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Pepé Le Pew - Wikipedia Pepé Le Pew Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Pepé Le Pew <Td_colspan="2"> Looney Tunes character <Td_colspan="2"> Pepé Le Pew First appearance Odor - able Kitty ( January 6 , 1945 ) Created by Chuck Jones Michael Maltese Voiced by Mel Blanc ( 1945 -- 1985 ) Greg Burson ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Maurice LaMarche ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Joe Alaskey ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Billy West ( 2000 ) Bruce Lanoil ( 2003 ) Jeff Bennett ( 2009 ) René Auberjonois ( 2011 ) Jeff Bergman ( 2012 -- present ) Eric Bauza ( 2017 -- present ; New Looney Tunes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases Henry , Stinky ( see Cameo appearances ) Species Striped skunk Gender Male Significant other ( s ) Penelope Pussycat Nationality French Pepé Le Pew is a fictional character from the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons , first introduced in 1945 . Depicted as a French striped skunk , Pepé is constantly in search of love and appreciation . However , his offensive skunk odor and his aggressive pursuit of romance typically cause other characters to flee from him in fear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Settings 1.2 Narcissism 1.3 Reversals 1.4 Variations 2 Production 2.1 Cameo appearances 2.2 Later appearances 3 Feature film 4 In popular culture 5 Voice actors 6 Filmography 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Pepé Le Pew storylines typically involve Pepé in pursuit of a female black cat , whom Pepé mistakes for a skunk ( `` la belle femme skunk fatale '' ) . The cat , who was retroactively named Penelope Pussycat , often has a white stripe painted down her back , usually by accident ( such as by squeezing under a fence with wet white paint ) . Penelope frantically races to get away from him because of his putrid odour , his overly aggressive manner or both , while Pepé hops after her at a leisurely pace . Settings ( edit ) The setting is always a mise - en - scène echoing with fractured French . They include Paris in the springtime , the Sahara , the Matterhorn , or the little village of N'est - ce Pas in the French Alps . The exotic locales , such as Algiers , are drawn from the Pepé Le Moko story . Settings associated in popular culture with romance , such as the Champs - Élysées or the Eiffel Tower , are sometimes present . Narcissism ( edit ) Pepé describes Penelope as lucky to be the object of his affections , and uses a romantic paradigm to explain his failures to seduce her . For example , he describes a hammer blow to his head as a form of flirtation rather than rejection . Accordingly , he shows no sign of narcissistic injury or loss of confidence no matter how many times he is rebuffed . Reversals ( edit ) In a role - reversal , the Academy Award - winning 1949 short For Scent - imental Reasons ended with an accidentally painted ( and now terrified ) Pepé being pursued by a madly smitten Penelope ( who has been dunked in dirty water , leaving her with a ratty appearance and a developing head cold , completely clogging up her nose ) . It turns out that Pepé 's new color is just right for her . Penelope locks him up inside a perfume shop , hiding the key down her chest , and proceeds to chase the now imprisoned and effectively odorless Pepé . In another short , Little Beau Pepé , Pepé , attempting to find the most arousing cologne with which to impress Penelope , sprays a combination of perfumes and colognes upon himself . This resulted in something close to a love - potion , leading Penelope to fall madly in love with Pepé in an explosion of hearts . Pepé is revealed to be extremely frightened of overly - affectionate women ( `` But Madame ! '' ) , much to his dismay , as Penelope quickly captures him and smothers him in more love than even he could imagine . And yet again , in Really Scent , Pepé removes his odor by locking himself in a deodorant plant so Penelope ( Or known as `` Fabrette '' , in this instance a black cat with an unfortunate birthmark ) would like him ( this is also the only episode that Pepé is acutely aware of his own odor , having checked the word Pew in the dictionary ) . However , Penelope ( who in this picture is actually trying to have a relationship with Pepé because all the male cats of New Orleans take her to be a skunk and run like blazes , but is appalled by his odor ) had decided to make her own odor match her appearance and had locked herself in a Limburger cheese factory . Now more forceful and demanding , Penelope quickly corners the terrified Pepé , who , after smelling her new stench , wants nothing more than to escape the amorous female cat . Unfortunately , she will not take `` no '' for an answer and proceeds to chase Pepé off into the distance , with no intention of letting him escape . ( Credited to Abe Levitow , this cartoon is the only short in the Pepé Le Pew series not directed by Chuck Jones , save the debatable Odor of the Day -- see below ) . Although Pepé usually mistakes Penelope for a female skunk , in Past Perfumance , he realizes that she is a cat when her stripe washes off . Undeterred , he proceeds to cover his white stripe with black paint , taking the appearance of a cat before resuming the chase . To emphasise Pepé 's cheerful dominance of the situation , Penelope is always mute ( or more precisely , makes only natural cat sounds , albeit with a stereotypical `` le '' before each one ) in these stories ; only the self - deluded Pepé speaks ( several non-recurring human characters are given minimal dialogue , often nothing more than a repulsed , `` Le pew ! '' ) . Variations ( edit ) Sometimes this formula is varied . In his initial cartoon , Odor - able Kitty , Pepé ( going by the name Henry in this short ) unwittingly pursues a male cat who has deliberately disguised himself as a skunk ( complete with the scent of Limburger cheese ) in order to scare off a bunch of characters who have mistreated him . Scent - imental Over You has Pepé pursuing a female dog who has donned a skunk pelt ( mistaking it for a fur coat ) . In the end , she removes her pelt , revealing that she 's a dog . Pepé then `` reveals '' himself as another dog and the two embrace . However , he then reveals to the audience that he 's still a skunk . In Wild Over You , Pepé attempts to seduce a wild cat that has escaped a zoo ( during what is called `` Le grande tour du Zoo '' at a 1900 exhibition ) , and painted herself to look like a skunk to escape her keepers . This cartoon is notable for not only diverging from the Pepé / female - black - cat dynamic , but also rather cheekily showing that Pepé likes to be beaten up , considering the wild cat thrashes him numerous times . Really Scent is also a subversion with Penelope ( here called `` Fabrette '' ) attracted to him from the beginning , removing the need for Pepé to chase her as she goes to him . But Pepé 's scent still causes a problem for her as they try to build a relationship . Production ( edit ) Chuck Jones , Pepé 's creator , wrote that Pepé was based ( loosely ) on the personality of his Termite Terrace colleague , writer Tedd Pierce , a self - styled `` ladies ' man '' who reportedly always assumed that his infatuations were reciprocated . Pepé 's voice , provided by Mel Blanc , was based on Charles Boyer 's Pépé le Moko from Algiers ( 1938 ) , a remake of the 1937 French film Pépé le Moko . Eddie Selzer , animation producer -- and Jones ' bitterest foe -- at Warners then once profanely commented that no one would laugh at those cartoons . However , this did not keep Selzer from accepting an award for one of Pepé 's pictures several years later . There have been theories that Pepé was based on Maurice Chevalier . However , in the short film , Chuck Jones : Memories of Childhood , Jones says Pepé was actually based on himself , but that he was very shy with girls , and Pepé obviously was not . A prototype Pepé appears in 1947 's Bugs Bunny Rides Again , but sounds similar to Porky Pig . In the shorts , a kind of pseudo-French or Franglais is spoken and written primarily by adding `` le '' to English words ( example : `` le skunk de pew '' ) , or by more creative mangling of French expressions with English ones , such as `` Sacré Maroon ! '' , `` My sweet peanut of brittle '' , `` Come to me , my little melon - baby collie ! '' or `` Ah , my little darling , it is love at first sight , is it not , no ? '' , and `` It is love at sight first ! '' The writer responsible for these malapropisms was Michael Maltese . Some dialogue from the Oscar - winning 1949 short For Scent - imental Reasons : Pepé : ( sings ) Affaire d'amour ? Affaire de cœur ? Je ne sais quoi ... je vive en espoir . ( Sniffs ) Mmmm m mm ... un smella vous finez ... ( Hums ) Gendarme : Le kittee quel terrible odeur ! ! Proprietor : Allez Gendarme ! ! Allez ! ! Retournez - moi ! ! This instonce ! ! Oh , pauvre moi , I am ze bankrupt ... ( Sobs ) Cat / Penelope : Le mew ? Le purrrrrrr . Proprietor : A-a - ahhh . Le pussy ferocious ! Remove zot skunk ! Zot cat - pole from ze premises ! ! Avec ! ! Cat / Penelope : ( Smells skunk ) Sniff , sniff , sniff - sniff , sniff - sniff . Pepé : Quel est ? * notices cat * Ahh ... le belle femme skunk fatale ... * clicks tongue twice * Blanc 's voice for the character closely resembles the one he used for `` Professor Le Blanc '' , the harried violin instructor on The Jack Benny Program . Pepé Le Pew 's cartoons were dubbed in French ; in the French version ( Pépé le putois ) , Pepé speaks with a heavy Italian accent . His voice is a parody of Yves Montand . Cameo appearances ( edit ) Chuck Jones first introduced the character ( originally named Stinky ) in the 1945 short Odor - able Kitty ( see `` Variations '' ) . For the remaining cartoons Jones directed , Pepé retained his accent , nationality , and bachelor status throughout , and the object of his pursuit was nearly always female . A possible second cameo appearance is at the end of Fair and Worm - er ( Chuck Jones , 1946 ) . This skunk does n't speak , but looks identical ( or is a close relation ) and shares the same mode of travel and a slight variation of Pepé 's hopping music . His function here is to chase a string of characters who had all been chasing each other ( à la `` There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly '' ) . A skunk often identified as Pepé appears in the Art Davis - directed cartoon Odor of the Day ( 1948 ) ; in this entry , the theme of romantic pursuit is missing as the skunk ( in a non-speaking role , save for a shared `` Gesundheit ! '' at the finish ) vies with a male dog for lodging accommodations on a cold winter day . This should be noted as one of the two cartoons where the character , if this is indeed Pepé , uses his scent - spray as a deliberate weapon : shot from his tail as if it were a machine gun . The other one is Touché and Go , where he frees himself from the jaws of a shark by releasing his odor into the shark 's mouth . Pepé makes a more obvious cameo in Dog Pounded ( 1954 ) , where he is attracted to Sylvester after the latter tried to get around a pack of guard dogs , in his latest attempt to capture and eat Tweety , by painting a white stripe down his back ( in Pepé 's only appearance in a Freleng short ) . Pepé possibly makes a small appearance as a baby skunk in Mouse - Placed Kitten ( 1959 ) , where he is reluctantly adopted by a mouse couple at the cartoon end . Later appearances ( edit ) Pepé was going to have a cameo in Who Framed Roger Rabbit , but was later dropped for reasons unknown . Pepé made several cameo appearances on the 1990 series Tiny Toon Adventures as a professor at Acme Looniversity and the mentor to the female skunk character Fifi La Fume . He appeared briefly in `` The Looney Beginning '' and had a more extended cameo in `` It 's a Wonderful Tiny Toon Adventures Christmas Special '' . The segment `` Out of Odor '' from the episode `` Viewer Mail Day '' saw character Elmyra disguise herself as Pepé in an attempt to lure Fifi into a trap , only to have Fifi begin aggressively wooing her . Pepé also made a cameo appearances in the Histeria ! episode `` When America Was Young '' and in the Goodfeathers segment , `` We 're No Pigeons '' , on Animaniacs . In the 1995 animated short Carrotblanca , a parody / homage of the classic film Casablanca , both Pepé and Penelope appear : Pepé ( voiced by Greg Burson ) as Captain Renault and Penelope ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) as `` Kitty Ketty '' ( modeled after Ingrid Bergman 's performance as Ilsa ) . Unlike the character 's other appearances in cartoons , Penelope ( as Kitty ) has extensive speaking parts in Carrotblanca . In The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries , in the episode , `` Platinum Wheel of Fortune '' , when Sylvester gets a white stripe on his back , a skunk immediately falls in love with him . This is not Pepé , but a similar character identified as `` Pitu Le Pew '' ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) . However , he does say , `` What can I say , Pepé Le Pew is my third cousin . It runs in the family '' . Pepé would later appear in the episode `` Is Paris Stinking '' ( once again voiced by Greg Burson ) , where he pursues Sylvester who is unintentionally dressed in drag . Pepé would appear once more in Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure , falling in love with both Sylvester and Penelope ( Sylvester had gotten a white stripe on his back from Penelope as they fought over Tweety ) , actually showing a preference for Sylvester . Pepé was , at one point , integral to the storyline for the movie Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( voiced by Bruce Lanoil ) . Originally , once Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , DJ , and Kate arrived in Paris , Pepé was to give them a mission briefing inside a gift shop . Perhaps because of the group receiving their equipment in Area 52 , Pepé 's scene was cut , and in the final film , he plays only a bit part , dressed like a police officer , who tries to help DJ ( played by Brendan Fraser ) after Kate ( played by Jenna Elfman ) is kidnapped . However , some unused animation of him and Penelope appears during the end credits , thus giving viewers a rare glimpse at his cut scene , and his cut scene appears in the movie 's print adaptations . Pepé also appears in Space Jam ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) , where his voice has curiously been changed into an approximation of Maurice Chevalier , as opposed to more traditional vocalization . In Loonatics Unleashed , a human based on Pepé Le Pew called Pierre Le Pew ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) has appeared as one of the villains of the second season of the show . Additionally , Pepé and Penelope Pussycat appear as cameos in a display of Otto the Odd in the episode `` The Hunter . '' In the episode `` The World is My Circus , '' Lexi Bunny complains that `` this Pepé Le Pew look is definitely not me '' after being mutated into a skunk - like creature . A 2009 Valentine 's Day - themed AT&T commercial brings Pepé ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) and Penelope 's relationship up to date , depicting Penelope not as repulsed by Pepé , but madly in love with him . The commercial begins with Penelope deliberately painting a white stripe on her own back ; when her cell phone rings and displays Pepé 's picture , Penelope 's lovestruck beating heart bulges beneath her chest in a classic cartoon image . A baby version of Pepé Le Pew appeared in Baby Looney Tunes . In the episode `` New Cat in Town , '' everyone thought that he was a cat . Sylvester was the only one who knew the truth . When Daffy was playing with a laptop , Sylvester removed the battery because he was afraid that everybody would avoid him . We also see a grown up version of him on the laptop . In another episode , titled `` Stop and Smell Up the Flowers '' , Pepé Le Pew is shown to be good friends with a baby Gossamer , and seemed slightly older than his previous appearance . Pepé Le Pew has appeared in The Looney Tunes Show episode `` Members Only '' voiced by René Auberjonois in Season One and by Jeff Bergman in Season Two . He was present at the arranged marriage of Bugs Bunny and Lola Bunny . Of course Lola eventually fell in love with Pepé Le Pew . He also made a short cameo appearance with Penelope Pussycat in the Merrie Melodies segment `` Cock of the Walk '' sung by Foghorn Leghorn . He appeared in his own music video `` Skunk Funk '' in the 16th episode `` That 's My Baby '' . He also appeared again in another Merrie Melodies segment `` You Like / I Like '' sung by Mac and Tosh . His first appearance in the second season was in the second episode , entitled , `` You 've Got Hate Mail '' , reading a hate - filled email accidentally sent by Daffy Duck . He also had a short appearance in the Christmas special `` A Christmas Carol '' where he takes part in the song `` Christmas Rules . '' In `` Gribbler 's Quest , '' Pepé Le Pew is shown to be in the same group therapy with Daffy Duck , Marvin the Martian , and Yosemite Sam . Pepé Le Pew made a cameo in a MetLife commercial in 2012 titled , `` Everyone '' . In it , he was shown hopping along in the forest and when he sees his love interest Penelope Pussycat uptop the back of Battle Cat , he immediately hops after her . Pepé Le Pew has appeared in Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run voiced by Jeff Bergman . In this film , he is the head of a major perfumery who Lola wants to create a signature scent for . Pepé Le Pew appeared in the video games , Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 3 , Looney Tunes : Acme Arsenal , The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout , Looney Tunes : Back in Action , Bugs Bunny Rabbit Rampage , and Bugs Bunny : Crazy Castle 4 . Feature film ( edit ) In October 2010 , it was reported that Mike Myers would voice Pepé Le Pew in a feature - length live action film based on the character , although no information about this project has surfaced since . In July 2016 , it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con that Max Landis is currently penning a Pepé Le Pew feature film for Warner Bros . In popular culture ( edit ) Pepé Le Pew was referenced in the song Beeswax by popular American rock band Nirvana . Voice actors ( edit ) Mel Blanc ( 1945 -- 1985 ) Greg Burson ( Tiny Toon Adventures , Carrotblanca , The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries ) Maurice LaMarche ( Space Jam , Looney Tunes : Stranger Than Fiction , Looney Tunes : Back in Action -- The Video Game ) Billy West ( Looney Tunes Racing , Looney Tunes : Space Race ) Joe Alaskey ( Tweety 's High Flying Adventure , Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas , TomTom Looney Tunes GPS ) Bruce Lanoil ( Looney Tunes : Back in Action ) Jeff Bennett ( 2009 AT&T commercial ) Rene Auberjonois ( The Looney Tunes Show ) Jeff Bergman ( The Looney Tunes Show , Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ) Kevin Shinick ( Mad ) Filmography ( edit ) ( Directed by Chuck Jones unless otherwise indicated ) Odor - able Kitty ( 1945 ) ( only appearance and mention of Pepé Le Pew 's wife ) Fair And Worm - er ( 1946 ) ( Pepé second appearance with the Worm chased by the bird , chased by the cat , chased by the dog , chased by the man ) Scent - imental Over You ( 1947 ) ( only time Pepé chases a dog instead of a cat ) Odor of the Day ( 1948 ) ( only cartoon in which Pepé is not a `` lovebird '' nor does he have a French accent ; directed by Arthur Davis ) For Scent - imental Reasons ( 1949 ) ( Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film ) Scentimental Romeo ( 1951 ) Little Beau Pepé ( 1952 ) Wild Over You ( 1953 ) Dog Pounded ( 1954 ) ( cameo in a Sylvester and Tweety cartoon ; directed by Friz Freleng ) The Cat 's Bah ( 1954 ) Past Perfumance ( 1955 ) Two Scent 's Worth ( 1955 ) Heaven Scent ( 1956 ) Touché and Go ( 1957 ) Really Scent ( 1959 ) ( directed by Abe Levitow with Jones ' animators , etc . ) Who Scent You ? ( 1960 ) A Scent of the Matterhorn ( 1961 ) ( credited as M. Charl Jones ) Louvre Come Back to Me ! ( 1962 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hulucom/9-incredibly-reckless-cla_b_3727918.html Jump up ^ Heller - Nicholas , Alexandra ( June 14 , 2011 ) . Rape - Revenge Films : A Critical Study . McFarland . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8692 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ah Love ! Zee Grand Illusion ! Pepé Le Pew , Narcissism and Cats in the Casbah '' in Reading the Rabbit ; Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation , ed . Kevin Sandler . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 1998 , 137 - 153 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041380/ ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chuck ( 1989 ) , Chuck Amuck , Avon , ISBN 0 - 380 - 71214 - 8 Jump up ^ Dubbed by François Tavares . Jump up ^ Lussier , German ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Mike Myers to Voice Pepé Le Pew In New Movie '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Max Landis Writing ' Pepe Le Pew ' Pic , He Tells Comic - Con '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Beeswax , Nirvana - Google Play Music '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Eh , what 's up , Doc ? TomTom offers Looney Tunes voices for GPS navigators Consumer Reports . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jones , Chuck ( 1989 ) , Chuck Amuck , Avon , ISBN 0 - 380 - 71214 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pepé Le Pew Pepé Le Pew on IMDb LooneyTunes.com <Th_colspan="2"> Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Studios Harman - Ising Productions ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Leon Schlesinger Productions ( 1933 -- 1944 ) Warner Bros. 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Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Pepé_Le_Pew&oldid = 801836870 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1945 Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional French people Looney Tunes characters Fictional skunks Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 05 : 13 . 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british general in the battle of new orleans

Battle of New Orleans - wikipedia Battle of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search For the battle at New Orleans during the American Civil War , see Capture of New Orleans . For other uses , see Battle of New Orleans ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of New Orleans <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> The Battle of New Orleans by Henry Bryan Hall after William Momberger <Td_colspan="2"> Date January 8 -- 18 , 1815 Location About five miles ( 8.0 km ) east - southeast of New Orleans on the grounds of Chalmette Plantation Result Decisive American victory British forces withdraw completely from Louisiana <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Andrew Jackson William Carroll John Coffee John Adair Walter Overton Daniel Patterson David B. Morgan Pierre Denis de La Ronde Jacques Villeré Thomas Hinds Joseph Savary René Trudeau Francis B. de Bellevue Daniel Carmick Jean Laffite Edward Pakenham † Alexander Cochrane Samuel Gibbs † John Keane ( WIA ) John Lambert William Thornton Thomas Mullins <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved See order of battle See order of battle <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 4,732 14,450 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 55 killed 185 wounded 93 missing Total : 333 386 killed 1,521 wounded 552 missing or captured Total : 2,459 <Th_colspan="2"> American South <Td_colspan="2"> Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer <Th_colspan="2"> Post-treaty ratification battles of the War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> HMS Cyane and HMS Levant HMS Penguin EIC Nautilus <Th_colspan="2"> Naval battles of the War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaíso ( capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The Battle of New Orleans was a series of engagements fought between December 14 , 1814 and January 18 , 1815 , constituting the last major battle of the War of 1812 . American combatants , commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson , prevented a much larger British force , commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham , from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase . The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24 , 1814 ( but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815 ) , and hostilities continued without the involved parties knowing about the Treaty , until January 18 by which time all of the British forces had retreated , finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle of Lake Borgne 2 Night attack of December 23 3 Battle of January 8 4 Siege of Fort St. Philip 5 Withdrawal of the British 6 Pakenham 's secret orders 7 Distinguished service 8 Aftermath 8.1 Victory attributed to a miracle 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Battle of Lake Borgne ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Lake Borgne Eighteenth century map of southeast Louisiana By December 12 , 1814 , sixty British ships with 14,450 soldiers and sailors aboard , under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne . Preventing access to the lakes was an American flotilla , commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones , consisting of five gunboats . On December 14 , around 1,200 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer set out to attack Jones ' force . Lockyer 's men sailed in 42 longboats , each armed with a small carronade . Lockyer captured Jones ' vessels in a brief engagement known as the Battle of Lake Borgne. 17 British sailors were killed and 77 wounded , while 6 Americans were killed , 35 wounded , and 86 captured . The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer . Now free to navigate Lake Borgne , thousands of British soldiers , under the command of General John Keane , were rowed to Pea Island ( possibly now Pearl Island ) ) , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of New Orleans , where they established a garrison . Captain John Keane `` Troop of Horses '' participated in the Battle December 14 , 1814 - March 16 , 1815 . Night attack of December 23 ( edit ) Night battle On the morning of December 23 , Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of New Orleans . Keane could have attacked the city by advancing for a few hours up the river road , which was undefended all the way to New Orleans , but he made the fateful decision to encamp at Lacoste 's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements . Meanwhile , General Jackson learned of the advances and position of the British encampment from Colonel Pierre Denis ( born Denys ) de La Ronde ( upon whose plantation , commonly misnamed Versailles , Louisiana , the night battle was later largely fought ) ) , and his son - in - law , Gabriel Villeré , son of Colonel Jacques Villeré . The young major had escaped through a window after capture , when the advancing British invaded his family home . `` At the close of Major Villere 's narrative the General drew up his figure , bowed with disease and weakness , to its full height , and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist , exclaimed : ' By the Eternal , they shall not sleep on our soil ! ' '' -- Stanley Clisby Arthur , The Story of the Battle of New Orleans That evening , Jackson , attacking from the north , led 2,131 men in a brief three - pronged assault on the unsuspecting British troops , who were resting in their camp . Jackson then pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the city . The Americans suffered 24 killed , 115 wounded , and 74 missing , while the British reported their losses as 46 killed , 167 wounded , and 64 missing . Choctaws and a mixed group of Major Daquin 's Battalion of Free Men of Colour in close combat with British soldiers from the 95th Rifles and the 85th Foot . Historian Robert Quimby says , `` the British certainly did win a tactical victory , which enabled them to maintain their position . '' However , Quimby goes on to say , `` It is not too much to say that it was the battle of December 23 that saved New Orleans . The British were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest . The unexpected and severe attack made Keane even more cautious ... he made no effort to advance on the twenty - fourth or twenty - fifth . '' As a consequence , the Americans were given time to begin the transformation of the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork . On Christmas Day , General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield and ordered a reconnaissance - in - force on December 28 against the American earthworks protecting the advance to New Orleans . That evening , General Pakenham , angry with the position in which the army had been placed , met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane for an update on the situation . General Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Road as the invasion route , but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane , who insisted that his boats were providing everything that could be needed . Admiral Cochrane believed the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson 's ramshackle army , and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it , his sailors would . Whatever Pakenham 's thoughts on the matter , the meeting settled the method and place of the attack . When the British reconnaissance - in - force withdrew , the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries . These defenses were christened Line Jackson . The Americans installed eight batteries , which included one 32 - pound gun , three 24 - pounders , one 18 - pounder , three 12 - pounders , three 6 - pounders , and a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) howitzer. Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24 - pounders and two 12 - pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana . Even so , Jackson 's force was greatly outnumbered by the attacking forces . Jackson 's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 U.S. Army regulars , 58 U.S. Marines ( holding the center of the defensive line ) , 106 seamen of the US Naval battalion , 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers ( including 462 free people of color ) , 1,352 Tennessee militia , 986 Kentucky militia , 150 Mississippi militia , and 52 Choctaw warriors , along with a force from the pirate Jean Lafitte 's Baratarians . Jackson also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River , including USS Louisiana , USS Carolina and Enterprise , a steamboat . Then Major Thomas Hinds ' Squadron of Light Dragoons , a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory , learned of the advancing position of the British on December 30 , helping to secure victory , after having arrived to the battle December 22 and distinguishing himself and the cavalry under his command . The main British army arrived on New Year 's Day 1815 , and began an artillery bombardent of the American earthworks . This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours . Several of the American guns were destroyed or silenced , including the 32 - pounder , a 24 - pounder , and a 12 - pounder , while some damage was done to the earthworks . The British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition , which caused Pakenham to cancel the attack . Pakenham did not know that his attack had come close to success , since the American defenders on the left of Line Jackson near the swamp had broken under the fire and abandoned their position . Pakenham decided to wait for his entire force of over 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack . The British regulars included the 4th , 7th , 21st , 43rd , 44th , 85th , 93rd ( Highland ) Regiments , a 500 - man `` demi - battalion '' of the 95th Rifles , 14th Light Dragoons , and the 1st and 5th West India Regiments of several hundred free black soldiers , recruited from the British West Indies colonies . Other troops included Native Americans of the Hitchiti tribe , led by Kinache . Battle of January 8 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1815 painting of the battle by participant Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte of the Louisiana Militia based on his memories and sketches made at the site Early 19th century map depicting the battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 On January 8 , 1815 at 0500 , the British marched against General Andrew Jackson 's lines of defense . The British infantry and two rifle units advanced in two columns under the cover of artillery . The Americans had constructed three lines of defense , the forward one four miles in front of the city , was strongly entrenched at the Rodriguez Canal , which stretched from a swamp to the river , with a timber , loopholed breastwork and earthworks for artillery . The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20 - gun west bank battery , which would then both reduce the American artillery danger and enable those same guns to be turned on the American line which would assist a frontal attack against the defended line . In the early morning of January 8 , Pakenham gave his final orders for the two - pronged assault against Jackson 's position . Colonel William Thornton ( of the 85th Regiment ) was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his 780 - strong force , move rapidly upriver and storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments and then open an enfilade fire on Jackson 's line with howitzers and rockets . Then , the main attack , directly against the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops would be launched in two columns ( along the river led by Keane and along the swamp line led by Major General Samuel Gibbs ) . The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve . A canal was dug by the British to enable 42 small boats to get to the river . Preparations for the attack had foundered early on the 8th , as the canal being dug by Cochrane 's sailors collapsed and the dam made to divert the flow of the river into the canal failed , leaving the sailors to drag the boats of Col. Thornton 's west bank assault force through deep mud and left the force starting off just before daybreak , 12 hours late . The frontal attack was not postponed , however , as it was hoped that the west bank would at least create a diversion , even if they had not succeeded in the assault . The battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 The main attack began in darkness and a heavy fog , but as the British neared the main enemy line the fog lifted , exposing them to withering artillery fire . Lt - Col. Thomas Mullins , the British commander of the 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight - foot - deep and fifteen - foot - wide canal and scale the earthworks , and in the dark and fog confusion descended as the British tried to close the gap . Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded , including Major General Samuel Gibbs , who was killed leading the main attack column on the right , consisting of the 4th , 21st , 44th , and 5th West India Regiments , and Colonel Rennie , who led a detachment of three light companies of the 7th , 43rd , and 93rd on the left by the river . General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders , as imagined incorrectly by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910 . Possibly because of Thornton 's delay in crossing the river and the withering artillery fire that might hit them from across the river , the 93rd Highlanders were ordered to leave Keane 's assault column advancing along the river and move across the open field to join the main force on the right of the field . Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd . Rennie 's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river , but without reinforcements they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it . Within a few minutes , the American 7th Infantry arrived , moved forward , and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt : within half an hour , Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead . In the main attack on the right , the British infantrymen either flung themselves to the ground , huddled in the canal , or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans . A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right but were either killed or captured . The 95th Rifles had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet , unable to advance further without support . The two large main assaults on the American position were repulsed . Pakenham and his second - in - command , Major General Samuel Gibbs , were fatally wounded while on horseback , by grapeshot fired from the earthworks . Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment reformed his lines and made a third assault . They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them . Wilkinson made it to the top , before being shot . The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart . With most of their senior officers dead or wounded , the British soldiers , including the 93rd Highlanders , having no orders to advance further or retreat , stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson . General Lambert was in the reserve and took command . He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army . The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field . Photo of Chalmette National Park , looking NE from the monument . The main British attack struck just beyond Batteries 5 and 6 , the two cannons near the distant treeline . The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde 's half - brother , Ignace Martin de Lino ( 1755 - 1815 ) , and was burned by invading forces , reputedly causing de Lino 's death from a broken heart shortly after returning to his `` treasured home '' three weeks after the Battle . The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River , where Thornton 's brigade , comprising the 85th Regiment and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines , attacked and overwhelmed the American line . The Navy detachment and the Marine detachment were led by Captain Rowland Money and Brevet Major Thomas Adair , respectively . Money was captain of HMS Trave , and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur 's detachment of Marines . The sides of the canal by which the boats were to be brought through to the Mississippi caved in and choked the passage , so that only enough got through to take over a half of Thornton 's force . With these , seven hundred in number , he crossed , but as he did not allow for the current , it carried him down about two miles below the proper landing place . Thornton 's brigade won their battle , but Colonel Thornton was dangerously wounded . This success , though a brilliant one , and a disgrace to the American arms , had no effect on the battle . Army casualties among the 85th Foot were : 2 dead , 1 captured , and 41 wounded . Royal Navy casualties were 2 dead , Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded . Royal Marine casualties were 2 dead , with 3 officers , 1 sergeant and 12 other ranks wounded . Though both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon , leaving no guns to turn on the Americans ' main defense line , Major Mitchell 's diary makes it clear this was not so , as he states he had `` Commenced cleaning enemy 's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank '' . General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery , Colonel Alexander Dickson , to assess the position . Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be needed to hold the position . General Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated , taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them . It was later learned that the Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery , which would be capable of inflicting such damage on their lines when the attack was renewed , that they were preparing to abandon the town , when they received the news that the British themselves were withdrawing . The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable for both its brevity and lopsided lethality , though some numbers are in dispute and contradict the official statistics . Charles Welsh and Zachary Smith echo the report of Adjutant - general Robert Butler , in his official report to General Jackson , which claimed that in the space of twenty - five minutes , the British lost 700 killed , 1400 wounded , and 500 prisoners , a total loss of 2600 men ; American losses were only seven killed and six wounded . After the battle was over , around 500 British soldiers who had pretended to be dead rose up and surrendered to the Americans . One bugle boy climbed a tree within 200 yards of the American line and played throughout the battle , with projectiles passing close to him . He was captured after the battle and considered a hero by the Americans . Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins , of the 44th Regiment , which was detailed under orders to prepare and have ready , and to carry to the front on the morning of the eighth , fascines and ladders with which to cross the ditch and scale the parapet , as the soldiers fought their way to the breastwork of the Americans . It was freely charged that the Colonel deserted his trust and at the moment of need was half a mile to the rear . It was then that Pakenham , learning of Mullins ' conduct , placed himself at the head of the 44th and endeavored to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works , when at around 500 yards away from the enemy front line , he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot . On being assisted onto a horse , Pakenham was hit again and fell , this time mortally wounded . Siege of Fort St. Philip ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Fort St. Philip ( 1815 ) Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 The British planned to sail up the Mississippi River ; however Fort St. Philip stood in the way . On January 9 , British naval forces attacked Fort St. Philip , which protected New Orleans from an amphibious assault from the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . The American forces , in addition to gunners working from privateer ships , were able to fend off the attacks . They withstood ten days of bombardment by cannon before the British ships withdrew on January 18 , 1815 . Withdrawal of the British ( edit ) Three days after the battle , General Lambert held a council of war where , despite just receiving the news that the battery on the west bank of the river had been captured , it was concluded that despite his request for reinforcements as well as a siege train , capturing New Orleans and continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly and thus agreed with his officers to withdraw . By January 19 the British camp at Villere 's Plantation had been abandoned . On February 4 , 1815 , the fleet , with all of the British troops aboard , set sail toward Mobile Bay , Alabama . The British army then attacked and captured Fort Bowyer at the mouth of Mobile Bay on February 12 . The following day , the British army was making preparations to attack Mobile when news arrived of the peace treaty . General Jackson had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and continue the war into Spanish Florida on the grounds the British were using it as a base . He carried out those plans for Florida much later . The treaty had been ratified by the British Parliament but would not be ratified by Congress and the President until mid-February . It did , however , resolve that hostilities should cease , and the British abandoned Fort Bowyer and sailed home to their base in the West Indies . Although the Battle of New Orleans had no influence on the terms of the Treaty of Ghent , the defeat at New Orleans did compel Britain to abide by the treaty . It would have been problematic , in any case , for the British to continue the war in North America because of Napoleon 's escape from Elba on February 26 , 1815 , which ensured their forces were needed in Europe . Also , since the Treaty of Ghent did not specifically mention the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase , it only required both sides to give back those lands that had been taken from the other during the war . Pakenham 's secret orders ( edit ) On October 24 , 1814 , in Pakenham 's Secret Orders the Secretary of War and the Colonies , Henry Bathurst wrote : War Department 24th October 1814 M Genl The Hon Sir T. Pakenham Secret Sir : It has occurred to me that one case may arise affecting your situation upon the Coasts of America for which the Instructions addressed to the late Major General Ross have not provided . You may possibly hear whilst engaged in active operations that the Preliminaries of Peace between His Majesty and the United States have been signed in Europe and that they have been sent to America in order to receive the Ratification of The President . As the Treaty would not be binding until it shall have received such Ratification in which we may be disappointed by the refusal of the Government of the United States , it is advisable that Hostilities should not be suspended until you shall have official information that The President has actually ratified the Treaty and a Person will be duly authorized to apprise you of this event . As during this interval , judging from the experience we have had , the termination of the war must be considered as doubtful , you will regulate your proceedings accordingly , neither omitting an opportunity of obtaining signal success , nor exposing the troops to hazard or serious loss for an inconsiderable advantage . And you will take special care not so to act under the expectation of hearing that the Treaty of Peace has been ratified , as to endanger the safety of His Majesty 's Forces , should that expectation be unhappily disappointed . I have etc . Bathurst Distinguished service ( edit ) `` In his general orders of January 21 , General Jackson , in thanking the troops , paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations , and made particular mention of Capts . Dominique and Belluche , and the Lafitte brothers , all of the Barataria privateers ; of General Garrique de Flanjac , a State Senator , and brigadier of militia , who served as a volunteer ; of Majors Plauche , St. Geme . Lacoste , D'Aquin , Captain Savary , Colonel De la Ronde , General Humbert , Don Juan de Araya . the Mexican Field - Marshal ; Major - General Villere and General Morgan , the Engineers Latour and Blanchard ; the Attakapas dragoons , Captain Dubuclay ; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory . General Labattut had command of the town , of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor . '' -- William Head Coleman , Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs `` Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign , were , next to the Commander - in - chief , Generals Villere , Carroll , Coffee , Ganigues , Flanjac , Colonel Delaronde , Commodore Patterson , Majors Lacoste , Planche , Hinds , Captain Saint Gerne , Lieutenants Jones , Parker , Marent , and Dominique ; Colonel Savary , a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte , pirate though he was . '' -- E. Bunner , History of Louisiana `` Over the course of several days , the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled , in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj . Daniel Carmick and Lt. Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard '' ( François - Godefroy Barbin de Bellevue ( 1789 - 1845 ) ) . -- 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit A Certain Force in an Uncertain World Aftermath ( edit ) Battle of New Orleans postage stamp depicting Andrew Jackson . Issued in 1965 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans , Chalmettte Plantation , Jan. 8 -- 18 . From December 25 , 1814 , to January 26 , 1815 , British casualties during the Louisiana Campaign , apart from the assault on January 8 , were 49 killed , 87 wounded and 4 missing . Thus , British casualties for the entire campaign totaled 2,459 with 386 killed , 1,521 wounded , and 552 missing . American casualties for the entire campaign totaled 333 with 55 killed , 185 wounded , and 93 missing . Six currently active battalions of the Regular Army ( 2 - 7 Inf , 3 - 7 Inf , 1 - 5 FA , 1 - 6 FA , 1 - 1 Inf and 2 - 1 Inf ) and one Mississippi Army National Guard regiment ( 155th Inf ) are derived from American units that fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Although the engagement was small in scale compared to other contemporary battles of 1815 , such as the Battle of Waterloo , it was important for the meaning applied to it by Americans in general and Andrew Jackson in particular . US troops along Jackson 's Line fire on British soldiers on a stamp issued January 8 , 2015 . This was the final US stamp in a War of 1812 series of four marking its bicentennial . Americans believed that a vastly powerful British fleet and army had sailed for New Orleans ( Jackson himself thought 25,000 troops were coming ) , and most expected the worst . The news of victory , one man recalled , `` came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament , and traveled with electromagnetic velocity , throughout the confines of the land . '' The battle boosted the reputation of Andrew Jackson and helped to propel him ultimately to the White House . The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as a national holiday for many years , called `` The Eighth '' , following Jackson 's election as President and ended after 1861 and it continues to be commemorated in south Louisiana . In honor of Jackson , the newly organized Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its new Memorial Hall facility on January 8 , 1891 , the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans . A federal park was established in 1907 to preserve the battlefield ; today it features a monument and is part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve . The 8th of January became a traditional American fiddle tune , honoring the date of the battle . More than a century later , the melody was used by Jimmie Driftwood to write the song `` The Battle of New Orleans '' , which was a hit for Johnny Horton and Lonnie Donegan . That song was converted into punk rock tune for the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson . Victory attributed to a miracle ( edit ) Mosaic of Our Lady of Prompt Succor. Old Ursulines Convent complex , French Quarter , New Orleans With the Americans outnumbered it seemed as though the city of New Orleans was in danger of being captured . Consequently , the Ursuline nuns along with many faithful people of New Orleans gathered in the Ursuline Convent 's chapel before the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor . They spent the night before the battle praying and crying before the holy statue , begging for the Virgin Mary 's intercession . On the morning of January 8 , the Very Rev. William Dubourg , Vicar General , offered Mass at the altar on which the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor had been placed . The Prioress of the Ursuline convent , Mother Ste . Marie Olivier de Vezin , made a vow to have a Mass of Thanksgiving sung annually should the American forces win . At the very moment of communion , a courier ran into the chapel to inform all those present that the British had been defeated . General Jackson went to the convent himself to thank the nuns for their prayers : `` By the blessing of heaven , directing the valor of the troops under my command , one of the most brilliant victories in the annals of war was obtained . '' The vow made by Mother Ste . Marie has been faithfully kept throughout the years . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle was immediately politicized by the Democratic - Republican Party . Across the nation , it used the great victory to ridicule the Federalists as cowards , defeatists , and secessionists . Pamphlets , songs , newspaper editorials , speeches and entire plays on the battle drove home the point , and glorified Jackson 's heroic image . The Battle and General Andrew Jackson are mentioned in George Washington Dixon 's 1834 version of `` Zip Coon '' , a popular minstrel show song . The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B. De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans . The movie was remade in 1958 . Country singer Johnny Horton had a Number 1 hit in 1959 with `` The Battle of New Orleans '' ( written by Jimmy Driftwood ) , which won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording and was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It was ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` Songs of the ( 20th ) Century . '' The melody is from a 19th - century fiddle tune , `` The Eighth of January , '' which presumably was inspired by the American victory . Also in 1959 , Lonnie Donegan , the `` King of Skiffle '' , also had a U.K. Number 2 hit with his cover of `` The Battle of New Orleans . '' Folk singer Phil Ochs mentions the Battle Of New Orleans in the opening stanza of his 1964 anti-war protest song , `` I Ai n't Marching Any More . '' The Battle features prominently in Episode # 5 `` The Lost Patrol , '' of the 1966 American television series The Time Tunnel . The Battle was mentioned in Johnny Cash 's 1974 song `` Ragged Old Flag . '' The Battle is also depicted in Eric Flint 's 2005 alternate history novel 1812 : The Rivers of War , wherein the battle was decided when a battalion of black U.S. soldiers ( `` The Iron Battalion '' ) repelled the British assault . The final song of the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , `` The Hunters of Kentucky , '' is a punk rock rendition of the 19th century song of the same name . See also ( edit ) New Orleans American order of battle Chalmette , Louisiana History Enterprise , a steamboat that was sent by her owners and traveled 2,200 miles to aid the American cause . `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' , a song commemorating the Kentucky men who fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 : People , Politics , and Power , Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , pp. 184 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 126 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 1 - 2 . Smith described in detail the British expedition as `` a fleet of sixty great ships '' , `` Nearly one half of these vessels were formidable warships , the best of the English navy , '' that had transported `` not fewer than eighteen thousand men ( including 14,450 soldiers and sailors ) , veterans in the service of their country in the lines of their respective callings , to complete the equipment of this powerful armada . '' . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . CMH News and Features . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History . `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Battle of Chalmette Plantation '' . Jump up ^ Britain 's Louisiana Campaign consisted of several military engagements that were less important than the battle of January 8 , 1815 , widely known as the Battle of New Orleans . The first , the Battle of Lake Borgne , occurred on December 14 , 1814 , when British forces captured an American flotilla protecting Lake Borgne . The next occurred on December 23 when Andrew Jackson led a night attack on the British camp . The last , which began on January 9 , ended on January 18 when the British terminated their unsuccessful bombardment of Fort St. Philip and began to withdraw the last of their troops and ships , signalling the end of their Louisiana Campaign . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) . The battle of New Orleans . Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Excerpts from a section entitled , `` England 's Purpose to Conquer and Hold Possession of the Territory Ceded by Napoleon and to Establish Her Dominion in the Mississippi Valley . '' pp. 146 - 53 . pp. 152 - 53 : `` Then he ( Andrew Jackson ) answered that : If Pakenham had taken New Orleans , the British would have claimed and held the whole of Louisiana Purchase . '' `` ... I ( Andrew Jackson ) have learned , from diplomatic sources of the most unquestionable authority , that the British ministry did not intend the Treaty of Ghent to apply to the Louisiana Purchase at all . The ( British ministry at Ghent ) denied in toto the legal right of Napoleon to sell Louisiana to us . They held , therefore , that we had no right to that Territory . '' Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : a historical and geographical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 348 : `` The Battle of New Orleans settled once and for all the question over the Louisiana Purchase . Neither the British nor the Spanish government had recognized the legality of the transfer , and , in consequence , the British planned either to retain the region or return Louisiana to Spain had they won the battle . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Gregory M. ( 2005 ) . The Battle of New Orleans . Master of Arts dissertation , Louisiana State University . p. 88 : `` ( The Battle of ) New Orleans also eliminated vague British designs on a second colonization of America by expanding Canadian possessions down the Mississippi to the Gulf . '' Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 13 -- 21 . Chapman concludes the chapter : `` It provides proper recognition for the sacrifices made by the humble American participants who confronted overwhelming odds , yet gained a shocking victory in this major military campaign for control of the interior of the American continent during the War of 1812 . '' Jump up ^ Carr , James A. ( July 1979 ) . `` The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent '' . Diplomatic History . 3 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1979. tb00315. x . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , p. 340 : `` These preparations ( to withdraw ) being continued for some days , on the 17th ( of January ) no part of our force remained in camp except the infantry . Having delayed therefore only till the abandoned guns were rendered unserviceable , on the evening of the 18th it also began its retreat . '' ^ Jump up to : Latour , p. 184 : `` On the morning of the 19th ( of January ) , it was perceived that the enemy ( British ) had evacuated , not a single man appearing . '' Jump up ^ Latour , Appendix lvi - lviii , Copy of a letter from Andrew Jackson to James Monroe , Secretary of War , dated January 19 , 1815 : `` Last night at twelve o'clock , the enemy precipitately decamped and returned to his boats , '' `` I am advised by major Overton , who commands at fort St. Philip , in a letter of the 18th , that the enemy ... had on the morning of that day retired . '' Jump up ^ Refer to the map of Louisiana . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 824 . ^ Jump up to : Quimby , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Russell Guerin . `` A Creole In Mississippi '' . Jump up ^ historyofstcharlesparish . `` Battle of New Orleans -- 1814 - 1815 '' . www.historyofstcharlesparish.org . Jump up ^ `` Captain Rene Trudeau 's `` St. Charles Troop of Horse '' : Stewart - de Jaham Family Genealogy `` . www.raymondjohnson.net . Jump up ^ Lossing , Benson ( 1868 ) . The Pictorial Field - Book of the War of 1812 . Harper & Brothers , Publishers . p. 1032 . Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 836 . Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` The story of the battle of New Orleans '' . New Orleans , La. , Louisiana historical society -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` NPS Historical Handbook : Jean Lafitte '' . www.nps.gov . ^ Jump up to : Bunner , E. ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` History of Louisiana , from its first discovery and settlement to the present time '' . New York , Harper & brothers -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 843 . Jump up ^ James , pp. 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 852 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 852 -- 853 . Jump up ^ Groom , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` French Creoles - Battalion of Creoles 1 '' . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hinds ' Dragoons became the 155th Infantry Regiment of the Mississippi Army National Guard , one of only 19 Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . Jump up ^ History , U.S. Army Center of Military . `` The Battle of New Orleans , 1815 Center of Military History '' . history.army.mil . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ History.com staff . `` January 08 , 1815 : The Battle of New Orleans '' . History.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 892 -- 893 . Jump up ^ United States forces ( 3,500 to 4,500 strong ) were composed of U.S. Army troops ; state militiamen from Tennessee , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Louisiana ; U.S. Marines ; U.S. Navy sailors ; Barataria Bay pirates ; Choctaw Indians ; `` freemen of color '' and freed black slaves ( a large amount of the work building the parapet however was done by local black slaves ) . Major - General Jacques Villeré , who would become Louisiana 's first Creole Governor the following year , commanded the Louisiana Militia , and Major Jean Baptiste Plauché headed the New Orleans uniformed militia companies . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Bar Association : Chalmette , by Ned Hémard ; 2011 , p. 3 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondence from Cochrane , ADM 1 / 508 folio 757 , states ' the whole amounting to about six hundred men ' '' . Jump up ^ Gleig , George ( 1840 ) . `` Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake , and against New Orleans , by an Old Sub '' . United Service Journal ( 2 ) . Gleig , on p340 , uses the source document a report from Thornton to Pakenham ' we were unable to proceed across the river until eight hours after the time appointed , and even then with only a third part of the force which you had allotted for the service * viz 298 of the 85th , and 200 Seamen and Marines ' ^ Jump up to : `` No. 16991 '' . The London Gazette . March 9 , 1815 . pp. 440 -- 446 . Jump up ^ The Navy List , Corrected to the end of January 1815 , pg 72 . John Murray . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's sons . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Robin , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Charles ( Oct -- Dec 1899 ) . `` Rhyme Relating to the Battle of New Orleans '' . The American Folklore. 12 ( 47 ) : 291 . JSTOR 533063 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville , KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 105 . Jump up ^ James , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 297 , quote : ' Rear Admiral Cockburn , at the end of February , was making preparations for a move on Savannah in March when official intelligence that the treaty of peace had been signed by the American President reached him and all proceedings were stopped . The force continued on Cumberland Island until , early in April , it was informed that the treaty had been ratified , on which all withdrew to Bermuda prior to returning to England . ' Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 5 , 195 . Jump up ^ Lambert , p. 381 `` While Napoleon remained in power , few British soldiers could be spared for North America . Wellington was always looking for more manpower . '' Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - British - American Diplomcay : Treaty of Ghent ; 1814 '' . Jump up ^ `` Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign '' . The War of 1812 Magazine , Issue 16 : September 2011 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Coleman , William Head ( September 25 , 1885 ) . `` Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs , with map . Illustrated with many original engravings ; and containing exhaustive accounts of the traditions , historical legends , and remarkable localities of the Creole city '' . New York , W.H. Coleman -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit sails south to New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ James , pp. 542 , 543 , 568 . Jump up ^ James , p. 563 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 4 - America '' . Jump up ^ Ward 1962 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' , Northeast Regional Office , National Park Service , Eastern National , published in 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Trist Urquhart , `` Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association '' , March 21 , 1959 , Alexandria , Louisiana '' ( PDF ) . lahistory.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , Volume 23 , By American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , p. 128 ( 1912 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 239 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Stoltz , `` ' It Taught our Enemies a Lesson : ' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 71 # 2 ( 2012 ) : 112 - 127 . in JSTOR References ( edit ) Arthur , Stanley Clisby ( 1915 ) , The story of the Battle of New Orleans , New Orleans : Louisiana Historical Society , OCLC 493033588 Borneman , Walter H. ( 2004 ) , 1812 : The War that forged a nation , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 053112 - 6 Brooks , Charles B. ( 1961 ) , The Siege of New Orleans , Seattle : University of Washington Press , OCLC 425116 Brown , Wilburt S ( 1969 ) , The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana , 1814 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 5100 - 0 Chapman , Ron ( 2013 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : `` But For A Piece Of Wood '' . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4836 - 9761 - 1 . Cooper , John Spencer ( 1996 ) ( 1869 ) , Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal , Spain , France and America During the Years 1809 -- 1815 , Staplehurst : Spellmount , ISBN 1 - 873376 - 65 - 0 Drez , Ronald J. ( 2014 ) . The War of 1812 , conflict and deception : the British attempt to seize New Orleans and nullify the Louisiana Purchase . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 362 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5931 - 6 . Forrest , Charles Ramus ( 1961 ) , The Battle of New Orleans : a British view ; the journal of Major C.R. Forrest ; Asst . QM General , 34th . Regiment of Foot , New Orleans : Hauser Press , OCLC 1253280 Fraser , Edward , & L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) . The Royal Marine Artillery 1804 -- 1923 , Volume 1 ( 1804 -- 1859 ) . London : The Royal United Services Institution . OCLC 4986867 Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 , London : J. Murray , ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X Groom , Winston . Patriotic Fire : Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans . New York : Vintage Books , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 40004 - 436 - 7 Hickey , Donald R. Glorious Victory : Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2015 ) . xii , 154 pp . James , William ( 1818 ) , A full and correct account of the military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America ; with an appendix , and plates . Volume II , London : Printed for the author and distributed by Black et al. , ISBN 0 - 665 - 35743 - 5 , OCLC 2226903 Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) , The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 , London : Faber and Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 27319 - X Latour , Arsène Lacarrière ( 1999 ) ( 1816 ) , Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814 -- 15 , with an Atlas , Gainesville : University Press of Florida , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1675 - 4 , OCLC 40119875 Maass , Alfred R ( 1994 ) , `` Brownsville 's steamboat Enterprize and Pittsburgh 's supply of general Jackson 's army '' , Pittsburgh History , 77 : 22 -- 29 , ISSN 1069 - 4706 Caffrey , Kate ( 1977 ) , The Twilight 's Last Gleaming , New York : Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1920 - 9 Owsley , Frank ( 1981 ) , Struggle for the Gulf borderlands : the Creek War and the battle of New Orleans 1812 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1062 - 2 Patterson , Benton Rains ( 2008 ) , The Generals , Andrew Jackson , Sir Edward Pakenham , and the road to New Orleans , New York : New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 6717 - 6 Pickles , Tim ( 1993 ) , New Orleans 1815 , Osprey Campaign Series , 28 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 150 - 8 , OCLC 52914335 . Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) , The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : an operational and command study , East Lansing : Michigan State University Press , ISBN 0 - 87013 - 441 - 8 Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) , The British at the gates -- the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812 , New York : Putnam , OCLC 839952 Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) , Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire , 1767 -- 1821 , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 013574 - 3 Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans , New York : Penguin Putnam , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88551 - 7 Rowland , Eron ( 1971 ) ( 1926 ) , Andrew Jackson 's Campaign against the British , or , the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 , concerning the Military Operations of the Americans , Creek Indians , British , and Spanish , 1813 -- 1815 , Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press , ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5637 - 0 Smith , Gene A. ( 2004 ) , A British eyewitness at the Battle of New Orleans , the memoir of Royal Navy admiral Robert Aitchison , 1808 -- 1827 , New Orleans : The Historic New Orleans Collection , ISBN 0 - 917860 - 50 - 0 Smith , Sir Harry `` Various Anecdotes and Events of my Life -- The Autobiography of Lt. Gen. Sir Harry Smith , covering the period 1787 to 1860 '' First published in 2 volumes , edited by G.C. Moore , London ( 1901 ) Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) , The battle of New Orleans , Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Stanley , George F.G. ( 1983 ) , The War of 1812 -- Land Operations , MacMillan & National Museum of Canada Stoltz , Joseph F. , The Gulf Theatre , 1813 - 1815 . ( https://josephfstoltz.com/new-orleans-campaign/ ) Stoltz , Joseph F. A Bloodless Victory : The Battle of New Orleans in History and Memory . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2017 . Surtees , W. ( 1996 ) ( 1833 ) , Twenty - Five Years in the Rifle Brigade ( Reprint ed . ) , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 230 - 0 Ward , John William ( 1962 ) , Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age , New York : Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of New Orleans . The Gulf Theatre in the War of 1812 - by Joseph F. Stoltz III The War of 1812 Magazine , Documents , Artifacts , and Imagery , Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign Issue 16 : September 2011 Battle of New Orleans -- detailed account , with maps and pictures , hosted by the National Park Service < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans : Myths and Legends -- detailed account by military historians Battle of New Orleans at KnowLouisiana.org Map The Battle of New Orleans -- summary account by the Louisiana State Museum , with photographs < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans Pathfinder -- research collection by The Historic New Orleans Collection < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . 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who won the champions league twenty20 in 2013

