8 . Juli 1868 in der Aula der Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau . Engelmann , Leipzig . 1872 . Über den Einfluß der Isolierung auf die Artbildung . Engelmann , Leipzig . 1875 . Studien zur Descendenz - Theorie . I. Ueber den Saison - Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge . Leipzig . 1876 . Studien zur Descendenztheorie : II . Ueber die letzten Ursachen der Transmutationen . Leipzig . 1883 . Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen : Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Baues und der Lebenserscheinungen dieser Gruppe . Fischer , Jena . 1885 . Die Continuität des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung . Fischer , Jena . 1887 . Zur Frage nach der Vererbung erworbener Eigenschaften . In : Biol. Zbl. 6 : 33 -- 48 1887 . Über die Zahl der Richtungskörper und über ihre Bedeutung für die Vererbung . Fischer , Jena . 1889 Translations : Essays upon Heredity Oxford Clarendon Press -- Full online text 1892 . Das Keimplasma : eine Theorie der Vererbung . Fischer , Jena . 1893 Translation : Germ - Plasm , a theory of Heredity Charles Scribner 's Sons -- Full online text 1892 . Aufsätze über Vererbung und angewandet biologische Fragen . Fischer , Jena . 1893 . Die Allmacht der Naturzüchtung : eine Erwiderung an Herbert Spencer . Jena . 1902 . Vorträge über Deszendenztheorie : Gehalten an der Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau . Fischer , Jena. 2 volums References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Romanes , George John . An examination of Weismannism . The Open court publishing company in Chicago 1893 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Germ - Plasm , a theory of heredity ( 1893 ) - Full online text . Esp.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Huxley , Julian 1942 . Evolution , the modern synthesis . p. 17 Jump up ^ Essays upon heredity ( 1889 ) Oxford Clarendon Press -- Full online text . Esp.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mayr , Ernst 1982 . The growth of biological thought . Harvard . p. 698 Jump up ^ Gaup , Ernst 1917 . August Weismann : sein Leben und sein Werk . Fischer , Jena . Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Discoveries -- Carnegie Institution Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . at carnegieinstitution.org Jump up ^ The Science Channel : : 100 Greatest Discoveries : Biology Archived 2006 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . at science.discovery.com Jump up ^ Although , of course , Ernst Haeckel had ; but he was not a cytologist . Jump up ^ August Weismann Essays Upon Heredity . Clarendon Press , Oxford , 1889 Jump up ^ `` Review of Essays upon Heredity and kindred Biological Problems by August Weismann '' . The Quarterly Review . 170 : 370 -- 393 . April 1890 . Sources ( edit ) Churchill F.B. 1968 . August Weismann and a break from tradition . J. Hist. Biol. 1 , 91 -- 112 . Churchill F.B. 1970 . Hertwig , Weismann , and the meaning of the reduction division , circa 1890 . Isis 61 , 429 -- 457 . Löther , Rolf 1990 . Wegbereiter der Genetik : Gregor Johann Mendel und August Weismann . Verlag Harri Deutsch , Frankfurt am Main . ISBN 3 - 8171 - 1130 - 4 Risler H. 1968 . August Weismann 1834 -- 1914 . In : Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Freiburg im Breisgau. 77 -- 93 Risler H. 1985 . August Weismanns Leben und Wirken nach Dokumenten aus seinem Nachlass . In : Freiburger Universitätsblätter Heft 87 / 88 , Freiburg. 23 -- 42 Romanes , George John 1893 . An Examination of Weismannism . London , Longmans . External links ( edit ) Media related to August Weismann at Wikimedia Commons Works written by or about August Weismann at Wikisource Works by August Weismann at Project Gutenberg Works by or about August Weismann at Internet Archive Biography , bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science VIAF : 32059588 LCCN : n85243792 ISNI : 0000 0001 0884 9736 GND : 118766406 SUDOC : 031671276 BNF : cb122842092 ( data ) MGP : 191303 NLA : 35598112 NDL : 00769033 NKC : nlk20000084951 Botanist : Weism . IATH : w6pc35m3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Weismann&oldid=813373917 '' Categories : German zoologists German geneticists Evolutionary biologists People from Frankfurt Foreign Members of the Royal Society 1834 births 1914 deaths Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikisource تۆرکجه Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 09 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. August Weismann - German evolutionary biologist 2. Germ plasm theory - Weismann's main contribution to evolutionary biology 3. Weismann barrier - Concept that genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm 4. Inheritance of acquired characteristics - Idea rejected by Weismann 5. Mendelian inheritance - Connection made by younger workers to Weismann's ideas

mention any four function of the family in the society

Family - wikipedia Family Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the group of people such as a mother and a father . For the family in biology , see Family ( biology ) . For other uses , see Family ( disambiguation ) . Two parents and a child : the statue Family in the garden of the Palace of Nations , Geneva , Switzerland Part of a series on the Anthropology of kinship Basic concepts ( hide ) Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Ghost marriage Joking relationship Family Lineage Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Nuclear Patrilocal Terminology ( show ) Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian Case studies ( show ) Australian Aboriginal Burmese Chinese Philippine Polyandry in Tibet / in India Feminist Chambri Mosuo Sexuality Coming of Age in Samoa Major theorists ( show ) Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi - Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern Related articles ( show ) Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship Social anthropology Cultural anthropology Relationships Types ( hide ) Genetic Kinship Family Sibling Cousin By marriage Husband Wife Open marriage Polyandry Polygamy Polygyny Mixed - orientation Partner Partners Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same - sex Life partner Friendship ( romantic ) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutual monogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities ( show ) Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding Endings ( show ) Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotions and feelings ( show ) Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices ( show ) Bride price dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression Abuse ( show ) Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissistic parent Power and control In the context of human society , a family ( from Latin : familia ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity ( by recognized birth ) , affinity ( by marriage or other relationship ) , or co-residence ( as implied by the etymology of the English word `` family '' ( ... ) from Latin familia ' family servants , domestics collectively , the servants in a household , ' thus also ' members of a household , the estate , property ; the household , including relatives and servants , ' abstract noun formed from famulus ' servant , slave ( ... ) ' ) or some combination of these . Members of the immediate family may include spouses , parents , brothers , sisters , sons , and daughters . Members of the extended family may include grandparents , aunts , uncles , cousins , nephews , nieces , and siblings - in - law . Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate family , depending on an individual 's specific relationship with them . In most societies , the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children . As the basic unit for raising children , anthropologists generally classify most family organizations as matrifocal ( a mother and her children ) ; conjugal ( a wife , her husband , and children , also called the nuclear family ) ; avuncular ( for example , a grandparent , a brother , his sister , and her children ) ; or extended ( parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent 's family ) . Sexual relations among the members are regulated by rules concerning incest such as the incest taboo . The word `` family '' can be used metaphorically to create more inclusive categories such as community , nationhood , global village , and humanism . The field of genealogy aims to trace family lineages through history . The family is also an important economic unit studied in family economics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social 1.1 Size 2 Types of family 2.1 Conjugal ( nuclear or single ) family 2.2 Matrifocal family 2.3 Extended family 2.4 Family of choice 2.5 Blended family 2.6 Monogamous family 2.7 Polygamous family 3 Kinship terminology 3.1 Degrees of kinship 3.2 Terminologies 4 Roles 5 Types of kinship 5.1 Patrilineal 5.2 Matrilineal 5.3 Bilateral descent 6 History of theories 6.1 Social Darwinists 6.2 The nuclear family in industrial society 6.3 The postmodern family 6.4 Oedipal family model and fascism 7 Domestic violence 7.1 Family violence 7.1. 1 Parental abuse of children ( child abuse ) 7.1. 2 Parental abuse by children 7.1. 3 Elder abuse 7.2 Forced and child marriage 8 The concept of family honor 9 Economic issues 9.1 Dowry , bride price and dower 9.2 Property regimes and taxation 10 Rights and laws 10.1 Reproductive rights 10.2 Parents ' rights 10.3 Children 's rights 10.4 Marriage rights 10.5 Legal reforms 11 Health 11.1 Family medicine 11.2 Maternal mortality 11.3 Infant and child mortality 12 Politics 13 Work - family balance 13.1 Protection of private and family life 14 Criticism 15 The family and social justice 16 Global trends in family composition 17 See also 18 References 18.1 Citations 18.2 Sources 19 Bibliography 20 External links Social ( edit ) Detail of a gold glass medallion with a portrait of a family , from Alexandria ( Roman Egypt ) , 3rd -- 4th century ( Brescia , Museo di Santa Giulia ) Sauk family of photographed by Frank Rinehart in 1899 One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons biologically and socially . This can occur through the sharing of material substances ( such as food ) ; the giving and receiving of care and nurture ( nurture kinship ) ; jural rights and obligations ; and moral and sentimental ties . Thus , one 's experience of one 's family shifts over time . From the perspective of children , the family is a `` family of orientation '' : the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization . From the point of view of the parent ( s ) , the family is a `` family of procreation '' , the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children . However , producing children is not the only function of the family ; in societies with a sexual division of labor , marriage , and the resulting relationship between two people , it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household . Christopher Harris notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous and confused with the household , as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used . Olivia Harris states this confusion is not accidental , but indicative of the familial ideology of capitalist , western countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a nuclear family should live together , and that those not so related should not live together ; despite the ideological and legal pressures , a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type . Size ( edit ) Further information : Fertility factor ( demography ) Mennonite siblings , Montana 1937 The total fertility rate of women varies from country to country , from a high of 6.76 children born / woman in Niger to a low of 0.81 in Singapore ( as of 2015 ) . Fertility is low in most Eastern European and Southern European countries ; and high in most Sub-Saharan African countries . In some cultures , the mother 's preference of family size influences that of the children through early adulthood . A parent 's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that they will eventually have . Types of family ( edit ) A mother with her children , Berlin , Germany , 1962 A miner with his children Although early western cultural anthropologists and sociologists considered family and kinship to be universally associated with relations by `` blood '' ( based on ideas common in their own cultures ) later research has shown that many societies instead understand family through ideas of living together , the sharing of food ( e.g. milk kinship ) and sharing care and nurture . Sociologists have a special interest in the function and status of family forms in stratified ( especially capitalist ) societies . According to the work of scholars Max Weber , Alan Macfarlane , Steven Ozment , Jack Goody and Peter Laslett , the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was `` fueled by the religio - cultural value system provided by elements of Judaism , early Christianity , Roman Catholic canon law and the Protestant Reformation '' . Much sociological , historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation , and of changes in the family that form over time . Levitan claims : `` Times have changed ; it is more acceptable and encouraged for mothers to work and fathers to spend more time at home with the children . The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons . There is ( the ) great importance of communication and equality in families , in order to avoid role strain . '' Conjugal ( nuclear or single ) family ( edit ) The term `` nuclear family '' is commonly used , especially in the United States of America , to refer to conjugal families . A `` conjugal '' family includes only the husband , the wife , and unmarried children who are not of age . Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families ( relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general ) and nuclear families ( which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred ) . Other family structures , such as blended parents , single parents , and domestic partnerships have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family . Matrifocal family ( edit ) Main article : Matrifocal family A `` matrifocal '' family consists of a mother and her children . Generally , these children are her biological offspring , although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society . This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves , or where men are more mobile than women . As a definition , `` a family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children . In this case , the father ( s ) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place . The children 's mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children 's fathers . '' Extended family ( edit ) Settled Sami ( Lapplander ) family of farmers in Stensele , Västerbotten , Sweden , early 20th century A family from Basankusu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . The term `` extended family '' is also common , especially in the United States . This term has two distinct meanings : First , it serves as a synonym of `` consanguinal family '' ( consanguine means `` of the same blood '' ) . Second , in societies dominated by the conjugal family , it refers to `` kindred '' ( an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group ) who do not belong to the conjugal family . These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies . Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families . Family of choice ( edit ) The term `` family of choice , '' also sometimes referred to as `` chosen family , '' is common within the LGBT community , both in academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary . It refers to the group of people in an individual 's life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system . The term differentiates between the `` family of origin '' ( the biological family or that in which people are raised ) and those that actively assume that ideal role . The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin . This terminology stems from the fact that many LGBT individuals , upon coming out , face rejection or shame from the families they were raised in . The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities , who create close - knit `` family '' ties through the recovery process . Blended family ( edit ) The term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents : one or both parents remarried , bringing children of the former family into the new family . Also in sociology , particularly in the works of social psychologist Michael Lamb , traditional family refers to `` a middle - class family with a bread - winning father and a stay - at - home mother , married to each other and raising their biological children , '' and nontraditional to exceptions from this rule . Most of the US households are now non-traditional under this definition . In terms of communication patterns in families , there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact . These family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs . One being conversation orientation ( the degree to which the importance of communication is valued ) and two , conformity orientation ( the degree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes , beliefs , and values ) . Monogamous family ( edit ) A monogamous family is based on a legal or social monogamy . In this case , an individual has only one ( official ) partner during their lifetime or at any one time ( i.e. serial monogamy ) . This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time , as this is usually prohibited by bigamy laws , in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages . Polygamous family ( edit ) Polygamy is a marriage that includes more than two partners . When a man is married to more than one wife at a time , the relationship is called polygyny ; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time , it is called polyandry . If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives , it can be called polyamory , group or conjoint marriage . Polygyny is a form of plural marriage , in which a man is allowed more than one wife . In modern countries that permit polygamy , polygyny is typically the only form permitted . Polygyny is practiced primarily ( but not only ) in parts of the Middle East and Africa ; and is often associated with Islam , however , there are certain conditions in Islam that must be met to perform polygyny . Polyandry is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time . Fraternal polyandry , where two or more brothers are married to the same wife , is a common form of polyandry . Polyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains , among Tibetans in Nepal , in parts of China and in parts of northern India . Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or where males will often be apart from the rest of the family for a considerable period of time . Kinship terminology ( edit ) Degrees of kinship ( edit ) Main article : Coefficient of relationship Family in India , 1870s Family in a wagon , Lee County , Mississippi , August 1935 . A first - degree relative is one who shares 50 % of your DNA through direct inheritance , such as a full sibling , parent or progeny . Kinship Degree of relationship by coefficient Coefficient of relationship Degree of relationship by counting up generations to common ancestor and back down to target individual ( used for various genealogical and legal purposes ) Identical twins 0 100 % second - degree Full sibling first - degree 50 % ( 2 × 2 ) second - degree Parent - offspring first - degree 50 % ( 2 ) first - degree Half - sibling second - degree 25 % ( 2 ) second - degree Grandmother / grandfather second - degree 25 % ( 2 ) second - degree Niece / nephew / aunt / uncle second - degree 25 % ( 2 × 2 ) third - degree Half Niece / nephew / aunt / uncle third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ) third - degree First cousin third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 × 2 ) fourth - degree Half first cousin fourth - degree 6.25 % ( 2 ) fourth - degree Great grandparent third - degree 12.5 % ( 2 ) third - degree First cousin once removed fifth - degree 6.25 % ( 2 ⋅ 2 ) fifth - degree Second cousin sixth - degree 3.125 % ( 2 + 2 ) sixth - degree Typical example of an American family , consisting of a father and a mother , and children including sisters and a brother Terminologies ( edit ) Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the blue person . Swedish family eating , 1902 Main article : Kinship terminology In his book Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family , anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 -- 1881 ) performed the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world . Although much of his work is now considered dated , he argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions . For example , most kinship terminologies distinguish between sexes ( the difference between a brother and a sister ) and between generations ( the difference between a child and a parent ) . Moreover , he argued , kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and marriage ( although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than `` blood '' ) . Morgan made a distinction between kinship systems that use classificatory terminology and those that use descriptive terminology . Classificatory systems are generally and erroneously understood to be those that `` class together '' with a single term relatives who actually do not have the same type of relationship to ego . ( What defines `` same type of relationship '' under such definitions seems to be genealogical relationship . This is problematic given that any genealogical description , no matter how standardized , employs words originating in a folk understanding of kinship . ) What Morgan 's terminology actually differentiates are those ( classificatory ) kinship systems that do not distinguish lineal and collateral relationships and those ( descriptive ) kinship systems that do . Morgan , a lawyer , came to make this distinction in an effort to understand Seneca inheritance practices . A Seneca man 's effects were inherited by his sisters ' children rather than by his own children . Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies : Hawaiian : only distinguishes relatives based upon sex and generation . Sudanese : no two relatives share the same term . Eskimo : in addition to distinguishing relatives based upon sex and generation , also distinguishes between lineal relatives and collateral relatives . Iroquois : in addition to sex and generation , also distinguishes between siblings of opposite sexes in the parental generation . Crow : a matrilineal system with some features of an Iroquois system , but with a `` skewing '' feature in which generation is `` frozen '' for some relatives . Omaha : like a Crow system but patrilineal . Roles ( edit ) Group photograph of a Norwegian family by Gustav Borgen ca . 1900 : Father , mother , three sons and two daughters . Extended family with roots in Cape Town , Kimberley and Pretoria , South Africa Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson with grandchild , 1900 An infant , his mother , his maternal grandmother , and his great - grandmother Queen Victoria , with her eldest daughter Father and child , Dhaka , Bangladesh Most Western societies employ Eskimo kinship terminology . This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies based on conjugal ( or nuclear ) families , where nuclear families have a degree of relative mobility . Members of the nuclear use descriptive kinship terms : Father : a male parent Mother : a female parent Son : a male child of the parent ( s ) Daughter : a female child of the parent ( s ) Brother : a male sibling Sister : a female sibling Husband : a male spouse Wife : a female spouse Grandfather : the father of a parent Grandmother : the mother of a parent Cousins : two people who share at least one grandparent in common , but none of the same parents . ( In some language there is a difference between a grandfather / grandmother from the father 's side and one from the mother 's side ) Such systems generally assume that the mother 's husband is also the biological father . In some families , a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman . The system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another child as a `` half - brother '' or `` half - sister '' . For children who do not share biological or adoptive parents in common , English - speakers use the term `` stepbrother '' or `` stepsister '' to refer to their new relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the other child 's biological parents . Any person ( other than the biological parent of a child ) who marries the parent of that child becomes the `` stepparent '' of the child , either the `` stepmother '' or `` stepfather '' . The same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family . In the United States , one in five mothers have children by different fathers ; among mothers with two or more children the figure is higher , with 28 % having children with at least two different men . Such families are more common among Blacks and Hispanics , and among the lower socioeconomic class . Typically , societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence ; thus upon marriage , a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood ( family of orientation ) and forms a new nuclear family ( family of procreation ) . However , in western society , the single parent family has been growing more accepted and has begun to make an impact on culture . Single parent families are more commonly single mother families than single father . These families sometimes face difficult issues besides the fact that they have to rear their children on their own , for example , low income making it difficult to pay for rent , child care , and other necessities for a healthy and safe home . Members of the nuclear families of members of one 's own ( former ) nuclear family may class as lineal or as collateral . Kin who regard them as lineal refer to them in terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family : Grandparent Grandfather : a parent 's father Grandmother : a parent 's mother Grandchild Grandson : a child 's son Granddaughter : a child 's daughter For collateral relatives , more classificatory terms come into play , terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family : Uncle : parent 's brother , or male spouse of parent 's sibling Aunt : parent 's sister , or female spouse of parent 's sibling Nephew : sibling 's son , or spouse 's sibling 's son Niece : sibling 's daughter , or spouse 's sibling 's daughter When additional generations intervene ( in other words , when one 's collateral relatives belong to the same generation as one 's grandparents or grandchildren ) , the prefixes `` great - '' or `` grand - '' modifies these terms . Also , as with grandparents and grandchildren , as more generations intervene the prefix becomes `` great - grand - , '' adding another `` great - '' for each additional generation . Most collateral relatives have never had membership of the nuclear family of the members of one 's own nuclear family . Cousin : the most classificatory term ; the children of uncles or aunts . One can further distinguish cousins by degrees of collaterality and by generation . Two persons of the same generation who share a grandparent count as `` first cousins '' ( one degree of collaterality ) ; if they share a great - grandparent they count as `` second cousins '' ( two degrees of collaterality ) and so on . If two persons share an ancestor , one as a grandchild and the other as a great - grandchild of that individual , then the two descendants class as `` first cousins once removed '' ( removed by one generation ) ; if they shared ancestor figures as the grandparent of one individual and the great - great - grandparent of the other , the individuals class as `` first cousins twice removed '' ( removed by two generations ) , and so on . Similarly , if they shared ancestor figures as the great - grandparent of one person and the great - great - grandparent of the other , the individuals class as `` second cousins once removed '' . Hence one can refer to a `` third cousin once removed upwards . '' Cousins of an older generation ( in other words , one 's parents ' first cousins ) , although technically first cousins once removed , are often classified with `` aunts '' and `` uncles . '' Similarly , a person may refer to close friends of one 's parents as `` aunt '' or `` uncle , '' or may refer to close friends as `` brother '' or `` sister , '' using the practice of fictive kinship . English - speakers mark relationships by marriage ( except for wife / husband ) with the tag `` - in - law . '' The mother and father of one 's spouse become one 's mother - in - law and father - in - law ; the female spouse of one 's child becomes one 's daughter - in - law and the male spouse of one 's child becomes one 's son - in - law . The term `` sister - in - law '' refers to three essentially different relationships , either the wife of one 's sibling , or the sister of one 's spouse , or , in some uses , the wife of one 's spouse 's sibling . `` Brother - in - law '' expresses a similar ambiguity . The terms `` half - brother '' and `` half - sister '' indicate siblings who share only one biological or adoptive parent . Types of kinship ( edit ) Patrilineal ( edit ) Patrilineality , also known as the male line or agnatic kinship , is a form of kinship system in which an individual 's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her father 's lineage . It generally involves the inheritance of property , rights , names , or titles by persons related through male kin . A patriline ( `` father line '' ) is a person 's father , and additional ancestors that are traced only through males . One 's patriline is thus a record of descent from a man in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male . In cultural anthropology , a patrilineage is a consanguineal male and female kinship group , each of whose members is descended from the common ancestor through male forebears . Matrilineal ( edit ) Matrilineality is a form of kinship system in which an individual 's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her mother 's lineage . It may also correlate with a societal system in which each person is identified with their matriline -- their mother 's lineage -- and which can involve the inheritance of property and titles . A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers -- in other words , a `` mother line '' . In a matrilineal descent system , an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother . This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrasts to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent pattern . Bilateral descent ( edit ) Bilateral descent is a form of kinship system in which an individual 's family membership derives from and is traced through both the paternal and maternal sides . The relatives on the mother 's side and father 's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth . It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents . Families who use this system trace descent through both parents simultaneously and recognize multiple ancestors , but unlike with cognatic descent it is not used to form descent groups . Traditionally , this is found among some groups in West Africa , India , Australia , Indonesia , Melanesia , Malaysia and Polynesia . Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area . History of theories ( edit ) Main article : History of the family Social darwinists ( edit ) Early scholars of family history applied Darwin 's biological theory of evolution in their theory of evolution of family systems . American anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan published Ancient Society in 1877 based on his theory of the three stages of human progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization . Morgan 's book was the `` inspiration for Friedrich Engels ' book '' The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State published in 1884 . Engels expanded Morgan 's hypothesis that economical factors caused the transformation of primitive community into a class - divided society . Engels ' theory of resource control , and later that of Karl Marx , was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function . The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s , when other sociological theories , most notably structural functionalism , gained acceptance . The nuclear family in industrial society ( edit ) Family arrangements in the United States have become more diverse with no particular household arrangement representing half of the United States population . Contemporary society generally views the family as a haven from the world , supplying absolute fulfillment . Zinn and Eitzen discuss the image of the `` family as haven ( ... ) a place of intimacy , love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society '' . During industrialization , `` ( t ) he family as a repository of warmth and tenderness ( embodied by the mother ) stands in opposition to the competitive and aggressive world of commerce ( embodied by the father ) . The family 's task was to protect against the outside world . '' However , Zinn and Eitzen note , `` The protective image of the family has waned in recent years as the ideals of family fulfillment have taken shape . Today , the family is more compensatory than protective . It supplies what is vitally needed but missing in other social arrangements . '' `` The popular wisdom '' , according to Zinn and Eitzen , sees the family structures of the past as superior to those today , and families as more stable and happier at a time when they did not have to contend with problems such as illegitimate children and divorce . They respond to this , saying , `` there is no golden age of the family gleaming at us in the far back historical past . '' `` Desertion by spouses , illegitimate children , and other conditions that are considered characteristics of modern times existed in the past as well . '' The postmodern family ( edit ) Percentage of births to unmarried women , selected countries , 1980 and 2007 Others argue that whether or not one views the family as `` declining '' depends on one 's definition of `` family '' . `` Married couples have dropped below half of all American households . This drop is shocking from traditional forms of the family system . Only a fifth of households were following traditional ways of having married couples raising a family together . '' In the Western World , marriages are no longer arranged for economic , social or political gain , and children are no longer expected to contribute to family income . Instead , people choose mates based on love . This increased role of love indicates a societal shift toward favoring emotional fulfilment and relationships within a family , and this shift necessarily weakens the institution of the family . Margaret Mead considers the family as a main safeguard to continuing human progress . Observing , `` Human beings have learned , laboriously , to be human '' , she adds : `` we hold our present form of humanity on trust , ( and ) it is possible to lose it '' ... `` It is not without significance that the most successful large - scale abrogations of the family have occurred not among simple savages , living close to the subsistence edge , but among great nations and strong empires , the resources of which were ample , the populations huge , and the power almost unlimited '' Many countries ( particularly Western ) have , in recent years , changed their family laws in order to accommodate diverse family models . For instance , in the United Kingdom , in Scotland , the Family Law ( Scotland ) Act 2006 provides cohabitants with some limited rights . In 2010 , Ireland enacted the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 . There have also been moves at an international level , most notably , the Council of Europe European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock which came into force in 1978 . Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this Convention . The Convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988 . Oedipal family model and fascism ( edit ) The model , common in the western societies , of the family triangle , husband - wife - children isolated from the outside , is also called the oedipal model of the family , and it is a form of patriarchal family . Many philosophers and psychiatrists have analyzed such a model . In such a family , they argue , the young develop in a perverse relationship , wherein they learn to love the same person who beats and oppresses them . They believe that young children grow up and develop loving a person who is oppressing them physically or mentally , and that these children are not taught in a way that will raise affectionate children . Such philosophers claim that the family therefore constitutes the first cell of the fascist society , as the children will carry this attitude of love for oppressive figures in their adult life . They claim that fathers torment their sons . Deleuze and Guattari , in their analysis of the dynamics at work within a family , `` track down all varieties of fascism , from the enormous ones that surround and crush us to the petty ones that constitute the tyrannical bitterness of our everyday lives '' . As it has been explained by Deleuze , Guattari and Foucault , as well as other philosophers and psychiatrists such as Laing and Reich , the patriarchal - family conceived in the West tradition serves the purpose of perpetuating a propertarian and authoritarian society . The child grows according to the oedipal model , which is typical of the structure of capitalist societies , and he becomes in turn owner of submissive children and protector of the woman . As the young undergoes physical and psychological repression from someone for whom they develop love , they develop a loving attitude towards authority figures . They will bring such attitude in their adult life , when they will desire social repression and will form docile subjects for society . Michel Foucault , in his systematic study of sexuality , argued that rather than being merely repressed , the desires of the individual are efficiently mobilized and used , to control the individual , alter interpersonal relationships and control the masses . Foucault believed organized religion , through moral prohibitions , and economic powers , through advertising , make use of unconscious sex drives . Dominating desire , they dominate individuals . According to the analysis of Michel Foucault , in the west : the ( conjugal ) family organization , precisely to the extent that it was insular and heteromorphous with respect to the other power mechanisms , was used to support the great `` maneuvers '' employed for the Malthusian control of the birthrate , for the populationist incitements , for the medicalization of sex and the psychiatrization of its nongenital forms . -- Michel Foucault , The History of Sexuality vol I , chap. IV , sect . Method , rule 3 , p. 99 Domestic violence ( edit ) Main article : Domestic violence Domestic violence ( DV ) is violence that happens within the family . The legal and social understanding of the concept of DV differs by culture . The definition of the term `` domestic violence '' varies , depending on the context in which it is used . It may be defined differently in medical , legal , political or social contexts . The definitions have varied over time , and vary in different parts of the world . The Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence states that : `` `` domestic violence '' shall mean all acts of physical , sexual , psychological or economic violence that occur within the family or domestic unit or between former or current spouses or partners , whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the same residence with the victim `` . In 1993 , the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women identified domestic violence as one of three contexts in which violence against women occurs , describing it as : `` Physical , sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family , including battering , sexual abuse of female children in the household , dowry - related violence , marital rape , female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women , non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation '' . Family violence ( edit ) Family violence is a broader definition , often used to include child abuse , elder abuse , and other violent acts between family members . Child abuse is defined by the WHO as : `` Child maltreatment , sometimes referred to as child abuse and neglect , includes all forms of physical and emotional ill - treatment , sexual abuse , neglect , and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child 's health , development or dignity . Within this broad definition , five subtypes can be distinguished -- physical abuse ; sexual abuse ; neglect and negligent treatment ; emotional abuse ; and exploitation . '' There exists legislation to prevent and punish the occurrence of these offences . There are laws regarding familial sexual activity , which states that it is a criminal offence to have any kind of sexual relationship between one 's grandparent , parent , sibling , aunt or uncle . Elder abuse is , according to the WHO : `` a single , or repeated act , or lack of appropriate action , occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person '' . Parental abuse of children ( child abuse ) ( edit ) Main article : Parental abuse of children Child abuse is the physical , sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglect of a child or children . In the United States , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and the Department for Children and Families ( DCF ) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm , potential for harm , or threat of harm to a child . Child abuse can occur in a child 's home , or in the organizations , schools or communities the child interacts with . There are four major categories of child abuse : neglect , physical abuse , psychological or emotional abuse , and sexual abuse . Parental abuse by children ( edit ) Main article : Parental abuse by children Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under researched subject . Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts , typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse . Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem , so they rarely seek help and there is usually little or no help available anyway . Elder abuse ( edit ) Main article : Elder abuse Elder abuse is `` a single , or repeated act , or lack of appropriate action , occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust , which causes harm or distress to an older person . '' This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK . Laws protecting the elderly from abuse are similar to , and related to , laws protecting dependent adults from abuse . The core element to the harm of elder abuse is the `` expectation of trust '' of the older person toward their abuser . Thus , it includes harms by people the older person knows or with whom they have a relationship , such as a spouse , partner or family member , a friend or neighbor , or people that the older person relies on for services . Many forms of elder abuse are recognized as types of domestic violence or family violence . Forced and child marriage ( edit ) Main articles : Forced marriage and Child marriage Forced and child marriages are practiced in certain regions of the world , particularly in Asia and Africa , and these types of marriages are associated with a high rate of domestic violence . A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent . The line between forced marriage and consensual marriage may become blurred , because the social norms of many cultures dictate that one should never oppose the desire of one 's parents / relatives in regard to the choice of a spouse ; in such cultures it is not necessary for violence , threats , intimidation etc. to occur , the person simply `` consents '' to the marriage even if he / she does n't want it , out of the implied social pressure and duty . The customs of bride price and dowry , that exist in parts of the world , can lead to buying and selling people into marriage . A child marriage is a marriage where one or both spouses are under 18 . Child marriage was common throughout history but is today condemned by international human rights organizations . Child marriages are often arranged between the families of the future bride and groom , sometimes as soon as the girl is born . Child marriages can also occur in the context of marriage by abduction . The concept of family honor ( edit ) Main article : Family honor Further information : Culture of honor and Honor killing Family honor is an abstract concept involving the perceived quality of worthiness and respectability that affects the social standing and the self - evaluation of a group of related people , both corporately and individually . The family is viewed as the main source of honor and the community highly values the relationship between honor and the family . The conduct of family members reflects upon family honor and the way the family perceives itself , and is perceived by others . In cultures of honor maintaining the family honor is often perceived as more important than either individual freedom , or individual achievement . In extreme cases , engaging in acts that are deemed to tarnish the honor of the family results in honor killings . An honor killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members , due to the perpetrators ' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the family or community , usually for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage , being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives , having sex outside marriage , becoming the victim of rape , dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate , or engaging in homosexual relations . Economic issues ( edit ) A family is often part of a sharing economy with common ownership . Dowry , bride price and dower ( edit ) Further information : Dowry , Bride price , and Dower A traditional , formal presentation of the bride price at a Thai engagement ceremony . Dowry is property ( money , goods , or estate ) that a wife or wife 's family gives to her husband when the wife and husband marry . Offering dowry was common in many cultures historically ( including in Europe and North America ) , but this practice today is mostly restricted to some areas primarily in South Asia ( India , Pakistan , Nepal , Bangladesh ) . Bride price , ( also bridewealth or bride token ) , is property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom . It is practiced mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa , parts of South - East Asia ( Thailand , Cambodia ) , and parts of Central Asia . Dower is property given to the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage , and which remains under her ownership and control . Property regimes and taxation ( edit ) In some countries married couples benefit from various taxation advantages not available to a single person or to unmarried couples . For example , spouses may be allowed to average their combined incomes . Some jurisdictions recognize common law marriage or de facto relations for this purposes . In some jurisdictions there is also an option of civil partnership or domestic partnership . Different property regimes exist for spouses . In many countries , each marriage partner has the choice of keeping their property separate or combining properties . In the latter case , called community property , when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half . In lieu of a will or trust , property owned by the deceased generally is inherited by the surviving spouse . Rights and laws ( edit ) Reproductive rights ( edit ) Main article : Reproductive rights Further information : Forced sterilization , Forced pregnancy , and Forced abortion Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health . These include the right to decide on issues regarding the number of children born , family planning , contraception , and private life , free from coercion and discrimination ; as well as the right to access health services and adequate information . According to UNFPA , reproductive rights `` include the right to decide the number , timing and spacing of children , the right to voluntarily marry and establish a family , and the right to the highest attainable standard of health , among others '' . Family planning refers to the factors that may be considered by individuals and couples in order for them to control their fertility , anticipate and attain the desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births . The state and church have been , and still are in some countries , involved in controlling the size of families , often using coercive methods , such as bans on contraception or abortion ( where the policy is a natalist one -- for example through tax on childlessness ) or conversely , discriminatory policies against large families or even forced abortions ( e.g. , China 's one - child policy in place from 1978 to 2015 ) . Forced sterilization has often targeted ethnic minority groups , such as Roma women in Eastern Europe , or indigenous women in Peru ( during the 1990s ) . Parents ' rights ( edit ) The parents ' rights movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting parents and children related to family law , specifically parental rights and obligations . Mothers ' rights movements focus on maternal health , workplace issues such as labor rights , breastfeeding , and rights in family law . The fathers ' rights movement is a movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to family law , including child custody and child support , that affect fathers and their children . Children 's rights ( edit ) Main article : Children 's rights Children 's rights are the human rights of children , with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors , including their right to association with both parents , their right to human identity , their right to be provided in regard to their other basic needs , and their right to be free from violence and abuse . Marriage rights ( edit ) Main article : Marriage laws Each jurisdiction has its own marriage laws . These laws differ significantly from country to country ; and these laws are often controversial . Areas of controversy include women 's rights as well as same - sex marriage . Legal reforms ( edit ) Legal reforms to family laws have taken place in many countries during the past few decades . These dealt primarily with gender equality within marriage and with divorce laws . Women have been given equal rights in marriage in many countries , reversing older family laws based on the dominant legal role of the husband . Coverture , which was enshrined in the common law of England and the US for several centuries and throughout most of the 19th century , was abolished . In some European countries the changes that lead to gender equality were slower . The period of 1975 -- 1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as Italy , Spain , Austria , West Germany , and Portugal . In 1978 , the Council of Europe passed the Resolution ( 78 ) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law . Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland . In 1985 , a referendum guaranteed women legal equality with men within marriage . The new reforms came into force in January 1988 . In Greece , in 1983 , legislation was passed guaranteeing equality between spouses , abolishing dowry , and ending legal discrimination against illegitimate children . In 1981 , Spain abolished the requirement that married women must have their husbands ' permission to initiate judicial proceedings the Netherlands , and France in the 1980s . In recent decades , the marital power has also been abolished in African countries that had this doctrine , but many African countries that were former French colonies still have discriminatory laws in their marriages regulations , such regulations originating in the Napoleonic Code that has inspired these laws . In some countries ( predominantly Roman Catholic ) divorce was legalized only recently ( e.g. Italy ( 1970 ) , Portugal ( 1975 ) , Brazil ( 1977 ) , Spain ( 1981 ) , Argentina ( 1987 ) , Ireland ( 1996 ) , Chile ( 2004 ) and Malta ( 2011 ) ) although annulment and legal separation were options . Philippines still does not allow divorce . ( see Divorce law by country ) . The laws pertaining to the situation of children born outside marriage have also been revised in many countries ( see Legitimacy ( family law ) ) . Health ( edit ) Global maternal mortality rate per 100 000 live births , ( 2010 ) Family medicine ( edit ) Main article : Family medicine Family medicine is a medical specialty devoted to comprehensive health care for people of all ages ; it is based on knowledge of the patient in the context of the family and the community , emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion . The importance of family medicine is being increasingly recognized . World infant mortality rates in 2012 Maternal mortality ( edit ) Main article : Maternal mortality Maternal mortality or maternal death is defined by WHO as `` the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy , irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy , from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes . '' Historically , maternal mortality was a major cause of women 's death . In recent decades , advances in healthcare have resulted in rates of maternal mortality having dropped dramatically , especially in Western countries . Maternal mortality however remains a serious problem in many African and Asian counties . Infant and child mortality ( edit ) Main articles : Infant mortality and Child mortality Infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age . Child mortality is the death of a child before the child 's fifth birthday . Like maternal mortality , infant and child mortality were common throughout history , but have decreased significantly in modern times . Politics ( edit ) Parents with child statue , Hrobákova street , Petržalka , Bratislava The Family , a sculpture by Robert Thomas , in Cardiff Family policies differ significantly between countries . Depending on jurisdiction , family policy may have a multiplicity of functions : horizontal redistribution , the enhancement of individual choices , increasing fertility rates , supporting economic growth and productivity , as well as reducing gender inequalities ( Ferragina and Seeleib - Kaiser 2015 ) . From a societal perspective , family policies can contribute to `` horizontal redistribution '' between generations , as well as between households with and without children ; to favour individual choices by supporting the reconciliation between care and paid work ; and to reduce the costs of having children and child poverty . From an economic perspective , employment - oriented family policy is part of an overall redesign of welfare states geared to foster `` active citizenship '' , also among mothers who were formerly not employed , through the development of an `` enabling state '' . More generous family policies are said to lead to higher employment rates for women , mitigate the risk of unemployment for mothers after a substantial period of leave , support a social investment strategy , and offset some of the costs of raising children . From many feminist perspectives , family policies should aim at equalising opportunities between men and women through de-familialising care , encouraging men 's involvement in care work , and facilitating employment opportunities for women . Profound social , economic , and cultural changes have led in many societies to the decline of the `` male breadwinner model '' and the move towards a variety of `` adult worker models '' ( Daly 2011 ) . Nevertheless , family policy expansion has not always fundamentally challenged gender inequalities : overall men have not increased their contribution to care work sufficiently to `` compensate '' for women 's increased labour force participation and slightly reduced participation in care . In an era of perceived permanent austerity and overall welfare state retrenchment , rich OECD countries have not been prevented from expanding family policies ( Ferragina and Seeleib - Kaiser 2015 ) . In fact , in many of these countries there has been an expansion of family policies , leading to a socialisation of family care responsibilities , traditionally disproportionately performed by women ( Daly and Lewis 2000 ) . Although at the institutional policy level , the expansion of family policy might be characterised as a `` silent revolution '' , relevant for gender equality , a cautious interpretation might be necessary : gender inequalities in income , opportunities , leisure and other significant outcomes remain and are sometimes sustained by policy , even if there is an observed shift in their character towards support for women 's employment ( Ferragina and Seeleib - Kaiser 2015 ) . The policy shift has been particularly significant in countries that had previously emphasised more conservative approaches to family policies , such as Germany , Ireland , Japan , and Norway . Hence , it can no longer be assumed that in the majority of rich OECD countries care for young children will be mainly provided through unpaid work within the family . Nevertheless , a certain number of countries still fail to provide adequate childcare arrangements , constituting a barrier for full - time maternal employment . Furthermore , in some countries , such as the United States and the United Kingdom , gender discrimination continues to strongly intersect with class ; high childcare costs constitute a disincentive to labour force participation , especially among less educated and unskilled women ( Esping - Andersen 2009 ) . This means that higher - class and more educated women tend to have better opportunities than women belonging to a lower social class . Partisanship and women 's political agency have been the main drivers for family policy change during the 1980s and 1990s in many countries . For the 2000s , however , the importance of these drivers has significantly declined . As societal preferences have undergone profound changes -- to some extent driven by the activities of women 's equality movements , as well as by the experience of women 's employment -- the policy preferences of voters have also changed . Electorates in western democracies increasingly want policies supporting `` modern '' family lifestyles which depend on women 's employment ( Ferragina and Seeleib - Kaiser 2015 ) . As political parties react to these changed policy preferences , the traditional differences in family policy positions between political parties decline . The extent to which this translates into support for gender equality , and how such equality might be defined , is as yet not decided . However , societal policy preferences , long believed to be set in stone , are undergoing profound changes ; and public opinion increasingly matters for changing policies . The changed policy preferences are also mirrored in new political discourses that prioritise social investment and the preservation of the human capital of women , especially of those who are highly skilled . The expansion of family policies geared to supporting women 's employment and investment in children is very likely to continue in western democracies. ( Ferragina and Seeleib - Kaiser 2015 ) . While in many parts of the world family policies seek to promote a gender - equal organization of the family life , in others the male - dominated family continues to be the official policy of the authorities , which is also supported by law . For instance , the Civil Code of Iran states at Article 1105 : `` In relations between husband and wife ; the position of the head of the family is the exclusive right of the husband '' . In some parts of the world , some governments promote a specific form of family , such as that based on traditional family values . The term ' family values ' is often used in political discourse in some countries , its general meaning being that of traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family 's structure , function , roles , beliefs , attitudes , and ideals , usually involving the `` traditional family '' -- a middle - class family with a breadwinner father and a homemaker mother , raising their biological children . Any deviation from this family model is considered a `` nontraditional family '' . These family ideals are often advanced through policies such as marriage promotion . Some jurisdictions outlaw practices which they deem as socially or religiously unacceptable , such as fornication , cohabitation or adultery . Work - family balance ( edit ) Further information : Work -- life balance and Work -- family balance in the United States Work - family balance is a concept involving proper prioritizing between work / career and family life . It includes issues relating to the way how work and families intersect and influence each other . At a political level , it is reflected through policies such maternity leave and paternity leave . Since the 1950s , social scientists as well as feminists have increasingly criticized gendered arrangements of work and care , and the male breadwinner role , and policies are increasingly targeting men as fathers , as a tool of changing gender relations . Protection of private and family life ( edit ) Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one 's `` private and family life , his home and his correspondence '' , subject to certain restrictions that are `` in accordance with law '' and `` necessary in a democratic society '' . `` Article 8 -- Right to respect for private and family life 1 . Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence . 2 . There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security , public safety or the economic well - being of the country , for the prevention of disorder or crime , for the protection of health or morals , or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others . '' Criticism ( edit ) Certain social scientists have advocated the abolition of the family . An early opponent of the family was Socrates whose position was outlined by Plato in The Republic . In Book 5 of The Republic , Socrates tells his interlocutors that a just city is one in which citizens have no family ties . The family being such a deep - rooted and much - venerated institution , few intellectuals have ventured to speak against it . Familialism has been atypically defined as a `` social structure where ... a family 's values are held in higher esteem than the values of the individual members of the family . '' Favoritism granted to relatives regardless of merit is called nepotism . The Russian - American rationalist and individualist philosopher , novelist and playwright Ayn Rand compared partiality towards consanguinity with racism , as a small - scale manifestation of the latter . `` The worship of the family is merely racism , like a crudely primitive first installment on the worship of the tribe . It places the accident of birth above a man 's values and duty to the tribe above a man 's right to his own life . '' Additionally , she spoke in favor of childfree lifestyle , while following it herself . The British social critic , poet , mountaineer and occultist Aleister Crowley censured the institution of family in his works : `` Horrid word , family ! Its very etymology accuses it of servility and stagnation . / Latin , famulus , a servant ; Oscan , Faamat , he dwells. ... ( T ) hink what horrid images it evokes from the mind . Not only Victorian ; wherever the family has been strong , it has always been an engine of tyranny . Weak members or weak neighbours : it is the mob spirit crushing genius , or overwhelming opposition by brute arithmetic. ... In every Magical , or similar system , it is invariably the first condition which the Aspirant must fulfill : he must once and for all and for ever put his family outside his magical circle . '' The American journalist Marty Nemko considers family to be overrated . `` Politicians , clerics , and just plain folks extol family as our most important institution . / I believe family is overrated . So many people suffer inordinately from family. ... / Millions of people do n't even speak with a family member . Millions more spend years and fortunes on therapists , trying to undo the ills that family perpetrated on them . / All this should n't be surprising . After all , unlike with friends , we are placed in our family of origin at random , with no say in the matter . '' The family and social justice ( edit ) One of the controversies regarding the family is the application of the concept of social justice to the private sphere of family relations , in particular with regard to the rights of women and children . Throughout much of the history , most philosophers who advocated for social justice focused on the public political arena , not on the family structures ; with the family often being seen as a separate entity which needed to be protected from outside state intrusion . One notable exception was John Stuart Mill , who , in his work The Subjection of Women , advocated for greater rights for women within marriage and family . Second wave feminists argued that the personal is political , stating that there are strong connections between personal experiences and the larger social and political structures . In the context of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s , this was a challenge to the nuclear family and family values , as they were understood then . Feminists focused on domestic violence , arguing that the reluctance -- in law or in practice -- of the state to intervene and offer protection to women who have been abused within the family , is in violation of women 's human rights , and is the result of an ideology which places family relations outside the conceptual framework of human rights . Global trends in family composition ( edit ) In 2015 , Nicholas Eberstadt , political economist at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington , described a `` global flight from family '' in an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal . Statistics from an infographic by Olivier Ballou showed that , In 2013 , just over 40 % of US babies were born outside marriage . The Census bureau estimated that 27 % of all children lived in a fatherless home . Europe has seen a surge in child - free adults . One in five 40 - something women are childless in Sweden and in Switzerland , in Italy one in four , in Berlin one in three . So - called traditional societies are seeing the same trend . About one - sixth of Japanese women in their forties have never married and about 30 % of all woman that age are childless . -- Infographic Olivier Ballou ( AEI ) However , Swedish statisticians reported in 2013 that , in contrast to many countries , since the 2000s , fewer children have experienced their parents ' separation , childlessness had decreased in Sweden and marriages had increased . It had also become more common for couples to have a third child suggesting that the nuclear family was no longer in decline in Sweden . See also ( edit ) Childfree Childlessness Familialism Family economics Household Nepotism Parent Stepfamily References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ . Harper , Douglas . `` family '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jás Elsner ( 2007 ) . `` The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style , '' in Eva R. Hoffman ( ed ) , Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World , 11 -- 18 . Oxford , Malden & Carlton : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2071 - 5 , p. 17 , Figure 1.3 on p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , David 1984 A Critique of the Study of Kinship . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . p. 182 Jump up ^ Deleuze - Guattari ( 1972 ) . Part 2 , ch. 3 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Russon , John , ( 2003 ) Human Experience : Philosophy , Neurosis , and the Elements of Everyday Life , Albany : State University of New York Press . pp. 61 -- 68 . 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It was nice , the whole family turning up like that . ' Here the usage is more restricted than ' relatives ' or ' his relatives , ' but includes just both parents and offspring . ' Of course , the children will be leaving home soon . It 's always sad to see the family break up like that . ' Here the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence , that is , to the household. The Family and Industrial Society , 1983 , George Allen Unwin , London , page 30 Jump up ^ Olivia Harris . Kate Young ; Carol Wolkowitz ; Roslyn McCullagh , eds . Of Marriage and the Market : Women 's Subordination Internationally and its Lessons . London : Routeledge . p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Axinn , William G. ; Clarkberg , Marin E. ; Thornton , Arland ( 1994 ) . `` Family Influences on Family Size Preferences '' . Demography. 31 ( 1 ) : 65 . doi : 10.2307 / 2061908 . 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The habit of living in pairs , or having only one mate ; The same text repeats The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary , W. Little , H.W. Fowler , J. Coulson ( ed . ) , C.T. Onions ( rev . & ed. , ) Oxford 1969 , 3rd edition , vol. 1 , p. 1275 ; OED Online . March 2010 . Oxford University Press . 23 Jun. 2010 Cf . Monogamy in Merriam - Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Opening Up : Challenging Myths about Consensual Non-Monogamy -- -- -- Science of Relationships '' . Scienceofrelationships.com . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zeitzen , Miriam Koktvedgaard ( 2008 ) . Polygamy : a cross-cultural analysis . Berg . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84520 - 220 - 1 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Derek ; Hall , David S. ( February 27 , 2003 ) . `` Polyamory -- What it is and what it is n't '' . Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality . Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. 6 . Jump up ^ Zeitzen , Miriam K. ( 2008 ) . Polygamy : A Cross-Cultural Analysis . 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Stanley ( 2002 ) . Diversity in families ( 6 ed . ) . Allyn and Bacon . p. 557 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 33522 - 0 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . This ' family as haven ' image of a refuge from an impersonal world characterizes the family as a place of intimacy , love , and trust in which individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society . Christopher Lasch ( 1977 : 8 ) has named this image a ' haven in a heartless world ' and described it as a glorification of private life made necessary by the deprivations experienced in the public world . Jump up ^ Zinn and Eitzen ( 1987 ) Diversity in American families , p. 3 Jump up ^ Zinn and Eitzen ( 1987 ) Diversity in American families , p. 3 Jump up ^ Zinn and Eitzen ( 1987 ) Diversity in American families , p. 8 Jump up ^ Zinn and Eitzen ( 1987 ) Diversity in American families , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States '' . CDC / National Center for Health Statistics . 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( 2007 ) `` The Intersection of Gender , Class and Nationality and the Agency of Kytherian Greek Women . '' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association . August 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch gender and LGBT - equality policy : 2013 -- 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Rm.coe.int . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Review Report of the Netherlands Government in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action '' ( PDF ) . Unece.org . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Although married women in France obtained the right to work without their husbands ' permission in 1965 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 ( before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children ) , it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children 's property . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Country Comparison : Maternal Mortality Rate in The CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` What is Family Medicine ? -- Department of Family Medicine '' . Uchicago.edu . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO -- The rising importance of family medicine '' . Who.int . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Infant Mortality Rates in 2012 Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , UNICEF , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO -- Maternal mortality ratio ( per 100 000 live births ) '' . Who.int . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maternal mortality '' . Who.int . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . 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( 2014 ) . `` Changing men , changing times ; fathers and sons from an experimental gender equality study '' ( PDF ) . The Sociological Review . 62 ( 2 ) : 295 -- 315 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 954X. 12156 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition of the Family for the Guardians and the Use of War ( 457b - 471c ) '' ( PDF ) . Homepages.gac.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SparkNotes : The Republic : Book V '' . Sparknotes.com . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Republic Book 5 Summary & Analysis from LitCharts -- The creators of SparkNotes '' . Litcharts.com . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Dictionary ( the Dictionary You Can Understand ) '' . Dictionary definitions . familialism . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Anne C. ( 2009 ) . Ayn Rand and the World She Made . New York : Doubleday . pp. 320 -- 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51399 - 9 . OCLC 2290274371 . Said in one of the lectures Ayn Rand delivered . Jump up ^ Said in one of the public lectures Ayn Rand delivered Jump up ^ Crowley , Aleister . Magick Without Tears . Chapter LII `` Family : Public Enemy No. 1 '' . Falcon Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 941404 - 17 - X Jump up ^ Nemko , Marty . `` Family is Overrated . September 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Satz , Debra ( 1 January 2017 ) . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University . Retrieved 12 April 2017 -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Angela Harutyunyan , Kathrin Hörschelmann , Malcolm Miles ( 2009 ) Public Spheres After Socialism pp. 50 -- 1 Jump up ^ Patel , Vibhuti . `` Domestic Violence : A Violation of Human Rights of Women by Dr. Vibhuti Patel , Director , P.G.S.R. '' Academia.edu . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Eberstadt ( February 21 , 2015 ) , The Global Flight From the Family : It 's not only in the West or prosperous nations -- the decline in marriage and drop in birth rates is rampant , with potentially dire fallout , Wall Street Journal , retrieved February 26 , 2017 , ' They 're getting divorced , and they 'll do anything NOT to get custody of the kids . '' So reads the promotional poster , in French , for a new movie , `` Papa ou Maman '' Jump up ^ Nicholas Eberstadt ( February 23 , 2015 ) , The global flight from the family , Washington : American Enterprise Institute , retrieved February 26 , 2017 , keywords Economic Development , Foreign and Defense Policy , International Economics , Infographic by Olivier Ballou global trends in family composition Jump up ^ Johan Tollebrant and Lotta Persson ( October 2013 ) . Assumptions on future fertility New family values and increased childbearing in Sweden ? ( PDF ) . United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( Report ) . Joint Eurostat / UNECE Work Session on Demographic Projections . Rome , Italy . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Sources ( edit ) Race , Class , & Gender : An Anthology , 9th edition . Editors : Margaret L. Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins . Cengage Learning . Bibliography ( edit ) Monica McGoldrick ; Nydia A. Garcia Preto ; Betty A. Carter ( 12 June 2015 ) . The Expanding Family Life Cycle : Individual , Family , and Social Perspectives . Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 96806 - 0 . Daly , Mary ( 2011 ) What adult worker model ? A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective . Social Politics , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . Daly , Mary and Lewis , Jane ( 2000 ) . The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states . British Journal of Sociology , 51 ( 2 ) : 281 - 98 . Esping - Andersen , Gøsta ( 2009 ) . The incomplete revolution : Adapting welfare states to women 's new roles . Cambridge : Polity Press . Ferragina , Emanuele and Seeleib - Kaiser , Martin ( 2015 ) `` Determinants of a Silent ( R ) evolution : Understanding the Expansion of Family Policy in Rich OECD Countries '' , Social politics 22 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 37 . Forbes , Scott , A Natural History of Families , ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 691 - 09482 - 9 Foucault , Michel ( 1978 ) . The History of Sexuality : Volume I : An Introduction . ( New York : Vintage Books ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72469 - 8 Gilroy , Paul Identity Belonging and the Critique of Pure Sameness in Gilroy , Paul ( 2000 ) Against Race : Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line , ( Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ) , Ch . I. 3 , pp. 97 -- 133 Goody , Jack The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe ( Cambridge University Press , 1980 ) ; translated into Spanish , French , Italian , Portuguese . Mock , Douglas W. , More Than Kin and Less Than Kind , ( Belknap Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01285 - 2 Schneider , David M. , American Kinship : a cultural approach ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1980 ) . Tabak , I. ; Mazur , J. ; Granado , M.C. ; Örkenyi , Á. ; Zaborskis , A. ; Aasvee , K. ; Moreno , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Examining trends in parent - child communication in Europe over 12 years '' . The Journal of Early Adolescence. 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 54 . doi : 10.1177 / 0272431611419509 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Chevallier , Denis . `` Famille et parenté : une bibliographie '' . Terrain.revues.org ( in French ) . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Families . Look up family in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Family `` Family '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Family database , OECD , Family Research Laboratory , unh.edu `` Family evolution and contemporary social transformations '' ( PDF ) . Seres.fcs.ucr.ac.cr . Estación de Economía Política . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 29 . Family Facts : Social Science Research on Family , Society & Religion ( a Heritage Foundation site ) . familyfacts.org Families Australia -- independent peak not - for - profit organisation . familiesaustralia.org.au FamilyPlatform -- A consortium of 12 organisations providing input into the European Union 's Socio - Economic and Humanities Research Agenda on Family Research and Family Policies . Unitedfamilies.org , International organisation UN.org , Families and Development Family , marriage and `` de facto '' unions , Vatican.va <Th_colspan="2"> Family <Td_colspan="2"> History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grandnephew and grandniece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse wife husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Son - in - law Daughter - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Father -- Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents ' Day Children 's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day National Family Week UK Related Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood <Th_colspan="2"> Family rights Elements Fetal rights Children 's rights Matrimonial rights Mothers ' rights Youth rights Reproductive rights Rights movements Children 's Fathers ' Mothers ' rights Parents ' Grandparents See also Family law Parental responsibility Parental liability <Th_colspan="2"> Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent Management Training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. 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is it illegal to carry a knife in your car

Knife legislation - Wikipedia Knife legislation Jump to : navigation , search Knife legislation is defined as the body of statutory law or case law promulgated or enacted by a government or other governing jurisdiction that prohibits , criminalizes , or restricts the otherwise legal manufacture , importation , sale , transfer , possession , transport , or use of knives . The carrying of knives in public is forbidden or restricted by law in many countries . Exceptions may be made for hunting knives , pocket knives , and knives used for work - related purposes ( chef 's knives , etc . ) , depending upon the laws of a given jurisdiction . In turn , the carrying or possessing of certain type of knives perceived as deadly or offensive weapons such as automatic or switchblade knives or butterfly knives may be restricted or prohibited . Even where knives may be legally carried on the person generally , this right may not extend to all places and circumstances , and knives of any description may be prohibited at schools , public buildings or courthouses , and at public events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Austria 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 4 Canada 5 China 6 Czech Republic 7 Denmark 8 France 9 Germany 9.1 Prohibited knives 9.2 Cutting and thrusting weapons 9.3 Restricted - use knives 10 Greece 11 Hong Kong 12 Hungary 13 Japan 14 Latvia 15 Lithuania 16 Netherlands 17 Norway 18 Poland 19 Russia 20 Serbia 21 Slovakia 22 Spain 23 Sweden 24 United Kingdom 24.1 England and Wales 24.1. 1 Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 24.1. 2 Criminal Justice Act 1988 24.1. 3 Offensive Weapons Act 1996 24.1. 4 Knives Act 1997 24.1. 5 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 24.2 Scotland 24.3 Northern Ireland 25 United States 25.1 Federal laws 25.2 State and local laws 25.2. 1 Historical Origin 25.2. 2 Interpreting current state laws 25.3 City , County , and local laws 26 See also 27 References 28 External links Austria ( edit ) In accordance with the Austrian Arms Act of 1996 ( Waffengesetz 1996 ) it is illegal to buy , import , possess or carry weapons that are disguised as another object or as an object of common use ( sword canes , e.g. , or knives disguised as ink pens , brush handles or belt buckles ) . For ordinary knives , however , there are no restrictions or prohibitions based on blade length or opening or locking mechanism . The Arms Act defines weapons as `` objects that by their very nature are intended to reduce or eliminate the defensive ability of a person through direct impact '' , specifically including all firearms . Consequently , certain knives are considered `` weapons '' in accordance with this definition . Except for firearms , however , which are heavily regulated , such `` weapons '' , including automatic opening lock - blade knives ( switchblades ) , OTF automatic knives , balisongs , and gravity knives are implicitly permitted under the Arms Act , and thus may be bought , possessed and carried by anyone over the age of 18 who has not been expressively banned from owning any weapon ( Waffenverbot ) by the civilian authorities . Belgium ( edit ) Article 3 , § 1 of the 2006 Weapons Act lists the switchblade or automatic knife ( couteaux à cran d'arrêt et à lame jaillissante ) , as well as butterfly knives , throwing knives , throwing stars , and knives or blades that have the appearance of other objects ( i.e. sword canes , belt buckle knives , etc . ) as prohibited weapons . In addition to specifically prohibited knives , the police and local jurisdictions have broad authority to prohibit the carrying or possession of a wide variety of knives , to include carriage inside a vehicle , if the owner can not establish sufficient legal reason ( motif légitime ) for doing so , particularly in urban areas or at public events . This discretion extends to even folding knives without a locking blade . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian weapon law is maintained on a yearly basis . It is called ZOBVVPI ( Bulgarian : `` Закон за оръжията , боеприпасите , взривните вещества и пиротехническите изделия '' ) and it covers ONLY the possession and usage of firearms ( including gas and signal ones ) , and pellet or BB ( Bulgarian : `` сачми '' ) pneumatic guns . A state regulation on melee weapons of any kind does not exist , whether knives , swords , bats or electric devices . Neither there is a juridical definition on the terms `` melee weapon '' or `` cold weapon '' in any Bulgarian law . Hence it is absolutely legal to possess and carry a knife in Bulgaria without having to procure any reason for doing so . Concealed knife carry is OK , anywhere and anytime . Although there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any type of knives or swords , it is not widely accepted or considered appropriate to carry a knife openly in public places such as streets or public buildings , stores or restaurants . In urban areas , expect an instant check and hassle if a policeman sees you to openly carry a larger knife , even if you have legal right to do it . From a society point of view , the open carry of knives in Bulgaria is justified only on rural areas , when fishing or hunting , or when the knife serves as a tool in work activities , such as gardening . Some places like courts , banks , clubs , bars , etc. will deny you the access with any type of weapon ( knives included ) and most of them do n't offer a safekeeping option . It is urban legend in Bulgaria that knives above 10 cm. are illegal to carry on person , so expect the police to try and convince you give up the knife voluntarily , even if such measure is illegal . You should not give up your knife , instead state the purpose of `` daily needs '' , `` utility usage '' or even `` self - defense '' for carrying and be clear that you have n't committed any crime . Insist the policeman to cite a law against you carrying a knife in public . Since there is n't any such law in Bulgaria , police most likely will let you keep your knife and send you on your way with a `` warning '' . If they insist or are further misbehaving , ask to contact their superior officer prior to giving up your knife or else you wo n't see it again . Actually , there are some random city councils which try to limit knife lengths above 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) with issuing acts , but these acts are all illegal and have no compliance force , because the councils serve only administrative functions and they do n't have the jurisdiction to invent or impose laws of any kind . Remember that although very liberal in terms of knives ( weapons ) possession and carry , compared to many European countries , Bulgaria is n't the place where you can defend yourself with deadly force . If the need for self - defense with a knife ever arises , consider it very carefully . Bulgaria has strong restrictive self - defense laws and a `` duty to retreat '' is always obligatory . Usually , courts often consider the armed self - defense as `` unjustified '' based on the Penal Code and the defending side ends up with an effective jail verdict , even if the cause ( treat ) for initiating self - defense is proven . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Criminal Code criminalizes the possession of knives which open automatically . Section 84 ( 1 ) defines `` a knife that has a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device attached to or in the handle of the knife '' as a prohibited weapon . Only persons who have been granted exemption by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police through the Canadian Firearms Program are allowed to possess ( but not acquire ) prohibited weapons . If a person is found in unauthorized possession of a prohibited knife by any law enforcement officer , the person is liable to a maximum of 5 years in jail and the weapon being seized . The Crown can then apply to a Provincial Court judge for the weapon to be forfeited and destroyed . The import and export of prohibited weapons is also strictly regulated and enforced by the Canada Border Services Agency . Examples of prohibited knives include : any knife , including a switchblade , or butterfly knife with a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife ; Constant Companion ( belt - buckle knife ) ; finger rings with blades or other sharp objects projecting from the surface ; push daggers . Manually - opened or ' one - handed ' opening knives , including spring - assisted knives , that do not fall within the categories listed as prohibited weapons definition are legal to own and use , however importation of many of these items has been banned by the CBSA . There is no length restriction on carrying knives within the Criminal Code , but there is a prohibition against carrying a knife if the possessor intends to carry for a purpose dangerous to public peace or for the purpose of committing a criminal offense . China ( edit ) Due to concerns about potential violence at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China began restricting `` dangerous knives '' , requiring that purchasers register with the government when purchasing these knives . Included in the new restrictions are knives with `` blood grooves '' , lockblade knives , knives with blades measuring over 22 cm ( 8.6 in ) in length , and knives with blades over 15 cm in length also having a point angle of less than 60 degrees . As of January 2011 , according to an authorized Leatherman dealer in Beijing all knives with a locking blade are illegal unless they are part of a larger multi-tool like a leatherman . However , many people still carry locking pocket knives especially when camping with no issues . He suggested carrying locking knives in checked luggage on airplanes , and on your person in trains and subways since they could be confiscated if found in a bag . Foreigners are generally given a bit more leeway in China so if a traveler is caught with a small knife there will probably be no prosecution and at most confiscation . Czech republic ( edit ) Czech weapon law from the year 2002 concerns firearms only , with no other legislation concerning knives in existence ( with the exception of the paragraphs of the penal code penalizing the use of any weapons in criminal offenses ) . This means there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any types of knives or swords , whether openly or in concealed manner . Denmark ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) In Denmark , fixed - blade knives are legal to own if the blade is no longer than 12 cm ( 4.75 inches ) . Blades over this length may only be legally owned if the possessor has a legitimate reason for carrying the knife or a special collector 's permit . However , such knives are still generally illegal to carry in public , whether on one 's person or in a vehicle , unless transported in such a manner as to prevent ready access by the owner ( lockbox , locked trunk , etc . ) Folding , non-lock blade knives are legal to carry if the blade length does not exceed 7 cm ( 2.756 in ) . Locking knives and knives over 7 cm must be transported in public so as not to allow ready access by the owner . Knives with blades that may be opened with one hand ( even if the one - hand opening mechanism has been removed ) , automatic - opening knives ( switchblades ) , push daggers , gravity knives , disguised knives ( belt - buckle knife , sword cane , etc . ) and knives with ready access by the wearer ( neck or belt knives , boot knives , etc . ) are illegal to own or possess . Multi-tools featuring one - hand opening blades are also illegal to own or possess . Owning throwing knives and throwing in private or public is subject to permissions . France ( edit ) In France , any knife of any blade length with a fixed blade , or a folding blade with a locking system , falls into unregulated Category D weapon ( armes de catégorie D en vente libre ) . Unregulated category D weapons may be legally purchased if over 18 years of age , but they may not be carried on one 's person , unless carried `` for good reason '' , for example , as part of the tools of one 's profession . If carried in a vehicle , such knives must be placed in a secure , locked compartment not accessible to the vehicle occupants . In addition , French law provides that authorities may classify any knife as a prohibited item depending upon circumstances and the discretion of the police or judicial authorities . Since `` reasonable size '' knives are merely tolerated in most circumstances , authorities may summarily confiscate it . Germany ( edit ) German knife law establishes three categories of knives : 1 ) prohibited knives ; 2 ) knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons ; and 3 ) other knives . Some knives are additionally classified as restricted - use , in that they may be possessed in the home or business , but may not be carried on the person . In addition , paragraph 42 section 5 of the Weapons Act gives each German state the option in certain areas to enact local regulations prohibiting the carrying of weapons `` and any dangerous objects '' in so - called `` weapons ban '' areas for purposes of protecting public safety and order . `` Weapons ban '' areas have been enacted in Berlin and Hamburg . Prohibited knives ( edit ) German law prohibits the manufacture , importation , or sale of butterfly knives , gravity knives , and push daggers ( palm knives ) , as well as knives designed to be disguised as another object , such as a sword cane or belt buckle knife . Automatic or switchblade knives are generally prohibited , with certain exceptions based on blade length and number of sharpened edges . Switchblades and automatic knives with telescoping blade opening designs are prohibited . Side - opening automatic knives are also prohibited unless 1 ) the blade is no longer than 8.5 cm , and 2 ) the blade is single - edged , i.e. a blade without double edges , such as a stiletto or dagger . Cutting and thrusting weapons ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons , but not otherwise specifically prohibited may be possessed by persons of 18 years and older . German law defines a cutting and thrusting weapon as any object intended to reduce or eliminate the ability of a person to attack another person or to defend themselves . This includes swords , sabers , daggers , stilettos , and bayonets . For example , as a bayonet is a military weapon intended to injure or kill people , it is regarded as a weapon by the criminal law . In contrast , a machete is regarded as a tool to clear dense vegetation . Knives classed as cutting and thrusting weapons are generally restricted to possession and use on private property , and may not be carried in public or at certain public events . Restricted - use knives ( edit ) All knives that are not illegal may be legally purchased , owned , and used by anyone on private property . However , some knives are restricted from being carried in public , which is defined as exercising actual control of a restricted - class knife outside the home , business , or private property . All cutting and thrusting weapons such as daggers , swords , or stilettos ( see above 2 . ) All folding knives that are locking and have a one - handed opening mechanism ( whether automatic , assisted - opening , or manual in nature ) . A knife that has only one of these two features may be legal to carry ( namely provided it does not violate the principles below and above ) . All knives with fixed blades over 12.0 cm Restricted - use knives may be carried if transported in a locked , sealed container , or if there is a commonly accepted legitimate purpose for carrying it , such as participation in a historical reenactment , sporting use ( i.e. hunting ) , or as a necessary tool in a trade or business . The desire to defend oneself , or to use the knife as a tool without proof of necessity for its use is ordinarily not considered a legitimate purpose under the law . Greece ( edit ) It is illegal to carry a knife for use as a weapon in attack or defense . The only general restriction is intended use , not the properties of the knife itself ( in particular , there is no restriction of blade length , despite popular belief ) . However , in practice there will be significant leeway for interpretation for police officers and judges -- and much will depend on whether an intended use other than as a weapon can be argued -- for which the properties of the knife in question will be very relevant ( bad : flick - knife , automated , long blade , neck - knife , tactical ) . So , carrying a knife that has its main use as a weapon will be illegal . In addition , it is not allowed to carry knives in certain places , such as courtrooms , to football matches , etc . Carrying knives is generally very unusual in towns , but not in the countryside . Law 2168 / 1993 on weapons , explosives , etc . `` Article 1 . Meaning of terms , applicability ... § 2 . Objects that offer themselves ( είναι πρόσφορα ) to attack or defense are also considered weapons . In particular : ... b ) Knives of all sorts , except those where ownership is justified by use in the home , profession or education , or art , hunting , fishing or other similar uses . '' The remaining sections refer to : a ) sprays and electro - shockers , c ) knuckle dusters , clubs , nunchakus , etc. , d ) flame throwers or chemical sprays , e ) fishing spear - guns . No license is needed for import , trade or carrying of knives for these uses ( Art 7 , 5 ) . See also the constitutional court decision 1299 / 2008 where the intended use of the weapon found in the car of two criminals is the point of discussion . A useful article from a hunting journal ( in Greek ) . Hong kong ( edit ) Under the Weapons Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 217 ) , certain knives are designated as ' prohibited weapons ' , including : Gravity knife Knuckleduster whether spiked or not and with or without blade Any bladed or pointed weapon designed to be used in a fashion whereby the handle is held in a clenched fist and the blade or point protrudes between the fingers of the fist Any knife the blade of which is exposed by a spring or other mechanical or electric device Possession of prohibited weapon is illegal under section 4 of the ordinance and offender is liable to a fine and to imprisonment for 3 years . Any Police officers or Customs officers can seize and detain any prohibited weapon . Once convicted , the weapon is automatically forfeited to the government and can then be disposed of by the Commissioner of Police . Hungary ( edit ) Carrying a knife with blade length over 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) is prohibited in public places in Hungary unless justified by sport , work or everyday activity . Automatic Knives , throwing stars and `` French knives '' are prohibited regardless of blade length and may be sold only to members of the army , law enforcement and the national security agency . Violation may be punished with a fine up to 50000 HUF . Possession at home and transportation in secure wrapping is allowed for everyone . Any non-bladed weapon that is used to `` increase the strength of a punch '' is illegal to carry ( batons , knuckel dusters , nunchakus etc . ) . Japan ( edit ) Any fixed knife containing a blade length of 15 cm or more requires permission from the prefectural public safety commission in order to possess . Permission requirements also apply to any type of pocket knife over 6 cm ( including Automatic Knives ) , spears over 15 cm in blade length , and Japanese halberds . All knives with a blade length over 8 cm are prohibited from being carried , under a crime law , with an exception for carrying for duty or other justifiable reasons . Possession is considered a petty crime and is not usually punishable by prison time . However , in cases where assault occurs with the knife , there is a penalty of up to 2 years prison or up to a ¥ 300000 fine . Folding knives with a blade length less than 8 cm ( such as Swiss Army knives ) are permitted , while SAK with a lock blade are prohibited from being carried . Latvia ( edit ) Latvian legislation `` Law On the Handling of Weapons '' defines knives as : ( 1 ) Cold weapon -- an object that has the features of a weapon and that is intended to cause damage utilising human muscle strength or special mechanisms . and prohibits ( 2 ) ... to carry non-firearm weapons except the non-firearm weapons necessary for hunters -- in hunting and non-firearms necessary to sportsmen for the relevant sport -- in competitions or training . Lithuania ( edit ) According to Lithuanian law it is legal to possess and carry most types of knives . This includes hunting knives , pocket knives , multi-tools , survivor knives , balisongs etc. as knives are not considered weapons . The only exception are switchblades . It is illegal to carry or possess a switchblade if it meets one of the following criteria : the blade is longer than 8.5 cm ; the width in the middle of the blade is less than 14 % of its total length ; the blade is double sided . Netherlands ( edit ) National Law : As of 2011 , Dutch Law prohibits ownership or possession of the following knives : stilettos switchblades throwing knives folding knives with more than one cutting edge folding knives with an overall length of more than 28 cm when deployed butterfly ( balisong ) gravity knives disguised knives ( belt knife , sword cane , etc . ) and push daggers . Local law : In addition to national laws , every Dutch city and urban district has the right to prohibit carrying of any knife that can potentially be used as a weapon in certain `` safety risk '' areas . Such a `` no - go '' area could include geographically limited urban areas such as bars , cafés , concerts , and public gathering places or events . In public , a knife must be transported in such a manner so that it is not directly usable by the owner , such as storing the knife in a locked case for carrying in a backpack , or placing the locked - up knife in a storage area of a vehicle separate from the passenger compartment . Notes : Additionally , it is illegal to carry a fixed - blade knife with multiple cutting edges . However such a knife may be kept at home for collector purposes . Norway ( edit ) According to Norwegian law , one can spend up to 6 months in prison for purposefully bringing a knife or similar sharp tool especially suited for causing bodily harm to a public place , or for helping others do so . The law does not cover knives or other tools worn or used for work , outdoor pursuits or similar reputable purposes . Note that this includes bringing knives in one 's car . It is also illegal to buy , own or store switchblade knives , butterfly knives and stilettos . Poland ( edit ) All kinds of knives are regarded as dangerous tools , but are not considered weapons under Polish law , so no restriction related to weapons apply . The exception is a blade hidden in an object that does n't look like a weapon ( a sword in an umbrella , a dagger in a shoe etc . ) . It is legal to sell , buy , trade and possess any knives , and Polish law does not prohibit carrying a knife in a public place . However , certain prohibitions in possession of so - called `` dangerous tools '' may apply during mass events . Russia ( edit ) Only certain knives are considered `` cold weapons '' and regulated in Russia , the others are common tools and are entirely unregulated , however using them in a violent manner is considered an `` improvised weapon '' usage and is an aggravating circumstance when the charges for an aggressive behavior are filed , and the local regulations may prevent bringing of `` dangerous objects '' to some events or businesses . The key point of knife regulations in Russia lies in the fact that the determination whether the particular knife represent a weapon or an unregulated tool lies entirely within the opinion of a certified expert or an authorized certification board . In practice this means that there 's no legal difference between the knife as a tool and as a weapon , and most given examples may be considered either , the only difference being the certificate issued by an authorized body , and any knife having this certificate being explicitly legal . Certifying the knives as a tool is n't difficult and most producers and importers do this , issuing a copy of a certificate with the knife during the sale , for presentation to the police officers in case of an inquiry . However , unauthorized possession , creation , sale and transport of bladed weapons were decriminalized in 2001 and is now only a civil offence , carrying the penalty between 500 and 2000 ( $15 to $60 ) roubles and / or a ban on a bladed weapon possession for 6 months to a year . For the knives considered weapons the law forbids only the throwing knives , and the automatic and gravity knives with the blades longer than 9 cm ( the shorter blades are allowed , providing the owner having the relevant permission ) . Serbia ( edit ) The `` Weapons and Munitions law '' article 2 . lists different types of weapons . It states that : `` melee weapons , brass knuckles , dagger , kama , saber , bayonet and other items whose primary purpose is offense '' are considered weapons . Most knives are therefore considered tools and technically legal to possess and carry . However , since any knife could be used a melee weapon and the law does n't differentiate between particular types it is up to the authorities to determine the intent of the individual in possession of the knife and whether there is a `` good reason '' to do so . Thus fixed blade knives are considered appropriate for particular professions or when hunting and fishing , but will likely be treated as a weapon in an urban environment . Switchblades , butterfly knives , blades concealed in everyday objects are usually treated as weapons and assisted opening knives may also fall into that category . The appearance of the knife ( how aggressive it appears ) , the length ( although there is no legal limit on length ) , the location where it was carried ( large gatherings , schools , public buildings etc . ) and the demeanor of the person carrying the knife all factor into the decision on whether the law has been broken . Purchase , possession and carry of a melee weapon is classified as a misdemeanor , subject to a fine of up to 10000 RSD or up to 60 days imprisonment ( `` Weapons and Munitions law '' , article 35 . In practice the less akin to a weapon the knife appears , and if carried and used with `` good judgment '' the lesser the likelihood of legal consequences . Slovakia ( edit ) Carrying a knife in Slovakia is not explicitly prohibited nor are there any prohibited types of knives . However Act No. 372 / 1990 Offences Act states in paragraph 47 that carrying of a `` cold weapon '' such as knife , dagger , or sabre on public places is a non-criminal offense to public safety if , from the circumstances of the case or the behaviour of the person , it can be concluded that these weapons can be used for violence or threats of violence . It is up to the individual assessment of any single situation by a policeman whether carrying of such a weapon can lead to violence . This offense can be penalized with maximum 500 EUR . An example of such a situation is visibly carrying of a knife in crowded public places , public meetings , etc . Spain ( edit ) In Spain there are stringent laws proscribing the carrying of armas blancas , or fighting knives , and prohibiting the manufacture , sale , possession or use of certain knives classified as prohibited weapons . Armas blancas and other sharp - bladed instruments or cutting tools may be freely purchased and owned provided they are not on the list of prohibited weapons , are not purchased or possessed by minors , are kept at home for the exclusive purpose of a collection , and are not transported on the public roads . It is against the law generally to carry , display or use any kind of knife in public , especially knives with pointed blades , unless one is on one 's own property or is working or engaged in a legitimate sporting activity requiring the use of such a knife . The list of prohibited weapons is found in Anexo I -- Armas prohibidas of the Real Decreto 137 / 1993 Por El Que Se Aprueba EL Reglamento de Armas , which prohibits the manufacture , importation , distribution , sale , possession and use of sword canes , automatic knives ( switchblades ) , as well as daggers of any type . Knives with a double - edged , pointed - tip blade 11 cm ( 4.33 inches ) or less in length ( measured from the forward end of the handle to the tip of the blade ) are considered to be armas blancas , which may be owned , but not carried in public . The law also prohibits the marketing , advertising , sale , possession , and use of folding knives with a blade length exceeding 11 cm ( 4.33 in . ) , measured from the bolster or top of the handle to the tip of the blade . Certain exceptions to the list of prohibited knives exist for legitimate knife collections and historical artifacts registered with the Guardia Civil for possession exclusively at one 's own home . Civilians are prohibited from possessing knives , machetes , and other bladed weapons officially issued to the police , military , and other official authorities without a special license . Sale of such weapons requires the presentation of an official arms license duly certifying the identity and status of the person entitled to possess such weapons . Sweden ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) Swedish law prohibits the carrying of knives in public areas , including schools and vehicles at these areas , if the carrier intends to use the knife as a weapon in the commission of a crime . Examples of legitimate purposes include artisans who use a knife at work , soldiers in uniform carrying a knife , or normal use of a pocket knife . The same law also regulates some other objects that are made to thrust , cut , or that are otherwise intended for crime against life and health . Furthermore , objects that are `` particularly '' intended for crime against life and health , such as switchblades , shurikens and brass knuckles , are not permitted to be given or sold to anyone under the age of 21 . Carrying a weapon for self - defence does not count as a legitimate purpose . United Kingdom ( edit ) The 1689 Bill of Rights ensured that only Parliament and not the King could restrict the right of the people to bear arms . Over the last 60 years , Parliament has enacted a series of increasingly restrictive laws and acts regarding the possession and use of knives and bladed tools . The United Kingdom ( to include England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland ) has one of the most comprehensive set of laws of any developed nation restricting most of the rights to import , purchase , possess , sell , and carry knives . Ambulance service data gathered in 2009 suggests a slow increase in knife crime incidents in the UK although the overall rate remains low . England and Wales ( edit ) Restriction of offensive weapons Act 1959 ( edit ) The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 ( amended 1961 ) ( ROWA ) , prohibits the importation , sale , hire , lending , or gift of certain types of knives in England , Wales , and Scotland as of 13 June 1959 under Section 1 : ( 1 ) Any person who manufactures , sells or hires or offers for sale or hire , or exposes or has in his possession for the purpose of sale or hire or lends or gives to any other person -- ( a ) any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife , sometimes known as a flick knife or `` flick gun '' ; or ( b ) any knife which has a blade which is released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force and which , when released , is locked in place by means of a button , spring , lever , or other device , sometimes known as a gravity knife , shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) Subsection 2 also makes it illegal to import knives of this type as of 13 June 1959 . The above legislation criminalizes the conduct of the original owner or transferor of an automatic - opening or gravity knife , not the new owner or transferee ; in addition , the statute does not criminalize possession of such knives other than possession for the purpose of sale or hire . It is therefore not illegal per se to merely possess such a knife , though the difficulties of acquiring one without violating the statute makes it ( almost ) impossible to obtain one without either committing or abetting an offence . Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( edit ) The Criminal Justice Act 1988 mainly relates to carrying knives in public places , Section 139 being the most important : ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) below , any person who has an article to which this section applies with them in a public place shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed except a folding pocketknife . ( 3 ) This section applies to a folding pocketknife if the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 3 inches . ( 4 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article with him in a public place . The definition of `` public place '' is unsettled , but can loosely be defined as anywhere the public have a legitimate right to be whether this access is paid for or not , which could include any populated area within the England and Wales , including one 's motor vehicle , which is defined by law as a ' public place ' unless parked on private property . In a remote or otherwise unpopulated area , a public place could include : 1 ) an organised wilderness gathering or event ; 2 ) a National Park ; 3 ) Forestry Commission land that is held open to the public ; 4 ) public footpaths ; 5 ) bridleways ; and 6 ) any area where an individual does not need to ask specific permission to walk , camp , or travel from a landowner . The phrase `` good reason or lawful authority '' in Subsection 4 is intended to allow for `` common sense '' possession of knives , so that it is legal to carry a knife if there is a bona fide reason to do so . Subsection 5 gives some specific examples of bona fide reasons : a knife for use at work ( e.g. a chef 's knife ) , as part of a national costume ( e.g. a sgian dubh for Scottish Highland dress ) , or for religious reasons ( e.g. a Sikh Kirpan ) . However , even these specific statutory exceptions have proven unavailing to knife owners at times . It is important to note that `` good reason or lawful authority '' exceptions may be difficult to establish for those not using a knife in the course of their trade or profession , but merely because the knife is needed in case of emergency or for occasional utility use . Although English law insists that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to provide evidence proving a crime has been committed , an individual must provide evidence to prove that they had a `` good reason or lawful authority '' for carrying a knife ( if this is the case ) upon being detained . While this may appear to be a reversal of the usual burden of proof , technically the prosecution has already proven the case ( prima facie ) by establishing that a knife was being carried in a public place ( see Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 on Knives , etc. ; New powers to tackle gun and knife crime ) As the burden of proving `` good reason or lawful authority '' lies with the defendant , it is likely that an individual detained and searched by the police will need to prove the following ( sometimes known as the THIS list ) : Has THIS person got permission ; to use THIS article ( knife ) ; for THIS use ; on THIS land ; and by THIS land owner . The special exception which exists in the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Sec. 139 ) for folding knives ( pocket knives ) with blades less than 3 inches ( 76mm ) long , is another `` common sense '' measure accepting that some small knives are carried for general utility ; This exemption however only applies to folding knives without a locking mechanism . The wording of the Criminal Justice Act does not mention locking and so the definition of `` folding pocket knife '' was settled through case law . In the Crown Court appeal of Harris v. DPP ( 1992 ) and the Court of Appeal case of R. v Deegan ( 1998 ) the ruling that ' folding ' was intended to mean ' non-locking ' was upheld . As the only higher court in England and Wales to the Court of Appeal is the Supreme Court , the only way the decision in R. v. Deegan could be overturned is by a dissenting ruling by the Supreme Court or by Act of Parliament . Offensive weapons Act 1996 ( edit ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 covers the possession of knives within school premises : ( 1 ) Any person who has an article to which section 139 of this Act applies with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Any person who has an offensive weapon within the meaning of section 1 of the M1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 3 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) above to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article or weapon with him on the premises in question . ( 4 ) ( Subsection 4 gives the same specific exceptions as subsection 139 ( 5 ) with the addition of `` for educational purposes '' . This would appear to imply that all legislation on knives in public applies similarly to school premises , and therefore a folding pocket knife under 3 inches ( 76mm ) in length would be considered legal . ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 imposes an age restriction on the sale of knives : ( 1 ) Any person who sells to a person under the age of sixteen years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to -- ( a ) any knife , knife blade or razor blade ... In Scotland , the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 makes it an offence to sell knives to someone under 18 years of age ( including any blade , razor blade , any bladed or pointed article , or any item made or adapted for causing personal injury . ) Knives Act 1997 ( edit ) The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . Prevention of crime Act 1953 ( edit ) The Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . The term `` offensive weapon '' is defined as : `` any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person , or intended by the person having it with him for such use '' . Under the Prevention of Crime Act , otherwise ' exempt ' knives carried for `` good reason or lawful authority '' may be still deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an `` offensive weapon '' . In recent years , the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 has been reinterpreted by police and public prosecutors , who have persuaded the courts to minimize exceptions to prosecution on the grounds that the defendant had `` lawful authority or reasonable excuse '' in order to apply the Act to a wide variety of cases . This new approach now includes prosecution of citizens who have admitted carrying a knife for the sole purpose of self - defence ( in the eyes of the law , this is presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife as an `` offensive weapon '' , albeit in a defensive manner , and in otherwise justifiable circumstances ) . While the onus lies on the officer to prove offensive intent , prosecutors and courts have in the past taken the appearance and the marketing of a particular brand of knife into account when considering whether an otherwise legal knife was being carried as an offensive weapon . In addition , the Knives Act 1997 now prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . A knife which is marketed as `` tactical '' , `` military '' , `` special ops '' , etc. could therefore carry an extra liability . In May 2018 Judge Nic Madge , as part of his during his retirement ceremony at Luton Crown Court , suggested introducing a scheme whereby members of the public could get their kitchen knives modified to be less dangerous . Judge Madge said if his proposals were implemented there would be a `` substantial '' reduction in the number of life - threatening injuries caused by stabbings . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , the Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 prevents the carrying of offensive weapons as well as pointed or bladed articles in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . Defences exist to a charge of possessing a bladed or pointed article in a public place when carried for use at work , as part of a national costume or for religious reasons . As in England and Wales , an exception is allowed for folding pocket knives which have a blade of less than 3 Inches ( 7.62 cm ) Other relevant Scotland knife legislation includes the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Offensive Weapons Act ) ( Scotland ) Order 2005 , which bans sword canes , push daggers , butterfly ( balisong knives ) , throwing stars , knives that can defeat metal detectors , and knives disguised as other objects , and the Police , Public Order and Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 2006 , which makes it an offence to sell a knife , knife blade , or bladed or pointed object to a person under eighteen years of age , unless the person is sixteen or older and the knife or blade is `` designed for domestic use . '' In 2007 , the passage of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 allowed exemption from criminal liability under section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 for selling a prohibited offensive weapon if the sale was made for purposes of theatrical performances and of rehearsals for such performances , the production of films ( as defined in section 5B of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) , or the production of television programmes ( as defined in section 405 ( 1 ) of the Communications Act 2003 ) . Further legislation in Scotland , known as the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 , is now in effect ( certain parts of this Act came into force on 10 September 2007 ) . This legislation amends the Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 and makes it compulsory to possess a local authority license to sell knives , swords and blades ( other than those designed for ' domestic use ' ) , or to sell any sharply pointed or bladed object `` which is made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person . '' Any dealer in non-domestic knives will be required to hold a ' knife dealer 's licence ' . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The laws restricting knife ownership , use , possession and sale are nearly identical to the laws of Scotland and the rest of the UK , though contained in different acts . In 2008 , in response to a surge in public concern over knife - related crimes , Northern Ireland doubled the prison sentence for persons convicted of possessing a knife deemed to be an offensive weapon in a public place to four years ' imprisonment , and added an evidential presumption in favour of prosecution for possession of a knife . United states ( edit ) Federal laws ( edit ) Under the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 ( amended 1986 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § § 1241 -- 1245 ) , switchblades and ballistic knives are banned from interstate shipment , sale , or importation , or possession within the following : any territory or possession of the United States , i.e. land belonging to the U.S. federal government ; Indian lands ( as defined in section 1151 of title 18 ) ; and areas within the maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the federal government , with the exception of federal , state law enforcement agencies and the military . In addition , federal laws may prohibit the possession or carrying of any knife on certain federal properties such as courthouses or military installations . U.S. federal laws on switchblades do not apply to the possession or sale of switchblade knives within a state 's boundaries ; the latter is regulated by the laws of that particular state , if any . Occasional disputes over what constitutes a switchblade knife under federal law has occasionally resulted in U.S. Customs seizures of knives from U.S. importers or manufacturers . In one case the seizure of a shipment of Columbia River Knife & Tool knives resulted in an estimated US $1 million loss to the company before the shipment was released . Amendment 1447 to the Switchblade Knife Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1244 ) , signed into law as part of the FY2010 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill on October 28 , 2009 , provides that the Act shall not apply to spring - assist or assisted - opening knives ( i.e. knives with closure - biased springs that require physical force applied to the blade to assist in opening the knife ) . State and local laws ( edit ) Each American state also has laws that govern the legality of carrying weapons , either concealed or openly , and these laws explicitly or implicitly cover various types of knives . Some states go beyond this , and criminalize mere possession of certain types of knives . Other states prohibit the possession and / or the concealed carrying of knives that feature blade styles or features sufficient to transform them into `` dangerous weapons '' or `` deadly weapons '' , i.e. knives either optimized for lethality against humans or designed for and readily capable of causing death or serious bodily injury . These frequently include knives with specific blade styles with a historical connection to violence or assassination , including thrusting knives such as the dirk , poignard , and stiletto , the bowie knife , and double - edged knives with crossguards designed for knife fighting such as the dagger . Some states make the carrying or possession of any dangerous or deadly weapon with intent to unlawfully harm another a crime . Historical origin ( edit ) The origin of many knife laws , particularly in the southern states , comes from attempts by early state legislatures to curtail the practice of knife fighting and dueling with large knives such as the bowie knife , which was commonly carried as an item of personal defense prior to the invention of the revolver . In Alabama , Mississippi , New Mexico , and Virginia , the carrying on one 's person of large and lengthy fighting knives capable of causing grievous wounds such as the Bowie Knife is prohibited by statute , originally in the interest of controlling or eliminating the then - common practice of `` dueling '' , a term which had degenerated from a rarely used social custom into a generalized description for any knife or gun fight between two contestants . In many jurisdictions , a local tradition of using knives to settle differences or for self - defense resulted in the enactment of statutes that restricted the size and length of the knife and particularly , the length of its blade . After the Civil War , many restrictions on knife and even gun ownership were imposed by state , county , and city laws and ordinances that were clearly based on fear of weapon possession by certain racial groups , particularly African - American and Hispanic Americans . In some states , so - called `` Black Codes '' adopted after the Civil War required blacks to obtain a license before carrying or possessing firearms or Bowie knives . The governments of Texas and other former states of the Confederacy , many of which had recognized the right to carry arms such as Bowie knives openly before the Civil War , passed new restrictions on both gun and knife possession and use . In some cases , these laws were directed at freed slaves and other minorities ; in other cases , by reconstruction legislatures anxious to disarm rebellious militias and groups seeking to disenfranchise African - American and other minorities . The April 12 , 1871 law passed by the Texas ' Reconstruction legislature is typical , and is the ancestor of the present law restricting knife possession and use in Texas : Any person carrying on or about his person , saddle , or in his saddle - bags , any pistol , dirk , dagger , sling - shot , sword - cane , spear , brass knuckles , bowie knife , or any other kind of knife , manufactured or sold , for the purpose of offense or defense , unless he has reasonable grounds for fearing an unlawful attack on his person , and that such ground of attack shall be immediate and pressing ; or unless having or carrying the same on or about his person for the lawful defense of the State , as a militiaman in actual service , or as a peace officer or policeman , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ... '' While most gun restrictions were eventually repealed , many knife laws remained in effect in the South . In Texas , this was largely explained by the presence of large numbers of Tejanos . By 1870 , Texas whites of the day had almost universally and exclusively adopted the revolver for self - defense , while Tejanos , steeped in the blade culture ( el legado Andaluz ) of Mexico and Spain and generally without the means to purchase handguns , continued to carry knives . Thus while local and state Texas gun laws and ordinances were gradually relaxed or eliminated during the late 1800s , the old prohibitions against bowie knives , daggers , dirks , and other long - bladed knives remained on the books , since they served to disarm and control a minority group viewed as engaging in lawless behaviors and violence without legal justification . The Texas law remained on the books for almost 150 years , until modified in 2017 to allow carrying these weapons with some restrictions . Interpreting current state laws ( edit ) Many of today 's state criminal codes restricting knife use and ownership have been amended repeatedly over the years rather than rewritten to remove old classifications and definitions that are largely a historical legacy , a process that frequently results in illogical , confusing , and even conflicting provisions . Thus in Arkansas , a state in which knife fights using large , lengthy blades such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick were once commonplace , a state statute made it illegal for someone to `` carry a knife as a weapon '' , specifying that any knife with a blade 3.5 inches or longer constituted prima facie evidence that the knife was being carried as a weapon , yet allowed a complete exemption to the law when `` upon a journey '' . While Arkansas eventually repealed its archaic criminal knife possession law in its entirety , other states still periodically amend archaic criminal codes that penalize both historic and present - day behavior involving knife use and ownership ; these patchwork statutes can result in lengthy legal disputes over legislative intent and definitions . As one example , Indiana law makes it illegal to possess a ' dagger ' , ' dirk ' , ' poniard ' , ' stiletto ' , ' switchblade ' , or ' gravity knife ' on school property , or to possess any knife on school property `` capable of being used to inflict cutting , stabbing , or tearing wounds '' if that knife `` is intended to be used as a weapon '' , but provides for a criminal penalty only if a person `` recklessly , knowingly , or intentionally '' possesses such a knife on school property . The statute thus requires 1 ) an examination of the knife and the legislative history of the statute ; 2 ) expert testimony on the individual characteristics of historic knife designs to determine whether the knife in question fits within one of the six specified categories of knife ; 3 ) a determination as to whether the blade can cause a `` cutting , stabbing , or tearing wound '' ; 4 ) a determination as to what degree of injury constitutes a `` wound '' , and 5 ) two separate determinations of the defendant 's intent by the fact finder -- before guilt or innocence may be adjudged . Some states prohibit the possession of a folding knife with a quick - opening mechanism such as a gravity knife , butterfly knife , balisong , or switchblade . Other states may impose no restrictions at all , while many allow possession with some restrictions ( age , carrying on one 's person , carrying concealed , carrying while a convicted felon , prohibited possessor , or while in the commission of a serious offense , etc . ) The continual advent of new knife designs , such as assisted - opening knives can complicate issues of legality , particularly when state laws have not been carefully drafted to clearly define the new design and how it is to be classified within existing law . This omission has led in the past to cases in which state courts have substituted their own understanding of knife design to interpret legislative intent when applying statutes criminalizing certain types of knives . In 2014 , attention was brought by many newspapers and media outlets to 1950s era legislation leading to many arrests and convictions for possession of the loosely defined gravity knife . City , county , and local laws ( edit ) City , county , and local jurisdictions ( to include sovereign Indian nations located within a state boundary ) may enact their own criminal laws or ordinances in addition to the restrictions contained in state laws , which may be more restrictive than state law . Virtually all states and local jurisdictions have laws that restrict or prohibit the possession or carrying of knives in some form or manner in certain defined areas or places such as schools , public buildings , courthouses , police stations , jails , power plant facilities , airports , or public events . Local or city ordinances are sometimes drafted to include specific classes of people not covered by the state criminal codes , such as individuals carrying folding knives with locking blades primarily for use as weapons . For example , a San Antonio , Texas city ordinance makes it unlawful for anyone to knowingly carry within city limits `` on or about his person '' any folding knife with a blade less than 5.5 inches long with a lock mechanism that locks the blade upon opening . This ordinance is designed to work in tandem with the Texas state statute making illegal the carrying of knives with blades longer than 5.5 inches . The San Antonio ordinance allows police to charge persons carrying most types of lock blade knives without good cause with a criminal misdemeanor violation , allowing police to remove the knife from the possession of the offender , while providing exemptions from the ordinance designed to protect certain classes of people the city assumes to pose no threat to public order . Occasionally , city and county ordinances conflict with state law . In one example , the city of Portland , Oregon initially passed a city ordinance banning all pocket knives , until the measure was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court as conflicting with state criminal statutes . See also ( edit ) Law portal Hunting license Weapon possession ( crime ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legislation , Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 20 August 2011 Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 17 ( 1 ) : `` Verboten sind der Erwerb , die Einfuhr , der Besitz , und das Führen : 1 . von Waffen , deren Form geeignet ist , einen anderen Gegenstand vorzutäuschen , oder die mit Gegenständen des täglichen Gebrauches verkleidet sind . '' ^ Jump up to : Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jell , Sonja ( Magistra ) Weapons Law : Knives in Austria Jump up ^ Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) § 11 . ( 1 ) Der Besitz von Waffen , Munition und Knallpatronen ist Menschen unter 18 Jahren verboten . Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 12 . ( 1 ) Die Behörde hat einem Menschen den Besitz von Waffen und Munition zu verbieten ( Waffenverbot ) , wenn bestimmte Tatsachen die Annahme rechtfertigen , daß dieser Mensch durch mißbräuchliches Verwenden von Waffen Leben , Gesundheit oder Freiheit von Menschen oder fremdes Eigentum gefährden könnte . ^ Jump up to : L'Article 3 § 1 La Loi du 08.06. 2006 , Service Public Fédéral Justice ( 2008 ) , retrieved 27 August 2011 Jump up ^ Nouvelle Loi sur les Armes , retrieved 27 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Lang , Oliver , Messer in Europa : Mit Dem Messer Auf Reisen , Übersicht -- Messer & Recht im Ausland , Messer Magasin ( March 2010 ) Jump up ^ http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135696097 Jump up ^ `` Що е то хладно оръжие и има ли почва у нас ? '' . 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.bmgk-bg.org/content/fm/14/718/402_01_8.pdf ^ Jump up to : Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Criminal Code '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada . Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada - Prohibited Weapons and Devices Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Canada Border Services Agency ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` Memorandum D19 - 13 - 2 - Importing and Exporting Firearms , Weapons and Devices '' . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency , Customs Notice 18 - 01 , Notification of Canadian International Trade Tribunal Decision on Centrifugal Opening Knives Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Criminal Code '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China strengthens control over deadly knives '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` § 1 zákona 119 / 2002 Sb. , zdroj : SBÍRKA ZÁKONŮ ročník 2002 , částka 52 , ze dne 09.04. 2002 ( § 1 , Law No 119 / 2002 , Collection of Laws vol. 2002 , sum 52 , published 2002 - 04 - 09 ) '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ European Throwing Association `` Flying Blades '' , Legal Situation of Knife Throwing in Denmark , retrieved October 2014 . Jump up ^ There are two sub-categories within `` catégorie D '' : the unregulated D Category weapons and the regulated D category weapons ; see'Arme de catégorie D ( en vente libre ou soumise à enregistrement ) ' , www.service-public.fr website , accessed on May 10 , 2017 ( 1 ) ' Loi n ° 2012 - 304 du 6 mars 2012 relative à l'établissement d'un contrôle des armes modernes , simplifié et préventif ' Jump up ^ Loi relative aux couteaux et port d'arme - mise à jour octobre 2013 , site www.knivesandtools.fr/ , consulté le 11 mai 2017 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Die Rechtslage -- WaffG und Messer Archived 2011 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 27 August 2011 Jump up ^ Waffenrechtliche Betrachtung zum Waffentraining in der Öffentlichkeit , retrieved 27 August 2011 : The law contains an exception for palm skinning knives owned or used by hunters or members of the fur industry . Jump up ^ OLG Stuttgart Beschluss vom 14 . Juni 2011 Az. 4 Ss 137 / 11 , retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : § 42a Verbot des Führens von Anscheinswaffen und bestimmten tragbaren Gegenständen , retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ΑΡΕΙΟΣ ΠΑΓΟΣ - ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ 1299 / 2008 ( ) '' . www.areiospagos.gr . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ article from a hunting journal Jump up ^ S. 4 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ S. 13 Weapons Ordinance Jump up ^ `` 175 / 2003 . ( X . 28 . ) Korm . rendelet '' . net.jogtar.hu ( in Hungarian ) . CompLex. 2003 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double - edged knives may be regulated by law '' . The Yomiuri Shimbun . July 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 銃砲 刀剣 類 所持 等 取締 法 ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latvian law On the Handling of Weapons law '' . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peilių civilinės apyvartos teisinis reglamentavimas knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apie asociaciją , peilius ir viską , kas su tuo susiję ... knives.lt '' . knives.lt . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regjeringen on knives and police conduct in Norwegian ; regjeringen.no '' . regjeringen.no . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Act of 21 May 1999 on weapons and ammunition ( Dz. U. 1999 nr 53 poz. 549 ) Jump up ^ Act of 20 March 2009 on the safety of the mass events ( Dz. U. 2009 nr 62 poz. 504 ) Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` Об оружии '' от 13.12. 1996 N 150 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации '' от 13.06. 1996 N 63 - ФЗ ( ред . от 23.04. 2018 , с изм . от 25.04. 2018 ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Криминалистические требования к холодному , метательному оружию - Библиотека - Все об арбалетах , луках '' . arbalet.info . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Кодекс Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях '' от 30.12. 2001 N 195 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) ( КОАП РФ ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` Об оружии '' от 13.12. 1996 N 150 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( Serbian version ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ S - EPI. `` 372 / 1990 Zb . Zákon o priestupkoch - Aktuálne znenie '' . Zákony pre ľudí . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reglamentación española de armas , retrieved 31 July 2011 ^ Jump up to : Prohibited Arms Archived 2011 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 17 December 2011 Jump up ^ Swedish Police : Knivar och andra farliga föremål ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Lag ( 1988 : 254 ) om förbud beträffande knivar och andra farliga föremål Lagen.nu '' . lagen.nu . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Knife Law '' . Greenman Bushcraft . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , J.T. ; Walker , A. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` '' At the sharp end `` : does ambulance dispatch data from south Yorkshire support the picture of increased weapon - related violence in the UK ? '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 26 ( 10 ) : 741 -- 742 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2008.067298 . ISSN 1472 - 0213 . PMID 19773502 . ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Bill Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , New Statesman , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 : Short title , commencement , and extent , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : UK Knife Law , Chris Hughes Multi Activity Services ( CHMAS ) Ltd . Jump up ^ Sikhs protest against knife rules , BBC News , 8 April 2009 Jump up ^ Disabled Caravanner , 61 , prosecuted for having Swiss Army knife in his glove box to cut up fruit on picnics , Daily Mail , 15 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : Samengo - Turner , Nicky , The policeman found my penknife . ' You 're going down , mate , ' he said , The Daily Telegraph , 28 November 2004 Jump up ^ Baton Charge Racing Boss Cleared : In 2004 , a businessman and ex-military officer , Nicholas Samengo - Turner , was stopped at a mass search checkpoint in London and arrested for possessing a small Swiss Army multitool with two short locking blades ( 2 15 / 16 inch / 7.47 cm and 2 5 / 8 inch / 6.68 cm ) in the locked boot of his car . While eventually cleared , the arrest cost Samengo - Turner a multi-million pound business deal and thousands of pounds in court costs . Jump up ^ Offence of having article with blade or point in public place Archived 2010 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris v. DPP , 1 All ER 562 , ( 1993 ) 1 WLR 82 , 96 Cr App Rep 235 , 157 JP 205 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Offensive Weapons Act ( 1996 ) : Under ( 2 ) ( a ) , safety razor blades are exempted from this section , so that only straight razors are affected . Jump up ^ `` Knives Act 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Bryan v. Mott , 62 Cr App R 71 ( 1976 ) : ' Lawful authority ' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty , such as police officers or members of the armed forces , not private persons . Jump up ^ ' Rambo ' student charged with possessing six - inch plastic knife has case against him dropped , The Daily Mail , 11 November 2008 Jump up ^ DirectGov , Crime and Violence : Knife crime , DirectGov UK Government Information Service , England & Wales : `` If you carry a knife to protect yourself or make yourself feel safer but do n't intend to use it then you are committing a crime . '' Jump up ^ `` Judge calls for kitchen knives to be blunted amid crime wave '' . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crimal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , section 49 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Knives and the Law Archived 2011 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , NIdirect Government Services , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ Sentence doubled for knife possession in Northern Ireland , The Belfast Telegraph , 16 July 2008 , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 15 , Chapter 29 , Sections 1241 -- 1245 Jump up ^ Precise Imports v. Kelly , 378 F. 2d 1014 ( 2d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 389 U.S. 973 , 88 S. Ct. 472 , 19 L. Ed. 2d 465 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Murphree , 783 F. 2d 605 , 609 -- 10 ( 6th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 142 , 93 L. Ed. 2d 84 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ BERNARD LEVINE . `` STATE KNIFE LAWS '' . Jump up ^ `` United States Code TITLE 15 CHAPTER 29 -- MANUFACTURE , TRANSPORTATION , OR DISTRIBUTION OF AUTOMATIC KNIVES '' . Jump up ^ David D. Kowalski . `` Pocketknives are Tools Used by Millions '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Amendment 1447 to 15 U.S.C. § 1244 adds a fifth exception to the definition of a switchblade knife : Sections 1242 and 1243 of this title shall not apply to : 5 ) a knife that contains a spring , detent , or other mechanism designed to create a bias toward closure of the blade and that requires exertion applied to the blade by hand , wrist , or arm to overcome the bias toward closure to assist in opening the knife . ^ Jump up to : Wong , David , Knife Laws of the Fifty States : A Guide for the Law - Abiding Traveler , AuthorHouse , ISBN 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 7 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Wong , p. 134 : Dangerous weapon , i.e. a knife capable of being transformed by circumstances of its threatened , attempted , or actual use into a weapon capable of causing death Jump up ^ Ohin v. Commonwealth of Virginia , 622 S.E. 2d 784 , 47 Va App . 194 ( Va Ct . App . 2005 ) : ( Virginia Court of Appeals affirmed conviction for concealed carry of folding knife with 3.5 - inch locking blade , crossguard , and oversized handle , based on ' catchall ' provision in Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) ( v ) prohibiting concealed carry of ' any weapon of like kind ' . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , William L. , The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 029 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87364 - 029 - 9 ( 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 18 , 27 -- 36 Jump up ^ See Ala . Code 1975 , § 13 - 6 - 120 , Sec . 13A - 11 - 50 : `` Carrying concealed weapons . Except as otherwise provided in this Code , a person who carries concealed about his person a bowie knife or knife or instrument of like kind or description or a pistol or firearm of any other kind or an air gun shall , on conviction , be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00 , and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than six months . '' A companion statute allows the jury to mitigate punishment if the accused can produce evidence that he was reasonably in fear of being attacked at the time he was carrying the concealed knife . Jump up ^ Ala . Code 1975 Jump up ^ Mississippi Code , Crimes § 97 - 37 - 1 : Deadly weapons ; carrying while concealed ; use or attempt to use ; penalties : `` ( 1 ) Except as otherwise provided in Section 45 - 9 - 101 , any person who carries , concealed in whole or in part , any bowie knife , dirk knife , butcher knife , switchblade knife ... shall upon conviction be punished '' by a fine and / or imprisonment . Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 1 - 12 ( B ) , Definitions ... `` deadly weapon '' means any ... weapon which is capable of producing death or great bodily harm , including but not restricted to any types of daggers , ... bowie knives , poniards , butcher knives , dirk knives ... '' Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 7 - 2 : `` Unlawful carrying of a deadly weapon ... consists of carrying a concealed ... deadly weapon anywhere , except in the following cases : own residence or property ; private automobile , or other means of conveyance . '' Jump up ^ Walker , Greg , Battle Blades : A Professional 's Guide to Combat / Fighting Knives , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 732 - 7 ( 1993 ) , p. 210 : The effectiveness of the Bowie knife can be seen in one of Col. James ( Jim ) Bowie 's early fights in which he defended himself against three knife and gun - wielding attackers . At the end of the fight , all three of Bowie 's assailants were dead ; one man was nearly decapitated , the second was disemboweled , and the third had his skull split open . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) : The Virginia statute prohibits only the concealed carrying of a Bowie knife upon one 's person , while Texas prohibits the carrying of such a knife whether concealed or not . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) Jump up ^ Cassidy , p. 10 : In some states the popularity of certain knives such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick was such that schools were established to teach their use in knife fighting , further popularizing such knives and compelling authorities to pass legislation severely restricting such schools . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton , Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic : Dueling , Southern Violence , and Moral Reform , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96615 - 7 ( 1999 ) , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton E. , The Racist Roots of Gun Control , ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , Texas Supreme Court ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , id . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. , The Right to Bear Arms in Texas : The Intent of the Framers of the Bill of Rights , Baylor Law Review , 41 Baylor L. Rev. , pp. 629 -- 688 ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Jason , Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth - Century Austin , Texas , Lexington Books , ISBN 9780739170977 ( 2012 ) , p. 48 : The typical Tejano heritage was commonly portrayed as displaying a proclivity for `` knife play '' frequently culminating in a fatality . Jump up ^ McPhate , Christian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Five Key Takeaways From Texas ' New Laws On Carrying Knives '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Wilson - Anthony Fight Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Arkansas - Heritage , retrieved 1 August 2011 : In 1836 a knife fight broke out between the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives , John Wilson , and Rep. Joseph Anthony in the middle of a contentious legislative session ; Anthony was killed , while Wilson was expelled from office and later indicted for murder . Jump up ^ Arkansas Criminal Statute Section 5 - 73 - 121 : Punishable except when `` upon a journey or upon ( one 's ) own premises '' , this statute was clearly designed to enable prosecution of persons carrying knives without good cause in towns and cities , while exempting farmers and others carrying knives on their own property or when traveling to and from their local communities . Jump up ^ Section 5 - 73 - 121 , Arkansas Criminal Code ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Arkansas Repeals Anti-Knife Statute : Section 5 - 73 - 121 of the Arkansas criminal code was repealed in its entirety in 2007 . Jump up ^ End Knife Control , The Washington Times , 22 May 2012 Jump up ^ Levine , Bernard , Oppressive Knife Laws in America : What They Are , What You Can Do About Them , and the Anti-Knifer Mindset , Blade Magazine ( July 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Information Maintained by the Office of Code Revision Indiana Legislative Services Agency '' . Jump up ^ Indiana Criminal Code IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 2.5 , Possession of a knife on school property : The statute is silent on the question of whether the slightest cut or puncture constitutes a `` wound '' ( thus effectively banning all knives of any type ) or if a de minimis rule applies , a dilemma that forces the trial court to make further inquiries into the statute 's legislative history as well as prior appellate court determinations , if any . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Knife Laws '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ State of Florida v. Darynani , So. 2d ( Fla. 4th DCA 2000 ) : In State of Florida v. Darynani , a Florida appellate court held that a poorly written state criminal knife statute ( Sec. 790.225 ) that had been hurriedly drafted in 1985 to prohibit the ballistic knife must be interpreted to prohibit switchblade knives as well , despite the lack of any specific evidence that the legislative branch intended to prohibit switchblades when drafting the ballistic knife provision . The court 's error was finally corrected by the Florida Legislature in 2003 with the passage of HB 1227 ( 2003 ) ( see HB 1227 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Texas Criminal Code Sec. 46.01 ( 6 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas : Sec. 21 - 17 contains exemption from prosecution for law enforcement and corrections officers , for members of the armed forces , for persons carrying the knife on their own premises or while traveling , for persons engaged in a lawful sporting activity ( hunting , fishing ) , or for those using the knife in connection with a lawful occupation . External links ( edit ) Collection of laws in Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife_legislation&oldid=843551286 '' Categories : Statutory law Knives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 43 . 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1. Knife legislation 2. Prohibited knives 3. Carrying knives in public 4. Knife restrictions and exceptions 5. Knife laws in different countries

when did the roman empire begin its decline

Fall of the Western Roman Empire - wikipedia Fall of the Western Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Fall of Rome '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sack of Rome . `` The Fall of the Roman Empire '' redirects here . For the film , see The Fall of the Roman Empire ( film ) . Animated map of the Roman Republic and Empire between 510 BCE and 530 CE Republic Empire Eastern / Byzantine Empire Western Empire The Fall of the Western Roman Empire ( also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome ) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule , and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities . The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control ; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army , the health and numbers of the Roman population , the strength of the economy , the competence of the Emperor , the religious changes of the period , and the efficiency of the civil administration . Increasing pressure from barbarians outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse . The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure . Relevant dates include 117 CE , when the Empire was at its greatest territorial extent , and the accession of Diocletian in 284 . Irreversible major territorial loss , however , began in 376 with a large - scale irruption of Goths and others . In 395 , after winning two destructive civil wars , Theodosius I died , leaving a collapsing field army and the Empire , still plagued by Goths , divided between his two incapable sons . By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus , the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military , political , or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman . Invading barbarians had established their own power in most of the area of the Western Empire . While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today , the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again . The Fall is not the only unifying concept for these events ; the period described as Late Antiquity emphasizes the cultural continuities throughout and beyond the political collapse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical approaches 1.1 Timespan 1.2 Reasons 1.3 Alternative descriptions and labels 2 Height of power , crises , and recoveries 2.1 Height of power 2.2 Crisis of the Third Century 2.3 Reunification and political division 2.4 Growing social divisions 3 313 -- 376 : Abuse of power , frontier warfare , and rise of Christianity 4 376 -- 395 ; invasions , civil wars , and religious discord 4.1 Battle of Adrianople 4.2 Partial recovery in the Balkans 4.3 Civil wars 5 Military , financial , and political ineffectiveness : the process of failure 6 395 -- 406 ; Stilicho 6.1 Stilicho 's attempts to unify the Empire , revolts , and invasions 7 408 -- 410 ; the end of an effective regular field army , starvation in Italy , sack of Rome 7.1 Stilicho 's fall and Alaric 's reaction 7.2 Alaric besieges Rome 7.3 The Goths move out of Italy 8 405 -- 418 in the Gallic provinces ; barbarians and usurpers , loss of Britannia , partial loss of Hispania and Gaul 8.1 Settlement of 418 ; barbarians within the empire 9 421 -- 433 ; renewed dissension after the death of Constantius , partial loss of the Diocese of Africa 10 433 -- 454 ; ascendancy of Aetius , loss of Carthage 10.1 444 -- 453 ; attacks by the empire of Attila the Hun 11 455 -- 456 ; failure of Avitus , further losses in Gaul , rise of Ricimer 12 457 -- 467 ; resurgence under Majorian , attempt to recover Africa , control by Ricimer 13 467 -- 472 , Anthemius ; an Emperor and an army from the East 14 472 -- 476 ; the final emperors , puppets of the warlords 15 From 476 ; last Emperor , rump states 16 Legacy 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References Historical approaches Main article : Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire Since 1776 , when Edward Gibbon published the first volume of his The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Decline and Fall has been the theme around which much of the history of the Roman Empire has been structured . `` From the eighteenth century onward , '' historian Glen Bowersock wrote , `` we have been obsessed with the fall : it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline , and , hence , as a symbol for our own fears . '' The Fall is not the only unifying concept for these events ; the period described as Late Antiquity emphasizes the cultural continuities throughout and beyond the political collapse . Timespan The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule . The loss of centralized political control over the West , and the lessened power of the East , are universally agreed , but the theme of decline has been taken to cover a much wider time span than the hundred years from 376 . For Cassius Dio , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 CE marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' . Gibbon started his story in 98 and Theodor Mommsen regarded the whole of the imperial period as unworthy of inclusion in his Nobel Prize - winning History of Rome . Arnold J. Toynbee and James Burke argue that the entire Imperial era was one of steady decay of institutions founded in republican times . As one convenient marker for the end , 476 has been used since Gibbon , but other markers include the Crisis of the Third Century , the Crossing of the Rhine in 406 ( or 405 ) , the sack of Rome in 410 , the death of Julius Nepos in 480 , all the way to the Fall of New Rome in 1453 . Reasons Gibbon gave a classic formulation of reasons why the Fall happened . He began an ongoing controversy about the role of Christianity , but he gave great weight to other causes of internal decline and to attacks from outside the Empire . The story of its ruin is simple and obvious ; and , instead of inquiring why the Roman empire was destroyed , we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long . The victorious legions , who , in distant wars , acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries , first oppressed the freedom of the republic , and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple . The emperors , anxious for their personal safety and the public peace , were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy ; the vigour of the military government was relaxed , and finally dissolved , by the partial institutions of Constantine ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians . -- Edward Gibbon . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , `` General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West '' , Chapter 38 Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell , and new ideas have emerged since . Historians still try to analyze the reasons for loss of political control over a vast territory ( and , as a subsidiary theme , the reasons for the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire ) . Comparison has also been made with China after the end of the Han dynasty , which re-established unity under the Sui dynasty while the Mediterranean world remained politically disunited . Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Alternative descriptions and labels Main article : Late Antiquity From at least the time of Henri Pirenne scholars have described a continuity of Roman culture and political legitimacy long after 476 . Pirenne postponed the demise of classical civilization to the 8th century . He challenged the notion that Germanic barbarians had caused the Western Roman Empire to end , and he refused to equate the end of the Western Roman Empire with the end of the office of emperor in Italy . He pointed out the essential continuity of the economy of the Roman Mediterranean even after the barbarian invasions , and suggested that only the Muslim conquests represented a decisive break with antiquity . The more recent formulation of a historical period characterized as `` Late Antiquity '' emphasizes the transformations of ancient to medieval worlds within a cultural continuity . In recent decades archaeologically - based argument even extends the continuity in material culture and in patterns of settlement as late as the eleventh century . Observing the political reality of lost control , but also the cultural and archaeological continuities , the process has been described as a complex cultural transformation , rather than a fall . Height of power , crises , and recoveries Height of power The Roman Empire reached its greatest geographical extent under Trajan ( emperor 98 -- 117 ) , who ruled a prosperous state that stretched from Armenia to the Atlantic . The Empire had large numbers of trained , supplied , and disciplined soldiers , as well as a comprehensive civil administration based in thriving cities with effective control over public finances . Among its literate elite it had ideological legitimacy as the only worthwhile form of civilization and a cultural unity based on comprehensive familiarity with Greek and Roman literature and rhetoric . The Empire 's power allowed it to maintain extreme differences of wealth and status ( including slavery on a large scale ) , and its wide - ranging trade networks permitted even modest households to use goods made by professionals far away . Its financial system allowed it to raise significant taxes which , despite endemic corruption , supported a large regular army with logistics and training . The cursus honorum , a standardized series of military and civil posts organised for ambitious aristocratic men , ensured that powerful noblemen became familiar with military and civil command and administration . At a lower level within the army , connecting the aristocrats at the top with the private soldiers , a large number of centurions were well - rewarded , literate , and responsible for training , discipline , administration , and leadership in battle . City governments with their own properties and revenues functioned effectively at a local level ; membership of city councils involved lucrative opportunities for independent decision - making , and , despite its obligations , became seen as a privilege . Under a series of emperors who each adopted a mature and capable successor , the Empire did not require civil wars to regulate the imperial succession . Requests could be submitted directly to the better emperors , and the answers had the force of law , putting the imperial power directly in touch with even humble subjects . The cults of polytheist religion were hugely varied , but none claimed that theirs was the only truth , and their followers displayed mutual tolerance , producing a polyphonous religious harmony . Religious strife was rare after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 136 ( after which the devastated Judaea ceased to be a major centre for Jewish unrest ) . Heavy mortality in 165 -- 180 from the Antonine Plague seriously impaired attempts to repel Germanic invaders , but the legions generally held or at least speedily re-instated the borders of the Empire . Map of the Roman Empire in the early second century Crisis of the third century Main article : Crisis of the Third Century The Empire suffered from multiple , serious crises during the third century , including the rise of the Sassanid Empire , which inflicted three crushing defeats on Roman field armies and remained a potent threat for centuries . Other disasters included repeated civil wars , barbarian invasions , and more mass mortality in the Plague of Cyprian ( from 250 onwards ) . Rome abandoned the province of Dacia on the north of the Danube ( 271 ) , and for a short period the Empire split into a Gallic Empire in the West ( 260 -- 274 ) , a Palmyrene Empire in the East ( 260 -- 273 ) , and a central Roman rump state . The Rhine / Danube frontier also came under more effective threat from larger barbarian groupings , which had developed better agriculture and larger populations . The Empire survived the Crisis of the Third Century , directing its economy successfully towards defence , but survival came at the price of a more centralized and bureaucratic state . Under Gallienus the senatorial aristocracy ceased joining the ranks of the senior military commanders , its typical members lacking interest in military service and showing incompetence at command . The divided Empire in 271 CE Reunification and political division Aurelian reunited the empire in 274 ; and from 284 Diocletian and his successors reorganized it with more emphasis on the military . John the Lydian , writing over two centuries later , reported that Diocletian 's army at one point totaled 389,704 men , plus 45,562 in the fleets , and numbers may have increased later . With the limited communications of the time , both the European and the Eastern frontiers needed the attention of their own supreme commanders . Diocletian tried to solve this problem by re-establishing an adoptive succession with a senior ( Augustus ) and junior ( Caesar ) emperor in each half of the Empire , but this system of tetrarchy broke down within one generation ; the hereditary principle re-established itself with generally unfortunate results , and thereafter civil war became again the main method of establishing new imperial regimes . Although Constantine the Great ( in office 306 to 337 ) again re-united the Empire , towards the end of the fourth century the need for division was generally accepted . From then on , the Empire existed in constant tension between the need for two emperors and their mutual mistrust . Until late in the fourth century the united Empire retained sufficient power to launch attacks against its enemies in Germania and in the Sassanid Empire . Receptio of barbarians became widely practiced : imperial authorities admitted potentially hostile groups into the Empire , split them up , and allotted to them lands , status , and duties within the imperial system . In this way many groups provided unfree workers ( coloni ) for Roman landowners , and recruits ( laeti ) for the Roman army . Sometimes their leaders became officers . Normally the Romans managed the process carefully , with sufficient military force on hand to ensure compliance , and cultural assimilation followed over the next generation or two . Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy , showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs ' zones of responsibility Growing social divisions The new supreme rulers disposed of the legal fiction of the early Empire ( seeing the emperor as but the first among equals ) ; emperors from Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) onwards openly styled themselves as dominus et deus , `` lord and god '' , titles appropriate for a master - slave relationship . An elaborate court ceremonial developed , and obsequious flattery became the order of the day . Under Diocletian , the flow of direct requests to the emperor rapidly reduced and soon ceased altogether . No other form of direct access replaced them , and the emperor received only information filtered through his courtiers . Official cruelty , supporting extortion and corruption , may also have become more commonplace . While the scale , complexity , and violence of government were unmatched , the emperors lost control over their whole realm insofar as that control came increasingly to be wielded by anyone who paid for it . Meanwhile , the richest senatorial families , immune from most taxation , engrossed more and more of the available wealth and income , while also becoming divorced from any tradition of military excellence . One scholar identifies a great increase in the purchasing power of gold , two and a half fold from 274 to the later fourth century , which may be an index of growing economic inequality between a gold - rich elite and a cash - poor peasantry . Within the late Roman military , many recruits and even officers had barbarian origins , and soldiers are recorded as using possibly - barbarian rituals such as elevating a claimant on shields . Some scholars have seen this as an indication of weakness ; others disagree , seeing neither barbarian recruits nor new rituals as causing any problem with the effectiveness or loyalty of the army . 313 -- 376 : abuse of power , frontier warfare , and rise of Christianity Further information : History of late ancient Christianity In 313 Constantine I declared official toleration of Christianity , followed over the ensuing decades by establishment of Christian orthodoxy and by official and private action against pagans and non-orthodox Christians . His successors generally continued this process , and Christianity became the religion of any ambitious civil official . Under Constantine the cities lost their revenue from local taxes , and under Constantius II ( r . 337 -- 361 ) their endowments of property . This worsened the existing difficulty in keeping the city councils up to strength , and the services provided by the cities were scamped or abandoned . Public building projects became fewer , more often repairs than new construction , and now provided at state expense rather than by local grandees wishing to consolidate long - term local influence . A further financial abuse was Constantius 's increased habit of granting to his immediate entourage the estates of persons condemned of treason and other capital charges ; this reduced future though not immediate income , and those close to the emperor gained a strong incentive to stimulate his suspicion of plots . Constantine settled Franks on the lower left bank of the Rhine ; their settlements required a line of fortifications to keep them in check , indicating that Rome had lost almost all local control . Under Constantius , bandits came to dominate areas such as Isauria well within the empire . The tribes of Germany also became more populous and more threatening . In Gaul , which did not really recover from the invasions of the third century , there was widespread insecurity and economic decline in the 300s , perhaps worst in Armorica . By 350 , after decades of pirate attacks , virtually all villas in Armorica were deserted , and local use of money ceased about 360 . Repeated attempts to economize on military expenditure included billeting troops in cities , where they could less easily be kept under military discipline and could more easily extort from civilians . Except in the rare case of a determined and incorruptible general , these troops proved ineffective in action and dangerous to civilians . Frontier troops were often given land rather than pay ; as they farmed for themselves , their direct costs diminished , but so did their effectiveness , and there was much less economic stimulus to the frontier economy . However , except for the provinces along the lower Rhine , the agricultural economy was generally doing well . The average nutritional state of the population in the West suffered a serious decline in the late second century ; the population of North - Western Europe did not recover , though the Mediterranean regions did . The numbers and effectiveness of the regular soldiers may have declined during the fourth century : payrolls were inflated so that pay could be diverted and exemptions from duty sold , their opportunities for personal extortion were multiplied by residence in cities , and their effectiveness was reduced by concentration on extortion instead of drill . However , extortion , gross corruption , and occasional ineffectiveness were not new to the Roman army ; there is no consensus whether its effectiveness significantly declined before 376 . Ammianus Marcellinus , himself a professional soldier , repeats longstanding observations about the superiority of contemporary Roman armies being due to training and discipline , not to physical size or strength . Despite a possible decrease in its ability to assemble and supply large armies , Rome maintained an aggressive and potent stance against perceived threats almost to the end of the fourth century . Solidus of Julian , c. 361 . Obverse : Julian with the beard appropriate to a Neoplatonic philosopher . Inscription : FL ( AVIVS ) CL ( AVDIVS ) IVLIANVS PP ( = Pater Patriae , `` father of the nation '' ) AVG ( = Augustus ) . Reverse : an armed Roman , military standard in one hand , a captive in the other . Inscription : VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM , `` the bravery / virtue of the Roman army '' ; the mint mark is SIRM , Sirmium Julian ( r . 360 -- 363 ) launched a drive against official corruption which allowed the tax demands in Gaul to be reduced to one - third of their previous amount , while all government requirements were still met . In civil legislation Julian was notable for his pro-pagan policies . All Christian sects were officially tolerated by Julian , persecution of heretics was forbidden , and non-Christian religions were encouraged . Some Christians continued to destroy temples , disrupt rituals , and break sacred images , seeking martyrdom and at times achieving it at the hands of non-Christian mobs or secular authorities ; some pagans attacked the Christians who had previously been involved with the destruction of temples . Julian won victories against Germans who had invaded Gaul . He launched an expensive campaign against the Persians , which ended in defeat and his own death . He succeeded in marching to the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon , but lacked adequate supplies for an assault . He burned his boats and supplies to show resolve in continuing operations , but the Sassanids began a war of attrition by burning crops . Finding himself cut off in enemy territory , he began a land retreat during which he was mortally wounded . His successor Jovian , acclaimed by a demoralized army , began his brief reign ( 363 -- 364 ) trapped in Mesopotamia without supplies . To purchase safe passage home , he had to concede areas of northern Mesopotamia and Kurdistan , including the strategically important fortress of Nisibis , which had been Roman since before the Peace of Nisibis in 299 . The brothers Valens ( r . 364 -- 378 ) and Valentinian I ( r . 364 -- 375 ) energetically tackled the threats of barbarian attacks on all the Western frontiers and tried to alleviate the burdens of taxation , which had risen continuously over the previous forty years ; Valens in the East reduced the tax demand by half in his fourth year . Both were Christians and confiscated the temple lands that Julian had restored , but were generally tolerant of other beliefs . Valentinian in the West refused to intervene in religious controversy ; in the East , Valens had to deal with Christians who did not conform to his ideas of orthodoxy , and persecution formed part of his response . The wealth of the church increased dramatically , immense resources both public and private being used for ecclesiastical construction and support of the religious life . Bishops in wealthy cities were thus able to offer vast patronage ; Ammianus described some as `` enriched from the offerings of matrons , ride seated in carriages , wearing clothing chosen with care , and serve banquets so lavish that their entertainments outdo the tables of kings '' . Edward Gibbon remarked that `` the soldiers ' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity '' , though there are no figures for the monks and nuns nor for their maintenance costs . Pagan rituals and buildings had not been cheap either ; the move to Christianity may not have had significant effects on the public finances . Some public disorder also followed competition for prestigious posts ; Pope Damasus I was installed in 366 after an election whose casualties included a hundred and thirty - seven corpses in the basilica of Sicininus . Valentinian died of an apoplexy while personally shouting at envoys of Germanic leaders . His successors in the West were children , his sons Gratian ( r . 375 -- 383 ) and Valentinian II ( r . 375 -- 392 ) . Gratian , `` alien from the art of government both by temperament and by training '' removed the Altar of Victory from the Senate House , and he rejected the pagan title of Pontifex Maximus . 376 -- 395 ; invasions , civil wars , and religious discord Battle of Adrianople In 376 the East faced an enormous barbarian influx across the Danube , mostly Goths who were refugees from the Huns . They were exploited by corrupt officials rather than effectively resettled , and they took up arms , joined by more Goths and by some Alans and Huns . Valens was in Asia with his main field army , preparing for an assault on the Persians , and redirecting the army and its logistic support would have required time . Gratian 's armies were distracted by Germanic invasions across the Rhine . In 378 Valens attacked the invaders with the Eastern field army , perhaps some 20,000 men -- possibly only 10 % of the soldiers nominally available in the Danube provinces -- and in the Battle of Adrianople , 9 August 378 , he lost much of that army and his own life . All of the Balkan provinces were thus exposed to raiding , without effective response from the remaining garrisons who were `` more easily slaughtered than sheep '' . Cities were able to hold their own walls against barbarians who had no siege equipment , and they generally remained intact although the countryside suffered . Partial recovery in the Balkans Gratian appointed a new Augustus , a proven general from Hispania called Theodosius . During the next four years , he partially re-established the Roman position in the East . These campaigns depended on effective imperial coordination and mutual trust -- between 379 and 380 Theodosius controlled not only the Eastern empire , but also , by agreement , the diocese of Illyricum . Theodosius was unable to recruit enough Roman troops , relying on barbarian warbands without Roman military discipline or loyalty . In contrast , during the Cimbrian War , the Roman Republic , controlling a smaller area than the western Empire , had been able to reconstitute large regular armies of citizens after greater defeats than Adrianople , and it ended that war with the near - extermination of the invading barbarian supergroups , each recorded as having more than 100,000 warriors ( with allowances for the usual exaggeration of numbers by ancient authors ) . Theodosius 's partial failure may have stimulated Vegetius to offer advice on re-forming an effective army ( the advice may date from the 390s or from the 430s ) : From the foundation of the city till the reign of the Emperor Gratian , the foot wore cuirasses and helmets . But negligence and sloth having by degrees introduced a total relaxation of discipline , the soldiers began to think their armor too heavy , as they seldom put it on . They first requested leave from the Emperor to lay aside the cuirass and afterwards the helmet . In consequence of this , our troops in their engagements with the Goths were often overwhelmed with their showers of arrows . Nor was the necessity of obliging the infantry to resume their cuirasses and helmets discovered , notwithstanding such repeated defeats , which brought on the destruction of so many great cities . Troops , defenseless and exposed to all the weapons of the enemy , are more disposed to fly than fight . What can be expected from a foot - archer without cuirass or helmet , who can not hold at once his bow and shield ; or from the ensigns whose bodies are naked , and who can not at the same time carry a shield and the colors ? The foot soldier finds the weight of a cuirass and even of a helmet intolerable . This is because he is so seldom exercised and rarely puts them on . The final Gothic settlement was acclaimed with relief , even the official panegyrist admitting that these Goths could not be expelled or exterminated , nor reduced to unfree status . Instead they were either recruited into the imperial forces , or settled in the devastated provinces along the south bank of the Danube , where the regular garrisons were never fully re-established . In some later accounts , and widely in recent work , this is regarded as a treaty settlement , the first time that barbarians were given a home within the Empire in which they retained their political and military cohesion . No formal treaty is recorded , nor details of whatever agreement was actually made , and when `` the Goths '' re-emerge in our records they have different leaders and are soldiers of a sort . In 391 Alaric , a Gothic leader , rebelled against Roman control . Goths attacked the emperor himself , but within a year Alaric was accepted as a leader of Theodosius 's Gothic troops and this rebellion was over . Theodosius 's financial position must have been difficult , since he had to pay for expensive campaigning from a reduced tax base . The business of subduing barbarian warbands also demanded substantial gifts of precious metal . Nevertheless , he is represented as financially lavish , though personally frugal when on campaign . At least one extra levy provoked desperation and rioting in which the emperor 's statues were destroyed . He was pious , a Nicene Christian heavily influenced by Ambrose , and implacable against heretics . In 392 he forbade even private honor to the gods , and pagan rituals such as the Olympic Games . He either ordered or connived at the widespread destruction of sacred buildings . Civil wars Theodosius had to face a powerful usurper in the West ; Magnus Maximus declared himself Emperor in 383 , stripped troops from the outlying regions of Britannia ( probably replacing some with federate chieftains and their war - bands ) and invaded Gaul . His troops killed Gratian and he was accepted as Augustus in the Gallic provinces , where he was responsible for the first official executions of Christian heretics . To compensate the Western court for the loss of Gaul , Hispania , and Britannia , Theodosius ceded the diocese of Dacia and the diocese of Macedonia to their control . In 387 Maximus invaded Italy , forcing Valentinian II to flee to the East , where he accepted Nicene Christianity . Maximus boasted to Ambrose of the numbers of barbarians in his forces , and hordes of Goths , Huns , and Alans followed Theodosius . Maximus negotiated with Theodosius for acceptance as Augustus of the West , but Theodosius refused , gathered his armies , and counterattacked , winning the civil war in 388 . There were heavy troop losses on both sides of the conflict . Later Welsh legend has Maximus 's defeated troops resettled in Armorica , instead of returning to Britannia , and by 400 , Armorica was controlled by Bagaudae rather than by imperial authority . Theodosius restored Valentinian II , still a very young man , as Augustus in the West . He also appointed Arbogast , a pagan general of Frankish origin , as Valentinian 's commander - in - chief and guardian . Valentinian quarreled in public with Arbogast , failed to assert any authority , and died , either by suicide or by murder , at the age of 21 . Arbogast and Theodosius failed to come to terms and Arbogast nominated an imperial official , Eugenius ( r . 392 -- 394 ) , as emperor in the West . Eugenius made some modest attempts to win pagan support , and with Arbogast led a large army to fight another destructive civil war . They were defeated and killed at the Battle of the Frigidus , which was attended by further heavy losses especially among the Gothic federates of Theodosius . The north - eastern approaches to Italy were never effectively garrisoned again . The Eastern and Western Roman Empire at the death of Theodosius I in 395 Theodosius died a few months later in early 395 , leaving his young sons Honorius ( r . 395 -- 423 ) and Arcadius ( r . 395 -- 408 ) as emperors . In the immediate aftermath of Theodosius 's death , the magister militum Stilicho , married to Theodosius 's niece , asserted himself in the West as the guardian of Honorius and commander of the remains of the defeated Western army . He also claimed control over Arcadius in Constantinople , but Rufinus , magister officiorum on the spot , had already established his own power there . Henceforward the Empire was not under the control of one man , until much of the West had been permanently lost . Neither Honorius nor Arcadius ever displayed any ability either as rulers or as generals , and both lived as the puppets of their courts . Stilicho tried to reunite the Eastern and Western courts under his personal control , but in doing so achieved only the continued hostility of all of Arcadius 's successive supreme ministers . Military , financial , and political ineffectiveness : the process of failure The ineffectiveness of Roman military responses from Stilicho onwards has been described as `` shocking '' , with little evidence of indigenous field forces or of adequate training , discipline , pay , or supply for the barbarians who formed most of the available troops . Local defence was occasionally effective , but was often associated with withdrawal from central control and taxes ; in many areas , barbarians under Roman authority attacked culturally - Roman `` Bagaudae '' . Corruption , in this context the diversion of public finance from the needs of the army , may have contributed greatly to the Fall . The rich senatorial aristocrats in Rome itself became increasingly influential during the fifth century ; they supported armed strength in theory , but did not wish to pay for it or to offer their own workers as army recruits . They did , however , pass large amounts of money to the Christian Church . At a local level , from the early fourth century , the town councils lost their property and their power , which often became concentrated in the hands of a few local despots beyond the reach of the law . The fifth - century Western emperors , with brief exceptions , were individuals incapable of ruling effectively or even of controlling their own courts . Those exceptions were responsible for brief , but remarkable resurgences of Roman power . 395 -- 406 ; Stilicho The emperor Honorius , a contemporary depiction on a consular diptych issued by Anicius Petronius Probus to celebrate Probus 's consulship in 406 , now in the Aosta museum Without an authoritative ruler , the Balkan provinces fell rapidly into disorder . Alaric was disappointed in his hopes for promotion to magister militum after the battle of the Frigidus . He again led Gothic tribesmen in arms and established himself as an independent power , burning the countryside as far as the walls of Constantinople . Alaric 's ambitions for long - term Roman office were never quite acceptable to the Roman imperial courts , and his men could never settle long enough to farm in any one area . They showed no inclination to leave the Empire and face the Huns from whom they had fled in 376 ; indeed the Huns were still stirring up further migrations which often ended by attacking Rome in turn . Alaric 's group was never destroyed nor expelled from the Empire , nor acculturated under effective Roman domination . Stilicho 's attempts to unify the Empire , revolts , and invasions Stilicho moved with his remaining mobile forces into Greece , a clear threat to Rufinus ' control of the Eastern empire . The bulk of Rufinus ' forces were occupied with Hunnic incursions in Asia Minor and Syria , leaving Thrace undefended . He opted to enlist Alaric and his men , and sent them to Thessaly to stave off Stilicho 's threat , which they did . No battle took place . Stilicho was forced to send some of his Eastern forces home . They went to Constantinople under the command of one Gainas , a Goth with a large Gothic following . On arrival , Gainas murdered Rufinus , and was appointed magister militum for Thrace by Eutropius , the new supreme minister and the only eunuch consul of Rome , who controlled Arcadius `` as if he were a sheep '' . Stilicho obtained a few more troops from the German frontier and continued to campaign ineffectively against the Eastern empire ; again he was successfully opposed by Alaric and his men . During the next year , 397 , Eutropius personally led his troops to victory over some Huns who were marauding in Asia Minor . With his position thus strengthened he declared Stilicho a public enemy , and he established Alaric as magister militum per Illyricum . A poem by Synesius advises the emperor to display manliness and remove a `` skin - clad savage '' ( probably Alaric ) from the councils of power and his barbarians from the Roman army . We do not know if Arcadius ever became aware of the existence of this advice , but it had no recorded effect . Synesius , from a province suffering the widespread ravages of a few poor but greedy barbarians , also complained of `` the peacetime war , one almost worse than the barbarian war and arising from military indiscipline and the officer 's greed . '' The Favorites of the Emperor Honorius , by John William Waterhouse , 1883 The magister militum in the Diocese of Africa declared for the East and stopped the supply of grain to Rome . Italy had not fed itself for centuries and could not do so now . In 398 , Stilicho sent his last reserves , a few thousand men , to re-take the Diocese of Africa , and he strengthened his position further when he married his daughter Maria to Honorius . Throughout this period Stilicho , and all other generals , were desperately short of recruits and supplies for them . In 400 , Stilicho was charged to press into service any `` laetus , Alamannus , Sarmatian , vagrant , son of a veteran '' or any other person liable to serve . He had reached the bottom of his recruitment pool . Though personally not corrupt , he was very active in confiscating assets ; the financial and administrative machine was not producing enough support for the army . An ivory diptych , thought to depict Stilicho ( right ) with his wife Serena and son Eucherius , ca . 395 ( Monza Cathedral ) In 399 , Tribigild 's rebellion in Asia Minor allowed Gainas to accumulate a significant army ( mostly Goths ) , become supreme in the Eastern court , and execute Eutropius . He now felt that he could dispense with Alaric 's services and he nominally transferred Alaric 's province to the West . This administrative change removed Alaric 's Roman rank and his entitlement to legal provisioning for his men , leaving his army -- the only significant force in the ravaged Balkans -- as a problem for Stilicho . In 400 , the citizens of Constantinople revolted against Gainas and massacred as many of his people , soldiers and their families , as they could catch . Some Goths at least built rafts and tried to cross the strip of sea that separates Asia from Europe ; the Roman navy slaughtered them . By the beginning of 401 , Gainas ' head rode a pike through Constantinople while another Gothic general became consul . Meanwhile , groups of Huns started a series of attacks across the Danube , and the Isaurians marauded far and wide in Anatolia . In 401 Stilicho travelled over the Alps to Raetia , to scrape up further troops . He left the Rhine defended only by the `` dread '' of Roman retaliation , rather than by adequate forces able to take the field . Early in spring , Alaric , probably desperate , invaded Italy , and he drove Honorius westward from Mediolanum , besieging him in Hasta Pompeia in Liguria . Stilicho returned as soon as the passes had cleared , meeting Alaric in two battles ( near Pollentia and Verona ) without decisive results . The Goths , weakened , were allowed to retreat back to Illyricum where the Western court again gave Alaric office , though only as comes and only over Dalmatia and Pannonia Secunda rather than the whole of Illyricum . Stilicho probably supposed that this pact would allow him to put Italian government into order and recruit fresh troops . He may also have planned with Alaric 's help to relaunch his attempts to gain control over the Eastern court . Christian pendant of Empress Maria , daughter of Stilicho , and wife of Honorius . Musée du Louvre . The pendant reads , around a central cross ( clockwise ) : HONORI MARIA SERHNA VIVATIS STELICHO . The letters form a Christogram However , in 405 , Stilicho was distracted by a fresh invasion of Northern Italy . Another group of Goths fleeing the Huns , led by one Radagaisus , devastated the north of Italy for six months before Stilicho could muster enough forces to take the field against them . Stilicho recalled troops from Britannia and the depth of the crisis was shown when he urged all Roman soldiers to allow their personal slaves to fight beside them . His forces , including Hun and Alan auxiliaries , may in the end have totalled rather less than 15,000 men . Radagaisus was defeated and executed . 12,000 prisoners from the defeated horde were drafted into Stilicho 's service . Stilicho continued negotiations with Alaric ; Flavius Aetius , son of one of Stilicho 's major supporters , was sent as a hostage to Alaric in 405 . In 406 Stilicho , hearing of new invaders and rebels who had appeared in the northern provinces , insisted on making peace with Alaric , probably on the basis that Alaric would prepare to move either against the Eastern court or against the rebels in Gaul . The Senate deeply resented peace with Alaric ; in 407 , when Alaric marched into Noricum and demanded a large payment for his expensive efforts in Stilicho 's interests , the senate , `` inspired by the courage , rather than the wisdom , of their predecessors , '' preferred war . One senator famously declaimed Non est ista pax , sed pactio servitutis ( `` This is not peace , but a pact of servitude '' ) . Stilicho paid Alaric four thousand pounds of gold nevertheless . Stilicho sent Sarus , a Gothic general , over the Alps to face the usurper Constantine III , but he lost and barely escaped , having to leave his baggage to the bandits who now infested the Alpine passes . The empress Maria , daughter of Stilicho , died in 407 or early 408 and her sister Aemilia Materna Thermantia married Honorius . In the East , Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son Theodosius II ; Stilicho seems to have planned to march to Constantinople , and to install there a regime loyal to himself . He may also have intended to give Alaric a senior official position and send him against the rebels in Gaul . Before he could do so , while he was away at Ticinum at the head of a small detachment , a bloody coup against his supporters took place at Honorius 's court . It was led by Stilicho 's own creature , one Olympius . 408 -- 410 ; the end of an effective regular field army , starvation in Italy , sack of Rome Stilicho 's Fall and Alaric 's reaction Stilicho had news of the coup at Bononia ( where he was probably waiting for Alaric ) . His small escort of barbarians was led by Sarus , who rebelled . His Gothic troops massacred the Hun contingent in their sleep , and then withdrew towards the cities in which their families were billeted . Stilicho ordered that these troops should not be admitted , but , now without an army , he was forced to flee for sanctuary , promised his life , and killed . Alaric was again declared an enemy of the Emperor . The conspiracy then massacred the families of the federate troops ( as presumed supporters of Stilicho , although they had probably rebelled against him ) , and the troops defected en masse to Alaric . The conspirators seem to have let their main army disintegrate , and had no policy except hunting down supporters of Stilicho . Italy was left without effective indigenous defence forces thereafter . Heraclianus , a co-conspirator of Olympius , became governor of the Diocese of Africa , where he controlled the source of most of Italy 's grain , and he supplied food only in the interests of Honorius 's regime . As a declared ' enemy of the Emperor ' , Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he needed to collect taxes and hold cities without large garrisons , which he could not afford to detach . He again offered to move his men , this time to Pannonia , in exchange for a modest sum of money and the modest title of Comes , but he was refused as a supporter of Stilicho . He moved into Italy , probably using the route and supplies arranged for him by Stilicho , bypassing the imperial court in Ravenna which was protected by widespread marshland and had a port , and he menaced the city of Rome itself . In 407 , there was no equivalent of the determined response to the catastrophic Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE , when the entire Roman population , even slaves , had been mobilized to resist the enemy . Alaric 's military operations centred on the port of Rome , through which Rome 's grain supply had to pass . Alaric 's first siege of Rome in 408 caused dreadful famine within the walls . It was ended by a payment that , though large , was less than one of the richest senators could have produced . The super-rich aristocrats made little contribution ; pagan temples were stripped of ornaments to make up the total . With promises of freedom , Alaric also recruited many of the slaves in Rome . Alaric withdrew to Tuscany and recruited more slaves . Ataulf , a Goth nominally in Roman service and brother - in - law to Alaric , marched through Italy to join Alaric despite taking casualties from a small force of Hunnic mercenaries led by Olympius . Sarus was an enemy of Ataulf , and on Ataulf 's arrival went back into imperial service . Alaric besieges Rome In 409 Olympius fell to further intrigue , having his ears cut off before he was beaten to death . Alaric tried again to negotiate with Honorius , but his demands ( now even more moderate , only frontier land and food ) were inflated by the messenger and Honorius responded with insults , which were reported verbatim to Alaric . He broke off negotiations and the standoff continued . Honorius 's court made overtures to the usurper Constantine III in Gaul and arranged to bring Hunnic forces into Italy , Alaric ravaged Italy outside the fortified cities ( which he could not garrison ) , and the Romans refused open battle ( for which they had inadequate forces ) . Late in the year Alaric sent bishops to express his readiness to leave Italy if Honorius would only grant his people a supply of grain . Honorius , sensing weakness , flatly refused . Alaric moved to Rome and captured Galla Placidia , sister of Honorius . The Senate in Rome , despite its loathing for Alaric , was now desperate enough to give him almost anything he wanted . They had no food to offer , but they tried to give him imperial legitimacy ; with the Senate 's acquiescence , he elevated Priscus Attalus as his puppet emperor , and he marched on Ravenna . Honorius was planning to flee to Constantinople when a reinforcing army of 4,000 soldiers from the East disembarked in Ravenna . These garrisoned the walls and Honorius held on . He had Constantine 's principal court supporter executed and Constantine abandoned plans to march to Honorius 's defence . Attalus failed to establish his control over the Diocese of Africa , and no grain arrived in Rome where the famine became even more frightful . Jerome reports cannibalism within the walls . Attalus brought Alaric no real advantage , failing also to come to any useful agreement with Honorius ( who was offered mutilation , humiliation , and exile ) . Indeed , Attalus 's claim was a marker of threat to Honorius , and Alaric dethroned him after a few months . In 410 Alaric took Rome by starvation , sacked it for three days ( there was relatively little destruction , and in some Christian holy places Alaric 's men even refrained from wanton wrecking and rape ) , and invited its remaining barbarian slaves to join him , which many did . The city of Rome was the seat of the richest senatorial noble families and the centre of their cultural patronage ; to pagans it was the sacred origin of the empire , and to Christians the seat of the heir of Saint Peter , Pope Innocent I , the most authoritative bishop of the West . Rome had not fallen to an enemy since the Battle of the Allia over eight centuries before . Refugees spread the news and their stories throughout the Empire , and the meaning of the fall was debated with religious fervour . Both Christians and pagans wrote embittered tracts , blaming paganism or Christianity respectively for the loss of Rome 's supernatural protection , and blaming Stilicho 's earthly failures in either case . Some Christian responses anticipated the imminence of Judgement Day . Augustine in his book `` City of God '' ultimately rejected the pagan and Christian idea that religion should have worldly benefits ; he developed the doctrine that the City of God in heaven , undamaged by mundane disasters , was the true objective of Christians . More practically , Honorius was briefly persuaded to set aside the laws forbidding pagans to be military officers , so that one Generidus could re-establish Roman control in Dalmatia . Generidus did this with unusual effectiveness ; his techniques were remarkable for this period , in that they included training his troops , disciplining them , and giving them appropriate supplies even if he had to use his own money . The penal laws were reinstated no later than 25 August 410 and the overall trend of repression of paganism continued . Inscription honouring Honorius , as florentissimo invictissimoque , the most excellent and invincible , 417 -- 418 , Forum Romanum Procopius mentions a story in which Honorius , on hearing the news that Rome had `` perished '' , was shocked , thinking the news was in reference to his favorite chicken he had named `` Roma '' . On hearing that Rome itself had fallen he breathed a sigh of relief : At that time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message from one of the eunuchs , evidently a keeper of the poultry , that Roma had perished . And he cried out and said , `` And yet it has just eaten from my hands ! '' For he had a very large cockerel , Roma by name ; and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of Roma which had perished at the hands of Alaric , and the emperor with a sigh of relief answered quickly : `` But I thought that my fowl Roma had perished . '' So great , they say , was the folly with which this emperor was possessed . -- Procopius , The Vandalic War ( De Bellis III. 2.25 -- 26 ) The Goths move out of Italy Alaric then moved south , intending to sail to Africa , but his ships were wrecked in a storm and he shortly died of fever . His successor Ataulf , still regarded as an usurper and given only occasional and short - term grants of supplies , moved north into the turmoil of Gaul , where there was some prospect of food . His supergroup of barbarians are called the Visigoths in modern works : they may now have been developing their own sense of identity . 