2013 Champions League Twenty20 - wikipedia 2013 Champions League Twenty20 2013 Champions League Twenty20 <Td_colspan="2"> Dates 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) -- 6 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) Administrator ( s ) BCCI , CA , CSA Cricket format Twenty20 Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) India Champions Mumbai Indians ( 2nd title ) Participants 10 ( group stage ) 12 ( total ) Matches played 29 Player of the series Dwayne Smith ( 223 runs ) Most runs Ajinkya Rahane ( 288 runs ) Most wickets Pravin Tambe ( 12 wickets ) Official website www.clt20.com <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2012 2014 → The 2013 Champions League Twenty20 ( CLT20 ) was the fifth edition of Champions League Twenty20 , an international Twenty20 cricket tournament . It was held in India from 17 September to 6 October 2013 . Sydney Sixers were the defending champions but they failed to qualify for the event . During the finals on 6 October 2013 , in a re-match of the opening game , the Mumbai Indians won their 2nd CLT20 title after bowling out the Rajasthan Royals , defeating them by 33 runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Format 2.1 Prize money 3 Qualification 4 Teams 5 Squads 6 Qualifying stage 6.1 Fixtures 7 Group stage 7.1 Group A 7.1. 1 Fixtures 7.2 Group B 7.2. 1 Fixtures 8 Knockout stage 8.1 Fixtures 9 Statistics 9.1 Most runs 9.2 Most wickets 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Domestic Twenty20 competitions faced several setbacks in 2013 . The Bangladesh Premier League included a spot - fixing scandal where seven individuals were charged . Their problems with franchises missing their payments to players also continued and resulted in five franchises having their contracts conditionally terminated . The Indian Premier League also included a spot - fixing case where three players were among the 39 charged . This year 's Sri Lanka Premier League was cancelled after all franchises refused to pay their bank guarantees . All franchises had lost interest in participating in the tournament after they all made losses from the inaugural season . As a replacement , Sri Lanka Cricket created the Super 4 's Twenty20 and its four participating teams specifically for determining their representation in the CLT20 . It was the first time where a team is neither a club nor a franchise and , as such , the first time where a cricketing board directly receives the proceeds from the CLT20 . In Australia , the Big Bash League continued to be a success and led to more public interest in cricket , especially amongst families . The Caribbean Premier League was created and had its first season in August 2013 . Billed as the `` ultimate cricket carnival '' , its major attraction was its unique party atmosphere and it was an immediate success with high attendance for all matches . Another attraction was the involvement of legends of West Indies cricket in coaching roles and Hollywood stars taking equity interests in the teams . The Big Bash League introduced to the game the Zing wicket system , with LED lights on the stumps and bails that light up at almost the instant the wicket is broken , and the umpire cam , a camera attached to the caps worn by the umpires . Both features were also used in the Caribbean Premier League . Format ( edit ) The tournament features a qualifying stage and group stage . The qualifying stage consists of four teams playing a round - robin tournament from which the top two teams qualify for the group stage . These two teams join the eight teams that received direct entry in the group stage . The group stage has the teams divided into two groups of five teams and each group plays a round - robin tournament . The top two teams of each group advances to the knockout stage . The knockout stage consists of two semi-finals , with the top team of one group facing the second from the other . The winners of the semi-finals play the grand final to determine the winners of the competition . Matches ending with the scores level are decided by a Super Over , where the winners of the Super Over are declared winners of the match . Points awarded in the qualifying and group stages : Result Points Win 4 points No result 2 points Loss 0 points Prize money ( edit ) The winners of champions league got 1.5 million US dollars while the runners up got 1 million . Qualification ( edit ) England teams have indefinitely refused participation in the tournament starting with this edition due to its dates clashing with the end of the County Championship . England teams had previously missed the 2010 edition due to similar scheduling problems . Contrary to the previous two seasons , Trinidad and Tobago received direct qualification on account of their good past performances . They were also chosen ahead of the winners of the newly created Caribbean Premier League . This edition was the second to feature a team from Pakistan and the first for editions held in India . The strained ties between the Indo - Pak governments and establishments had been the primary reason for Pakistan 's exclusion before 2012 . The winners of the Sri Lanka Premier League were originally scheduled to participate in the qualifying stage before the tournament was cancelled . Direct entry qualifying tournaments Domestic tournament Teams from No. of teams 2013 Indian Premier League India 3 ( top three teams ) 2012 -- 13 Big Bash League Australia 2 ( winners and runners - up ) 2012 -- 13 Ram Slam T20 Challenge South Africa 2 ( winners and runners - up ) 2012 -- 13 Caribbean Twenty20 West Indies 1 ( winners ) 2013 Qualifying stage See below 2 ( top two teams ) Qualifying stage qualifying tournaments Domestic tournament Teams from No. of teams 2012 -- 13 HRV Cup New Zealand 1 ( winners ) 2012 -- 13 Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup Pakistan 1 ( winners ) 2013 Indian Premier League India 1 ( fourth place ) Super 4 's Twenty20 Sri Lanka 1 ( winners ) Teams ( edit ) Due to the tournament format restricting player contracts from the 2011 -- 12 ( first ) season to only be for that season , all teams of the Big Bash League underwent many changes to their squads . New contracts , however , could be multi-year agreements . The Sydney Sixers , winners of the 2012 edition , failed to qualify. Pakistan sent a team . Qualified teams for group stage Team Domestic tournament Position Appearance Qualified Brisbane Heat 2012 -- 13 Big Bash League Winners 1st 000000002013 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2013 Perth Scorchers 2012 -- 13 Big Bash League Runners - up 2nd 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 16 January 2013 Trinidad and Tobago 2012 -- 13 Caribbean Twenty20 Winners 3rd 000000002013 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 2013 Highveld Lions 2012 -- 13 Ram Slam T20 Challenge Winners 3rd 000000002013 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2013 Titans 2012 -- 13 Ram Slam T20 Challenge Runners - up 2nd 000000002013 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2013 Chennai Super Kings 2013 Indian Premier League Runners - up 4th 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2013 Mumbai Indians 2013 Indian Premier League Winners 4th 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2013 Rajasthan Royals 2013 Indian Premier League Third place 1st 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2013 Otago Volts Qualifying stage Winners 2nd 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Qualifying stage Runners - up 1st 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 Qualified teams for qualifying stage Team Domestic tournament Position Appearance Qualified Otago Volts 2012 -- 13 HRV Cup Winners 2nd 000000002013 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 2013 Faisalabad Wolves 2012 -- 13 Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup Winners 1st 000000002013 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 Indian Premier League Fourth place 1st 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2013 Kandurata Maroons Super 4 's Twenty20 Winners 1st 000000002013 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2013 Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Champions League Twenty20 squads This edition saw the first instance of a player choosing his home team over his IPL team after qualifying with both . Of the 12 players named in the preliminary squads of more than one team , Kumar Sangakkara chose to play for the Kandurata Maroons instead of the Sunrisers Hyderabad from the IPL . In doing so , Sangakkara , per his contract , forfeited 20 % of his IPL salary ( $140,000 ) . Sri Lanka Cricket would not receive the $150,000 compensation they would have otherwise received for not having Sangakkara . The decision came after long discussions between the two parties . The issue also raised questions of loyalty and money amongst the public . Sangakkara criticised SLC for how the affair was presented as such , saying `` I am the one who suffers '' regardless of his choice . Qualifying stage ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Otago Volts 0 0 12 + 1.225 Sunrisers Hyderabad 0 8 + 0.207 Faisalabad Wolves 0 -- 0.525 Kandurata Maroons 0 0 0 -- 0.809 Fixtures ( edit ) 17 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Faisalabad Wolves 139 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Otago Volts 142 / 2 ( 17.5 overs ) Misbah - ul - Haq 46 ( 34 ) Ian Butler 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Brendon McCullum 83 * ( 65 ) Samiullah Khan 1 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Otago Volts won by 8 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Brendon McCullum ( Otago ) Faisalabad Wolves won the toss and elected to bat . 17 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kandurata Maroons 168 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 174 / 2 ( 18.3 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 61 * ( 46 ) Ishant Sharma 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 71 ( 53 ) Shehan Jayasuriya 1 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Vineet Kulkarni ( Ind ) Player of the match : Shikhar Dhawan ( Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 18 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kandurata Maroons 154 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Otago Volts 157 / 4 ( 18 overs ) Upul Tharanga 98 ( 56 ) Ian Butler 3 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Ryan ten Doeschate 64 ( 32 ) Dilhara Lokuhettige 3 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Otago Volts won by 6 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Vineet Kulkarni ( Ind ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Upul Tharanga ( Kandurata ) Otago Volts won the toss and elected to field . 18 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Faisalabad Wolves 127 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 131 / 3 ( 17.3 overs ) Misbah - ul - Haq 56 * ( 40 ) Amit Mishra 1 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 59 ( 50 ) Imran Khalid 2 / 14 ( 2 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Amit Mishra ( Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . As result of this match , Otago Volts advanced to Group A and Sunrisers Hyderabad advanced to Group B . 20 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Faisalabad Wolves 146 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kandurata Maroons 136 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Misbah - ul - Haq 93 * ( 60 ) Dilhara Lokuhettige 3 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Kumar Sangakkara 44 ( 36 ) Ehsan Adil 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Faisalabad Wolves won by 10 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Vineet Kulkarni ( Ind ) Player of the match : Misbah - ul - Haq ( Faisalabad ) Kandurata Maroons won the toss and elected to field . 20 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 143 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Otago Volts 144 / 5 ( 16.2 overs ) JP Duminy 57 * ( 38 ) Nathan McCullum 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Brendon McCullum 67 * ( 39 ) Dale Steyn 2 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Otago Volts won by 5 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Umpires : Vineet Kulkarni ( Ind ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Nathan McCullum ( Otago ) Otago Volts won the toss and elected to field . Group stage ( edit ) Group a ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Rajasthan Royals 0 0 16 + 0.960 Mumbai Indians 10 + 1.068 Otago Volts 10 + 0.869 Highveld Lions 0 -- 0.726 Perth Scorchers 0 -- 2.851 Fixtures ( edit ) 21 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 142 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 148 / 3 ( 19.4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 44 ( 37 ) Vikramjeet Malik 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Sanju Samson 54 ( 47 ) Rishi Dhawan 1 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 27,539 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Vikramjeet Malik ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 23 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Perth Scorchers Highveld Lions No result Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Attendance : 13,388 Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Highveld Lions won the toss and elected to field . Match abandoned due to rain . 23 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians Otago Volts Match abandoned without a ball bowled Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Attendance : 13,388 Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) Match abandoned due to rain . 25 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Otago Volts 242 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Perth Scorchers 180 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Neil Broom 117 * ( 56 ) Joel Paris 2 / 50 ( 4 overs ) Hilton Cartwright 68 * ( 53 ) Ian Butler 3 / 47 ( 4 overs ) Otago Volts won by 62 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 15,911 Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( Ind ) Player of the match : Neil Broom ( Otago ) Perth Scorchers won the toss and elected to field . 25 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 183 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Highveld Lions 153 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Brad Hodge 46 * ( 23 ) Lonwabo Tsotsobe 2 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Alviro Petersen 40 ( 28 ) Pravin Tambe 4 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 30 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 23,717 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) Player of the match : Pravin Tambe ( Rajasthan ) Highveld Lions won the toss and elected to field . 27 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Highveld Lions 140 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 141 / 3 ( 18.3 overs ) Alviro Petersen 35 * ( 27 ) Pragyan Ojha 2 / 26 ( 3 overs ) Dwayne Smith 63 * ( 47 ) Sohail Tanvir 1 / 15 ( 3.3 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 7 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 20,491 Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Dwayne Smith ( Mumbai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 29 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Highveld Lions 167 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Otago Volts 167 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Quinton de Kock 109 * ( 63 ) Nick Beard 2 / 31 ( 3 overs ) Jimmy Neesham 52 * ( 25 ) Imran Tahir 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Scores level in match and Super Over ; Otago Volts won on boundary count Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 14,618 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Jimmy Neesham ( Otago ) Otago Volts won the toss and elected to field . As a result of this match , Highveld Lions were eliminated . <Th_colspan="7"> show Super Over Delivery <Th_colspan="3"> Otago Volts <Th_colspan="3"> Highveld Lions Bowler Batsman Runs Bowler Batsman Runs Sohail Tanvir Jimmy Neesham Jimmy Neesham Quinton de Kock Sohail Tanvir Jimmy Neesham Jimmy Neesham Quinton de Kock 6 Sohail Tanvir Brendon McCullum 0 Jimmy Neesham Quinton de Kock Sohail Tanvir Brendon McCullum 1b Jimmy Neesham Jean Symes 0 W 5 Sohail Tanvir Jimmy Neesham Jimmy Neesham Quinton de Kock 6 Sohail Tanvir Brendon McCullum 6 Jimmy Neesham Dwaine Pretorius Total 13 / 0 Total 13 29 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Perth Scorchers 120 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 121 / 1 ( 16.3 overs ) Adam Voges 27 ( 21 ) Kevon Cooper 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 62 * ( 53 ) Jason Behrendorff 1 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 9 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 17,972 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) Player of the match : Kevon Cooper ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . As a result of this match , Rajasthan Royals qualified for the semi-finals and Perth Scorchers were eliminated . 1 October 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Otago Volts 139 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 142 / 6 ( 19.1 overs ) Jimmy Neesham 32 ( 25 ) Rahul Shukla 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Brad Hodge 52 * ( 23 ) Jimmy Neesham 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 4 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 19,222 Umpires : Richard Illingworth ( Eng ) and Paul Reiffel ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rahul Shukla ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . This defeat ended Otago Volts ' 15 - match undefeated streak . 2 October 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Perth Scorchers 149 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 152 / 4 ( 13.2 overs ) Sam Whiteman 51 * ( 32 ) Nathan Coulter - Nile 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 51 * ( 24 ) Brad Hogg 2 / 26 ( 3 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Attendance : 33,103 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Mumbai ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . As a result of this match , Mumbai Indians qualified for the semi-finals and Otago Volts were eliminated . Mumbai Indians needed to achieve their target of 150 runs in 14.2 overs to qualify . Group B ( edit ) Team Pld NR Pts NRR Trinidad and Tobago 0 12 + 0.816 Chennai Super Kings 0 12 + 0.271 Titans 0 8 + 0.228 Sunrisers Hyderabad 6 -- 0.622 Brisbane Heat 0 -- 1.028 Fixtures ( edit ) 22 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Trinidad and Tobago 135 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Brisbane Heat 110 ( 18.4 overs ) Denesh Ramdin 48 ( 38 ) Alister McDermott 4 / 37 ( 4 overs ) Joe Burns 45 ( 43 ) Ravi Rampaul 4 / 14 ( 3.4 overs ) Trinidad and Tobago won by 25 runs JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi Attendance : 24,743 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) Player of the match : Denesh Ramdin ( T&T ) Brisbane Heat won the toss and elected to field . 22 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Titans 185 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 187 / 6 ( 18.5 overs ) AB de Villiers 77 ( 36 ) Dwayne Bravo 2 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Michael Hussey 47 ( 26 ) Rowan Richards 3 / 29 ( 3.5 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 4 wickets JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi Attendance : 34,223 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Chettithody Shamsuddin ( Ind ) Player of the match : Suresh Raina ( Chennai ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 24 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Titans 123 ( 18.5 overs ) Brisbane Heat 119 ( 20 overs ) Henry Davids 39 ( 31 ) Matthew Gale 4 / 10 ( 2.5 overs ) James Hopes 37 ( 44 ) Marchant de Lange 3 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Titans won by 4 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Attendance : 12,616 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and S. Ravi ( Ind ) Player of the match : Marchant de Lange ( Titans ) Brisbane Heat won the toss and elected to field . 24 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Trinidad and Tobago 160 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 164 / 6 ( 19.3 overs ) Darren Bravo 66 ( 44 ) Darren Sammy 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Thisara Perera 57 * ( 32 ) Sunil Narine 4 / 9 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 4 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali , Chandigarh Attendance : 16,299 Umpires : S. Ravi ( Ind ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Thisara Perera ( Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 26 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 202 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 190 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Suresh Raina 84 ( 57 ) Dale Steyn 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Darren Sammy 50 ( 25 ) Dwayne Bravo 2 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 12 runs JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi Attendance : 32,783 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Suresh Raina ( Chennai ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . Mahendra Singh Dhoni made the fastest half century ( 16 balls ) in CLT20 . 28 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 145 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Titans 147 / 2 ( 16.3 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 37 ( 21 ) David Wiese 3 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Henry Davids 64 ( 42 ) Dale Steyn 1 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Titans won by 8 wickets JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi Attendance : 28,347 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and S. Ravi ( Ind ) Player of the match : Henry Davids ( Titans ) Titans won the toss and elected to field . 28 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Brisbane Heat 137 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 140 / 2 ( 15.5 overs ) Ben Cutting 42 * ( 25 ) Ravindra Jadeja 2 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Michael Hussey 57 * ( 48 ) Daniel Christian 1 / 16 ( 3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi Attendance : 36,210 Umpires : S. Ravi ( Ind ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Michael Hussey ( Chennai ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . As a result of this match , Chennai Super Kings qualified for the semi-finals and Brisbane Heat were eliminated . 30 September 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Trinidad and Tobago 188 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Titans 153 / 6 ( 17 overs ) Evin Lewis 70 ( 35 ) Marchant de Lange 3 / 38 ( 4 overs ) Henry Davids 42 ( 22 ) Lendl Simmons 2 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Trinidad and Tobago won by 6 runs ( D / L ) Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Attendance : 15,770 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and Rod Tucker ( Aus ) Player of the match : Evin Lewis ( T&T ) Titans won the toss and elected to field . Rain stopped play during the Titans ' innings . Their par score after 17 overs was 159 runs according to the Duckworth -- Lewis method . 30 September 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Brisbane Heat Sunrisers Hyderabad Match abandoned without a ball bowled Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and S. Ravi ( Ind ) Match abandoned due to rain . As a result of this match , Sunrisers Hyderabad were eliminated . 2 October 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 118 ( 19.4 overs ) Trinidad and Tobago 119 / 2 ( 15.1 overs ) Suresh Raina 38 ( 29 ) Rayad Emrit 3 / 21 ( 3.4 overs ) Lendl Simmons 63 ( 41 ) Suresh Raina 1 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Trinidad and Tobago won by 8 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Attendance : 37,390 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Chettithody Shamsuddin ( Ind ) Player of the match : Lendl Simmons ( T&T ) Trinidad and Tobago won the toss and elected to field . As a result of this match , Trinidad and Tobago qualified for the semi-finals and Titans were eliminated . Trinidad and Tobago needed to win or lose by a small margin to qualify ahead of the Titans . Trinidad and Tobago needed to achieve their target of 119 runs in 17.4 overs to qualify top of the group . Knockout stage ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="3"> Final <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> A1 Rajasthan Royals 159 / 8 ( 20 ov ) B2 Chennai Super Kings 145 / 8 ( 20 ov ) A1 Rajasthan Royals 169 ( 18.5 ov ) <Td_colspan="4"> A2 Mumbai Indians 202 / 6 ( 20 ov ) A2 Mumbai Indians 157 / 4 ( 19.1 ov ) <Td_colspan="5"> B1 Trinidad and Tobago 153 / 5 ( 20 ov ) <Td_colspan="5"> Fixtures ( edit ) Semi-finals Semi-final 4 October 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 159 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 145 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 70 ( 56 ) Dwayne Bravo 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Ravichandran Ashwin 46 ( 28 ) Pravin Tambe 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 14 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Attendance : 30,000 Umpires : Billy Bowden ( NZ ) and Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) Player of the match : Pravin Tambe ( Rajasthan ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field This victory raised Rajasthan Royals ' record at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in 2013 to 13 wins from 13 matches ( Both IPL & CLT20 ) . Semi-final 5 October 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Trinidad and Tobago 153 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 157 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Evin Lewis 62 ( 46 ) Pragyan Ojha 1 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Dwayne Smith 59 ( 38 ) Sunil Narine 3 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Attendance : 37,857 Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) and Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Player of the match : Dwayne Smith Mumbai Indians , who chose to field Final Final 6 October 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 202 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 169 ( 18.5 overs ) Dwayne Smith 44 ( 39 ) Pravin Tambe 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 65 ( 47 ) Harbhajan Singh 4 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 33 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Attendance : 40,000 Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) and Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Player of the match : Harbhajan Singh Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field This match was Rahul Dravid 's and Sachin Tendulkar 's last match in T20 cricket . Statistics ( edit ) Most runs ( edit ) The following are the top five highest run scorers in the main tournament . Nat Player Team Runs Inns Ave SR HS 100 50 4s 6s Rahane , Ajinkya Ajinkya Rahane Rajasthan Royals 288 6 57.60 119.00 70 0 27 7 Dhawan , Shikhar Shikhar Dhawan Sunrisers Hyderabad 250 6 41.66 134.40 71 0 34 5 Smith , Dwayne Dwayne Smith Mumbai Indians 223 5 55.75 142.94 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 * 0 23 9 Raina , Suresh Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings 221 5 44.20 145.39 84 0 22 6 Lewis , Evin Evin Lewis Trinidad and Tobago 211 5 42.20 141.61 70 0 27 9 The leading run - scorer of the main tournament wins the Golden Bat award . Source : Golden Bat Most wickets ( edit ) The following are the five leading wicket - takers of the main tournament . Nat Player Team Wkts Inns Ave SR Econ BBI 4WI 5WI Tambe , Pravin Pravin Tambe Rajasthan Royals 12 5 6.50 9.50 4.10 7000406666666666670 ♠ 4 / 15 0 Narine , Sunil Sunil Narine Trinidad and Tobago 11 5 7.81 10.90 4.30 7000411111111111110 ♠ 4 / 9 0 Butler , Ian Ian Butler Otago 8 5 19.37 13.6 8.53 7000304761904761900 ♠ 3 / 21 0 0 Bravo , Dwayne Dwayne Bravo Chennai Super Kings 7 5 17.42 13.0 8.04 7000303846153846150 ♠ 3 / 26 0 0 de Lange , Marchant Marchant de Lange Titans 7 18.14 12.85 8.46 7000307692307692310 ♠ 3 / 13 0 0 The leading wicket - taker of the main tournament wins the Golden Wicket award . Source : Golden Wicket References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India to host this year 's Champions League T20 '' . NDTV. 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CLT20 in India , Pakistani team in qualifiers '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League T20 : Mumbai Indians play Rajasthan Royals in opener on September 21st '' . NDTV Sports . 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians beat Rajasthan Royals to win second CLT20 title '' . Times of India . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7 charged with fixing in BPL '' . The Daily Star . 14 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Isam , Mohammad ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` SLPL 2013 cancellation serves as warning for BPL '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi police charge Sreesanth in spot - fixing scandal '' . Reuters. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Sri Lanka Premier League 2013 called off '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 17 August 2013 ) . `` Champions League to benefit SLC directly '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Coverdale , Brydon ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Forget Tests , BBL is where it 's at '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kudos for CPL '' . Trinidad Express Newspapers. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBL stumps set to light it up '' . Cricket Australia . 7 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of KFC Big Bash League season two sees unveiling of FoxKopter and cameras in players ' helmets '' . Fox Sports . 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobell , George ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Counties to shun Champions League '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No English counties in Champions League Twenty20 '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 27 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Farooq , Umar ( 12 May 2012 ) . `` India 's move step towards reviving bilateral ties -- PCB '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Sri Lanka Premier League 2013 called off '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big names sign multi-year deals '' . Cricket Australia . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Alex ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Pomersbach powers Heat to final '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Alex ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Scorchers prevail in dramatic , rain - hit match '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moonda , Firdose ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Clash between the colossal and the courageous '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Otago take HRV title with 10th straight win '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Farooq , Umar ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Faisalabad Wolves take title with 36 - run win '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ; Thawfeeq , Saadi ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` Sangakkara to choose between Kandurata and Sunrisers '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2013 '' . Smart Cricket . Upcric . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League Twenty20 , 2013 / 14 / Points table '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Royals snap Volts match - winning spree , win by four wickets '' . Deccan Herald . 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians thrash Perth Scorchers , qualify for semis '' . The Indian Express . 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dikshit , Vishal ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` T&T need win , or slim defeat '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhaduri , Partha ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Trinidad and Tobago wallop Chennai Super Kings to enter CLT20 semifinals '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs / Golden Bat '' . Champions League T20 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Wickets / Golden Wicket '' . Champions League T20 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Tournament website on ESPN Cricinfo <Th_colspan="3"> hide Champions League Twenty20 Editions 2008 ( cancelled ) 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Squads 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Lists Records and statistics Qualifying tournaments 2014 -- 15 Big Bash League Caribbean Premier League Haier Super 8 T20 Cup HRV Cup Indian Premier League Ram Slam T20 Challenge Super 4 's Twenty20 2009 -- 13 Sri Lanka Premier League ( 2012 ) Friends Life t20 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Caribbean Twenty20 ( 2010 - 13 ) Inter-Provincial Twenty20 ( 2009 -- 11 ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ( 2009 -- 11 ) Twenty20 Cup ( 2009 ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_Champions_League_Twenty20&oldid=797365521 '' Categories : Champions League Twenty20 2013 in cricket Domestic cricket competitions in 2013 -- 14 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 16 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. 2013 Champions League Twenty20 2. Mumbai Indians 3. Dwayne Smith 4. Ajinkya Rahane 5. Pravin Tambe

how many episodes in season 7 blue bloods

Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Original release September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Blue Bloods episodes The seventh season of Blue Bloods , a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess , premiered on CBS on September 23 , 2016 . The season concluded on May 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Donnie Wahlberg ( Danny Reagan ) , Bridget Moynahan ( Erin Reagan ) , Will Estes ( Jamie Reagan ) , and Len Cariou ( Henry Reagan ) are first credited . Amy Carlson ( Linda Reagan ) and Sami Gayle ( Nicky Reagan - Boyle ) are credited next , marking the third season they have been included in the opening credits . Tom Selleck ( Frank Reagan ) receives an `` and '' billing at the close of the main title sequence . Marisa Ramirez , as Danny 's partner Detective Maria Baez , and Vanessa Ray , as Jamie 's partner Eddie Janko , continue to receive `` also starring '' billing for season 7 . Appearing regularly and receiving `` special guest star '' billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore , Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley , and Abigail Hawk as Detective Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` The Greater Good '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 701 10.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny 's world is rocked when Robert Lewis ( Michael Imperioli ) in the Attorney General 's office obtains new evidence against him in the self - defense shooting case of serial killer Thomas Wilder ( Louis Cancelmi ) . Also , Jamie and Eddie respond to a car accident involving a high - profile drunk driver , and Frank is asked by Grace Edwards ( Lori Loughlin ) , the wife of a slain police officer , to keep her only son off the police force for her safety . 135 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' Kellie Cyrus Brian Burns September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 704 10.56 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny and Baez investigate the murder of an elderly woman , shot in her home by a stray bullet . Also , Frank faces ridicule from his department when he disciplines a disrespectful cop , and Erin steps in to help her detective cohort , Anthony Abetemarco ( Steve Schirripa ) , find a legal solution for his mother after a con man bilks her out of her life savings . Meanwhile , Jack is in big trouble after ditching school to drink at a party . As punishment , Danny takes away his phone . 136 `` The Price of Justice '' John Behring Ian Biederman October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 702 9.85 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny and Baez are determined to get justice for a traumatized young woman who was held hostage , despite her resistance to press charges . Also , Frank deals with a PR nightmare when a prominent NYPD donor ( Saul Rubinek ) is spotted speeding through Manhattan traffic in a fake police vehicle , and Jamie is offered a job as a technical advisor on a television crime show after working with the TV and Film unit . 137 `` Mob Rules '' Robert Harmon Peter Blauner October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 703 10.22 <Td_colspan="8"> Intent on bringing justice to Lieutenant Gormley after he is beaten by a mob outside his temporary rental home , Anthony offers to help Frank because he has a personal connection to the neighborhood where the attack occurred . Also , Eddie and Jamie witness a dishonest arrest involving an NYPD detective and an agent from Homeland Security , while Danny and Maria search for a witness to testify against a dangerous gang leader . 138 5 `` For the Community '' Peter Werner Teleplay by : Blair Singer & Kevin Wade Story by : Blair Singer October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 705 10.03 <Td_colspan="8"> Erin and Anthony try to prevent the deportation of a prominent community activist , Coryna Garza ( Judy Reyes ) , who is not a citizen . Frank must decide if the NYPD will participate in the U.S. Marshals ' high - profile raid of a local gang . Elsewhere , Eddie takes Jamie to see her 16 - year - old psychic , but the girl 's `` papa '' says she has disappeared . When they find the girl , Jamie and Eddie try to figure out why she ran . 139 6 `` Whistleblowers '' Eric Laneuville Kevin Riley and Kevin Wade October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 706 8.88 <Td_colspan="8"> Frank is informed of a whistleblower within the NYPD who claims to have evidence of abuse of power in high crime neighborhoods . Danny and Baez investigate the case of a waitress at a popular Irish pub who was struck by a car under suspicious circumstances . 140 7 `` Guilt by Association '' Robert Harmon Siobhan Byrne O'Connor November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 707 9.76 <Td_colspan="8"> When a key witness in Danny 's murder case is killed just before testifying , Erin angers Danny by enlisting Anthony to help him find additional evidence to collar the murderer . Robert Lewis returns , trying to force Frank to publicly support the Attorney General 's investigation into the use of excessive force by police . During a joint press conference with Lewis , Frank accuses him of having political motivations for the probe . Lewis responds later by promising further investigations into NYPD chain of evidence issues . Meanwhile , Eddie and Jamie get a call for an attempted suicide . 141 8 `` Personal Business '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 708 10.27 <Td_colspan="8"> After Emily Harrison ( Danielle Savre ) tells Danny and Baez she 's concerned her abusive ex-boyfriend will repeat his behavior with his new girlfriend , Emily is accused of vigilantism when the guy is murdered . Eddie gets jealous when Jamie takes in a young professional woman who was forced to live on the street , letting her crash at his apartment . Meanwhile , Frank must decide how to discipline a sergeant after he fails to intercede during an armed robbery while off duty , as he was protecting his young daughter . 142 9 `` Confessions '' Alex Zakrzewski Brian Burns November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 709 10.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Frank is left with minimal information to find a missing boy when a conflicted priest who could help wo n't break the seal of confession . Danny and Baez investigate the death of a prominent New York City socialite with a secret life . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie attend a wedding together while trying to hide their recently resurfaced romantic feelings for each other . Unfortunately , Jamie 's behavior towards one of the guests at the reception leads to a brawl on the dance floor and a destroyed wedding cake . Those involved spend the night in the slammer . 143 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 710 10.18 <Td_colspan="8"> When the son of Frank 's most outspoken critic in the African - American community , Reverend Darnell Potter ( Ato Essandoh ) , is killed , Potter must put aside his contentious relationship with the Reagan family in order to get justice for his son . Also , Erin and Anthony investigate when a convicted felon 's cause of death is inconsistent with injuries he sustained during a prisoner transport van accident , and Jamie learns that a mugger he shot in self - defense is the son of a trooper in the New York State Police . 144 11 `` Genetics '' Alex Chapple Allie Solomon January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 711 10.79 <Td_colspan="8"> An adoption case gets complicated for Jamie and Eddie , so they turn to Erin for help in preventing the case from going to court . The case becomes more complicated because Erin does not know adoption law well . Frank deals with an NYPD sergeant who is helping cadets from military backgrounds cheat on the psychiatric portion of their exam . Meanwhile , Danny learns from a worried Linda that Jack plans to enter the Marines after graduation . 145 12 `` Not Fade Away '' Robert Harmon Kevin Wade and Blair Singer January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 712 10.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny is asked to provide private security for Ernie `` Goodnight '' Mason ( Omar Dorsey ) , who spent 12 years in prison for his involvement in a murder . In return , Danny makes Mason help him locate the actual triggerman in the crime . Jamie and Eddie have to break up a public quarrel between two NYPD partners who have become romantically involved , making them evaluate their own complicated relationship . Elsewhere , Frank tries to make things right when Sid 's wife tells him that her husband feels underutilized . 146 13 `` The One That Got Away '' Jane Raab Siobhan Byrne O'Connor January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 713 9.77 <Td_colspan="8"> When diplomatic immunity complicates a child abuse case for Danny and Baez , Frank intervenes , despite not having jurisdiction on the case . Also , a robbery occurs while Eddie and Jamie are on a double date with Eddie 's boyfriend and his sister , and they are forced to step in . 147 14 `` In and Out '' John Behring Ian Biederman February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 714 10.13 <Td_colspan="8"> A parole officer 's romance with an ex-con leads to a possible cover up in a gang leader 's shooting . As Danny and Baez investigate the murder , Frank tries to prevent further violence by getting information from the rival gang leader ( Method Man ) serving prison time for killing police chief Donald Kent . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie are tired of responding to bogus calls , and try to track down the person who has tapped into the police frequency . 148 15 `` Lost Souls '' Alex Chapple Brian Burns February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 715 10.65 <Td_colspan="8"> A man is murdered 10 years after he killed a mother and son while driving drunk , and the investigation leaves Danny and Baez facing a dilemma . Anthony is put in a different position when Erin asks him to wear a wire as he meets with an old friend who has become involved with Russian mobsters . Meanwhile , Frank learns the NYPD community feels that he is the only thing holding Jamie back from a promotion . 149 16 `` Hard Bargain '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 716 10.15 <Td_colspan="8"> Linda 's brother Jimmy ( Kevin Dillon ) asks Danny for help after he lands in trouble with the mob . A lawyer whose pop star client , Osvaldo V , was tackled and arrested in a case of mistaken identity wants police officers ' disciplinary records to be made public . Nicky accompanies Jamie and Eddie on a ride along , and gets involved when the three encounter a battered wife . 150 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' P.J. Pesce Kevin Riley March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 717 9.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Jamie and Eddie suspect foul play when they respond to a distress call from a woman having an allergic reaction to her lifesaving medication , and learn that her husband is an EMT assigned to take her call , but did n't respond . Also , Erin realizes that a man she convicted years earlier might be innocent of the crime , and Frank handles a PR crisis in his department when an exposé on Garrett Moore is published . 151 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' David Barrett Kevin Wade March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 718 9.62 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny investigates the circumstances of an ex-NYPD officer who goes missing the day after she revealed to him that she had planned to make amends to the woman she and her partner wrongfully convicted years ago . Elsewhere , Frank faces a dilemma when one of his peers , Chief Travis Jackson ( Isaiah Washington ) , refuses to retire , even though he 's hit the mandatory age . Also , Jamie and Eddie get involved in a prank war with another male - female officer partnership , which escalates to a near - brawl in the street . 152 19 `` Love Lost '' Ralph Hemecker Siobhan Byrne O'Connor April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 719 9.77 <Td_colspan="8"> Once again , Erin faces off in court against her ex-husband , Jack Boyle ( Peter Hermann ) , who is representing the person she is attempting to convict of murder . Erin is also shocked to learn that Jack has been going out with a woman who is just a few years older than Nicky . Jack also has n't gotten over the habit of calling Erin by her marriage name . Danny and Baez investigate to see if a husband is behind the murder of his own wife , who was smothered in her sleep . Frank is confronted by a mother who accuses the NYPD of being negligent in solving her son 's murder , while Jamie rides with his temporary partner , Officer Brenda Patimkin ( Sarah Mezzanotte ) . 153 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' Jane Raab Brian Burns April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 720 9.43 <Td_colspan="8"> When a witness in a former case of Erin 's asks her for help shutting down a drug operation in his Bronx apartment building , she makes it her mission to make the building safe for his family . While investigating a teen 's suicide , Danny and Baez uncover information that suggests the death was a homicide . Frank looks into potential misconduct in the Mayor 's office , possibly putting his job at risk . 154 21 `` Foreign Interference '' John Behring Peter Blauner April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 721 8.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Danny and Baez team up with two Russian operatives to search for a dangerous Russian man who entered the U.S. on a diplomatic visa . Also , Frank gets involved in a sensitive case involving Archbishop Kevin Kearns ( Stacy Keach ) , and Erin and Anthony scramble to find out who tampered with evidence in one of their cases . 155 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 722 9.24 <Td_colspan="8"> After Danny intercepts a shipment of several million dollars that was heading to a drug cartel in Mexico , he and his family become targets when cartel members come back for revenge leaving the family homeless . Also , Jamie works independently to track down a serial killer who preys on the elderly , and Mayor Poole ( David Ramsey ) confides to Frank that he plans to retire . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Greater Good '' September 23 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.55 0.8 4.32 14.87 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' September 30 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.56 N / A 4.00 N / A 14.56 `` The Price of Justice '' October 7 , 2016 1.2 / 5 9.85 0.7 3.90 1.9 13.73 `` Mob Rules '' October 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.22 N / A 3.99 N / A 14.21 5 `` For the Community '' October 21 , 2016 1.1 / 5 10.03 0.8 4.02 1.9 14.06 6 `` Whistleblowers '' October 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 8.88 0.7 4.40 1.8 13.28 7 `` Guilt by Association '' November 4 , 2016 1.1 / 4 9.76 0.7 4.12 1.8 13.88 8 `` Personal Business '' November 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.27 0.7 4.04 2.0 14.31 9 `` Confessions '' November 18 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.36 0.7 4.36 1.9 14.72 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' December 9 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.18 0.7 4.35 1.9 14.53 11 `` Genetics '' January 6 , 2017 1.3 / 4 10.79 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Not Fade Away '' January 13 , 2017 1.3 / 5 10.48 0.7 4.00 2.0 14.48 13 `` The One That Got Away '' January 20 , 2017 1.2 / 5 9.77 0.7 4.31 1.9 14.08 14 `` In and Out '' February 3 , 2017 1.1 / 5 10.13 0.8 4.35 1.9 14.48 15 `` Lost Souls '' February 10 , 2017 1.2 / 5 10.65 N / A 4.23 N / A 14.89 16 `` Hard Bargain '' February 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 10.15 0.7 3.85 1.8 14.00 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' March 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.36 0.8 4.36 1.8 13.79 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' March 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 9.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Love Lost '' April 7 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.77 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' April 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Foreign Interference '' April 28 , 2017 0.8 / 3 8.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' May 5 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.24 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` 2 Broke Girls Is Renewed By CBS '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Season Finale Airdates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' Emerald City ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Blue Bloods <Td_colspan="2"> Characters Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_7)&oldid=805202730 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Blue Bloods season 7 2. Police procedural drama series 3. Cast and characters 4. Episode summaries and air dates 5. Ratings and viewership

which state has developed wind energy in india

Wind power in India - Wikipedia Wind power in India Jump to : navigation , search Wind farms midst paddy fields in India . Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years . As of the end of July 2017 the total installed wind power capacity was 32.56 GW , mainly spread across the South , West and North regions . By the end of 2015 , India had the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world . The levelised tariff of wind power reached a record low of ₹ 3.46 ( 5.4 ¢ US ) per kWh ( without any direct or indirect subsidies ) during auctions for wind projects in February 2017 . Subsequently the tariff plunged further in August 2017 in a competitive bid managed by TANGEDCO ( Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation ) to Rs. 3.42 / kWh . The development of wind power in India began in 1986 with the first wind farms being set up in coastal areas of Maharashtra ( Ratnagiri ) , Gujarat ( Okha ) and Tamil Nadu ( Tirunelveli ) with 55 kW Vestas wind turbines . These demonstration projects were supported by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) . The potential for wind farms in the country was first assessed in 2011 to be more than 2,000 GW by Prof. Jami Hossain of TERI University , New Delhi . This was subsequently re-validated by Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory , US ( LBNL ) in an independent study in 2012 . As a result , the MNRE set up a committee to reassess the potential and through the National Institute of Wind Energy ( NIWE , previously C - WET ) has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind resource in India from 49,130 MW to 302,000 MW assessed at 100 m hub height . Wind turbines are now being set up at even 120 m hub height and the wind resource at higher hub heights of around 120 m or more that are prevailing is possibly even more . In 2015 , the MNRE set the target for Wind Power generation capacity by the year 2022 at 60,000 MW . East and North east regions have no grid connected wind power plant as of March 2015 . No offshore wind farm are under implementation . However , an Offshore Wind Policy was announced in 2015 and presently weather stations and LIDARs are being set up by NIWE at some locations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monthly electricity generation 2 Statistics 3 Wind power by state 3.1 Tamil Nadu 3.2 Maharashtra 3.3 Gujarat 3.4 Rajasthan 3.5 Madhya Pradesh 3.6 Kerala 3.7 Odisha 3.8 West Bengal 3.9 Jammu and Kashmir 4 Projects 5 Offshore wind power plants 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Monthly electricity generation ( edit ) Wind power accounts nearly 9.87 % of India 's total installed power generation capacity and generated 46,011 million kWh in the fiscal year 2016 - 17 which is nearly 3 % of total electricity generation . The capacity utilisation factor is nearly 19.62 % in the fiscal year 2016 - 17 ( 14 % in 2015 - 16 ) . 70 % of wind generation is during the five months duration from May to September coinciding with Southwest monsoon duration . In India , solar power is complementary to wind power as it is generated mostly during the non monsoon period in day time . Installed Wind Power Capacity Fiscal Year End Cumulative Capacity ( in MW ) 2005 6,270 2006 7,850 2007 9,587 2008 10,925 2009 13,064 16,084 2011 18,421 2012 20,149 2013 21,264 2014 23,354 2015 26,769 2016 32,280 Monthly Electricity Generation in India April , 2016 - March , 2017 Month North West South East North East Total ( GWh ) April 2016 389.22 1,247.89 594.23 - - 2,231.34 May 2016 835.44 2,325.41 971.22 - - 4,132.07 June 2016 748.81 2,626.66 2,478.78 - - 5,854.25 July 2016 885.99 2,688.32 3,403.20 - - 6,977.50 August 2016 449.42 2,844.68 3,524.68 - - 6,818.77 September 2016 631.81 1,690.13 3,274.02 - - 5,595.97 October 2016 339.48 730.70 2,537.50 - - 3,607.68 November 2016 155.90 571.09 1,136.98 - - 1,863.98 December 2016 201.95 824.41 753.53 - - 1,779.89 January 2017 392.79 1,004.97 910.69 - - 2,308.45 February 2017 365.66 1,047.70 1,072.61 - - 2,485.97 March 2017 365.15 1,181.97 808.53 - - 2,355.65 Total ( GWh ) 5,761.62 18,783.93 21,465.97 - - 46,011.52 Statistics ( edit ) The table below shows the India 's year on year installed wind power , annual wind power generation and annual growth in wind power generation since 2007 . Installed wind power capacity and generation in India since 2007 Financial year 06 - 07 07 - 08 08 - 09 09 - 10 10 - 11 11 - 12 12 - 13 13 - 14 14 - 15 15 - 16 16 - 17 Installed capacity ( MW ) 7,850 9,587 10,925 13,064 16,084 18,421 20,150 22,465 23,447 26,777 32,280 Generation ( GWh ) 28,214 28,604 46,011 Wind power by state ( edit ) There is a growing number of wind energy installations in states across India . Installed wind capacity by state as of 19 October 2016 State Total Capacity ( MW ) Tamil Nadu 7,684.31 Maharashtra 4,664.08 Gujarat 4,227.31 Rajasthan 4,123.35 Karnataka 3,082.45 Madhya Pradesh 2,288.60 Andhra Pradesh 1,866.35 Telangana 98.70 Kerala 43.50 Others 4.30 Total 28,082.95 Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Muppandal Wind farm near NH44 Muppandal wind farm in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu 's wind power capacity is around 29 % of India 's total . The Government of Tamil Nadu realized the importance and need for renewable energy , and set up a separate Agency , as registered society , called the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency ( TEDA ) as early as 1985 . Now , Tamil Nadu has become a leader in Wind Power in India . In Muppandal windfarm the total capacity is 1500 MW , the largest wind power plant in India . The total wind installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 7633 MW . During the fiscal year 2014 - 15 , the electricity generation is 9.521 GWh , with about a 15 % capacity utilization factor . Maharashtra ( edit ) Maharashtra is one of the prominent states that installed wind power projects second to Tamil Nadu in India . As of end of March 2016 , installed wind power capacity is 4655.25 MW . As of now there are 50 developers registered with state nodal agency `` Maharashtra energy Development Agency '' for development of wind power projects . All the major manufacturers of wind turbines including Suzlon , Vestas , Gamesa , Regen , Leitner Shriram have presence in Maharashtra . Gujarat ( edit ) Gujarat government 's focus on tapping renewable energy has led to sharp rise in the wind power capacity in the last few years . According to official data , wind power generations capacity in the state has increased a staggering ten times in just six years . ONGC Ltd. has installed a 51MW wind energy farm at Bhuj in Gujarat . Renewable energy projects worth a massive Rs 1 lakh crore of memorandums of understanding ( MoUs ) in the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in 2017 . Rajasthan ( edit ) A wind farm in Rajasthan 4031.99 MW wind power installed as per 31.03. 2016 . Madhya Pradesh ( edit ) In consideration of unique concept , Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned another 15 MW project to Madhya Pradesh Windfarms Ltd . MPWL , Bhopal at Nagda Hills near Dewas under consultation from Consolidated Energy Consultants Ltd . CECL Bhopal . All the 25 WEGs have been commissioned on 31.03. 2008 and under successful operation . Kerala ( edit ) 55 MW production of wind power is installed in Kerala . The first wind farm of the state was set up 1997 at Kanjikode in Palakkad district . The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through private developers . Odisha ( edit ) Odisha a coastal state has higher potential for wind energy . Current installation capacity stands at 2.0 MW . Odisha has a windpower potential of 1700MW . The Govt of Odisha is actively pursuing to boost Wind power generation in the state . however it has not progressed like other states primarily because Odisha having a huge coal reserve and number of existing and upcoming thermal power plants , is a power surplus state . West Bengal ( edit ) The total installation in West Bengal is 2.10 MW till Dec 2009 at Fraserganj , Distt - South 24 Paraganas . More 0.5 MW ( approx ) at Ganga Sagar , Kakdwip , Distt - South 24 Paraganas . Both the project owned by West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency ( WBREDA ) , Govt. of WB and project was executed on turnkey basis by Utility Powertech Limited ( UPL ) . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) The Kargil , Ladakh , occupied Gilgit and China occupied Aksai Chin regions of Jammu and Kashmir state are potential wind energy areas , which are yet to be exploited . Wind Speeds are higher during the winter months in the state , which is complimentary to the hydro power available during the summer months from the snow melt water . Being a Himalayan state located at higher altitude , the heating energy requirements are high which can be met by the renewable energy resources such as wind , solar and hydro power . The state is yet to open its account in grid connected wind power installations . Projects ( edit ) India 's largest wind power production facilities ( 10MW and greater ) Windmills on the Tirumala hills in Andhra Pradesh Wind turbines midst of India 's agricultural farms . Hybrid in Leh , J&K state Rank Power plant Producer Location State MWe Muppandal windfarm Muppandal Wind Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 1500 Jaisalmer Wind Park Suzlon Energy Jaisalmer Rajasthan 1064 Brahmanvel windfarm Parakh Agro Industries Dhule Maharashtra 528 Dhalgaon windfarm Gadre Marine Exports Sangli Maharashtra 278 5 Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd . Satara District . Maharashtra 259 6 Vaspet ReNew Power Vaspet Maharashtra 144 7 Beluguppa Wind Park Orange Renewable Beluguppa Andhra Pradesh 100.8 8 Mamatkheda Wind Park Orange Renewable Mamatkheda Madhya Pradesh 100.5 9 Anantapur Wind Park Orange Renewable Nimbagallu Andhra Pradesh 100 10 Damanjodi Wind Power Plant Suzlon Energy Ltd . Damanjodi Odisha 99 11 Jath ReNew Power Jath Maharashtra 84 12 Welturi ReNew Power Welturi Maharashtra 75 13 Acciona Tuppadahalli Tuppadahalli Energy India Pvt Ltd Chitradurga District Karnataka 56.1 14 Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd . Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54 15 Bercha Wind Park Orange Renewable Ratlam Madhya Pradesh 50 16 Cape Comorin Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd . Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33 17 Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd . Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30 18 Jasdan ReNew Power Jasdan Gujarat 25.2 19 Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd . Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25 20 Gudimangalam Gudimangalam Wind Farm Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21 21 Shalivahana Wind Shalivahana Green Energy . Ltd . Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4 22 Puthlur RCI Wescare ( India ) Ltd . Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20 23 Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd . Lamba Gujarat 15 24 Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Chennai Tamil Nadu 15 25 Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15 26 Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd . Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14 27 Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd . Chitradurga District Karnataka 14 28 Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd . Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12 29 Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11 30 Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8 31 Hyderabad TSRTC Telangana SRTC Hyderabad Telangana 10 32 Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd . Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10 34 Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd . Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10 Offshore wind power plants ( edit ) India is planning to enter into offshore wind power , with a 100 MW demonstration plant located off the Gujarat coast . In 2013 , a consortium ( instead of group of organizations ) , led by Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) started project FOWIND ( Facilitating Offshore Wind in India ) to identify potential zones for development of off - shore wind power in India and to stimulate R & D activities in this area . The other consortium partners include the Centre for Study of Science , Technology and Policy ( CSTEP ) , DNV GL , the Gujarat Power Corporation Limited ( GPCL ) and the World Institute of Sustainable Energy ( WISE ) . The consortium was awarded the grant of € 4.0 million by the delegation of the European Union to India in 2013 besides co-funding support from GPCL . The project action will be implemented from December 2013 to March 2018 . The project focuses on the States of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu for identification of potential zones for development through techno - commercial analysis and preliminary resource assessment . It will also establish a platform for structural collaboration and knowledge sharing between stakeholders from European Union and India , on offshore wind technology , policy , regulation , industry and human resource development . FOWIND activities will also help facilitate a platform to stimulate offshore wind related R&D activities in the country . The consortium published initial pre-feasibility assessment reports for offshore wind farm development in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu on 16 June 2015 . In September 2015 , the India 's cabinet has approved the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy . With this , the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) has been authorized as the Nodal Ministry for use of offshore areas within the Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) See also ( edit ) Renewable energy in India Energy policy of India Solar power in India List of onshore wind farms Wind turbine design Floating wind turbine Hydroelectric power in India Biofuel in India Wind power by country Renewable energy by country India portal Renewable energy portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Physical Progress ( Achievements ) '' . Ministry of New and Renewable Energy , Govt. of India . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Wind Resource Assessment Report '' . `` World Wind Resource Assessment Report '' Jump up ^ `` Wind atlas of India '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` India 's wind power tariffs hit new low in push for renewables '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Govt auctions 1000 MW of projects at Rs 3.46 a unit '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Wind Power Potential '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimation of Installable Wind Power Potential at 80 m level in India '' . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tentative State-wise break - up of Renewable Power target to be achieved by the year 2022 So that cumulative achievement is 1 , 75,000 MW '' ( PDF ) . http://mnre.gov.in . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Offshore Wind Costs Fall Below New Nuclear Plants in U.K. '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NLDC monthly reports ( refer table 7 of each month ) '' . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State-wise monthly renewable power generation , CEA '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReGen enters solar power with hybrid solution '' . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Renewable Energy Generation Reports , CEA '' . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly wind generation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State wise installed capacity as of 19 October 2016 '' . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Installed capacity of wind power projects in India '' . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency - Site . Jump up ^ `` SRLDC monthly report , March 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vibrant Gujarat Summit : Rs 1 lakh crore fuel to fire up renewable energy - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Developer of Wind Power Estate '' . Wind Power India . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wind power and solar energy in Odisha '' . REVE . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Wind Energy - Projects , Companies , Research , Data , Statistics - Energy Alternatives India '' . EAI.in . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Muppandal windfarm '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaisalmer windfarm '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brahmanvel windfarm ( India ) '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dhalgaon windfarm '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shalivahana Green Energy Bio Mass Municipal Solid Waste Wind Energy Hydel Energy '' . Shalivahanagroup.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` MOU Signed for First Ever Offshore Wind Power Project in India '' . http://pib.nic.in . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FOWIND Project '' . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ pre-feasibility assessment reports `` FOWIND Project '' Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Srikanth ; Sangeetha Kandavel ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Tapping the offshore wind '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Offshore Wind Power Policy 2015 '' . GKToday. 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in India . Indian Wind Power - Magazine How winds of change could be an alternative to coal Energy - hungry India eyes role as `` wind superpower '' Consolidated Energy Consultants Ltd . India Wind power in Kerala <Th_colspan="2"> Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Wikiquotes <Th_colspan="2"> Wind power by country <Td_colspan="2"> Overview Wind power industry Africa Kenya Morocco Asia China ( Hong Kong ) Georgia India Iran Japan Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Spain Sweden United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Uruguay <Td_colspan="2"> Portals Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development <Th_colspan="3"> Wind power Wind power Environmental impact High - altitude History Land vehicles Offshore Turbines on public display Windmill Wind turbines Aerodynamics Airborne Crosswind kite Darrieus Design Floating Savonius Small Unconventional Vertical axis Wind power industry Consulting companies Farm management Manufacturers Software Windmade Wind farms Community - owned Farms by country Offshore farms by country Onshore farms Concepts Betz 's law Capacity factor EROEI Forecasting Grid energy storage HVDC Intermittency Variability Laddermill Net energy gain Resource assessment Storage Subsidies Virtual power plant Wind hybrid power systems Wind profile power law <Th_colspan="2"> Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Europe European Union ( Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , United Kingdom ) Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_power_in_India&oldid=801916017 '' Categories : Wind power in India Electric power in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Vague or ambiguous time from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ Русский Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 19 : 09 . 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1. Wind power generation capacity in India 2. Installed wind power capacity in India 3. Wind power by state in India 4. Offshore wind power plants in India 5. Monthly electricity generation from wind power in India

cast of born on the fourth of july

Born on the Fourth of July ( film ) - wikipedia Born on the Fourth of July ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Born on the Fourth of July <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Oliver Stone Produced by A. Kitman Ho Oliver Stone Screenplay by Oliver Stone Ron Kovic Based on Born on the Fourth of July by Ron Kovic Starring Tom Cruise Kyra Sedgwick Raymond J. Barry Jerry Levine Frank Whaley Willem Dafoe Music by John Williams Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Joe Hutshing David Brenner Production company Ixtlan Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 20 ) Running time 144 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17.8 million Box office $161 million Born on the Fourth of July is a 1989 American biographical war drama film based on the eponymous 1976 autobiography by Ron Kovic . Directed by Oliver Stone , and written by Stone and Kovic , it stars Tom Cruise , Kyra Sedgwick , Raymond J. Barry , Jerry Levine , Frank Whaley and Willem Dafoe . The film depicts the life of Kovic ( Cruise ) over a twenty - year period , detailing his childhood , his military service and paralysis during the Vietnam War , and his transition to anti-war activism . It is the second installment in Stone 's trilogy of films about the Vietnam War , following Platoon ( 1986 ) and preceding Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) . Producer Martin Bregman acquired the film rights to the book in 1976 and hired Stone , also a Vietnam veteran , to co-write the screenplay with Kovic . When Stone optioned the book in 1978 , the film adaptation became mired in development hell , and resulted in him and Kovic putting the film on hold . After the release of Platoon , the project was revived at Universal Pictures , with Stone attached to direct . Principal photography commenced in October 1988 and concluded in December after 65 days of filming . It was shot on locations in the Philippines , Texas and Inglewood , California . The film went over its initial $14 million production budget , and ended up costing $17.8 million after reshoots . Upon release , Born on the Fourth of July grossed over $161 million worldwide , and became the tenth highest - grossing film of 1989 . It received several accolades and praise for its story , Cruise 's performance and Stone 's direction . At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film received eight nominations , including Best Picture and Best Actor , and won for Best Director and Best Film Editing . It also won four Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Director and Best Screenplay . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Books 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens in 1956 Massapequa , New York , with a 10 - year - old Ron Kovic playing with his friends in a forest . On his fourth of July birthday , he attends an Independence Day parade with his family and best friend Donna . In 1961 , President John F. Kennedy 's televised inaugural address inspires a teenage Ron to join the United States Marine Corps . After attending an impassioned lecture by two Marine recruiters visiting his high school , he enlists . His decision receives support from his mother , but upsets his father , an Armed Forces veteran . Ron goes to his prom , and dances with Donna before leaving for basic training . In October 1967 , Ron is now a Marine sergeant on a reconnaissance mission in Vietnam , during his second tour of duty . He and his unit kill a number of Vietnamese villagers after mistaking them for enemy combatants . After encountering enemy fire , they flee the village and abandon its sole survivor , a crying baby . During the retreat , Ron accidentally kills Wilson , a young private in his platoon . He reports the action to his superior , who ignores the claim and advises him not to say anything else . In January 1968 , Ron is critically wounded during a firefight , but is rescued by a fellow Marine . Paralyzed from the mid-chest down , he spends several months in recovery at the Bronx Veterans Hospital in New York . The hospital 's conditions are poor ; the doctors and nurses ignore patients , abuse drugs , and operate using old equipment . Against his doctors ' requests , Ron desperately tries to walk again with the use of braces and crutches . In 1969 , Ron returns home , permanently requiring the use of a wheelchair . After becoming disillusioned , he resorts to alcohol . During an Independence Day parade , Ron is asked to give a speech , but is unable to finish . He shows signs of posttraumatic stress disorder when he hears a crying baby in the crowd and has a flashback to Vietnam . Ron visits Donna in Syracuse , New York , where the two reminisce . While attending a vigil for the victims of the Kent State shootings , they are separated when Donna and other protestors are taken away by police for demonstrating against the Vietnam War . In Massapequa , a drunken Ron has a heated argument with his mother , and his father decides to send him to Mexico . In 1970 , Kovic arrives in Villa Duce ( Village of the Sun ) , a Mexican haven for wounded Vietnam veterans . He has his first sexual encounter with a prostitute , whom he falls for until he sees her with another customer . Ron befriends Charlie , another paraplegic , and the two decide to travel to another village . After annoying their taxicab driver , they are stranded on the side of the road and argue with each other . They are picked up by a truck driver who takes them back to Villa Duce . Ron travels to Armstrong , Texas , where he discovers Wilson 's tombstone . He then visits the fallen soldier 's family in Georgia to confess his guilt . Wilson 's widow Jamie expresses that she is unable to forgive Ron , while his parents are more sympathetic . In 1972 , Ron joins the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War , and travels to the Republican National Convention in Miami , Florida . As Richard Nixon is giving an acceptance speech for his presidential nomination , Ron expresses to a news reporter his hatred against the war and the government for abandoning the American people . His comments enrage Nixon supporters , and his interview is cut short when police attempt to remove and arrest him and other protestors . Ron and the veterans manage to break free from the officers , regroup , and charge the hall again , though not successfully . In 1976 , Ron delivers a public address at the Democratic National Convention in New York City , following the publication of his autobiography . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise as Ron Kovic Willem Dafoe as Charlie Kyra Sedgwick as Donna Raymond J. Barry as Mr. Kovic Jerry Levine as Steve Boyer Frank Whaley as Timmy Burns Caroline Kava as Mrs. Kovic Cordelia Gonzalez as Maria Elena Ed Lauter as Legion Commander John Getz as Marine major in Vietnam Michael Wincott as Veteran in Villa Duce Edith Díaz as Madame in Villa Duce Stephen Baldwin as Billy Vorsovich Bob Gunton as Doctor Jason Gedrick as Pvt . Martinez Anne Bobby as Susanne Kovic David Warshofsky as Marine Lieutenant in Vietnam Reg E. Cathey as Speaker - Syracuse Josh Evans as Tommy Kovic Lili Taylor as Jamie Wilson Tom Sizemore as Veteran # 1 - Villa Duce Andrew Lauer as Veteran # 2 - Villa Duce Michael Compotaro as William Charles Wilson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Oliver Stone in February 1987 Al Pacino expressed interest in portraying Ron Kovic after watching his televised appearance at the 1976 Democratic National Convention and reading his autobigraphy . He also turned down starring roles in the Vietnam War - themed films Coming Home ( 1978 ) and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) , the former for which Kovic would act as a consultant . Kovic met with Pacino in New York , where they discussed adapting the book to film . In September 1976 , Pacino 's talent manager Martin Bregman contacted Kovic 's agent , and entered into negotiations for the film rights . The following October , Bregman 's production company Artists Entertainment Complex acquired the rights for $150,000 . Filming was scheduled to begin in June 1977 with Paramount Pictures acting as distributor and Bregman as producer , but the project fell apart . Bregman and Pacino were unhappy with the script , and the studio dropped the film . In 1977 , Bregman hired Oliver Stone , also a Vietnam veteran , to help write the screenplay . At the time , Stone had been developing Platoon ( 1986 ) , and an unproduced sequel script titled Second Life , that was inspired by his own life after the war . He and Kovic bonded over their experiences during the war , and they began work on a new script in 1978 after Stone optioned the book . Stone also discussed the adaptation with William Friedkin , who turned down an opportunity to direct in favor of helming The Brink 's Job ( 1978 ) . After Bregman secured financing from German investors , the film briefly continued development at United Artists before moving to Orion Pictures . Daniel Petrie was hired to direct , but several weeks before rehearsals , the investors withdrew from funding the film . After the project moved to Universal Pictures , Bregman and Pacino left the film . Bregman deemed the project impossible , and felt it would be overshadowed by the success of Coming Home . Stone and Kovic grew frustrated with the troubled pre-production and dropped the project , though Stone expressed his hope to return and make the film at a later time . In April 1987 , John Daly , chairman and CEO of the English - based Hemdale Film Corporation , announced that it was producing the film , which would act as a sequel to Platoon . The studio entered into negotiations to finance the film in May 1988 with a $20 million budget , but it later withdrew from funding the film . Stone was announced as director in June 1988 , and his Ixtlan Productions banner was enlisted as a production company . Tom Pollock , president of Universal Pictures , read the script as Stone was developing Wall Street ( 1987 ) , and the studio allocated a $14 million budget . Stone and Kovic then revised the script , adding the latter 's appearance at the 1976 Democratic National Convention . Casting ( edit ) Tom Cruise , who portrays Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic . One of Universal 's conditions for financing the film was that a major star had to appear in the lead role . Sean Penn , Charlie Sheen and Nicolas Cage were among those considered by Stone to portray Kovic . In 1987 , Stone 's agent Paula Wagner had shown Platoon to Tom Cruise , after he had expressed interest in working with the director . Cruise met with Stone to discuss the role in January 1988 . The studio was concerned over the prospects of Cruise appearing as a dramatic film lead . Stone , in particular , had dismissed his previous film Top Gun ( 1986 ) as a `` fascist movie '' , but expressed that he was drawn to the actor 's `` Golden Boy '' image . `` I saw this kid who has everything , '' he stated . `` And I wondered what would happen if tragedy strikes , if fortune denies him ... I thought it was an interesting proposition : What would happen to Tom Cruise if something goes wrong ? '' Kovic was also wary of Cruise 's casting , but relented when the actor visited him at his home in Massapequa , New York . Cruise spent one year preparing for the role . He visited several veterans ' hospitals , read various books on the Vietnam War and practiced riding in a wheelchair . At one point during pre-production , Stone suggested that Cruise be injected with a chemical drug that would render him paralyzed for two days ; the director believed that the drug would help him realistically portray the difficulties of being a paraplegic . The insurance company responsible for the film vetoed the idea , believing that the drug would cause permanent incapacitation . Kovic visited the production daily and would often participate in rehearsals with Cruise . Kovic also appears in the film as a World War II veteran at an Independence Day parade who flinches in response to exploding firecrackers , a reflex that Cruise 's character adopts later in the film . On July 3 , 1989 , following the end of reshoots , Kovic gave Cruise his Bronze Star Medal as a birthday present and in praise of his commitment to the role . Casting directors Risa Bramon Garcia and Billy Hopkins sought more than 200 actors for various speaking roles . They auditioned 2,000 child actors in Massapequa and hired 8,000 extras for scenes shot in Dallas , Texas . For the Fourth of July parade sequences , student protests and presidential conventions , the production employed nearly 12,000 people from the National Paralysis Foundation , Campfire Girls and American Legion to appear as extras . The film reunited Stone with several past collaborators who make brief appearances in the film . Tom Berenger , who worked with the director on Platoon , plays Gunnery Sergeant Hayes , a Marine recruiter . Michael Wincott , who had a supporting role in Talk Radio ( 1988 ) , plays a wounded veteran in Mexico . John C. McGinley , in his fourth collaboration with Stone , plays an official at the 1976 Democratic Convention . Stone himself appears as a skeptical news reporter . To prepare the actors portraying Marines , military advisor Dale Dye organized one - week training missions , one in the United States , and the other in the Philippines where the battle sequences were to be filmed . Abbie Hoffman , a Yippie activist , acted as a consultant who educated the cast about the peace movement . He also makes an appearance as a protestor in Syracuse , New York . The film is dedicated to Hoffman , who died on April 12 , 1989 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography was scheduled to begin in September 1988 , but did not commence until mid-October of that year . Studio executive Pollock planned an initial budget of $14 million , but the film went over budget . The high production costs prompted Stone and Cruise to waive their salaries and instead receive a percentage of the box office gross . The film was cinematographer Robert Richardson 's fifth collaboration with Stone , and their first to be shot in the anamorphic format . Richardson shot the film using Panavision cameras and lenses , and utilized 16 mm , Super 16mm and 35 mm film stocks . Filming began in Dallas , Texas , which doubled for scenes set in Massapequa , New York . The Dallas Convention Center was used to re-create the 1972 Republican National Convention in Miami , Florida . The filmmakers also shot scenes at the Parkland Memorial Hospital , which stood in for the Bronx Veterans Hospital in New York . They also filmed on soundstages at Los Colinas Studios in Irving , Texas . The Philippines stood in for scenes set in Vietnam and Mexico . Stone originally wanted to shoot on location in Vietnam but was unable to do so , due to unresolved conflicts between that country and the United States . Principal photography wrapped in December 1988 , after 65 days of filming . After viewing a rough cut of the film , Universal demanded that the ending , which depicted Kovic 's appearance at the 1976 Democratic National Convention , be reshot . The original scene was shot in Dallas , with 600 extras , but the studio was dissatisfied with the filmed footage , and requested that Stone make it `` bigger and better '' . The scene was reshot in July 1989 at The Forum arena in Inglewood , California . Filming lasted one day , with 6,000 extras . The reshoot ended up costing $500,000 , making the final production cost of the film $17.8 million . Music ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Born on the Fourth of July ( Motion Picture Soundtrack Album ) <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album Released December 19 , 1989 Length 56 : 45 Label MCA Producer John Williams The score was produced , composed and conducted by John Williams , who agreed to work on the film after viewing a rough cut version . Recording sessions took place at 20th Century Fox Studios in Los Angeles , California . Timothy Morrison , a member of the Boston Pops Orchestra , acted as a trumpeter . Williams stated , `` I knew immediately I would want a string orchestra to sing in opposition to all the realism on the screen , and then the idea came to have a solo trumpet -- not a military trumpet , but an American trumpet , to recall the happy youth of ( Kovic ) . '' The motion picture soundtrack album was released on December 19 , 1989 , by MCA Records . In addition to Williams 's score , it features eight songs that appear in the film . AllMusic 's Tavia Hobbart wrote that the score `` literally haunts you as you watch the movie . It 's just as effective here . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times stated , `` Mr. Williams 's themes are melodically strong enough so that one could imagine them being developed into a full - blown symphonic poem . '' <Th_colspan="5"> Born on the Fourth of July ( Motion Picture Soundtrack Album ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' Bob Dylan Edie Brickell & New Bohemians 4 : 58 2 . `` Born on the Bayou '' John Fogerty The Broken Homes 4 : 54 3 . `` Brown Eyed Girl '' Van Morrison Van Morrison 3 : 07 4 . `` American Pie '' Don McLean Don McLean 8 : 32 5 . `` My Girl '' Smokey Robinson , Ronald White The Temptations 2 : 43 6 . `` Soldier Boy '' Luther Dixon , Florence Greenberg The Shirelles 2 : 39 7 . `` Venus '' Ed Marshall Frankie Avalon 2 : 21 8 . `` Moon River '' Henry Mancini , Johnny Mercer Henry Mancini 2 : 41 9 . `` Prologue '' John Williams John Williams 1 : 22 10 . `` The Early Days , Massapequa , 1957 '' John Williams John Williams 4 : 57 11 . `` The Shooting of Wilson '' John Williams John Williams 5 : 07 12 . `` Cua Viet River , Vietnam , 1967 '' John Williams John Williams 5 : 02 13 . `` Homecoming '' John Williams John Williams 2 : 38 14 . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' John Williams John Williams 5 : 44 Release ( edit ) Universal gave the film a platform release which involved showing it in select cities before expanding distribution in the following weeks . To qualify the film for awards consideration , the studio issued a limited theatrical run in New York , Los Angeles , Chicago and Toronto on December 20 , 1989 . The film was released across North America on January 5 , 1990 , playing at 1,310 theaters , and expanding to 1,434 theaters by its eleventh week . A heavily edited version of the film was scheduled for broadcast on CBS in early 1991 , but was shelved by the network 's executives due to the impending Persian Gulf War . The film had its network premiere on January 21 , 1992 . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $172,021 on its first week of limited release , an average of $34,404 per theatre . More theatres were added on the following weekend , and it grossed a further $61,529 in its second weekend , with an overall gross of $937,946 . On its third weekend , the film entered wide release , grossing $11,023,650 and securing the number one position at the North American box office . The film fell 27.2 % the following week , grossing an additional $8,028,075 while remaining first in the top - ten rankings . On its fifth weekend , it earned an additional $6,228,360 for an overall gross of $32,607,294 . The film grossed $4,640,940 in its sixth weekend , dropping to second place behind Driving Miss Daisy . The following weekend , it moved to third place , earning an additional $4,012,085 . On its eighth weekend , it had dropped to fourth place and earned $3,004,400 . It stayed in fifth place for the next three weekends , and by March 4 , 1990 , the film had an overall gross of $59,673,354 . The film grossed $70,001,698 in North America ( $151,650,800 when adjusted for inflation ) , and $91 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $161,001,698 . In the United States and Canada , it was the seventeenth highest - grossing film of 1989 . Worldwide , it was the tenth highest - grossing film of 1989 , as well as Universal 's second highest - grossing film released that year , behind Back to the Future Part II . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS on August 9 , 1990 , and DVD on January 16 , 2001 . The DVD release was a part of the `` Oliver Stone Collection '' , a box set of films directed by Stone . Special features on the disc include an audio commentary by Stone , production notes , and cast and crew profiles . A Special Edition DVD was released on October 5 , 2010 , containing the film , the commentary by Stone , as well as archive news footage from NBC News . The film was released on HD DVD on June 12 , 2007 , and on Blu - ray disc on July 3 , 2012 . The Blu - ray presents the film in 1080p high definition , and contains all the additional materials found on the Special Edition DVD . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Ron Kovic attending the 62nd Academy Awards on March 26 , 1990 . He and Stone received an Oscar nomination Best Adapted Screenplay , and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay . The film received mostly positive reviews . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes sampled 37 reviews , and gave the film a score of 90 % , with an average score of 7.4 out of 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` Led by an unforgettable performance from Tom Cruise , Born on the Fourth of July finds director Oliver Stone tackling thought - provoking subject matter with ambitious élan . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , assigned the film a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 16 reviews from critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . David Denby of New York magazine , stated that the film was `` a relentless but often powerful and heartbreaking piece of work , dominated by Tom Cruise 's impassioned performance . '' Richard Corliss of Time , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also commended Cruise 's performance . Vincent Canby of The New York Times said the film was `` the most ambitious nondocumentary film yet made about the entire Vietnam experience . '' Janet Maslin , also writing for The New York Times , praised Stone 's direction , writing that he `` reaches out instantly to his audience 's gut - level emotions and sustains a walloping impact for two and a half hours . '' Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that the film 's greatest accomplishment was `` its contrasting of the glorious illusion of war as seen from thousands of miles away to the barbarity of it up - close . '' Despite the majority of praise , the film was not without its detractors . The Washington Post published two negative reviews ; Hal Hinson called the film `` alienating '' , while Desson Howe was critical of Cruise 's `` whiny '' performance . Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times felt that the actor 's portrayal of Kovic was lacking in character development . Jonathan Rosenbaum derided the storytelling for `` brimming with false uplift '' , and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called the film `` 2 1 / 2 hours of self - righteousness masquerading as art . '' Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote , `` It 's almost inconceivable that Ron Kovic was as innocent as the movie and the 1976 autobiography on which it 's based make him out to be ... Kovic 's book is simple and explicit ; he states his case in plain , angry words . Stone 's movie yells at you for two hours and twenty - five minutes . '' The film also received criticism for its dramatization of actual events , prompted by Kovic 's declared decision to run for Congress as a Democratic opponent to Californian Republican Robert Dornan in the 38th congressional district . As a result , Born on the Fourth of July became Stone 's first film to be publicly attacked in the media . Dornan criticized the film for portraying Kovic as `` ( being ) in a panic and mistakenly shooting his corporal to death in Vietnam , visiting prostitutes , abusing drugs and alcohol and cruelly insulting his parents '' . Kovic dismissed his comments as being part of a `` hatred campaign '' , and ultimately did not run for election . In an article for the New York Post , former White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan criticized the adaptation for deviating from the book , and concluded by calling Stone a `` propagandist '' . Democratic State Senator Nancy Larraine Hoffmann , who took part in Syracuse University 's 1970 peaceful protest of the Cambodian Campaign , was critical of the film 's depiction of Syracuse police as `` faceless people brutalizing peaceful protesters '' . Following the film 's wide release in January 1990 , Stone wrote a letter apologizing to the city of Syracuse and its police officials . Accolades ( edit ) The film received various awards and nominations , with particular recognition for the screenplay , Cruise 's performance , Stone 's direction and the score by John Williams . The National Board of Review named it one of the `` Top 10 Films of 1989 '' , ranking it at number one . The film received five Golden Globe Award nominations and won four for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director and Best Screenplay , while Williams was nominated for Best Original Score . In February 1990 , the film competed for the Golden Bear at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival , but lost to the American film Music Box ( 1990 ) and Czech film Larks on a String ( 1969 ) . That same month , the film garnered eight Academy Awards nominations , including Best Picture and Best Actor ; its closest rival was Driving Miss Daisy , which received nine nominations . At the 62nd Oscars , Stone won a second Academy Award for Best Director ; he had previously won the award for Platoon . The film also won for Best Film Editing . At the 44th British Academy Film Awards in 1991 , the film received two nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Adapted Screenplay , but did not win in either category . Award Date or year of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards March 26 , 1990 Best Picture A. Kitman Ho , Oliver Stone Nominated Best Director Oliver Stone Won Best Actor Tom Cruise Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Oliver Stone , Ron Kovic Nominated Best Cinematography Robert Richardson Nominated Best Sound Mixing Michael Minkler , Gregory H. Watkins , Wylie Stateman , and Tod A. Maitland Nominated Best Film Editing David Brenner , Joe Hutshing Won Best Original Score John Williams Nominated American Film Institute 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- -- -- -- Nominated 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Ron Kovic ( portrayed by Tom Cruise ) Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- -- -- -- Nominated 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- -- -- -- Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Awards 1989 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Robert Richardson Nominated Artios Awards Best Casting for Feature Film , Drama Risa Bramon Garcia , Billy Hopkins Nominated Berlin International Film Festival February 1990 Golden Bear Oliver Stone Nominated British Academy Film Awards 1991 Best Actor in a Leading Role Tom Cruise Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Oliver Stone , Ron Kovic Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards 1989 Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Oliver Stone Won Golden Globe Awards January 21 , 1990 Best Motion Picture -- Drama -- -- -- -- Won Best Director Oliver Stone Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Tom Cruise Won Best Screenplay Oliver Stone , Ron Kovic Won Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Awards 1989 Best Director Oliver Stone ( Runner - up ) Won Best Cinematography Robert Richardson ( Runner - up ) Won National Board of Review 1989 Top 10 Films -- -- -- -- Won National Society of Film Critics Awards 1989 Best Actor Tom Cruise ( Third place ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards 1989 Best Adapted Screenplay Oliver Stone , Ron Kovic Nominated References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` AFI Catalog '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mogk 2013 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz 2016 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Devine 2017 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( December 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Latest Exorcism of Oliver Stone : With Ron Kovic 's `` Born on the Fourth of July '' , the film maker returns to Vietnam to cast out more of the war 's demons ( Page 2 of 5 ) `` . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( December 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Latest Exorcism of Oliver Stone : With Ron Kovic 's `` Born on the Fourth of July '' , the film maker returns to Vietnam to cast out more of the war 's demons ( Page 3 of 5 ) `` . Los Angeles Times . p. 3 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grove , Martin A. ( April 1 , 1987 ) . `` Hemdale celebrates ' Platoon ' Oscar with plans for sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Desmond ( June 10 , 1988 ) . `` Another Vietnam Look From Oliver Stone '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Duchovnay 2004 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Lavington 2011 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Lavington 2011 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Trip ( January 11 , 1990 ) . `` Tom Cruise at the Crossroads '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stone 2001 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Morton 2008 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( December 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Latest Exorcism of Oliver Stone : With Ron Kovic 's `` Born on the Fourth of July '' , the film maker returns to Vietnam to cast out more of the war 's demons ( Page 4 of 5 ) `` . Los Angeles Times . p. 4 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morton 2008 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lavington 2011 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( December 25 , 1989 ) . `` Tom Terrific '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morton 2008 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( January 30 , 1990 ) . `` For Casting , Countless Auditions And One Couch , Never Used '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` How an All - American Boy Went to War and Lost His Faith '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavington 2011 , p. 195 - 196 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz 2017 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Chutkow , Paul ( December 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Private War of Tom Cruise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavington 2011 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Dutka , Elaine ( December 17 , 1989 ) . `` The Latest Exorcism of Oliver Stone : With Ron Kovic 's `` Born on the Fourth of July '' , the film maker returns to Vietnam to cast out more of the war 's demons ( Page 5 of 5 ) `` . Los Angeles Times . p. 5 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pubsun Corporation 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Ressner , Jeffrey ( 2012 ) . `` Breaking Conventions '' . DGA Quarterly . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher 1990 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 - Drama : Born on the Fourth of July '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Stacy Jenel ( August 6 , 1989 ) . `` Re - ' Born ' in July '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born on the Fourth of July ( Motion Picture Soundtrack Album ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Richard ( August 31 , 1989 ) . `` You Will Be Hearing From Him '' . The Boston Globe . p. 77 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July Soundtrack Details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Recordings ; The Image of Movie Music Is Changing Once Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devine 2017 , p. 337 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 5 - 7 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 2 - 4 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerber 2012 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 12 - 14 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 19 - 21 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 26 - 28 , 1990 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 2 - 4 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 9 - 11 , 1990 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing R Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Yearly Box Office Results ( Universal ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) - Misc Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Stone Collection DVD : Any Given Sunday , JFK , Natural Born Killers , Heaven and Earth , Born on the Fourth of July , Wall Street , The Doors , Nixon , Talk Radio , U-Turn , Oliver Stone 's America '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July DVD : Special Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July DVD : Special Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LaserDisc Database -- Born on the Fourth of July ( 61032866 ) '' . LaserDisc Database . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Born on the Fourth of July Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find CinemaScore '' ( Type `` Born on the Fourth of July '' in the search box ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denby 1989 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July Movie Review ( 1989 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( December 22 , 1989 ) . `` Cruise Reborn As Actor In ` Born On The Fourth ` '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` Born On The Fourth of July '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` Review / Film ; How an All - American Boy Went to War and Lost His Faith '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( December 31 , 1989 ) . `` Film Film View : Oliver Stone Takes Aim At the Viewer 's Viscera '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( August 23 , 2009 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . Reelviews Movie Reviews . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( January 5 , 1990 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( January 5 , 1990 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( December 20 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Review : Oliver Stone Goes to War Again : Drama : The maker of ' Platoon ' touches the emotions but not the mind with ' Born on the Fourth of July . ' Tom Cruise excels as disabled Vietnam War vet Ron Kovic '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 2 of 2 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( January 5 , 1990 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 10 , 1990 ) . `` Born on the Fourth of July '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kael 2011 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Lavington 2011 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Richard ( February 6 , 1990 ) . `` Here 's to a Nice Addiction '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ravo , Nick ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Fourth of July ' Unfair to Syracuse Police , Some Residents Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stone publicly apologizes for his depiction of police '' . Deseret News . September 30 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 Archives '' . National Board of Review . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( December 27 , 1989 ) . `` Romance Comedy , 2 War Films Each Get 5 Globe Nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners & Nominees 1990 '' . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prizes & Honours 1990 '' . Berlinale.de . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( February 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Driving Miss Daisy ' Paces Academy Awards Race : ' Daisy ' tops field with nine nominations followed by ' Fourth of July ' with eight '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 of 3 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 62nd Academy Awards ( 1990 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( March 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' Platoon ' Wins Second Oscar as the Best Movie of 1986 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film in 1991 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( nominations ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains ( nominations ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers ( nominations ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers ( official ballot ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Artios Awards '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Berlinale Annual Archives 1990 Programme '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Directors Guild of America Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Jack ( December 18 , 1989 ) . `` Spike Lee 's ' Right Thing ' Takes L.A. Film Critics ' Top Award : Movies : The 26 members agreed on `` My Left Foot , '' `` sex , lies '' and `` Baker Boys '' but split a tie for best actress between MacDowell and Pfeiffer . '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( January 8 , 1990 ) . `` U.s. Film Critics Pick ' Drugstore Cowboy ' As Best '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kagan 2006 , p. 297 . Books ( edit ) Denby , David ( December 18 , 1989 ) . `` Days of Rage '' . New York . Vol. 22 no . 50 . p. 101 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Devine , Jeremy M. ( 2017 ) , Vietnam at 24 Frames a Second : A Critical and Thematic Analysis of 360 Films About the Vietnam War , McFarland & Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0535 - 7 Duchovnay , Gerald ( June 17 , 2004 ) , `` '' Oliver Stone `` '' , Film Voices : Interviews from Post Script , SUNY Press , p. 94 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4766 - 3 Fisher , Bob ( February 1 , 1990 ) , `` Born on the Fourth of July '' , American Cinematographer , Los Angeles , United States : American Society of Cinematographers , 71 ( 2 ) : 27 , ISSN 0002 - 7928 Gerber , David A. ( 2012 ) , `` '' Bitterness , Rage , and Redemption `` '' , Disabled Veterans in History , University of Michigan Press , p. 113 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 4720 - 3508 - 3 Kael , Pauline ( 2011 ) , 5001 Nights at the Movies , Henry Holt and Company , p. 93 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3357 - 4 Kagan , Jeremy Paul ( 2006 ) , `` '' Biographies `` '' , Directors Close Up : Interviews with Directors Nominated for Best Film by the Directors Guild of America , Scarecrow Press , p. 297 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5712 - 4 Klotman , Phyllis Rauch ; Gibson , Gloria J. ( 1997 ) , `` Alphabetical Listing of Films '' , Frame by Frame II : A Filmography of the African American Image , 1978 - 1994 , Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 2532 - 1120 - 0 Lavington , Stephen ( 2011 ) , `` '' Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) `` '' , Virgin Film : Oliver Stone , Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4766 - 3 Mogk , Marie Evelyn ( 2013 ) , `` 13 . Born on the Fourth of July ( Norden ) '' , Different Bodies : Essays on Disability in Film and Television , McFarland & Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6535 - 4 Morton , Andrew ( 2008 ) , `` Chapter 5 '' , Tom Cruise : An Unauthorized Biography , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 3390 - 2 Pubsun Corporation ( 1990 ) , `` In Focus '' , The Film Journal , 93 ( 1 - 6 ) Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 2016 ) , `` 2 . `` Who 's Gonna Love Me ? '' `` , The Oliver Stone Experience , Abrams Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 6131 - 2814 - 5 Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 2017 ) , `` 4 . Break on Through ( 1987 -- 1991 ) '' , The Oliver Stone Experience ( Text - Only Edition ) , Abrams Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 6833 - 5190 - 0 Stone , Oliver ( 2001 ) , `` Playboy Interview : Oliver Stone '' , Oliver Stone Interviews , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5780 - 6303 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Born on the Fourth of July Born on the Fourth of July at TomCruise.com Born on the Fourth of July on IMDb Born on the Fourth of July at the TCM Movie Database Born on the Fourth of July at Box Office Mojo Born on the Fourth of July at AllMovie Born on the Fourth of July at Rotten Tomatoes Born on the Fourth of July at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Oliver Stone Films directed Feature Seizure ( 1974 ) The Hand ( 1981 ) Salvador ( 1986 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) Wall Street ( 1987 ) Talk Radio ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) The Doors ( 1991 ) JFK ( 1991 ) Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) Nixon ( 1995 ) U Turn ( 1997 ) Any Given Sunday ( 1999 ) Alexander ( 2004 ) World Trade Center ( 2006 ) W. ( 2008 ) Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) Savages ( 2012 ) Snowden ( 2016 ) Documentaries Persona Non Grata ( 2003 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) South of the Border ( 2009 ) The Untold History of the United States ( 2012 series ) The Putin Interviews ( 2017 ) Screenwriter only Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) Scarface ( 1983 ) Year of the Dragon ( 1985 ) 8 Million Ways to Die ( 1986 ) Evita ( 1996 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) The Robe ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) GND : 4531962 - 5 VIAF : 194764576 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_on_the_Fourth_of_July_(film)&oldid=854655947 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s biographical films 1980s drama films 1980s war films American biographical films American films American war drama films Anti-war films about the Vietnam War Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Drama films based on actual events Films scored by John Williams Films about activists Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films based on biographies Films directed by Oliver Stone Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films shot in Dallas Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Independence Day ( United States ) films Screenplays by Oliver Stone United States Marine Corps in films Universal Pictures films Vietnam War films War films based on actual events Foreign films shot in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. Born on the Fourth of July (film) 2. Ron Kovic 3. Vietnam War 4. Tom Cruise 5. Oliver Stone

heidegger origin of the work of art summary

The Origin of the work of art - wikipedia The Origin of the work of art Jump to : navigation , search The Origin of the Work of Art <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the 1960 German edition Author Martin Heidegger Original title Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes Country Germany Language German Published 1950 Preceded by The Question Concerning Technology Followed by What Is Called Thinking ? The Origin of the Work of Art ( German : Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes ) is an essay by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger . Heidegger drafted the text between 1935 and 1937 , reworking it for publication in 1950 and again in 1960 . Heidegger based his essay on a series of lectures he had previously delivered in Zurich and Frankfurt during the 1930s , first on the essence of the work of art and then on the question of the meaning of a `` thing , '' marking the philosopher 's first lectures on the notion of art . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Influence and criticism 3 See also 4 Bibliography 4.1 Primary literature 4.2 Secondary literature 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Content ( edit ) In `` The Origin of the Work of Art '' Heidegger explains the essence of art in terms of the concepts of being and truth . He argues that art is not only a way of expressing the element of truth in a culture , but the means of creating it and providing a springboard from which `` that which is '' can be revealed . Works of art are not merely representations of the way things are , but actually produce a community 's shared understanding . Each time a new artwork is added to any culture , the meaning of what it is to exist is inherently changed . Heidegger begins his essay with the question of what the source of a work of art is . The artwork and the artist , he explains , exist in a dynamic where each appears to be a provider of the other . `` Neither is without the other . Nevertheless , neither is the sole support of the other . '' Art , a concept separate from both work and creator , thus exists as the source for them both . Rather than control lying with the artist , art becomes a force that uses the creator for art 's own purposes . Likewise , the resulting work must be considered in the context of the world in which it exists , not that of its artist . In discovering the essence , however , the problem of the hermeneutic circle arises . In sum , the hermeneutic circle raises the paradox that , in any work , without understanding the whole , you ca n't fully comprehend the individual parts , but without understanding the parts , you can not comprehend the whole . Applied to art and artwork , we find that without knowledge of the essence of art , we can not grasp the essence of the artwork , but without knowledge of the artwork , we can not find the essence of art . Heidegger concludes that to take hold of this circle you either have to define the essence of art or of the artwork , and , as the artwork is simpler , we should start there . A Pair of Shoes ( 1885 ) , by Vincent van Gogh . Artworks , Heidegger contends , are things , a definition that raises the question of the meaning of a `` thing , '' such that works have a thingly character . This is a broad concept , so Heidegger chooses to focus on three dominant interpretations of things : Things as substances with properties , or as bearers of traits . Things as the manifold of sense perceptions . Things as formed matter . The third interpretation is the most dominant ( extended to all beings ) , but is derived from equipment : `` This long familiar mode of thought preconceives all immediate experience of beings . The preconception shackles reflection on the Being of any given being . '' The reason Heidegger selects a pair of peasant shoes painted by Vincent van Gogh is to establish a distinction between artwork and other `` things , '' such as pieces of equipment , as well as to open up experience through phenomenological description . This was actually typical of Heidegger as he often chose to study shoes and shoe maker shops as an example for the analysis of a culture . Heidegger explains the viewer 's responsibility to consider the variety of questions about the shoes , asking not only about form and matter -- what are the shoes made of ? -- but bestowing the piece with life by asking of purpose -- what are the shoes for ? What world do they open up and belong to ? In this way we can get beyond correspondence theories of truth which posit truth as the correspondence of representations ( form ) to reality ( matter ) . Next , Heidegger writes of art 's ability to set up an active struggle between `` Earth '' and `` World . '' `` World '' represents meaning which is disclosed , not merely the sum of all that is ready - to - hand for one being but rather the web of significant relations in which Dasein , or human being ( s ) , exist ( a table , for example , as part of the web of signification , points to those who customarily sit at it , the conversations once had around it , the carpenter who made it , and so on - all of which point to further and further things ) . So a family unit could be a world , or a career path could be a world , or even a large community or nation . `` Earth '' means something like the background against which every meaningful `` worlding '' emerges . It is outside ( unintelligible to ) the ready - to - hand . Both are necessary components for an artwork to function , each serving unique purposes . The artwork is inherently an object of `` world '' , as it creates a world of its own ; it opens up for us other worlds and cultures , such as worlds from the past like the ancient Greek or medieval worlds , or different social worlds , like the world of the peasant , or of the aristocrat . However , the very nature of art itself appeals to `` Earth '' , as a function of art is to highlight the natural materials used to create it , such as the colors of the paint , the density of the language , or the texture of the stone , as well as the fact that everywhere an implicit background is necessary for every significant explicit representation . In this way , `` World '' is revealing the unintelligibility of `` Earth '' , and so admits its dependence on the natural `` Earth '' . This reminds us that concealment ( hiddenness ) is the necessary precondition for unconcealment ( aletheia ) , i.e. truth . The existence of truth is a product of this struggle -- the process of art -- taking place within the artwork . Heidegger uses the example of a Greek temple to illustrate his conception of world and earth . Such works as the temple help in capturing this essence of art as they go through a transition from artworks to art objects depending on the status of their world . Once the culture has changed , the temple no longer is able to actively engage with its surroundings and becomes passive -- an art object . He holds that a working artwork is crucial to a community and so must be able to be understood . Yet , as soon as meaning is pinned down and the work no longer offers resistance to rationalization , the engagement is over and it is no longer active . While the notion appears contradictory , Heidegger is the first to admit that he was confronting a riddle -- one that he did not intend to answer as much as to describe in regard to the meaning of art . Influence and Criticism ( edit ) A main influence on Heidegger 's conception of art was Friedrich Nietzsche . In Nietzsche 's The Will to Power , Heidegger struggled with his notions about the dynamic of truth and art . Nietzsche contends that art is superior to truth , something Heidegger eventually disagrees with not because of the ordered relationship Nietzsche puts forth but because of the philosopher 's definition of truth itself , one he claims is overly traditional . Heidegger , instead , questioned traditional artistic methods . His criticism of museums , for instance , has been widely noted . Critics of Heidegger claim that he employs circuitous arguments and often avoids logical reasoning under the ploy that this is better for finding truth . ( In fact , Heidegger is employing a revised version of the phenomenological method ; see the hermeneutic circle ) . Meyer Schapiro argued that the Van Gogh boots discussed are not really peasant boots but those of Van Gogh himself , a detail that would undermine Heidegger 's reading . During the 1930s mentions of soil carried connotations which are lost for later readers ( see Blood and Soil ) . Problems with both Heidegger and Schapiro 's texts are further discussed in Jacques Derrida 's Restitutions - On Truth to Size and in the writing of Babette Babich . A recent refutation of Schapiro 's critique has been given by Iain Thomson ( 2011 ) . Heidegger 's notions about art have made a relevant contribution to discussions on artistic truth . Heidegger 's reflections in this regard impacted also architectural thinking , especially in terms of reflections on the question of dwelling . Refer to the influential work in architectural phenomenology of : Christian Norberg - Schulz , Genius Loci , Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture ( New York : Rizzoli , 1980 ) ; and see also a recent treatment of the question of dwelling in : Nader El - Bizri , ' On Dwelling : Heideggerian Allusions to Architectural Phenomenology ' , Studia UBB . Philosophia , Vol. 60 , No. 1 ( 2015 ) : 5 - 30 . See also ( edit ) Being and Time Deconstruction Hermeneutics Postmodernism Bibliography ( edit ) Primary literature ( edit ) Heidegger , Martin . Off the Beaten Track ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) . Translation of Holzwege ( Frankfurt : Vittorio Klostermann , 1950 ) , volume 5 in Heidegger 's Gesamtausgabe . Heidegger , Martin . Basic Writings , `` On the Origin of the Work of Art . '' 1st Harper Perennial Modern Thought Edition. , ed . David Farrell Krell ( New York : HarperCollins , 2008 , pg. 143 - 212 ) . Secondary literature ( edit ) Renate Maas , Diaphan und gedichtet . Der künstlerische Raum bei Martin Heidegger und Hans Jantzen , Kassel 2015 , 432 S. , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86219 - 854 - 2 . Harries , Karsten . `` Art Matters : A Critical Commentary on Heidegger 's Origin of the Work of Art '' , Springer Science and Business Media , 2009 Babich , Babette E. `` The Work of Art and the Museum : Heidegger , Schapiro , Gadamer , '' in Babich , ' Words In Blood , Like Flowers . Philosophy and Poetry , Music and Eros in Hoelderlin , Nietzsche and Heidegger ' ( SUNY Press , 2006 ) González Ruibal , Alfredo . `` Heideggerian Technematology . '' All Things Archaeological . Archaeolog , November 25 , 2005 . Inwood , Michael . A Heidegger Dictionary . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishers Inc. , 1999 . Haar , Michel . `` Critical Remarks on the Heideggarian reading of Nietzsche . '' Critical Heidegger . London and New York : Routledge , 1996 . Dahlstrom , Daniel O. `` Heidegger 's Artworld . '' Martin Heidegger : Politics , Art , and Technology . New York : Holmes & Meier Publishers , Inc. , 1995 . Van Buren , John . The Young Heidegger . Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1994 Guignon , Charles . The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger . New York , New York : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . Bruin , John . `` Heidegger and the World of the Work of Art . '' The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism , Vol. 50 , No. 1 . ( Winter , 1992 ) : 55 - 56 . Lacoue - Labarthe , Philippe . Heidegger , Art and Politics : The Fiction of the Political . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing , 1990 . Derrida , Jacques . Restitutions of the Truth in Pointing ( ' Pointure ' ) . Trans . Geoffrey Bennington & Ian McLeod , Chicago & London : Chicago University Press , 1987 . Stulberg , Robert B. `` Heidegger and the Origin of the Work of Art : An Explication . '' The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism , Vol. 32 , No. 2 . ( Winter , 1973 ) : 257 - 265 . Pöggeler , Otto . '' Heidegger on Art . '' Martin Heidegger : Politics , Art , and Technology . New York : Holmes Schapiro , Meyer . 1994 . `` The Still Life as a Personal Object - A Note on Heidegger and van Gogh '' , '' Further Notes on Heidegger and van Gogh '' , in : Theory and Philosophy of Art : Style , Artist , and Society , Selected papers 4 , New York : George Braziller , 135 - 142 ; 143 - 151 . Thomson , Iain D. ( 2011 ) . Heidegger , Art , and Postmodernity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 107 - 00150 - 1 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Vangoghmuseum.nl Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , pp. 152 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , pp. 146 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Heidegger ( 2008 ) , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shapiro M. ( 1968 ) , The Still Life as a Personal Object in The reach of Mind : essays in memory of Kurt Goldstein , ed. by M. Simmel , New York : Springer Publishing , 1968 . Jump up ^ Derrida J. , ( 1978 ) , The Truth In Painting , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 14324 - 8 References ( edit ) Heidegger , Martin ; trans . David Farrell Krell ( 2008 ) . `` The Origin of the Work of Art '' . Martin Heidegger : The Basic Writings . New York : HarperCollins . Thomson , Iain D. ( 2011 ) . Heidegger , Art , and Postmodernity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 1 - 107 - 00150 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Thomson , Iain , `` Heidegger 's Aesthetics '' The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2011 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Martin Heidegger Philosophy Aletheia Dasein Ekstase Fundamental ontology Gestell Hermeneutic circle Language speaks Metaphysics of presence Ontic Terminology Thrownness World disclosure Works Being and Time ( 1927 ) Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics ( 1929 ) Introduction to Metaphysics ( 1935 ) Black Notebooks ( 1931 -- 41 ) Contributions to Philosophy ( 1936 -- 1938 ) Hölderlin 's Hymn `` The Ister '' ( 1942 ) Letter on Humanism ( 1947 ) The Question Concerning Technology ( 1949 ) The Origin of the Work of Art ( 1950 ) What Is Called Thinking ? ( 1951 -- 2 ) What is Philosophy ? ( 1955 ) Only a God Can Save Us ( 1966 ) Heidegger Gesamtausgabe Film and TV The Ister Being in the World Human , All Too Human Related topics Heidegger scholars Heidegger Studies Views on Nazism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Origin_of_the_Work_of_Art&oldid=817353924 '' Categories : 1950 books 20th - century philosophy Aesthetics books Books by Martin Heidegger Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 21 : 06 . About Wikipedia

1. The Origin of the Work of Art 2. Martin Heidegger 3. Essence of art 4. Art as a means of creating truth 5. Artwork and its relationship to the artist

five heartbeats a heart is a house of love

A Heart is a House for Love - wikipedia A Heart is a House for Love This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Heart is a House for Love '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Dells <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Five Heartbeats Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released 1991 Genre R&B , pop , and soul music Length 6 : 12 ( album version ) 4 : 12 ( single version ) Label Virgin Records Songwriter ( s ) Tristin Sigerson , Davitt Sigerson , and Bob Thiele <Th_colspan="2"> The Dells singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Thought of You Just a Little Too Much '' ( 1988 ) `` A Heart is a House for Love '' ( 1991 ) `` Come and Get It '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Thought of You Just a Little Too Much '' ( 1988 ) `` A Heart is a House for Love '' ( 1991 ) `` Come and Get It '' ( 1992 ) `` A Heart Is a House for Love '' ( title often confused with `` A Heart Is A House Of Love '' ) is a 1991 hit soul and R&B song composed by Tristin Sigerson , Davitt Sigerson , and Bob Thiele and recorded by The Dells . It was originally featured in the movie and soundtrack album The Five Heartbeats ( which is loosely based on the real lives of male soul groups such as The Dells ) . The song originally only climbed to number 94 on the R&B / Hip Hop section of the Billboard American charts , but peaked at number thirteen after the release of the movie . It was The Dells ' most successful hit of the 1990s . It was also their last hit single to reach the top 20 of any Billboard Chart . Contents 1 History 2 Music video 3 Credits 4 Charts 5 References 6 External links 7 See also History ( edit ) The song was originally featured in the 1991 feature film The Five Heartbeats , which follows the lives of the fictional singing group of the same name . In the scene the song is featured in , the group is about to perform in a Battle of the Bands when the announcer , a cousin of another musician in the competition , tells them backstage that a new house rule demands they use a piano player hired by the owners of the building . The members of the group have not practiced with the piano player , and quickly realize this will harm their performance . The announcer then goads the audience into booing and throwing objects at the Heartbeats as they perform . Duck , tired of his music being altered , throws the piano player off the stage and plays in his own style . The crowd soon applauds as The Heartbeats perform together and the group wins the contest . The movie version and the single version are different . In the film only the first verse and some of the chorus are sung before Duck interrupts the house piano player ; the characters then continue to perform a cappella followed by improvised vocals accompanied by a beat created by the audience . The single features no a cappella vocals and follows a more traditional and contemporary style . There are three verses in the single leading to the outro ( which includes the chorus sung with instrumentals ) . The instruments of the single version include heavy percussion and a light guitar melody . Music video ( edit ) The dance steps performed by the Pips influenced the choreography of the film and the music video for `` A Heart Is a House For Love . The music video features the members of The Dells , who recorded both the single featured in the music video and the version featured in the movie . In the music video the group is seen in a music video recording their song , interrupted by flashbacks including clips from the movie and album covers from both the Dells and the fictional group The Five Heartbeats . One of the flashbacks shows the lead singer singing and cleaning with a woman and then spontaneously stripping off his clothes as she does the same . Although black and white clips are shown of the fictional Five Heartbeats , none of the choreography is featured . Instead the audience witnesses an aged appearance of the Dells who stand still while singing the song and attempt to imitate the clapping and snapping portrayed in the movie . Credits ( edit ) Composed by Tristin and Davitt Sigerson , and Bob Thiele Lead Vocals by Marvin Junior Background Vocals by Chuck Barksdale , Verne Allison , Michael McGill , and Johnny Carter Produced by George Duke Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Rocklopedia Fakebandica - T. Mike Childs - Google Boeken '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Five Heartbeats on IMDb See also ( edit ) The Dells The Five Heartbeats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Heart_Is_a_House_for_Love&oldid=864885349 '' Categories : 1991 singles Soul songs Contemporary R&B ballads Songs written for films 1991 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "A Heart is a House for Love" - The Dells' hit soul and R&B song 2. The Five Heartbeats - Movie and soundtrack album featuring the song 3. The Dells - Recording artist of "A Heart is a House for Love" 4. Music video - Features The Dells and flashbacks from the movie 5. Chart success - The Dells' most successful hit of the 1990s

how many planet of the apes films has there been

Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="2"> Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity <Td_colspan="5"> Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 <Td_colspan="5"> 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake <Td_colspan="5"> 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide <Td_colspan="9"> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million <Td_colspan="9"> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million <Td_colspan="9"> Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,699,016 $343,414,284 $490,113,300 # 341 # 184 $150 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $793,842,844 $1,332,754,125 $2,204,770,655 <Th_colspan="2"> $567.5 million <Td_colspan="9"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore <Td_colspan="4"> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) <Td_colspan="4"> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - <Td_colspan="4"> Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 257 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 286 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 280 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - <Td_colspan="4"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character <Th_colspan="5"> Original series <Th_colspan="1"> Remake <Th_colspan="3"> Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="1"> 1968 <Td_colspan="1"> 1970 <Td_colspan="1"> 1971 <Td_colspan="1"> 1972 <Td_colspan="1"> 1973 <Td_colspan="1"> 2001 <Td_colspan="1"> 2011 <Td_colspan="1"> 2014 <Td_colspan="1"> 2017 <Th_colspan="10"> Humans ( edit ) George Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nova <Td_colspan="2"> Linda Harrison <Td_colspan="6"> Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus <Td_colspan="7"> Mendez Paul Richards <Td_colspan="7"> Albina Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="7"> Skipper Tod Andrews <Td_colspan="7"> Dr. Lewis Dixon <Td_colspan="2"> Bradford Dillman <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton <Td_colspan="2"> Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="6"> Dr. Otto Hasslein <Td_colspan="2"> Eric Braeden <Td_colspan="6"> Armando <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ricardo Montalbán <Td_colspan="5"> Governor Breck <Td_colspan="3"> Don Murray <Td_colspan="5"> MacDonald <Td_colspan="3"> Hari Rhodes <Td_colspan="5"> Kolp <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Severn Darden <Td_colspan="4"> MacDonald <Td_colspan="4"> Austin Stoker <Td_colspan="4"> Mendez <Td_colspan="4"> Paul Stevens <Td_colspan="4"> Jake <Td_colspan="4"> Michael Stearns <Td_colspan="4"> Leo Davidson <Td_colspan="5"> Mark Wahlberg <Td_colspan="3"> Daena <Td_colspan="5"> Estella Warren <Td_colspan="3"> Birn <Td_colspan="5"> Luke Eberl <Td_colspan="3"> Will Rodman <Td_colspan="6"> James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha <Td_colspan="6"> Freida Pinto <Td_colspan="2"> John Landon <Td_colspan="6"> Brian Cox <Td_colspan="2"> Steven Jacobs <Td_colspan="6"> David Oyelowo <Td_colspan="2"> Charles Rodman <Td_colspan="6"> John Lithgow <Td_colspan="2"> Dodge Landon <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Felton <Td_colspan="2"> Dreyfus <Td_colspan="7"> Gary Oldman Malcolm <Td_colspan="7"> Jason Clarke Ellie <Td_colspan="7"> Keri Russell Alexander <Td_colspan="7"> Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver <Td_colspan="7"> Kirk Acevedo Werner <Td_colspan="7"> Jocko Sims McVeigh <Td_colspan="7"> Kevin Rankin Finney <Td_colspan="7"> Keir O'Donnell The Colonel <Td_colspan="8"> Woody Harrelson Preacher <Td_colspan="8"> Gabriel Chavarria <Th_colspan="11"> Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall <Td_colspan="1"> Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Devyn Dalton Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira <Td_colspan="3"> Kim Hunter <Td_colspan="1"> Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Zaius <Td_colspan="2"> Maurice Evans <Td_colspan="3"> Charlton Heston <Td_colspan="3"> General Ursus James Gregory <Td_colspan="7"> Caesar <Td_colspan="2"> Walker Edmiston ( voice ) <Td_colspan="2"> Roddy McDowall <Td_colspan="3"> Andy Serkis Lisa <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Natalie Trundy <Td_colspan="4"> General Aldo <Td_colspan="3"> David Chow Claude Akins <Td_colspan="4"> Virgil <Td_colspan="4"> Paul Williams <Td_colspan="4"> Nova <Td_colspan="5"> Lisa Marie <Td_colspan="3"> Ari <Td_colspan="5"> Helena Bonham Carter <Td_colspan="3"> General Thade <Td_colspan="5"> Tim Roth <Td_colspan="3"> Rocket <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Terry Notary Maurice <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Karin Konoval Cornelia <Td_colspan="6"> Devyn Dalton <Td_colspan="2"> Judy Greer Koba <Td_colspan="6"> Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( hallucination ) Blue Eyes <Td_colspan="7"> Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash <Td_colspan="7"> Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey <Td_colspan="7"> Lee Ross Bad Ape <Td_colspan="8"> Steve Zahn Red Donkey <Td_colspan="8"> Ty Olsson Lake <Td_colspan="8"> Sara Canning Luca <Td_colspan="8"> Michael Adamthwaite Winter <Td_colspan="8"> Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail <Th_colspan="12"> Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes <Td_colspan="1"> 1968 <Td_colspan="1"> 1970 <Td_colspan="1"> 1971 <Td_colspan="1"> 1972 <Td_colspan="1"> 1973 <Td_colspan="1"> 2001 <Td_colspan="1"> 2011 <Td_colspan="1"> 2014 <Td_colspan="1"> 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) <Td_colspan="5"> Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck <Td_colspan="3"> Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling <Td_colspan="3"> Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor <Td_colspan="9"> 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Watch `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' Movies Online 2017 Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=809040339 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1963 Film series introduced in 1968 Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Planet of the Apes franchise 2. Films and television series 3. Reboot film series 4. Themes of race and social commentary 5. Cultural impact and legacy

where were the pride of britain awards held 2017

Pride of Britain Awards - wikipedia Pride of Britain Awards Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Pride of Britain Awards Location Grosvenor House ( 2011 -- ) The London Studios ( 2000 -- 10 ) Dorchester Hotel ( 1999 ) Country United Kingdom Hosted by Carol Vorderman First awarded 1999 Website www.prideofbritain.com <Th_colspan="2"> Television / radio coverage Network ITV , STV , UTV Runtime 120 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Produced by Tim Miller Maia Liddell , Jeremy Phillips , Yvonne Alexander Directed by Paul Kirrage The Pride of Britain Awards is an annual award ceremony which takes place in the United Kingdom , first televised on ITV in 1999 . The awards honour British people who have acted bravely or extraordinarily in challenging situations and are presented by Carol Vorderman . The Pride of Britain Award winners are chosen by a panel of celebrities and well - known figures from a range of backgrounds , and has included multiple appearances by Simon Cowell , Richard Branson , Fiona Phillips , Christine Bleakley , Sir John Stevens , Sir Magdi Yacoub , Richard Wallace , Eamonn Holmes and Aled Jones , chaired from 1999 to 2004 by Piers Morgan and from 2005 to 2006 by Peter Willis , founder of the awards . The first Pride of Britain Awards were held at the Dorchester Hotel in London in May 1999 , then relocated to The London Studios in 2000 , and then later relocated to Grosvenor House from the 2011 award ceremony . The awards are organised in association with the Daily Mirror , Lidl , ITV , Good Morning Britain and The Prince 's Trust . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremonies 1.1 1999 1.2 2000 1.3 2001 1.4 2002 1.5 2003 1.6 2004 1.7 2005 1.8 2006 1.9 2007 1.10 2008 1.11 2009 1.12 2010 1.13 2011 1.14 2012 1.15 2013 1.16 2014 1.17 2015 1.18 2016 1.19 2017 2 References 3 External links Ceremonies ( edit ) Episode Original Air Date Viewers ( millions ) Presenter Location May 1999 N / A Carol Vorderman Dorchester Hotel 12 April 2000 9.44 The London Studios 11 April 2001 8.26 6 March 2002 6.06 4 March 2003 5.63 6 16 March 2004 5.52 7 11 October 2005 5.84 8 7 November 2006 5.79 9 10 October 2007 6.97 10 1 October 2008 5.87 11 7 October 2009 6.35 12 10 November 2010 6.64 13 5 October 2011 5.82 Grosvenor House 14 30 October 2012 4.59 15 8 October 2013 4.69 16 7 October 2014 4.52 17 1 October 2015 3.92 18 1 November 2016 4.54 19 7 November 2017 TBA 1999 ( edit ) The first Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV in May 1999 . It was held at the Dorchester Hotel in London , which was the one and only time the awards were held there . Award Winner Awarded By International Award His Late Majesty King Hussein of Jordan and Her Majesty Queen Noor Special Award Doreen Lawrence Neville Lawrence Lennox Lewis Helen Rollason Most Inspiring Young Sportsperson Michael Owen Linda McCartney Award for Animal Welfare Juliet Gellatley Outstanding Contribution Mo Mowlam Entrepreneur of The Year Richard Emanuel Inventor of The Year The Viagra Scientists Pioneers of The Year Richard Noble Sqn . Ldr Andy Green Outstanding Bravery Award Donna Marie McGillion Daniel Gallimore Helen Smith Michael McNally Child of Courage Rhys Daniels Charly Daniels Sarah Dinsdale Lucy - Rae Tamulevicus Fundraiser of the Year Sandra Howard Lifesaver of the Year Kevin Dingle , Mike Edkins , Paul Pollington Teacher of the Year Helen Ridding 2000 ( edit ) The 2nd Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 12 April 2000 . It was the first time the awards were held at The London Studios . Award Winner Awarded By Lifetime Achievement Chad Varah Special Award Tim Berners - Lee The Heroes of Paddington Mike and Fiona Thornewill , Catherine Hartley , Caroline Hamilton , Ann Daniels , Rosie Stancer , Zoe Hudson , Pom Oliver Alison Moore Ian Botham Outstanding Act of Bravery Mark Taylor Tom Tracey Ron Dowson Beyond the Call of Duty Dr Heather Clark Dr Alastair Mulcahy Child of Courage Charlotte Carter Neighbour of The Year Kathy Cassidy Teacher of the Year Gehane Gordelier Woman of Courage Alison Taylor Linda McCartney Award for Animal Welfare Irving Graham International Services to Britain Gareth Evans Balaram Rai Careworker of The Year Jean Forrest Charity Fundraiser of The Year Michelle Lewis Outstanding Achievement Award Dr Michael Foale 2001 ( edit ) The 3rd Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 11 April 2001 . Award Winner Awarded By Lifetime Achievement Peter Benenson Special Award Ellen MacArthur Tanni Grey - Thompson Sara Payne Michael Payne Pat Campbell Dr Rosemary Radley - Smith Cilla Black Innovation of The Year David Marks Julia Barfield Sportsperson of The Year Sir Steve Redgrave Linda McCartney Award for Animal Welfare Carla Lane Outstanding Act of Bravery Brian Krishnan Michael O'Leary Beyond Call of Duty PC Daran Gagin PC Ian Thomson Child of Courage Jamie Baxter Rachel Edwards Connor Carr Princes Trust Young Achiever Award Matthew Graffham Teacher of the Year Sab Sahota - Lyons Neighbour of The Year Norah Peyton Norah Peyton Fundraiser of The Year Jill Farwell Conservation Award Dot Beeson 2002 ( edit ) The 4th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 6 March 2002 . Award Winner Awarded By Lifetime Achievement Sir John Sulston Gordon Brown Special Award The Heroes of Sept 11 Kirsty Howard Margaret Jellet Outstanding Act of Bravery Debby Dumigan Richard Emmott Anthony Peltier Child of Courage Katie - Louise Beynon Joseph Anderson Sean McNally Sophie Render Sophie Knight Sportsperson of The Year David Beckham Beyond Call of Duty PC Simon Dell Neighbour of The Year Steve Wardle Linda McCartney Award for Animal Welfare Mark Glover Princes Trust Young Achiever Award Emma Honey Teacher of the Year Sandra Walton Fundraiser of the Year Barbra White Carer of The Year Jill McGowan 2003 ( edit ) The 5th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 4 March 2003 . Award Winner Awarded By Lifetime Achievement Sir Nicholas Winton The 6th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 16 March 2004 . 2005 ( edit ) The 7th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 11 October 2005 . 2006 ( edit ) The 8th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 7 November 2006 . 2007 ( edit ) The 9th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 10 October 2007 . 2008 ( edit ) The 10th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 1 October 2008 . 2009 ( edit ) The 11th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 7 October 2009 . The 12th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 10 November 2010 . 2011 ( edit ) The 13th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 5 October 2011 . Award Winner Awarded By Young Fundraiser of the Year George Major Gary Barlow , Dermot O'Leary and Tulisa Contostavlos Teenager of Courage Danielle Bailey The Saturdays and Peter Andre McAyla Johnston JLS Special Recognition Sergeant Dipprasad Pun Daybreak Emergency Services WPC Kelli Walker WPC Katie Harvey Fundraiser of the Year Tom Lackey Elle Macpherson Outstanding Bravery Ann Timson Lucy Gale Michael McIntyre Lifetime Achievement Bob Woodward Sue Johnston and Barry McGuigan Child of Courage Tom Phillips Ant & Dec Panel Christine Bleakley Peter Willis Johnson Beharry Gareth Jones ( Retail Director of Shop Direct Group ) Christine Beasley 2012 ( edit ) The 14th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 30 October 2012 . Award Winner Awarded by Child of Courage Ramona Gibbs Cast of The X Factor Tulisa Contostavlos Fundraiser of the Year Flo & Jim Essex Dawn French Special Recognition Jane & Michael Gates David Cameron Katie Piper June Brown Ian McKellen Natalia Aggiano Jon Bon Jovi Team GB and Paralympics GB Prince Charles Young Fundraiser of the Year Jack Henderson Rolf Harris Teenager of Courage Alice Pyne Robbie Williams Jack Carroll Emma Bunton Melanie Chisholm Alan Carr Daybreak 's Emergency Services Hartlepool RNLI and Coastguard Cast of Downton Abbey Aled Jones Kate Garraway Outstanding Bravery Royston Smith & Alistair Neill Ben Fogle TBC Corporal Carl Taylor Myleene Klass John Bishop Prince 's Trust Young Achiever Jay Kamiraz Pierce Brosnan Prince Charles ITV Local Heroes Ann and Terry Panks Paddy McGuinness Holly Willoughby Lifetime achievement Doreen Lawrence Natasha Kaplinsky Mark Austin Teacher of the Year Alan Watkinson Roy Hodgson Mo Farah Panel Peter Willis Aled Jones Mark Austin Carol Vorderman MBE Dame Kelly Holmes Emma Bunton Tanni Grey - Thompson Jon Murphy Tim Miller Clare Gerada Lloyd Embley 2013 ( edit ) The 15th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 8 October 2013 . Award Winner Awarded by Child of Courage Harley Lane Nicole Scherzinger , Louis Walsh , Matt Richardson and Union J Bailie Kershaw The Saturdays Fundraiser of the Year Jean Bishop The stars of Strictly Come Dancing Special Recognition Matthew Wilson The Hillsborough families John Barnes and John Bishop Dan Black FA Football Champion June Kelly Michael Owen Young Fundraiser of the Year Martha Payne Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry Teenager of Courage Malala Yousafzai David Beckham Daybreak ' 's Emergency Services Paul Eastment , Chris Missen and Martin Blaker - Rowe Michelle Collins and Helen Worth Outstanding Bravery Karin Williams James Corden Prince 's Trust Young Achiever Clifford Harding ITV Local Hero Anne Scarfe Christine Bleakley and Phillip Schofield Lifetime Achievement Ray Powles & Trevor Powles David Cameron Teacher of the Year Sharon Gray Jimmy Carr and Jack Carroll Panel Mark Austin Carol Vorderman Denise Lewis Michael Owen Andrea Spyropoulos Chris Sims Aled Jones David Weir 2014 ( edit ) The 16th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 7 October 2014 . Award Winner Awarded by Outstanding Bravery Andrew Bilton , Brian Keane & Joanne Keane Jeremy Piven , Kara Tointon and Katherine Kelly Agnes Malcolmson & Danny Turner Donny Osmond and Myleene Klass Child of Courage Jack Mackay Peter Capaldi Renee - Mai Bolter Simon Cowell , Cheryl Fernandez - Versini , Louis Walsh , Sarah - Jane Crawford and Dermot O'Leary Teenager of Courage Cissy Adamou Amanda Holden , Alesha Dixon and McBusted ITV Fundraiser of the Year Tony Phoenix - Morrison Christine Bleakley , Phillip Schofield , Paul Hollywood , Jamie Oliver and Mary Berry Young Fundraiser of the Year Ted McCaffery Olly Murs Special Award for Outstanding Achievement Tim Berners - Lee David Cameron and Samantha Cameron Good Morning Britain local hero Betty McGlinchey Ben Shephard , Susanna Reid and Bruce Forsyth Emergency Services Sara Widdrington Ronnie Corbett and Alan Carr Teacher of the Year Ray Coe John Bishop and Jimmy Carr Prince 's Trust Young Achiever Georgia Hardie Martin Clunes Lifetime Achievement Roy Calne Paul O'Grady and Katie Piper Special Recognition Stephen Sutton Jason Manford and Roger Daltrey Neil Laybourn Russell Brand Steve Dayman Ed Miliband and Justine Thornton Invictus Games Armed Forces Team Nicola Adams , David Weir and Bradley Wiggins BOLD indicates the celebrities introduced the award Panel Carol Vorderman Susanna Reid Ben Shephard Bernard Hogan - Howe Andrea Spyropoulos Nicola Adams Sharon Gray 2015 ( edit ) The 17th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 1 October 2015 . Award Winner Awarded by Outstanding Bravery Peter Fuller Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby Dee Patel Amanda Holden , Alesha Dixon and David Hasselhoff Child of Courage Bailey Matthews Tom Daley , Rebecca Adlington , Greg Rutherford and Victoria Pendleton Joshua Williamson Little Mix and Roy Hodgson Teenager of Courage Sohana Collins Rupert Grint and David Beckham ITV Regional Fundraiser Paula Maguire Ruth Langsford and Eamonn Holmes Young Fundraiser of the Year Amelia Gebruers Simon Cowell , Rochelle Humes , Melvin Odoom , Cheryl Fernandez - Versini , Caroline Flack and Nick Grimshaw Good Morning Britain local hero Alice Burke Susanna Reid , Ben Shephard , Boris Johnson and Barbara Windsor Emergency Services Major David Cooper , Tom Waters and Dr Ben Clark Richard Hammond and Jimmy Carr Teacher of the Year Elaine Wyllie Gordon Ramsay and Ryan Thomas Prince 's Trust Achiever Duane Jackson Sharon Osbourne and Ozzy Osbourne Special Recognition Joanne and Dan Thompson Katherine Kelly and Jeremy Piven British Ebola Aid Effort Lenny Henry and Suranne Jones Fred and Vivienne Morgan Geri Halliwell and Bruce Forsyth Jess Evans and Mike Houlston Peter Andre and Anita Rani Walking with the Wounded BOLD indicates the celebrities introduced the award Panel Carol Vorderman Ben Shephard Susanna Reid 2016 ( edit ) The 18th Pride of Britain Awards were held on 31 October 2016 and were televised on ITV on 1 November 2016 . Carol Vorderman returned to present the ceremony . Award Winner Awarded by Outstanding Bravery William Edwards Child of Courage Dylan Graves Phil Neville , Jamie Redknapp , Olly Murs and Louis Tomlinson Tilly Sawford Nikki Christou Mary Berry , Jamie Oliver and Candice Brown TSB Community Partner Billy Muir Johnny Vegas and Alesha Dixon ITV 's Fundraiser of the Year Ben Smith Fay Ripley and John Thomson Good Morning Britain Young Fundraiser Rhea Kara Ben Shephard , Susanna Reid , Ant & Dec , Geri Halliwell and Emma Bunton This Morning Emergency Services Dr Simon Walsh , Dr Samy Sadek and paramedics Bill Leaning , Sam Margetts and Dean Bateman Phillip Schofield Prince 's Trust Young Achiever Francesca Brown Prince Charles Lifetime Achievement Professor Stephen Hawking Theresa May Special Recognition David Nott Mark Austin Karen Johnson Gary Barlow , Howard Donald and Mark Owen Team GB and Paralympics GB Simon and Ted McDermott Cliff Richard and Joan Collins The Groves family Ross Kemp and Dame Barbara Windsor Panel Ben Shephard Susanna Reid Ruth Langsford Katie Piper Chris Hoy Mark Austin Sam Allardyce Lloyd Embley 2017 ( edit ) The 19th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV on 7 November 2017 , with Carol Vorderman as host . Ashley Banjo served as a roving reporter . Award Winner Awarded by Outstanding Bravery PC Keith Palmer , PC Wayne Marques , PC Charlie Guenigault Theresa May , Jeremy Corbyn & Vince Cable Child of Courage Suzie McCash Liam Payne & Jamie Oliver Teenager of Courage Moin Younis Gareth Southgate , Jermain Defoe & Jamie Vardy TSB Community Partner Fraser Johnston Paddy McGuinness , Jimmy Carr & Jason Manford ITV 's Fundraiser of the Year Jake Coates Amanda Holden & Joan Collins Good Morning Britain Young Fundraiser George Mathias Ben Shephard , Susanna Reid , Dermot O'Leary , Sharon Osbourne , Louis Walsh & Nicole Scherzinger This Morning Emergency Services Grenfell firefighters Phillip Schofield , Holly Willoughby , HRH Prince William Prince 's Trust Young Achiever Katie Walker Rod Stewart & Penny Lancaster Lifetime Achievement Dr Paul Stephenson Lenny Henry Special Recognition Prof Lorna Dawson Katherine Kelly , Stephen Tompkinson & Neil Dudgeon Grenfell community HRH Prince William Manchester medics HRH Prince William & Ed Sheeran Sarah Hope Sharon Osbourne & Ozzy Osbourne Dilys Price Stars of Strictly Come Dancing 2017 Panel Ben Shephard Susanna Reid Kadeena Cox Eamonn Holmes Katie Piper Jane Cummings Lloyd Embley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Pride of Britain Awards . `` Judges '' . Trinity Mirror Group . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Pride of Britain Awards . `` About Us '' . Trinity Mirror Group . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ 8.00 pm - 10.00 pm ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) . `` The Daily Mirror Pride Of Britain Awards 2014 Episode 1 '' . Itv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Perry , Keith ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Stephen Sutton will receive first posthumous Pride of Britain award after raising £ 5million for charity '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Stephen Sutton to receive Pride of Britain Award '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Vorderman MBE on Twitter : `` Just to let you know @ PrideOfBritain will be shown on October 1st this year . Our planning has already begun in earnest xx '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) . `` See David Walliams dress as Queen 's Guard to surprise 8 - year - old Pride of Britain winner '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Olly Murs surprises Inspirational Young Pride of Britain Award Winner '' . Itv.com. 2015 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Pride of Britain official website Daily Mirror Sky Showbiz Awards Manufacturer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_of_Britain_Awards&oldid=818991108 '' Categories : British television awards ITV television programmes 1999 establishments in the United Kingdom Award ceremonies Awards established in 1999 Pride of Britain Awards Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Pride of Britain Awards 2. Annual award ceremony 3. Honoring British people 4. Bravery and extraordinary acts 5. Presented by Carol Vorderman

family guy return of the jedi full episode

It 's a Trap ! - Wikipedia It 's a Trap ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Family Guy video . For the phrase , see Admiral Ackbar . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` It 's a Trap ! '' <Td_colspan="2"> Family Guy episode <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover Episode no . Season 9 Episode 18 Directed by Peter Shin Written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong David A. Goodman Featured music `` The Games That Daddies Play '' by Conway Twitty Production code 7ACX21 / 7ACX22 Original air date May 22 , 2011 Running time 43 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> H. Jon Benjamin as Carl / Yoda Dee Bradley Baker as Klaus Heissler / Admiral Ackbar Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean - Luc Picard Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Worf Carrie Fisher as Angela / Mon Mothma Rush Limbaugh as himself / Rancor Anne Hathaway as hot blonde Bruce McGill as John Williams Mary Hart as herself <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Foreign Affairs '' Next → `` Lottery Fever '' <Td_colspan="2"> Family Guy ( season 9 ) List of Family Guy episodes `` It 's a Trap ! '' is a direct - to - video special of the animated series Family Guy which later served as the double - episode season finale of the ninth season and is the final part of the series ' Star Wars parody trilogy Laugh It Up , Fuzzball . It is named after the phrase uttered by Admiral Ackbar in the Star Wars film Return of the Jedi . The home video was first released on December 21 , 2010 and later aired on Fox in the United States on May 22 , 2011 . The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and David A. Goodman and directed by Peter Shin . It retells the story of Return of the Jedi as `` Blue Harvest '' did with Star Wars and `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' did with The Empire Strikes Back by recasting characters from Family Guy into roles from the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The Griffin family experience another power outage , forcing them to reluctantly go through Return of the Jedi . Rather than setting up the plot , the opening crawl states that Fox insisted Seth MacFarlane complete the trilogy . It makes reference to his then - upcoming film Ted in the sentence , `` But Fox suddenly had dollar signs in their eyes , and they said , ' Seth , if you do n't do Jedi , we 're not gon na let you leave to go direct your movie . '' Darth Vader ( Stewie ) arrives on the new , partially constructed Death Star , where Imperial Moff Jerjerrod ( Roger from American Dad ! ) informs him that the new battle station no longer has the design flaws of its predecessor , except for a hole that could destroy the station if fired upon . Vader warns Moff Jerjerrod that they should fix that problem before the Emperor ( Carter ) arrives . On Tatooine , R2 - D2 ( Cleveland ) and C - 3PO ( Quagmire ) find Jabba the Hutt ( Joe ) 's palace in order to initiate a plan to save Han Solo ( Peter ) , still frozen in carbonite for posterity . Leia ( Lois ) unfreezes Han , who releases a long fart . Their reunion is cut short when Jabba captures her and she is outfitted provocatively , and shackled by Jabba 's side . Han , meanwhile , is thrown into a prison cell with Chewbacca ( Brian ) , who got caught eating out of Jabba 's garbage . Luke ( Chris ) arrives at the palace and attempts to bargain for the release of his friends . Jabba opens a trap door and Luke falls into a pit where he battles and kills the Rancor ( Rush Limbaugh ) . Afterwards , Jabba orders Luke and his friends to be eaten by the Sarlacc ( Meg ) . During the execution ceremony , Luke gives Jabba one last chance to release him and his friends . When Jabba refuses , Luke initiates an assault on Jabba 's crew with the help of Lando Calrissian ( Mort ) , disguised as one of Jabba 's henchmen . Many of Jabba 's thugs are knocked into the Sarlacc including Boba Fett ( Ernie the Giant Chicken ) ( according to a dying guard , Boba just fell off ) . Distracted by the carnage , Leia chokes Jabba using her slave chains while her fellow rebels commandeer a transport ship . Luke , Leia , Han , Chewie , Lando , R2 - D2 , and C - 3PO all fly to safety . Luke and R2 - D2 fly to Dagobah so Luke can finish his training with Yoda ( Carl ) while the others rejoin the rebel fleet . On Dagobah , Yoda explains the final part of training is to face Vader . In his dying words , Yoda reveals that Luke has a sibling . The spirit of Obi - Wan Kenobi ( Herbert ) appears to Luke and further explains that his sibling is Princess Leia , `` the only damn woman in the galaxy . '' The rebels begin planning an assault on the new Death Star . Admiral Ackbar ( Klaus from American Dad ! ) explains that the plan will be the same as the last time they destroyed the Death Star , except now they must first destroy a shield generator located on the forest moon of Endor . In order to land on the forest moon of Endor , Han uses a stolen Imperial ship and old access code to sneak past the Empire 's blockade . Vader allows them passage on to the moon , knowing Luke is aboard the ship . When they reach the moon 's surface , the rebels are spotted by Imperial soldiers . The soldiers attempt to retreat to warn others of the rebel attack , but Luke and Leia stop them in an elaborate bicycle chase sequence . Separated from the others , Leia is befriended by Wicket the Ewok ( Tim from The Cleveland Show ) . Luke , Han , Chewie and the droids fall into an Ewok trap while searching for Leia . They are captured and brought to the village where Leia is being housed . The Ewoks believe C - 3PO is a god and begin to worship him . Luke tells Princess Leia they are siblings , but Leia claims to have already known that . She then introduces a Conway Twitty cutaway . Following Yoda 's advice , Luke surrenders to Vader in order to confront him . Vader tries to convince Luke to turn to the dark side . Luke refuses , but is delighted to find out that it is taco night . The two meet with the Emperor , who reveals that Luke 's friends are walking into a trap on the forest moon . When this revelation fails to anger Luke , the Emperor begins to mock actor Seth Green ( who voices Chris ) . Luke defends Green saying that he 's been in successful projects , only to have The Emperor saying the negative side of Green 's roles . Luke becomes enraged and begins dueling with Vader . Back on the forest moon , Han leads the rebels to the shield generator . Complaining about a lack of dark plot content , he forces the three technicians inside to dig their own graves with their helmets , then ordering one of them to stab his companion to death and wear his face . Before they can carry out Han 's disturbing orders , however , the company is ambushed . The Ewoks help the rebels escape from the Imperial troops and destroy the shield generator , while Lando and Nien Nunb ( Rallo from The Cleveland Show ) lead the attack on the Death Star . Luke finally subdues Vader after Seth Green is further mocked , but he refuses to execute him and join the dark side at the Emperor 's request . The Emperor then incapacitates Luke with his powerful Force lightning . Because Luke asks Vader politely for help , Vader gathers his remaining strength and kills the distracted Emperor by throwing him into the reactor core . Vader and Luke manage to flee the Death Star before Lando and his crew blow it up . Unfortunately , when Vader asks Luke to help him remove his mask ( to `` look on you with my own eyes '' ) , Luke accidentally twists and breaks Vader 's neck . Everyone rendezvous back at the Ewok village to celebrate the rebels victory over the Empire . While the Ewoks kill the wounded Imperials , the spirits of Obi - Wan and Yoda appear to Luke , alongside the spirit of the redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( Stewie ) , who angrily accuses Luke of murdering him and starts swearing at him . The Griffins ' power returns just as Peter concludes the story , Meg then asks Peter `` What about the prequel trilogy ? '' with Peter suggesting that The Cleveland Show might do the prequels ( though that show 's subsequent cancellation has made such parodies impossible ) . After that , Chris asks Peter another question about how come he says in the story that Seth Green is a douche . Peter answers saying that in his opinion that Green has done a lot of unsuccessful projects and that Green sucks . Chris retaliates with saying that he thinks Seth MacFarlane is a douche . Peter , Stewie and Brian ( all voiced by MacFarlane ) defend MacFarlane as a talented young man with fresh ideas and good humor . Chris tells the three in anger that he got the whole idea of Family Guy off The Simpsons , with Meg and Lois supporting Chris that MacFarlane `` only brings ten new episodes of the show a year '' and `` we get it , he watched a lot of television in the ' 80s '' ( a reference to the show 's many cutaway gags referencing 1980s television ) . The argument ends with Peter claiming that people will just remember the laughter , before the family looks awkwardly at each other . Cast ( edit ) Chris Griffin as Luke Skywalker Peter Griffin as Han Solo Lois Griffin as Princess Leia Mort Goldman as Lando Calrissian Glenn Quagmire as C - 3PO Cleveland Brown as R2 - D2 Brian Griffin as Chewbacca Klaus Heissler as Admiral Ackbar ( crossover from American Dad ! ) Carter Pewterschmidt as Emperor Palpatine Herbert as Obi - Wan Kenobi Carl as Yoda Stewie Griffin as Darth Vader / Anakin Skywalker Joe Swanson as Jabba the Hutt Ernie the Giant Chicken as Boba Fett Rallo Tubbs as Nien Nunb ( crossover from The Cleveland Show ) Meg Griffin as the Sarlacc Roger as Moff Jerjerrod ( crossover from American Dad ! ) Tim the Bear as Wicket ( crossover from The Cleveland Show ) Angela as Mon Mothma Consuela as the sentry droid Opie as the frog like creature that eats the sentry droid Patrick Stewart as Jean - Luc Picard Michael Dorn as Worf Rush Limbaugh as Rancor Conway Twitty ( archive footage ) as Darth Twitty Ted Knight ( archive footage from Caddyshack ) as Judge Smails Anne Hathaway as Hot Blonde Background ( edit ) It was announced in March 2009 the show had read through an early draft of the script under the working title , Episode VI : The Great Muppet Caper . The second working title , We Have a Bad Feeling About This , was a reference to the recurring catchphrase that is used in the Star Wars films . The settled - upon title is a reference to the line by Admiral Ackbar in the film , which became an Internet meme through YTMND . Due to the declining number of unused Family Guy characters , the episode also features characters from American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show : Roger appears as Moff Jerjerrod , ( with Vader / Stewie commenting `` What , have we run out of our characters already ? '' ) Klaus appears as Admiral Ackbar , Tim appears as Wicket the Ewok and Rallo appears as Nien Nunb . Stan was originally going to appear as Wedge Antilles , but his part got cut ( he is still mentioned when Lando orders him to destroy the Power Station in the main reactor of the Death Star ) . The role of Meg Griffin continues to be minor , this time taking the role of the Sarlacc . The episode featured voice cameos from Patrick Stewart and Michael Dorn reprising their roles of Captain Jean - Luc Picard and Lieutenant Worf from Star Trek : The Next Generation , Adam West , Carrie Fisher and Rush Limbaugh as the Rancor ( Limbaugh had previously made a cameo as himself in `` Blue Harvest '' ) . At the Sarlacc Pit , when the Rebels keep nodding at each other to fight back against Jabba 's minions , an image of an impatient Ted Knight appears from a clip of Caddyshack ( `` Well , we 're waiting ! '' ) . Production ( edit ) David A. Goodman co-wrote the episode , along with Cherry Chevapravatdumrong . The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and David A. Goodman and directed by Peter Shin , in his first episode since the fourth season . A preview of the reading of the episode can be seen on the `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' DVD extras . Home media ( edit ) Both the Blu - ray and DVD versions , titled Family Guy Presents : It 's a Trap ! , were released on region A and region 1 , respectively , on December 21 , 2010 , Region 4 , on December 22 , 2010 , and in Region 2 on December 27 , 2010 . It was broadcast on the Fox network May 22 , 2011 as the 9th - season finale . It was also released in the trilogy collection , Laugh it up , Fuzzball . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What 's coming in Family Guy 's new Star Wars spoofs '' . SCI FI Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/05/473073158/star-wars-voice-actor-who-as-admiral-ackbar-warned-its-a-trap-dies-at-93 Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2009 : Family Guy Spoof Empire '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy to parody Return of the Jedi '' . thrfeed.com. 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Family Guy : It 's a Trap ! Coming in December Archived July 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy -- The Final Star Wars Parody Announced - ' It 's a Trap ! ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy : It 's a Trap ! -- Star Wars spoof , part 3 '' . TechStyles.com.au . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` It 's a Trap ! '' Family Guy portal It 's a Trap ! on IMDb It 's a Trap ! at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Family Guy episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 9 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' `` Welcome Back , Carter '' `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' `` Road to the North Pole '' `` New Kidney in Town '' `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' `` Friends of Peter G . '' `` German Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' `` Trading Places '' `` Tiegs for Two '' `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` Foreign Affairs '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Trap!&oldid=834464581 '' Categories : Family Guy ( season 9 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Parody television series based on Star Wars Return of the Jedi Crossover animation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Family Guy Star Wars parody 2. It's a Trap! 3. Plot summary 4. Characters and cast 5. Production and home media