405 -- 418 in the Gallic provinces ; barbarians and usurpers , loss of Britannia , partial loss of Hispania and Gaul The Crossing of the Rhine in 405 / 6 brought unmanageable numbers of German and Alan barbarians ( perhaps some 30,000 warriors , 100,000 people ) into Gaul . They may have been trying to get away from the Huns , who about this time advanced to occupy the Great Hungarian Plain . For the next few years these barbarian tribes wandered in search of food and employment , while Roman forces fought each other in the name of Honorius and a number of competing claimants to the imperial throne . The remaining troops in Britannia elevated a succession of imperial usurpers . The last , Constantine III , raised an army from the remaining troops in Britannia , invaded Gaul and defeated forces loyal to Honorius led by Sarus . Constantine 's power reached its peak in 409 when he controlled Gaul and beyond , he was joint consul with Honorius and his magister militum Gerontius defeated the last Roman force to try to hold the borders of Hispania . It was led by relatives of Honorius ; Constantine executed them . Gerontius went to Hispania where he may have settled the Sueves and the Asding Vandals . Gerontius then fell out with his master and elevated one Maximus as his own puppet emperor . He defeated Constantine and was besieging him in Arelate when Honorius 's general Constantius arrived from Italy with an army ( possibly , mainly of Hun mercenaries ) . Gerontius 's troops deserted him and he committed suicide . Constantius continued the siege , defeating a relieving army . Constantine surrendered in 411 with a promise that his life would be spared , and was executed . In 410 , the Roman civitates of Britannia rebelled against Constantine and evicted his officials . They asked for help from Honorius , who replied that they should look to their own defence . While the British may have regarded themselves as Roman for several generations , and British armies may at times have fought in Gaul , no central Roman government is known to have appointed officials in Britannia thereafter . In 411 , Jovinus rebelled and took over Constantine 's remaining troops on the Rhine . He relied on the support of Burgundians and Alans to whom he offered supplies and land . In 413 Jovinus also recruited Sarus ; Ataulf destroyed their regime in the name of Honorius and both Jovinus and Sarus were executed . The Burgundians were settled on the left bank of the Rhine . Ataulf then operated in the south of Gaul , sometimes with short - term supplies from the Romans . All usurpers had been defeated , but large barbarian groups remained un-subdued in both Gaul and Hispania. . The imperial government was quick to restore the Rhine frontier . The invading tribes of 407 had passed into Spain at the end of 409 but the Visigoths had exited Italy at the beginning of 412 and settled themselves in Narbo . Heraclianus was still in command in the diocese of Africa , the last of the clique that overthrew Stilicho to retain power . In 413 he led an invasion of Italy , lost to a subordinate of Constantius , and fled back to Africa where he was murdered by Constantius 's agents . In January 414 Roman naval forces blockaded Ataulf in Narbo , where he married Galla Placidia . The choir at the wedding included Attalus , a puppet emperor without revenues or soldiers . Ataulf famously declared that he had abandoned his intention to set up a Gothic empire because of the irredeemable barbarity of his followers , and instead he sought to restore the Roman Empire . He handed Attalus over to Honorius 's regime for mutilation , humiliation , and exile , and abandoned Attalus 's supporters . ( One of them , Paulinus Pellaeus , recorded that the Goths considered themselves merciful for allowing him and his household to leave destitute , but alive , without being raped . ) Ataulf moved out of Gaul , to Barcelona . There his infant son by Galla Placidia was buried , and there Ataulf was assassinated by one of his household retainers , possibly a former follower of Sarus . His ultimate successor Wallia had no agreement with the Romans ; his people had to plunder in Hispania for food . Settlement of 418 ; barbarians within the Empire Areas allotted to or claimed by barbarian groups in 416 -- 418 In 416 Wallia reached agreement with Constantius ; he sent Galla Placidia back to Honorius and received provisions , six hundred thousand modii of wheat . From 416 to 418 , Wallia 's Goths campaigned in Hispania on Constantius 's behalf , exterminating the Siling Vandals in Baetica and reducing the Alans to the point where the survivors sought the protection of the king of the Asding Vandals . ( After retrenchment they formed another barbarian supergroup , but for the moment they were reduced in numbers and effectively cowed . ) In 418 , by agreement with Constantius , Wallia 's Goths accepted land to farm in Aquitania . Constantius also reinstituted an annual council of the southern Gallic provinces , to meet at Arelate . Although Constantius rebuilt the western field army to some extent -- the Notitia Dignitatum gives a list of the units of the western field army at this time -- he did so only by replacing half of its units ( vanished in the wars since 395 ) by re-graded barbarians , and by garrison troops removed from the frontier . Constantius had married the princess Galla Placidia ( despite her protests ) in 417 . The couple soon had two children , Honoria and Valentinian III , and Constantius was elevated to the position of Augustus in 420 . This earned him the hostility of the Eastern court , which had not agreed to his elevation . Nevertheless , Constantius had achieved an unassailable position at the Western court , in the imperial family , and as the able commander - in - chief of a partially restored army . This settlement represented a real success for the Empire -- a poem by Rutilius Namatianus celebrates his voyage back to Gaul in 417 and his confidence in a restoration of prosperity . But it marked huge losses of territory and of revenue ; Rutilius travelled by ship past the ruined bridges and countryside of Tuscany , and in the west the River Loire had become the effective northern boundary of Roman Gaul . In the east of Gaul the Franks controlled large areas ; the effective line of Roman control until 455 ran from north of Cologne ( lost to the Ripuarian Franks in 459 ) to Boulogne . The Italian areas which had been compelled to support the Goths had most of their taxes remitted for several years . Even in southern Gaul and Hispania large barbarian groups remained , with thousands of warriors , in their own non-Roman military and social systems . Some occasionally acknowledged a degree of Roman political control , but without the local application of Roman leadership and military power they and their individual subgroups pursued their own interests . 421 -- 433 ; renewed dissension after the death of Constantius , partial loss of the Diocese of Africa Constantius died in 421 , after only seven months as Augustus . He had been careful to make sure that there was no successor in waiting , and his own children were far too young to take his place . Honorius was unable to control his own court and the death of Constantius initiated more than ten years of instability . Initially Galla Placidia sought Honorius 's favour in the hope that her son might ultimately inherit . Other court interests managed to defeat her , and she fled with her children to the Eastern court in 422 . Honorius himself died , shortly before his thirty - ninth birthday , in 423 . After some months of intrigue , the patrician Castinus installed Joannes as Western Emperor , but the Eastern Roman government proclaimed the child Valentinian III instead , his mother Galla Placidia acting as regent during his minority . Joannes had few troops of his own . He sent Aetius to raise help from the Huns . An Eastern army landed in Italy , captured Joannes , cut his hand off , abused him in public , and killed him with most of his senior officials . Aetius returned , three days after Joannes ' death , at the head of a substantial Hunnic army which made him the most powerful general in Italy . After some fighting , Placidia and Aetius came to an agreement ; the Huns were paid off and sent home , while Aetius received the position of magister militum . Galla Placidia , as Augusta , mother of the Emperor , and his guardian until 437 , could maintain a dominant position in court , but women in Ancient Rome did not exercise military power and she could not herself become a general . She tried for some years to avoid reliance on a single dominant military figure , maintaining a balance of power between her three senior officers , Aetius ( magister militum in Gaul ) , Count Boniface governor in the Diocese of Africa , and Flavius Felix magister militum praesentalis in Italy . Meanwhile , the Empire deteriorated seriously . Apart from the losses in the Diocese of Africa , Hispania was slipping out of central control and into the hands of local rulers and Suevic bandits . In Gaul the Rhine frontier had collapsed , the Visigoths in Aquitaine may have launched further attacks on Narbo and Arelate , and the Franks , increasingly powerful although disunited , were the major power in the north - east . Aremorica was controlled by Bagaudae , local leaders not under the authority of the Empire . Aetius at least campaigned vigorously and mostly victoriously , defeating aggressive Visigoths , Franks , fresh Germanic invaders , Bagaudae in Aremorica , and a rebellion in Noricum . Not for the first time in Rome 's history , a triumvirate of mutually distrustful rulers proved unstable . In 427 Felix tried to recall Boniface from Africa ; he refused , and overcame Felix 's invading force . Boniface probably recruited some Vandal troops among others . In 428 the Vandals and Alans were united under the able , ferocious , and long - lived king Genseric ; he moved his entire people to Tarifa near Gibraltar , divided them into 80 groups nominally of 1,000 people , ( perhaps 20,000 warriors in total ) , and crossed from Hispania to Mauretania without opposition . ( The Straits of Gibraltar were not an important thoroughfare at the time , and there were no significant fortifications nor military presence at this end of the Mediterranean . ) They spent a year moving slowly to Numidia , defeating Boniface . He returned to Italy where Aetius had recently had Felix executed . Boniface was promoted to magister militum and earned the enmity of Aetius , who may have been absent in Gaul at the time . In 432 the two met at the Battle of Ravenna which left Aetius 's forces defeated and Boniface mortally wounded . Aetius temporarily retired to his estates , but after an attempt to murder him he raised another Hunnic army ( probably by conceding parts of Pannonia to them ) and in 433 he returned to Italy , overcoming all rivals . He never threatened to become an Augustus himself and thus maintained the support of the Eastern court , where Valentinian 's cousin Theodosius II reigned until 450 . 433 -- 454 ; ascendancy of Aetius , loss of carthage Aetius campaigned vigorously , somewhat stabilizing the situation in Gaul and in Hispania . He relied heavily on his forces of Huns . With a ferocity celebrated centuries later in the Nibelungenlied , the Huns slaughtered many Burgundians on the middle Rhine , re-establishing the survivors as Roman allies , the first Kingdom of the Burgundians . This may have returned some sort of Roman authority to Trier . Eastern troops reinforced Carthage , temporarily halting the Vandals , who in 435 agreed to limit themselves to Numidia and leave the most fertile parts of North Africa in peace . Aetius concentrated his limited military resources to defeat the Visigoths again , and his diplomacy restored a degree of order to Hispania . However , his general Litorius was badly defeated by the Visigoths at Toulouse , and a new Suevic king , Rechiar , began vigorous assaults on what remained of Roman Hispania . At one point Rechiar even allied with Bagaudae . These were Romans not under imperial control ; some of their reasons for rebellion may be indicated by the remarks of a Roman captive under Attila who was happy in his lot , giving a lively account of the vices of a declining empire , of which he had so long been the victim ; the cruel absurdity of the Roman princes , unable to protect their subjects against the public enemy , unwilling to trust them with arms for their own defence ; the intolerable weight of taxes , rendered still more oppressive by the intricate or arbitrary modes of collection ; the obscurity of numerous and contradictory laws ; the tedious and expensive forms of judicial proceedings ; the partial administration of justice ; and the universal corruption , which increased the influence of the rich , and aggravated the misfortunes of the poor . A religious polemic of about this time complains bitterly of the oppression and extortion suffered by all but the richest Romans . Many wished to flee to the Bagaudae or even to foul - smelling barbarians . Although these men differ in customs and language from those with whom they have taken refuge , and are unaccustomed too , if I may say so , to the nauseous odor of the bodies and clothing of the barbarians , yet they prefer the strange life they find there to the injustice rife among the Romans . So you find men passing over everywhere , now to the Goths , now to the Bagaudae , or whatever other barbarians have established their power anywhere ... We call those men rebels and utterly abandoned , whom we ourselves have forced into crime . For by what other causes were they made Bagaudae save by our unjust acts , the wicked decisions of the magistrates , the proscription and extortion of those who have turned the public exactions to the increase of their private fortunes and made the tax indictions their opportunity for plunder ? From Britannia comes an indication of the prosperity which freedom from taxes could bring . No sooner were the ravages of the enemy checked , than the island was deluged with a most extraordinary plenty of all things , greater than was before known , and with it grew up every kind of luxury and licentiousness . Nevertheless , effective imperial protection from barbarian ravages was eagerly sought . About this time authorities in Britannia asked Aetius for help : `` To Aetius , now consul for the third time : the groans of the Britons . '' And again a little further , thus : -- `` The barbarians drive us to the sea ; the sea throws us back on the barbarians : thus two modes of death await us , we are either slain or drowned . '' The Romans , however , could not assist them ... The Visigoths passed another waymark on their journey to full independence ; they made their own foreign policy , sending princesses to make ( rather unsuccessful ) marriage alliances with Rechiar of the Sueves and with Huneric , son of the Vandal king Genseric . In 439 the Vandals moved eastward ( temporarily abandoning Numidia ) and captured Carthage , where they established an independent state with a powerful navy . This brought immediate financial crisis to the Western Empire ; the diocese of Africa was prosperous , normally required few troops to keep it secure , contributed large tax revenues , and exported wheat to feed Rome and many other areas . Roman troops assembled in Sicily , but the planned counter-attack never happened . Huns attacked the Eastern empire , and the troops , which had been sent against Genseric , were hastily recalled from Sicily ; the garrisons , on the side of Persia , were exhausted ; and a military force was collected in Europe , formidable by their arms and numbers , if the generals had understood the science of command , and the soldiers the duty of obedience . The armies of the Eastern empire were vanquished in three successive engagements ... From the Hellespont to Thermopylae , and the suburbs of Constantinople , ( Attila ) ravaged , without resistance , and without mercy , the provinces of Thrace and Macedonia . Attila 's invasions of the East were stopped by the walls of Constantinople , and at this heavily fortified Eastern end of the Mediterranean there were no significant barbarian invasions across the sea into the rich southerly areas of Anatolia , the Levant , and Egypt . Despite internal and external threats , and more religious discord than the West , these provinces remained prosperous contributors to tax revenue ; despite the ravages of Attila 's armies and the extortions of his peace treaties , tax revenue generally continued to be adequate for the essential state functions of the Eastern empire . Genseric settled his Vandals as landowners and in 442 was able to negotiate very favourable peace terms with the Western court . He kept his latest gains and his eldest son Huneric was honoured by betrothal to Princess Eudocia , who carried the legitimacy of the Theodosian dynasty . Huneric 's Gothic wife was suspected of trying to poison her father - in - law Genseric ; he sent her home without her nose or ears , and his Gothic alliance came to an early end . The Romans regained Numidia , and Rome again received a grain supply from Africa . The losses of income from the Diocese of Africa were equivalent to the costs of nearly 40,000 infantry or over 20,000 cavalry . The imperial regime had to increase taxes . Despite admitting that the peasantry could pay no more , and that a sufficient army could not be raised , the imperial regime protected the interests of landowners displaced from Africa and allowed wealthy individuals to avoid taxes . 444 -- 453 ; attacks by the Empire of Attila the Hun In 444 , the Huns were united under Attila . His subjects included Huns , outnumbered several times over by other groups , predominantly Germanic . His power rested partly on his continued ability to reward his favoured followers with precious metals , and he continued to attack the Eastern Empire until 450 , by when he had extracted vast sums of money and many other concessions . Attila may not have needed any excuse to turn West , but he received one in the form of a plea for help from Honoria , the Emperor 's sister , who was being forced into a marriage which she resented . Attila claimed Honoria as his wife and half of the Western Empire 's territory as his dowry . Faced with refusal , he invaded Gaul in 451 with a huge army . In the bloody battle of the Catalaunian Plains the invasion was stopped by the combined forces of the barbarians within the Western empire , coordinated by Aetius and supported by what troops he could muster . The next year , Attila invaded Italy and proceeded to march upon Rome , but an outbreak of disease in his army , lack of supplies , reports that Eastern Roman troops were attacking his noncombatant population in Pannonia , and , possibly , Pope Leo 's plea for peace induced him to halt this campaign . Attila unexpectedly died a year later ( 453 ) and his empire crumbled as his followers fought for power . The life of Severinus of Noricum gives glimpses of the general insecurity , and ultimate retreat of the Romans on the Upper Danube , in the aftermath of Attila 's death . The Romans were without adequate forces ; the barbarians inflicted haphazard extortion , murder , kidnap , and plunder on the Romans and on each other . So long as the Roman dominion lasted , soldiers were maintained in many towns at the public expense to guard the boundary wall . When this custom ceased , the squadrons of soldiers and the boundary wall were blotted out together . The troop at Batavis , however , held out . Some soldiers of this troop had gone to Italy to fetch the final pay to their comrades , and no one knew that the barbarians had slain them on the way . In 454 Aetius was personally stabbed to death by Valentinian , who was himself murdered by the dead general 's supporters a year later . ( Valentinian ) thought he had slain his master ; he found that he had slain his protector : and he fell a helpless victim to the first conspiracy which was hatched against his throne . A rich senatorial aristocrat , Petronius Maximus , who had encouraged both murders , then seized the throne . He broke the engagement between Huneric , prince of the Vandals , and Princess Eudocia , and had time to send Avitus to ask for the help of the Visigoths in Gaul before the Vandals sailed to Italy . Petronius was unable to muster any effective response and was killed by a mob as he tried to flee the city . The Vandals entered Rome , and plundered it for two weeks . Despite the shortage of money for the defence of the state , considerable private wealth had accumulated since the previous sack in 410 . The Vandals sailed away with large amounts of treasure and also with the Princess Eudocia , who became the wife of one Vandal king and the mother of another . The Vandals conquered Sicily , and their fleet became a constant danger to Roman sea trade and to the coasts and islands of the western Mediterranean . 455 -- 456 ; failure of Avitus , further losses in Gaul , rise of Ricimer Avitus , at the Visigothic court in Burdigala , declared himself Emperor . He moved on Rome with Visigothic support which gained his acceptance by Majorian and Ricimer , commanders of the remaining army of Italy . This was the first time that a barbarian kingdom had played a key role in the imperial succession . Avitus 's son - in - law Sidonius wrote propaganda to present the Visigothic king Theoderic II as a reasonable man with whom a Roman regime could do business . Theoderic 's payoff included precious metal from stripping the remaining public ornaments of Italy , and an unsupervised campaign in Hispania . There he not only defeated the Sueves , executing his brother - in - law Rechiar , but he also plundered Roman cities . The Burgundians expanded their kingdom in the Rhone valley and the Vandals took the remains of the Diocese of Africa . In 456 the Visigothic army was too heavily engaged in Hispania to be an effective threat to Italy , and Ricimer had just destroyed a pirate fleet of sixty Vandal ships ; Majorian and Ricimer marched against Avitus and defeated him near Placentia . He was forced to become Bishop of Placentia , and died ( possibly murdered ) a few weeks later . 457 -- 467 ; resurgence under Majorian , attempt to recover Africa , control by Ricimer During his four - year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul , meanwhile reducing the Visigoths , Burgundians and Suevi to federate status . Majorian and Ricimer were now in control of Italy . Ricimer was the son of a Suevic king and his mother was the daughter of a Gothic one , so he could not aspire to an imperial throne . After some months , allowing for negotiation with the new emperor of Constantinople and the defeat of 900 Alamannic invaders of Italy by one of his subordinates , Majorian was acclaimed as Augustus . Majorian is described by Gibbon as `` a great and heroic character '' . He rebuilt the army and navy of Italy with vigour and set about recovering the remaining Gallic provinces , which had not recognized his elevation . He defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Arelate , reducing them to federate status and obliging them to give up their claims in Hispania ; he moved on to subdue the Burgundians , the Gallo - Romans around Lugdunum ( who were granted tax concessions and whose senior officials were appointed from their own ranks ) and the Suevi and Bagaudae in Hispania . Marcellinus , magister militum in Dalmatia and the pagan general of a well - equipped army , acknowledged him as emperor and recovered Sicily from the Vandals . Aegidius also acknowledged Majorian and took effective charge of northern Gaul . ( Aegidius may also have used the title `` King of the Franks '' . ) Abuses in tax collection were reformed and the city councils were strengthened , both actions necessary to rebuild the strength of the Empire but disadvantageous to the richest aristocrats . Majorian prepared a fleet at Carthago Nova for the essential reconquest of the Diocese of Africa . The fleet was burned by traitors , and Majorian made peace with the Vandals and returned to Italy . Here Ricimer met him , arrested him , and executed him five days later . Marcellinus in Dalmatia , and Aegidius around Soissons in northern Gaul , rejected both Ricimer and his puppets and maintained some version of Roman rule in their areas . Ricimer later ceded Narbo and its hinterland to the Visigoths for their help against Aegidius ; this made it impossible for Roman armies to march from Italy to Hispania . Ricimer was then the effective ruler of Italy ( but little else ) for several years . From 461 to 465 the pious Italian aristocrat Libius Severus reigned . There is no record of anything significant that he even tried to achieve , he was never acknowledged by the East whose help Ricimer needed , and he died conveniently in 465 . 467 -- 472 , Anthemius ; an emperor and an army from the East Tremissis of Anthemius After two years without a Western Emperor , the Eastern court nominated Anthemius , a successful general who had a strong claim on the Eastern throne . He arrived in Italy with an army , supported by Marcellinus and his fleet ; he married his daughter to Ricimer , and he was proclaimed Augustus in 467 . In 468 , at vast expense , the Eastern empire assembled an enormous force to help the West retake the Diocese of Africa . Marcellinus rapidly drove the Vandals from Sardinia and Sicily , and a land invasion evicted them from Tripolitania . The commander in chief with the main force defeated a Vandal fleet near Sicily and landed at Cape Bon . Here Genseric offered to surrender , if he could have a five - day truce to prepare the process . He used the respite to prepare a full - scale attack preceded by fireships , which destroyed most of the Roman fleet and killed many of its soldiers . The Vandals were confirmed in their possession of the Diocese of Africa and they retook Sardinia and Sicily . Marcellinus was murdered , possibly on orders from Ricimer . The Praetorian prefect of Gaul , Arvandus , tried to persuade the new king of the Visigoths to rebel , on the grounds that Roman power in Gaul was finished anyway , but he refused . Anthemius was still in command of an army in Italy . Additionally , in northern Gaul , a British army led by one Riothamus , operated in imperial interests . Anthemius sent his son over the Alps , with an army , to request that the Visigoths return southern Gaul to Roman control . This would have allowed the Empire land access to Hispania again . The Visigoths refused , defeated the forces of both Riothamus and Anthemius , and with the Burgundians took over almost all of the remaining imperial territory in southern Gaul . Ricimer then quarreled with Anthemius , and besieged him in Rome , which surrendered in July 472 after more months of starvation . Anthemius was captured and executed ( on Ricimer 's orders ) by the Burgundian prince Gundobad . In August Ricimer died of a pulmonary haemorrhage . Olybrius , his new emperor , named Gundobad as his patrician , then died himself shortly thereafter . 472 -- 476 ; the final emperors , puppets of the Warlords After the death of Olybrius there was a further interregnum until March 473 , when Gundobad proclaimed Glycerius emperor . He may have made some attempt to intervene in Gaul ; if so , it was unsuccessful . Tremissis of Julius Nepos In 474 Julius Nepos , nephew and successor of the general Marcellinus , arrived in Rome with soldiers and authority from the eastern emperor Leo I. Gundobad had already left to contest the Burgundian throne in Gaul and Glycerius gave up without a fight , retiring to become bishop of Salona in Dalmatia . In 475 , Orestes , a former secretary of Attila , drove Julius Nepos out of Ravenna and proclaimed his own son Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus ( Romulus Augustulus ) to be Emperor , on October 31 . His surname ' Augustus ' was given the diminutive form ' Augustulus ' by rivals because he was still a minor , and he was never recognized outside of Italy as a legitimate ruler . In 476 , Orestes refused to grant Odoacer and the Heruli federated status , prompting an invasion . Orestes fled to the city of Pavia on August 23 , 476 , where the city 's bishop gave him sanctuary . Orestes was soon forced to flee Pavia when Odoacer 's army broke through the city walls , and his army ravaged the city . Odoacer 's army chased Orestes to Piacenza , where they captured and executed him on August 28 , 476 . On September 4 , 476 , Odoacer forced then 16 - year - old Romulus Augustulus , whom his father Orestes had proclaimed to be Rome 's Emperor , to abdicate . After deposing Romulus , Odoacer did not execute him . The Anonymus Valesianus wrote that Odoacer , `` taking pity on his youth '' , spared Romulus ' life and granted him an annual pension of 6,000 solidi before sending him to live with relatives in Campania . Odoacer then installed himself as ruler over Italy , and sent the Imperial insignia to Constantinople . From 476 ; last emperor , rump states Europe and the Near East in 476 AD By convention , the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476 , when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustulus and proclaimed himself ruler of Italy , but this convention is subject to many qualifications . In Roman constitutional theory , the Empire was still simply united under one emperor , implying no abandonment of territorial claims . In areas where the convulsions of the dying Empire had made organized self - defence legitimate , rump states continued under some form of Roman rule after 476 . Julius Nepos still claimed to be Emperor of the West and controlled Dalmatia until his murder in 480 . Syagrius son of Aegidius ruled the Domain of Soissons until his murder in 487 . The indigenous inhabitants of Mauretania developed kingdoms of their own , independent of the Vandals , with strong Roman traits . They again sought Imperial recognition with the reconquests of Justinian I , and they put up effective resistance to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb . While the civitates of Britannia sank into a level of material development inferior even to their pre-Roman Iron Age ancestors , they maintained identifiably Roman traits for some time , and they continued to look to their own defence as Honorius had authorized . The Ostrogothic Kingdom , which rose from the ruins of the Western Roman Empire Odoacer began to negotiate with the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Emperor Zeno , who was busy dealing with unrest in the East . Zeno eventually granted Odoacer the status of patrician and accepted him as his own viceroy of Italy . Zeno , however , insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the Emperor of the Western Empire . Odoacer never returned any territory or real power , but he did issue coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy . The murder of Julius Nepos in 480 ( Glycerius may have been among the conspirators ) prompted Odoacer to invade Dalmatia , annexing it to his Kingdom of Italy . In 488 the Eastern emperor authorized a troublesome Goth , Theoderic ( later known as `` the Great '' ) to take Italy . After several indecisive campaigns , in 493 Theoderic and Odoacer agreed to rule jointly . They celebrated their agreement with a banquet of reconciliation , at which Theoderic 's men murdered Odoacer 's , and Theoderic personally cut Odoacer in half . Legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was not only a political unity enforced by violence . It was also the combined and elaborated civilization of the Mediterranean basin and beyond . It included manufacture , trade , and architecture , widespread secular literacy , written law , and an international language of science and literature . The Western barbarians lost much of these higher cultural practices , but their redevelopment in the Middle Ages by polities aware of the Roman achievement formed the basis for the later development of Europe . Observing the cultural and archaeological continuities through and beyond the period of lost political control , the process has been described as a complex cultural transformation , rather than a fall . See also Comparative studies of the Roman and Han empires Decline of the Byzantine Empire ( Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire ) Historiography of the fall of the Roman Empire Last of the Romans Late Roman army Notes Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2007 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ e.g. Why Nations Fail . Acemoglu D and Robinson JA . Profile Books ( Random House Inc . ) 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 429 - 6 . pp. 166 -- 175 Jump up ^ Glen Bowersock , `` The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome '' Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1996 . vol. 49 no . 