where does loss of function occur in a spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury - wikipedia Spinal cord injury <Th_colspan="2"> Spinal cord injury <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> MRI of fractured and dislocated neck vertebra that is compressing the spinal cord Specialty Neurosurgery Types Complete , incomplete Diagnostic method Based on symptoms , medical imaging Treatment Spinal motion restriction , intravenous fluids , vasopressors Frequency c. 12,000 per year ( USA ) A spinal cord injury ( SCI ) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function . Symptoms may include loss of muscle function , sensation , or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury . Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete injury , with a total loss of sensation and muscle function , or incomplete , meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord . Depending on the location and severity of damage , the symptoms vary , from numbness to paralysis to incontinence . Long term outcomes also ranges widely , from full recovery to permanent tetraplegia ( also called quadriplegia ) or paraplegia . Complications can include muscle atrophy , pressure sores , infections , and breathing problems . In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents , gunshots , falls , or sports injuries , but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection , insufficient blood flow , and tumors . Just over half of injuries affect the cervical spine , while 15 % occur in each of the thoracic spine , border between the thoracic and lumbar spine , and lumbar spine . Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and medical imaging . Efforts to prevent SCI include individual measures such as using safety equipment , societal measures such as safety regulations in sports and traffic , and improvements to equipment . Treatment starts with restricting further motion of the spine and maintaining adequate blood pressure . Corticosteroids have not been found to be useful . Other interventions vary depending on the location and extent of the injury , from bed rest to surgery . In many cases , spinal cord injuries require long - term physical and occupational therapy , especially if it interferes with activities of daily living . In the United States , about 12,000 people a year survive with a spinal cord injury . The most commonly affected group are young adult males . SCI has seen great improvements in its care since the middle of the 20th century . Research into potential treatments includes stem cell implantation , engineered materials for tissue support , epidural spinal stimulation , and wearable robotic exoskeletons . Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Complete and incomplete injuries 1.2 Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality 1.3 Central cord syndrome 1.4 Anterior cord syndrome 1.5 Brown - Séquard syndrome 1.6 Posterior cord syndrome 1.7 Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndromes 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Lumbosacral 2.2 Thoracic 2.3 Cervical 2.4 Complications 3 Causes 4 Prevention 5 Diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Prehospital treatment 6.2 Early hospital treatment 6.3 Rehabilitation 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Research directions 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Classification ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> The effects of injury depend on the level along the spinal column ( left ) . A dermatome is an area of the skin that sends sensory messages to a specific spinal nerve ( right ) . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord between each pair of vertebrae . Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or nontraumatic , and can be classified into three types based on cause : mechanical forces , toxic , and ischemic ( from lack of blood flow ) . The damage can also be divided into primary and secondary injury : the cell death that occurs immediately in the original injury , and biochemical cascades that are initiated by the original insult and cause further tissue damage . These secondary injury pathways include the ischemic cascade , inflammation , swelling , cell suicide , and neurotransmitter imbalances . They can take place for minutes or weeks following the injury . At each level of the spinal column , spinal nerves branch off from either side of the spinal cord and exit between a pair of vertebrae , to innervate a specific part of the body . The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a dermatome , and the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a myotome . The part of the spinal cord that was damaged corresponds to the spinal nerves at that level and below . Injuries can be cervical 1 -- 8 ( C1 -- C8 ) , thoracic 1 -- 12 ( T1 -- T12 ) , lumbar 1 -- 5 ( L1 -- L5 ) , or sacral ( S1 -- S5 ) . A person 's level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function . Paraplegia occurs when the legs are affected by the spinal cord damage ( in thoracic , lumbar , or sacral injuries ) , and tetraplegia occurs when all four limbs are affected ( cervical damage ) . SCI is also classified by the degree of impairment . The International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury ( ISNCSCI ) , published by the American Spinal Injury Association ( ASIA ) , is widely used to document sensory and motor impairments following SCI . It is based on neurological responses , touch and pinprick sensations tested in each dermatome , and strength of the muscles that control key motions on both sides of the body . Muscle strength is scored on a scale of 0 -- 5 according to the table on the right , and sensation is graded on a scale of 0 -- 2 : 0 is no sensation , 1 is altered or decreased sensation , and 2 is full sensation . Each side of the body is graded independently . <Th_colspan="2"> Muscle strength <Th_colspan="2"> ASIA Impairment Scale for classifying spinal cord injury Grade Muscle function Grade Description 0 No muscle contraction Complete injury . No motor or sensory function is preserved in the sacral segments S4 or S5 . Muscle flickers Sensory incomplete . Sensory but not motor function is preserved below the level of injury , including the sacral segments . Full range of motion , gravity eliminated Motor incomplete . Motor function is preserved below the level of injury , and more than half of muscles tested below the level of injury have a muscle grade less than 3 ( see muscle strength scores , left ) . Full range of motion , against gravity Motor incomplete . Motor function is preserved below the level of injury and at least half of the key muscles below the neurological level have a muscle grade of 3 or more . Full range of motion against resistance Normal . No motor or sensory deficits , but deficits existed in the past . 5 Normal strength Complete and incomplete injuries ( edit ) Level and completeness of injuries Complete Incomplete Tetraplegia 18.3 % 34.1 % Paraplegia 23.0 % 18.5 % In a `` complete '' spinal injury , all functions below the injured area are lost , whether or not the spinal cord is severed . An `` incomplete '' spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord . To be classed as incomplete , there must be some preservation of sensation or motion in the areas innervated by S4 to S5 , e.g. voluntary external anal sphincter contraction . The nerves in this area are connected to the very lowest region of the spinal cord , and retaining sensation and function in these parts of the body indicates that the spinal cord is only partially damaged . Incomplete injury by definition includes a phenomenon known as sacral sparing : some degree of sensation is preserved in the sacral dermatomes , even though sensation may be more impaired in other , higher dermatomes below the level of the lesion . Sacral sparing has been attributed to the fact that the sacral spinal pathways are not as likely as the other spinal pathways to become compressed after injury due to the lamination of fibers within the spinal cord . Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality ( edit ) Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality exists when SCI is present but there is no evidence of spinal column injury on radiographs . Spinal column injury is trauma that causes fracture of the bone or instability of the ligaments in the spine ; this can coexist with or cause injury to the spinal cord , but each injury can occur without the other . Abnormalities might show up on magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , but the term was coined before MRI was in common use . Central cord syndrome ( edit ) Incomplete lesions of the spinal cord : Central cord syndrome ( top ) , Anterior cord syndrome ( middle ) , and Brown - Séquard syndrome ( bottom ) . Central cord syndrome , almost always resulting from damage to the cervical spinal cord , is characterized by weakness in the arms with relative sparing of the legs , and spared sensation in regions served by the sacral segments . There is loss of sensation of pain , temperature , light touch , and pressure below the level of injury . The spinal tracts that serve the arms are more affected due to their central location in the spinal cord , while the corticospinal fibers destined for the legs are spared due to their more external location . The most common of the incomplete SCI syndromes , central cord syndrome usually results from neck hyperextension in older people with spinal stenosis . In younger people , it most commonly results from neck flexion . The most common causes are falls and vehicle accidents ; however other possible causes include spinal stenosis and impingement on the spinal cord by a tumor or vertebral disk . Anterior cord syndrome ( edit ) Anterior cord syndrome , due to damage to the front portion of the spinal cord or reduction in the blood supply from the anterior spinal artery , can be caused by fractures or dislocations of vertebrae or herniated disks . Below the level of injury , motor function , pain sensation , and temperature sensation are lost , while sense of touch and proprioception ( sense of position in space ) remain intact . These differences are due to the relative locations of the spinal tracts responsible for each type of function . Brown - Séquard syndrome ( edit ) Brown - Séquard syndrome occurs when the spinal cord is injured on one side much more than the other . It is rare for the spinal cord to be truly hemisected ( severed on one side ) , but partial lesions due to penetrating wounds ( such as gunshot or knife wounds ) or fractured vertebrae or tumors are common . On the ipsilateral side of the injury ( same side ) , the body loses motor function , proprioception , and senses of vibration and touch . On the contralateral ( opposite side ) of the injury , there is a loss of pain and temperature sensations . Posterior cord syndrome ( edit ) Posterior cord syndrome , in which just the dorsal columns of the spinal cord are affected , is usually seen in cases of chronic myelopathy but can also occur with infarction of the posterior spinal artery . This rare syndrome causes the loss of proprioception and sense of vibration below the level of injury while motor function and sensation of pain , temperature , and touch remain intact . Usually posterior cord injuries result from insults like disease or vitamin deficiency rather than trauma . Tabes dorsalis , due to injury to the posterior part of the spinal cord caused by syphilis , results in loss of touch and proprioceptive sensation . Conus medullaris and cauda equina syndromes ( edit ) Conus medullaris syndrome is an injury to the end of the spinal cord , located at about the T12 -- L2 vertebrae in adults . This region contains the S4 -- S5 spinal segments , responsible for bowel , bladder , and some sexual functions , so these can be disrupted in this type of injury . In addition , sensation and the Achilles reflex can be disrupted . Causes include tumors , physical trauma , and ischemia . Cauda equina syndrome ( CES ) results from a lesion below the level at which the spinal cord splits into the cauda equina , at levels L2 -- S5 below the conus medullaris . Thus it is not a true spinal cord syndrome since it is nerve roots that are damaged and not the cord itself ; however it is common for several of these nerves to be damaged at the same time due to their proximity . CES can occur by itself or alongside conus medullaris syndrome . It can cause low back pain , weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs , loss of sensation , bowel and bladder dysfunction , and loss of reflexes . Unlike in conus medullaris syndrome , symptoms often occur on only one side of the body . The cause is often compression , e.g. by a ruptured intervertebral disk or tumor . Since the nerves damaged in CES are actually peripheral nerves because they have already branched off from the spinal cord , the injury has better prognosis for recovery of function : the peripheral nervous system has a greater capacity for healing than the central nervous system . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Actions of the spinal nerves Level Motor Function C1 -- C6 Neck flexors C1 -- T1 Neck extensors C3 , C4 , C5 Supply diaphragm ( mostly C4 ) C5 , C6 Move shoulder , raise arm ( deltoid ) ; flex elbow ( biceps ) C6 externally rotate ( supinate ) the arm C6 , C7 Extend elbow and wrist ( triceps and wrist extensors ) ; pronate wrist C7 , T1 Flex wrist ; supply small muscles of the hand T1 -- T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist T7 -- L1 Abdominal muscles L1 -- L4 Flex thigh L2 , L3 , L4 Adduct thigh ; Extend leg at the knee ( quadriceps femoris ) L4 , L5 , S1 abduct thigh ; Flex leg at the knee ( hamstrings ) ; Dorsiflex foot ( tibialis anterior ) ; Extend toes L5 , S1 , S2 Extend leg at the hip ( gluteus maximus ) ; Plantar flex foot and flex toes Further information : Dermatome ( anatomy ) Signs ( observed by a clinician ) and symptoms ( experienced by a patient ) vary depending on where the spine is injured and the extent of the injury . A section of skin innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a dermatome , and injury to that part of the spine can cause pain , numbness , or a loss of sensation in the related areas . Paraesthesia , a tingling or burning sensation in affected areas of the skin , is another symptom . A person with a lowered level of consciousness may show a response to a painful stimulus above a certain point but not below it . A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome , and injury to that part of the spinal cord can cause problems with movements that involve those muscles . The muscles may contract uncontrollably ( spasticity ) , become weak , or be completely paralysed . Spinal shock , loss of neural activity including reflexes below the level of injury , occurs shortly after the injury and usually goes away within a day . The specific parts of the body affected by loss of function are determined by the level of injury . Lumbosacral ( edit ) The effects of injuries at or above the lumbar or sacral regions of the spinal cord ( lower back and pelvis ) include decreased control of the legs and hips , genitourinary system , and anus . People injured below level L2 may still have use of their hip flexor and knee extensor muscles . Bowel and bladder function are regulated by the sacral region . It is common to experience sexual dysfunction after injury , as well as dysfunction of the bowel and bladder , including fecal and urinary incontinence . It is also possible for the bladder to fail to empty , leading to a potentially harmful buildup of urine . One sign of spinal cord injury that emergency providers may find is priapism , an erection of the penis . Thoracic ( edit ) In addition to the problems found in lower - level injuries , thoracic ( chest height ) spinal lesions can affect the muscles in the trunk . Injuries at the level of T1 to T8 result in inability to control the abdominal muscles . Trunk stability may be affected ; even more so in higher level injuries . The lower the level of injury , the less extensive its effects . Injuries from T9 to T12 result in partial loss of trunk and abdominal muscle control . Thoracic spinal injuries result in paraplegia , but function of the hands , arms , and neck are not affected . One condition that occurs typically in lesions above the T6 level is autonomic dysreflexia ( AD ) , in which the blood pressure increases to dangerous levels , high enough to cause potentially deadly stroke . It results from an overreaction of the system to a stimulus such as pain below the level of injury , because inhibitory signals from the brain can not pass the lesion to dampen the excitatory sympathetic nervous system response . Signs and symptoms of AD include anxiety , headache , nausea , ringing in the ears , blurred vision , flushed skin , and nasal congestion . It can occur shortly after the injury or not until years later . Other autonomic functions may also be disrupted . For example , problems with body temperature regulation mostly occur in injuries at T8 and above . Another serious complication that can result from lesions above T6 is neurogenic shock , which results from an interruption in output from the sympathetic nervous system responsible for maintaining muscle tone in the blood vessels . Without the sympathetic input , the vessels relax and dilate . Neurogenic shock presents with dangerously low blood pressure , low heart rate , and blood pooling in the limbs -- which results in insufficient blood flow to the spinal cord and potentially further damage to it . Cervical ( edit ) Spinal cord injuries at the cervical ( neck ) level result in full or partial tetraplegia ( also called quadriplegia ) . Depending on the specific location and severity of trauma , limited function may be retained . Function after complete cervical spinal cord injury Level Motor Function Respiratory function C1 -- C4 Full paralysis of the limbs Cannot breathe without mechanical ventilation C5 Paralysis of the wrists , hands , and triceps Difficulty coughing , may need help clearing secretions C6 Paralysis of the wrist flexors , triceps , and hands C7 -- C8 Some hand muscle weakness , difficulty grasping and releasing Additional signs and symptoms of cervical injuries include low heart rate , low blood pressure , problems regulating body temperature , and breathing dysfunction . If the injury is high enough in the neck to impair the muscles involved in breathing , the person may not be able to breathe without the help of an endotracheal tube and mechanical ventilator . Complications ( edit ) Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema , respiratory failure , neurogenic shock , and paralysis below the injury site . In the long term , the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse , including atrophy of the muscle . Immobility can lead to pressure sores , particularly in bony areas , requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours ( in the acute setting ) to relieve pressure . In the long term , people in wheelchairs must shift periodically to relieve pressure . Another complication is pain , including nociceptive pain ( indication of potential or actual tissue damage ) and neuropathic pain , when nerves affected by damage convey erroneous pain signals in the absence of noxious stimuli . Spasticity , the uncontrollable tensing of muscles below the level of injury , occurs in 65 -- 78 % of chronic SCI . It results from lack of input from the brain that quells muscle responses to stretch reflexes . It can be treated with drugs and physical therapy . Spasticity increases the risk of contractures ( shortening of muscles , tendons , or ligaments that result from lack of use of a limb ) ; this problem can be prevented by moving the limb through its full range of motion multiple times a day . Another problem lack of mobility can cause is loss of bone density and changes in bone structure . Loss of bone density ( bone demineralization ) , thought to be due to lack of input from weakened or paralysed muscles , can increase the risk of fractures . Conversely , a poorly understood phenomenon is the overgrowth of bone tissue in soft tissue areas , called heterotopic ossification . It occurs below the level of injury , possibly as a result of inflammation , and happens to a clinically significant extent in 27 % of people . Muscle mass is reduced as muscles atrophy with disuse . People with SCI are at especially high risk for respiratory and cardiovascular problems , so hospital staff must be watchful to avoid them . Respiratory problems ( especially pneumonia ) are the leading cause of death in people with SCI , followed by infections , usually of pressure sores , urinary tract infections and respiratory infections . Pneumonia can be accompanied by shortness of breath , fever , and anxiety . Another potentially deadly threat to respiration is deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) , in which blood forms a clot in immobile limbs ; the clot can break off and form a pulmonary embolism , lodging in the lung and cutting off blood supply to it . DVT is an especially high risk in SCI , particularly within 10 days of injury , occurring in over 13 % in the acute care setting . Preventative measures include anticoagulants , pressure hose , and moving the patient 's limbs . The usual signs and symptoms of DVT and pulmonary embolism may be masked in SCI cases due to effects such as alterations in pain perception and nervous system functioning . Urinary tract infection ( UTI ) is another risk that may not display the usual symptoms ( pain , urgency and frequency ) ; it may instead be associated with worsened spasticity . The risk of UTI , likely the most common complication in the long term , is heightened by use of indwelling urinary catheters . Catheterization may be necessary because SCI interferes with the bladder 's ability to empty when it gets too full , which could trigger autonomic dysreflexia or damage the bladder permanently . The use of intermittent catheterization to empty the bladder at regular intervals throughout the day has decreased the mortality due to kidney failure from UTI in the first world , but it is still a serious problem in developing countries . An estimated 24 -- 45 % of people with SCI suffer disorders of depression , and the suicide rate is as much as six times that of the rest of the population . The risk of suicide is worst in the first five years after injury . In young people with SCI , suicide is the leading cause of death . Depression is associated with an increased risk of other complications such as UTI and pressure ulcers that occur more when self - care is neglected . Causes ( edit ) Falling as a part of recreational activities can cause spinal cord injuries . Spinal cord injuries are most often caused by physical trauma . Forces involved can be hyperflexion ( forward movement of the head ) ; hyperextension ( backward movement ) ; lateral stress ( sideways movement ) ; rotation ( twisting of the head ) ; compression ( force along the axis of the spine downward from the head or upward from the pelvis ) ; or distraction ( pulling apart of the vertebrae ) . Traumatic SCI can result in contusion , compression , or stretch injury . It is a major risk of many types of vertebral fracture . Pre-existing asymptomatic congenital anomalies can cause major neurological deficits , such as hemiparesis , to result from otherwise minor trauma . In the US , Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs ; second are falls , then violence such as gunshot wounds , then sports injuries . In some countries falls are more common , even surpassing vehicle crashes as the leading cause of SCI . The rates of violence - related SCI depend heavily on place and time . Of all sports - related SCIs , shallow water dives are the most common cause ; winter sports and water sports have been increasing as causes while association football and trampoline injuries have been declining . Hanging can cause injury to the cervical spine , as may occur in attempted suicide . Military conflicts are another cause , and when they occur they are associated with increased rates of SCI . Another potential cause of SCI is iatrogenic injury , caused by an improperly done medical procedure such as an injection into the spinal column . SCI can also be of a nontraumatic origin . Nontraumatic lesions cause anywhere from 30 to 80 % of all SCI ; the percentage varies by locale , influenced by efforts to prevent trauma . Developed countries have higher percentages of SCI due to degenerative conditions and tumors than developing countries . In developed countries , the most common cause of nontraumatic SCI is degenerative diseases , followed by tumors ; in many developing countries the leading cause is infection such as HIV and tuberculosis . SCI may occur in intervertebral disc disease , and spinal cord vascular disease . Spontaneous bleeding can occur within or outside of the protective membranes that line the cord , and intervertebral disks can herniate . Damage can result from dysfunction of the blood vessels , as in arteriovenous malformation , or when a blood clot becomes lodged in a blood vessel and cuts off blood supply to the cord . When systemic blood pressure drops , blood flow to the spinal cord may be reduced , potentially causing a loss of sensation and voluntary movement in the areas supplied by the affected level of the spinal cord . Congenital conditions and tumors that compress the cord can also cause SCI , as can vertebral spondylosis and ischemia . Multiple sclerosis is a disease that can damage the spinal cord , as can infectious or inflammatory conditions such as tuberculosis , herpes zoster or herpes simplex , meningitis , myelitis , and syphilis . Prevention ( edit ) Vehicle - related SCI is prevented with measures including societal and individual efforts to reduce driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol , distracted driving , and drowsy driving . Other efforts include increasing road safety ( such as marking hazards and adding lighting ) and vehicle safety , both to prevent accidents ( such as routine maintenance and antilock brakes ) and to mitigate the damage of crashes ( such as head restraints , air bags , seat belts , and child safety seats ) . Falls can be prevented by making changes to the environment , such as nonslip materials and grab bars in bathtubs and showers , railings for stairs , child and safety gates for windows . Gun - related injuries can be prevented with conflict resolution training , gun safety education campaigns , and changes to the technology of guns ( such as trigger locks ) to improve their safety . Sports injuries can be prevented with changes to sports rules and equipment to increase safety , and education campaigns to reduce risky practices such as diving into water of unknown depth or head - first tackling in association football . Diagnosis ( edit ) X-rays ( left ) are more available , but can miss details like herniated disks that MRIs can show ( right ) . A radiographic evaluation using an X-ray , CT scan , or MRI can determine if there is damage to the spinal column and where it is located . X-rays are commonly available and can detect instability or misalignment of the spinal column , but do not give very detailed images and can miss injuries to the spinal cord or displacement of ligaments or disks that do not have accompanying spinal column damage . Thus when X-ray findings are normal but SCI is still suspected due to pain or SCI symptoms , CT or MRI scans are used . CT gives greater detail than X-rays , but exposes the patient to more radiation , and it still does not give images of the spinal cord or ligaments ; MRI shows body structures in the greatest detail . Thus it is the standard for anyone who has neurological deficits found in SCI or is thought to have an unstable spinal column injury . Neurological evaluations to help determine the degree of impairment are performed initially and repeatedly in the early stages of treatment ; this determines the rate of improvement or deterioration and informs treatment and prognosis . The ASIA Impairment Scale outlined above is used to determine the level and severity of injury . Management ( edit ) Prehospital treatment ( edit ) Spine motion restriction with a long spine board The first stage in the management of a suspected spinal cord injury is geared toward basic life support and preventing further injury : maintaining airway , breathing , and circulation and restricting further motion of the spine . In the emergency setting , most people who has been subjected to forces strong enough to cause SCI are treated as though they have instability in the spinal column and have spinal motion restricted to prevent damage to the spinal cord . Injuries or fractures in the head , neck , or pelvis as well as penetrating trauma near the spine and falls from heights are assumed to be associated with an unstable spinal column until it is ruled out in the hospital . High - speed vehicle crashes , sports injuries involving the head or neck , and diving injuries are other mechanisms that indicate a high SCI risk . Since head and spinal trauma frequently coexist , anyone who is unconscious or has a lowered level of consciousness as a result of a head injury is spinal motion restricted . A rigid cervical collar is applied to the neck , and the head is held with blocks on either side and the person is strapped to a backboard . Extrication devices are used to move people without excessively moving the spine if they are still inside a vehicle or other confined space . The use of a cervical collar has been shown to increase mortality in people with penetrating trauma and is thus not routinely recommended in this group . Modern trauma care includes a step called clearing the cervical spine , ruling out spinal cord injury if the patient is fully conscious and not under the influence of drugs or alcohol , displays no neurological deficits , has no pain in the middle of the neck and no other painful injuries that could distract from neck pain . If these are all absent , no spinal motion restriction is necessary . If an unstable spinal column injury is moved , damage may occur to the spinal cord . Between 3 and 25 % of SCIs occur not at the time of the initial trauma but later during treatment or transport . While some of this is due to the nature of the injury itself , particularly in the case of multiple or massive trauma , some of it reflects the failure to adequately restrict motion of the spine . SCI can impair the body 's ability to keep warm , so warming blankets may be needed . Early hospital treatment ( edit ) Initial care in the hospital , as in the prehospital setting , aims to ensure adequate airway , breathing , cardiovascular function , and spinal motion restriction . Imaging of the spine to determine the presence of a SCI may need to wait if emergency surgery is needed to stabilize other life - threatening injuries . Acute SCI merits treatment in an intensive care unit , especially injuries to the cervical spinal cord . People with SCI need repeated neurological assessments and treatment by neurosurgeons . People should be removed from the spine board as rapidly as possible to prevent complications from its use . If the systolic blood pressure falls below 90 mmHg within days of the injury , blood supply to the spinal cord may be reduced , resulting in further damage . Thus it is important to maintain the blood pressure which may be done using intravenous fluids and vasopressors . Vasopressors used include phenylephrine , dopamine , or norepinephrine . Mean arterial blood pressure is measured and kept at 85 to 90 mmHg for seven days after injury . The treatment for shock from blood loss is different from that for neurogenic shock , and could harm people with the latter type , so it is necessary to determine why someone is in shock . However it is also possible for both causes to exist at the same time . Another important aspect of care is prevention of insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream , which could deprive the spinal cord of oxygen . People with cervical or high thoracic injuries may experience a dangerously slowed heart rate ; treatment to speed it may include atropine . The corticosteroid medication methylprednisolone has been studied for use in SCI with the hope of limiting swelling and secondary injury . As there does not appear to be long term benefits and the medication is associated with risks such as gastrointestinal bleeding and infection its use is not recommended as of 2018 . Its use in traumatic brain injury is also not recommended . Surgery may be necessary , e.g. to relieve excess pressure on the cord , to stabilize the spine , or to put vertebrae back in their proper place . In cases involving instability or compression , failing to operate can lead to worsening of the condition . Surgery is also necessary when something is pressing on the cord , such as bone fragments , blood , material from ligaments or intervertebral discs , or a lodged object from a penetrating injury . Although the ideal timing of surgery is still debated , studies have found that earlier surgical intervention ( within 24 hours of injury ) is associated with better outcomes . Sometimes a patient has too many other injuries to be a surgical candidate this early . Surgery is controversial because it has potential complications ( such as infection ) , so in cases where it is not clearly needed ( e.g. the cord is being compressed ) , doctors must decide whether to perform surgery based on aspects of the patient 's condition and their own beliefs about its risks and benefits . In cases where a more conservative approach is chosen , bed rest , cervical collars , motion restriction devices , and optionally traction are used . Surgeons may opt to put traction on the spine to remove pressure from the spinal cord by putting dislocated vertebrae back into alignment , but herniation of intervertebral disks may prevent this technique from relieving pressure . Gardner - Wells tongs are one tool used to exert spinal traction to reduce a fracture or dislocation and to reduce motion to the affected areas . Rehabilitation ( edit ) Main article : Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury SCI patients often require extended treatment in specialized spinal unit or an intensive care unit . The rehabilitation process typically begins in the acute care setting . Usually the inpatient phase lasts 8 -- 12 weeks and then the outpatient rehabilitation phase lasts 3 -- 12 months after that , followed by yearly medical and functional evaluation . Physical therapists , occupational therapists , recreational therapists , nurses , social workers , psychologists and other health care professionals work as a team under the coordination of a physiatrist to decide on goals with the patient and develop a plan of discharge that is appropriate for the person 's condition . Orthopedic devices such as ankle - foot orthoses can aid in walking . In the acute phase physical therapists focus on the patient 's respiratory status , prevention of indirect complications ( such as pressure ulcers ) , maintaining range of motion , and keeping available musculature active . For people whose injuries are high enough to interfere with breathing , there is great emphasis on airway clearance during this stage of recovery . Weakness of respiratory muscles impairs the ability to cough effectively , allowing secretions to accumulate within the lungs . As SCI patients suffer from reduced total lung capacity and tidal volume , physical therapists teach them accessory breathing techniques ( e.g. apical breathing , glossopharyngeal breathing ) that typically are not taught to healthy individuals . Physical therapy treatment for airway clearance may include manual percussions and vibrations , postural drainage , respiratory muscle training , and assisted cough techniques . Patients are taught to increase their intra-abdominal pressure by leaning forward to induce cough and clear mild secretions . The quad cough technique is done lying on the back with the therapist applying pressure on the abdomen in the rhythm of the cough to maximize expiratory flow and mobilize secretions . Manual abdominal compression is another technique used to increase expiratory flow which later improves coughing . Other techniques used to manage respiratory dysfunction include respiratory muscle pacing , use of a constricting abdominal binder , ventilator - assisted speech , and mechanical ventilation . The amount of functional recovery and independence achieved in terms of activities of daily living , recreational activities , and employment is affected by the level and severity of injury . The Functional Independence Measure ( FIM ) is an assessment tool that aims to evaluate the function of patients throughout the rehabilitation process following a spinal cord injury or other serious illness or injury . It can track a patient 's progress and degree of independence during rehabilitation . People with SCI may need to use specialized devices and to make modifications to their environment in order to handle activities of daily living and to function independently . Weak joints can be stabilized with devices such as ankle - foot orthoses ( AFOs ) and knee - AFOs , but walking may still require a lot of effort . Increasing activity will increase chances of recovery . Prognosis ( edit ) Holly Koester incurred a spinal injury as a result of a motor vehicle collision and is now a wheelchair racer . Spinal cord injuries generally result in at least some incurable impairment even with the best possible treatment . The best predictor of prognosis is the level and completeness of injury , as measured by the ASIA impairment scale . The neurological score at the initial evaluation done 72 hours after injury is the best predictor of how much function will return . Most people with ASIA scores of A ( complete injuries ) do not have functional motor recovery , but improvement can occur . Most patients with incomplete injuries recover at least some function . Chances of recovering the ability to walk improve with each AIS grade found at the initial examination ; e.g. an ASIA D score confers a better chance of walking than a score of C. The symptoms of incomplete injuries can vary and it is difficult to make an accurate prediction of the outcome . A person with a mild , incomplete injury at the T5 vertebra will have a much better chance of using his or her legs than a person with a severe , complete injury at exactly the same place . Of the incomplete SCI syndromes , Brown - Séquard and central cord syndromes have the best prognosis for recovery and anterior cord syndrome has the worst . People with nontraumatic causes of SCI have been found to be less likely to suffer complete injuries and some complications such as pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis , and to have shorter hospital stays . Their scores on functional tests were better than those of people with traumatic SCI upon hospital admission , but when they were tested upon discharge , those with traumatic SCI had improved such that both groups ' results were the same . In addition to the completeness and level of the injury , age and concurrent health problems affect the extent to which a person with SCI will be able to live independently and to walk . However , in general people with injuries to L3 or below will likely be able to walk functionally , T10 and below to walk around the house with bracing , and C7 and below to live independently . One important predictor of motor recovery in an area is presence of sensation there , particularly pain perception . Most motor recovery occurs in the first year post-injury , but modest improvements can continue for years ; sensory recovery is more limited . Recovery is typically quickest during the first six months . Spinal shock , in which reflexes are suppressed , occurs immediately after the injury and resolves largely within three months but continues resolving gradually for another 15 . Sexual dysfunction after spinal injury is common . Problems that can occur include erectile dysfunction , loss of ability to ejaculate , insufficient lubrication of the vagina , and reduced sensation and impaired ability to orgasm . Despite this , many people learn ways to adapt their sexual practices so they can lead satisfying sex lives . Although life expectancy has improved with better care options , it is still not as good as the uninjured population . The higher the level of injury , and the more complete the injury , the greater the reduction in life expectancy . Mortality is very elevated within a year of injury . Epidemiology. ( edit ) Breakdown of age at time of injury in the US from 1995 -- 1999 . 0 -- 15 ( 3.0 % ) 16 -- 30 ( 42.1 % ) 31 -- 45 ( 28.1 % ) 46 -- 60 ( 15.1 % ) 61 -- 75 ( 8.5 % ) 76 + ( 3.2 % ) Worldwide , the number of new cases since 1995 of SCI ranges from 10.4 to 83 people per million per year . This wide range of numbers is probably partly due to differences among regions in whether and how injuries are reported . In North America , about 39 people per every million incur SCI traumatically each year , and in Western Europe the incidence is 16 per million . In the United States , the incidence of spinal cord injury has been estimated to be about 40 cases per 1 million people per year or around 12,000 cases per year . In China , the incidence is approximately 60,000 per year . The estimated number of people living with SCI in the world ranges from 236 to 4187 per million . Estimates vary widely due to differences in how data are collected and what techniques are used to extrapolate the figures . Little information is available from Asia , and even less from Africa and South America . In Western Europe the estimated prevalence is 300 per million people and in North America it is 853 per million . It is estimated at 440 per million in Iran , 526 per million in Iceland , and 681 per million in Australia . In the United States there are between 225,000 and 296,000 individuals living with spinal cord injuries , and different studies have estimated prevalences from 525 to 906 per million . Moreover , in a meta - analysis about SCI in the Middle - East and North - Africa ( MENA ) Region , data from seven countries ( Turkey , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Jordan , Kuwait and Qatar ) have shown that the random pooled annual incidence of TSCI per million was 23.24 ( 95 % CI : 5.64 - 49.21 ) . SCI is present in about 2 % of all cases of blunt force trauma . Anyone who has undergone force sufficient to cause a thoracic spinal injury is at high risk for other injuries also . In 44 % of SCI cases , other serious injuries are sustained at the same time ; 14 % of SCI patients also suffer head trauma or facial trauma . Other commonly associated injuries include chest trauma , abdominal trauma , pelvic fractures , and long bone fractures . Males account for four out of five traumatic spinal cord injuries . Most of these injuries occur in men under 30 years of age . The average age at the time of injury has slowly increased from about 29 years in the 1970s to 41 . Rates of injury are at their lowest in children , at their highest in the late teens to early twenties , then get progressively lower in older age groups ; however rates may rise in the elderly . In Sweden between 50 and 70 % of all cases of SCI occur in people under 30 , and 25 % occur in those over 50 . While SCI rates are highest among people age 15 -- 20 , fewer than 3 % of SCIs occur in people under 15 . Neonatal SCI occurs in one in 60,000 births , e.g. from breech births or injuries by forceps . The difference in rates between the sexes diminishes in injuries at age 3 and younger ; the same number of girls are injured as boys , or possibly more . Another cause of pediatric injury is child abuse such as shaken baby syndrome . For children , the most common cause of SCI ( 56 % ) is vehicle crashes . High numbers of adolescent injuries are attributable in a large part to traffic accidents and sports injuries . For people over 65 , falls are the most common cause of traumatic SCI . The elderly and people with severe arthritis are at high risk for SCI because of defects in the spinal column . In nontraumatic SCI , the gender difference is smaller , the average age of occurrence is greater , and incomplete lesions are more common . History ( edit ) The ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus is the earliest known description of SCI . SCI has been known to be devastating for millennia ; the ancient Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus from 2500 BC , the first known description of the injury , says it is `` not to be treated '' . Hindu texts dating back to 1800 BC also mention SCI and describe traction techniques to straighten the spine . The Greek physician Hippocrates , born in the fifth century BC , described SCI in his Hippocratic Corpus and invented traction devices to straighten dislocated vertebrae . But it was not until Aulus Cornelius Celsus , born 30 BC , noted that a cervical injury resulted in rapid death that the spinal cord itself was implicated in the condition . In the second century AD the Greek physician Galen experimented on monkeys and reported that a horizontal cut through the spinal cord caused them to lose all sensation and motion below the level of the cut . The seventh - century Greek physician Paul of Aegina described surgical techniques for treatment of broken vertebrae by removing bone fragments , as well as surgery to relieve pressure on the spine . Little medical progress was made during the Middle Ages in Europe ; it was not until the Renaissance that the spine and nerves were accurately depicted in human anatomy drawings by Leonardo da Vinci and Andreas Vesalius . In 1762 a surgeon named Andre Louis removed a bullet from the lumbar spine of a patient , who regained motion in the legs . In 1829 the surgeon Gilpin Smith performed a successful laminectomy that improved the patient 's sensation . However , the idea that SCI was untreatable remained predominant until the early 20th century . In 1934 , the mortality rate in the first two years after injury was over 80 % , mostly due to infections of the urinary tract and pressure sores . It was not until the latter half of the century that breakthroughs in imaging , surgery , medical care , and rehabilitation medicine contributed to a substantial improvement in SCI care . The relative incidence of incomplete compared to complete injuries has improved since the mid-20th century , due mainly to the emphasis on faster and better initial care and stabilization of spinal cord injury patients . The creation of emergency medical services to professionally transport people to the hospital is given partial credit for an improvement in outcomes since the 1970s . Improvements in care have been accompanied by increased life expectancy of people with SCI ; survival times have improved by about 2000 % since 1940 . IN 2015 / 2016 23 % of people in nine spinal injury centres in England had their discharge delayed because of disputes about who should pay for the equipment they needed . Research directions ( edit ) Main article : Spinal cord injury research Scientists are investigating various avenues for treatment of spinal cord injury . Therapeutic research is focused on two main areas : neuroprotection and neuroregeneration . The former seeks to prevent the harm that occurs from secondary injury in the minutes to weeks following the insult , and the latter aims to reconnect the broken circuits in the spinal cord to allow function to return . Neuroprotective drugs target secondary injury effects including inflammation , damage by free radicals , excitotoxicity ( neuronal damage by excessive glutamate signaling ) , and apoptosis ( cell suicide ) . Several potentially neuroprotective agents that target pathways like these are under investigation in human clinical trials . Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells seen under phase contrast microscope ( 63 x magnification ) Stem cell transplantation is an important avenue for SCI research : the goal is to replace lost spinal cord cells , allow reconnection in broken neural circuits by regrowing axons , and to create an environment in the tissues that is favorable to growth . A key avenue of SCI research is research on stem cells , which can differentiate into other types of cells -- including those lost after SCI . Types of cells being researched for use in SCI include embryonic stem cells , neural stem cells , mesenchymal stem cells , olfactory ensheathing cells , Schwann cells , activated macrophages , and induced pluripotent stem cells . Hundreds of stem cell studies have been done in humans , with promising but inconclusive results . An ongoing Phase 2 trial in 2016 presented data showing that after 90 days , 2 out of 4 subjects had already improved two motor levels and had thus already achieved its endpoint of 2 / 5 patients improving two levels within 6 -- 12 months . Six - month data is expected in January 2017 . Another type of approach is tissue engineering , using biomaterials to help scaffold and rebuild damaged tissues . Biomaterials being investigated include natural substances such as collagen or agarose and synthetic ones like polymers and nitrocellulose . They fall into two categories : hydrogels and nanofibers . These materials can also be used as a vehicle for delivering gene therapy to tissues . One avenue being explored to allow paralyzed people to walk and to aid in rehabilitation of those with some walking ability is the use of wearable powered robotic exoskeletons . The devices , which have motorized joints , are put on over the legs and supply a source of power to move and walk . 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Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 101605 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : G95. 9 , S14 , S24 , S34 , T06. 0 , T06. 1 , T09. 3 MeSH : D013119 DiseasesDB : 12327 External resources MedlinePlus : 001066 eMedicine : emerg / 553 neuro / 711 pmr / 182 pmr / 183 orthoped / 425 Spinal cord injury at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Cochrane Injuries Group , systematic reviews on the prevention , treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic injury Spinal Cord Infarction : Lamination of Fibers <Th_colspan="2"> Neurotrauma ( S06 , Sx4 , T09. 3 -- 4 , 850 -- 854 , 950 -- 957 ) Traumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Intra-axial Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage Extra-axial Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Brain herniation Cerebral contusion Cerebral laceration Concussion Post-concussion syndrome Second - impact syndrome Dementia pugilistica Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Diffuse axonal injury Abusive head trauma Penetrating head injury Spinal cord injury Anterior spinal artery syndrome Brown - Séquard syndrome Cauda equina syndrome Central cord syndrome Paraplegia Posterior cord syndrome Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality Tetraplegia ( Quadriplegia ) Peripheral nerves Nerve injury Peripheral nerve injury classification Wallerian degeneration Injury of accessory nerve Brachial plexus injury Traumatic neuroma <Th_colspan="2"> Trauma Principles Polytrauma Major trauma Traumatology Triage Resuscitation Trauma triad of death Assessment Clinical prediction rules Revised Trauma Score Injury Severity Score Abbreviated Injury Scale NACA score Investigations Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Focused assessment with sonography for trauma Management Principles Advanced trauma life support Trauma surgery Trauma center Trauma team Damage control surgery Early appropriate care Procedures Resuscitative thoracotomy Pathophysiology Injury MSK Bone fracture Joint dislocation Degloving Soft tissue injury Resp Flail chest Pneumothorax Hemothorax Diaphragmatic rupture Pulmonary contusion Cardio Internal bleeding Thoracic aorta injury Cardiac tamponade GI Blunt kidney trauma Ruptured spleen Neuro Penetrating head injury Traumatic brain injury Intracranial hemorrhage Mechanism Blast injury Blunt trauma Burn Penetrating trauma Crush injury Stab wound Ballistic trauma Electrocution Region Abdominal trauma Chest trauma Facial trauma Head injury Spinal cord injury Demographic Geriatric trauma Pediatric trauma Complications Posttraumatic stress disorder Wound healing Acute lung injury Crush syndrome Rhabdomyolysis Compartment syndrome Contracture Volkmann 's contracture Fat embolism Chronic traumatic encephalopathy NDL : 01222576 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinal_cord_injury&oldid=857000787 '' Categories : Medical emergencies Neurotrauma Spinal cord Injuries Hidden categories : CS1 errors : ISBN CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Infobox medical condition ( new ) Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. Spinal cord injury 2. Symptoms and effects 3. Classification of spinal cord injuries 4. Treatment and management 5. Complications and prognosis

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Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway - wikipedia Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway This article is about the high - speed rail line operational since 2011 . For the conventional rail line operational since 1968 , see Beijing -- Shanghai Railway . <Th_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway 京 沪 高速 铁路 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Type High - speed rail Status Operational Locale Beijing , Hebei , Tianjin , Shandong , Jiangsu , Anhui , Shanghai Termini Beijing South Tianjin West Shanghai Hongqiao Stations 24 Ridership 130 million per year ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Operation Opened June 30 , 2011 Owner China Railway Operator ( s ) China Railway High - speed Rolling stock CRH380AL CRH380BL CRH380CL CR400AF CR400BF <Th_colspan="2"> Technical Line length 1,318 km ( 819 mi ) 1,302 km ( 809 mi ) ( main line ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Minimum radius mostly 7,000 meters , or 400 meters near Beijing South Operating speed 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) Maximum incline 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Route map Legend <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway to Beijing <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Tianjin ICR to Tianjin <Td_colspan="2"> 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing South <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway to Shanghai <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing Grand Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> to Beijing EMU depot <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway and Beijing -- Kowloon railway <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Kowloon railway towards Changping <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 59 <Td_colspan="2"> Langfang <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin Grand Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin -- Bazhou railway to Bazhou <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Tianjin ICR to Beijing South , Beijing -- Shanghai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin -- Baoding ICR to Baoding <Td_colspan="2"> Caozhuang EMU depot <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway , Caozhuang <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin West <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin underground cross-city railway to Tianjin <Td_colspan="2"> 131 <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin South <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Xiaokangzhuang -- Huanghua Port railway <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 219 <Td_colspan="2"> Cangzhou West <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Xiaokangzhuang -- Huanghua Port railway <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shijiazhuang -- Jinan HSR to Shijiazhuang <Td_colspan="2"> 327 <Td_colspan="2"> Dezhou East <Td_colspan="2"> Dongyingnan -- Binzhou railway <Td_colspan="2"> Shijiazhuang -- Jinan HSR to Jinan East <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Handan -- Jinan railway <Td_colspan="2"> Jinan Yellow River Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> Jinan Railway <Td_colspan="2"> to Jinan West train depot <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shijiazhuang -- Jinan HSR from Qihe <Td_colspan="2"> 419 <Td_colspan="2"> Jinan West <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jinan Railway <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Qingdao -- Jinan passenger railway to Qingdao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jinan Taishan District Tunnel <Td_colspan="2"> Taishan -- Feicheng railway <Td_colspan="2"> 462 <Td_colspan="2"> Tai'an <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Shanxi -- Henan -- Shandong railway <Td_colspan="2"> Ciyao -- Laiwu railway <Td_colspan="2"> Xinxiang -- Rizhao railway <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 533 <Td_colspan="2"> Qufu East <Td_colspan="2"> Lankao South ; Lunan HSR ; Linyi North <Td_colspan="2"> 589 <Td_colspan="2"> Tengzhou East <Td_colspan="2"> Jingting -- Linyi railway <Td_colspan="2"> 625 <Td_colspan="2"> Zaozhuang <Td_colspan="2"> Zhengzhou -- Xuzhou HSR to Zhengzhou East <Td_colspan="2"> 688 <Td_colspan="2"> Xuzhou East <Td_colspan="2"> Dahu on the Longhai railway <Td_colspan="2"> Fuliji -- Yuanbei railway <Td_colspan="2"> 767 <Td_colspan="2"> Suzhou East <Td_colspan="2"> Huai River Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> Shuiyu Railway to Bengbu <Td_colspan="2"> 844 <Td_colspan="2"> Bengbu South <Td_colspan="2"> Hefei -- Bengbu South <Td_colspan="2"> 897 <Td_colspan="2"> Dingyuan <Td_colspan="2"> 959 <Td_colspan="2"> Chuzhou <Td_colspan="2"> Hefei -- Nanjing line to Hefei line to Yongningzhen <Td_colspan="2"> Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> Nanjing -- Tongling railway <Td_colspan="2"> to Nanjing South train depot <Td_colspan="2"> Nanjing -- Anqing ICR to Anqing <Td_colspan="2"> 1018 <Td_colspan="2"> Nanjing South <Td_colspan="2"> Nanjing -- Hangzhou HSR to Hangzhou East or Hangzhou <Td_colspan="2"> Nanjing South -- Xianlin railway to Xianlin <Td_colspan="2"> 1087 <Td_colspan="2"> Zhenjiang South <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway , Shanghai -- Nanjing ICR <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1112 <Td_colspan="2"> Danyang North <Td_colspan="2"> Danyang -- Kunshan Grand Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> 1144 <Td_colspan="2"> Changzhou North <Td_colspan="2"> Xinyi -- Changxing railway <Td_colspan="2"> 1201 <Td_colspan="2"> Wuxi East <Td_colspan="2"> 1227 <Td_colspan="2"> Suzhou North <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> 1259 <Td_colspan="2"> Kunshan South <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai Grand Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai -- Nanjing ICR to Shanghai <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai railway to Shanghai <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai -- Kunming railway to Shanghai <Td_colspan="2"> from Shanghai Hongqiao EMU depot <Td_colspan="2"> 1302 <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai Hongqiao <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai -- Hangzhou HSR to Hangzhou East <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jinghu high - speed railway Simplified Chinese 京 沪 高速 铁路 Traditional Chinese 京 滬 高速 鐵路 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jīnghù Gāosù Tiělù <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Romanization Cin wu Kau soh Thih lu <Td_colspan="2"> The Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway ( or Jinghu high - speed railway , from its name in Mandarin ) is a high - speed railway 1,318 kilometres ( 819 mi ) long that connects two major economic zones in the People 's Republic of China : the Bohai Economic Rim and the Yangtze River Delta . Construction began on April 18 , 2008 , and a ceremony to mark the completion of track laying was held on November 15 , 2010 . The line opened to the public for commercial service on June 30 , 2011 . It is the world 's longest high - speed line ever constructed in a single phase . It is China 's most profitable high speed rail line , reporting a 6.6 billion yuan net operational profit in 2015 . Under former Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun , the railway line was the first one designed for a maximum speed of 380 km / h in commercial operations . The non-stop train from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao was expected to finish the 1,305 - kilometre ( 811 mi ) journey in 3 hours and 58 minutes , averaging 329 kilometres per hour ( 204 mph ) , making it the fastest scheduled train in the world , compared to 9 hours and 49 minutes on the fastest trains running on the parallel conventional railway . But following Liu Zhijun 's dismissal in February 2011 , several major changes were announced . First , trains would be slowed to a maximum speed of 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) , reducing operating costs . At this speed , the fastest trains would take 4 hours and 48 minutes to travel from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao , making one stop at Nanjing South . Additionally , a slower class of trains running at 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) would be operated , making more stops and charging lower fares . On September 21 , 2017 , 350 km / h operation was restored with the introduction of China Standardized EMU , reducing travel times between Beijing and Shanghai to about 4 hours 30 minutes on the fastest scheduled trains . Contents 1 Specifications 2 History 2.1 Dedicated high - speed rail proposal 2.1. 1 Technology debate 2.1. 2 Engineering challenges 2.2 Construction 3 Finances 4 Rolling stock 5 Operation 5.1 First day in service 5.2 After July 1 , 2011 5.3 After September 21 , 2017 6 Fares 7 Online ticketing service 8 Components 9 Stations and service 10 Bridges 11 References 12 External links Specifications ( edit ) The Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway Co. , Ltd. was in charge of construction . The project was expected to cost 220 billion yuan ( about $32 billion ) . An estimated 220,000 passengers are expected to use the trains each day , which is double the current capacity . During peak hours , trains should run every five minutes . 1,140 km , or 87 % of the railway is elevated . There are 244 bridges along the line . The 164 - km long Danyang -- Kunshan Grand Bridge is the longest bridge in the world , the 114 - km long viaduct bridge between Langfang and Qingxian is the second longest in the world , and the Cangde Grand Bridge between Beijing 's 4th Ring Road and Langfang is the fifth longest . The line also includes 22 tunnels , totaling 16.1 km ( 10.0 mi ) . A total of 1,268 km ( 788 mi ) of the length is ballastless . According to Zhang Shuguang , then deputy chief designer of China 's high - speed railway network , the designed continuous operating speed is 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) , with a maximum speed of up to 380 km / h ( 236 mph ) . The average commercial speed from Beijing to Shanghai was planned to be 330 km / h ( 205 mph ) , which would have cut the train travel time from 10 hours to 4 hours . The rolling stock used on this line consists mainly of CRH380 trains . The CTCS - 3 based train control system is used on the line , to allow for a maximum speed of 380 km / h of running and a minimum train interval of 3 minutes . With power consumption of 20 MW and capacity of about 1,050 passengers , the energy consumption per passenger from Beijing to Shanghai should be less than 80kWh . History ( edit ) See also : Beijing -- Shanghai Railway This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway ( on the top ) paralleled by the older Beijing -- Shanghai Railway ( on the bottom ) . China 's two most important cities , Beijing and Shanghai , were not linked by rail until 1912 , when the Jinpu railway was completed between Tianjin and Pukou . With the existing railway between Beijing and Tianjin , which was completed in 1900 , the Huning railway between Nanjing and Shanghai opened in 1908 , interrupted by a ferry between Pukou and Nanjing across the Yangtze River . A weekly Beijing -- Shanghai direct train was first introduced in 1913 . In 1933 a train ride from Beijing to Shanghai took around 44 hours , at an average speed of 33 km / h . Passengers had to get off in Pukou with their luggage , board a ferry named `` Kuaijie '' across the Yangtze , and get on another connecting train in Xiaguan on the other side of the river . In 1933 the Nanjing Train Ferry was opened for service . The new train ferry , `` Changjiang '' ( Yangtze ) , built by a British company , was 113.3 meters long , 17.86 meters wide , was able to carry 21 freight cars or 12 passenger cars . Passengers could remain on the train when crossing the river , and the travel time was thus cut to around 36 hours . The train service was suspended during the Japanese invasion . In 1949 from Shanghai 's North railway station toward Beijing ( then Beiping ) it took 36 hours , 50 minutes , at an average speed of 40 km / h . In 1956 the trip time was cut to 28 hours , 17 minutes . In the early 1960s the travel time was further cut to 23 hours , 39 minutes . In October 1968 , the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was opened . The travel time was cut to 21 hours , 34 minutes . As new diesel locomotives were introduced in the 1970s , the speed was increased further . In 1986 , the travel time was 16 hours , 59 minutes . China introduced six line schedule reductions from 1997 to 2007 . In October 2001 , train T13 / T14 took about 14 hours from Beijing to Shanghai . On April 18 , 2004 , Z - series trains were introduced . The trip time was cut to 11 hours , 58 minutes . There were five trains departing around 7 pm every day , each 7 minutes apart , arriving at their destination the next morning . The railway was completely electrified in 2006 . On April 18 , 2007 , the new CRH bullet train was introduced on the upgraded railway as part of the Sixth Railway Speed - Up Campaign . A day - time train D31 served the route , departing from Beijing at 10 : 50 every morning , and arriving at Shanghai at 20 : 49 in the evening , travelling mostly at 160 -- 200 km / h ( up to 250 km / h in a very short section between Anting and Shanghai West ) . In 2008 overnight sleeper CRH trains were introduced , replacing the locomotive - hauled Z sleeper trains . With a new high - speed intercity line opening between Nanjing and Shanghai in the summer of 2010 , the sleeper trains made use of the high - speed line in the Shanghai -- Nanjing section , travelling at 250 km / h for a longer distance . The fastest sleeper trains took 9 hours , 49 minutes , with four intermediate stops , at an average speed of 149 km / h . As the Nanjing Yangtze Bridge connected the two sections of the railway into a continuous line , the entire railway between Beijing and Shanghai was renamed the Jinghu Railway , with Jing ( 京 ) being the standard Chinese abbreviation for Beijing , and Hu ( 沪 ) , short for Shanghai . The Jinghu Railway has served as China 's busiest railway for nearly a century . Due to rapid growth in passenger and freight traffic in the last 20 years , this line has reached and surpassed capacity . Dedicated high - speed rail proposal ( edit ) The Jinghu high - speed railway was proposed in the early 1990s , because one quarter of the country 's population lived along the existing Beijing - Shanghai rail line In December 1990 , the Ministry of Railways submitted to the National People 's Congress a proposal to build the Beijing -- Shanghai high speed railway parallel to the existing Beijing -- Shanghai railway line . In 1995 , Premier Li Peng announced that work on the Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway would begin in the 9th Five Year Plan ( 1996 -- 2000 ) . The Ministry 's initial design for the high - speed rail line was completed , and a report was submitted for state approval in June 1998 . The construction plan was set in 2004 , after a five - year debate on whether to use steel - on - steel rail track , or maglev technology . Maglev was not chosen due to its incompatibility with China 's existing rail - and - track technology and its high price , which is two times higher than that of conventional rail technology . Technology debate ( edit ) Although engineers originally said construction could take until 2015 , the China 's Ministry of Railways initially promised a 2010 opening date for the new line . However , the Ministry did not anticipate an ensuing debate over the possible use of maglev technology . Although more traditional steel - on - steel rail technology was chosen for the railway , the technology debate resulted in a substantial delay of the railway 's feasibility studies , completed in March 2006 . The current rolling stock is the CRH380AL , which is a Chinese electric high - speed train that was developed by China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited ( CSR ) . CRH380A is one of the four Chinese train series which have been designed for the new standard operating speed of 380 km / h ( 236 mph ) on newly constructed Chinese high - speed main lines . The other three are CRH380B , CRH380C and CRH380D . Engineering challenges ( edit ) Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge under construction in Nanjing . Testing began shortly thereafter on the main line section between Shanghai and Nanjing . This section of the line sits on the soft soil of the Yangtze Delta , providing engineers an example of the more difficult challenges they would face in later construction . In addition to these challenges , high speed trains use extensive amounts of aluminium alloy , with specially designed windscreen glass capable of withstanding avian impacts . Construction ( edit ) Construction work began on April 18 , 2008 . Track - laying was started on July 19 , 2010 , and completed on November 15 , 2010 . The overhead catenary work was completed on February 4 , 2011 . According to CCTV , more than 130,000 construction workers and engineers were at work at the peak of the construction phase . According to the Ministry of Railways , construction has used twice as much concrete as the Three Gorges dam , and 120 times the amount of steel in the Beijing National Stadium . There are 244 bridges and 22 tunnels built to standardized designs , and the route is monitored by 321 seismic , 167 windspeed and 50 rainfall sensors . Finances ( edit ) In 2006 , it was estimated that the line would cost between CN ¥ 130 billion ( US $16.25 billion ) and ¥ 170 billion ( $21.25 billion ) . The following year , the estimated cost had revised to ¥ 200 billion ( $25 billion ) , or ¥ 150 million per kilometer . Due to rapid rises in the costs of labor , construction materials and land acquisitions over the previous years , by July 2008 , the estimated cost was increased to ¥ 220 billion ( $32 billion ) . By then , the state - owned company Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway , established to raise funds for the project , had raised ¥ 110 billion , with the remaining to be sourced from local governments , share offerings , bank loans and , for the first time for a railway project , foreign investment . In the end , investment in the project totaled ¥ 217.6 billion ( $34.7 billion ) . In 2016 it was revealed , that last year the Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway Company has total assets of ¥ 181.54 billion ( $28 billion ) , revenue ¥ 23.42 billion ( $3.6 billion ) and a net profit ¥ 6.58 billion ( $1 billion ) , thus being labeled as the most profitable railway line in the world . Rolling stock ( edit ) A CR400AF trainset waiting for departure at Beijing South Railway Station as G1 in September 2017 ; From September 21 , 2017 , 7 pairs of Beijing - Shanghai high - speed trains will run at 350 km / h , using CR400AF or CR400BF The 300 km / h services use CRH380AL , CRH380BL , and CRH380CL trainsets , while slower 250 km / h services use CRH2A / E and CRH5A trainsets . First and Second Class coaches are available on all trains . On the shorter trains , a six - person Premier Class compartment is available . Available on the longer trains are up to 28 Business Class seats and a full - length dining car . On December 3 , 2010 , a 16 - car CRH380AL trainset set a speed record of 486.1 km / h ( 302.0 mph ) on the Zaozhuang West to Bengbu section of the line during a test run . On January 10 , 2011 , another 16 - car modified CRH380BL train set a speed record of 487.3 km / h ( 302.8 mph ) during a test run . Operation ( edit ) First day in service ( edit ) Security check line at Beijing South Station at opening of the Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway Tickets were put on sale at 09 : 00 on June 24 , 2011 , and sold out within an hour . To compete with the new train service , airlines slashed the cost of flights between Beijing and Shanghai by up to 65 % . Economy air fares between Beijing and Shanghai fell by 52 %. ( 1 ) After July 1 , 2011 ( edit ) More than 90 trains a day run between Beijing South and Shanghai Hongqiao from 07 : 00 to until 18 : 00 . Sleeper bullet trains on the upgraded railway were cancelled at the beginning , but later resumed . The new line will increase the freight capacity of the old line by 50 million tons per year between Beijing and Shanghai . In its second week in service , the system experienced three malfunctions in four days . On July 10 , 2011 , trains were delayed after heavy winds and a thunderstorm caused power supply problems in Shandong . On July 12 , 2011 , trains were delayed again when another power failure occurred in Suzhou . On July 13 , 2011 , a transformer malfunction in Changzhou forced a train to half its top speed , forcing passengers to take a backup train . Within two weeks after opening , airline prices had rebounded due to frequent malfunctions on the line . Airline ticket sales were only down 5 % in July 2011 compared to June 2011 , after the opening of the line . A spokesman for the Ministry of Railways apologized for the glitches and delays , stating that in the two weeks since service had begun only 85.6 % of trains had arrived on time . The line 's average daily ridership in its initial two weeks of operation was 165,000 passengers daily , while 80,000 passengers every day continued to ride on the slower and less expensive old railway . The figure of 165,000 daily riders is three - quarters of the forecast of 220,000 daily riders and is consistent with a pattern where new rail services build ridership over a period of time after opening ( see TGV , Ridership ) . On August 12 , 2011 , after several delays caused by equipment problems , 54 CRH380BL trains running on this line were recalled by their manufacturer . They returned to regular service on November 16 , 2011 . By March 2013 , the line had carried 100 million passengers . After September 21 , 2017 ( edit ) This line is gradually gaining popularity through the years and it is reaching its capacity at weekends and holidays . With the introduction of the China Standardized EMU , the highest operation speed of the line is raised to 350 kph on September 21 , 2017 . The fastest train will complete the journey in 4 hours 24 minutes ( G7 ) , while making two stops along the trip at Jinan and Nanjing . Fares ( edit ) Ticket for the first train from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao . On June 13 , 2011 , the list of fares was announced at a Ministry of Railways press conference . The fares from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao in RMB Yuan are listed below : Speed 2nd - class seat 1st - class seat VIP Seat ( Sightseeing Seat ) Quickest Journey Time Daily services G ( 350 km / h ) 555 935 1748 4h24m 94 Note : Only available on services using the CRH380AL , CRH380BL and CRH380CL trains On June 14 , 2011 , the list of stop - by - stop fares was published on the Ministry of Railways ' website . With tickets priced at ¥ 1750 one way in the sightseeing compartment at the ends of the trains , passengers can sit behind the driver . Tickets at the same price all feature seats which recline in full . Holders of these tickets are additionally given free lounge access at major stations , are served a free meal onboard close to meal times , and are given unlimited refills of non-alcoholic drinks while on board . Online ticketing service ( edit ) The online ticket service opened when brick and mortar ticket service started . Passengers can buy tickets on the internet and pay the fare by debit or credit card . If the passenger uses a 2nd - generation PRC ID Card and does not want any documents printed , they can use their ID card directly as the ticket to pass the AFC , otherwise the passenger must change to a paper ticket prior to travel . Since late 2011 , it has also been possible for users of these ID cards to print a ticket with the remark `` Ticket Checked '' after the end of the trip for reimbursement purposes . Components ( edit ) Section Description Designed speed ( km / h ) Length ( km ) Construction start date Open date Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway HSR Corridor of East China 350 1433 2008 - 01 - 08 2012 - 10 - 16 Beijing -- Shanghai Section ( Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway ) HSR from Beijing to Shanghai via Tianjin , Jinan , Xuzhou , Bengbu and Nanjing 350 1302 2008 - 04 - 18 2011 - 06 - 30 Hefei -- Bengbu section ( Hefei -- Bengbu high - speed railway ) Spur off Jinghu HSR from Bengbu to Hefei 350 131 2008 - 01 - 08 2012 - 10 - 16 Stations and service ( edit ) There are 24 stations on the line . Cruise speeds are 300 and 350 km / h depending on services . Fare are calculated based on distance traveled regardless of speed and travel time . More than 40 pairs of daily scheduled train services travel end - to - end along this route , and hundreds more that only use a segment of it . Station Name Chinese Total distance ( km ) <Th_colspan="2"> Travel Time High - speed rail transfers * Metro transfers * Platforms Tracks served by platform <Th_colspan="2"> Location 350 km / h 300 km / h Beijing South 北京 南 0 0 : 00 0 : 00 Beijing -- Tianjin intercity railway 4 14 13 24 <Td_colspan="2"> Beijing Langfang 廊坊 59 Langfang Hebei Tianjin West 天津 西 Not on main line Beijing -- Tianjin intercity railway Tianjin -- Qinhuangdao high - speed railway ( through connection line with Tianjin Railway Station ) Tianjin -- Baoding intercity railway 1 6 13 24 <Td_colspan="2"> Tianjin Tianjin South 天津 南 131 0 : 31 0 : 34 Cangzhou West 沧州 西 219 Cangzhou Hebei Dezhou East 德州 东 327 Shijiazhuang -- Jinan high - speed railway ( part of the Qingdao -- Taiyuan high - speed railway ) 5 Dezhou Shandong Jinan West 济南 西 419 1 : 22 1 : 32 Shijiazhuang -- Jinan high - speed railway ( part of the Qingdao -- Taiyuan high - speed railway ) Jinan Metro Line 1 , 2 8 15 Jinan Taian 泰安 462 Tai'an Qufu East 曲阜 东 533 Qufu Tengzhou East 滕州 东 589 Tengzhou Zaozhuang 枣庄 625 Zaozhuang Xuzhou East 徐州 东 688 Zhengzhou -- Xuzhou high - speed railway ( part of the Xuzhou -- Lanzhou high - speed railway ) 7 13 Xuzhou Jiangsu Suzhou East 宿州 东 767 Suzhou Anhui Bengbu South 蚌埠 南 844 Hefei -- Bengbu high - speed railway 5 9 Bengbu Dingyuan 定 远 897 Dingyuan Chuzhou 滁州 959 Chuzhou Nanjing South 南京 南 1018 3 : 13 4 : 05 Hefei -- Nanjing Passenger Railway ( part of the Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway ) Nanjing -- Hangzhou Passenger Railway Shanghai -- Nanjing intercity railway ( part of the Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway ) 1 3 S1 15 28 Nanjing Jiangsu Zhenjiang South 镇江 南 1087 Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway Zhenjiang Danyang North 丹阳 北 1112 Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway Danyang Changzhou North 常州 北 1144 Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway Changzhou Wuxi East 无锡 东 1201 Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway Wuxi Suzhou North 苏州 北 1227 Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway Suzhou -- Jiaxing intercity railway Suzhou Kunshan South 昆山 南 1259 Shanghai -- Nanjing intercity railway ( part of the Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway ) Kunshan Shanghai Hongqiao 上海 虹桥 1302 4 : 18 5 : 22 Shanghai -- Hangzhou high - speed railway ( part of the Shanghai -- Kunming high - speed railway ) Shanghai -- Nanjing intercity railway ( part of the Shanghai -- Wuhan -- Chengdu high - speed railway ) 2 10 17 16 30 <Td_colspan="2"> Shanghai Note : * -- Lines in italic text are under construction or planned The travel time column in the following table only list shortest time possible to get to a certain station from Beijing . Different services make different stops along the way and there is no services that stop at every station . Bridges ( edit ) Railways portal The railway line has some of the longest bridges in the world . They include : Danyang -- Kunshan Grand Bridge -- longest bridge in the world . Tianjin Grand Bridge -- second longest bridge in the world . Beijing Grand Bridge Cangzhou -- Dezhou Grand Bridge Nanjing Qinhuai River Bridge Zhenjiang Beijing -- Hangzhou Canal Bridge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staff , W.S.J. ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` China 's Busiest High - Speed Rail Line Makes a Fast Buck '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1178286.htm ^ Jump up to : Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Line , China . Railway-Technology.com , 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China starts work on Beijing - Shanghai express railway '' . China View . April 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracklaying complete on Beijing -- Shanghai high speed line '' . Railway Gazette International . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai high - speed train makes debut '' . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai high - speed train makes debut '' . The Independent . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to Shanghai Railway : diary of a 4h 48m journey '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` High - Speed Train Links Beijing , Shanghai '' . The Wall Street Journal . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) Zhang Chunjie ( 张 纯洁 ) ( ed . ) . 京 沪 高铁 19 日 起 铺轨 全程 不 到 四 小时 - 新闻 频道 - 和讯 网 . News.hexun.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) 京 沪 京杭 动车 下 月 开行 卧铺 . Thebeijingnews.com . November 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) 京 沪 高铁 列车 开始 试 跑 最 快 4 小时 48 分 跑 完 全程 _ 财经 频道 _ 凤凰 网 . Finance.ifeng.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ 京 沪 高铁 明 提速 `` 复兴 号 '' 将 在 中途 超车 `` 和谐 号 '' . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Focus : Beijing - Shanghai railway speed rises to 350 kph - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . www.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Construction of Beijing to Shanghai High - speed Railway Kicks Off . CRIEnglish.com , January 2008 . ( accessed : 25 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) 京 沪 高铁 江苏 江苏 段 90 % 是 桥梁 堪 称 `` 桥 上 铁 '' _ 时政 频道 _ 新华 网 . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) Zhang , Shuguang ( February 2009 ) . 京 沪 高速 铁路 系统 优化 研究 ( Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway System Optimization Research ) ( in Chinese ) . China Railway Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 113 - 09517 - 8 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) `` 京 沪 高速 铁路 的 论证 历程 大事记 '' . Retrieved 4 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai High Speed Line Operated by Chinese Railways '' . Railway Technology . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rail track beats Maglev in Beijing -- Shanghai High Speed Railway '' . People 's Daily . January 18 , 2004 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Line , China '' . Railway-technology.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Report : China to build Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway soon . International Herald Tribune , September 2008 . ( accessed : 25 September 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing - Shanghai high speed line opens '' . Railway Gazette International . June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Xin , Dingding ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` Social security funds set to be invested in railway '' . China Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Zhu , Zhe ( January 13 , 2007 ) . `` Financing may delay fast rail project '' . China Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Fast rail looks ready for approval '' . China Daily . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ready to roll : construction is now in full swing on China 's massive Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed rail project . By 2020 , China expects to have a network of eight high - speed lines totalling 10,000 km '' . International Railway Journal . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` China : 100 Million Passenger Trips for China 's High - Speed Railway Line '' . Mena Report . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ China Daily : Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway reaps 6.58 b yuan Jump up ^ `` 9 月 21 日 起 复兴 号 提速 至 350 公里 '' . Beijing Youth Daily ( in Chinese ) . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) `` 中国 北 车 刷新 高铁 运营 试验 世界 纪录 速度 ( 图 ) - 搜狐 证券 '' . Stock.sohu.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rush to buy tickets for first capital to coast run '' . China Daily . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai high - speed train makes debut '' . Google . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trains fly on Beijing - Shanghai high - speed railway '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to Shanghai Railway : diary of a 4h 48m journey '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Jiang and Haolan Hong ) ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Glitches disrupt China 's showpiece high - speed railway '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China 's high - speed rail glitches : Racing to make errors ? '' . Los Angeles Times . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Air carriers raise prices after high - speed rail lost competitive edge '' . Xinhua News Agency . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing - Shanghai flight prices rebound as high - speed rail deemed no threat '' . Shanghaiist . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry apologizes for high - speed train delays '' . China Daily . July 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China removed 54 high - speed trains after crash '' . August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` High - speed rail service ticket prices announced '' . English.eastday.com . June 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) `` 京 沪 高速 铁路 股份 有限 公司 公布 京 沪 高铁 动车 组 列车 试行 运 价 '' . China-mor.gov.cn . June 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Foster , Peter ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Beijing - Shanghai high - speed rail to open '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Zha , Minjie ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Beijing - Shanghai high speed rail to be launched June 30 '' . Shanghai Daily . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` China launches new high - speed railway '' . People 's Daily Online . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) 关于 京 沪 高速 铁路 与 沪 宁 城 际 铁路 昆山 段 具体 走向 及 站点 设置 的 说明 Archived June 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( `` Regarding the tracks alignment and the stations on the Kunshan section of the Beijing - Shanghai high - speed railway and the Shanghai - Nanjing intercity railway ... '' ) ^ Jump up to : Longest bridge , Guinness World Records . Retrieved July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beijing -- Shanghai High - Speed Railway . <Th_colspan="2"> Beijing -- Shanghai high - speed railway Beijing -- Shanghai Beijing South Langfang ( Tianjin West ) Tianjin South Cangzhou West Dezhou East Jinan West Tai'an Qufu East Tengzhou East Zaozhuang Xuzhou East Suzhou East Bengbu South Dingyuan Chuzhou Nanjing South Zhenjiang South Danyang North Changzhou North Wuxi East Suzhou North Kunshan South Shanghai - Hongqiao Hefei -- Bengbu Branch Hefei South ( Hefei ) Hefei Beicheng Shuijiahu Huainan East Bengbu South ( Bengbu ) <Th_colspan="2"> High - speed rail in China <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Maglev <Td_colspan="2"> Changsha Maglev Express Shanghai maglev train <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> National 8 + 8 high - speed corridors <Td_colspan="2"> Coastal Dandong -- Dalian -- Shenyang -- Qinhuangdao -- Tianjin -- Dongying -- Weifang -- Qingdao -- Rongcheng Qingdao -- Lianyungang -- Yancheng -- Hai'an -- Nantong -- Shanghai -- Hangzhou -- Ningbo -- Wenzhou -- Fuzhou -- Xiamen -- Shenzhen -- Maoming -- Zhanjiang -- Hepu -- Qinzhou -- Fangchenggang Beijing -- Shanghai Main line Beijing -- Shanghai Nanjing -- Hangzhou Bengbu -- Hefei -- Hangzhou East branch Beijing -- Tianjin -- Dongying -- Weifang -- Linyi -- Huai'an -- Yangzhou -- Nantong -- Shanghai Beijing -- Hong Kong ( Taipei ) § Beijing -- Xiong'an -- Shangqiu -- Fuyang -- Hefei -- Jiujiang Fuyang -- Huanggang -- Jiujiang -- Nanchang To Hong Kong Nanchang -- Ganzhou -- Shenzhen -- Hong Kong To Taipei Hefei -- Fuzhou Nanchang -- Fuzhou Pingtan -- Taipei Harbin -- Hong Kong ( Macau ) § Harbin -- Shenyang -- Beijing -- Shijiazhuang -- Wuhan -- Guangzhou -- Shenzhen -- Hong Kong Guangzhou -- Zhuhai -- Macau Hohhot -- Nanning Hohhot -- Datong -- Taiyuan -- Jiaozuo -- Zhengzhou -- Xiangyang -- Yichang -- Changde -- Yiyang -- Shaoyang -- Yongzhou -- Guilin -- Liuzhou -- Nanning Beijing -- Kunming Beijing -- Shijiazhuang -- Taiyuan -- Xi'an -- Chengdu -- Kunming Branch lines Beijing -- Zhangjiakou -- Datong -- Taiyuan Chongqing -- Kunming Baotou ( Yinchuan ) -- Hainan Yinchuan -- Xi'an Baotou -- Xi'an -- Chongqing -- Guiyang -- Nanning -- Qinzhou -- Beihai -- Zhanjiang -- Haikou Hainan eastern ring Hainan western ring Lanzhou ( Xining ) -- Guangzhou Xining -- Chengdu Lanzhou -- Chengdu -- Guiyang -- Guangzhou Suifenhe -- Manzhouli Suifenhe -- Mudanjiang -- Harbin -- Qiqihar -- Manzhouli Beijing -- Lanzhou Beijing -- Zhangjiakou -- Hohhot -- Baotou -- Lanzhou Qingdao -- Yinchuan Qingdao -- Jinan -- Shijiazhuang -- Taiyuan -- Yinchuan Eurasia Continental Lianyungang -- Xuzhou -- Zhengzhou -- Xi'an -- Baoji -- Lanzhou -- Ürümqi Yangtze River Old line Shanghai -- Wuxi -- Nanjing -- Hefei -- Wuhan -- Yichang -- Lichuan -- Chongqing -- Suining -- Chengdu Other sections Shanghai -- Nantong -- Yangzhou -- Nanjing -- Anqing -- Jiujiang -- Wuhan -- Xiangyang -- Wanzhou -- Chongqing -- Neijiang -- Chengdu Shanghai -- Kunming Shanghai -- Hangzhou -- Changsha -- Guiyang -- Kunming Xiamen -- Chongqing Xiamen -- Longyan -- Ganzhou -- Changsha -- Chongqing Guangzhou -- Kunming Guangzhou -- Nanning -- Kunming <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other conventional high - speed railways ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> Intercity and long - distance 300 -- 350 km / h Beijing -- Tangshan Beijing -- Tianjin Chengdu -- Chongqing Chongqing -- Wanzhou Nanjing -- Hangzhou Shanghai -- Nanjing 200 -- 250 km / h Beijing -- Zhangjiakou Changchun -- Jilin Chengdu -- Mianyang -- Leshan Chongqing -- Lanzhou Dandong -- Dalian Guangzhou -- Foshan -- Zhaoqing Harbin -- Jiamusi Harbin -- Mudanjiang Harbin -- Qiqihar Hengyang -- Liuzhou Jilin -- Hunchun Liuzhou -- Nanning Nanchang -- Jiujiang Nanjing -- Anqing Qingdao -- Rongcheng Shenyang -- Dandong Shenzhen -- Maoming Tianjin -- Baoding Xi'an -- Chengdu Zhangjiakou -- Hohhot Regional intercity 300 -- 350 km / h Chengdu -- Ya'an Tianjin -- Binhai New Area 200 -- 250 km / h Changsha -- Zhuzhou -- Xiangtan Chengdu -- Dujiangyan Chengdu -- Pujiang Dongguan -- Huizhou Foshan -- Dongguan Fuzhou -- Changle Airport Guangzhou -- Qingyuan Guangzhou -- Zhuhai Guiyang -- Kaiyang Hainan eastern ring Hainan western ring Lanzhou -- Zhongchuan Airport Mianyang -- Suining -- Ziyang -- Neijiang -- Zigong -- Yibin Suzhou -- Jiaxing Wuhan Metropolitan Area Zhengzhou -- Jiaozuo Zhengzhou -- Kaifeng Zhengzhou -- Xinzheng Airport Upgraded old lines Beijing -- Guangzhou Beijing -- Harbin Beijing -- Shanghai Guangzhou -- Shenzhen Hangzhou -- Ningbo Hankou -- Danjiangkou Hunan -- Guangxi Kunming -- Yuxi Lianyungang -- Lanzhou Litang -- Zhanjiang Nanjing -- Qidong Shanghai -- Kunming Wuchang -- Jiujiang Rolling stock Blue Arrow China Star CIT Trains Fuxing ( CR400AF / CR400BF ) Hexie ( CRH1 / CRH2 / CRH3 / CRH5 / CRH6 / CRH380A / CRH380B / CRH380C ) Vibrant Express ( MTR CRH380A ) § SJ 2000 ( X2000 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Italics : under construction or currently not operational ( - ) , Place A - : section under construction or currently not operational § : in / related to Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan ( Place A -- Place B ) : share tracks with other lines <Th_colspan="2"> High - speed rail <Td_colspan="2"> Part of rail transport Technologies Conventional Hovertrain Maglev Train Vactrain High - speed trains 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) or more Alstom AGV Avelia Horizon Avelia Liberty AVE Class 100 , 102 , 103 China Railways CRH 2C , 3C , 380A , 380B , 380C , 380D , CR400AF , 400BF ; MTR CRH380A ETR 500 ETR 1000 Eurostar e300 ; e320 ICE 3 KTX - I , II ( Sancheon ) Oaris Shinkansen Series 500 , N700 , E5 , E6 , H5 , L0 AVRIL TGV Sud - Est ( refurbished ) , Atlantique , Réseau , Duplex , POS , 2N2 TCDD HT80000 Thalys PBA , PBKA THSR 700T Transrapid Shanghai Maglev Train Siemens Velaro Bombardier Zefiro 250 -- 299 km / h ( 155 -- 186 mph ) China Railways CRH 1A , 1B , 1E , 2A , 2B , 2E , 5 China Star New Pendolino ICE 1 , 2 RENFE Class 120 , 121 , 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501 , RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200 , 300 , 700 , 800 , E2 , E3 , E7 , W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud - Est ( original ) , La Poste V250 200 -- 249 km / h ( 124 -- 155 mph ) Acela Express ACS - 64 Adelante APT AVE Class 101 / Euromed CRH6A DJJ1 ER200 GMB Class 71 ( Flytoget ) HHP - 8 IC4 InterCity 125 InterCity 225 ICE T , TD ICE 4 ( ICx ) Javelin NSB Class 73 NSB Class 74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0 , 100 , 400 , E1 , E4 SBB RABDe 500 , RABDe 502 , RABe 502 , Re 460 SC - 44 SCB - 40 SJ 2000 , SJ X40 Z - TER ( Z 21500 ) Sokol Class 800 , Class 801 , Class 802 Talgo XXI Voyager / Meridian X3 <Td_colspan="2"> Experimental and prototype high - speed trains ( category ) High - speed railway line List of high - speed railway lines By country planned networks in italics Africa Morocco Asia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia and Singapore Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil <Td_colspan="2"> Planned high - 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Rhône LGV Rhône - Alpes LGV Sud - Est LGV Sud Europe Atlantique LGV Perpignan -- Barcelona * Germany Cologne -- Düren * Cologne -- Frankfurt Erfurt -- Leipzig Hanover -- Würzburg Mannheim -- Stuttgart * Nuremberg -- Ingolstadt Rastatt -- Offenburg Wolfsburg -- Berlin Italy Bologna -- Florence Florence -- Rome Milan -- Bologna Milan -- Verona Naples -- Salerno Rome -- Naples Turin -- Milan Netherlands HSL - Zuid Norway Gardermoen Line Poland Grodzisk -- Zawiercie * Russia Moscow -- St. Petersburg * St. Petersburg - Helsinki * Spain Atlantic Axis Barcelona -- Perpignan * Madrid -- Barcelona Madrid -- León Madrid -- Malaga Madrid -- Seville Madrid -- Toledo Madrid -- Levante Sweden Botniabanan United Kingdom High Speed 1 North America United States Northeast Corridor * Oceania None South America None <Td_colspan="2"> * An asterisk indicates overlap with conventional services . Coordinates : 35 ° 31 ′ 45 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 16 '' E  /  35.5291 ° N 118.8045 ° E  / 35.5291 ; 118.8045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing -- Shanghai_high - speed_railway&oldid = 863440378 '' Categories : High - speed railway lines in China Standard gauge railways in China 2011 establishments in China Rail transport in Shanghai Hidden categories : Articles with Chinese - language external links Articles containing Chinese - language text CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 19 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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1. Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway 2. High-speed rail line in China 3. Economic zones in China 4. Construction and history of the railway 5. Rolling stock and operation of the railway

which region of jharkhand herd of elephant are concentrated more

Jharkhand - Wikipedia Jharkhand Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jharkhand <Td_colspan="2"> State of India <Td_colspan="2"> Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Jharkhand <Td_colspan="2"> Map of Jharkhand <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates ( Ranchi ) : 23 ° 21 ′ N 85 ° 20 ′ E  /  23.35 ° N 85.33 ° E  / 23.35 ; 85.33 Coordinates : 23 ° 21 ′ N 85 ° 20 ′ E  /  23.35 ° N 85.33 ° E  / 23.35 ; 85.33 Country India Region East India Formation 15 November 2000 Capital Ranchi Districts 24 <Th_colspan="2"> Government Governor Draupadi Murmu Chief Minister Raghubar Das ( BJP ) Legislature Unicameral ( 81 seats ) Parliamentary constituency 14 High Court Jharkhand High Court <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 79,714 km ( 30,778 sq mi ) Area rank 16th <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) Total 32,988,134 Rank 14th Density 414 / km ( 1,070 / sq mi ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - JH HDI 0.376 ( low ) HDI rank 19th ( 2007 - 08 ) Literacy 67.6 % ( 25th ) Official language Hindi Additional official language Urdu Website www.jharkhand.gov.in <Td_colspan="2"> Formed by the Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Jharkhand ( lit . `` Bushland '' or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000 . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south , and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km ( 30,778 sq mi ) . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . Jharkhand accounts for 40 % of the mineral resources of India , but it suffers widespread poverty as 39.1 per cent of the population is below the poverty line and 19.6 per cent of the children under five years of age are malnourished . The State is primarily a rural state as only 24 percent of the population resides in cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 British rule 1.2 Post-independence 1.3 Jharkhand statehood 1.4 Naxal insurgency 2 Flora and fauna 3 Demographics 4 Religion 5 Cuisine 6 Administrative districts 6.1 Divisions and districts 6.2 Major cities 7 Economy 8 Transport 8.1 Air 8.2 Ports 9 Education 9.1 Schools 9.2 Universities and colleges 9.2. 1 Autonomous 9.2. 2 Agriculture 9.2. 3 Engineering 9.2. 4 Management 9.2. 5 Medical colleges 9.2. 6 Psychiatry 10 Health 11 Animal husbandry and veterinary services 12 Sports 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Jharkhand According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera , there was already a distinct geo - political , cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire . Bera 's book ( page 33 ) also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana . The tribal rulers , some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas , who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands . During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC , India saw the emergence of 16 large states that controlled the entire Indian subcontinent . In those days the Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha , Anga , Banga , Kalinga , Kashi and Vajji . British rule ( edit ) In 1765 , the region came under the control of the British East India Company . The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people . Almost one hundred years before Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Adivasis of Jharkhand were already beginning what would become a series of repeated revolts against British colonial rule : The period of revolts of the Adivasis to protect their Jharkhand land took place from 1771 to 1900 . The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi , a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills in 1771 . He wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors . The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi . Soon after in 1779 , the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum , now in West Bengal . This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau . They revolted against the British rule in 1800 AD . Hardly seven years later in 1807 , the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla . Soon the uprisings spread around Gumla . The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes . They too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813 . The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in open revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords and the British troops for two years . This is called the Lakra Kol Risings 1820 -- 1821 . Then came the great Kol Risings of 1832 . This was the first biggest tribal revolt that greatly upset the British administration in Jharkhand . It was caused by an attempt by the Zamindars to oust the tribal peasants from their hereditary possessions . The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu . Then Birsa Munda revolt , broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900 . The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti , Tamar , Sarwada and Bandgaon , pulled its supporters from Oraon belt of Lohardaga , Sisai and even Barway . It was the longest and the greatest tribal revolt . Post-independence ( edit ) After the last Assembly election in the state threw up a hung Assembly , RJD 's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD will not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganization Bill ( Jharkhand Bill ) . Finally , with the support from both RJD and Congress , the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which has made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier , cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year , thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state . Jharkhand statehood ( edit ) The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio - economic structures in Jharkhand , which was carved out of the relatively under developed southern part of Bihar . According to the 1991 census , the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28 % is tribal while 12 % of the people belong to scheduled castes . Jharkhand has 24 districts , 260 blocks and 32,620 villages out of which only 45 % have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads . Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state , endowed as it is with vast variety of minerals like iron ore , coal , copper ore , mica , bauxite , graphite , limestone , and uranium . Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources . Naxal insurgency ( edit ) Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite - Maoist insurgency . Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967 , 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police , and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum . Despite having a presence in almost 7.80 % of India 's geographical area ( home to 5.50 % of India 's population ) , the state of Jharkhand is part of the `` Naxal Belt '' comprising 92,000 square kilometres , where the highest concentrations of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight . Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours a rich abundance of natural resources , while its people live in abject poverty and destitution . The impoverished state provides ample recruits for the communist insurgents , who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions . As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state , the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land . In response , the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs , such as coal . On 5 March 2007 , Sunil Mahato , a member of the national parliament , was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi . His widow , Suman Mahato , the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate , won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by - election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009 . Flora and fauna ( edit ) State symbols of Jharkhand Formation day 15 November 2000 Created by `` Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 . '' State animal Elephant State bird Koel State tree Sal State flower Palash Palash flowers , bright red , pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall , also known as forest fire A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi , Ranchi Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna . The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety . Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger . This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna , as indicated within brackets : mammals ( 39 ) , snakes ( 8 ) , lizards ( 4 ) , fish ( 6 ) , insects ( 21 ) , birds ( 170 ) , seed bearing plants and trees ( 97 ) , shrubs and herbs ( 46 ) , climbers , parasites and semi-parasites ( 25 ) , and grasses and bamboos ( 17 ) . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Tribes of Jharkhand As per 2011 Indian Census Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million , consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females . The sex ratio is 947 females to 1000 males . The literacy rate of the state was 67.63 % with Ranchi district being most educated at 77.13 % compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17 % . Youth marching : parade for India 's Republic Day , Jharkhand state , India <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1951 9,697,000 -- 1961 11,606,000 19.7 % 1971 14,227,000 22.6 % 1981 17,612,000 23.8 % 1991 21,844,000 24.0 % 26,945,829 23.4 % 2011 32,988,134 22.4 % Est . 32,555,864 20.8 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Census of India Religion ( edit ) Religion in Jharkhand ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 67.8 % ) Islam ( 14.5 % ) Sarnaism ( 12.8 % ) Christianity ( 4.3 % ) Not stated ( 0.6 % ) As per the 2011 census , Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67.8 % , followed by Islam at 14.5 % and Christianity at 4.3 % . Other religions , primarily Sarnaism , constitute 12.8 % of the population . Cuisine ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of Jharkhand Jharkhandis have a cuisine in which spices are rarely used and rice is the staple diet . They prepare different dishes of rice , different types of Rotis , Litti Chokha , Pani puri ( Gupchup ) , Pittha , Dhuska , Dudhauri , kera - dudhauri , Jhalmudhi etc . Dhuska is a famous dish of Jharkhand cooked with mashed rice and pulses and served with either aaloo dum or mutton curry ; kera - dudhauri is a famous dish prepared with milk , rice , ghee and gur . In many parts of Jharkhand including Panch Pargana area ( Bundu , Rahe , Sonahatu , Silli , Angara , Arki and Tamar Blocks of Ranchi & Khunti districts ) a special food item `` Charpa '' is prepared by frying mashed rice mixed with spicy vegetable preparations ; hence the name follows viz . Sembi Charpa , Egg Charpa and many more depending upon the ingredient vegetable source . Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer , originally known as Handiya , named after the vessel ( earthen pot ) used to make it . Handiya is culturally associated with native i.e. Tribals as well as Sadan , as this drink is consumed by both men and women , on social occasions like marriage and other festivals . Another common liquor is called Mahu , made from fruit / flowers of the `` Mahua '' tree ( Madhukam Indicum ) . Administrative districts ( edit ) Main article : Districts of Jharkhand The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar . Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts , namely , Latehar , Saraikela Kharsawan , Jamtara , Sahebganj , Khunti and Ramgarh . At present , the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts . One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts , except Lohardaga and Khunti , share a border with a neighboring state . Divisions and districts ( edit ) Palamu Division : Garhwa Palamu Latehar North Chotanagpur Division : Chatra Hazaribag Giridih Koderma Dhanbad Bokaro Ramgarh South Chotanagpur Division : Ranchi Lohardaga Gumla Simdega Khunti Kolhan Division : West Singhbhum Seraikela Kharsawan East Singhbhum Santhal Pargana Division : Deoghar Jamtara Dumka Godda Pakur Sahebganj Major cities ( edit ) <Th_colspan="12"> Largest Cities in Jharkhand ( 2011 Census of India estimate ) Rank City District Population Rank City District Population Jamshedpur Bokaro 01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum 1,339,438 06 Phusro Bokaro 185,555 02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1,196,214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153,595 03 Ranchi Ranchi 1,120,374 08 Giridih Giridh 143,630 04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564,319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132,425 05 Deoghar Deoghar 203,123 10 Daltonganj Palamu 120,325 Economy ( edit ) Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities . Urbanization ratio is 24.1 % and the per capita annual income is US $726.8 . Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources : minerals ranging from ( ranking in the country within bracket ) from iron ore ( 1st ) , coal ( 3rd ) , copper ore ( 1st ) , mica ( 1st ) , bauxite ( 3rd ) , Manganese , limestone , china clay , fire clay , graphite ( 8th ) , kainite ( 1st ) , chromite ( 2nd ) , asbestos ( 1st ) , thorium ( 3rd ) , sillimanite , uranium ( Jaduguda mines , Narwa Pahar ) ( 1st ) and even gold ( Rakha Mines ) ( 6th ) and silver and several other minerals . Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry , in centres like Jamshedpur , Dhanbad , Bokaro and Ranchi . Tata Steel , a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar , Jharkhand . It reported a gross income of ₹ . 204,910 million for 2005 . NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011 -- 12 , for which the company will be investing about Rs 1,800 crore . Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Ranchi Airport ( IXR ) Ranchi Airport is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of Delhi , Kolkata , Bangalore , Mumbai among others . Other airports present in the state are Bokaro Airport , Jamshedpur Airport , Chakulia Airport , Dumka Airport and Dhanbad Airport who mostly run private and charter flights . Ports ( edit ) Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways . A multi-model port has been planned at Sahebganj where river Ganges flows . The project is estimated to cost INR 6,500 crores and phase - 1 is estimated to be completed by 2019 . Education ( edit ) As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63 % ( Male : 78.45 % ; Female : 56.21 % ) with 9 districts above the average literacy rate : Ranchi : 77.13 % ( Male : 85.53 % ; Female : 68.20 % ) East Singhbhum : 76.13 % ( Male : 84.51 % ; Female : 67.33 % ) Dhanbad : 75.71 % ( Male : 85.68 % ; Female : 64.70 % ) Ramgarh : 73.92 % ( Male : 83.51 % ; Female : 63.49 % ) Bokaro : 78.48 % ( Male : 84.50 % ; Female : 61.46 % ) Hazaribagh : 70.48 % ( Male : 81.15 % ; Female : 59.25 % ) Saraikela Khasawan : 68.85 % ( Male : 81.01 % ; Female : 56.19 % ) Kodarma : 68.35 % ( Male : 81.25 % ; Female : 54.77 % ) Lohardaga : 68.29 % ( Male : 78.62 % ; Female : 57.86 % ) Deoghar : 66.34 % ( Male : 79.13 % ; Female : 53.39 % ) Since the formation of the new state , the Jharkhand Education Project Council ( JEPC ) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education : DPEP , SSA , NPEGEL , and KGBV . The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of hundred percent enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained . Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95 % of children of ages 6 -- 11 are enrolled in school , as opposed to 56 % in 1993 -- 94 , so this will likely to improve literacy a great deal . Some of the better known schools which operate nationally and regionally are Vikas Vidyalaya , Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya , DAV Hehal , St. Thomas School , Delhi Public School , Oxford Public School , De Nobili School , Kendriya Vidyalaya , Chinmaya Public School , Loyola school , Sacred Heart School , St. Xavier 's , Shishu Mandir , and Surendranath Centenary School . Students from Jharkhand rank well in almost all competitive exams at the national level . Schools ( edit ) The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi / English with English / Hindi / Sanskrit / Bengali / Odia as second language . After 10 years of schooling , students can join 2 years of Intermediate course ( or + 2 courses ) in Arts , Science and Commerce . This is followed by 3 years of degree courses ( graduation ) or 4 years of Engineering / Agriculture / Medicine degree . On May 2008 , Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce free haircuts for poor students . 40,000 barbers will be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees ( 25 US dollars ) which will cost the state government 40 million rupees ( 1 million US dollars ) . Universities and colleges ( edit ) See also : List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand Birsa Agricultural University , Kanke , Ranchi Central University of Jharkhand , Brambe , Ranchi Jharkhand Rai University , Ranchi Kolhan University , Chaibasa National University of Study and Research in Law , Ranchi Nilamber Pitamber University , Medininagar Ranchi University , Ranchi Sido Kanhu Murmu University , Dumka Vinoba Bhave University , Hazaribagh Autonomous ( edit ) Indian Institute of Information Technology , Ranchi Indian Institute of Management Ranchi Indian Institute of Technology ( Indian School of Mines ) , Dhanbad National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology ( NIFFT ) , Ranchi National University of Study and Research in Law National Institute of Technology , Jamshedpur St. Xavier 's College , Ranchi Xavier Institute of Social Service ( XISS ) , Ranchi Xavier Labour Relations Institute ( XLRI ) , Jamshedpur Agriculture ( edit ) Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology , Ranchi Engineering ( edit ) Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri , Dhanbad Cambridge Institute of Technology , Ranchi DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology , Daltonganj R.V.S College of Engineering and Technology , Jamshedpur Management ( edit ) Institute of Management Studies , Ranchi IMS - RU Medical colleges ( edit ) M.G.M Medical College , Jamshedpur Patliputra Medical College and Hospital ( PMCH ) , Dhanbad Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences ( RIMS ) , Ranchi Psychiatry ( edit ) Central Institute of Psychiatry Health ( edit ) Because of its mild climate , Jharkhand , particularly its capital Ranchi , has been like a health resort . As far back as 1918 , facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged . European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital . Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro - psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively . In certain areas of Jharkhand , poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis ( TB ) . In fact , TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state . For management and treatment of such TB , Itki TB Sanatorium , Ranchi , established in 1928 has been doing exemplary work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB . The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M. TB . It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as Drug resistant TB . Likewise , in the field of treatment of cancer , Tata Main Hospital , Jamshedpur , is rendering pioneering work . In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India . Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state , overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements . An exception is the famous Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities . Ranchi , the capital , has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals . Hospitals like Orchid Medical Centre have introduced world class healthcare services to the people of the state . However , in rural areas facilities are still scarce and reliant on foreign aid projects ( such as Traditional Healthcare in Datom ) for the establishment of clinics Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand . A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines . Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis , prevalent bone fractures , and skeletal fluorosis , an irreversible disabling condition . Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants . Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options , while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions . Almost 80 % of Jharkhand 's people are farmers , although it contains 40 % of India 's mineral reserves it has some of India 's poorest people , in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought , with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance . Animal Husbandry and Veterinary services ( edit ) Jharkhand has a diverse domestic animal population , including local and crossbred cattle , black Bengal goat , chhotanagpuri sheep , murrah and local buffalo , broilers and ducks of many varieties . The state Veterinary department runs Veterinary Dispensaries located throughout Jharkhand and posts Touring Veterinary officers , Block Animal Husbandry Officers , Touring Veterinary officers ( mobile ) , Assistant Poultry Officers and Veterinary Surgeons to support the agricultural industry . The state has a Veterinary College located at Kanke , Ranchi . Sports ( edit ) Cricket , Hockey and football are popular games with the people of Jharkhand . Jharkhand has given some brilliant players like Jaipal Singh , a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno , Birendra Lakra and his brother Bimal Lakra , currently playing for the Indian Hockey team . Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was the captain of Indian cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup Glory on 2 April 2011 , ending a 28 - year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lords , England . Another rising cricketer from Jharkhand is Varun Aaron , India 's fastest bowler and Saurabh Tiwary , left hand hard hitting batsman of India who represented Mumbai Indians from the 2008 Indian Premier League and currently playing for Delhi Daredevils in 2015 . He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U / 19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia . Ashunta Lakra , sister of Vimal Lakra is the Indian Hockey Captain currently. And one of the emerging sport personality is Deepika Kumari , a young Indian athlete who competes in the event of Archery . She won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women 's individual recurve event . An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed . This international stadium has hosted an International Match between India and England on 19 January 2013 . Apart from that , this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs . A Tennis Academy , which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik , also runs besides the Cricket stadium . Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013 . Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel - Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays . Ranchi is also famous for being the hometown of World Cup winning Captain of Indian Cricket team , Mahendra Singh Dhoni . India 's ace archer Deepika Kumari , gold medal winner of Commonwealth Games 2010 and current world no. 1 rank holder , also hails from Ranchi . See also ( edit ) Outline of India Index of India - related articles Bibliography of India List of people from Jharkhand India -- Wikipedia book Jharkhand portal India portal South Asia portal Asia portal Geography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 50th report ( July 2012 to June 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jharkhand -- At a Glance '' . Jump up ^ ( ( Cite web url = https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html ) ) Jump up ^ `` UNDP - Jharkhand : Economic and Human Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . http://www.in.undp.org . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jharkhand Profile ( 2011 ) . `` Census India '' ( PDF ) . http://censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gautam Kumar Bera ( 2008 ) . The unrest axle : ethno - social movements in Eastern India . Mittal Publications . pp. 32 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8324 - 145 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Munda Rajas '' . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arjun Munda unveils ancient tribal Raja 's statue in Pithoria '' . jharkhandstatenews . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ J.B. Hoffmann ( 1984 ) . A missionary social worker in India . Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7652 - 539 - 1 . Jump up ^ Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874 -- 1901 : A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur , by Kumar Suresh Singh . Oxford University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ emerging jharkhand times impact awards - Advertising agencies in ranchi -- public relations of jharkhand - information about jharkhand -- event management companies in ranchi . Emergingjharkhand.com ( 12 April 2012 ) . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ gigisoftsolutions . `` History of Jharkhand , Jharkhand History '' . traveljharkhand.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand '' . www.jharkhand.gov.in . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bhaumik , Subir ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Cell phones to fight India rebels '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Maoists Insurgency in India '' . Global Politician. 15 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Maoists who menace India , New York Times , 17 April 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Hidden civil war drains India 's energy '' . Asia Times Online . 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Thaker , Jayesh ( 12 April 2014 ) . `` Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight '' . The Telegraph . Kolkata . ^ Jump up to : `` State animals , birds , trees and flowers '' ( PDF ) . Wildlife Institute of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district '' . Official website of the Palamau district . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jharkhand Provisional Result - Census 2011 - Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census Population '' ( PDF ) . Census of India . Ministry of Finance India . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by religion community -- 2011 '' . Census of India , 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Jharkhand 's Singhbhum , religion census deepens divide among tribals '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life '' . Great Indian Food . 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` : : Jharkhand Tourism : : Cusines '' . www.jharkhandtourism.in . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hadia is a popular beverage of Jharkhand Rice Knowledge Management Portal -- Rice , Paddy , Dhan , Chawal , Rice Research Domain , Rice Extension Domain , Rice Farmers Domain , Rice General Domain , Rice Service Domain , RKMP , Rice in India , Rice Government Schemes , Rice ITKs , Rice FLDs , Rice Package of Practices '' . www.rkmp.co.in . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph -- Calcutta : Jharkhand '' . www.telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High time to make most of mahua -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Districts of Jharkhand '' . www.jharkhand.gov.in . Government of Jharkhan . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jharkhand '' . Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner . 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jharkhand '' ( PDF ) . India Brand Equity Foundation . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tata Steel > Listing Details > Steel -- Large > Listing Details of Tata Steel -- BSE : 500470 , NSE : TATASTEEL '' . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP '' . business.rediff.com . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ranchi Airport crosses one million mark of passengers . PASSENGERS '' . Pioneer . www.dailypioneer.com . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhanbad , Dumka on chartered flight path '' . The Telegraph . 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-model port to come up at Sahibganj : Gadkari '' . The Pioneer . 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sahibganj to be exim hub with a multimodal plan : Nitin Gadkari '' . Business Standard . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Arora , Rajat ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` L&T to construct Sahibganj Multi modal transportation terminal '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta . `` District - specific Literates and Literacy Rates , 2001 '' . Educationforallinindia.com . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Family Health Survey , 1998 -- 99 : Fact Sheet , Jharkhand , Section : Basic Socio - Demographic Features of Jharkhand '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sanjay Pandey ( 16 October 2007 ) . `` The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State '' . MyNews.in . Jump up ^ Sanjiv Shekhar ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Many clear IIT - JEE in Jharkhand '' . Times of India . TNN . Jump up ^ Tewary , Amarnath ( 13 May 2008 ) . `` South Asia Free haircuts for India students '' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Central Institute of Psychiatry , Ranchi . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre '' . Tatamemorialcentre.com. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fluoride alert for groundwater '' . The Telegraph , Calcutta. 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Khandare , AL ; Harikumar , R ; Sivakumar , B ( 2005 ) . `` Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar - India '' . Calcified tissue international . 76 ( 6 ) : 412 -- 8 . PMID 15895280 . doi : 10.1007 / s00223 - 005 - 0233 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India '' . Disability News India . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fluoride alert for groundwater , '' The Telegraph , Calcutta , Friday 11 January 2008. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ MacDonald , L. `` Water and Health : An effective , sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State , India '' Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pandey , Geeta ( 1 August 2009 ) . `` Jharkhand farmers despair at drought '' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ranchi 's new stadium set to host maiden One - Day International on January 19 '' . The Times Of India . 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis takes Sania - Shoaib to Ranchi '' . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League '' . The Times Of India . 14 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJharkhandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Government of Jharkhand , India General information Jharkhand Encyclopædia Britannica entry Jharkhand at DMOZ Geographic data related to Jharkhand at OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="4"> Places adjacent to Jharkhand <Td_colspan="2"> Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha <Th_colspan="2"> Indian State of Jharkhand <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Ranchi Topics History Government Geography Education People Tourism Highest point Divisions Kolhan North Chotanagpur Palamu Santhal Pargana South Chotanagpur Districts Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka East Singhbhum Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Khunti Koderma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamu Ramgarh Ranchi Sahebganj Seraikela Kharsawan Simdega West Singhbhum Major cities Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi Bokaro Hazaribagh Deoghar Chaibasa Medininagar Dumka <Th_colspan="2"> States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry <Td_colspan="2"> Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces VIAF : 241843707 GND : 4364512 - 4 BNF : cb150684004 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&oldid=801175897 '' Categories : Jharkhand States and territories of India States and territories established in 2000 2000 establishments in India Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Use Indian English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 Articles with failed verification from May 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 03 : 28 . 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1. Jharkhand statehood 2. Mineral resources of Jharkhand 3. Naxal insurgency in Jharkhand 4. Flora and fauna of Jharkhand 5. Demographics of Jharkhand

what is a characteristic of the invasion novel

Invasion literature - wikipedia Invasion literature Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Battle of Dorking ( 1871 ) triggered an explosion of invasion literature . Cover page from a 1914 edition . Invasion literature ( or the invasion novel ) is a literary genre most notable between 1871 and the First World War ( 1914 ) but still practised to this day . The genre first became recognizable starting in Britain in 1871 with The Battle of Dorking , a fictional account of an invasion of England by Germany . This short story was so popular it started a literary craze for tales that aroused imaginations and anxieties about hypothetical invasions by foreign powers , and by 1914 the genre had amassed a corpus of over 400 books , many best - sellers , and a world - wide audience . The genre was influential in Britain in shaping politics , national policies , and popular perceptions in the years leading up to the First World War , and remains a part of popular culture to this day . Several of the books were written by or ghostwritten for military officers and experts of the day who believed that the nation would be saved if the particular tactic that they favoured was or would be adopted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre - `` Dorking '' 2 In Europe 3 In Asia 4 In the USA 5 In Australia 6 After World War I 7 After World War II 8 Political impact 9 Notable invasion literature 9.1 Pre-World War I 9.2 Post-World War I 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links Pre - `` Dorking '' ( edit ) Nearly a century before the invasion literature genre became a true popular phenomenon after the publication of The Battle of Dorking in the 1870s , a mini-boom of invasion stories appeared soon after the French developed the hot - air balloon . Poems and plays that centred on armies of balloons invading England could be found in France , and even America . However , it was not until the Prussians used advanced technologies such as breech - loading artillery and railroads to defeat the French in the 1870 War that the fear of invasion by a technologically superior enemy became more realistic . In Europe ( edit ) The Battle of Dorking ( 1871 ) by George Tomkyns Chesney first appeared in Blackwood 's Magazine , a respected Victorian political journal read by important British politicians . This short story describes the invasion of England by an unnamed enemy ( who happen to speak German ) , in which the narrator and 1,000 citizens defend the small English town of Dorking , with no supplies or news of outside events . The story then moves forward in time 50 years and England is still devastated . The author , like many of his countrymen at the time , was alarmed by Prussia 's successful invasion of France in 1870 , defeating Europe 's largest army in only two months . The Battle of Dorking was initially meant to shock readers into becoming more aware of the possible dangers of a foreign threat , but unwittingly created a new literary genre appealing to popular anxieties . The story was an immediate success , with one reviewer saying `` We do not know that we ever saw anything better in any magazine ... it describes exactly what we all feel . '' It was so popular that the magazine was re-printed six times , a new pamphlet version was created , dozens of spoofs were created , and it was for sale throughout the British Empire . One running joke in England at the time was an injury , such as a bruise or scrape , being attributed to a wound received at the battle of Dorking . Between the publication of The Battle of Dorking in 1871 and the start of the First World War in 1914 there were hundreds of authors writing invasion literature , often topping the best seller lists in Germany , France , England and the United States . During the period it is estimated over 400 invasion works were published . Probably the best known work was H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) , bearing plot similarities to The Battle of Dorking but with a science fiction theme . In 1907 , Wells wrote The War in the Air , a cautionary tale depicting purely human invasions : a German invasion of the US triggers off a worldwide chain of attacks and counter-attacks , leading to the destruction of all major cities and centers , the collapse of world economy , disintegration of all the fighting nations and the sinking of the world into new Middle Ages . Dracula ( 1897 ) also tapped into English fears of foreign forces arriving unopposed on its shores , although between 1870 and 1903 the majority of these works assumed that the enemy would be France , rather than Germany . This changed with the publication of Erskine Childers 's 1903 novel The Riddle of the Sands . Often called the first modern spy novel , two men on a sailing holiday thwart a German invasion of England when they discover a secret fleet of invasion barges assembling on the German coast . Of these hundreds of authors , few are in print now . Saki is one of the exceptions , although his 1913 novel When William Came ( subtitled `` A Story of London Under the Hohenzollerns '' ) is more jingoistic than literary . Another is John Buchan , whose novel The Thirty - Nine Steps , published in 1915 but written just prior to the outbreak of World War I , is a thriller dealing with German agents in Britain preparing for an invasion . William Le Queux was the most prolific author of the genre ; his first novel was The Great War in England in 1897 ( 1894 ) and he went on to publish from one to twelve novels a year until his death in 1927 . His work was regularly serialised in newspapers , particularly the Daily Mail , and attracted many readers . It is believed Ian Fleming 's James Bond character was inspired by Le Queux 's agent `` Duckworth Drew '' . In some ways The Great War can be considered an antithesis to The Battle of Dorking -- with the one ending for Britain in sombre and irrevocable defeat and decline , while in the other the invasion of London is pushed back in the last moment ( with the help of Germany , portrayed as a staunch ally against France and Russia ) , with enormous territorial aggrandizement ( Britain gets Algeria and Russian Central Asia ; `` Britannia '' becomes `` Empress of the World '' ) . Le Queux 's most popular invasion novel was The Invasion of 1910 ( 1906 ) which was translated into twenty - seven languages selling more than a million copies world - wide . Le Queux and his publisher changed the ending depending on the language , so in the German print edition the fatherland wins , while in the English edition the Germans lose . Le Queux was said to be Queen Alexandra 's favorite author . P.G. Wodehouse parodied the genre in The Swoop ! , in which England is simultaneously invaded by nine different armies , including Switzerland and Germany . English elites appear to be more interested in a cricket tournament , and the country is eventually saved by a boy scout named Clarence . In Asia ( edit ) Invasion literature had its impact also in Japan , at the time undergoing a fast process of modernization . Shunrō Oshikawa , a pioneer of Japanese science fiction and adventure stories ( genres unknown in Japan until a few years earlier ) , published around the start of the 20th century the best - seller Kaitō Bōken Kidan : Kaitei Gunkan ( `` Undersea Battleship '' ) : the story of an armoured , ram - armed submarine involved in a future history of war between Japan and Russia . The novel reflected the imperialist ambitions of Japan at the time , and foreshadowed the Russo - Japanese War that followed a few years later , in 1904 . When the actual war with Russia broke out , Oshikawa covered it as a journalist while also continuing to publish further volumes of fiction depicting Japanese imperial exploits set in the Pacific and Indian Ocean -- which also proved an enormous success with the Japanese public . In a later career as a magazine editor , he also encouraged the writing of more fiction in the same vein by other Japanese authors . Colonial Hong Kong 's earliest work of invasion literature is believed to have been the 1897 The Back Door . Published in serial form in a local English - language newspaper , it described a fictional French and Russian naval landing at Hong Kong Island 's Deep Water Bay ; the story was intended to criticise the lack of British funding for the defence of Hong Kong , and it is speculated that members of the Imperial Japanese Army may have read the book in preparation for the 1941 Battle of Hong Kong . In the USA ( edit ) One of the earliest stories to appear in print in the USA was `` The Stricken Nation '' by Henry Grattan Donnelly published in 1890 in New York . It tells of a successful British invasion of the USA . The move of American public opinion towards participation in World War I was reflected in Uncle Sam 's Boys at The Invasion of the United States by H. Irving Hancock . This four - book series , published by the Henry Altemus Company in 1916 , depicts a German invasion of the US in 1920 -- 1921 . The plot seems to transfer the main story line of Le Queux 's The Great War ( with which the writer may have been familiar ) to an American theatre : the Germans launch a surprise attack , capture Boston despite heroic resistance by `` Uncle Sam 's boys '' , overrun all of New England and New York and reach as far as Pittsburgh -- but at last are gloriously crushed by fresh American forces . In Australia ( edit ) Australia 's contribution to invasion literature was set against the background of pre-Federation colonial fears of the `` Yellow Peril '' and the foundations of the White Australia policy . From the late 1880s through to the beginning of World War I , this fear was expressed in Australia through cartoons , poems , plays and novels . Three of the most well known of these novels were White or Yellow ? A Story of the Race War of AD 1908 ( 1888 ) by journalist William Lane , The Yellow Wave ( 1895 ) by Kenneth Mackay and The Australian Crisis ( 1909 ) by Charles H. Kirmess ( possibly a pseudonym for another Australian author Frank Fox ) . Each of these novels contained two major common themes which were a reflection of the fears and concerns within a contemporary Australian context ; the Australian continent was at risk of major invasion from a strong Asian power ( ie . China or Japan , sometimes with the assistance of the Russian Empire ) and that Britain was apathetic towards the protection of its faraway colonies , and would not come to Australia 's aid when needed . After World War I ( edit ) The `` First Red Scare '' following World War I produced Edgar Rice Burroughs 's The Moon Men ( 1925 ) , a depiction of Earth ( and specifically , the United States ) under the rule of cruel invaders from the Moon . This book is known to have been originally written as Under the Red Flag , an explicit anti-Communist novel , and when rejected by the publishers in that form it was successfully `` recycled '' by Burroughs as science fiction . Robert A. Heinlein 's Sixth Column ( 1941 ) told the story of the invasion and conquest of the United States by the technologically advanced PanAsians , and the subsequent guerrilla struggle to overthrow them with even more advanced technology . After World War ii ( edit ) Fears of Communist invasion became even more pronounced in books like Robert A. Heinlein 's The Puppet Masters ( 1951 ) and films like Invasion USA ( 1953 ) and a Department of Defense information film released to the general public Red Nightmare ( 1957 ) . A more explicit Soviet invasion and occupation is depicted in Jerry Sohl 's Point Ultimate ( 1955 ) -- where the United States lies prostrate under cruel and degenerate Soviet occupiers , helped by `` Commie '' American collaborators -- but a band of undaunted rebels manage the improbable feat of launching an extensive space program under the Soviets ' noses , colonising Mars and using it as a base of operations . Similar themes were continued in the 1980s with the movie Red Dawn ( 1984 ) and TV miniseries Amerika ( 1987 ) . During the 1960s , the enemy was changed from the Soviet Union to Red China where China was shown as behind plots to destroy the American economy with a nuclear weapon in Goldfinger ( 1964 ) , instigating a war between the USA and USSR in You Only Live Twice and invading the United States from tunnels dug beneath the ocean in Battle Beneath the Earth ( 1967 ) . In 1971 , when realization of losing the Vietnam War was sinking into the American consciousness , two books appeared almost simultaneously , both depicting a United States under Soviet occupation . In Vandenberg by Oliver Lange -- written , like `` Dorking '' , as a cautionary tale -- most Americans accept Soviet overlordship without much protest , the only resistance coming from a group of oddballs in a corner of New Mexico . In contrast , in John Ball 's The First Team -- as in `` The Great War '' -- a seemingly hopeless situation is retrieved by a band of courageous patriots with the book ending on a note of uplifting liberation . The Amerika TV miniseries , depicting a Soviet - occupied US , was aired in 1987 - a time when Gorbachev 's Perestroika already rendered its theme highly implausible . The Tomorrow series by John Marsden , published between 1993 and 1999 , detail an invasion of Australia by an unnamed country from the perspective of a band of teenage guerillas . Allebury , All Our Tomorrows , resistance to a Soviet occupation of the U.K. Political Impact ( edit ) Stories of a planned German invasion rose to increasing political prominence from 1906 . Taking their inspiration from the stories of Le Queux and Childers , hundreds of ordinary citizens began to suspect foreigners of espionage . This trend was accentuated by Le Queux , who collected ' sightings ' brought to his attention by readers and raised them through his association with the Daily Mail . Subsequent research has since shown that no significant German espionage network existed in Britain at this time . Claims about the scale of German invasion preparations grew increasingly ambitious . The number of German spies was put at between 60,000 and 300,000 ( in spite of the total German community in Britain being no more than 44,000 people ) . It was alleged that thousands of rifles were being stockpiled by German spies in order to arm saboteurs at the outbreak of war . Calls for government action grew ever more intense , and in 1909 it was given as the reason for the secret foundation of the Secret Service Bureau , the forerunner of MI5 and MI6 . Historians today debate whether this was in fact the real reason , but in any case the concerns raised in invasion literature came to define the early duties of the Bureau 's Home Section . Vernon Kell , the section head , remained obsessed with the location of these saboteurs , focusing his operational plans both before and during the war on defeating the saboteurs imagined by Le Queux . Invasion literature was not without detractors ; policy experts in the years preceding the First World War said invasion literature risked inciting war between England and Germany and France . Critics such as Prime Minister Henry Campbell - Bannerman denounced Le Queux 's The Invasion of 1910 as `` calculated to inflame public opinion abroad and alarm the more ignorant public at home . '' Journalist Charles Lowe wrote in 1910 : `` Among all the causes contributing to the continuance of a state of bad blood between England and Germany perhaps the most potent is the baneful industry of those unscrupulous writers who are forever asserting that the Germans are only awaiting a fitting opportunity to attack us in our island home and burst us up . '' Notable invasion literature ( edit ) Promised Horrors of the French Invasion '' -- a cartoon by the British James Gillray published during the French Revolution and depicting a London occupied by the French Pre-world War I ( edit ) The Battle of Dorking ( 1871 ) , George Tomkyns Chesney A Catástrofe ( c. 1878 ) , José Maria Eça de Queiroz La Guerre de demain ( 1888 ) , Émile Driant The Germ Growers ( 1892 ) , Robert Potter The Captain of the Mary Rose ( 1894 ) , William Laird Clowes The Great War in England in 1897 ( 1894 ) , William Le Queux The Yellow Wave ( 1897 ) , Kenneth Mackay The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) , H.G. Wells The Riddle of the Sands ( 1903 ) , Erskine Childers The Invasion of 1910 ( 1906 ) , William Le Queux The Australian Crisis ( 1907 ) , C.H. Kirmess Spies of the Kaiser ( 1909 ) , William Le Queux When William Came ( 1913 ) , Saki The Fall of a Nation ( 1916 ) , Thomas Dixon Jr . Before Armageddon : An Anthology of Victorian and Edwardian Imaginative Fiction Published Before 1914 edited by Michael Moorcock ( 1975 ) England Invaded ( 1977 ) , a collection of six popular Invasion Literature stories edited by Michael Moorcock published in 1977 . Post-World War I ( edit ) The Third World War : August 1985 ( 1978 ) and The Third World War : The Untold Story ( 1982 ) by General Sir John Hackett The Survivalist series ( 1981 -- 1993 ) , Jerry Ahern Tomorrow series ( 1993 -- 1999 ) , John Marsden The Ashes series ( 1983 -- 2003 ) , William W. Johnstone See also ( edit ) Alien invasion Alternate history British Empire in fiction World War III in popular culture Book of Invasions Not This August Invasion U.S.A. ( 1952 film ) Invasion U.S.A. ( 1985 film ) Red Dawn Axis victory in World War II Amerika ( TV miniseries ) World War III ( miniseries ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiss 2005 . Jump up ^ Echevarria , Antonio J. ( 2007 ) . Imagining Future War : The West 's Technological Revolution and Visions of Wars to Come 1880 -- 1914 . Prager Institute . ISBN 9780313051104 . Jump up ^ Patrick M Kirkwood , `` The Impact of Fiction on Public Debate in Late Victorian Britain : The Battle of Dorking and the ' Lost Career ' of Sir George Tomkyns Chesney , '' The Graduate History Review 4 , No. 1 ( Fall , 2012 ) , 1 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bickley , Gillian . Hong Kong Invaded ! A 97 Nightmare . Hong Kong , China : Hong Kong University Press . ISBN 962 - 209 - 526 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clarke , I.F. , ed. ( 1995 ) . Tales of the next great war . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 081562672X . Jump up ^ Curran , James ; Ward , Stuart , eds. ( 2013 ) . Australia and the Wider World : Selected Essays of Neville Meaney . Sydney University Press . ISBN 9781743320259 . References ( edit ) Affeldt , Stefanie ( 2011 ) . `` ' White ' Nation -- ' White ' Angst . The Literary Invasion of Australia '' . In Wigger , Iris ; Ritter , Sabine . Racism and Modernity . Berlin : Lit . pp. 222 -- 235 . ISBN 9783643901491 . Christopher , Andrew ( 1985 ) . Secret Service : the making of the British intelligence community . ISBN 0 - 434 - 02110 - 5 . Clarke , I.F. ( 1992 ) ( 1966 ) . Voices Prophesying War : Future Wars , 1763 -- 3749 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 212302 - 5 . Reiss , Tom ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Imagining the Worst : How a literary genre anticipated the modern world '' . The New Yorker : 106 -- 114 . External links ( edit ) Clarke , I.F. , 1997 . `` Future War Fiction '' . An award - winning essay . Clarke , I.F. , 1997 . `` Before and After The Battle of Dorking '' . George Tomkyns Chesney ( 1871 ) . The Battle of Dorking . London , G. Richards ltd. , 1914 , introduction by G.H. Powell . From Internet Archive . Patrick M. Kirkwood , `` The Impact of Fiction on Public Debate in Late Victorian Britain : The Battle of Dorking and the ' Lost Career ' of Sir George Tomkyns Chesney '' , The Graduate History Review 4 , No. 1 ( Fall , 2012 ) , 1 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_literature&oldid=800500137 '' Categories : Invasion literature Fiction by genre Military fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Invasion literature 2. The Battle of Dorking 3. Genre of invasion novels 4. Influence on politics and popular culture 5. Notable authors and works

who played susan in the movie the patriot

Skye McCole Bartusiak - wikipedia Skye McCole Bartusiak This person 's surname is McCole Bartusiak , not Bartusiak . <Th_colspan="2"> Skye McCole Bartusiak <Td_colspan="2"> Skye McCole Bartusiak in an undated portfolio image ( 1992 - 09 - 28 ) September 28 , 1992 Houston , Texas , U.S. July 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) ( aged 21 ) Houston , Texas , U.S. Cause of death Accidental drug overdose Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- 2014 Website Official website Skye McCole Bartusiak ( September 28 , 1992 -- July 19 , 2014 ) was an American film and television actress . She appeared in The Patriot ( 2000 ) , Do n't Say a Word ( 2001 ) , as Rose Wilder in Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder ( 2002 ) , 24 ( 2002 -- 03 ) , Boogeyman ( 2005 ) , and Kill Your Darlings ( 2006 ) . McCole Bartusiak died at age 21 in her apartment behind her parents ' home . Her death was ruled the result of an accidental drug overdose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Skye McCole Bartusiak was born in Houston , Texas , where she lived with her parents , Helen ( née McCole ) and Donald Bartusiak , until her death . Career ( edit ) McCole Bartusiak first starred in Stephen King 's Storm of the Century as young Pippa Hatcher . In 2000 , she appeared in The Patriot as the youngest child of a militia leader portrayed by Mel Gibson . She played the young Marilyn Monroe in the TV miniseries Blonde , and the psychiatrist 's daughter in Do n't Say a Word alongside Michael Douglas and Brittany Murphy , both in 2001 . She also played young Charlie McGee in Firestarter : Rekindled and Megan Matheson during season two of the television series 24 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) . McCole Bartusiak made an appearance in the short film The Vest in 2003 and played the part of The Girl in Once Not Far from Home in 2005 . She also tried her hand at theatre , playing in The Miracle Worker alongside Hilary Swank at the Charlotte Theatre in North Carolina . In 2003 , McCole Bartusiak returned to period drama with Love Comes Softly , and a year later she played the young Jackie in Against the Ropes alongside Meg Ryan . In 2005 , she received main billing for her role as Franny Roberts in the hit horror film Boogeyman . She starred in the `` Kids '' episode of the hospital drama series House , and took a lead role as Sunshine in the film Kill Your Darlings , playing a troubled teen willing to do anything to get the attention of her busy father . Death ( edit ) On July 19 , 2014 , McCole Bartusiak died in her apartment behind her parents ' Houston home . Her mother told CNN and the Associated Press that Skye 's boyfriend found the actress sitting up in her bed ; Helen began CPR on her daughter before the arrival of paramedics , who then worked `` for 45 minutes '' to resuscitate . Her mother said Skye `` had been healthy and did not drink or do drugs '' , but had recently been suffering from epileptic seizures ; she believed that this fact had likely played a role in her daughter 's death . A memorial service was held in Houston six days later ; her brother Stephen told mourners : `` If you want to know what makes Skye happy , go out and plant a tree . '' The Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences ruled in October 2014 that McCole Bartusiak 's death was an accident . The `` combined toxic effects of hydrocodone and difluoroethane with carisoprodol '' were listed as the main cause of death . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 1999 The Cider House Rules Hazel 2000 The Prophet 's Game Adele Highsmith ( child ) 2000 The Patriot Susan Martin 2001 Do n't Say a Word Jessie Conrad 2001 Riding in Cars with Boys Amelia - Age 8 2001 The Affair of the Necklace Dove ( scenes deleted ) 2002 Flashpoint Lizzie 2003 Love Comes Softly Missie Davis 2003 The Vest Sara Short Against the Ropes Little Jackie Kallen 2005 Boogeyman Franny Roberts 2006 Kill Your Darlings Sunshine 2006 Once Not Far from Home The Little Girl Short 2006 Razor Sharp Isis / Ice - 6 Short 2008 A Fix Natalie Coleman Short 2008 Pineapple Alex 2009 Wild About Harry Daisy Goodhart 2011 Good Day for It Rachel 2011 University of Penn Relay Carnival N / A Director 2012 Twelve Hungry Men Jesse Short 2012 Dr. Oscar Griffith : Hollywood Psychiatrist The Pop Star / Rachel Short 2012 Sick Boy Lucy Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1999 Storm of the Century Pippa Hatcher 2 episodes 1999 JAG Rachel Sherkston Episode : `` Shakedown '' 1999 Judging Amy Marcy Noble Episode : `` Presumed Innocent '' 1999 Witness Protection Suzie Batton TV film 2000 Providence Jessie Episode : `` Taking a Chance on Love '' 2000 Frasier Girl with Drawing Episode : `` The Three Faces of Frasier '' 2000 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jennifer Episode : `` Legacy '' 2000 The Darkling Casey Obold TV film 2001 Touched by an Angel Sarah Episode : `` The Birthday Present '' 2001 Blonde Young Norma Jeane Baker TV film 2002 Firestarter : Rekindled Young Charlie McGee TV film 2002 Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Rose Wilder TV film 2002 -- 03 24 Megan Matheson 8 episodes 2003 Love Comes Softly Missie Davis TV film George Lopez L'il Bit 2 episodes 2005 House Mary Carroll Episode : `` Kids '' 2005 Lost Young Kate Austen ( voice ) Episode : `` Born to Run '' ; uncredited 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Susan Lester Episode : `` Bite Me '' 2007 Close to Home Amber Episode : `` Fall from Grace '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Work Result 2001 Young Artist Awards Best Ensemble in a Feature Film ( shared with cast ) The Patriot Nominated 2002 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film : Young Actress Age Ten or Under Riding in Cars with Boys Nominated 2002 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Young Actress Age 10 or Under Touched by an Angel Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Patriot Actress Died of an Accidental Drug Overdose '' . Fox News . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Actress Skye McCole Bartusiak Dies at Age 21 '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 -- via Yahoo ! . ^ Jump up to : `` Skye McCole Bartusiak , actress , dies at 21 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eggertsen , Chris ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Patriot ' and ' 24 ' actress Skye McCole Bartusiak dead at age 21 '' . HitFix . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruble , Kimberly ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Skye McCole Bartusiak , Mel Gibson 's Daughter in The Patriot Dead at Age 21 '' . Guardian Liberty Voice . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law , Eric ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Skye McCole Bartusiak : Film and television actress who appeared in The Cider House Rules ... '' The Independent . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skye McCole Bartusiak '' . TV.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deming , Mark . `` Kill Your Darlings ( 2006 ) '' . Rovi . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Patriot ' Actress Skye McCole Bartusiak Dead at 21 '' . CNN . July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malec , Brett ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Late Patriot Actress Skye McCole Bartusiak Remembered at Houston Memorial Service '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Skye McCole Bartusiak on IMDb Skye McCole Bartusiak at AllMovie BNE : XX1795583 ISNI : 0000 0000 7825 9187 LCCN : no2004007007 VIAF : 9548184 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skye_McCole_Bartusiak&oldid=841988377 '' Categories : 1992 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Accidental deaths in Texas Actresses from Houston American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Drug - related deaths in Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 12 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Skye McCole Bartusiak - American film and television actress 2. Early life and career of Skye McCole Bartusiak 3. Death of Skye McCole Bartusiak at age 21 4. Filmography of Skye McCole Bartusiak 5. Awards and nominations received by Skye McCole Bartusiak

when is carbohydrate loading recommended to be used

Carbohydrate loading - wikipedia Carbohydrate loading Jump to : navigation , search Carbohydrate loading , commonly referred to as carb - loading or carbo - loading , is a strategy used by endurance athletes , such as runners , to maximise the storage of glycogen ( or energy ) in the muscles and liver . Carbohydrate loading is also used in healthcare to optimise the condition of patients prior to colorectal surgery . Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes . Many endurance athletes prefer foods with low glycemic indices for carbo - loading due to their minimal effect on serum glucose levels . Low glycemic foods commonly include fruits , vegetables , whole wheat pasta , and grains . Many marathoners and triathlon participants have large pasta dinners the night before the race . Since muscles also use amino acids extensively when functioning within aerobic limits , meals should also include adequate protein . Large portions before a race can , however , decrease race - day performance if the digestive system has not had the time to process the food regimen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Without depletion 2 Short workout 3 Transient hypoglycemia 4 Diet composition 5 References 6 Further reading Without depletion ( edit ) Research in the 1980s led to a modified carbo - loading regimen that eliminates the depletion phase , instead calling for increased carbohydrate intake ( to about 70 % of total calories ) and decreased training for three days before the event . Most athletes now follow this modified regimen and it is recommended by many coaches . Some athletes still follow the original carbo - loading regimen . Short workout ( edit ) A new carbo - loading regimen developed by scientists at the University of Western Australia calls for a normal diet with light training until the day before the race . On the day before the race , the athlete performs a very short , extremely high - intensity workout ( such as a few minutes of sprinting ) then consumes 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean mass over the next 24 hours . The regimen resulted in a 90 % increase in glycogen storage when compared to before the carbo - load , which is comparable to or higher than the results achieved with other 2 day -- 6 day carbo - loading regimes . Transient hypoglycemia ( edit ) Carbohydrate ingestion within 2 hours before aerobic exercise triggers elevated levels of insulin in the blood which may dramatically decrease serum glucose levels . This can limit aerobic performance , especially in events lasting longer than 60 minutes . This is known as transient or reactive hypoglycemia , and can be a limiting factor in elite athletes . Individuals susceptible to hypoglycemia are especially at risk for elevated insulin responses and thus will likely suffer from performance - limiting transient hypoglycemia if they do not follow the correct regimen . Diet composition ( edit ) The composition of carbohydrates in the athlete 's diet during carbohydrate loading is as important as their share of the overall caloric intake . Most dietary carbohydrates consist of varying proportions of two simple sugars , glucose and fructose . Fructose may be metabolized into liver glycogen , but it is ineffective at raising muscle glycogen levels ( which is the objective of carbohydrate loading ) . Consequently , sources of high - fructose carbohydrates , such as fruit and sweets , are less than optimal for the task . The classic carb - loading meal is pasta , whose caloric content is primarily due to starch , a glucose polymer . High - glucose meals which include bread , rice , and potatoes are all part of the correct regimen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.marathontraining.com/articles/art_39th.htm Jump up ^ Noblett , S.E. ; Watson , D.S. ; Huong , H. ; Davison , B. ; Hainsworth , P.J. ; Horgan , A.F. ( 2006 ) . `` Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery : A randomized controlled trial '' . Colorectal Disease . 8 ( 7 ) : 563 -- 9 . PMID 16919107 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 1318.2006. 00965. x . Jump up ^ Jensen , Christopher D. `` Carbohydrate Loading '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Robert B. ( 2008 ) . Human Anatomy ( 6th ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 50042 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` The Evolving Art of Carbo - Loading '' . Jump up ^ Fairchild , TJ ; Fletcher , S ; Steele , P ; Goodman , C ; Dawson , B ; Fournier , PA ( June 2002 ) . `` Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal - intensity exercise '' . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 34 ( 6 ) : 980 -- 6 . PMID 12048325 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005768 - 200206000 - 00012 . Jump up ^ Peterson , David . `` The Science of Carbohydrate Loading '' . Further reading ( edit ) Wax , Benjamin ; Brown , Stanley P ; Webb , Heather E ; Kavazis , Andreas N ; Kinzey , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Force Output and Time to Exhaustion during Static Leg Contractions Superimposed with Electromyostimulation '' . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 26 ( 6 ) : 1 . PMID 21912287 . doi : 10.1519 / JSC. 0b013e318234ec0e . Hawley , John A. ; Schabort , Elske J. ; Noakes , Timothy D. ; Dennis , Steven C. ( 1997 ) . `` Carbohydrate - Loading and Exercise Performance '' . Sports Medicine . 24 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 81 . PMID 9291549 . doi : 10.2165 / 00007256 - 199724020 - 00001 . Sedlock , Darlene A. ( 2008 ) . `` The Latest on Carbohydrate Loading : A Practical Approach '' . Current Sports Medicine Reports . 7 ( 4 ) : 209 -- 13 . PMID 18607222 . doi : 10.1249 / JSR. 0b013e31817ef9cb . Burke , Louise M. ; Millet , Gregoire ; Tarnopolsky , Mark A. ; International Association of Athletics Federations ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrition for distance events '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 25 : S29 -- 38 . PMID 18049981 . doi : 10.1080 / 02640410701607239 . Bentley , David J. ; Cox , Gregory R. ; Green , Daniel ; Laursen , Paul B. ( 2008 ) . `` Maximising performance in triathlon : Applied physiological and nutritional aspects of elite and non-elite competitions '' . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 16 . PMID 17869183 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsams. 2007.07. 010 . Hatfield , Disa L. ; Kraemer , William J. ; Volek , Jeff S. ; Rubin , Martyn R. ; Grebien , Bianca ; Gómez , Ana L. ; French , Duncan N. ; Scheett , Timothy P. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Effects of Carbohydrate Loading on Repetitive Jump Squat Power Performance '' . The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 20 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 71 . PMID 16503677 . doi : 10.1519 / R - 18300.1 . Havemann , L. ; West , SJ ; Goedecke , JH ; MacDonald , IA ; St Clair Gibson , A ; Noakes , TD ; Lambert , EV ( 2006 ) . `` Fat adaptation followed by carbohydrate loading compromises high - intensity sprint performance '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 1 ) : 194 -- 202 . PMID 16141377 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00813.2005 . Andrews , Jessica L. ; Sedlock , Darlene A. ; Flynn , Michael G. ; Navalta , James W. ; Ji , Hongguang ( 2003 ) . `` Carbohydrate loading and supplementation in endurance - trained women runners '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 95 ( 2 ) : 584 -- 90 . PMID 12716874 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00855.2002 . Bussau , Vanessa ; Fairchild , Timothy ; Rao , Arjun ; Steele , Peter ; Fournier , Paul ( 2002 ) . `` Carbohydrate loading in human muscle : An improved 1 day protocol '' . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 87 ( 3 ) : 290 -- 5 . PMID 12111292 . doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 002 - 0621 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbohydrate_loading&oldid=789294827 '' Categories : Endurance games Sports terminology Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2012 Articles lacking reliable references from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Carbohydrate loading 2. Endurance athletes 3. Glycogen storage 4. Low glycemic foods 5. Carbo-loading regimen

microsociology is (was) the main focus of sociologists in the past

Microsociology - wikipedia Microsociology Microsociology is one of the main points ( or focuses ) of sociology , concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale : face to face . Microsociology is based on interpretative analysis rather than statistical or empirical observation , and shares close association with the philosophy of phenomenology . Methods include symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology ; ethnomethodology in particular has led to many academic sub-divisions and studies such as micro linguistical research and other related aspects of human social behaviour . Macrosociology , by contrast , concerns the social structure and broader systems . Contents 1 Theory 2 Competing frames of reference 3 Influences 4 ( Humanistic ) social work 5 Research 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Theory ( edit ) Microsociology exists both as an umbrella term for perspectives which focus on agency , such as Max Weber 's theory of social action , and as a body of distinct techniques , particularly in American sociology . The term was conceived by Georges Gurvitch in 1939 , borrowing the term from the micro-physics and referring to the irreducible and unstable nature of everyday forms of sociality . It also provided an extra dimension between the studies of social psychology , sociology , and social anthropology -- focusing more on individual interaction and thinking within groups , rather than just large social group / societal behaviour . At the micro level , social status and social roles are the most important components of social structure . Microsociology forms an important perspective in many fields of study , including modern psychosocial studies , conversational analysis and human - computer interaction . Microsociology continues to have a profound influence on research in all human fields , often under other names . Competing frames of reference ( edit ) Some have considered that face - to - face interaction can be studied in at least three distinct ( if overlapping ) ways : psychology ; intersubjectivity ; and microsociology . Erving Goffman however saw a central tension between Durkheimian approaches , and those drawn from ethology , especially in respect of interpersonal ritual ; while followers of him have seen in a Durkheimian microsociology the key to the understanding of large - scale social conflict as well . Erving Goffman 's Theories of Social Interaction challenged other sociologists to redirect their focus to the questionable aspects of social behavior . Contrary to Erving Goffman 's theory , Émile Durkheim believed that advanced methodological principles should guide sociologists and that they should research Social fact . Influences ( edit ) Sartre , in his work on the phenomenology of social dynamics , Critique of Dialectical Reason , written in the late 1950s , called microsociology the only valid theory of human relations . Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu are two more recent theorists who have put microsociological concepts to good use in their works . The famous psychiatrist , R.D. Laing , was much influenced by Garfinkel 's ideas on ` degradation ceremonies ` . Another famous English writer / polymath who is greatly influenced by the ideas of studying the minutea of human Social action is Jonathan Miller . ( Humanistic ) social work ( edit ) Key issues , categories and principles of the microsociology , such as human relations , face - to - face interaction , interpretive / qualitative analysis , attachment and empathy , micro-level analysis , human behavior , micro-community , everyday human life , human context , microculture , focus on agency , have influenced and still influences today the social work theory and practice , having a crucial role in the emergence of humanistic social work ( Petru Stefaroi ) , as response to the structural and systemic social work , which theoretically originates from macrosociology or mesosociology . This is why Malcolm Payne considers microsociology a fundamental theoretical - methodological source of this postmodern and innovative orientation from the contemporary social work , especially of the humanistic social work practice . Research ( edit ) Research begins by evaluating the social life of the individuals with the goal of showing the reciprocal relationship between events / actions and the nature of the societal context in which they occur . Empirical evidence from recorded conversations and the microsociology of emotion has proved of particular interest to students of interaction ritual . See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Generalized other George Herbert Mead Human ethology Kurt Lewin Proxemics Socialization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neil J. Smelser , Problematics of Sociology ( 1997 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ Erving Goffman , Relations in Public ( 1972 ) p. 18 - 21 Jump up ^ Smelzer , p. 22 Jump up ^ Goffman , p. 84 and p. 88 - 9 Jump up ^ Randall Collins , Interaction Ritual Chains ( 2004 ) p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Anthony ( 2014 ) . Introducrion to Sociology . W.W. NORTON . pp. 18 , 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92223 - 3 . Jump up ^ George J. Stack , Satre 's Philosophy of Social Existence ( 1977 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ Craig Calhoun et al , Contemporary Sociological Theory ( 2012 ) p. 33 Jump up ^ R.D. Laing , The Politics of Experience ( 1984 ) p. 86 Jump up ^ Michael B. Scher . Soliloquy or Psychosis ? A Cultural Look at Schizophrenia . Jump up ^ Petru Stefaroi , Humanistic Paradigm of Social Work or Brief Introduction in Humanistic Social Work , Social Work Review ( 2012 ) 10 ( 1 ) pp. 161 - 174 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Payne , Humanistic Social Work : Core Principles in Practice , Chicago : Lyceum , Basingstoke , Palgrave Macmillan ( 2011 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Thomas J. Scheff , `` Microsociology '' , Edited by George Ritzer , 2007 , ISBN 9781405124331 . Jump up ^ Collins , p. 47 Further reading ( edit ) Turner , Jonathan H. Sociology Pearson Education , Upper Saddle River , NJ . 2006 . External links ( edit ) Thomas Scheff , ' Microsociology ' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsociology&oldid=804050773 '' Categories : Subfields of sociology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Microsociology 2. Everyday human social interactions 3. Face-to-face interaction 4. Symbolic interactionism 5. Ethnomethodology

how many seasons are there of highway thru hell

Highway Thru Hell - wikipedia Highway Thru Hell Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Highway to Hell , Hell 's Highway , or Saskatchewan Highway 35 . <Th_colspan="2"> Highway Thru Hell Genre Documentary , reality Created by Mark A. Miller , Kevin Mills , and Neil Thomas Great Pacific Television Starring Jamie Davis Colin McLean Adam Gazola Jonny Tipton Jason Davis Ken Monkhouse Robert Kevin Ritchie Narayan Samy Chris Merv Al Quiring Narrated by David Pettitt Composer ( s ) Mark A. Miller and Paul Airey Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 63 + 8 Reloads <Th_colspan="2"> Production Location ( s ) Hope , British Columbia , Canada Surrey , British Columbia , Canada Chilliwack , British Columbia , Canada Running time 43 -- 44 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Discovery Channel Canada ( September 2012 - present ) Discovery Channel ( Spring 2012 - October 2013 ) The Weather Channel ( October 2013 - present ) National Geographic ( 2012 - present ) National Geographic Channel ( UK and Ireland ) ( 2013 - present ) TV3 ( New Zealand ) ( 2015 - present ) ABC2 ( 2016 - present ) National Geographic Channel ( Scandinavia ) ( 2013 - present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 4 , 2012 -- Present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows Heavy Rescue : 401 <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Highway Thru Hell <Td_colspan="2"> Great Pacific TV Highway Thru Hell is a Canadian reality TV show that follows the operations of Jamie Davis Motor Trucking , a heavy vehicle rescue and recovery towing company based in Hope , British Columbia . The show focuses on the hardships of operating along the highways of the BC Interior , especially the Coquihalla Highway ( Coq ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Equipment 3 Trucks 3.1 Former 4 Crew 5 Internationally 6 Episodes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The show was created by Mark A. Miller , Kevin Mills and Neil Thomas . Neil Thomas met one of Jamie Davis ' heavy rescue operators after his moving truck broke down on Highway 5 in the summer of 2010 . In the early winter of 2011 Cameraman Kevin Mills and executive producer Mark Miller were passing through Hope , BC and dropped in on Jamie Davis Motor Truck . The idea of a show about heavy recovery was discussed ; Davis expressed a desire to change the public 's perceptions about his industry . The winter of 2010 - 2011 had been a record setting season for JDMT . The show debuted on Discovery Channel ( Canada ) on Tuesday 4 September 2012 in Canada . Steep hills , lethal drop - offs , killer rockslides , and the worst weather in a decade captivated audiences , with Highway Thru Hell ranking as the # 1 series premiere in Discovery Channel Canada 's history . Its second season , premiered on September 3 , 2013 , and featured 13 episodes as well as four reloaded episodes with new content , factoids and viewer tweets . At the end of season 2 , Jamie Davis sought out new territory , expanding his business along Alberta Highway 63 as competition in Hope , B.C. became more intense . In Season 3 Jamie Davis is seen dealing with the growing pains of business expansion , especially as senior drivers step into managerial roles in his absence , often leaving chaos in their wake . Filming occurred during the winter season of 2014 - 2015 in all BC and Alberta locations for Season 4 , as Jamie 's company is split into two teams . Al Quiring 's family business , Quiring Towing , features more prominently this 4th season . Season 5 of Highway Thru Hell aired on Discovery Canada beginning on September 13 , 2016 . Jamie Davis towing has since closed the Alberta offices and is now operating out of Hope , Surrey and Chilliwack BC . Equipment ( edit ) The crew uses Toyota Tundras as their main full - sized pickup trucks , with heavy support from Toyota Canada . Additional vehicles include an HR116 which has a 50 - ton capacity , HR50 Peterbilt , and HR117 which is a tri-drive 50 - ton wrecker with side puller ( SP 850 - XP ) . HR116 , HR150 and HR117 are all Western Star Trucks and built by Miller Industries . Trucks ( edit ) Truck # 47 MR50 ( Army Truck ) HR64 HR 66 R120 ( Rescue ) HR126 FD121 TR - 57 IR104 IR105 IR106 Mighty Mo ( 63 ) Former ( edit ) ( ( Div col style = width : 50 % colwidth = 15em gap = 5em content = Truck # 44 ( Used for parts ) HR52 ( Kenworth T800 ) ( Sold to Tonk 's Towing in Richmond B.C ) MR64 1st HR150 ( Western Star ) ( Sold to United Towing Services Inc in Canmore , AB ) 2nd HR150 ( Western Star ) - The Famous Rotator ( Sold to Berg 's Towing in Monmouth , IL ) HR 68 ( Sold to Val - U Auto & Towing in Owego , New York ) HR 116 ( Sold to Reliable Towing in Mission , B.C ) HR 117 ( Clifford ) - ( Sold to Berg 's Towing in Monmouth , IL ) FD54 HU55 AC103 FD45 IR109 Crew ( edit ) ( ( Div col style = width : 50 % colwidth = 15em gap = 5em content = Jamie Davis Jason Davis Adam Gazzola Chris Mervyn ( Merv ) Colin McLean Gord Lundin Ken Monkhouse Kevin Ritchie Narayan Samy Kelly Davis Bruce Hardy Hugo Fritz Chris Scott Bird Brandon Kodallas James Davis jr Gord Boyd Howie Irwin Rob Mitchell Jim Lasser Colin Leach Robert Muqua Sherry Davis Internationally ( edit ) The first season aired on National Geographic Channel in the United States and Norway in spring 2013 . The Weather Channel began airing the show in October 2013 . The first two seasons have been shown on National Geographic Channel ( UK and Ireland ) . As of Spring 2017 , series 1 - 5 are available in some Netflix territories . In 2015 , TV3 screened the first series in New Zealand and in France on RMC Découverte . In 2016 , ABC2 in Australia screened the first three series . Since 14 March 2015 ProSieben Maxx has been broadcasting the programme under the title `` Highway Heroes Canada '' in Germany . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Highway Thru Hell episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes Season Premiere Season Finale 10 September 4 , 2012 December 25 , 2012 13 September 3 , 2013 November 19 , 2013 13 September 2 , 2014 November 25 , 2014 13 September 8 , 2015 December 1 , 2015 5 13 September 13 , 2016 December 6 , 2016 6 14 September 5 , 2017 December 4 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Strachan ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` TV weekend : Boardwalk Empire back for Season 4 ; Highway Thru Hell storms in with Season 2 ( with video ) '' . O Canada . Canada.com . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ John Doyle ( Sep 4 , 2012 ) . `` Highway Thru Hell : tough , but Canadian - style tough '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edmonton Journal ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Highway Thru Hell takes a spin on Highway 63 '' . University of Alberta . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global Showbiz Briefs : Nat Geo Channel Picks Up ' Highway Thru Hell ' , Al Clark Honored , Jackie Chan , Berlin Film Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix availability '' . Jump up ^ `` ProSiebenn Maxx Showpage '' . Jump up ^ Highway through Hell External links ( edit ) Official website : Highway Thru Hell Highway Thru Hell on Twitter : https://twitter.com/HWYThruHell Highway Thru Hell on Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/hwythruhell?ref=bookmarks Great Pacific Television , Highway Thru Hell ( production website ) Jamie Davis Motor Truck & Auto Ltd : http://www.jamiedavistowing.com/ Quiring Towing : http://www.quiringtowing.com/ Discovery Channel Canada , Highway Thru Hell ( original network website ) National Geographic Channel , Highway Thru Hell National Geographic Channel ( UK and Ireland ) , Highway Thru Hell The Weather Channel ( USA ) , Highway Thru Hell Highway Thru Hell on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highway_Thru_Hell&oldid=828960039 '' Categories : 2010s Canadian reality television series 2012 Canadian television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series endings Television series by Beyond Television Productions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 20 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Highway Thru Hell: A Canadian reality TV show about a heavy vehicle rescue and recovery towing company. 2. Jamie Davis Motor Trucking: The company featured in Highway Thru Hell, based in Hope, British Columbia. 3. Coquihalla Highway: The highway in the BC Interior that is a focus of the show. 4. Equipment: The vehicles and tools used by the towing company. 5. Episodes: A list of episodes and seasons of Highway Thru Hell.