8 pp 29 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4 , Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Momigliano 1973 . Jump up ^ Alexander Demandt : 210 Theories Archived 2015 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , quoting A. Demandt , Der Fall Roms ( 1984 ) 695 . Jump up ^ Galinsky 1992 , pp. 53 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Brown 1978 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hunt 2001 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Randsborg 1991 . Jump up ^ Cameron , 1993 & chapter 4 . Jump up ^ Bowersock 2001 . Jump up ^ Harper 2011 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , pp. 87 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2003 , pp. 68 -- 73 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon Chapter 2 . Fall In The West . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume1/chap2.htm Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter I : The Extent Of The Empire In The Age Of The Antonines . Chapter II : The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines . Chapter III : The Constitution In The Age Of The Antonines . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Letki 2012 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus . chapter XXXIII verse 34 . `` Et patres quidem praeter commune Romani malum orbis stimulabat proprii ordinis contumelia , 34 quia primus ipse metu socordiae suae , ne imperium ad optimos nobilium transferretur , senatum militia vetuit et adire exercitum . Huic novem annorum potentia fuit . '' http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Macarius Magnes , Apocriticus IV : 23 : `` Therefore you make a great mistake in thinking that God is angry if any other is called a god , and obtains the same title as Himself . For even rulers do not object to the title from their subjects , nor masters from slaves . '' Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , pp. 110 , 147 . ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988 , pp. 137 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Matthews 2007 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Matthews 2007 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Rathbone 2009 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Matthews 2007 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , pp. 181 -- 183 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , pp. 23 , 178 , 186 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , pp. 190 -- 193 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 112 -- 115 . Jump up ^ G.M. Klein Goldewijk and W.M. Jongman . They never had it so good . Roman stature and the biological standard of living . As quoted in : Willem Jongman . Gibbon was right : The decline and fall of the Roman economy . In : Crises and the Roman Empire , pp 183 -- 200 . Editors O. Hekster ; G. Kleijn ; Daniëlle Slootjes . Brill : 2007 . Chapter DOI : 10.1163 / ej. 9789004160507. i - 448.38 E-ISBN 978 - 90 - 474 - 2090 - 3 pages 194 -- 195 . https://books.google.com/books?id=nG-S-X_uI6EC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , book 11 , chapter 18 . http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/11B*.html Corbulo ... recalled the legions , as lethargic in their toils and duties as they were ardent in pillage , to the old code with its prohibitions against falling out on march or beginning an action without orders . Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , pp. 173 -- 175 , 181 . Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Ammianus 1935 , book XVI , chapter V : `` what good he did to Gaul , labouring as it was in utmost destitution , appears most clearly from this fact : when he first entered those parts , he found that twenty - five pieces of gold were demanded by way of tribute from every one as a poll and land tax ; but when he left , seven only for full satisfaction of all duties . And on account of this ( as if clear sunshine had beamed upon them after ugly darkness ) , they expressed their joy in gaiety and dances . '' Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Burns 1990 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gibbon & vol. 2 , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter XXVII : Civil Wars , Reign Of Theodosius. -- Part I. Death Of Gratian . ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998 , p. 263ff . Jump up ^ Nicasie 1998 , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ab Urbe Condita by Titus Livius . Translated from the Original with Notes and Illustrations by George Baker , A.M. . First American , from the Last London Edition , in Six Volumes ( New York : Peter A. Mesier et al. , 1823 ) . Vol. 6 , surviving summaries of books LXIII , LXV , LXVII , LXVIII , http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1758&layout=html#chapter_92709 accessed 4th July 2012 Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 182 -- 183,212 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964 , pp. 157 -- 158 , 169 . Jump up ^ Milner NP . Vegetius : Epitome of Military Science , second edition , Liverpool University Press , 1996 . pp. xxxvii ff Jump up ^ Seeck O. Die Zeit des Vegetius . Hermes 1876 vol. 11 pp. 61 -- 83 . As quoted in Milner NP . Vegetius : Epitome of Military Science , second edition , Liverpool University Press , 1996 . pp. xxxvii ff Jump up ^ De Re Militari . Flavius Vegetius Renatus . Translated by Lieutenant John Clarke 1767 . Etext version by Mads Brevik ( 2001 ) http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/vegetius/dere03.php Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 102 , 152 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , pp. 162 , 169 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Macgeorge 2002 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , pp. 213 -- 214 , 217 -- 218 , 242 , 255 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1964 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , chapter 2 : Power Effective pp = 58 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Alföldy 2001 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Macgeorge 2002 , p. 171 - 172 . Jump up ^ Macgeorge 2002 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : MacMullen 1988 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Zosimus , book 5 http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ MacMullen 1988 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 277 Jump up ^ Zosimus , Nova Historia , book 5 . http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus05_book5.htm ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Connolly 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 233 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers : Series II / Volume VI / The Letters of St. Jerome / Letter 127 Philip Schaff et al. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_VI/The_Letters_of_St._Jerome/Letter_127 ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 228 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 229 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 196 , 237 , 238 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 202 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Jones , 1964 & 185 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 205 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : Burns 1994 , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Eucharisticus Paulinus Pellaeus English translation by H.G. Evelyn White , 1921 , Loeb Classical Library 's Ausonius , vol. II , pp 295 ‐ 351 . http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Paulinus_Pellaeus/Eucharisticus*.html Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 258 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 240 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Burns 1994 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 246 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Matthews 1975 , p. 378 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 274 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter XXXIV : Attila. -- Part II . Jump up ^ De gubernatione Dei by Salvianus . The fifth book . verses 5 -- 7 . http://www.ccel.org/ccel/salvian/govt.iv.vi.html ^ Jump up to : Gildas . On The Ruin of Britain ( De Excidio Britanniae ) . Translation by J.A. Giles https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1949/pg1949.html Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter XXXIV : Attila. -- Part I . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , pp. 54 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , pp. 58 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 293 -- 294 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Chapter XXXV : Invasion By Attila. -- Part I. & ( http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm ) . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Gibbon et al . Jump up ^ The Life of St. Severinus ( 1914 ) by Eugippius pp. 13 -- 113 , English translation by George W. Robinson , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Gibbon & Chapter XXXV : Invasion By Attila. -- Part III . ( http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm ) . Jump up ^ Bury , J.B. , The Cambridge Medieval History Vol . I ( 1924 ) , pages 418 -- 419 Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 375 -- 377 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter XXXVI : Total Extinction Of The Western Empire . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Heather 2005 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Heather 2005 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , 1782 & Chapter XXXVI : Total Extinction Of The Western Empire. -- Part II . Jump up ^ Martindale 1980 , pp. 708 -- 710 , Chapter Marcellinus 6 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 266 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , pp. 276 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online Jump up ^ De Imperatoribus Romanis Jump up ^ Gibbon , p. 406 Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Jones 1964 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , pp. 405 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ The Britons : from Romans to barbarians . Alex Woolf . pp 345 -- 380 in Regna and Gentes . The relationship between Late Antique and Early Mediaeval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World . Edited by Hans - Werner Goetz , Jörg Janut , and Walter Pohl with the collaboration of Sören Kaschke . Brill , Leiden , 2003 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12524 - 8 Jump up ^ Halsall 2007 , pp. 284 -- 319 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall 2007 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins 2005 , pp. 87 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Bowersock 2001 , pp. 87 -- 122 . References Alföldy , Géza . Urban life , inscriptions , and mentality in late antique Rome . In Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity , Thomas S. Burns and John W. Eadie ( eds . ) . Michigan State University Press 2001 . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 585 - 6 . Ammianus . The History . Trans . J.C. Rolfe . Loeb Classical Library , Vol . I , 1935 . Bowersock , Glen , Peter Brown , Oleg Grabar . Interpreting Late Antiquity : essays on the postclassical world . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00598 - 8 . Brown , Peter . The Making of Late Antiquity , Harvard University Press , 1978 . Burns , Thomas S. Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome : A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians , ca . 375 -- 425 A.D. Indiana University Press 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 31288 - 4 . Börm , Henning . Westrom . Von Honorius bis Justinian . Kohlhammer 2013 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 17 - 023276 - 1 ( Review in English ) . Cameron , Averil . The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity . AD 395 -- 700 . Routledge 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0415579612 . Connolly , Peter . Greece and Rome at War . Revised edition , Greenhill Books , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 303 - 0 . Gaddis , Michael . There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ . Religious violence in the Christian Roman Empire . University of California Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24104 - 6 . Galinsky , Karl . Classical and Modern Interactions ( 1992 ) 53 -- 73 . Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . With notes by the Rev. H.H. Milman. 1782 ( Written ) , 1845 ( Revised ) Goldsworthy , Adrian . The complete Roman Army . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05124 - 5 . Thames & Hudson , 2003 . Goldsworthy , Adrian . The Fall of the West : The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2692 - 8 . Phoenix , an imprint of Orion Books Ltd , 2010 . Heather , Peter . The fall of the Roman Empire . A new history . Pan Books , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49136 - 5 . Halsall , Guy . Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West , 376 -- 568 ( Cambridge Medieval Textbooks ) Harper , Kyle . Slavery in the late Roman world AD 275 -- 425 . ISBN ( hardback ) 978 - 0 - 521 - 19861 - 5 . Cambridge University Press 2011 . Hunt , Lynn , Thomas R. Martin , Barbara H. Rosenwein , R. Po - chia Hsia , Bonnie G. Smith . The Making of the West , Peoples and Cultures , Volume A : To 1500 . Bedford / St. Martins 2001 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18365 - 8 . Hodges , Richard , Whitehouse , David . Mohammed , Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe : archaeology and the Pirenne thesis . Cornell University Press , 1983 . Jones , A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire , 284 -- 602 : A Social , Economic , and Administrative Survey ( Paperback , vol. 1 ) ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3353 - 1 Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1964 . Letki Piotr . The cavalry of Diocletian . Origin , organization , tactics , and weapons . Translated by Pawel Grysztar and Trystan Skupniewicz . Wydawnictwo NapoleonV ISBN 978 - 83 - 61324 - 93 - 5 . Oświęcim 2012 . Macgeorge , Penny . Late Roman Warlords . Oxford University Press 2002 . MacMullen , Ramsay . Corruption and the decline of Rome . Yale University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04799 - 1 . Martindale , J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire volume II , A.D. 395 -- 527 . Cambridge University Press 1980 . Matthews , John . The Roman empire of Ammianus . Michigan Classical Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799713 - 2 - 7 . Matthews , John . Western aristocracies and Imperial court AD 364 -- 425 . Oxford University Press 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814817 - 8 . Momigliano , Arnaldo. 1973 . `` La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C. '' ( `` The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD '' ) . Rivista storica italiana , 85 ( 1973 ) , 5 -- 21 . Nicasie , M.J. Twilight of Empire . The Roman Army from the reign of Diocletian to the Battle of Adrianople . J.C. Gieben , 1998 . ISBN 90 - 5063 - 448 - 6 . Randsborg , Klavs . The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean : an archaeological essay . Cambridge University Press 1991 . ISBN 0 521 38401 X . Rathbone , Dominic . `` Earnings and Costs . Part IV , chapter 15 '' , pages 299 -- 326 . In : Quantifying the Roman Economy . Methods and Problems . Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson eds . Oxford University Press 2009 , paperback edition 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 967929 - 4 . Ward - Perkins Bryan . The fall of Rome and the end of civilization . Oxford University Press 2005 ( hardback edition ) . 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1. Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2. Decline and collapse of the Roman Empire 3. Barbarian invasions and pressure from outside 4. Factors contributing to the collapse of the empire 5. Late Antiquity and cultural continuities

who assigns chairpersons to committees in the u.s. senate

Procedures of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) At a hearing during the 109th Congress , then - Chairman Vernon J. Ehlers greets then - Ranking Member Juanita Millender - McDonald . The United States Constitution provides that each `` House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , '' therefore each Congress of the United States , upon convening , approves its own governing rules of procedure . This clause has been interpreted by the courts to mean that a new Congress is not bound by the rules of proceedings of the previous Congress . Currently the procedures of the United States House of Representatives are governed by the Constitution , the House Rules , and Jefferson 's Manual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules of the House 2 House floor 2.1 Daily business 2.1. 1 Order of priority of business 2.2 Introducing a bill 2.3 House floor action on a bill 3 Committees 3.1 Standing committees 3.2 Membership 3.3 Chairman and ranking member 3.4 Committee staff 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Rules of the House ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Prior to the adoption of the rules by the United States House of Representatives , the House operates under general parliamentary rules and Jefferson 's Manual but these are not binding on the current House until they are approved by the membership of the current Congress . Historically , the current Congress will adopt the rules of the previous Congress and make any amendments they think are necessary to govern themselves . The Rules of the House of Representatives are prepared by the Clerk of the House . The 115th United States Congress has the rules of the 114th , subject to the amendments of H. RES. 5 , though rule 28 ( XXVIII ) is reserved . Rule I pertains to the Speaker of the House . House floor ( edit ) Daily business ( edit ) The Speaker calls the House to order , the Chaplain of the House then offers a prayer , and the Speaker and House approves the legislative journal from the previous legislative day . After approval of the journal the members recite the Pledge of Allegiance , followed by the start of legislative business . Order of priority of business ( edit ) The House generally adheres to the following order of priority as outlined in the House Rules , specifically Rule XIV during the 114th Congress , but variations exist to this order as a result of House Rules or parliamentary rules that take precedence . The House may suspend this order and conduct itself as it sees fit consistent with House Rules and with Parliamentary procedure . 1 ) Prayer by the Chaplain . 2 ) Reading and approval of the Journal . 3 ) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag . 4 ) Correction of reference of public bills . 5 ) Disposal of business on the Speaker 's table . 6 ) Unfinished business as provided in rules . 7 ) Consideration of bills called up by committees . 8 ) State of the Union 9 ) Orders of the day . Introducing a bill ( edit ) Any member of the House can introduce a bill at any time , while the House is in session , by placing ( or most likely having a page place ) a signed copy of the bill in the `` hopper '' at the side of the Clerk 's desk on the Rostrum . Other members of the House may co-sponsor any bill to be introduced in the House by a member . These co-sponsors are not required to sign the bill and are considered under House Rules to be `` original co-sponsors '' and `` additional co-sponsors '' depending on whether they co-sponsored the bill at the time it was introduced or added their names to the bill after its introduction . After the Clerk of the House receives the bill it is then assigned a legislative number , enrolled in the House Journal and printed in the Congressional Record and the Speaker of the House refers the bill to the Committee ( s ) with jurisdiction by sending the bill to the office of the chairman of the committee ( s ) , and the Clerk of the Committee will add the bill to the Committee 's calendar . The Speaker designates one of these committees as a `` primary committee '' with primary jurisdiction and responsibility for the bill and all other committee ( s ) are considered `` additional committees '' and the Speaker may impose time limits on these committee ( s ) if he or she deems it appropriate and traditionally does so if the primary committee has reported out a version of the bill to the full House . House floor action on a bill ( edit ) Upon being reported out of Committee or removed from Committee by the House , a bill will be added to the House Calendar and any rules setting out how much time is allowed for debate , or other matters may be passed by the House in the form of a resolution . Generally , the supporters and opponents of a bill control debate time and may yield time to members who wish to speak upon the bill . In many instances this is the chairman and ranking member of the primary committee . If amendments are permitted under the rules governing floor action on the bill they are debated and voted upon at the time of the amendment ( although common practice usually permits the House to debate several amendments without immediately voting on them , then voting back - to - back at the end of the series of amendments , which can either be voice votes or recorded votes ) . After the conclusion of time for debate and after all amendments have been disposed of , the matter is usually voted upon by the full House , unless the rules permit and a member moves to recommit ( or commit ) the bill back to committee . The chair will only recognize a member who is opposed to the bill for a Motion to Recommit and gives preference to members of the minority party . A motion to recommit may take two forms : with instructions to take some action and then report back the bill forthwith , which will result in the Committee chairman immediately re-reporting to the House the bill according to the instructions in the motion to recommit ; without instructions , which leaves the bill in committee for reconsideration . Committees ( edit ) Main article : List of House Committees It is in Committee ( s ) that bills get the most scrutiny and attention and that most of the work on a bill is done . Committees play an important role in the legislative process by providing members the opportunity to study , debate and amend the bill and the public with the opportunity to make comments on the bill . There are three types of House Committees , these are : 1 ) standing committees elected by members of the House , 2 ) select committees appointed by the Speaker of the House , and 3 ) joint committees whose members are chosen according to the statute or resolution that created that committee . As the House Rules limit the amount of floor debate on any given bill the committees play an important function in determining the final content and format of the bill . After the committee conducts any necessary research , and has debated and voted on any amendments that were offered in committee they may take one of three actions . These are reporting a measure to the full House with or without amendments , report the measure to the full House with a negative recommendation or fail to report the measure . The House may under certain rules remove the bill or measure from committee ( known as `` discharging the bill from committee '' ) if the committee fails to report the measure to the House Rules Committee or to the full House and a negative report to the full House does not terminate the bill . The phrase that a `` bill has been killed in committee '' is not completely accurate as the full House always has options under the rules to remove the bill from Committee and to take action . Standing committees ( edit ) Standing committees are established at the time that the rules of the House are adopted or by amending the House Rules . The jurisdiction of each standing committee is specified in the House Rules . Under the House Rules the chairman and members of standing committees are selected through a two - step procedure where the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference recommends members to serve on Committees , the majority party recommends a Chairman , and the Minority Party recommends a Ranking Member and finally the full House can approve the recommendation of the Party Caucuses . It is important to note that the Rules of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference determines the nomination procedure of its own members . Rules of party nominations may therefore differ but approval by the House of these nominations is conducted according to House Rules . Seniority on a Standing Committee is based on the order of the members on the election resolution as approved by the House . The number of members who serve on a committee along with the party ratio of a committee is determined by the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House with the exception of the Committee on Ethics which is limited by the Rules to 5 majority members and 5 minority members . Membership ( edit ) The number of members on a committee and the ratio of majority / minority members is determined by the Majority party with consultation with the minority . According to House Rules members of the House of Representatives may serve on two committees and four subcommittees . Seniority on a committee is not based on the longest - serving member of the House but on their order of appointment to that committee by their respective party caucus . The Committee Chairman is usually the ranking majority member in order of seniority ( order of appointment ) . If a member of the House ceases to be a member of his caucus then he ceases having membership on that committee . Independent members of the House may caucus with either the Republican Conference or the Democratic Caucus and thus be appointed to and serve on Committees . Current House Rules also stipulate that a member can not serve as chairman of the same standing committee or subcommittee for more than three consecutive Congresses ( six years ) . Chairman and ranking member ( edit ) The House Rules provide that the chairman of a committee presides over its meetings , maintains decorum and ensures that the committee adheres to the House Rules governing committees and generally acts in an administrative role respective to such issues as determining salaries of committee staff , issuing congressional subpoenas for testimony and issuing committee reports . The committee 's minority may also issue a Minority Report at their discretion . Also , a committee chairman along with the ranking member generally control the time each receives on the House Floor respective to a bill that originated or was reported out of their committee . The ranking member is second to the chairman . Committee staff ( edit ) According to House Rules each Standing Committee may have up to 30 persons appointed to serve as professional staff , 2 / 3 of which are selected by the majority committee members and 1 / 3 of which are selected by the minority members . This allows each party serving in the Committee to have professional staff available to assist them in performing their committee assignments and duties . See also ( edit ) Holman Rule Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Const . Art . I , Sec . V , Clause II Jump up ^ United States v. Ballin , 144 U.S. 1 , 5 ( 1892 ) Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . 2015 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . 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1. United States House of Representatives procedures 2. House floor activities 3. Introducing a bill in the House 4. Committees in the House 5. Chairman and ranking member roles in committees

how many solenoids are in a 4l60e transmission

Gm 4L60 - E Transmission - wikipedia Gm 4L60 - E Transmission This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 69.18. 243.201 ( talk ) at 18 : 06 , 9 June 2017 ( Fixed typo ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 18 : 06 , 9 June 2017 by 69.18. 243.201 ( talk ) ( Fixed typo ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> 4L60 - E / 4L65 - E <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer General Motors Production 1992 -- <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class 4 - speed longitudinal automatic transmission <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Turbo - Hydramatic Successor 6L80 / 6L90 The 4L60 - E ( and similar 4L65 - E ) is a series of automatic transmissions from General Motors . Designed for longitudinal engine configurations , the series includes 4 forward gears and 1 reverse gear . It is an evolution of the Turbo - Hydramatic 700R4 , originally produced in 1982 . The 4L60 - E and 4L65 - E are built at Toledo Transmission in Toledo , Ohio and have also been built at Romulus Transmission in Romulus , Michigan and Ramos Arizpe , Mexico . The two transmissions are differentiated quickly by the 6 or 7 bolt bell housings . 4L60 uses a 6.5 '' depth bell and 4L65 / 70 uses a 7 '' depth bell . They also have different input shafts and torque converters . 4L60s uses a 298mm input shaft . 4L65 / 4L70 uses a 300mm input shaft and converter designed for LS applications only . 5 pin planetaries vary by application only Only corvettes and HD vehicles came equipped with 5 pins . Gear ratios : 1 2 3 4 R 3.059 1.625 1.000 0.696 2.29 Contents ( hide ) 1 4L60 - E 2 4L65 - E 3 See also 4 References 4L60 - E ( edit ) The THM700 was renamed `` 4L60 '' ( RPO MD8 ) following the new General Motors naming convention , when the electronic version , 4L60 - E ( RPO M30 ) , was phased in . This happened in 1993 for trucks , vans , and SUVs , and 1994 for rear wheel drive passenger cars . In 1996 , a bolt - on bell housing was phased in ( along with a six - bolt tailhousing ) for S - 10 Trucks and S - 10 Blazers and beginning in 1998 for all other applications . Beginning in 1998 a new 300mm torque converter with improved higher - capacity internals , 300mm style input shaft , and 300mm style pump was also introduced on models coupled to a Gen III Small Block . The 4L60 - E is rated to handle up to 360 ft lbf ( 488 N m ) of torque . It weighs 133 pounds without transmission fluid . The 4L60 - E family of transmissions use 2 shift solenoids , initially called Shift Solenoid A & Shift Solenoid B , later changed to comply with OBD II ( On Board Diagnostics revision 2 ) regulations to 1 - 2 Shift Solenoid & 2 - 3 Shift solenoid . By activating and deactivating the solenoids in a predetermined pattern by the PCM , 4 distinct gear ratios can be achieved . The shift solenoid pattern , also sometimes referred to as solenoid firing order , is as follows ; Shift Solenoid Pattern 1 - 2 Solenoid 2 - 3 Solenoid 1st Gear On On 2nd Gear Off On 3rd Gear Off Off 4th Gear On Off Applications : Buick Rainier 2004 - 2007 Buick Roadmaster 1994 -- 1996 Cadillac Escalade 1999 - 2000 , 2002 - 2005 ( models with LM7 / 5.3 L V8 ) Cadillac Brougham 1991 - 1992 Cadillac Fleetwood 1993 -- 1996 Chevrolet Astro 1993 - 2005 Chevrolet Avalanche 2002 - 2008 Chevrolet S - 10 Blazer 1994 - 2005 Chevrolet Camaro 1994 -- 2002 Chevrolet Caprice 1994 - 96 Chevrolet Colorado 2004 - 2012 Chevrolet Corvette 1994 -- 2004 Chevrolet Express 2003 - 2012 Chevrolet Impala SS 1994 -- 1996 Chevrolet S - 10 1994 - 2005 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 - 2500 ( 2500 with 6 bolt axle pattern ) Chevrolet SSR 2003 - 2006 Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe Chevrolet TrailBlazer 2003 - 2009 GMC Canyon 2004 - 2012 GMC Envoy 2003 - 2009 GMC Jimmy 1993 - 2005 GMC Safari 1993 - 2005 GMC Savana 2003 - 2013 GMC Sierra 1500 - 2500 ( 2500 with 6 bolt axle pattern ) GMC Sonoma 1994 - 2005 GMC Yukon GMC Yukon XL Denali GMC Vandura 1993 - 1996 Holden Commodore ( VR , VS , VT , VX , VY , VZ , VE ) 1993 -- 2012 Holden Caprice ( VR , VS , WH , WK and WL ) 1994 -- 2006 Hummer H3 Oldsmobile Bravada Pontiac Firebird 1994 -- 2002 Pontiac GTO 2004 Saab 9 - 7X 2005 - 2009 4L65 - E ( edit ) An updated 4L60 - E , the 4L65 - E ( RPO M32 ) , was phased in the 2001 model year when coupled behind the 6.0 Vortec . Five - pinion front and rear planetaries , along with an additional 3 / 4 clutch allowing 7 clutches in the input housing and induction hardened input shaft assembly , were improved to withstand up to 380 ft lbs ( 515 N m ) of torque . Applications : 2005 C6 Corvette Cadillac Escalade Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Silverado SS GMC Sierra Denali GMC Yukon Denali Hummer H2 Holden Crewman 2004 Only Holden One Tonner 2004 Only 2005 -- 2006 Pontiac GTO ( M32 , 3.46 : 1 final drive ) 2002 Isuzu Axiom See also ( edit ) List of GM transmissions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 4L60E Identification + Specs GM Transmission Resource '' . GM Transmission Resource . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GM_4L60-E_transmission&oldid=784712379 '' Categories : General Motors transmissions Automobile transmissions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2017 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. GM 4L60-E Transmission 2. Automatic transmissions from General Motors 3. Evolution of the Turbo-Hydramatic 700R4 4. Specifications and features of the 4L60-E and 4L65-E transmissions 5. Applications and vehicles that use the 4L60-E and 4L65-E transmissions