who was the first black basketball player in the nba

Chuck Cooper ( basketball ) - wikipedia Chuck Cooper ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the basketball player . For the actor , see Chuck Cooper ( actor ) . Chuck Cooper <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1926 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1926 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania February 5 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 05 ) ( aged 57 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Listed weight 209 lb ( 95 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school Westinghouse ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) College West Virginia State ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Duquesne ( 1946 -- 1950 ) NBA draft 1950 / Round : 2 / Pick : 14th overall <Td_colspan="2"> Selected by the Boston Celtics Playing career 1950 -- 1956 Position Small forward / Shooting guard Number 11 , 15 , 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history 1950 -- 1954 Boston Celtics 1954 -- 1956 Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> Consensus second - team All - American ( 1950 ) No. 15 retired by Duquesne <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career statistics Points 2,725 ( 6.7 ppg ) Rebounds 2,431 ( 5.9 rpg ) Assists 734 ( 1.8 apg ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com <Td_colspan="2"> Charles Henry `` Chuck '' Cooper ( September 29 , 1926 -- February 5 , 1984 ) was an American professional basketball player . He and two others , Nat `` Sweetwater '' Clifton and Earl Lloyd , became the first African - American players in the NBA in 1950 . Cooper was also the first African American to be drafted by a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team , as the first pick of the second round by the Boston Celtics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and college career 2 NBA career 3 After the NBA 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life and college career ( edit ) Cooper was born and died in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He was the son of Daniel and Emma Cooper , Daniel was a mailman , and Emma was a schoolteacher . He attended Pittsburgh 's Westinghouse High School and graduated in 1944 . For his senior year , he averaged more than 13 points per game , and was an All - City first team center . He then attended and played a semester basketball for West Virginia State College ( now University ) before being drafted to serve in the United States Navy in the final stages of World War II . Following his service , he enrolled at Duquesne University where he was an All - American , starting all four years , and setting the school - record for total points with 990 in four seasons . During his time Duquesne University had a 78 -- 19 record , and was invited to the then prestigious National Invitation Tournament twice . He was a captain for the 1949 -- 50 team , which was the first team from that university to be nationally ranked all season , finishing with a 23 - 6 record and ranked sixth nationally . He was the first African American to participate in a college basketball game south of the Mason -- Dixon line . NBA career ( edit ) The 1953 -- 54 Boston Celtics basketball team practicing the pick and roll . From left to rightː Bob Donham , Ed Mikan , Bill Sharman and Chuck Cooper Coming out of college in 1950 , he signed onto the Harlem Globetrotters . On April 25 , 1950 , he became the first African American drafted into the NBA when the Boston Celtics chose him with the 14th overall pick . Cooper was drafted by Celtics ' owner Walter A. Brown and played for coach Red Auerbach . He made his NBA debut on November 1 , 1950 , against the Fort Wayne Pistons . He played four years with the Celtics , then was traded to the Milwaukee Hawks before ending his career as a member of the Ft . Wayne Pistons . After that he spent a year playing for the Harlem Magicians before injuring his back in a car crash and leaving basketball . During his NBA career , Cooper played a total of 409 games , scored 2,725 points for an average of 6.66 points per game , had 2431 rebounds for an average of 5.9 per game , and had 733 assists for an average of 1.79 per game . As some statistics were not kept during that time , it is not known how many blocked shots , steals or turnovers he had during his career . After the NBA ( edit ) After his NBA career , Cooper graduated with a Masters in Social Work from the University of Minnesota . He was married twice , first in 1951 , and then in 1957 to Irva Lee , with whom he had four children . He worked to improve his hometown of Pittsburgh , serving on the Pittsburgh school board , and was appointed the director of parks and recreation for the city , becoming the first black department head . He also helped the Pittsburgh 's National Bank 's affirmative action program as an urban affairs officer until he died at the age of 57 on February 5 , 1984 , of liver cancer at Forbes Hospice . NBA career statistics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP MPG FG % FT % RPG APG PPG 1950 -- 51 Boston 66 -- . 344 . 753 8.5 2.6 9.3 1951 -- 52 Boston 66 29.9 . 361 . 741 7.6 2.0 8.2 1952 -- 53 Boston 70 28.5 . 337 . 758 6.3 1.6 6.5 1953 -- 54 Boston 70 15.7 . 299 . 672 4.3 3.3 1954 -- 55 Milwaukee 70 25.0 . 339 . 751 5.5 8.2 1955 -- 56 St. Louis 35 16.4 . 337 . 738 3.9 1.7 5.1 1955 -- 56 Fort Wayne 32 17.8 . 316 . 776 3.2 0.9 3.9 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 409 23.2 . 339 . 743 5.9 1.8 6.7 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP MPG FG % FT % RPG APG PPG 1951 Boston -- . 333 . 400 6.5 1.5 5.0 1952 Boston 42.7 . 320 . 895 5.3 1.3 11.0 1953 Boston 6 32.5 . 396 . 815 6.5 2.3 10.0 1954 Boston 6 18.0 . 500 . 727 5.2 0.7 4.0 1956 Fort Wayne 9 6.6 . 192 . 667 1.9 0.2 1.3 <Td_colspan="2"> Career 26 20.4 . 346 . 785 4.5 1.0 5.3 See also ( edit ) Race and ethnicity in the NBA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1950 - 51 Season Overview '' . NBA 's Color Line is Broken . NBA.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Cooper , one of the NBA 's trash player '' . African American Registry . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James M. Manheim . `` Charles ' Chuck ' Cooper Biography -- Played for West Virginia State College and Duquesne , Formed Friendly Relationships with Celtics Players '' . biography.org . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Howell , `` Six Who Paved the Way '' , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Duquesne University Official Athletic Site '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Cooper dead at 57 ; Duquesne basketball great '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , February 6 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 NBA Draft '' . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Cooper , NBA player '' . New York Times . February 7 , 1984 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Chuck Cooper 's career NBA Stats from databasketball.com Biography at answers.com Chuck Cooper at Find a Grave Phil Axelrod , `` Duquesne honors legacy of Chuck Cooper '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , December 6 , 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> 1950 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Paul Arizin Bob Cousy Dick Schnittker Bill Sharman Paul Unruh Second Team Chuck Cooper Don Lofgran Kevin O'Shea Don Rehfeldt Sherman White <Th_colspan="2"> 1950 NBA Draft Territorial pick Paul Arizin First round Chuck Share Don Rehfeldt Bob Cousy Dick Schnittker Larry Foust Irwin Dambrot George Yardley Bob Lavoy Joe McNamee Kevin O'Shea Don Lofgran Second round Chuck Cooper John Pilch Ed Dahler Ed Gayda Bill Sharman Wally Osterkorn Herb Scherer Jim Riffey Paul Unruh George Stanich Hal Haskins Gerald Calabrese VIAF : 39005402 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Cooper_(basketball)&oldid=827325016 '' Categories : 1926 births 1984 deaths African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from Pennsylvania Boston Celtics draft picks Boston Celtics players Burials at Homewood Cemetery Duquesne Dukes men 's basketball players Fort Wayne Pistons players Harlem Globetrotters players Milwaukee Hawks players Sportspeople from Pittsburgh St. Louis Hawks players West Virginia State Yellow Jackets men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Chuck Cooper - basketball player 2. First African-American NBA player 3. Career highlights and awards 4. Early life and college career 5. NBA career and statistics

who is the us representative for houston texas

United States congressional delegations from Texas - wikipedia United States congressional delegations from Texas Jump to : navigation , search Texas 's congressional districts since 2013 . These are tables of congressional delegations from the State of Texas to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives . Contents ( hide ) 1 U.S. House delegation 1.1 Current districts and representatives 1.2 Recent historical district boundaries 1.3 House delegation timetable 1.3. 1 1845 to 1863 : 2 seats 1.3. 2 1863 to 1873 : 4 seats 1.3. 3 1873 to 1883 : 6 seats 1.3. 4 1883 to 1893 : 11 seats 1.3. 5 1893 to 1903 : 13 seats 1.3. 6 1903 to 1913 : 16 seats 1.3. 7 1913 to 1933 : 18 seats 1.3. 8 1933 to 1953 : 21 seats 1.3. 9 1953 to 1963 : 22 seats 1.3. 10 1963 to 1973 : 23 seats 1.3. 11 1973 to 1983 : 24 seats 1.3. 12 1983 to 1993 : 27 seats 1.3. 13 1993 to 2003 : 30 seats 1.3. 14 2003 to 2013 : 32 seats 1.3. 15 2013 to present 1.4 Key 1.5 Living former Members of the House 2 U.S. Senate Delegation 2.1 Senate delegation timetable 2.2 Living former Senators 3 See also 4 References U.S. House delegation ( edit ) Current Districts and Representatives ( edit ) List of members of the Texan United States House delegation , district boundaries , and the district political ratings according to the CPVI . The delegation has a total of 36 members , with 25 Republicans , and 11 Democrats . District Representative ( Home town ) Party CPVI District Incumbency District map 1st Louis Gohmert ( Tyler ) Republican R + 25 January 3 , 2005 -- present 2nd Ted Poe ( Humble ) Republican R + 11 January 3 , 2005 -- present 3rd Sam Johnson ( Plano ) Republican R + 13 May 8 , 1991 -- present 4th John Ratcliffe ( Heath ) Republican R + 28 January 3 , 2015 -- present 5th Jeb Hensarling ( Dallas ) Republican R + 16 January 3 , 2003 -- present 6th Joe Barton ( Arlington ) Republican R + 9 January 3 , 1985 -- present 7th John Culberson ( Houston ) Republican R + 7 January 3 , 2001 -- present 8th Kevin Brady ( The Woodlands ) Republican R + 28 January 3 , 1997 -- present 9th Al Green ( Houston ) Democratic D + 29 January 3 , 2005 -- present 10th Michael McCaul ( West Lake Hills ) Republican R + 9 January 3 , 2005 -- present 11th Mike Conaway ( Midland ) Republican R + 32 January 3 , 2005 -- present 12th Kay Granger ( Fort Worth ) Republican R + 18 January 3 , 1997 -- present 13th Mac Thornberry ( Clarendon ) Republican R + 33 January 3 , 1995 -- present 14th Randy Weber ( Alvin ) Republican R + 12 January 3 , 2013 -- present 15th Vicente González ( McAllen ) Democratic D + 7 January 3 , 2017 -- present 16th Beto O'Rourke ( El Paso ) Democratic D + 17 January 3 , 2013 -- present 17th Bill Flores ( Bryan ) Republican R + 12 January 3 , 2011 -- present 18th Sheila Jackson Lee ( Houston ) Democratic D + 27 January 3 , 1995 -- present 19th Jodey Arrington ( Lubbock ) Republican R + 27 January 3 , 2017 -- present 20th Joaquin Castro ( San Antonio ) Democratic D + 10 January 3 , 2013 -- present 21st Lamar Smith ( San Antonio ) Republican R + 10 January 3 , 1987 -- present 22nd Pete Olson ( Sugar Land ) Republican R + 10 January 3 , 2009 -- present 23rd Will Hurd ( Helotes ) Republican R + 1 January 3 , 2015 -- present 24th Kenny Marchant ( Coppell ) Republican R + 9 January 3 , 2005 -- present 25th Roger Williams ( Weatherford ) Republican R + 11 January 3 , 2013 -- present 26th Michael Burgess ( Lewisville ) Republican R + 18 January 3 , 2003 -- present 27th Blake Farenthold ( Corpus Christi ) Republican R + 13 January 3 , 2011 -- present 28th Henry Cuellar ( Laredo ) Democratic D + 9 January 3 , 2005 -- present 29th Gene Green ( Houston ) Democratic D + 19 January 3 , 1993 -- present 30th Eddie Bernice Johnson ( Dallas ) Democratic D + 29 January 3 , 1993 -- present 31st John Carter ( Round Rock ) Republican R + 10 January 3 , 2003 -- present 32nd Pete Sessions ( Dallas ) Republican R + 5 January 3 , 1997 -- present 33rd Marc Veasey ( Fort Worth ) Democratic D + 23 January 3 , 2013 -- present 34th Filemon Vela Jr . ( Brownsville ) Democratic D + 10 January 3 , 2013 -- present 35th Lloyd Doggett ( Austin ) Democratic D + 15 January 3 , 1995 -- present 36th Brian Babin ( Woodville ) Republican R + 26 January 3 , 2015 -- present Recent historical district boundaries ( edit ) Below is a table of United States congressional district boundary maps for the State of Texas , presented chronologically . All 10 redistricting events that took place in Texas in the decades between 1973 and 2013 are illustrated here . Year Statewide map 1973 -- 1975 1975 -- 1983 1983 -- 1985 1985 -- 1993 1993 -- 1997 1997 -- 2003 2003 -- 2005 2005 -- 2007 2007 -- 2013 2013 -- Present House delegation timetable ( edit ) See also : List of United States Representatives from Texas 1845 to 1863 : 2 seats ( edit ) Upon statehood , Texas was apportioned two seats . Congress <Th_colspan="2"> District Congress 1st 2nd 29th 1845 -- 1847 David S. Kaufman ( D ) Timothy Pilsbury ( D ) 29th 1845 -- 1847 30th 1847 -- 1849 30th 1847 -- 1849 31st 1849 -- 1851 Volney E. Howard ( D ) 31st 1849 -- 1851 32nd 1851 -- 1853 Richardson A. Scurry ( D ) 32nd 1851 -- 1853 33rd 1853 -- 1855 George W. Smyth ( D ) Peter H. Bell ( D ) 33rd 1853 -- 1855 34th 1855 -- 1857 Lemuel D. Evans ( K-N ) 34th 1855 -- 1857 35th 1857 -- 1859 John H. Reagan ( D ) Guy M. Bryan ( D ) 35th 1857 -- 1859 36th 1859 -- 1861 Andrew J. Hamilton ( Ind . D ) 36th 1859 -- 1861 37th 1861 -- 1863 <Td_colspan="2"> American Civil War 37th 1861 -- 1863 1863 to 1873 : 4 seats ( edit ) After the 1860 United States Census , Texas gained two seats . Congress <Th_colspan="4"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 38th 1863 -- 1865 <Td_colspan="4"> American Civil War 38th 1863 -- 1865 39th 1865 -- 1867 39th 1865 -- 1867 40th 1867 -- 1869 40th 1867 -- 1869 41st 1869 -- 1871 41st 1869 -- 1871 George W. Whitmore ( R ) John C. Conner ( D ) William T. Clark ( R ) Edward Degener ( R ) 42nd 1871 -- 1873 William S. Herndon ( D ) John Hancock ( D ) 42nd 1871 -- 1873 De Witt C. Giddings ( D ) 1873 to 1883 : 6 seats ( edit ) After the 1870 United States Census , Texas gained two seats . At first , the state used at - large seats , but after 1875 all the seats were districted . Congress <Th_colspan="6"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 43rd 1873 -- 1875 William S. Herndon ( D ) William P. McLean ( D ) De Witt C. Giddings ( D ) John Hancock ( D ) Roger Q. Mills ( At - large ) ( D ) Asa H. Willie ( At - large ) ( D ) 43rd 1873 -- 1875 44th 1875 -- 1877 John H. Reagan ( D ) David B. Culberson ( D ) James W. Throckmorton ( D ) Roger Q. Mills ( D ) John Hancock ( D ) Gustave Schleicher ( D ) 44th 1875 -- 1877 45th 1877 -- 1879 De Witt C. Giddings ( D ) 45th 1877 -- 1879 46th 1879 -- 1881 Olin Wellborn ( D ) George W. Jones ( GB ) Christopher C. Upson ( D ) 46th 1879 -- 1881 47th 1881 -- 1883 47th 1881 -- 1883 1883 to 1893 : 11 seats ( edit ) After the 1880 United States Census , Texas gained five seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="1"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 48th 1883 -- 1885 Charles Stewart ( D ) John H. Reagan ( D ) James H. Jones ( D ) David B. Culberson ( D ) James W. Throckmorton ( D ) Olin Wellborn ( D ) Thomas P. Ochiltree ( I ) James Francis Miller ( D ) Roger Q. Mills ( D ) John Hancock ( D ) S.W.T. Lanham ( D ) 48th 1883 -- 1885 49th 1885 -- 1887 William H. Crain ( D ) Joseph D. Sayers ( D ) 49th 1885 -- 1887 50th 1887 -- 1889 William H. Martin ( D ) Constantine B. Kilgore ( D ) Silas Hare ( D ) Jo Abbott ( D ) Littleton W. Moore ( D ) 50th 1887 -- 1889 51st 1889 -- 1891 51st 1889 -- 1891 52nd 1891 -- 1893 John B. Long ( D ) Joseph W. Bailey ( D ) 52nd 1891 -- 1893 Edwin Le Roy Antony ( D ) 1893 to 1903 : 13 seats ( edit ) After the 1890 United States Census , Texas gained two seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="3"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 53rd 1893 -- 1895 Joseph Chappell Hutcheson ( D ) Samuel B. Cooper ( D ) Constantine B. Kilgore ( D ) David B. Culberson ( D ) Joseph W. Bailey ( D ) Jo Abbott ( D ) George C. Pendleton ( D ) Charles K. Bell ( D ) Joseph D. Sayers ( D ) Walter Gresham ( D ) William H. Crain ( D ) Thomas M. Paschal ( D ) Jeremiah V. Cockrell ( D ) 53rd 1893 -- 1895 54th 1895 -- 1897 C.H. Yoakum ( D ) Miles Crowley ( D ) George H. Noonan ( R ) 54th 1895 -- 1897 Rudolph Kleberg ( D ) 55th 1897 -- 1899 Thomas Henry Ball ( D ) Reese C. De Graffenreid ( D ) John W. Cranford ( D ) Robert E. Burke ( D ) Robert L. Henry ( D ) Samuel W.T. Lanham ( D ) Robert B. Hawley ( R ) James L. Slayden ( D ) John H. Stephens ( D ) 55th 1897 -- 1899 56th 1899 -- 1901 John Levi Sheppard ( D ) Albert S. Burleson ( D ) 56th 1899 -- 1901 57th 1901 -- 1903 Choice B. Randell ( D ) George F. Burgess ( D ) 57th 1901 -- 1903 Gordon J. Russell ( D ) Morris Sheppard ( D ) Dudley G. Wooten ( D ) 1903 to 1913 : 16 seats ( edit ) After the 1900 United States Census , Texas gained three seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="6"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 58th 1903 -- 1905 Morris Sheppard ( D ) Samuel B. Cooper ( D ) Gordon J. Russell ( D ) Choice B. Randell ( D ) James Andrew Beall ( D ) Scott Field ( D ) Alexander W. Gregg ( D ) Thomas Henry Ball ( D ) George F. Burgess ( D ) Albert S. Burleson ( D ) Robert L. Henry ( D ) Oscar W. Gillespie ( D ) John H. Stephens ( D ) James L. Slayden ( D ) John Nance Garner ( D ) William R. Smith ( D ) 58th 1903 -- 1905 John M. Pinckney ( D ) 59th 1905 -- 1907 Moses L. Broocks ( D ) John M. Moore ( D ) 59th 1905 -- 1907 60th 1907 -- 1909 Samuel B. Cooper ( D ) Rufus Hardy ( D ) 60th 1907 -- 1909 61st 1909 -- 1911 Martin Dies ( D ) 61st 1909 -- 1911 Robert M. Lively ( D ) 62nd 1911 -- 1913 James Young ( D ) Oscar Callaway ( D ) 62nd 1911 -- 1913 1913 to 1933 : 18 seats ( edit ) After the 1910 United States Census , Texas gained two seats . At first , they were elected at - large , but starting in 1919 all were districted . There was not a reapportionment after the 1920 United States Census . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="8"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 63rd 1913 -- 1915 Horace Worth Vaughan ( D ) Martin Dies ( D ) James Young ( D ) Sam Rayburn ( D ) James Andrew Beall ( D ) Rufus Hardy ( D ) Alexander W. Gregg ( D ) Joe H. Eagle ( D ) George F. Burgess ( D ) James P. Buchanan ( D ) Robert L. Henry ( D ) Oscar Callaway ( D ) John H. Stephens ( D ) James L. Slayden ( D ) John Nance Garner ( D ) William R. Smith ( D ) Daniel E. Garrett ( At - large ) ( D ) Hatton W. Sumners ( At - large ) ( D ) 63rd 1913 -- 1915 64th 1915 -- 1917 Eugene Black ( D ) Hatton W. Sumners ( D ) James H. Davis ( At - large ) ( D ) A. Jeff McLemore ( At - large ) ( D ) 64th 1915 -- 1917 65th 1917 -- 1919 Joseph J. Mansfield ( D ) Tom T. Connally ( D ) James Clifton Wilson ( D ) John Marvin Jones ( D ) Thomas L. Blanton ( D ) Daniel E. Garrett ( At - large ) ( D ) 65th 1917 -- 1919 66th 1919 -- 1921 John C. Box ( D ) Clay Stone Briggs ( D ) Fritz G. Lanham ( D ) Lucian W. Parrish ( D ) Carlos Bee ( D ) Claude Benton Hudspeth ( D ) Thomas L. Blanton ( D ) John Marvin Jones ( D ) 66th 1919 -- 1921 67th 1921 -- 1923 Morgan G. Sanders ( D ) Daniel E. Garrett ( D ) Harry M. Wurzbach ( R ) 67th 1921 -- 1923 Guinn Williams ( D ) 68th 1923 -- 1925 Luther A. Johnson ( D ) 68th 1923 -- 1925 69th 1925 -- 1927 69th 1925 -- 1927 70th 1927 -- 1929 70th 1927 -- 1929 71st 1929 -- 1931 Wright Patman ( D ) Oliver H. Cross ( D ) Augustus McCloskey ( D ) Robert Quincy Lee ( D ) 71st 1929 -- 1931 Harry M. Wurzbach ( R ) Thomas L. Blanton ( D ) 72nd 1931 -- 1933 Martin Dies , Jr . ( D ) R. Ewing Thomason ( D ) 72nd 1931 -- 1933 Richard M. Kleberg ( D ) 1933 to 1953 : 21 seats ( edit ) After the 1930 United States Census , Texas gained three seats . At first , they were elected at - large , but starting in 1935 all were districted . There was no reapportionment after the 1940 United States Census . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="1"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 73rd 1933 -- 1935 Wright Patman ( D ) Martin Dies , Jr . ( D ) Morgan G. Sanders ( D ) Sam Rayburn ( D ) Hatton W. Sumners ( D ) Luther A. Johnson ( D ) Clark W. Thompson ( D ) Joe H. Eagle ( D ) Joseph J. Mansfield ( D ) James P. Buchanan ( D ) Oliver H. Cross ( D ) Fritz G. Lanham ( D ) William D. McFarlane ( D ) Richard M. Kleberg ( D ) Milton H. West ( D ) R. Ewing Thomason ( D ) Thomas L. Blanton ( D ) John Marvin Jones ( D ) Joseph W. Bailey , Jr . ( At - large ) ( D ) Sterling P. Strong ( At - large ) ( D ) George B. Terrell ( At - large ) ( D ) 73rd 1933 -- 1935 74th 1935 -- 1937 Nat Patton ( D ) George H. Mahon ( D ) Maury Maverick ( D ) Charles L. South ( D ) 74th 1935 -- 1937 75th 1937 -- 1939 Albert Thomas ( D ) William R. Poage ( D ) Clyde L. Garrett ( D ) 75th 1937 -- 1939 76th 1939 -- 1941 Lindley Beckworth ( D ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( D ) Ed Gossett ( D ) Paul J. Kilday ( D ) 76th 1939 -- 1941 77th 1941 -- 1943 Sam M. Russell ( D ) Eugene Worley ( D ) 77th 1941 -- 1943 78th 1943 -- 1945 O. Clark Fisher ( D ) 78th 1943 -- 1945 79th 1945 -- 1947 Jesse M. Combs ( D ) Tom Pickett ( D ) John E. Lyle , Jr . ( D ) 79th 1945 -- 1947 80th 1947 -- 1949 Joseph Franklin Wilson ( D ) Olin E. Teague ( D ) Wingate H. Lucas ( D ) Omar Burleson ( D ) 80th 1947 -- 1949 81st 1949 -- 1951 Clark W. Thompson ( D ) W. Homer Thornberry ( D ) Lloyd M. Bentsen ( D ) Kenneth M. Regan ( D ) Ben H. Guill ( R ) 81st 1949 -- 1951 82nd 1951 -- 1953 Frank N. Ikard ( D ) Walter E. Rogers ( D ) 82nd 1951 -- 1953 1953 to 1963 : 22 seats ( edit ) After the 1950 United States Census , Texas gained one seat . At first , it was elected at - large , but starting in 1959 all were districted . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="2"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 83rd 1953 -- 1955 Wright Patman ( D ) Jack Brooks ( D ) Brady P. Gentry ( D ) Sam Rayburn ( D ) Joseph Franklin Wilson ( D ) Olin E. Teague ( D ) John V. Dowdy ( D ) Albert Thomas ( D ) Clark W. Thompson ( D ) W. Homer Thornberry ( D ) William R. Poage ( D ) Wingate H. Lucas ( D ) Frank N. Ikard ( D ) John E. Lyle , Jr . ( D ) Lloyd M. Bentsen ( D ) Kenneth M. Regan ( D ) Omar Burleson ( D ) Walter E. Rogers ( D ) George H. Mahon ( D ) Paul J. Kilday ( D ) O. Clark Fisher ( D ) Martin Dies Jr . ( At - large ) ( D ) 83rd 1953 -- 1955 84th 1955 -- 1957 Bruce R. Alger ( R ) Jim Wright ( D ) John J. Bell ( D ) Joe M. Kilgore ( D ) J.T. Rutherford ( D ) 84th 1955 -- 1957 85th 1957 -- 1959 Lindley Beckworth ( D ) John Andrew Young ( D ) 85th 1957 -- 1959 86th 1959 -- 1961 Robert R. Casey ( D ) 86th 1959 -- 1961 87th 1961 -- 1963 87th 1961 -- 1963 1963 to 1973 : 23 seats ( edit ) After the 1960 United States Census , Texas gained one seat . At first , it was elected at - large , but starting in 1967 all were districted . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="3"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 88th 1963 -- 1965 Wright Patman ( D ) Jack Brooks ( D ) Lindley Beckworth ( D ) Ray Roberts ( D ) Bruce R. Alger ( R ) Olin E. Teague ( D ) John V. Dowdy ( D ) Albert Thomas ( D ) Clark W. Thompson ( D ) W. Homer Thornberry ( D ) William R. Poage ( D ) Jim Wright ( D ) Graham B. Purcell , Jr . ( D ) John Andrew Young ( D ) Joe M. Kilgore ( D ) Ed Foreman ( R ) Omar Burleson ( D ) Walter E. Rogers ( D ) George H. Mahon ( D ) Henry B. Gonzalez ( D ) O. Clark Fisher ( D ) Robert R. Casey ( D ) Joe R. Pool ( At - large ) ( D ) 88th 1963 -- 1965 89th 1965 -- 1967 Earle Cabell ( D ) Lera M. Thomas ( D ) J.J. Pickle ( D ) Kika de la Garza ( D ) Richard C. White ( D ) 89th 1965 -- 1967 90th 1967 -- 1969 John Dowdy ( D ) Joe R. Pool ( D ) George H.W. Bush ( R ) Robert C. Eckhardt ( D ) Jack Brooks ( D ) Bob Price ( R ) Abraham Kazen , Jr . ( D ) 90th 1967 -- 1969 James M. Collins ( R ) 91st 1969 -- 1971 91st 1969 -- 1971 92nd 1971 -- 1973 Bill Archer ( R ) 92nd 1971 -- 1973 1973 to 1983 : 24 seats ( edit ) After the 1970 United States Census , Texas gained one seat . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="4"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 93rd 1973 -- 1975 Wright Patman ( D ) Charlie Wilson ( D ) James M. Collins ( R ) Ray Roberts ( D ) Alan Steelman ( R ) Olin E. Teague ( D ) Bill Archer ( R ) Robert C. Eckhardt ( D ) Jack Brooks ( D ) J.J. Pickle ( D ) William R. Poage ( D ) Jim Wright ( D ) Bob Price ( R ) John Andrew Young ( D ) Kika de la Garza ( D ) Richard C. White ( D ) Omar Burleson ( D ) Barbara Jordan ( D ) George H. Mahon ( D ) Henry B. Gonzalez ( D ) O. Clark Fisher ( D ) Robert R. Casey ( D ) Abraham Kazen ( D ) Dale Milford ( D ) 93rd 1973 -- 1975 94th 1975 -- 1977 Jack Hightower ( D ) Robert Krueger ( D ) 94th 1975 -- 1977 Sam B. Hall ( D ) 95th 1977 -- 1979 Jim Mattox ( D ) Robert Gammage ( D ) 95th 1977 -- 1979 96th 1979 -- 1981 Phil Gramm ( D ) Marvin Leath ( D ) Joseph P. Wyatt , Jr . ( D ) Charles Stenholm ( D ) Mickey Leland ( D ) Kent Hance ( D ) Thomas Loeffler ( R ) Ron Paul ( R ) Martin Frost ( D ) 96th 1979 -- 1981 97th 1981 -- 1983 Ralph M. Hall ( D ) Jack Fields ( R ) William N. Patman ( D ) 97th 1981 -- 1983 1983 to 1993 : 27 seats ( edit ) After the 1980 United States Census , Texas gained three seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="7"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 98th 1983 -- 1985 Sam B. Hall ( D ) Charlie Wilson ( D ) Steve Bartlett ( R ) Ralph M. Hall ( D ) John W. Bryant ( D ) Phil Gramm ( R ) Bill Archer ( R ) Jack Fields ( R ) Jack Brooks ( D ) J.J. Pickle ( D ) Marvin Leath ( D ) Jim Wright ( D ) Jack Hightower ( D ) William N. Patman ( D ) Kika de la Garza ( D ) Ronald D. Coleman ( D ) Charles Stenholm ( D ) Mickey Leland ( D ) Kent Hance ( D ) Henry B. Gonzalez ( D ) Thomas Loeffler ( R ) Ron Paul ( R ) Abraham Kazen ( D ) Martin Frost ( D ) Michael A. Andrews ( D ) Tommy J. Vandergriff ( D ) Solomon P. Ortiz ( D ) 98th 1983 -- 1985 99th 1985 -- 1987 Joe Barton ( R ) Beau Boulter ( R ) Mac Sweeney ( R ) Larry Combest ( R ) Tom DeLay ( R ) Albert G. Bustamante ( D ) Dick Armey ( R ) 99th 1985 -- 1987 Jim Chapman ( D ) 100th 1987 -- 1989 Lamar S. Smith ( R ) 100th 1987 -- 1989 101st 1989 -- 1991 Bill Sarpalius ( D ) Greg Laughlin ( D ) 101st 1989 -- 1991 Pete Geren ( D ) Craig A. Washington ( D ) 102nd 1991 -- 1993 Chet Edwards ( D ) 102nd 1991 -- 1993 Sam Johnson ( R ) 1993 to 2003 : 30 seats ( edit ) After the 1990 United States Census , Texas gained three seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 103rd 1993 -- 1995 Jim Chapman ( D ) Charlie Wilson ( D ) Sam Johnson ( R ) Ralph M. Hall ( D ) John W. Bryant ( D ) Joe Barton ( R ) Bill Archer ( R ) Jack Fields ( R ) Jack Brooks ( D ) J.J. Pickle ( D ) Chet Edwards ( D ) Pete Geren ( D ) Bill Sarpalius ( D ) Greg Laughlin ( D ) Kika de la Garza ( D ) Ronald D. Coleman ( D ) Charles Stenholm ( D ) Craig A. Washington ( D ) Larry Combest ( R ) Henry B. Gonzalez ( D ) Lamar S. Smith ( R ) Tom DeLay ( R ) Henry Bonilla ( R ) Martin Frost ( D ) Michael A. Andrews ( D ) Dick Armey ( R ) Solomon P. Ortiz ( D ) Frank Tejeda ( D ) Gene Green ( D ) Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 103rd 1993 -- 1995 104th 1995 -- 1997 Steve Stockman ( R ) Lloyd Doggett ( D ) Mac Thornberry ( R ) Greg Laughlin ( R ) Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) Kenneth E. Bentsen , Jr . ( D ) 104th 1995 -- 1997 105th 1997 -- 1999 Max Sandlin ( D ) Jim Turner ( D ) Pete Sessions ( R ) Kevin Brady ( R ) Nick Lampson ( D ) Kay Granger ( R ) Ron Paul ( R ) Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) Silvestre Reyes ( D ) 105th 1997 -- 1999 106th 1999 -- 2001 Charlie Gonzalez ( D ) Ciro D. Rodriguez ( D ) 106th 1999 -- 2001 107th 2001 -- 2003 John Culberson ( R ) 107th 2001 -- 2003 2003 to 2013 : 32 seats ( edit ) Results of the 2003 redistricting . After the 2000 United States Census , Texas gained two seats . As typical , the delegation was redistricted for the 2002 elections . They were also redistricted in 2003 , which gave Republicans a majority of seats after the 2004 elections . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="2"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 108th 2003 -- 2005 Max Sandlin ( D ) Jim Turner ( D ) Sam Johnson ( R ) Ralph Hall ( D ) Jeb Hensarling ( R ) Joe Barton ( R ) John Culberson ( R ) Kevin Brady ( R ) Nick Lampson ( D ) Lloyd Doggett ( D ) Chet Edwards ( D ) Kay Granger ( R ) Mac Thornberry ( R ) Ron Paul ( R ) Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) Silvestre Reyes ( D ) Charles Stenholm ( D ) Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) Larry Combest ( R ) Charlie Gonzalez ( D ) Lamar S. Smith ( R ) Tom DeLay ( R ) Henry Bonilla ( R ) Martin Frost ( D ) Chris Bell ( D ) Michael C. Burgess ( R ) Solomon P. Ortiz ( D ) Ciro D. Rodriguez ( D ) Gene Green ( D ) Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) John Carter ( R ) Pete Sessions ( R ) 108th 2003 -- 2005 Randy Neugebauer ( R ) 109th 2005 -- 2007 Louie Gohmert ( R ) Ted Poe ( R ) Ralph Hall ( R ) Al Green ( D ) Michael McCaul ( R ) Mike Conaway ( R ) Chet Edwards ( D ) Kenny Marchant ( R ) Lloyd Doggett ( D ) Henry Cuellar ( D ) 109th 2005 -- 2007 Shelley Sekula - Gibbs ( R ) 110th 2007 -- 2009 Nick Lampson ( D ) Ciro Rodriguez ( D ) 110th 2007 -- 2009 111th 2009 -- 2011 Pete Olson ( R ) 111th 2009 -- 2011 112th 2011 -- 2013 Bill Flores ( R ) Quico Canseco ( R ) Blake Farenthold ( R ) 112th 2011 -- 2013 2013 to present ( edit ) After the 2010 United States Census , Texas gained four seats . Congress <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="10"> District <Th_colspan="6"> District Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 113th 2013 -- 2015 Louie Gohmert ( R ) Ted Poe ( R ) Sam Johnson ( R ) Ralph Hall ( R ) Jeb Hensarling ( R ) Joe Barton ( R ) John Culberson ( R ) Kevin Brady ( R ) Al Green ( D ) Michael McCaul ( R ) Mike Conaway ( R ) Kay Granger ( R ) Mac Thornberry ( R ) Randy Weber ( R ) Ruben Hinojosa ( D ) Beto O'Rourke ( D ) Bill Flores ( R ) Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) Randy Neugebauer ( R ) Joaquin Castro ( D ) Lamar S. Smith ( R ) Pete Olson ( R ) Pete Gallego ( D ) Kenny Marchant ( R ) Roger Williams ( R ) Michael C. Burgess ( R ) Blake Farenthold ( R ) Henry Cuellar ( D ) Gene Green ( D ) Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) John Carter ( R ) Pete Sessions ( R ) Marc Veasey ( D ) Filemon Vela ( D ) Lloyd Doggett ( D ) Steve Stockman ( R ) 113th 2013 -- 2015 114th 2015 -- 2017 John Ratcliffe ( R ) Will Hurd ( R ) Brian Babin ( R ) 114th 2015 -- 2017 115th 2017 -- 2019 Vicente González ( D ) Jodey Arrington ( R ) 115th 2017 -- 2019 Congress 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th Congress Key ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4"> Key to party colors and abbreviations for members of the U.S. Congress American ( Know Nothing ) ( K-N ) Adams ( A ) , Anti-Jacksonian ( Anti-J ) , National Republican ( NR ) Anti-Administration ( Anti-Admin ) Anti-Masonic ( Anti-M ) Conservative ( Con ) Democratic ( D ) Dixiecrat ( Dix ) , States ' rights ( SR ) Democratic - Republican ( D-R ) Farmer -- Labor ( FL ) Federalist ( F ) Free Soil ( FS ) Free Silver ( FSv ) Fusion ( FU ) Greenback ( GB ) Jacksonian ( J ) Nonpartisan League ( NPL ) Nullifier ( N ) Opposition ( O ) Populist ( Pop ) Pro-Administration ( Pro-Admin ) Progressive ( Prog ) Prohibition ( Proh ) Readjuster ( Rea ) Republican ( R ) Socialist ( Soc ) Unionist ( U ) Whig ( W ) Independent , None , or Unaffiliated Living former Members of the House ( edit ) Representative Term of office District Date of birth ( and age ) Ed Foreman 1963 -- 1965 16th ( 1933 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1933 ( age 83 ) George H.W. Bush 1967 -- 1971 7th ( 1924 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 ) Bill Archer 1971 -- 2001 7th ( 1928 - 03 - 22 ) March 22 , 1928 ( age 89 ) Alan Steelman 1973 -- 1977 5th ( 1942 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Bob Krueger 1975 -- 1979 21st ( 1935 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Ron Paul 1976 -- 1977 1979 - 1985 1997 - 2013 22nd 14th ( 1935 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Joseph P. Wyatt , Jr . 1979 -- 1981 14th ( 1941 - 10 - 12 ) October 12 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Phil Gramm 1979 -- 1983 1983 - 1985 6th ( 1942 - 07 - 08 ) July 8 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Kent Hance 1979 -- 1985 19th ( 1942 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 1942 ( age 74 ) Tom Loeffler 1979 -- 1987 21st ( 1946 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Charles Stenholm 1979 -- 2005 17th ( 1938 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Martin Frost 1979 -- 2005 24th ( 1942 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Jack Fields 1981 -- 1997 8th ( 1952 - 02 - 03 ) February 3 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Ralph Hall 1981 -- 2015 4th ( 1923 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1923 ( age 94 ) Steve Bartlett 1983 -- 1991 3rd ( 1947 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1947 ( age 70 ) Michael A. Andrews 1983 -- 1995 25th ( 1944 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1944 ( age 73 ) John Bryant 1983 -- 1997 5th ( 1947 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1947 ( age 70 ) Ronald D. Coleman 1983 -- 1997 16th ( 1941 - 11 - 29 ) November 29 , 1941 ( age 75 ) Solomon P. Ortiz 1983 -- 2011 27th ( 1937 - 06 - 03 ) June 3 , 1937 ( age 80 ) Beau Boulter 1985 -- 1989 13th ( 1942 - 02 - 23 ) February 23 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Mac Sweeney 1985 -- 1989 14th ( 1955 - 09 - 15 ) September 15 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Albert Bustamante 1985 -- 1993 23rd ( 1935 - 04 - 08 ) April 8 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Jim Chapman 1985 -- 1997 1st ( 1945 - 03 - 08 ) March 8 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Larry Combest 1985 -- 2003 19th ( 1945 - 03 - 20 ) March 20 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Dick Armey 1985 -- 2003 26th ( 1940 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Tom DeLay 1985 -- 2006 22nd ( 1947 - 04 - 08 ) April 8 , 1947 ( age 70 ) Bill Sarpalius 1989 -- 1995 13th ( 1948 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Craig Washington 1989 -- 1995 18th ( 1941 - 10 - 12 ) October 12 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Pete Geren 1989 -- 1997 12th ( 1952 - 01 - 29 ) January 29 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Greg Laughlin 1989 -- 1997 14th ( 1942 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Chet Edwards 1991 -- 2011 11th 17th ( 1951 - 11 - 24 ) November 24 , 1951 ( age 65 ) Henry Bonilla 1993 -- 2007 23rd ( 1954 - 01 - 02 ) January 2 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Steve Stockman 1995 -- 1997 2013 - 2015 9th 36th ( 1956 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 1956 ( age 60 ) Ken Bentsen , Jr . 1995 -- 2003 25th ( 1959 - 06 - 03 ) June 3 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Max Sandlin 1997 -- 2005 1st ( 1952 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Jim Turner 1997 -- 2005 2nd ( 1946 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Nick Lampson 1997 -- 2005 2007 - 2009 9th 22nd ( 1945 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Ciro Rodriguez 1997 - 2005 2007 -- 2011 28th 23rd ( 1946 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1946 ( age 70 ) Silvestre Reyes 1997 -- 2013 16th ( 1944 - 11 - 10 ) November 10 , 1944 ( age 72 ) Rubén Hinojosa 1997 -- 2017 15th ( 1940 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Charlie Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 20th ( 1945 - 05 - 05 ) May 5 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Chris Bell 2003 -- 2005 25th ( 1959 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1959 ( age 57 ) Randy Neugebauer 2003 -- 2017 19th ( 1949 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1949 ( age 67 ) Shelley Sekula - Gibbs 2006 -- 2007 22nd ( 1953 - 06 - 22 ) June 22 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Quico Canseco 2011 -- 2013 23rd ( 1949 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1949 ( age 68 ) Pete Gallego 2013 -- 2015 23rd ( 1961 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1961 ( age 55 ) U.S. Senate delegation ( edit ) See also : List of United States Senators from Texas Current delegation Senior Senator John Cornyn ( R ) Junior Senator Ted Cruz ( R ) Senate delegation timetable ( edit ) Class 1 Senators Congress Class 2 Senators Thomas J. Rusk ( D ) 29th ( 1845 -- 1847 ) Sam Houston ( D ) 30th ( 1847 -- 1849 ) 31st ( 1849 -- 1851 ) 32nd ( 1851 -- 1853 ) 33rd ( 1853 -- 1855 ) 34th ( 1855 -- 1857 ) Sam Houston ( K-N ) 35th ( 1857 -- 1859 ) James Pinckney Henderson ( D ) Matthias Ward ( D ) 36th ( 1859 -- 1861 ) John Hemphill ( D ) Louis T. Wigfall ( D ) American Civil War 37th ( 1861 -- 1863 ) American Civil War 38th ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 39th ( 1865 -- 1867 ) 40th ( 1867 -- 1869 ) James W. Flanagan ( R ) 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) Morgan C. Hamilton ( R ) 42nd ( 1871 -- 1873 ) 43rd ( 1873 -- 1875 ) Samuel B. Maxey ( D ) 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) Richard Coke ( D ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) 47th ( 1881 -- 1883 ) 48th ( 1883 -- 1885 ) 49th ( 1885 -- 1887 ) John H. Reagan ( D ) 50th ( 1887 -- 1889 ) 51st ( 1889 -- 1891 ) 52nd ( 1891 -- 1893 ) Horace Chilton ( D ) Roger Q. Mills ( D ) 53rd ( 1893 -- 1895 ) 54th ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Horace Chilton ( D ) 55th ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Charles A. Culberson ( D ) 56th ( 1899 -- 1901 ) 57th ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Joseph W. Bailey ( D ) 58th ( 1903 -- 1905 ) 59th ( 1905 -- 1907 ) 60th ( 1907 -- 1909 ) 61st ( 1909 -- 1911 ) 62nd ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Rienzi M. Johnston ( D ) Morris Sheppard ( D ) 63rd ( 1913 -- 1915 ) 64th ( 1915 -- 1917 ) 65th ( 1917 -- 1919 ) 66th ( 1919 -- 1921 ) 67th ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Earle B. Mayfield ( D ) 68th ( 1923 -- 1925 ) 69th ( 1925 -- 1927 ) 70th ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Thomas T. Connally ( D ) 71st ( 1929 -- 1931 ) 72nd ( 1931 -- 1933 ) 73rd ( 1933 -- 1935 ) 74th ( 1935 -- 1937 ) 75th ( 1937 -- 1939 ) 76th ( 1939 -- 1941 ) 77th ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Andrew Jackson Houston ( D ) Wilbert Lee O'Daniel ( D ) 78th ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 79th ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 80th ( 1947 -- 1949 ) 81st ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Lyndon Johnson ( D ) 82nd ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Price Daniel ( D ) 83rd ( 1953 -- 1955 ) 84th ( 1955 -- 1957 ) 85th ( 1957 -- 1959 ) William A. Blakley ( D ) Ralph W. Yarborough ( D ) 86th ( 1959 -- 1961 ) 87th ( 1961 -- 1963 ) William A. Blakley ( D ) John G. Tower ( R ) 88th ( 1963 -- 1965 ) 89th ( 1965 -- 1967 ) 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Lloyd Bentsen ( D ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) 96th ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 97th ( 1981 -- 1983 ) 98th ( 1983 -- 1985 ) 99th ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Phil Gramm ( R ) 100th ( 1987 -- 1989 ) 101st ( 1989 -- 1991 ) 102nd ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Robert Krueger ( D ) Kay Bailey Hutchison ( R ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 106th ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 107th ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 108th ( 2003 -- 2005 ) John Cornyn ( R ) 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Ted Cruz ( R ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Living former Senators ( edit ) As of April 2015 , there are three former U.S. Senators from the U.S. State of Texas who are currently living at this time , two from Class 1 and one from Class 2 . Senator Term of office Class Date of birth ( and age ) Phil Gramm 1985 -- 2002 ( 1942 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Bob Krueger ( 1935 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Kay Bailey Hutchison 1993 -- 2013 ( 1943 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1943 ( age 74 ) See also ( edit ) List of United States congressional districts United States portal Texas portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The national atlas '' . nationalatlas.gov . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts , 1789 - 2012 . '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> Texas 's current delegation to the United States Congress Senators John Cornyn ( R ) Ted Cruz ( R ) Representatives ( ordered by district ) Louie Gohmert ( R ) Ted Poe ( R ) Sam Johnson ( R ) John Ratcliffe ( R ) Jeb Hensarling ( R ) Joe Barton ( R ) John Culberson ( R ) Kevin Brady ( R ) Al Green ( D ) Michael McCaul ( R ) Mike Conaway ( R ) Kay Granger ( R ) Mac Thornberry ( R ) Randy Weber ( R ) Vicente González ( D ) Beto O'Rourke ( D ) Bill Flores ( R ) Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) Jodey Arrington ( R ) Joaquín Castro ( D ) Lamar Smith ( R ) Pete Olson ( R ) Will Hurd ( R ) Kenny Marchant ( R ) Roger Williams ( R ) Michael C. Burgess ( R ) Blake Farenthold ( R ) Henry Cuellar ( D ) Gene Green ( D ) Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) John Carter ( R ) Pete Sessions ( R ) Marc Veasey ( D ) Filemon Vela ( D ) Lloyd Doggett ( D ) Brian Babin ( R ) Other states ' delegations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non ‐ voting : American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( H , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska ( H , S ) Nevada ( H , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( H , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( H , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( H , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of former House members List of former Senators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas&oldid=806548576 '' Categories : United States congressional delegations by state Politics of Texas Lists of Texas politicians Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 19 : 05 . 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1. United States congressional delegations from Texas 2. Texas congressional districts 3. Current representatives in Texas House delegation 4. Historical district boundaries in Texas 5. Texas Senate delegation

who was buried in the rock-cut tombs at beni-hasan

Beni Hasan - wikipedia Beni Hasan Jump to : navigation , search For the Sahrawi Bedouin group , see Beni Hassan . Coordinates : 27 ° 56 ′ N 30 ° 53 ′ E  /  27.933 ° N 30.883 ° E  / 27.933 ; 30.883 The tombs of Khety and Baqet III . Beni Hasan ( also written as Bani Hasan , or also Beni - Hassan ) ( Arabic : بني حسن ‎ ) is an Ancient Egyptian cemetery site . It is located approximately 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) to the south of modern - day Minya in the region known as Middle Egypt , the area between Asyut and Memphis . While there are some Old Kingdom burials at the site , it was primarily used during the Middle Kingdom , spanning the 21st to 17th centuries BCE ( Middle Bronze Age ) . To the south of the cemetery is a temple constructed by Hatshepsut and Thutmose III , dedicated to the local goddess Pakhet . It is known as the Cave of Artemis , because the Greeks identified Pakhet with Artemis , and the temple is subterranean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cemetery 2 Notable tombs 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Cemetery ( edit ) Provincial governors in the Middle Kingdom continued to be buried in decorated rock - cut tombs in their local cemeteries , carried over from the First Intermediate Period , at sites such as Beni Hasan . There is evidence of a re-organization of the system of government during the 12th Dynasty . During the First Intermediate Period and for some of the Middle Kingdom period it was common for Nomarchs ( someone who oversees / controls a government specified area ) to be hereditary positions ; the elite did not depend on the king to legitimize their power as much as they had in the Old Kingdom . In the 12th Dynasty the power of the Nomarchs began to be curtailed , and provincial governors were appointed or at least confirmed by the king . There are 39 ancient tombs here of Middle Kingdom ( ca . 21st to 19th centuries BC ) nomarchs of the Oryx nome , who governed from Hebenu . Due to the quality of , and distance to the cliffs in the west , these tombs were constructed on the east bank . There is a spatial distribution in this cemetery ( there are two cemeteries here : the upper range and the lower necropolis ) associated with the different levels of resources available to the deceased ; the most important people were buried near the top of the cliff . In the lower cemetery there are 888 shaft tombs , dating to the Middle Kingdom , that were excavated by John Garstang ; for the most part these tombs shared a similar general design which included a small chamber or recess at the foot of the shaft ( facing south ) to receive the coffin and the funeral deposits . In the upper cemetery members of the elite class built striking tombs to represent their social and political positions as the rulers and officials of the Oryx Nome , which is the 16th Nome of Upper Egypt . At this site , the provincial high elite were buried in large and elaborately decorated tombs carved into the limestone cliffs near the provincial capital , located in the upper cemetery area . These tombs lie in a row on a north - south axis . There is a slight break in the natural rock terrace , on to which they open , that divides the thirty - nine high status tombs into two groups . The basic design of these elite tombs was an outer court and a rock - cut pillared room ( sometimes referred to as the chapel ) in which there was a shaft that led to the burial chamber . Some of the larger tombs have biographical inscriptions and were painted with scenes of daily life and warfare . They are famous for the quality of their paintings . Nowadays , many of these scenes are in poor condition , though in the 19th century copies were made of several of them . Notable tombs ( edit ) Detail of the wrestling scenes in tomb 15 . Four out of the 39 tombs are accessible to the public . Notable tombs are : Tomb 2 -- Amenemhat , known as Ameny , nomarch under Senusret I ( accessible ) . Tomb 3 -- Khnumhotep II , notable for the depiction of caravans of Semitic traders ( accessible ) . Tomb 4 -- Khnumhotep IV , nomarch during the late 12th Dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 13 -- Khnumhotep , royal scribe during the 12th Dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 14 -- Khnumhotep I , nomarch under Amenemhat I ( closed ) . Tomb 15 -- Baqet III , notable for the depiction of wrestling techniques ( accessible ) . Tomb 17 -- Khety , nomarch during the 11th Dynasty , son of Baqet ; notable for depiction of what may be ball games ( accessible ) . Tomb 21 -- Nakht , nomarch during the 12th Dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 23 -- Netjernakht , overseer of the Eastern Desert during the 12th dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 27 -- Ramushenty , nomarch during the 11th Dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 29 -- Baqet I , nomarch during the 11th Dynasty ( closed ) . Tomb 33 -- Baqet II , nomarch during the 11th Dynasty ( closed ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banes and Malek ( 2000 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ Robins ( 1997 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Banes and Malek ( 2000 ) p. 128 Jump up ^ Robins ( 1997 ) p. 101 Jump up ^ Richards ( 2005 ) p. 80 Jump up ^ Garstang ( 1907 ) p. 45 Jump up ^ Kamrin ( 1999 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Bard ( 2008 ) p. 189 References ( edit ) Baines , John , and Jaromir Malek . Cultural Atlas Of Ancient Egypt . Revised Edition ed . Oxfordshire , England : Andromeda Oxford Limited , 2000 . Bard , Kathryn A. An Introduction To The Archaeology Of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , United Kingdom : Blackwell Ltd , 2008 . Garstang , John . The Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt . London , England : Archibald Constable & Co Ltd , 1907 . Kamrin , Janice . The Cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan . London , England : Kegan Paul International , 1999 . Newberry , Percy E. , Beni Hasan . Part I -- IV . London , England : Kegan Paul , Trench , Tubner & Co. , Ltd. , 1893 -- 1900 . Richards , Janet . Society And Death In Ancient Egypt . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge UP , 2005 . Robins , Gay . The Art Of Ancient Egypt . Cambridge , MA : Harvard UP , 1997 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beni Hasan . Beni Hasan ( with plates ) by Percy Newberry , et al . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beni_Hasan&oldid=806503714 '' Categories : Cemeteries in Egypt Tombs of ancient Egypt Buildings and structures of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Buildings and structures of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 13 : 11 . 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1. Beni Hasan - Ancient Egyptian cemetery site 2. Middle Kingdom - period of primary use at Beni Hasan 3. Tombs of Khety and Baqet III - notable tombs at the site 4. Provincial governors - buried in rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan 5. Cave of Artemis - temple dedicated to the local goddess Pakhet

when was the bantu law passed and implemented and why

Bantu education Act , 1953 - wikipedia Bantu education Act , 1953 <Th_colspan="2"> Bantu Education Act , 1953 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union , and for matters incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 47 of 1953 Enacted by Parliament of South Africa Date of Royal Assent 5 October 1986 Date commenced 1 January 1954 Date repealed 1 January 1980 Administered by Minister of Native Affairs <Th_colspan="2"> Repealing legislation <Td_colspan="2"> Education and Training Act , 1979 <Td_colspan="2"> Status : Repealed The Bantu Education Act , 1953 ( Act No. 47 of 1953 ; later renamed the Black Education Act , 1953 ) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community . Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities . Even universities were made `` tribal '' , and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools . Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans . In 1959 , this type of education was extended to `` non white '' universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act , and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system . It is often argued that the policy of Bantu ( African ) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market , although Hendrik Verwoerd , at the time Minister of Native Affairs , claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa 's `` ethnic problems '' by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group . The national authorities of the time is often said to have viewed education as having a rather pivotal position in their goal of eventually separating South Africa from the Bantustans entirely . The Minister of Native Affairs at the time , the `` Architect of Apartheid '' Hendrik Verwoerd , stated that : `` There is no place for ( the Bantu ) in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it can not use it in practice ? '' The introduction of Bantu Education led to a substantial increase of government funding to the learning institutions of black Africans , but it did not keep up with population increase . The law forced institutions under the direct control of the state and solve white man problems . The National Party now had the power to employ and train teachers as they saw fit . Black teachers ' salaries in 1953 were extremely low and resulted in a dramatic drop of trainee teachers . Only one third of the black teachers were qualified . The schools reserved for the country 's white children were of Western standards . 30 % of the black schools did not have electricity , 25 % no running water and less than half had plumbing . The education for Blacks , Indians and Coloureds was subtantially cheaper but not free . In the 70s , the per capita governmental spending on black education was one - tenth of the spending on white . In 1976 , the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 , which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction beginning with the last year of primary school , led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died , at least 134 of them under the age of eighteen . The act was repealed in 1979 by the Education and Training Act , 1979 , which continued the system of racially segregated education , while also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowing the both use of native tongue education up to the fourth grade and limited attendance at private schools as well . Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994 , and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act , 1996 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nadine L. Moore , Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria ( 2015 ) . `` IN CLASS OF THEIR OWN : THE BANTU EDUCATION ACT ( 1953 ) REVISITED '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nancy L. ; Worger , William H. ( 2004 ) . South Africa - The Rise and Fall of Apartheid . Seminar Studies in History . Pearson Education Limited . pp. 48 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41437 - 7 . Jump up ^ Timeline of the University : 1959 n Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Official website of University of Fort Hare . Accessed 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Rita M. ( 1996 ) . South Africa : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Giliomee H , 2009 . A Note on Bantu Education 1953 - 1970 South African Journal of Economics , March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Afrikaans Medium Decree that Led to the Soweto Uprising '' . about.com . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. ) , Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( 15 September 1981 ) . `` South Africa : Time Running Out : the Report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa '' . University of California Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 -- via Google Books . http://nmmu.ac.za/documents/mward/Bantu%20Education%20Act%201953.pdf External links ( edit ) Article on apartheid and education that mentions the Bantu Act ( in Dutch ) Text of the act <Th_colspan="2"> Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_Education_Act,_1953&oldid=854919925 '' Categories : 1953 in South African law Apartheid laws in South Africa 1953 in international relations Education law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Italiano 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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1. Bantu Education Act, 1953 2. Apartheid system in South Africa 3. Racial segregation in education 4. Impact of Bantu Education on black Africans 5. Repeal of the Bantu Education Act

our sun has granules. the center of these feature

Granule ( solar physics ) - wikipedia Granule ( solar physics ) For other uses , see Granule ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Detailed view of a sunspot and surrounding solar surface . The dense pattern of cells ( unrelated to the sunspot ) is granulation ; the individual cells are granules . A closer view of the granules , with North America superimposed for scale . Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are caused by convection currents ( thermal columns , Bénard cells ) of plasma within the Sun 's convective zone . The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is produced by the tops of these convective cells and is called granulation . The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter . The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma . ( The terms darker and cooler are strictly by comparison to the brighter , hotter plasma . Since luminosity increases with the fourth power of temperature , even a small loss of heat produces a large luminosity contrast ; this `` cooler '' , `` darker '' plasma is still far hotter and vastly brighter than a thermite reaction . ) In addition to the visible appearance , which would be explained by convective motion , Doppler shift measurements of the light from individual granules provides evidence for the convective nature of the granules . A typical granule has a diameter on the order of 1,500 kilometers and lasts 8 to 20 minutes before dissipating . At any one time , the Sun 's surface is covered by about 4 million granules . Below the photosphere is a layer of `` supergranules '' up to 30,000 kilometers in diameter with lifespans of up to 24 hours . An illustration of the structure of the Sun Granules Sunspot Photosphere Chromosphere Convection zone Radiation zone Tachocline Solar core Corona Flare Prominence Solar wind References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zirker , J.B. ( 2003 ) . Sunquakes . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bahng , J. ; Schwarzschild , M. ( 12 April 1961 ) . `` Lifetime of Solar Granules '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 134 : 312 . Bibcode : 1961ApJ ... 134 ... 312B . doi : 10.1086 / 147160 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . <Th_colspan="3"> The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation <Td_colspan="3"> Spectral class : G2V Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granule_(solar_physics)&oldid=826512639 '' Categories : Sun Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Granules in solar physics 2. Convection currents in the Sun 3. Granulation on the solar photosphere 4. Doppler shift measurements of granules 5. Supergranules below the photosphere

why is bismarck the capital of north dakota

Bismarck , North Dakota - wikipedia Bismarck , North Dakota Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bismarck . <Th_colspan="2"> Bismarck , North Dakota <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> City of Bismarck <Td_colspan="2"> North Dakota State Capitol <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Bismarck in Burleigh County , North Dakota <Td_colspan="2"> Bismarck , North Dakota Bismarck , North Dakota Bismarck , North Dakota Show map of North Dakota Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Location in North Dakota , United States & North America <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.81333 ° N 100.77889 ° W  / 46.81333 ; - 100.77889 Country United States State North Dakota County Burleigh Founded May 14 , 1872 Named for Otto von Bismarck <Th_colspan="2"> Government Mayor Mike Seminary <Th_colspan="2"> Area City 31.23 sq mi ( 80.89 km ) Land 30.85 sq mi ( 79.90 km ) Water 0.38 sq mi ( 0.98 km ) Elevation 1,686 ft ( 514 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) City 61,272 Estimate ( 2016 ) 72,417 Rank US : 490th Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km ) Urban 97,869 Metro 131,635 ( 304th ) Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 58501 -- 58507 Area code ( s ) 701 FIPS code 38 - 07200 GNIS feature ID 1035849 Highways I - 94 , I - 94 Bus. , US 83 , ND 95 , ND 810 , ND 1804 Website www.bismarcknd.gov Bismarck ( / ˈbɪzˌmɑːrk / ) is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County . It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo . The city 's population was estimated in 2016 at 72,417 , while its metropolitan population was 131,635 . In 2015 , Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest - growing small city in the United States . Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River . It has been North Dakota 's capital city since 1889 , when the state was created from the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union . Bismarck is across the river from Mandan , named after a historic Native American tribe of the area . The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck - Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area . The North Dakota State Capitol , the tallest building in the state , is in central Bismarck . The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city . As a hub of retail and health care , Bismarck is the economic center of south - central North Dakota and north - central South Dakota . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Law and government 5 Economy 6 Education and libraries 6.1 Elementary , middle and high schools 6.2 Higher education 6.3 Libraries 7 Culture 7.1 Recreation 8 Health care 9 Media 10 Transportation 11 Sports 11.1 Amateur 11.2 Professional 12 Notable people 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Bismarck , North Dakota For thousands of years , present - day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples , who created successive cultures . The historic Mandan Native American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived . They spoke the Hidatsa language . The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is mirahacii arumaaguash ( `` Place of the tall willows '' ) ; the Arikara name is ituhtaáwe ( itUhtaáwe ) . In 1872 European Americans founded a settlement at what was then called Missouri Crossing , so named because the Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed the river there on their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 - 1806 . It had been an area of Mandan settlement . Later the new town was called Edwinton , after Edwin Ferry Johnson ( 1803 -- 1872 ) , engineer - in - chief for the Northern Pacific Railway . Its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers . In 1873 , the Northern Pacific Railway renamed the city as Bismarck , in honor of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck . Railroad officials hoped to attract German immigrant settlers to the area and German investment in the railroad . The discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills of South Dakota the following year was a greater impetus for growth . Thousands of miners came to the area , encroaching on what the Lakota considered sacred territory and leading to heightened tensions with the Native Americans . Bismarck became a freight - shipping center on the `` Custer Route '' from the Black Hills . In 1883 Bismarck was designated as the capital of the Dakota Territory , and in 1889 as the state capital of the new state of North Dakota . Geography ( edit ) Early - May 2007 astronaut photography of Bismarck , North Dakota , taken from the International Space Station ( ISS ) Bismarck is at 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.81333 ° N 100.77889 ° W  / 46.81333 ; - 100.77889 ( 46.813343 , − 100.779004 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 31.23 square miles ( 80.89 km ) , of which , 30.85 square miles ( 79.90 km ) is land and 0.38 square miles ( 0.98 km ) is water . Cityscape ( edit ) Downtown Bismarck : Patterson Place ( built in 1911 as the McKenzie Hotel ) was the tallest building in the state until construction of the capitol building . Originally operated as a noted luxury hotel , it has been adapted for senior housing and a retail restaurant . The city has developed around downtown Bismarck , the center of historic development . It is distinctive because the city 's major shopping center , Kirkwood Mall , is in the center city rather than in the suburbs . Several other major retail stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall , which was developed near the Bismarck Civic Center . The two Bismarck hospitals , St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health ( previously Medcenter One Health Systems ) are both downtown . The streets are lined with small stores and restaurants , providing numerous amenities . Much recent commercial and residential growth has taken place in the city 's northern section , largely because of expanding retail centers . Among the shopping centers in northern Bismarck are Gateway Fashion Mall , Northbrook Mall , Arrowhead Plaza , and the Pinehurst Square `` power center '' mall . The North Dakota State Capitol complex is just north of downtown Bismarck . The 19 - story Art Deco capitol is the tallest building in the city and the state , at a height of 241.75 feet ( 73.69 m ) . The capitol building towers over the city 's center and is easily seen from 20 miles ( 32 km ) away on a clear day . Completed during the Great Depression in 1934 , it replaced a capitol building that burned to the ground in 1930 . The capitol grounds house the North Dakota Heritage Center , the North Dakota State Library , the North Dakota Governor 's Residence , the State Office Building , and the Liberty Memorial Building . The North Dakota State Penitentiary is in eastern Bismarck . The Cathedral District is an historic neighborhood near downtown Bismarck . Named after the art deco Cathedral of the Holy Spirit . Some homes in this neighborhood date to the 1880s , although many were built in the first decades of the 20th century . At times , the city has proposed widening the streets in the neighborhood to improve traffic flow . Many residents object because such a project would require the removal of many of the towering American elms which line the streets . These have escaped the elm disease that destroyed street canopies of trees in Eastern cities . After the completion of Garrison Dam in 1953 by the Army Corps of Engineers , which improved flood control , the floodplain of the Missouri River became a more practical place for development . Significant residential and commercial building has taken place in this area on the south side of the city . The Upper Missouri River is still subject to seasonal flooding . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Bismarck , North Dakota Situated in the middle of the Great Plains , between the geographic centers of the United States and Canada , Bismarck displays a highly variable four - season humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with strong semi-arid influences . Bismarck 's climate is characterized by long , cold , somewhat snowy and windy winters , and hot summers that are at times humid . Thunderstorms occur in spring and summer , but much of the rest of the year is dry . The warmest month in Bismarck is July , with a daily mean of 71.1 ° F ( 21.7 ° C ) , with typically wide variations between day and night . The coldest month is January , with a 24 - hour average of 12.8 ° F ( − 10.7 ° C ) . Precipitation peaks from May to September and is rather sparse in the winter months . Winter snowfall is typically light to moderate , occurring with the passage of frontal systems ; major storms are rare . <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Bismarck Municipal Airport , North Dakota ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 73 ( 23 ) 81 ( 27 ) 93 ( 34 ) 102 ( 39 ) 111 ( 44 ) 114 ( 46 ) 109 ( 43 ) 105 ( 41 ) 95 ( 35 ) 79 ( 26 ) 66 ( 19 ) 114 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 86.9 ( 30.5 ) 93.2 ( 34 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) 98.2 ( 36.8 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) 101.6 ( 38.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 23.4 ( − 4.8 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 39.6 ( 4.2 ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 54.86 ( 12.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 2.2 ( − 16.6 ) 7.9 ( − 13.4 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 30.7 ( − 0.7 ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 57.4 ( 14.1 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) 44.9 ( 7.2 ) 32.2 ( 0.1 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) 6.1 ( − 14.4 ) 30.82 ( − 0.66 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 22.8 ( − 30.4 ) − 19.3 ( − 28.5 ) − 5.3 ( − 20.7 ) 13.7 ( − 10.2 ) 27.0 ( − 2.8 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 15.3 ( − 9.3 ) − 1.7 ( − 18.7 ) − 17.5 ( − 27.5 ) − 29.4 ( − 34.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 45 ( − 43 ) − 45 ( − 43 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 32 ( 0 ) 32 ( 0 ) 10 ( − 12 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 43 ( − 42 ) − 45 ( − 43 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 0.51 ( 13 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 1.26 ( 32 ) 2.40 ( 61 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.89 ( 73.4 ) 2.28 ( 57.9 ) 1.59 ( 40.4 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 0.71 ( 18 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 17.85 ( 453.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 8.9 ( 22.6 ) 8.1 ( 20.6 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 2.2 ( 5.6 ) 8.8 ( 22.4 ) 9.3 ( 23.6 ) 51.2 ( 130 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 7.5 7.0 7.9 7.4 10.1 11.2 9.7 8.2 7.5 6.6 7.0 7.6 97.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 9.7 8.1 6.4 2.5 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 1.4 6.6 10.0 45.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71.3 72.4 69.9 61.8 60.1 65.0 61.8 60.6 63.7 63.8 72.0 74.5 66.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 149.4 153.5 222.3 244.3 296.1 318.1 354.6 316.2 245.9 191.7 122.6 122.9 2,737.6 Percent possible sunshine 53 53 60 60 64 67 74 72 65 57 43 46 61 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) , The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 1,758 -- 1890 2,186 24.3 % 1900 3,319 51.8 % 1910 4,913 48.0 % 1920 7,122 45.0 % 1930 11,090 55.7 % 1940 15,496 39.7 % 1950 18,541 19.7 % 1960 27,670 49.2 % 1970 34,703 25.4 % 1980 44,485 28.2 % 49,256 10.7 % 2000 55,532 12.7 % 61,272 10.3 % Est. 2016 72,417 18.2 % <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate As of the census of 2010 , there were 61,272 people , 27,263 households , and 15,624 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,986.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 766.8 / km ) . There were 28,648 housing units at an average density of 928.6 per square mile ( 358.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92.4 % White , 0.7 % African American , 4.5 % Native American , 0.6 % Asian , 0.3 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3 % of the population . There were 27,263 households of which 27 % had children under the age of 18 living with them ( the lowest percentage in North Dakota ) , 44.1 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , 3.6 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.7 % were non-families. 34.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82 . The median age in the city was 38 years . 20.8 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 11 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 26.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 26.8 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 15.4 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.6 % male and 51.4 % female . 2000 ( edit ) At the time of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 55,532 people , 23,185 households , and 14,444 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,065.2 per square mile ( 797.4 / km2 ) . There were 24,217 housing units at an average density of 900.6 per square mile ( 347.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.78 % White , 3.39 % Native American , 0.89 % from two or more races , 0.75 % Hispanic or Latino , 0.45 % Asian , 0.28 % Black or African American , 0.17 % from other races and 0.03 % Pacific Islander . There were 23,185 households , of which 30.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.1 % were married couples living together , 9.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.7 % were non-families. 31.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.94 . In the city , the population was spread out with 23.5 % under the age of 18 , 11.1 % from 18 to 24 , 29.1 % from 25 to 44 , 22.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 93.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.8 males . The median income per household in the city was $39,422 , and the median income per family was $51,477 . Males had a median income of $33,804 versus $22,647 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,789 . About 5.7 % of families and 8.4 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.5 % of those under age 18 and 7.4 % of those age 65 or over . Law and government ( edit ) Bismarck operates under the city commission style of municipal government . Citizens elect five at - large city commissioners , which means they must generally command a majority of the electorate . This decreases the opportunity for smaller interest groups or minorities to elect candidates of their choice , reducing representation of the electorate . The president of the city commission fills the office of mayor of the city . The current mayor of Bismarck is Mike Seminary . The city commission meets every second and fourth Tuesday of each month . Economy ( edit ) According to the City 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the largest employers in the city are the following : # Employer # of Employees Sanford Health 25,000 ( company wide , including multi-state area . ) State of North Dakota 4,400 St. Alexius Medical Center 2,264 Bismarck Public Schools 1,804 5 United States government 1,200 7 MDU Resources 616 8 Walmart 690 9 Aetna 618 10 City of Bismarck 544 11 Mid Dakota Clinic 530 12 Missouri Slope Lutheran Care Center 530 13 University of Mary 503 14 Coventry Health Care 460 15 Basin Electric Power Cooperative 455 Education and libraries ( edit ) Elementary , middle and high schools ( edit ) The Bismarck Public Schools system operates sixteen elementary schools , three middle schools ( Simle , Wachter , Horizon ) , three public high schools ( Century High , Legacy High School , and Bismarck High ) and one alternative high school ( South Central High School ) . The system educates 10,400 students and employs 1,500 people . Three Bismarck Catholic parishes operate primary schools ( kindergarten through eighth grade ) : St. Mary 's Grade School , St. Anne 's Grade School , and Cathedral Grade School . St. Mary 's Grade School , founded in 1878 , is the oldest continuously operating elementary school in North Dakota . The city has two private high schools , the Catholic St. Mary 's Central High School and Shiloh Christian School , operated by Protestants . Higher education ( edit ) There are five colleges and a university in Bismarck . The University of Mary is a four - year university , operated by the Benedictine Sisters of Annunciation Monastery . Bismarck State College is a two - year public college , the largest degree - granting institution in the city , and a member of the North Dakota University System . United Tribes Technical College is a two - year tribal college . Rasmussen College , a two to four - year private college , has a campus location in Bismarck . Sanford Health , formerly Medcenter One , operates a nursing school that offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing . The campus is just north of the medical center . Libraries ( edit ) Bismarck libraries include Bismarck Veterans Memorial Public Library and North Dakota State Library . Culture ( edit ) The Belle Mehus Auditorium , a 1914 historic building in downtown Bismarck , is a center for the arts in the area . Performances of Northern Plains Dance and the Bismarck - Mandan Symphony Orchestra are held there . Theater companies in Bismarck include the Capitol Shakespeare Society , Sleepy Hollow Summer Theatre , the Shade Tree Players children 's theater group , Dakota Stage Ltd , University of Mary , Bismarck State College , and various high school groups . The Gannon and Elsa Forde Art Galleries are at Bismarck State College . The Missouri Valley Chamber Orchestra , founded in 2000 , is the community 's newest orchestra and performs a variety of musical genres . Recreation ( edit ) Bismarck has a large park system and an extensive network of exercise trails . The Bismarck Parks and Recreation District , established in 1927 , operates many parks , swimming pools , and several golf courses within the city . The Parks and Recreation District operates roughly 2,300 acres ( 930 ha ) of public parkland . Sertoma Park stretches more than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) along the banks of the Missouri River . Within the park are several miles of biking trails and the Dakota Zoo . There are five golf courses in Bismarck : four 18 - hole courses ( Apple Creek Country Club , Hawktree Golf Club , Riverwood Golf Course , and Tom O'Leary Golf Course ) , and one 9 - hole course ( Pebble Creek Golf Course ) . Partially rebuilt Mandan Village On - a-Slant , in Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park outside Bismarck One of the main tourism attractions of the Bismarck area is Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of neighboring Mandan , North Dakota . It contains the partial reconstruction of Fort Abraham Lincoln , the headquarters of the 7th Cavalry and last command of General George Armstrong Custer before the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( also known as the Battle of the Greasy Grass ) . The park includes On - a-Slant Village , a partially rebuilt earth lodge village once occupied by people of the historic Mandan tribe . Guided tours of both sites are offered in the summertime . There are also a museum on park history , nature trails , and a campground . Hunting and fishing are popular in the area , with hunting seasons for deer , pheasant , and waterfowl . Fishing is a year - round sport on the Missouri River bordering Bismarck , and there are public docks on the river . From north to south , there is a dock at the Port of Bismarck , from which the Lewis and Clark passenger riverboat plies the Missouri ; Fox Island Landing , about a half mile southwest of Riverwood Golf Course ; and the Bismarck Dock at General Sibley Park , which has a boat ramp and picnic facilities . Near Bismarck are several dammed lakes , including McDowell Dam Lake , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) east of the city ; Harmon Lake , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of neighboring Mandan on the west side of the river ; and two lakes several miles west of the city . In February 2007 , Bismarck broke the record for the most snow angels made in one place . A total of 8,962 participants came to the capitol grounds for the event . Health care ( edit ) Bismarck is a regional center for health care . The city has two hospitals : St. Alexius Medical Center ( 285 - bed ) and Sanford Health ( 238 - bed ) . When it was opened in 1885 , St. Alexius was the first hospital in Dakota Territory and the Catholic facility is the oldest health care provider in the state of North Dakota . St. Alexius and Medcenter One have joined forces to form the Bismarck Cancer Center . Medcenter One was founded in 1908 as Bismarck Evangelical Hospital . In 1955 it was renamed as Bismarck Hospital , renamed again in 1984 to MedCenter One , and in 2012 became part of the Sanford Health system . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Bismarck - Mandan Print Bismarck is served by the Bismarck Tribune , the city 's daily newspaper . Established in 1873 , the paper is the oldest continuously operating business in the city . The Tribune is the official newspaper of the city of Bismarck , Burleigh County , and the state of North Dakota . The daily newspapers of other major cities in North Dakota are also available at area newsstands . Television Six television stations are based in Bismarck , and all of them have rebroadcasters in Minot , Williston , and Dickinson . The stations are : KBME ( ATSC RF channel 22 ) -- virtual channels 3.1 PBS , 3.2 World , 3.3 Minnesota Channel , 3.4 Lifelong Learning KFYR ( ATSC RF channel 31 ) -- virtual channels 5.1 NBC , 5.2 Me - TV KXMB ( ATSC RF channel 12 ) -- virtual channels 12.1 CBS , 12.3 Weather KBMY ( ATSC RF channel 17 ) -- virtual channels 17.1 ABC KNDB ( ATSC RF channel 26 ) -- virtual channels 26.1 Fox K46DY analog NTSC channel 46 ( TBN ) Bismarck also carries KWMK , an affiliate of The CW , on cable channel 14 ; as well as Public - access television channels , on cable TV channels 2 and 12 . Radio Bismarck supports some twenty - seven radio stations . Most of the commercial stations are owned by either Clear Channel Communications or Cumulus Media . Many of the lower frequency stations are broadcasters of national Christian radio networks . The local stations are : FM frequencies KBMK 88.3 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) K - Love network affiliate K204FG 88.7 FM ( Christian ) BBN translator KLBF 89.1 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) K - Love affiliate for nearby Lincoln KNRI 89.7 FM ( Christian rock ) Air 1 affiliate KCND 90.5 FM ( Public Radio ) Prairie Public Radio KXRP 91.3 FM ( Christian ) Family Radio affiliate KPHA 91.7 FM ( Catholic ) Real Presence Radio KYYY 92.9 FM ( Contemporary Hits ) `` Y93 '' KBEP - LP 93.7 FM ( Christian ) 3ABN affiliate KQDY 94.5 FM ( Country ) `` KQ 94.5 '' K237FQ 95.3 FM translator simulcasting KJIT - LP KBYZ 96.5 FM ( Classic rock ) `` The Fox '' KKCT 97.5 FM ( Top 40 / CHR ) `` Hot 97 - 5 '' KACL 98.7 FM ( Classic hits ) `` Cool 98.7 '' K259AF 99.7 FM translator simulcasting KFYR - AM KLBE - LP 100.7 FM ( Christian rock ) `` Club Radio '' KSSS 101.5 FM ( Active Rock ) `` Rock 101 '' KUSB 103.3 FM ( Country ) `` US 103.3 '' KNDR 104.7 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) KKBO 105.9 FM ( Country ) `` Big Rig 105.9 '' KJIT - LP 106.7 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) Radio 74 affiliate KXRV 107.5 FM ( Classic Hits ) `` Mojo 107.5 '' AM frequencies KFYR 550 AM ( News / Talk / Sports ) `` K - Fire '' KXMR 710 AM ( Sports ) `` ESPN 710 '' KBMR 1130 AM ( Classic country ) KLXX 1270 AM ( Talk ) KDKT 1410 AM ( Sports ) `` Fox Sports Radio 1410 '' WQDL503 1610 AM ( Traveler 's Information Station ) , North Dakota Department of Transportation NOAA Weather Radio station WXL78 broadcasts from Bismarck on 162.475 MHz . Transportation ( edit ) The historic Northern Pacific Railway Depot , built in 1901 using the Mission Revival style . As of July 2017 , the building is vacant . The Capital Area Transit System ( CAT ) began operations in May 2004 . This public bus system is operated by the Bis - Man Transit Board and has eleven routes throughout Bismarck and Mandan . Bis - Man Transit also operates a para-transit service for senior citizens and people with disabilities . Bismarck Municipal Airport is south of the city . It has the largest passenger volume in western North Dakota and the second highest within the state . The airport is served by United Express , Allegiant Air , Delta Air Lines , American Airlines , and Frontier Airlines . A new $15 million terminal opened in May 2005 . The previous terminal was built in the mid-1960s and expanded in the mid-1970s . After a windstorm collapsed part of the roof connecting the expanded terminal to the original building , officials decided to demolish the entire complex and build the new terminal . The BNSF Railway runs east -- west through the city . The railway was originally integral to the growth of Bismarck and Mandan . Today it is used for freight . Due to restructuring in the railroad industry , there has not been Amtrak passenger service in Bismarck since the North Coast Hiawatha service ended in 1979 . The closest Amtrak station is in Minot , north of Bismarck , where the Empire Builder line runs . Two federal highways pass through Bismarck . Interstate 94 runs east -- west through the city . The north -- south U.S. Route 83 merges in north Bismarck with Interstate 94 and runs east for roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) before turning south . Sports ( edit ) Amateur ( edit ) High school and college sports are the main feature of the local athletics landscape . The athletic teams at the three public Bismarck high schools , Bismarck High School , Century High School , and Legacy High School , are known as The Demons , The Patriots , and The Sabers , respectively . The athletic teams at St. Mary 's Central High School , Bismarck 's Catholic high school , are known as The Saints . The teams at Bismarck State College and United Tribes Technical College are known as The Mystics and Thunderbirds , and both compete in the National Junior College Athletic Association . The teams at the University of Mary are The Marauders and compete in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference . Bismarck has an American Legion baseball team called the Governors . In the fall , the accent is on high school and college football . There are spirited rivalries among the several high schools in the area . The University of Mary added the sport in 1988 . Most University of Mary football games are played in the Community Bowl . Other popular sports during the winter months include ice hockey , wrestling and basketball . In spring , baseball is one of the top amateur sports in the city with each high school , Bismarck State College , and The University of Mary providing teams . The University of Mary also has a softball team . High schools and colleges also feature track and field during the spring . In the summer , Bismarck has American Legion baseball and auto racing . The Fourth of July holiday is the height of rodeo time , with rodeos in Mandan and Bismarck . Slow - pitch softball is played by teams in the city . Bismarck is the host city of the world 's largest charity softball tournament , the Sam McQuade Sr. Softball Tournament , in which more than 400 teams from all over the United States and Canada compete . The Bismarck Bobcats hockey team of the North American Hockey League is made up of junior players ( age twenty and younger , sometimes age twenty - one if waived ) . The Bobcats won back - to - back Borne Cup championships as members of the America West Hockey League before merging into the NAHL in 2003 . The Bobcats have made several trips to the NAHL 's national tournament , claiming their first - ever Robertson Cup title in 2010 . Starting in 2017 , the Bismarck Larks , a Northwoods League expansion baseball team , will play their home games at the Bismarck Municipal Ballpark . Professional ( edit ) The Dakota Wizards of the NBA Development League was formerly based in Bismarck . The Wizards ' first season took place in 1995 in the International Basketball Association . The Wizards won one title during their International Basketball Association days ( 1995 -- 2001 ) and two during their Continental Basketball Association days ( 2001 -- 2006 ) . They were the 2006 -- 07 champions of the NBA D - League , their first season in the league . The team moved to Santa Cruz , California , in 2012 , a year after being purchased by the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association . Starting with the 2017 season , Bismarck is home to the Bismarck Bucks , a professional indoor football team in Champions Indoor Football . Bismarck has been the home of two professional indoor football teams , the Bismarck Blaze and the Bismarck Roughriders , but both teams left the city soon after they were formed . Bismarck once had a professional baseball team , the Dakota Rattlers , but the team moved to Minot after several seasons in Bismarck . Notable people ( edit ) Leslie Bibb , actress Paula Broadwell , a consultant and author and extramarital partner of General David Petraeus . John Burke , state Supreme Court Justice , 10th governor of North Dakota , 24th Treasurer of the United States Gary Cederstrom , Major League Baseball umpire Neil Churchill , Bismarck mayor Kent Conrad , U.S. Senator Ronnie Cramer , artist , filmmaker Dale DeArmond , printmaker and book illustrator Angie Dickinson , actress ( born in Kulm and grew up in Bismarck ) Weston Dressler , Saskatchewan Roughriders slotback Shannon Galpin , founder of `` Strength in Numbers '' Heidi Heitkamp , attorney and politician , and first woman elected to the US Senate from North Dakota John Hoeven , 31st Governor of North Dakota Thomas S. Kleppe , former Bismarck mayor , 41st U.S. Secretary of the Interior Brock Lesnar , wrestler and former heavy weight UFC champion Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 Mike Peluso , right wing with the Chicago Blackhawks and Philadelphia Flyers John Andrew Rea , newspaper editor , helped draft the state constitution Ed Schafer , 30th Governor of North Dakota , 29th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Jonathan Twingley , artist , illustrator and novelist Carson Wentz , professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles Shane Balkowitsch , American wet plate photographer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Records for Bismarck have been kept at the Bismarck Municipal Airport since January 1948 and at an undisclosed location from October 1874 to December 1947 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Joel ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` America 's Fastest - Growing Small Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Edward C. ; Groenewold , Gerald H. `` Geology of the Bismarck - Mandan Area '' ( PDF ) . Geologic Investigations No. 3 . North Dakota Geological Survey . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Online -- Lewis and Clark : Native Americans '' . pbs.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hidatsa Lessons Vocab2 '' . Hidatsa Language Program . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search -- Arikara . Prototype version '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bismarck City Portrait '' . City of Bismarck . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : ND BISMARCK '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for BISMARCK / MUNICIPAL , ND 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Bismarck , ND - Temperature and Precipitation '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best North Dakota Cities for Families and Singles '' . North Dakota Real Estate Trends . RealEstate.com . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Bismarck 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` University of Mary , North Dakota -- Affordable Private Catholic College '' . umary.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benedictine Sisters of Annunciation Monastery '' . annunciationmonastery.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bismarck State College '' . bismarckstate.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Oleyte . `` United Tribes Technical College '' . uttc.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rasmussen College -- Regionally Accredited College Online and on Campus '' . rasmussen.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bismarck Library , ND '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- North Dakota State Library '' . nd.gov . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://capitolshakespeare.org/ Jump up ^ `` Sleepy Hollow '' . shst.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Stage Ltd '' . shadetreeplayers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Stage Ltd '' . dakotastageltd.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Information about Bismarck Parks and Recreation District Archived February 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fort Abraham Lincoln Foundation '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Blake ( 28 February 2008 ) . `` Detroit radio station hopes to break snow angel record '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Bismarck Cancer Center '' . bismarckcancercenter.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medcenter One , Sanford Health Complete Merger '' . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bis - Man Transit : Bismarck , ND : Public Transportation & Bus System '' . Bismarck , ND : Bis - Man Transit . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reidell , Robert ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Northwoods League team coming to Bismarck '' . The Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Four former Richmonders help bring laughter to TV '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney , Madison ( January 30 , 2012 ) . Bismarck native profiles Gen. David Petraeus in new book . Bismarck Tribune Jump up ^ `` Bestsellers February 26 , 2012 '' . New York Times . 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ( 10 November 2012 ) . `` FBI probe of Petraeus triggered by e-mail threats from biographer , officials say '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Burke '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Churchill '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Conrad '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale DeArmond '' . Juneau Empire . 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Dressler '' . University of North Dakota . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Hoeven '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas S. Kleppe '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar '' . National Wrestling Hall of Fame . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Peluso '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Schafer '' . usda.gov . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Twingley '' . Zoom Information , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Meinch , Timothy . `` A Frame in Time : Photography with Shane Balkowitsch '' . midwestliving.com . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bismarck , North Dakota . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bismarck . City of Bismarck official website Bismarck , North Dakota at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Bismarck , North Dakota '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Bismarck , N. Dakota '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Bismarck , capital of North Dakota ( 1916 ) from the Digital Horizons website Bismarck , capital of North Dakota ( 1923 ) from the Digital Horizons website Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.813343 ° N 100.779004 ° W  / 46.813343 ; - 100.779004 <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities and communities of Burleigh County , North Dakota , United States <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Bismarck Cities Bismarck Lincoln Regan Wilton ‡ Wing Townships Apple Creek Boyd Canfield Christiania Clear Lake Crofte Cromwell Driscoll Ecklund Estherville Florence Lake Francis Ghylin Gibbs Glenview Grass Lake Harriet - Lien Hay Creek Hazel Grove Logan Long Lake McKenzie Menoken Missouri Morton Naughton Painted Woods Richmond Rock Hill Schrunk Sibley Butte Steiber Sterling Taft Telfer Thelma Trygg Wild Rose Wilson Wing CDPs Driscoll Menoken Unorganized territories Burnt Creek - Riverview Lincoln - Fort Rice Lyman Phoenix Unincorporated communities Baldwin McKenzie Moffit Pierce Sterling Ghost town Arena Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties <Th_colspan="3"> State of North Dakota <Td_colspan="3"> Bismarck ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Climate Colleges and universities Cuisine Delegations Geography Governors History LGBT history in North Dakota Music People Tourist attractions Seal of North Dakota Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Badlands Coteau du Missouri Drift Prairie Red River Valley Turtle Mountains Larger cities pop . over 5,000 Bismarck Devils Lake Dickinson Fargo Grand Forks Jamestown Mandan Minot Valley City Wahpeton West Fargo Williston Smaller cities pop . 1,000 - 5,000 Beach Beulah Bottineau Bowman Burlington Cando Carrington Casselton Cavalier Cooperstown Crosby Ellendale Garrison Grafton Hankinson Harvey Hazen Hettinger Hillsboro Horace Kenmare Langdon Larimore Lincoln Linton Lisbon Mayville New Rockford New Town Oakes Park River Rolla Rugby Stanley Thompson Tioga Velva Walhalla Washburn Watford City Wishek Counties Adams Barnes Benson Billings Bottineau Bowman Burke Burleigh Cass Cavalier Dickey Divide Dunn Eddy Emmons Foster Golden Valley Grand Forks Grant Griggs Hettinger Kidder LaMoure Logan McHenry McIntosh McKenzie McLean Mercer Morton Mountrail Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Ramsey Ransom Renville Richland Rolette Sargent Sheridan Sioux Slope Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward Wells Williams <Th_colspan="3"> Bismarck -- Mandan Metropolitan Area ( ND ) Counties Burleigh Morton Oliver Sioux Core cities Bismarck † Mandan † Surrounding areas Almont Baldwin Bluegrass Breien Cannon Ball Center † Chadwick Dengate Driscoll Eagle Nest Fallon Flasher Fort Rice Fort Yates † Glen Ullin Hannover Harmon Hebron Hensler Huff Judson Lincoln Lynwood Lyons McKenzie Menoken Moffit New Salem North Almot Otter Creek Pierce Porcupine Price Regan Rock Haven Saint Anthony Sanger Schmidt Selfridge Sims Sterling Sunny Solen Sweet Briar Timmer Wilton Wing Youngtown <Td_colspan="3"> † - county seat <Th_colspan="2"> Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction <Td_colspan="2"> Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie VIAF : 124325282 GND : 4218173 - 2 BNF : cb12013476q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bismarck,_North_Dakota&oldid=814690826 '' Categories : Bismarck -- Mandan Cities in Burleigh County , North Dakota Cities in North Dakota County seats in North Dakota Populated places established in 1872 North Dakota populated places on the Missouri River Bismarck , North Dakota 1872 establishments in Dakota Territory Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - 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1. Bismarck, North Dakota 2. Capital of North Dakota 3. Population and demographics 4. Geography and climate 5. History and founding

it begins after dna replicates during interphase of the cell cycle

Cell cycle - wikipedia Cell cycle Jump to : navigation , search For the separation of chromosomes that occurs as part of the cell cycle , see mitosis . For the Academic journal , see Cell Cycle ( journal ) . See also : Cell division Life Cycle of the cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle . Growth in an ' organism ' is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle . The cell cycle or cell - division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA ( DNA replication ) to produce two daughter cells . In bacteria , which lack a cell nucleus , the cell cycle is divided into the B , C , and D periods . The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication . DNA replication occurs during the C period . The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells . In cells with a nucleus , as in eukaryotes , the cell cycle is also divided into three periods : interphase , the mitotic ( M ) phase , and cytokinesis . During interphase , the cell grows , accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis , preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA . During the mitotic phase , the chromosomes separate . During the final stage , cytokinesis , the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells . To ensure the proper division of the cell , there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints . The cell - division cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism , as well as the process by which hair , skin , blood cells , and some internal organs are renewed . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell divisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phases 1.1 G phase ( quiescence ) 1.2 Interphase ( intermitosis ) 1.2. 1 G phase ( First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase ) 1.2. 2 S phase ( DNA replication ) 1.2. 3 G phase ( growth ) 1.3 Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) 1.4 Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) 2 Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle 2.1 Role of cyclins and CDKs 2.1. 1 General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction 2.1. 2 Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes 2.2 Inhibitors 2.3 Transcriptional regulatory network 2.4 DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity 3 Checkpoints 4 Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle 5 Role in tumor formation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Phases ( edit ) The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases : G phase , S phase ( synthesis ) , G phase ( collectively known as interphase ) and M phase ( mitosis ) . M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes : karyokinesis , in which the cell 's chromosomes are divided , and cytokinesis , in which the cell 's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells . Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one . Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G phase . Schematic of the cell cycle . outer ring : I = Interphase , M = Mitosis ; inner ring : M = Mitosis , G = Gap 1 , G = Gap 2 , S = Synthesis ; not in ring : G = Gap 0 / Resting . State Phase Abbreviation Description Resting Gap 0 A phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . Interphase Gap 1 Cells increase in size in Gap 1 . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis . Synthesis DNA replication occurs during this phase . Gap 2 During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis , the cell will continue to grow . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M ( mitosis ) phase and divide . Cell division Mitosis Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells . A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis ( Metaphase Checkpoint ) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division . G phase ( quiescence ) ( edit ) Plant cell cycle Animal cell cycle G is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . The cell cycle starts with this phase . The word `` post-mitotic '' is sometimes used to refer to both quiescent and senescent cells . Non-proliferative ( non-dividing ) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G state from G and may remain quiescent for long periods of time , possibly indefinitely ( as is often the case for neurons ) . This is very common for cells that are fully differentiated . Cellular senescence occurs in response to DNA damage and external stress and usually constitutes an arrest in G. Some cells enter the G phase semi-permanently and are considered post-mitotic , e.g. , some liver , kidney , and stomach cells . Many cells do not enter G and continue to divide throughout an organism 's life , e.g. , epithelial cells . Cellular senescence is also a state that occurs in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell 's progeny nonviable ; it is often a biochemical alternative to the self - destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis . Interphase ( intermitosis ) ( edit ) Before a cell can enter cell division , it needs to take in nutrients . All of the preparations are done during interphase . Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a newly formed cell and its nucleus , before it becomes capable of division again . It is also called preparatory phase or intermitosis . Previously it was called resting stage because there is no apparent activity related to cell division. Typically interphase lasts for at least 91 % of the total time required for the cell cycle . Interphase proceeds in three stages , G , S , and G , followed by the cycle of mitosis and cytokinesis . The cell 's nuclear DNA contents are duplicated during S phase but may continue till G in case of heterochromatin . G phase ( first growth phase or post mitotic Gap phase ) ( edit ) The first phase within interphase , from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis , is called G ( G indicating gap ) . It is also called the growth phase . During this phase , the biosynthetic activities of the cell , which are considerably slowed down during M phase , resume at a high rate . The duration of G is highly variable , even among different cells of the same species . In this phase , the cell increases its supply of proteins , increases the number of organelles ( such as mitochondria , ribosomes ) , and grows in size . In G phase , a cell has three options . ( 1 ) To continue cell cycle and enter S phase ( 2 ) Stop cell cycle and enter G phase for undergoing differentiation. ( 3 ) Get arrested in G phase hence it may enter G phase or re-enter cell cycle . The deciding factor is availability of nitrogens and storage of energy rich compounds at the deciding point called check point . This check point is called G cyclin or C. It causes transition of G to S phase . Once the check point of G phase is crossed , cell cycle will go uninterrupted till it is completed . S phase ( DNA replication ) ( edit ) The ensuing S phase starts when DNA synthesis commences ; when it is complete , all of the chromosomes have been replicated , i.e. , each chromosome has two ( sister ) chromatids . Thus , during this phase , the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled , though the ploidy of the cell remains the same . Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase . An exception to this is histone production , most of which occurs during the S phase . G phase ( growth ) ( edit ) G2 phase occurs after DNA replication and is a period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth to prepare the cell for mitosis . During this phase microtubules begin to reorganize to form a spindle . Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) ( edit ) Main article : Mitosis The relatively brief M phase consists of nuclear division ( karyokinesis ) . It is a relatively short period of the cell cycle . M phase is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These phases are sequentially known as : prophase , metaphase , anaphase , telophase Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . Mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells , but occurs in different ways in different species . For example , animals undergo an `` open '' mitosis , where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate , while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ) undergo a `` closed '' mitosis , where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus . Prokaryotic cells , which lack a nucleus , divide by a process called binary fission . Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) ( edit ) Main article : Cytokinesis Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis , which divides the nuclei , cytoplasm , organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components . Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells , genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell . This accounts for approximately 10 % of the cell cycle . Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis , `` mitosis '' is often used interchangeably with `` M phase '' . However , there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately , forming single cells with multiple nuclei in a process called endoreplication . This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds , but is found in various groups . Even in animals , cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently , for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development . Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to cancer . The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These stages are prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . The cell then divides in cytokinesis , to produce two identical daughter cells . Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle ( edit ) Regulation of the cell cycle involves processes crucial to the survival of a cell , including the detection and repair of genetic damage as well as the prevention of uncontrolled cell division . The molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional ; that is , each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to `` reverse '' the cycle . Role of cyclins and CDKs ( edit ) Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Nobel Laureate Tim Hunt Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 . Cyclins form the regulatory subunits and CDKs the catalytic subunits of an activated heterodimer ; cyclins have no catalytic activity and CDKs are inactive in the absence of a partner cyclin . When activated by a bound cyclin , CDKs perform a common biochemical reaction called phosphorylation that activates or inactivates target proteins to orchestrate coordinated entry into the next phase of the cell cycle . Different cyclin - CDK combinations determine the downstream proteins targeted . CDKs are constitutively expressed in cells whereas cyclins are synthesised at specific stages of the cell cycle , in response to various molecular signals . General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction ( edit ) Upon receiving a pro-mitotic extracellular signal , G cyclin - CDK complexes become active to prepare the cell for S phase , promoting the expression of transcription factors that in turn promote the expression of S cyclins and of enzymes required for DNA replication . The G cyclin - CDK complexes also promote the degradation of molecules that function as S phase inhibitors by targeting them for ubiquitination . Once a protein has been ubiquitinated , it is targeted for proteolytic degradation by the proteasome . However , results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin - CDK activities , in particular cyclin D - CDK4 / 6 , is to tune the timing rather than the commitment of cell cycle entry . Active S cyclin - CDK complexes phosphorylate proteins that make up the pre-replication complexes assembled during G phase on DNA replication origins . The phosphorylation serves two purposes : to activate each already - assembled pre-replication complex , and to prevent new complexes from forming . This ensures that every portion of the cell 's genome will be replicated once and only once . The reason for prevention of gaps in replication is fairly clear , because daughter cells that are missing all or part of crucial genes will die . However , for reasons related to gene copy number effects , possession of extra copies of certain genes is also deleterious to the daughter cells . Mitotic cyclin - CDK complexes , which are synthesized but inactivated during S and G phases , promote the initiation of mitosis by stimulating downstream proteins involved in chromosome condensation and mitotic spindle assembly . A critical complex activated during this process is a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase - promoting complex ( APC ) , which promotes degradation of structural proteins associated with the chromosomal kinetochore . APC also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation , ensuring that telophase and cytokinesis can proceed . Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes ( edit ) Cyclin D is the first cyclin produced in the cell cycle , in response to extracellular signals ( e.g. growth factors ) . Cyclin D binds to existing CDK4 , forming the active cyclin D - CDK4 complex . Cyclin D - CDK4 complex in turn phosphorylates the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein ( Rb ) . The hyperphosphorylated Rb dissociates from the E2F / DP1 / Rb complex ( which was bound to the E2F responsive genes , effectively `` blocking '' them from transcription ) , activating E2F . Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E , cyclin A , DNA polymerase , thymidine kinase , etc . Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2 , forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex , which pushes the cell from G to S phase ( G / S , which initiates the G / M transition ) . Cyclin B - cdk1 complex activation causes breakdown of nuclear envelope and initiation of prophase , and subsequently , its deactivation causes the cell to exit mitosis . A quantitative study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level by using engineered fluorescent reporter cells provided a quantitative framework for understanding the control logic of cell cycle entry , challenging the canonical textbook model . Genes that regulate the amplitude of E2F accumulation , such as Myc , determine the commitment in cell cycle and S phase entry . G1 cyclin - CDK activities are not the driver of cell cycle entry . Instead , they primarily tune the timing of E2F increase , thereby modulating the pace of cell cycle progression . Inhibitors ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis , also known as `` programmed cell death '' . Two families of genes , the cip / kip ( CDK interacting protein / Kinase inhibitory protein ) family and the INK4a / ARF ( Inhibitor of Kinase 4 / Alternative Reading Frame ) family , prevent the progression of the cell cycle . Because these genes are instrumental in prevention of tumor formation , they are known as tumor suppressors . The cip / kip family includes the genes p21 , p27 and p57 . They halt cell cycle in G phase , by binding to , and inactivating , cyclin - CDK complexes . p21 is activated by p53 ( which , in turn , is triggered by DNA damage e.g. due to radiation ) . p27 is activated by Transforming Growth Factor of β ( TGF β ) , a growth inhibitor . The INK4a / ARF family includes p16 , which binds to CDK4 and arrests the cell cycle in G phase , and p14 which prevents p53 degradation . Synthetic inhibitors of Cdc25 could also be useful for the arrest of cell cycle and therefore be useful as antineoplastic and anticancer agents . Transcriptional regulatory network ( edit ) Current evidence suggests that a semi-autonomous transcriptional network acts in concert with the CDK - cyclin machinery to regulate the cell cycle . Several gene expression studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 800 -- 1200 genes that change expression over the course of the cell cycle . They are transcribed at high levels at specific points in the cell cycle , and remain at lower levels throughout the rest of the cycle . While the set of identified genes differs between studies due to the computational methods and criteria used to identify them , each study indicates that a large portion of yeast genes are temporally regulated . Many periodically expressed genes are driven by transcription factors that are also periodically expressed . One screen of single - gene knockouts identified 48 transcription factors ( about 20 % of all non-essential transcription factors ) that show cell cycle progression defects . Genome - wide studies using high throughput technologies have identified the transcription factors that bind to the promoters of yeast genes , and correlating these findings with temporal expression patterns have allowed the identification of transcription factors that drive phase - specific gene expression . The expression profiles of these transcription factors are driven by the transcription factors that peak in the prior phase , and computational models have shown that a CDK - autonomous network of these transcription factors is sufficient to produce steady - state oscillations in gene expression ) . Experimental evidence also suggests that gene expression can oscillate with the period seen in dividing wild - type cells independently of the CDK machinery . Orlando et al. used microarrays to measure the expression of a set of 1,271 genes that they identified as periodic in both wild type cells and cells lacking all S - phase and mitotic cyclins ( clb1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) . Of the 1,271 genes assayed , 882 continued to be expressed in the cyclin - deficient cells at the same time as in the wild type cells , despite the fact that the cyclin - deficient cells arrest at the border between G and S phase . However , 833 of the genes assayed changed behavior between the wild type and mutant cells , indicating that these genes are likely directly or indirectly regulated by the CDK - cyclin machinery . Some genes that continued to be expressed on time in the mutant cells were also expressed at different levels in the mutant and wild type cells . These findings suggest that while the transcriptional network may oscillate independently of the CDK - cyclin oscillator , they are coupled in a manner that requires both to ensure the proper timing of cell cycle events . Other work indicates that phosphorylation , a post-translational modification , of cell cycle transcription factors by Cdk1 may alter the localization or activity of the transcription factors in order to tightly control timing of target genes . While oscillatory transcription plays a key role in the progression of the yeast cell cycle , the CDK - cyclin machinery operates independently in the early embryonic cell cycle . Before the midblastula transition , zygotic transcription does not occur and all needed proteins , such as the B - type cyclins , are translated from maternally loaded mRNA . DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity ( edit ) Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delaying cell cycle progression showed that origin licensing decreases the expression of genes with origins near their 3 ' ends , revealing that downstream origins can regulate the expression of upstream genes . This confirms previous predictions from mathematical modeling of a global causal coordination between DNA replication origin activity and mRNA expression , and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological modes of regulation . Checkpoints ( edit ) Main article : Cell cycle checkpoint Cell cycle checkpoints are used by the cell to monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle . Checkpoints prevent cell cycle progression at specific points , allowing verification of necessary phase processes and repair of DNA damage . The cell can not proceed to the next phase until checkpoint requirements have been met . Checkpoints typically consist of a network of regulatory proteins that monitor and dictate the progression of the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle . There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells . Three main checkpoints exist : the G / S checkpoint , the G / M checkpoint and the metaphase ( mitotic ) checkpoint . G / S transition is a rate - limiting step in the cell cycle and is also known as restriction point . This is where the cell checks whether it has enough raw materials to fully replicate its DNA ( nucleotide bases , DNA synthase , chromatin , etc . ) . An unhealthy or malnourished cell will get stuck at this checkpoint . The G / M checkpoint is where the cell ensures that it has enough cytoplasm and phospholipids for two daughter cells . But sometimes more importantly , it checks to see if it is the right time to replicate . There are some situations where many cells need to all replicate simultaneously ( for example , a growing embryo should have a symmetric cell distribution until it reaches the mid-blastula transition ) . This is done by controlling the G / M checkpoint . The metaphase checkpoint is a fairly minor checkpoint , in that once a cell is in metaphase , it has committed to undergoing mitosis . However that 's not to say it is n't important . In this checkpoint , the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator before anaphase begins . While these are the three `` main '' checkpoints , not all cells have to pass through each of these checkpoints in this order to replicate . Many types of cancer are caused by mutations that allow the cells to speed through the various checkpoints or even skip them altogether . Going from S to M to S phase almost consecutively . Because these cells have lost their checkpoints , any DNA mutations that may have occurred are disregarded and passed on to the daughter cells . This is one reason why cancer cells have a tendency to exponentially accrue mutations . Aside from cancer cells , many fully differentiated cell types no longer replicate so they leave the cell cycle and stay in G until their death . Thus removing the need for cellular checkpoints . An alternative model of the cell cycle response to DNA damage has also been proposed , known as the postreplication checkpoint . Checkpoint regulation plays an important role in an organism 's development . In sexual reproduction , when egg fertilization occurs , when the sperm binds to the egg , it releases signalling factors that notify the egg that it has been fertilized . Among other things , this induces the now fertilized oocyte to return from its previously dormant , G , state back into the cell cycle and on to mitotic replication and division . p53 plays an important role in triggering the control mechanisms at both G / S and G / M checkpoints . In addition to p53 , checkpoint regulators are being heavily researched for their roles in cancer growth and proliferation . Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle ( edit ) Fluorescent proteins visualize the cell cycle progression . IFP2. 0 - hGem ( 1 / 110 ) fluorescence is shown in green and highlights the S / G / M phases . smURFP - hCdtI ( 30 / 120 ) fluorescence is shown in red and highlights the G / G phases . Pioneering work by Atsushi Miyawaki and coworkers developed the fluorescent ubiquitination - based cell cycle indicator ( FUCCI ) , which enables fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle . Originally , a green fluorescent protein , mAG , was fused to hGem ( 1 / 110 ) and an orange fluorescent protein ( mKO ) was fused to hCdt1 ( 30 / 120 ) . Note , these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation , but are not functional proteins . The green fluorescent protein is made during the S , G , or M phase and degraded during the G or G phase , while the orange fluorescent protein is made during the G or G phase and destroyed during the S , G , or M phase . A far - red and near - infrared FUCCI was developed using a cyanobacteria - derived fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) and a bacteriophytochrome - derived fluorescent protein ( movie found at this link ) . Role in tumor formation ( edit ) A disregulation of the cell cycle components may lead to tumor formation . As mentioned above , when some genes like the cell cycle inhibitors , RB , p53 etc . mutate , they may cause the cell to multiply uncontrollably , forming a tumor . Although the duration of cell cycle in tumor cells is equal to or longer than that of normal cell cycle , the proportion of cells that are in active cell division ( versus quiescent cells in G phase ) in tumors is much higher than that in normal tissue . Thus there is a net increase in cell number as the number of cells that die by apoptosis or senescence remains the same . The cells which are actively undergoing cell cycle are targeted in cancer therapy as the DNA is relatively exposed during cell division and hence susceptible to damage by drugs or radiation . This fact is made use of in cancer treatment ; by a process known as debulking , a significant mass of the tumor is removed which pushes a significant number of the remaining tumor cells from G to G phase ( due to increased availability of nutrients , oxygen , growth factors etc . ) . Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking procedure kills these cells which have newly entered the cell cycle . The fastest cycling mammalian cells in culture , crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium , have a cycle time as short as 9 to 10 hours . Stem cells in resting mouse skin may have a cycle time of more than 200 hours . Most of this difference is due to the varying length of G , the most variable phase of the cycle . M and S do not vary much . In general , cells are most radiosensitive in late M and G phases and most resistant in late S phase . For cells with a longer cell cycle time and a significantly long G phase , there is a second peak of resistance late in G . The pattern of resistance and sensitivity correlates with the level of sulfhydryl compounds in the cell . Sulfhydryls are natural substances that protect cells from radiation damage and tend to be at their highest levels in S and at their lowest near mitosis . See also ( edit ) Cellular model Synchronous culture -- synchronization of cell cultures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wang JD , Levin PA ( November 2009 ) . `` Metabolism , cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 7 ( 11 ) : 822 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2202 . PMC 2887316 . PMID 19806155 . 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London : New Science Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 9539181 - 2 - 2 . Jump up ^ Omberg L , Meyerson JR , Kobayashi K , Drury LS , Diffley JF , Alter O ( October 2009 ) . `` Global effects of DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity on eukaryotic gene expression '' . Molecular Systems Biology . 5 : 312 . doi : 10.1038 / msb. 2009.70 . PMC 2779084 . PMID 19888207 . Jump up ^ Alter O , Golub GH , Brown PO , Botstein D ( 2004 ) . Deutscher MP , Black S , Boehmer PE , D'Urso G , Fletcher TM , Huijing F , Marshall A , Pulverer B , Renault B , Rosenblatt JD , Slingerland JM , Whelan WJ , eds . `` Novel Genome - Scale Correlation between DNA Replication and RNA Transcription During the Cell Cycle in Yeast is Predicted by Data - Driven Models '' ( PDF ) . Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter Symposium : Cell Cycle , Chromosomes and Cancer . Miami Beach , FL : University of Miami School of Medicine , vol. 15 ( January 31 -- February 4 , 2004 ) . 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Jump up ^ Champeris Tsaniras S , Kanellakis N , Symeonidou IE , Nikolopoulou P , Lygerou Z , Taraviras S ( June 2014 ) . `` Licensing of DNA replication , cancer , pluripotency and differentiation : an interlinked world ? '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 30 : 174 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2014.03. 013 . PMID 24641889 . Further Reading ( edit ) Morgan DO ( 2007 ) . The Cell Cycle : Principles of Control . London : Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 508 - 8 . Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 17 '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Krieger M , Scott MP , Matsudaira PT , Lodish HF , Darnell JE , Zipursky L , Kaiser C , Berk A ( 2004 ) . Molecular cell biology . New York : W.H. Freeman and CO . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell SP , Gann A , Levine M , Losick R ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Molecular biology of the gene ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4642 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell cycle . This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . David Morgan 's seminar : Controlling the Cell Cycle The cell cycle & Cell death Transcriptional program of the cell cycle : high - resolution timing Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast Cell Cycle Animation 1Lec.com Cell Cycle Fucci : Using GFP to visualize the cell - cycle Science Creative Quarterly 's overview of the cell cycle KEGG -- Human Cell Cycle <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis NDL : 00576703 Evolutionary biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_cycle&oldid=835825562 '' Categories : Cell cycle Cellular processes Cellular senescence Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 00 : 39 . 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1. Cell cycle phases 2. Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle 3. Cyclins and CDKs 4. Mitosis and cytokinesis 5. Cell cycle checkpoints

who is the woman judge listed in the old testament

Deborah - wikipedia Deborah Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deborah ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Deborah <Td_colspan="2"> Deborah as portrayed in Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum ( 1553 ) Residence Shelter in Mount Ephraim , which is between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel Other names Debora , Débora , Dvora Occupation Prophet of God , Fourth Judge of Israel Predecessor Shamgar Successor Gideon Spouse ( s ) Lapidoth שופטים ‎ Judges in the Bible Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges Book of Joshua Joshua Book of Judges Othniel Ehud Shamgar Deborah Gideon Abimelech Tola Jair Jephthah Ibzan Elon Abdon Samson First Book of Samuel Eli Samuel According to the Book of Judges chapters 4 and 5 , Deborah ( Hebrew : דְּבוֹרָה , Modern Dvora , Tiberian Dəḇôrā ; `` Bee '' ) was a prophet of Yahweh the God of the Israelites , the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel and the only female judge mentioned in the Bible , and the wife of Lapidoth . Deborah told Barak that Yahweh commanded him to lead an attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera ( Judges 4 : 6 - 7 ) ; the entire narrative is recounted in chapter 4 . Judges chapter 5 gives the same story in poetic form . This passage , often called The Song of Deborah , may date to as early as the 12th century BC and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry . She is considered a saint in the Catholic Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 1.1 The Song of Deborah 2 Traditional chronology 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Deborah Beneath the Palm Tree ( c. 1896 - 1902 ) by James Tissot Grave near Kedesh attributed to Barak or Deborah In the Book of Judges , it is stated that Deborah was a prophet , a judge of Israel and the wife of Lapidoth . She rendered her judgments beneath a date palm tree between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel in the land of Ephraim . The people of Israel had been oppressed by Jabin , the king of Canaan , whose capital was Hazor , for twenty years . Stirred by the wretched condition of Israel she sends a message to Barak , the son of Abinoam , at Kedesh of Naphtali , and tells him that the Lord God had commanded him to muster ten thousand troops of Naphtali and Zebulun and concentrate them upon Mount Tabor , the mountain at the northern angle of the great plain of Esdraelon . At the same time she states that the Lord God of Israel will draw Sisera to the River Kishon . Barak declines to go without the prophet . Deborah consents , but declares that the glory of the victory will therefore belong to a woman . As soon as the news of the rebellion reaches Sisera he collects nine hundred chariots of iron and a host of people . Then Deborah said , according to Judges 4 : 14 : `` Go ! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands . Has not the Lord gone ahead of you ? '' So Barak went down Mount Tabor , with ten thousand men following him . As Deborah prophesied , a battle is fought ( led by Barak ) , and Sisera is completely defeated . He himself escapes on foot , while his army is pursued as far as Harosheth of the Gentiles and destroyed . Sisera comes to the tent of Jael ; and he lies down to rest . He asks for a drink ; she gives him milk ; and while he is asleep she hammers a tent - pin through his temple . The Biblical account of Deborah ends with the statement that after the battle , there was peace in the land for 40 years . ( Judges 5 : 31 ) The Song of Deborah ( edit ) Deborah portrayed in Gustave Doré 's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours ( 1865 ) The Song of Deborah is found in Judges 5 : 2 -- 31 and is a victory hymn , sung by Deborah and Barak , about the defeat of Canaanite adversaries by some of the tribes of Israel . Biblical scholars have generally identified the Song as one of the oldest parts of the Bible , dating somewhere in the 12th century BC , based on its grammar and context . However , some scholars have recently argued that the song 's language and content indicate that it was written no earlier than the 7th century BC . The song itself differs slightly from the events described in Judges 4 . The song mentions six participating tribes ( Ephraim , Benjamin , Machir , Zebulun , Issachar , and Naphtali ) as opposed to the two tribes in Judges 4 : 6 ( Naphtali and Zebulun ) and does not mention the role of Jabin . Though it is not uncommon to read a victory hymn in the Hebrew Bible , the Song of Deborah stands out as unique in that it is a hymn that celebrates a military victory helped by two women : Deborah and Jael . Michael Coogan writes that Jael being a woman `` is a further sign that Yahweh ultimately is responsible for the victory : The mighty Canaanite general Sisera will be ' sold ' by the Lord ' into the hand of a woman ' ( Judges 4 : 9 ) . '' Traditional chronology ( edit ) Traditional Jewish chronology places Deborah 's 40 years of judging Israel ( Judges 5 : 31 ) from 1107 BC until her death in 1067 BC . The Dictionary of World Biography : The Ancient World claims that she might have lived in the period between 1200 BC to 1124 BC . Based on archaeological findings , different biblical scholars have argued that Deborah 's war with Sisera best fits the context of either the second half of the 12th century BC or the second half of the 11th century BC . Gallery ( edit ) Artistic depictions of Deborah Deborah and Barak in a miniature from the 13th - century Psalter of St. Louis Jael , Deborah , and Barak ( c. 1630 ) by Salomon de Bray A statue of Deborah ( 1792 ) in Aix - en - Provence , France Deborah depicted in a pendentive of a church dome in Tenancingo , Mexico Deborah Judging Israel , west - facing panel at the northwest corner of the Nebraska State Capitol See also ( edit ) Battle of Mount Tabor ( biblical ) The Deborah number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael D. ( 2011 ) , The Old Testament , A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures , Oxford University Press , pp. 214 , 219 Jump up ^ http://catholicsaints.info/deborah-the-prophetess/ Jump up ^ Judges 4 : 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Deborah '' , Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Judges 4 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Coogan , Michael D. ( 2009 ) , A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in its Context , Oxford University Press , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Frolov , S. ( 2011 ) . `` How Old is the Song of Deborah ? '' . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament . 36 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 184 . doi : 10.1177 / 0309089211423720 . : ' To be sure , the consensus outlined here is by no means perfect ; several publications that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s diverge from it , sometimes in a major way . In particular , Alberto Soggin , Ulrike Schorn , and Barnabas Lindars see the Song , or at least the bulk thereof , as a product of the early monarchy ; Ulrike Bechmann and Manfred Görg place it in the late pre-exilic period ; Michael Waltisberg advocates early post-exilic provenance ( fifth to third centuries BCE ) ; and B. - J. Diebner shifts the composition 's date all the way to the turn of the eras . ' ( p. 165 ) ; ' With the text 's internal parameters and the external conditions of its existence considered in a systematic fashion , what we know as Judg . 5.2 -- 31a presents itself as an integral part of the Deuteronomistic oeuvre and should be dated , accordingly , between c. 700 and c. 450 BCE . ' ( p. 183 ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` Judges . '' The Harper Collins Study Bible , Revised Edition . Eds . Attridge , Harold and Wayne Meeks . New York : HarperCollins , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Chabad.org - Jewish History : Deborah the Prophetess Jump up ^ Northen Magill , Frank and Christina J. Moose ( 2003 - 01 - 23 ) . Dictionary of World Biography : The Ancient World - Deborah . ISBN 9781579580407 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. ( 1937 ) . `` Further Light on the History of Israel from Lachish and Megiddo '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 68 ) : 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3218855 . JSTOR 3218855 . Jump up ^ Mayes , A.D.H. ( 1969 ) . `` The Historical Context of the Battle against Sisera '' . Vetus Testamentum. 19 ( 3 ) : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 1516506 . JSTOR 1516506 . Further reading ( edit ) Bird , Phyllis ( 1974 ) . `` Images of Women in the Old Testament '' . In Rosemary Radford Ruether . Religion and Sexism : Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21692 - 9 . Brown , Cheryl Anne ( 1992 ) . No Longer be Silent : First Century Jewish Portraits of Biblical Women : Studies in Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Josephus 's Jewish Antiquities . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster J. Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25294 - X . Deen , Edith ( 1955 ) . All the Women of the Bible . New York : Harper & Row . Lacks , Roslyn ( 1979 ) . Women and Judaism : Myth , History , and Struggle . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 02313 - 8 . Otwell , John H. ( 1977 ) . And Sarah Laughed : the Status of Woman in the Old Testament . Philadelphia : Westminster Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 24126 - 3 . Phipps , William E. ( 1992 ) . Assertive Biblical Women . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28498 - 9 . Schroeder , Joy A. ( 2014 ) . Deborah 's Daughters : Gender Politics and Biblical Interpretation . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 999104 - 4 . Williams , James G. ( 1982 ) . Women Recounted : Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel . Sheffield : Almond Press . ISBN 0 - 907459 - 18 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deborah . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bible , King James , Judges # Chapter 4 Book of Judges article , Jewish Encyclopedia Debbora , Catholic Encyclopedia Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral , Aural and Visual Experience Song of Deborah ( Judges 5 ) Reconstructed Preceded by Shamgar Judge of Israel Succeeded by Gideon <Th_colspan="2"> Book of Judges Chapters 4 and 5 People Deborah Barak Jabin Sisera Jael Heber the Kenite Sisera 's mother Lapidoth Locations Mount Ephraim Harosheth Haggoyim Hazor Kedesh Zaanaim Kishon River Military campaigns Battle of Mount Tabor <Th_colspan="2"> Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . VIAF : 50146997347218892405 GND : 1108794203 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deborah&oldid=809847712 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible 12th - century BC biblical rulers 12th - century BC female rulers 12th - century BCE Hebrew people Biblical women in ancient warfare Book of Judges Christian female saints from the Old Testament Judges of ancient Israel Women in the Hebrew Bible Women poets Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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1. Deborah - Prophet of God, Fourth Judge of Israel 2. The Song of Deborah - Victory hymn celebrating military triumph 3. Deborah's role in the defeat of Canaanite adversaries 4. Traditional chronology of Deborah's life and reign 5. Artistic depictions of Deborah

who has the power to set up a postal system

United States Postal Service - Wikipedia United States Postal Service Jump to : navigation , search `` United States Post Office '' redirects here . For individual post offices , see List of United States Post Offices . `` USPS '' redirects here . For the non-profit boating safety and education organization , see United States Power Squadrons . United States Postal Service <Td_colspan="2"> Logo used since 1993 <Td_colspan="2"> USPS headquarters <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General and Chief Government Relations Officer James ( Jim ) P. Cochrane , Chief Customer and Marketing Officer and Executive Vice President David E. Williams , Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com The full eagle logo , used in various versions from 1970 to 1993 The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution . The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS still has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office ( with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters ) have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act ( which mandated $5.5 billion per year to be paid into an account to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , a requirement exceeding that of other government and private organizations ) , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : `` to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . '' The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 - percent interest per year on deposits . The half percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some Rural Letter Carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First Class mail volume peaked in 2001 and has declined 29 % from 1998 to 2008 , due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices further than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A 3 ¢ surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to worker 's compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article Address ( geography ) # United States . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 49 ¢ for envelopes ( 34 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website however there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including `` Forever Stamps '' that were issued beginning in April 2007 , and all 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps beginning 2011 - 01 - 21 , the value is the current value of a 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps . ( The USPS calls these `` Forever Stamps '' . The generic name is non-denominated postage . ) Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 49 cents on January 26 , 2014 . Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 -- 3 day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 34 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 49 ¢ + 20 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 20 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 -- 9 day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) ( This template : view talk edit hist ) In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday , except in a few towns in which the local religion has had an effect on the policy , such as Loma Linda , California , which has a significant Seventh - day Adventist population and where U.S. Mail is delivered Sunday through Friday , with the exception of observed federal holidays . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September , 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCA 's ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCA 's . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TE 's had . CCA 's earn annual leave . CCA 's , unlike TE 's do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the US Postal Service to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a US Postal Service worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . The novel Waiting for the Earthquake ( 1977 ) by Lawrence Swaim is about the 1970 postal strike from the point of view of a young union official in a postal union . The Postal Inspectors plant an informer in his union , and the novel revolves around the fallout from this action , as well as the social chaos and racial tensions in American society in 1970 . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the United States Postal Service and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . The Inspectors ( 1998 ) is a made for TV crime film about US Postal Inspectors and their exploits trying to catch a mailbomb suspect . The Inspectors 2 : A Shred of Evidence ( 2002 ) is a sequel to the 1998 made for TV crime film . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Size and scope '' . About USPS . United States Postal Service . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Service and the Postal Monopoly : A Brief History '' ( PDF ) . The United States Postal Service . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Postal Service ; PBS '' . PBS . 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USPS : By the Numbers '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rep. Thomas `` Tom '' Davis ( R - VA11 , 1995 -- 2008 ) . `` PAEA : Overfunding of Retired Employee Health Benefits '' . Govtrack.us . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Willoughby . `` PolitiFact Georgia Bishop signs letter saying post office faces big pension burden '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Comments re : 2011 Rate Increase PRC Remand '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Clock ticking on Postal Service budget crisis '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service find ways to save money '' . CNN . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Our Postal System Francis C. Huebner . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , DC Vol. 9 ( 1906 ) , pp. 126 -- 74 . Historical Society of Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Joseph M. Adelman , `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Richard John , `` How the Post Office Made America , '' New York Times Feb 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` For Which Stand ; The Life and Papers of Rufus Easton , '' by Bruce Campbell Adamson and Professor William Foley ; See William T. Sherman 's Memoirs Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , p 259 Jump up ^ William H. Bergmann , `` Delivering a Nation through the Mail , '' Ohio Valley History ( 2008 ) 8 # 3 pp 1 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Richard John , Spreading the News ( 1995 ) pp 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Classbrain '' < ! -- Bot inserted parameter . Either remove it ; or change its value to `` . '' for the cite to end in a `` . '' , as necessary . -- > Jump up ^ `` Steamboat Subjects on United States Postage Stamps -- Who We Are -- USPS '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Postal Museum '' . SI . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ History of the United States Postal Service 1775 -- 1993 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Publication 100 : U.S. Postage Stamps '' . An American History 1775 -- 2006 . USPS . November 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scotts US Postage Stamp Catalogue Jump up ^ `` National Postal Museum '' . Postalmuseum.si.edu . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times . `` The Parcel Post System '' . 24 April 1887 Jump up ^ `` Post Office In Paradise , Mail Rates During the UPU Period '' . Post Office in Paradise . 10 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams '' . Sil.si.edu . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams : Introduction '' . Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 2004 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Heidelbaugh , Lynn ( September 2007 ) . `` Laundry Box '' . National Postal Museum , The Smithsonian . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Precious Packages -- America 's Parcel Post Service '' . National Postal Museum . 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Servies , Tony ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` The Bank That Was Sent Through the Post Office '' . stampsofdistinction.com . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One hundred years ago this month : September 20 '' . Emmitsburg News - Journal . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Postal Savings System '' by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United States Postal Inspection Service '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post Office Flies The Mail '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Comstock Law of ( 1873 ) '' . Law.jrank.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Wal - Mart . July 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dolan v. United States Postal Service , 546 U.S. 481 ( 2006 ) . Update : In 2016 , the figure for number of delivery points was 156.1 million ( See citation name = sizescope2016 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erica ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Gas Prices Affecting Mail '' . Keloland Television . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Facts 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Postal Service : Saturday letter delivery to end in August '' . CBS News . February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement from the U.S. Postal Service Board of Governors '' . 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Sunday delivery : Key facts to know as USPS rolls out service nationally '' . GeekWire. 2014 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to Deliver Packages on Sundays Before Christmas '' . NBC Chicago . 2013 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Future Ready : Fiscal Years 2017 to 2021 '' ( PDF ) . United states Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Government Performance and Results Act 0f 1993 , P.L. 103 - 62 , ( ( 1 ) ) Jump up ^ Hartung , Adam ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Why the Postal Service Is Going Out of Business '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` The postal service is running out of options '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Randolph E. ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Postal Service Struggles : What Would The U.S. Do Without Mail ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolodny , Lora ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Can Technology Save The U.S. Postal Service ? '' . fastcompany.com . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Postal Service FY2016 Annual Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Class Mail Volume , 1926 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS -- Area Mail Processing '' . USPS. 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Annual Report to Congress and Comprehensive Statement - Home '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . USPS. 2008 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McElhatton , Jim `` Postal Service Reports $8 billion in Losses '' , The Washington Times , November 12 , 2010 , accessed August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NACS Magazine Going Postal '' . Nacsonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to Delay Cutbacks Until Mid-May , Staving Off Bankruptcy , Fox News . Accessed : 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET : MODIFIED NETWORK REALIGNMENT PLAN '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ USPS ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Postal Service Moves Ahead with Modified Network Consolidation Plan '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS Delivery Standards and Statistics fact sheet '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Key facts on network rationalization '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Post Office Keeps Saturday Delivery Thanks to Congress '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET / New Strategy Preserves Post Offices in Rural America '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : USPS . `` New Strategy to Preserve the Nation 's Smallest Post Offices '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ HANANEL , SAM ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Unions Angered by Postal Service 's Staples Outlets '' . abcnews.go.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` USPS 's controversial deal with Staples headed to showdown over legality '' . www.washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act '' . www.govtrack.us . United States Government . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Committee on Government on Oversight & Government Reform United States House of Representatives & Subcommittee on Federal Workforce , Postal Service , and the District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to end Saturday mail delivery in bid to cut costs '' . Fox News . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Civil Service Retirement System Funding Reform Act of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barro , Josh ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Understanding the Post Office 's Benefits Mess '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CSRS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Reports Revenue Increase , $5.5 Billion Loss in Fiscal 2014 '' . USPS. 2014 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pence , Herbert ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Congress did n't do US Postal Service any favors '' . Nashua Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley Klapper ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) . `` First - class stamps to cost 49 cents as of Jan. 26 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- S. 1486 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . USA Congress . 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- H.R. 2748 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2013 '' . USA Congress . 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` USPS suggests lifting alcohol delivery ban '' . Spokesman - Review . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Postal Service moving away from at - your - door delivery '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Postal Service delivers the last mile , almost : Changing modes of delivery '' . Save the Post Office . 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` S 1486 - Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . Scribd.com. 2013 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service Wants To Deliver Alcohol To Your Doorstep '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Testifies Before Congress Urging Elimination of Unfunded Liabilities '' . USPS. 2014 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Flamingo Indus . ( USA ) Ltd. , 540 U.S. 736 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns , 453 U.S. 114 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( September 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . National Archives . 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/universal-postal-service/usps-uso-executive-summary.pdf Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . October 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to renew Idaho back country mail route Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Alyson Outen , KTVB - TV , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Minnick , Walt ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press Releases . Congressman Walt Minnick . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.usps.com/ship/priority-mail.htm Jump up ^ https://www.usps.com/ship/priority-mail-express.htm Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/26424/why-cant-you-start-rival-post-office Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 23473 - X . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time . Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since it 's agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Air mail route grounded for Central Idaho backcountry , an April 2009 article from the Idaho Statesman Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? . Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems . Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless . Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) . Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . 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1 SUDOC : 029875412 BNF : cb12140932j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Postal_Service&oldid=825329215 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Independent agencies of the United States government Postal organisations Express mail Postal system of the United States 1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1971 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2013 Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - 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1. United States Postal Service 2. Postal service in the United States 3. History of the USPS 4. Mail delivery and transportation 5. Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

song lyrics i don't wanna wait for our lives to be over

I Do n't Want to Wait - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Wait <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. CD single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Paula Cole <Th_colspan="2"> from the album This Fire B - side `` Bethlehem '' `` Hitler 's Brothers '' Released October 14 , 1997 Format CD single Recorded Genre Pop R&B Length 5 : 19 ( album version ) 4 : 07 ( radio edit ) Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Paula Cole Producer ( s ) Paula Cole <Th_colspan="2"> Paula Cole singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where Have All the Cowboys Gone ? '' ( 1997 ) `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' ( 1997 ) `` Me '' ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where Have All the Cowboys Gone ? '' ( 1997 ) `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' ( 1997 ) `` Me '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' is a song written , performed and produced by Paula Cole . It was Cole 's second single from her album This Fire and later served as the opening theme for the TV series Dawson 's Creek . Cole wrote the song and recorded a demo in April 1991 but did not record it for release until 1996 . The single ranked at No. 10 on the 1998 Billboard Hot 100 singles chart year - end summary . The single spent the most consecutive weeks in the top 50 without cracking the top 10 , just missing out at No. 11 . The single , with a 56 - week - long run , is among the list of the 32 songs in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 to have had a chart run longer than 50 weeks . VH1 ranked it as one of the 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s at No. 81 . Contents 1 Music video 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 In other media 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was directed by Mark Seliger and Fred Woodward . It was one of Cole 's first videos , and was based on the concept of a woman who was immortal and had lovers in different time periods , all of whom died . The cut of the video was originally in chronological order , but for unknown reasons , a cut that was out of order was more frequently aired which led to the directors taking their name off the video , replacing it with the common moniker Alan Smithee . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Billboard Adult Top 40 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 29 Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 10 In other media ( edit ) The song has been referenced throughout popular culture . An episode of Family Guy , `` Peterotica '' , involved a parody of Dawson 's Creek titled Quahog Creek . The song was also used in a Bud Light TV commercial titled Jukebox . In 2015 , the song was used as the ringtone for a man 's smartphone in a Burger King commercial for Buffalo Chicken Fries . The song is featured in the films Urban Legend , Scary Movie and Hatchet . Steve sings the chorus of the song in the American Dad ! episode `` 1600 Candles '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Most total weeks on the Hot 100 Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s Archived 2012 - 02 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Paula Cole -- I Do n't Want to Wait '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1997 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1998 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Family Guy - Quahog Creek Jump up ^ Bud Light - Jukebox Jump up ^ Burger King - NEW ! Buffalo Chicken Fries External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Paula Cole Studio albums Harbinger This Fire Amen Courage Ithaca Raven 7 Ballads Compilations Greatest Hits : Postcards from East Oceanside Singles `` I Am So Ordinary '' `` Where Have All the Cowboys Gone ? '' `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' `` Me '' `` I Believe in Love '' `` Be Somebody '' `` Amen '' `` The Loves We Lost '' `` 14 '' `` Comin ' Down '' `` God Bless the Child '' `` Music in Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Wait&oldid=852685019 '' Categories : 1997 singles Paula Cole songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Television theme songs Warner Bros. Records singles 1996 songs Dawson 's Creek Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 17 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "I Don't Want to Wait" - Paula Cole's song and its popularity 2. Theme song for the TV series Dawson's Creek 3. Paula Cole's album This Fire 4. Music video for "I Don't Want to Wait" 5. Chart performance and rankings of the single

when was the last time the american league won the world series

List of World Series champions - wikipedia List of World Series champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about winners of the World Series of Major League Baseball that began in 1903 . For earlier league and inter-league championships , see List of pre-World Series baseball champions . At the first World Series , held in 1903 , the Boston Americans ( front row ) defeated the Pittsburg Pirates ( back row ) in eight games . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and concludes the MLB postseason . First played in 1903 , the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff and is a contest between the champions of baseball 's National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) . Often referred to as the `` Fall Classic '' , the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions : in 1904 , when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans ; and in 1994 , when the series was canceled due to the players ' strike . The best - of - seven style has been the format of all World Series except in 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 , when the winner was determined through a best - of - nine playoff . Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October , a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November . The Series - winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . Players , coaches , and others associated with the team are generally given World Series rings to commemorate their victory ; however , they have received other items such as pocket watches and medallions in the past . The winning team is traditionally invited to the White House to meet the President of the United States . A total of 113 Series have been contested , with the NL champion winning 48 and the AL champion winning 65 . The New York Yankees of the AL have played in 40 World Series through 2017 -- winning 27 -- the most Series appearances , victories , and losses ( 13 , shared with the Los Angeles Dodgers ) of any Major League Baseball franchise . The St. Louis Cardinals , who represented the NL for a 19th time in 2013 , have won 11 championships , which is the second-most among all 30 Major League Baseball teams as well as most among NL teams . Both the Giants and the Dodgers have been NL champions more times , with the Giants winning 23 NL pennants and the Dodgers winning 22 . The Seattle Mariners and the Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) are the only current Major League Baseball franchises to have never appeared in a World Series ; the San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , Texas Rangers ( formerly the 1961 -- 1971 version of the Washington Senators ) , Tampa Bay Rays , and Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) have all played in the Series but have never won . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in a World Series , winning in 1992 and 1993 . The current World Series champions are the Houston Astros . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Series appearances by club 2.1 Appearances by club 2.2 Years of appearance 2.3 Frequent matchups 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Winners ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series , and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective teams ' World Series record to date . National League team American League team Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager Ref . 1903 Boston Americans ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Collins , Jimmy Jimmy Collins 5 -- 3 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 1904 <Td_colspan="5"> No World Series 1905 New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Athletics ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1906 Chicago White Sox ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jones , Fielder Fielder Jones 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1907 Chicago Cubs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1908 Chicago Cubs ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1909 Pittsburg Pirates ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Clarke , Fred Fred Clarke 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Jennings , Hugh Hugh Jennings 1910 Philadelphia Athletics ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Chance , Frank Frank Chance 1911 Philadelphia Athletics ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1912 Boston Red Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Stahl , Jake Jake Stahl 4 -- 3 -- ( 1 ) New York Giants ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1913 Philadelphia Athletics ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1914 Boston Braves ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Stallings , George George Stallings 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Athletics ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1915 Boston Red Sox ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 1916 Boston Red Sox ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Carrigan , Bill Bill Carrigan 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Robins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1917 Chicago White Sox ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Rowland , Pants Pants Rowland 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1918 Boston Red Sox ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Barrow , Ed Ed Barrow 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mitchell , Fred Fred Mitchell 1919 Cincinnati Reds ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Moran , Pat Pat Moran 5 -- 3 Chicago White Sox ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Gleason , Kid Kid Gleason 1920 Cleveland Indians ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Speaker , Tris Tris Speaker 5 -- 2 Brooklyn Robins ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Robinson , Wilbert Wilbert Robinson 1921 New York Giants ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 5 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1922 New York Giants ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 4 -- 0 -- ( 1 ) New York Yankees ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1923 New York Yankees ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1924 Washington Senators ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 New York Giants ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) McGraw , John John McGraw 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Washington Senators ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 1926 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hornsby , Rogers Rogers Hornsby 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 1927 New York Yankees ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Donie Bush 1928 New York Yankees ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Huggins , Miller Miller Huggins 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1929 Philadelphia Athletics ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 1 Chicago Cubs ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1930 Philadelphia Athletics ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 1931 St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Street , Gabby Gabby Street 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Athletics ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Mack , Connie Connie Mack 1932 New York Yankees ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1933 New York Giants ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 4 -- 1 Washington Senators ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1934 St. Louis Cardinals ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Frisch , Frank Frank Frisch 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 1935 Detroit Tigers ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane 4 -- 2 Chicago Cubs ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1936 New York Yankees ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1937 New York Yankees ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 New York Giants ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Terry , Bill Bill Terry 1938 New York Yankees ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Chicago Cubs ( 9 , 2 -- 7 ) Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett 1939 New York Yankees ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 0 Cincinnati Reds ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 1940 Cincinnati Reds ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) McKechnie , Bill Bill McKechnie 4 -- 3 Detroit Tigers ( 6 , 1 -- 5 ) Baker , Del Del Baker 1941 New York Yankees ( 12 , 9 -- 3 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1942 St. Louis Cardinals ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 1 New York Yankees ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 1943 New York Yankees ( 14 , 10 -- 4 ) McCarthy , Joe Joe McCarthy 4 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1944 St. Louis Cardinals ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 4 -- 2 St. Louis Browns ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Sewell , Luke Luke Sewell 1945 Detroit Tigers ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) O'Neill , Steve Steve O'Neill 4 -- 3 Chicago Cubs ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Grimm , Charlie Charlie Grimm 1946 St. Louis Cardinals ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Dyer , Eddie Eddie Dyer 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin 1947 New York Yankees ( 15 , 11 -- 4 ) Harris , Bucky Bucky Harris 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1948 Cleveland Indians ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Boudreau , Lou Lou Boudreau 4 -- 2 Boston Braves ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Southworth , Billy Billy Southworth 1949 New York Yankees ( 16 , 12 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 5 , 0 -- 5 ) Shotton , Burt Burt Shotton 1950 New York Yankees ( 17 , 13 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Sawyer , Eddie Eddie Sawyer 1951 New York Yankees ( 18 , 14 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 New York Giants ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 1952 New York Yankees ( 19 , 15 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 6 , 0 -- 6 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1953 New York Yankees ( 20 , 16 -- 4 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 2 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 7 , 0 -- 7 ) Dressen , Charlie Charlie Dressen 1954 New York Giants ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Durocher , Leo Leo Durocher 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 8 , 1 -- 7 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 21 , 16 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1956 New York Yankees ( 22 , 17 -- 5 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 9 , 1 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1957 Milwaukee Braves ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 23 , 17 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1958 New York Yankees ( 24 , 18 -- 6 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Braves ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Haney , Fred Fred Haney 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 10 , 2 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 2 Chicago White Sox ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lopez , Al Al Lopez 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 25 , 18 -- 7 ) Stengel , Casey Casey Stengel 1961 New York Yankees ( 26 , 19 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hutchinson , Fred Fred Hutchinson 1962 New York Yankees ( 27 , 20 -- 7 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 28 , 20 -- 8 ) Houk , Ralph Ralph Houk 1964 St. Louis Cardinals ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Keane , Johnny Johnny Keane 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 29 , 20 -- 9 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra 1965 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 12 , 4 -- 8 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 4 -- 3 Minnesota Twins ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Mele , Sam Sam Mele 1966 Baltimore Orioles ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Bauer , Hank Hank Bauer 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 13 , 4 -- 9 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston 1967 St. Louis Cardinals ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1968 Detroit Tigers ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Smith , Mayo Mayo Smith 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Schoendienst , Red Red Schoendienst 1969 New York Mets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Hodges , Gil Gil Hodges 4 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1970 Baltimore Orioles ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 4 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 6 , 4 -- 2 ) Murtaugh , Danny Danny Murtaugh 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1972 Oakland Athletics ( 9 , 6 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 Cincinnati Reds ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 1973 Oakland Athletics ( 10 , 7 -- 3 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 4 -- 3 New York Mets ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra Oakland Athletics ( 11 , 8 -- 3 ) Dark , Alvin Alvin Dark 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 14 , 4 -- 10 ) Alston , Walter Walter Alston Cincinnati Reds ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Johnson , Darrell Darrell Johnson 1976 Cincinnati Reds ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 0 New York Yankees ( 30 , 20 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 1977 New York Yankees ( 31 , 21 -- 10 ) Martin , Billy Billy Martin 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 15 , 4 -- 11 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1978 New York Yankees ( 32 , 22 -- 10 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 16 , 4 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Tanner , Chuck Chuck Tanner 4 -- 3 Baltimore Orioles ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Weaver , Earl Earl Weaver 1980 Philadelphia Phillies ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Green , Dallas Dallas Green 4 -- 2 Kansas City Royals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frey , Jim Jim Frey 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 33 , 22 -- 11 ) Lemon , Bob Bob Lemon 1982 St. Louis Cardinals ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Brewers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Kuenn , Harvey Harvey Kuenn Baltimore Orioles ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Altobelli , Joe Joe Altobelli 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Phillies ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Owens , Paul Paul Owens 1984 Detroit Tigers ( 9 , 4 -- 5 ) Anderson , Sparky Sparky Anderson 4 -- 1 San Diego Padres ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Williams , Dick Dick Williams 1985 Kansas City Royals ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Howser , Dick Dick Howser 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1986 New York Mets ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Johnson , Davey Davey Johnson 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) McNamara , John John McNamara Minnesota Twins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Herzog , Whitey Whitey Herzog 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda 4 -- 1 Oakland Athletics ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1989 Oakland Athletics ( 13 , 9 -- 4 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 0 San Francisco Giants ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Craig , Roger Roger Craig 1990 Cincinnati Reds ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Piniella , Lou Lou Piniella 4 -- 0 Oakland Athletics ( 14 , 9 -- 5 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 1991 Minnesota Twins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Kelly , Tom Tom Kelly 4 -- 3 Atlanta Braves ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1992 Toronto Blue Jays ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gaston , Cito Cito Gaston 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Fregosi , Jim Jim Fregosi 1994 <Td_colspan="5"> No World Series due to a players ' strike 1995 Atlanta Braves ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove New York Yankees ( 34 , 23 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 2 Atlanta Braves ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 1997 Florida Marlins ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Hargrove , Mike Mike Hargrove 1998 New York Yankees ( 35 , 24 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 San Diego Padres ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bruce Bochy 1999 New York Yankees ( 36 , 25 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 0 Atlanta Braves ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Cox , Bobby Bobby Cox 2000 New York Yankees ( 37 , 26 -- 11 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Valentine , Bobby Bobby Valentine 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Brenly , Bob Bob Brenly 4 -- 3 New York Yankees ( 38 , 26 -- 12 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre 2002 Anaheim Angels ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Scioscia , Mike Mike Scioscia 4 -- 3 San Francisco Giants ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Baker , Dusty Dusty Baker 2003 Florida Marlins ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) McKeon , Jack Jack McKeon 4 -- 2 New York Yankees ( 39 , 26 -- 13 ) Torre , Joe Joe Torre Boston Red Sox ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 2005 Chicago White Sox ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Guillén , Ozzie Ozzie Guillén 4 -- 0 Houston Astros ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Garner , Phil Phil Garner 2006 St. Louis Cardinals ( 17 , 10 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2007 Boston Red Sox ( 11 , 7 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 4 -- 0 Colorado Rockies ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hurdle , Clint Clint Hurdle 2008 Philadelphia Phillies ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel 4 -- 1 Tampa Bay Rays ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 2009 New York Yankees ( 40 , 27 -- 13 ) Girardi , Joe Joe Girardi 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Manuel , Charlie Charlie Manuel San Francisco Giants ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 1 Texas Rangers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ( 18 , 11 -- 7 ) La Russa , Tony Tony La Russa 4 -- 3 Texas Rangers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Washington , Ron Ron Washington 2012 San Francisco Giants ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 0 Detroit Tigers ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Leyland , Jim Jim Leyland 2013 Boston Red Sox ( 12 , 8 -- 4 ) Farrell , John John Farrell 4 -- 2 St. Louis Cardinals ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Matheny , Mike Mike Matheny 2014 San Francisco Giants ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Bochy , Bruce Bruce Bochy 4 -- 3 Kansas City Royals ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 2015 Kansas City Royals ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Yost , Ned Ned Yost 4 -- 1 New York Mets ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Collins , Terry Terry Collins 2016 Chicago Cubs ( 11 , 3 -- 8 ) Maddon , Joe Joe Maddon 4 -- 3 Cleveland Indians ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Francona , Terry Terry Francona 2017 Houston Astros ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hinch , A.J. A.J. Hinch 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Roberts , Dave Dave Roberts Series appearances by Club ( edit ) Appearances by club ( edit ) Series appearances Team League Winners Runners - up Win % <Th_colspan="2"> Most recent Games won Games lost Games tied Game win % Most Recent game win Founded win appearance 40 New York Yankees AL 27 13 . 675 2009 2009 134 90 . 598 2009 1903 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) NL 8 12 . 400 2014 2014 57 57 . 500 2014 1883 19 St. Louis Cardinals NL 11 8 . 579 2011 2013 58 60 0 . 492 2011 1882 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) NL 6 13 . 316 1988 2017 48 64 0 . 429 2017 1884 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) AL 9 5 . 643 1989 1990 41 34 0 . 547 1989 1901 12 Boston Red Sox ( Boston ) AL 8 . 667 2013 2013 45 28 . 615 2013 1901 11 Detroit Tigers AL 7 . 364 1984 2012 27 37 . 423 2006 1901 11 Chicago Cubs NL 8 . 273 2016 2016 23 36 . 392 2016 1870 9 Cincinnati Reds NL 5 . 556 1990 1990 26 25 0 . 510 1990 1881 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) NL 6 . 333 1995 1999 24 29 0 . 453 1871 7 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 5 . 714 1979 1979 23 24 0 . 489 1979 1887 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) AL . 429 21 18 0 . 538 1900 7 Philadelphia Phillies NL 5 . 286 2008 2009 14 23 0 . 378 2009 1883 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) AL . 500 1991 1991 19 21 0 . 475 1991 1901 6 Cleveland Indians AL . 333 1948 2016 17 20 0 . 459 2016 1901 5 Chicago White Sox AL . 600 2005 2005 17 13 0 . 567 2005 1900 5 New York Mets NL . 400 1986 2015 13 16 0 . 448 2015 1962 Kansas City Royals AL . 500 2015 2015 13 12 0 . 520 2015 1969 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) NL 0 1.000 2003 2003 8 5 0 . 615 2003 1993 Toronto Blue Jays AL 0 1.000 1993 1993 8 0 . 667 1993 1977 Houston Astros NL / AL . 500 2017 2017 7 0 . 364 2017 1962 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2011 8 0 . 333 2011 1961 San Diego Padres NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1998 8 0 . 111 1984 1969 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) AL 0 1.000 2002 2002 0 . 571 2002 1961 Arizona Diamondbacks NL 0 1.000 2001 2001 0 . 571 2001 1998 Tampa Bay Rays AL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2008 0 . 200 2008 1998 Colorado Rockies NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 2007 0 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1993 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) AL / NL 0 . 000 0 ! -- 1982 0 . 429 1982 1969 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) NL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1969 0 Seattle Mariners AL 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 ! -- 0 0 0 -- 0 ! -- 1977 Years of appearance ( edit ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by year of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning World Series appearances . Series appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Season ( s ) 40 New York Yankees 27 13 . 675 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2009 20 San Francisco Giants ( New York ) 8 12 . 400 1905 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1917 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1924 , 1933 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1954 , 1962 , 1989 , 2002 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 19 St. Louis Cardinals 11 8 . 579 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1931 , 1934 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 2004 , 2006 , 2011 , 2013 19 Los Angeles Dodgers ( Brooklyn ) 6 13 . 316 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 2017 14 Oakland Athletics ( Kansas City / Philadelphia ) 9 5 . 643 1905 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 , 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 12 Boston Red Sox ( Americans ) 8 . 667 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , 1986 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 11 Detroit Tigers 7 . 364 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 11 Chicago Cubs 8 . 273 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , 1945 , 2016 9 Cincinnati Reds 5 . 556 1919 , 1939 , 1940 , 1961 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 , 1976 , 1990 9 Atlanta Braves ( Milwaukee / Boston ) 6 . 333 1914 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 7 Pittsburgh Pirates 5 . 714 1903 , 1909 , 1925 , 1927 , 1960 , 1971 , 1979 7 Baltimore Orioles ( St. Louis Browns ) . 429 1944 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1979 , 1983 7 Philadelphia Phillies 5 . 286 1915 , 1950 , 1980 , 1983 , 1993 , 2008 , 2009 6 Minnesota Twins ( Washington Senators ) . 500 1924 , 1925 , 1933 , 1965 , 1987 , 1991 6 Cleveland Indians . 333 1920 , 1948 , 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , 2016 5 Chicago White Sox . 600 1906 , 1917 , 1919 , 1959 , 2005 5 New York Mets . 400 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , 2015 Kansas City Royals . 500 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , 2015 Toronto Blue Jays 0 1.000 1992 , 1993 Miami Marlins ( Florida ) 0 1.000 1997 , 2003 Houston Astros . 500 2005 , 2017 San Diego Padres 0 . 000 1984 , 1998 Texas Rangers ( Washington Senators ) 0 . 000 2010 , 2011 Arizona Diamondbacks 0 1.000 2001 Los Angeles Angels ( Anaheim / California / Los Angeles ) 0 1.000 2002 Milwaukee Brewers ( Seattle Pilots ) 0 . 000 1982 Colorado Rockies 0 . 000 2007 Tampa Bay Rays 0 . 000 2008 0 Washington Nationals ( Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 Seattle Mariners 0 0 0 ! -- Frequent matchups ( edit ) The following are the 19 matchups of teams that have occurred two or more times in the World Series . All teams which have participated in these were `` Classic Eight '' members of either the American or National League ; no expansion team ( created in 1961 or later ) has faced an opponent more than once in a World Series . Count Matchup Record Years 11 Brooklyn & Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 8 -- 3 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1963 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 7 New York Yankees vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Yankees , 5 -- 2 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 , 1962 5 New York Yankees vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 3 -- 2 1926 , 1928 , 1942 , 1943 , 1964 Milwaukee & Atlanta Braves vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 3 -- 1 1957 , 1958 , 1996 , 1999 Boston Red Sox vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 2 -- 2 1946 , 1967 , 2004 , 2013 Chicago Cubs vs. Detroit Tigers Tied , 2 -- 2 1907 , 1908 , 1935 , 1945 Philadelphia & Oakland Athletics vs. New York & San Francisco Giants Athletics , 3 -- 1 1905 , 1911 , 1913 , 1989 Cincinnati Reds vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 1 1939 , 1961 , 1976 Detroit Tigers vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals , 2 -- 1 1934 , 1968 , 2006 Boston & Atlanta Braves vs. Cleveland Indians Tied , 1 -- 1 1948 , 1995 Baltimore Orioles vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Pirates , 2 -- 0 1971 , 1979 Chicago Cubs vs. New York Yankees Yankees , 2 -- 0 1932 , 1938 Chicago Cubs vs. Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) Athletics , 2 -- 0 1910 , 1929 Cincinnati Reds vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1972 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Oakland Athletics Tied , 1 -- 1 1974 , 1988 Washington Senators ( now Minnesota Twins ) vs. New York Giants ( now San Francisco ) Tied , 1 -- 1 1924 , 1933 New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies Yankees , 2 -- 0 1950 , 2009 New York Yankees vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Tied , 1 -- 1 1927 , 1960 Philadelphia Athletics ( now Oakland ) vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied , 1 -- 1 1930 , 1931 Notes ( edit ) The 1907 , 1912 , and 1922 World Series each included one tied game . The 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 World Series were in a best - of - nine format ( carried by the first team to win five games ) . Indicates a team which made the playoffs as a wild card team ( rather than by winning a division ) . The Brewers were in the American League from 1969 -- 1997 , after which they switched to the National League . The Astros were in the National League from 1962 -- 2012 , after which they switched to the American League . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of National League pennant winners List of American League pennant winners List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of pre-World Series baseball champions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball - Reference Playoff and World Series Index '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Overview '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Series -- 1904 '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season interrupted '' . Sports Illustrated . August 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies Announce World Series Trophy Tour Presented by Teva Pharmaceuticals and Comcast SportsNet '' . PR Newswire Association . January 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` World Series rings , the real scoop '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox Visit White House , Meet Obama '' . The Huffington Post . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1905 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1906 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1907 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1909 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1910 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1916 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1917 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1925 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1929 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1931 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1933 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1935 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . WorldSeries.com -- official website List of World Series winning rosters <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL <Th_colspan="2"> World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1903 : Boston Americans 1904 : No series 1905 : New York Giants 1906 : Chicago White Sox 1907 : Chicago Cubs 1908 : Chicago Cubs 1909 : Pittsburg Pirates 1910 : Philadelphia Athletics 1911 : Philadelphia Athletics 1912 : Boston Red Sox 1913 : Philaelphia Athletics 1914 : Boston Braves 1915 : Boston Red Sox 1916 : Boston Red Sox 1917 : Chicago White Sox 1918 : Boston Red Sox 1919 : Cincinnati Reds 1920 : Cleveland Indians 1921 : New York Giants 1922 : New York Giants 1923 : New York Yankees 1924 : Washington Senators 1925 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1926 : St. Louis Cardinals 1927 : New York Yankees 1928 : New York Yankees 1929 : Philadelphia Athletics 1930 : Philadelphia Athletics 1931 : St. Louis Cardinals 1932 : New York Yankees 1933 : New York Giants 1934 : St. Louis Cardinals 1935 : Detroit Tigers 1936 : New York Yankees 1937 : New York Yankees 1938 : New York Yankees 1939 : New York Yankees 1940 : Cincinnati Reds 1941 : New York Yankees 1942 : St. Louis Cardinals 1943 : New York Yankees 1944 : St. Louis Cardinals 1945 : Detroit Tigers 1946 : St. Louis Cardinals 1947 : New York Yankees 1948 : Cleveland Indians 1949 : New York Yankees 1950 : New York Yankees 1951 : New York Yankees 1952 : New York Yankees 1953 : New York Yankees 1954 : New York Giants 1955 : Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 : New York Yankees 1957 : Milwaukee Braves 1958 : New York Yankees 1959 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1960 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1961 : New York Yankees 1962 : New York Yankees 1963 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1964 : St. Louis Cardinals 1965 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1966 : Baltimore Orioles 1967 : St. Louis Cardinals 1968 : Detroit Tigers 1969 : New York Mets 1970 : Baltimore Orioles 1971 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1972 : Oakland Athletics 1973 : Oakland Athletics 1974 : Oakland Athletics 1975 : Cincinnati Reds 1976 : Cincinnati Reds 1977 : New York Yankees 1978 : New York Yankees 1979 : Pittsburgh Pirates 1980 : Philadelphia Phillies 1981 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1982 : St. Louis Cardinals 1983 : Baltimore Orioles 1984 : Detroit Tigers 1985 : Kansas City Royals 1986 : New York Mets 1987 : Minnesota Twins 1988 : Los Angeles Dodgers 1989 : Oakland Athletics 1990 : Cincinnati Reds 1991 : Minnesota Twins 1992 : Toronto Blue Jays 1993 : Toronto Blue Jays 1994 : No series 1995 : Atlanta Braves 1996 : New York Yankees 1997 : Florida Marlins 1998 : New York Yankees 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : New York Yankees 2001 : Arizona Diamondbacks 2002 : Anaheim Angels 2003 : Florida Marlins 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Chicago White Sox 2006 : St. Louis Cardinals 2007 : Boston Red Sox 2008 : Philadelphia Phillies 2009 : New York Yankees 2010 : San Francisco Giants 2011 : St. Louis Cardinals 2012 : San Francisco Giants 2013 : Boston Red Sox 2014 : San Francisco Giants 2015 : Kansas City Royals 2016 : Chicago Cubs 2017 : Houston Astros <Th_colspan="2"> World Series <Td_colspan="2"> No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Book : World Series Category : World Series <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Series_champions&oldid=824588038 '' Categories : World Series World Series lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 07 : 29 . 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1. World Series champions 2. Major League Baseball postseason 3. National League vs American League 4. Commissioner's Trophy 5. New York Yankees

when did england play in the world cup

England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History Brazil 1950 Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1954 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1954 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualfying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notible for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . Records Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 <Td_colspan="9"> Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 <Td_colspan="9"> Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 <Td_colspan="9"> Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 1 * 12 8 2022 <Td_colspan="9"> TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 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BBC Sport . <Th_colspan="2"> England national football squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate <Th_colspan="2"> England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) <Th_colspan="2"> Countries at the FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850362068 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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Cabinet of Jamaica - wikipedia Cabinet of Jamaica Jamaica This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Jamaica Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General ( list ) Patrick Allen Prime Minister Andrew Holness Cabinet Ministries and agencies Parliament Senate House of Representatives Leader of the Opposition Peter Phillips Recent elections General : 2007 2011 2016 Political parties Judiciary Administrative divisions Constituencies Foreign relations Diplomatic missions Other countries Atlas The Cabinet of the Government of Jamaica is the ultimate decision - making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in traditional constitutional theory . The Cabinet of Jamaica is the principal instrument of government policy . It consists of the Prime Minister , and a minimum of thirteen other Ministers of Government , who must be members of one of the two Houses of Parliament . Not more than four members of the Cabinet may be members of the Senate . The Minister of Finance must be an elected member of the House of Representatives . The Shadow Cabinet of Jamaica is seen as the alternative to the Cabinet of Jamaica , lead by the Leader of the Opposition ( Jamaica ) , and is charged with fairly criticizing and providing alternative policy to that proposed by the Government . The Cabinet of Jamaica is currently composed of The Jamaica Labour Party members because the party won the 2016 General elections . The following are the members of the Government Cabinet led by Prime Minister Andrew Holness . Contents 1 Composition 1.1 Queen - in - Council 1.2 Ministers , Ministers of State and Ministers without Portfolio 1.3 Ministers 1.4 Ministers without Portfolio 1.5 Ministers of State 2 See also 3 References Composition ( edit ) Queen - in - Council ( edit ) The government of Jamaica , formally referred to as Her Majesty 's Jamaican Government , is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her Executive Council ; what is technically known as the Queen - in - Council , or sometimes the Governor - in - Council , referring to the governor general as the Queen 's stand - in . As the stipulations of responsible government require that those who directly advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative be accountable to the elected House of Representatives , the day - to - day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Cabinet made up of individuals who hold seats in parliament . This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet , which has come to be the council in the phrase Queen - in - Council . Ministers , ministers of state and ministers without portfolio ( edit ) Each minister of the Crown is responsible for the general administration of at least one government portfolio , and heads a corresponding ministry or ministries . The most important minister , following the prime minister , is the Minister of Finance , while other high - profile ministries include foreign affairs , national security , industry and health . Further , the prime minister may recommend the governor general appoint to Cabinet some ministers of state and ministers without portfolio . Ministers of state often assume one responsibility of a ministry and are not considered as a part of the Cabinet . In the Jamaican press , Ministers of State of often referred to as Junior Ministers . Ministers without portfolio , often working within the Office of the prime minister , assuming one of the prime minister 's subsidiary roles ( excluding that of Minister of Defence ) . One exception exists within the current Cabinet . Ministers ( edit ) Ministry or Department Minister Ministerial title Incumbent since Office of the Prime Minister The Most Hon . Andrew Holness , MP Prime Minister Minister of Defence , Economic Growth and Job Creation March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Sen. The Hon . Kamina Johnson - Smith Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Ministry of Finance and the Public Service The Hon . Dr. Nigel A.L. Clarke , MP Minister of Finance and the Public Service March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Industry , Commerce , Agriculture and Fisheries The Hon . Audley Shaw , MP Minister of Industry , Commerce , Agriculture and Fisheries March 26 , 2018 Ministry of National Security The Hon . Dr. Horace Chang , MP Minister of National Security March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Justice The Hon . Delroy Chuck , QC , MP Minister of Justice March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Education , Youth and Information Sen. The Hon . Ruel Reid Minister of Education Youth and Information March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Energy , Science and Technology The Hon . Andrew Wheatley Minister of Energy , Science and Technology Ministry of Local Government and Community Development The Hon . Desmond McKenzie , MP Minister of Local Government and Community Development March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Transport and Mining The Hon . Robert Montague , MP Minister of Transport and Mining March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Entertainment , Sports , Culture and Gender Affairs The Hon . Olivia Grange , MP Ministry of Entertainment , Sports , Culture and Gender Affairs March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Tourism The Hon . Edmund Bartlett , MP Minister of Tourism March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Health The Hon . Dr. Christopher Tufton , MP Minister of Health March 7 , 2016 Ministry of Labour and Social Security The Hon . Shahine Robinson , MP Minister of Labour and Social Security March 7 , 2016 Attorney General Chambers The Hon . Marlene Malahoo Forte , QC , MP Attorney General March 7 , 2016 Ministers without Portfolio ( edit ) Ministry or department Minister Ministerial title Incumbent since Office of the Prime Minister The Hon . Karl Samuda , MP Minister without Portfolio in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation with responsibility for Water , Works and Housing March 26 , 2018 The Hon . Daryl Vaz , MP Minister without Portfolio in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation with responsibility for Land , Environment , Climate Change and Investments March 7 , 2016 The Hon . Michael Henry , MP Minister without Portfolio in the Office of the Prime Minister March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Finance and the Public Service The Hon . Fayval Williams , MP Minister without Portfolio March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Industry , Commerce , Agriculture and Fisheries The Hon . William J.C. Hutchinson , MP Minister without Portfolio March 7 , 2016 Ministers of state ( edit ) Five ministers of state have been appointed but are not a part of the cabinet although they will help in the operations of their various sectors . Ministry or department Minister Ministerial title Incumbent since Ministry of National Security The Hon . Rudyard Spencer , MP Minister of State for National Security March 26 , 2018 Ministry of Entertainment , Sports , Culture and Gender Affairs The Hon . Alando Terrelonge , MP Minister of State for Entertainment , Sports , Culture and Gender Affairs Ministry of Labour and Social Security The Hon . Zavia Mayne , MP Minister of State for Labour and Social Security Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Sen. The Hon . Pearnel Patroe Charles Jr . Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Foreign Affairs Ministry of Education , Youth and Information The Hon . Floyd Green , MP Minister of State with Responsibility for Youth March 6 , 2016 Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation , Office of the Prime Minister The Hon . Clifford Everald Warmington , MP Minister of State for Works April 13 , 2016 See also ( edit ) Politics of Jamaica Governor - General of Jamaica Prime Minister of Jamaica Shadow Cabinet of Jamaica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government of Jamaica - Cabinet Office '' . Cabinet.gov.jm . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://jis.gov.jm/government/the-opposition/ Jump up ^ `` Ja Goes Green - JLP Prosperity Message Trumps Ruling Party - Lead Stories - Jamaica Gleaner - Friday February 26 , 2016 '' . Jamaica Gleaner . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet of Jamaica '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . <Th_colspan="3"> Jamaica articles History Arawaks Taínos Atlantic slave trade British conquest Governors Port Royal Piracy Maroons 1692 earthquake First Maroon War Tacky 's War Second Maroon War Baptist War Morant Bay rebellion 1907 earthquake British West Indies West Indies Federation Hurricane Charley Hurricane Ivan Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities Fauna Flora Islands Parishes Rivers Water resources Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Governor - General Judiciary Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Monarchy Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Attorney general Chief Justice Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Central bank Dollar ( currency ) Free trade zones Stock exchange Telecommunications Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Heritage sites Literature Music Newspapers Public holidays Sports Television <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Portal <Th_colspan="2"> National cabinets of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Jamaica&oldid=856151162 '' Categories : National cabinets Politics of Jamaica Lists of Jamaican politicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 06 : 46 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Cabinet of Jamaica 2. Government of Jamaica 3. Prime Minister Andrew Holness 4. Ministers of Government 5. Shadow Cabinet of Jamaica

who dies at the end of captain america civil war

The death of Captain America - wikipedia The death of Captain America Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Death of Captain America '' <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of Captain America vol. 5 , 25 ( Apr 2007 ). Art by Steve Epting . Publisher Marvel Comics Publication date April 2007 -- November 2008 Genre Superhero Title ( s ) Captain America vol. 5 , # 25 -- 42 Main character ( s ) Bucky Barnes Red Skull Sharon Carter Black Widow Falcon Tony Stark Crossbones Doctor Faustus Arnim Zola Grand Director Sin <Th_colspan="2"> Creative team Writer ( s ) Ed Brubaker Artist ( s ) Steve Epting Mike Perkins Butch Guice Roberto De La Torre Luke Ross The Death of the Dream ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2423 - 3 The Burden of Dreams ISBN 0785124241 The Man Who Bought America ISBN 0785129707 `` The Death of Captain America '' is an eighteen - issue Captain America story arc written by Ed Brubaker with art by Steve Epting and published by Marvel Comics . The arc first appears in Captain America ( vol. 5 ) # 25 -- 42 . The first issue of the story arc , Captain America # 25 , was the highest selling comic for the month of its release . The story arc had wide - sweeping effects throughout the Marvel Universe and was accompanied by the miniseries Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Collected editions 3 Reception 4 Novel 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Captain America 's death . Art by Steve Epting . In the aftermath of Civil War , Captain America is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody where he is assassinated per the order of the Red Skull . Crossbones snipes at him while Sharon Carter ( Agent 13 ; Cap 's girlfriend ) , who has been brainwashed by Doctor Faustus , posing as a S.H.I.E.L.D. psychiatrist , delivers the killing shot . Overwhelmed with guilt , S.H.I.E.L.D. director Tony Stark and Black Widow hunt Captain America 's murderers . Falcon , Captain America 's old partner , follows his own leads to find the killers . Meanwhile , Bucky Barnes decides to kill Tony Stark , blaming him for Captain America 's death . After receiving a letter written by Steve Rogers telling him that the Captain America legacy should continue , and look out for Bucky , Stark shows Bucky Barnes the letter and proposes to make him the new Captain America . Bucky agrees on the condition that he can be an independent agent who does n't answer to Stark , S.H.I.E.L.D. , or the Initiative . The Red Skull fakes the death of Aleksander Lukin , whose mind he inhabits , begins using Kronas Corporation 's vast holdings to economically cripple the United States , before having S.H.I.E.L.D. agents brainwashed by Doctor Faustus open fire on crowds of protesters in front of the White House . The Red Skull continues his assault by engineering a riot via the placing of Kronas security troops and utilizing drugged water in a protest on the Lincoln Monument . The Skull also kidnaps Sharon Carter , who now knows that she is pregnant with Steve Rogers ' child . All of the Red Skull 's actions benefit his puppet politician , Gordon Wright , who quickly becomes a popular third party Presidential candidate . Once elected , Wright will lead the country directly into a police state secretly controlled by the Red Skull . The Skull also plans to transfer his consciousness into Sharon 's unborn child , apparently sired by Steve Rogers himself and potentially having inherited his Project Rebirth enhancements . Both schemes fail because of the impatience and incompetence of the Skull 's daughter -- her near - fatal attack on Sharon Carter causes her to lose the baby , and she intentionally botches her pseudo-assassination of Gordon Wright by attempting to kill him in earnest . Faustus has surreptitiously tampered with Sharon 's programming , allowing her to rebel , and before escaping shoots Lukin to death . Black Widow and the Falcon lead a S.H.I.E.L.D. raid at the Red Skull 's compound . Most of the Skull 's agents are captured . The Red Skull escapes however ; his consciousness is transferred from Lukin to one of the robot bodies used by Arnim Zola . Collected editions ( edit ) The story arc is collected in three trade paperbacks and one Marvel Omnibus : -- Captain America : The Death of Captain America , Vol. 1 -- The Death of the Dream ( ISBN 0785124233 ) Captain America : The Death of Captain America , Vol. 2 -- The Burden of Dreams ( ISBN 0785124241 ) Captain America : The Death of Captain America , Vol. 3 -- The Man Who Bought America ( ISBN 0785129707 ) Captain America : The Death Of Captain America Omnibus ( ISBN 0785138064 ) Reception ( edit ) Captain America # 25 which depicted Steve Rogers ' death was the highest selling comic of March 2007 with preorder sales of 290,514 which was double the sales of the Mighty Avengers # 1 in the same period . The Death of Captain America was reported in ABC News , where Bryan Robinson paralleled the events to the Post-September 11 World and Iraq . Novel ( edit ) The storyline was adapted into a novel by comics writer Larry Hama in March 2014 to tie in the release of Captain America : The Winter Soldier and features Sharon Carter , Bucky Barnes , Black Widow , and Falcon as central characters . See also ( edit ) Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Civil War Captain America : Reborn References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 300 Comics Actual -- March 2007 '' . icv2.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bryan . `` What the Death of Captain America Really Means '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Captain America Is Dead ; National Hero Since 1941 , New York Times <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Captain America <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Simon Jack Kirby Alter egos Steve Rogers Isaiah Bradley William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker James Buchanan Barnes Sam Wilson Supporting characters Rikki Barnes Battlestar Black Widow Bucky Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Demolition Man ( D - Man ) Diamondback Falcon Jack Flag Free Spirit Golden Girl Howling Commandos Invaders Nick Fury Nuke Redwing Rick Jones Nomad Jack Monroe S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Aleksander Lukin Armadillo Arnim Zola Baron Blood Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Blackwing Circus of Crime Crossbones Doctor Faustus Doughboy Flag - Smasher Grand Director Hate - Monger Hydra Master Man MODOK Protocide Red Skull Scourge of the Underworld Secret Empire Serpent Society Serpent Squad Sin Slug Superia Viper Madame Hydra Watchdogs Publications Captain America Captain America ( vol. 5 ) Captain America : Reborn Captain America and the Falcon Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America Truth : Red , White & Black Tales of Suspense Adventures of Captain America Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Storylines `` Captain America : The Captain '' `` Civil War '' `` The Death of Captain America '' In other media Film Captain America ( 1944 ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger soundtrack Captain America : The Winter Soldier soundtrack Captain America : Civil War soundtrack TV The Marvel Super Heroes Captain America ( 1979 ) Captain America II : Death Too Soon `` The Capture of Captain America '' Video games Captain America in : The Doom Tube of Dr. Megalomann The Amazing Spider - Man and Captain America in Dr. Doom 's Revenge ! Captain America and The Avengers Captain America : Super Soldier Miscellanea Alternative versions Ultimate Captain America Captain America 's shield Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Patriot <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Death_of_Captain_America&oldid=834024863 '' Categories : Marvel Comics storylines 2007 in comics Superhero comics Captain America storylines Hidden categories : Comics caption less artist Redundant infobox title param Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Death of Captain America 2. Marvel Comics storyline 3. Red Skull's plot 4. Bucky Barnes becomes new Captain America 5. Wide-sweeping effects on the Marvel Universe

the song 99 bottles of beer on the wall

99 bottles of beer - wikipedia 99 bottles of beer Jump to : navigation , search `` 99 Bottles of Beer '' is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century . It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada . It is popular to sing on long trips , as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing . In particular , the song is often sung by children on long bus trips , such as class field trips , or on Scout and / or Girl Guide outings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Andy Kaufman routine 3 Mathematically inspired variants 4 References in computer science 5 See also 6 References Lyrics ( edit ) The song 's lyrics are as follows : 99 bottles of beer on the wall , 99 bottles of beer . Take one down , pass it around , 98 bottles of beer on the wall ... The same verse is repeated , each time with one bottle fewer , until there are none left . Variations on the last verse following the last bottle going down include lines such as : No more bottles of beer on the wall , no more bottles of beer . Go to the store and buy some more , 99 bottles of beer on the wall ... Or : No more bottles of beer on the wall , no more bottles of beer . We 've taken them down and passed them around ; now we 're drunk and passed out ! Another alternate line reads : If that one bottle should happen to fall , what a waste of alcohol ! Andy Kaufman routine ( edit ) The boring and time - consuming nature of the `` 99 Bottles of Beer '' song means that probably only a small minority of renditions are done to the final verse . The American comedian Andy Kaufman exploited this fact in the routine early in his career when he would actually sing all 100 verses . Mathematically inspired variants ( edit ) Donald Byrd has collected dozens of variants inspired by mathematical concepts and written by himself and others . ( A subset of his collection has been published . ) Byrd argues that the collection has pedagogic as well as amusement value . Among his variants are : `` Infinity bottles of beer on the wall '' . If one bottle is taken down , there are still infinite bottles of beer on the wall ( thus creating an unending sequence much like `` The Song That Never Ends '' ) . `` Aleph - null bottles of beer on the wall '' . Aleph - null is the size of the set of all natural numbers , and is the smallest infinity and the only countable one ; therefore , even if an infinite aleph - null of bottles fall , the same amount remains . `` Aleph - one / two / three / etc. bottles of beer on the wall '' . Aleph - one , two , three , etc. are uncountable infinite sets , which are larger than countable ones ; therefore , if only a countable infinity of bottles fall , an uncountable number remains . Other versions in Byrd 's collection involve concepts including geometric progressions , differentials , Euler 's identity , complex numbers , summation notation , the Cantor set , the Fibonacci sequence , and the continuum hypothesis , among others . References in computer science ( edit ) The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of O ( log ⁡ N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log N ) ) in his in - joke - article `` The Complexity of Songs '' . Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song . This is analogous to `` Hello , World ! '' programs , with the addition of a loop . As with `` Hello World ! '' , this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming , and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm . The program has been written in over 1500 different programming languages . A simple example using classical BASIC syntax : FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP - 1 PRINT STR ( Bottle ) + '' bottles of beer on the wall , `` + STR ( Bottle ) + '' bottles of beer '' PRINT `` Take one down and pass it around , `` + STR ( Bottle - 1 ) + '' bottles of beer on the wall '' NEXT Bottle See also ( edit ) Drinking song `` Ten Green Bottles '' -- a similar song which is popular in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyberg , Tim ( 2006 ) . 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall : The Complete Lyrics . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 6074 - 7 . Jump up ^ Baird , Kevin C. ( 2007 ) . Ruby by example : concepts and code . No Starch Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59327 - 148 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/122399/enc_S1223_Pa.html Andy Kaufman 's 99 Bottles . Retrieved 15 Sep 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Donald ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Infinite Bottles of Beer : Mathematical Concepts with Epsilon Pain , Or : A Cantorial Approach to Cantorian Arithmetic and Other Mathematical Melodies '' ( PDF ) . Indiana University , School of Informatics . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Donald Byrd ( 2010 ) . `` Infinite Bottles of Beer : A cantorial approach to Cantorian arithmetic and other mathematical melodies '' . Math Horizons : 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Team , 99 Bottles of Beer . `` 99 Bottles of Beer - Start '' . www.99-bottles-of-beer.net . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99_Bottles_of_Beer&oldid=815146308 '' Categories : American folk songs Traditional children 's songs Drinking songs Songs about alcohol Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "99 Bottles of Beer" folk song 2. Counting song 3. Andy Kaufman routine 4. Mathematically inspired variants 5. References in computer science

what is the least watched sport in the us

Sports in the United States - Wikipedia Sports in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture . Based on revenue , the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the National Football League ( NFL ) , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is sometimes included in a `` top five '' of leagues of the country . All four enjoy wide - ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world , although only basketball , baseball , and ice hockey have substantial followings in other nations . Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities , and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport . Football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball , baseball , and soccer . Tennis , golf , wrestling , auto racing , arena football , field lacrosse , box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country . Professional teams in all major sports in the United States operate as franchises within a league , meaning that a team may move to a different city if the team 's owners believe there would be a financial benefit , but franchise moves are usually subject to some form of league - level approval . All major sports leagues use a similar type of regular - season schedule with a playoff tournament after the regular season ends . In addition to the major league -- level organizations , several sports also have professional minor leagues , active in smaller cities across the country . As in Canada and Australia , sports leagues in the United States do not practice promotion and relegation , unlike many sports leagues in Europe . Sports are particularly associated with education in the United States , with most high schools and universities having organized sports . College sports competitions play an important role in the American sporting culture , and college basketball and college football are as popular as professional sports in some parts of the country . The major sanctioning body for college sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Unlike most other nations , the United States government does not provide funding for sports nor for the United States Olympic Committee . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Olympics 3 Individual sports 3.1 Motorsports 3.1. 1 IndyCar Series 3.1. 2 NASCAR 3.1. 3 Other motorsports 3.2 Golf 3.3 Tennis 3.4 Track and field 3.5 Combat sports 3.6 Swimming and water sports 3.7 Other popular individual sports 4 Popular team sports 4.1 Overview 4.2 American football 4.3 Baseball 4.4 Basketball 4.5 Ice hockey 4.6 Soccer 5 Other team sports 5.1 Overview 5.2 Lacrosse 5.3 Volleyball 5.4 Rugby union 5.5 Cricket 5.6 Ultimate and disc sports 5.7 Other sports 5.8 Other team recreational activities 6 Organization of American sports 6.1 Professional sports 6.2 College sports 6.3 High school sports 6.4 Amateur sports 6.5 Government regulation 7 Sports media in the United States 8 Most popular sports in the United States 8.1 Baseball vs. football 9 Sports leagues in the United States 9.1 The five major sports leagues 9.2 Other team sports leagues 9.3 Other individual sports leagues 10 Sports governing bodies 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading History ( edit ) Main article : History of sports in the United States This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Grand Entry at the Pendleton Round - Up The history of sports in the United States shows that most sports evolved out of European practices . However , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries and worldwide . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . In Chesapeake society ( that is , colonial Virginia and Maryland ) , sports occupied a great deal of attention at every social level , starting at the top . In England , hunting was severely restricted to landowners . In America , game was more than plentiful . Everyone -- including servants and slaves -- could and did hunt , so there was no social distinction to be had . In 1691 , Sir Francis Nicholson , the governor of Virginia , organized competitions for the `` better sort of Virginians onely who are Batchelors , '' and he offered prizes `` to be shot for , wrastled , played at backswords , & Run for by Horse and foott . '' Olympics ( edit ) Main article : United States at the Olympics The Herb Brooks Arena in the Olympic Center at Lake Placid , New York hosted the Miracle on Ice match The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them being gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games and another 282 at the Winter Olympic Games . Most medals have been won in athletics ( track and field ) ( 801 , 32 % ) and swimming ( 553 , 22 % ) . American swimmer Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , with 28 Olympic medals , 23 of them gold . The United States has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted by the Soviet Union in Moscow , which it boycotted because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Michael Phelps celebrates after winning his 8th gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics The United States has won gold at every games at which it has competed , more gold and overall medals than any other country in the Summer Games and also has the second-most gold and overall medals at the Winter Games , trailing only Norway . From the mid-20th century to the late 1980s , the United States mainly competed with the Soviet Union at Summer Games and with the Soviet Union , Norway , and East Germany at the Winter Games . However , after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , it now primarily contends with China and Great Britain at the Summer Games for both the overall medal count and the gold medal count and with Norway at the Winter Games for the overall medal count . The United States has topped the gold medal count at 17 Summer Olympics and one Winter Olympics : 1932 in Lake Placid . The United States has set multiple records for the number of medals won : the most medals ( 239 ) of any country at a single Summer Olympics , the most gold medals ( 83 ) of any country at a single Summer Olympics and the most medals ( 37 ) of any country at a single Winter Olympics . The United States hosted both Summer and Winter Games in 1932 , and has hosted more Games than any other country -- eight times , four times each for the Summer and Winter Games : the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis , 1932 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles ; and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta ; the 1932 Winter Olympics and 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York ; the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , California ; and the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah . Los Angeles will host the Olympic Games for a third time in 2028 , marking the ninth time the US hosts the Olympic Games . Individual sports ( edit ) Motorsports ( edit ) Main article : Motorsport in the United States Danica Patrick is the most successful woman in the history of American open - wheel racing -- her win in the 2008 Indy Japan 300 is the only women 's victory in an IndyCar Series race and her third place in the 2009 Indianapolis 500 is the highest finish there ever by a woman . Motor sports are widely popular in the United States but Americans generally show little interest in the major international competitions , such as the Formula One Grand Prix series and MotoGP , preferring home - grown racing series . However , some Americans have achieved great success in these international series , such as Mario Andretti and Kenny Roberts . Americans , like the rest of the world , initially began using public streets to host automobile races , but these venues were often unsafe to the public as they offered relatively little crowd control . Promoters and drivers in the United States discovered that horse racing tracks could provide better conditions for drivers and spectators than public streets . The result has been a long - standing popularity of oval track racing , which is not used in the rest of the world , while road racing has generally waned . However , an extensive though illegal street racing culture still persists . IndyCar Series ( edit ) Main article : IndyCar Series Indianapolis Motor Speedway is among the world 's premier racing facilities . Historically , open wheel racing was the most popular form of U.S. motorsport nationwide . However , an infamously acrimonious split , ( often referred to by many as `` The Split '' ) , in 1994 between the primary series , CART ( later known as Champ Car ) , and the owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( the site of the Indy 500 ) , Tony George , led to the formation of the Indy Racing League , now known as INDYCAR , which launched the rival IndyCar Series in 1996 . From that point on , the popularity of open wheel racing in the U.S. declined dramatically . The feud was settled in 2008 with an agreement to merge the two series under the IndyCar banner , but enormous damage had already been done to the sport . Post-merger , Indycar continues to remain with slight viewership gains per year . However , as a result , every Indycar season ever since The Split , the Indianapolis 500 is the only known and viewed race , by the general public . NASCAR ( edit ) Main article : NASCAR Jimmie Johnson has won Driver of the Year five times . The CART - IRL Split coincided with an enormous expansion of stock car racing , governed by NASCAR , from its past as a mostly regional circuit mainly followed in the Southern United States to a truly national sport . NASCAR 's audience peaked in the mid 1990 's , and has declined quite a bit ever since the implementation of the Chase for the Cup in 2004 , though it continues to have around 2 -- 4 million viewers per race . Among NASCAR 's popular former drivers are Jeff Gordon , Dale Earnhardt , Matt Kenseth , Tony Stewart , Dale Earnhardt Jr. , and Richard Petty . Among NASCAR 's popular active drivers are Jimmie Johnson , Kurt Busch , Kyle Busch , Chase Elliott , Ryan Blaney , and Kyle Larson . NASCAR 's most popular race is the Daytona 500 , the opening race of the season , held each year at Daytona Beach , Florida in February . Other motorsports ( edit ) The start of the 2015 Daytona 500 , the biggest race in NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series Among the better known sports car races in the United States are the 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , and Petit Le Mans , which have featured in the World Sportscar Championship , IMSA GT Championship , Intercontinental Le Mans Cup , FIA World Endurance Championship , American Le Mans Series , Rolex Sports Car Series and currently the United SportsCar Championship . Another one of the most popular forms of motorsports in the United States is the indigenous sport of drag racing . The largest drag racing organization is the National Hot Rod Association . Several other motorsports enjoy varying degrees of popularity in the United States : short track motor racing , motocross , monster truck competitions ( including the popular Monster Jam circuit ) , demolition derby , figure 8 racing , mud bogging and tractor pulling . Golf ( edit ) Main article : Golf in the United States Jack Nicklaus is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time , winning a total of 18 career major championships . Louise Suggs one of the founders of the LPGA Tour and thus modern ladies ' golf . Golf is played in the United States by about 25 million people . The sport 's national governing body , the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is jointly responsible with The R&A for setting and administering the rules of golf . The USGA conducts four national championships open to professionals : the U.S. Open , U.S. Women 's Open , U.S. Senior Open , and the U.S. Senior Women 's Open , with the last of these holding its first edition in 2018 . The PGA of America organizes the PGA Championship , Senior PGA Championship and Women 's PGA Championship . Three legs of the Grand Slam of Golf are based in the United States : the PGA Championship , U.S. Open and The Masters . ( The Open Championship , known in the U.S. as the British Open , is played in the United Kingdom . ) The PGA Tour is the main professional golf tour in the United States , and the LPGA Tour is the main women 's professional tour . Also of note is PGA Tour Champions , where players 50 and older compete . Golf is aired on several television networks , such as Golf Channel , NBC , ESPN , CBS and Fox . Notable American golfers include Walter Hagen ( 11 majors ) , Ben Hogan , Jack Nicklaus ( record 18 major wins ) , Arnold Palmer , Tiger Woods ( 14 major wins ) , Patty Berg , Mickey Wright , Louise Suggs and Babe Zaharias . Tennis ( edit ) See also : Category : Tennis in the United States . Serena Williams won most Grand Slam titles by American tennis players male or female . Tennis is played in the United States in all five categories ( Men 's and Ladies ' Singles ; Men 's , Ladies ' and Mixed Doubles ) ; however , the most popular are the singles . The pinnacle of the sport in the country is the US Open played in late August at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York . The Indian Wells Masters , Miami Masters and Cincinnati Masters are part of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and the former WTA Tier I ( currently Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 ) . The United States has had considerable success in tennis for many years , with players such as Don Budge , Billie Jean King , Chris Evert , Jimmy Connors ( 8 major singles titles ) , John McEnroe ( 7 major singles titles ) , Andre Agassi ( 8 major singles titles ) and Pete Sampras ( 14 major singles titles ) dominating their sport in the past . More recently , the Williams sisters , Venus Williams ( 7 major singles titles ) and Serena Williams ( 23 major singles titles ) , have been a dominant force in the women 's game , and the twin brothers Bob and Mike Bryan have claimed almost all significant career records for men 's doubles teams . Track and field ( edit ) Main articles : United States records in track and field and USA Track & Field Participants in the 2010 Boston Marathon in Wellesley , just after the halfway mark . USA Track & Field is the governing body for track and field in the United States . It organizes the annual USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and USA Indoor Track and Field Championships . The IAAF Diamond League currently features one round in the United States , the Prefontaine Classic ; the series formerly included the Adidas Grand Prix as well . Three of the World Marathon Majors are held in the United States : the Boston Marathon , Chicago Marathon and New York City Marathon . The Freihofer 's Run for Women is also an IAAF Road Race Label Event . Billy Mills breaks the tape in the 10,000 m in the 1964 Olympics . U.S. Marine Corps photo Americans have frequently set world standards in various disciplines of track and field for both male and female athletes . Tyson Gay and Michael Johnson hold various sprint records for male athletes , while Florence Griffith Joyner set various world sprint records for female athletes . Mary Slaney set many world records for middle - distance disciplines . Florence Griffith Joyner is considered the fastest woman of all time based on the fact that the world records she set in 1988 for both the 100 m and 200 m still stand . A turning point occurred in US track in the running boom of the 1970s . After a series of American successes in various distances from marathoners Frank Shorter and Bill Rodgers as well as middle - distance runners Dave Wottle and Steve Prefontaine , running as an American pastime began to take shape . High school track in the United States became a unique foundation for creating the United States middle - distance running talent pool , and from 1972 to 1981 an average of 13 high school boys in the United States would run under 4 : 10 in the mile per year . During this time , several national high school records in the United States were set and remained largely unbroken until the 2000s . The number of high school boys running the mile under 4 : 10 per year dropped abruptly from 1982 , and female participation in many distance events was forbidden by athletic authorities until the 1980s . However a renaissance in high school track developed when Jack Daniels , a former Olympian , published a training manual called `` Daniels ' Running Formula '' , which became the most widely used distance training protocol among American coaches along with Arthur Lydiard 's high - mileage regimen . Carl Lewis is credited with `` normalizing '' the practice of having a lengthy track career as opposed to retiring once reaching the age when it is less realistic of gaining a personal best result . The United States is home to school - sponsored track and field , a tradition in which most schools from middle school through college feature a track and field team . Due to the amount of American athletes who satisfy Olympic norm standards , the US holds national trials to select the best of its top - tier athletes for Olympic competition . Combat sports ( edit ) Oscar de la Hoya won ten world titles in six different weight classes , including the lineal championship in three weight classes . Winning a gold medal in the lightweight division and owns a national boxing promotional firm and one of the few boxers to take on promotional responsibilities while still active . Boxing in the United States became the center of professional boxing in the early 20th century . The National Boxing Association was founded in 1921 and began to sanction title fights . In the 1960s and 1970s , Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure , transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride , and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War . In the 1980s and 1990s , major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self - destruction . Mixed martial arts developed in the 1990s , and has achieved popularity in the early 21st century . Many companies promote MMA cards , with the U.S. - based UFC the most dominant . Traditional wrestling is performed at the scholastic level ; high school wrestling is one of the most popular participatory sports for young men in the United States , and college wrestling has a small following . Professional wrestling , which evolved into a mostly scripted ( kayfabe ) form of sports entertainment over the course of the 20th century , enjoys widespread popularity as a spectator sport . Interest in pro wrestling peaked during the Monday Night Wars of the 1980s and 1990s . This was due to the competition between the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and WCW , which were the two biggest professional wrestling organizations in the country during the last two decades of the 20th century . It is also stated that , between the two companies , an estimated 16 million viewers tuned in every week . Following the conclusion of the Wars and WCW 's subsumption into WWF to become the modern WWE , professional wrestling 's audience has diminished ; however , it still pulls in some of cable television 's highest weekly ratings . WWE remains the dominant professional wrestling company in the U.S. ; it does not hold a monopoly , as numerous smaller federations have existed , two current examples including Impact Wrestling ( formerly known as TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) . Judo in the United States is not very popular and is eclipsed by more popular martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo . Swimming and water sports ( edit ) Kelly Slater surfing in the Boost Mobile Pro at Trestles Swimming is a major competitive sport at high school and college level , but receives little mainstream media attention outside of the Olympics . Surfing in the United States and watersports are popular in the U.S. in coastal areas . California and Hawaii are the most popular locations for surfing . The Association of Surfing Professionals was founded in 1983 . Other popular individual sports ( edit ) Skateboarding heelflip . Skateboarding -- Skateboarding culture was born in the U.S. , which holds many of the top tournaments and produces the majority of professional skateboarders . Hunting and fishing are popular in the U.S. , especially in rural areas . Other popular outdoors activities in the country include hiking , mountain climbing , paintball and kayaking . In winter , many Americans head to mountainous areas for skiing and snowboarding . Road bicycle racing has increased in popularity , fueled by the success of cyclists Greg LeMond and the eight consecutive Tours de France won by American contestants ( although all eight were discarded in the wake of doping revelations against the two winners , Lance Armstrong and Floyd Landis ) . Mountain biking is also widely practiced , especially in the Rocky Mountains . Rodeo -- The Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association is the main professional rodeo organization in the world . Bull riding , a subset of the rodeo , enjoys popularity as a standalone sport , especially the pro competition , Professional Bull Riders . Horse racing -- The Breeders ' Cup and the Triple Crown are the two most prominent competitions . Bowling -- Bowling is the most popular participation `` game '' sport in the U.S. with more than 43 million people going bowling at least once a year . Figure skating is a sport in which individuals , duos , or groups perform on figure skates on ice . It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics , in 1908 . Popular team sports ( edit ) Main article : Professional sports leagues in the United States Overview ( edit ) The most popular team sports in the United States are American football , baseball / softball , basketball , ice hockey , and soccer ( association football ) . All five of these team sports are popular with fans , are widely watched on television , have a fully professional league , are played by millions of Americans , enjoy varsity status at many Division I colleges , and are played in high schools throughout the country . Sport Favorite sport TV viewing record ( since 2005 ) Major professional league Participants ( millions ) NCAA DI Teams ( Men + Women ) States ( HS ) American football 37 % 7002111900000000000 ♠ 111.9 m NFL 8.9 m 249 ( 249M + 0W ) 50 Basketball 11 % 24.4 m NBA 30.3 m 589 ( 298M + 291W ) 50 Baseball / Softball 9 % 40.0 m MLB 29.3 m 698 ( 351M + 349W ) 48 Soccer 7 % 27.3 m MLS 13.6 m 531 ( 205M + 332W ) 50 Ice hockey 4 % 27.6 m NHL 3.1 m 95 ( 59M + 36W ) 15 TV viewing record measures the game with the most TV viewers in the U.S. since 2005 for each sport : 2016 Super Bowl , 2016 NBA Finals Game 7 , 2016 World Series Game 7 , 2014 FIFA World Cup Final , and 2010 Winter Olympics Gold medal ice hockey game . The column titled `` States ( HS ) '' represents the number of states that sponsor the sport at the high school level . American football ( edit ) Main articles : American football in the United States , History of American football , National Football League , and College football The NFL 's New England Patriots vs. the Pittsburgh Steelers . Football , known as American football outside the United States , has the most participants of any sport at both high school and college levels , the vast majority of its participants being male . The NFL is the preeminent professional football league in the United States . The NFL has 32 franchises divided into two conferences . After a 16 - game regular season , each conference sends six teams to the NFL Playoffs , which eventually culminate in the league 's championship game , the Super Bowl . Nationwide , the NFL obtains the highest television ratings among major sports . Watching NFL games on television on Sunday afternoons has become a common routine for many Americans during the football season . Super Bowl Sunday is the biggest annual sporting event held in the United States . The Super Bowl itself is always among the highest - rated programs of all - time in the Nielsen ratings . Millions watch college football throughout the fall months , and some communities , particularly in rural areas , place great emphasis on their local high school football teams . The popularity of college and high school football in areas such as the Southern United States ( Southeastern Conference ) and the Great Plains ( Big 12 Conference and Big Ten Conference ) stems largely from the fact that these areas historically generally did not possess markets large enough for a professional team . Nonetheless , college football has a rich history in the United States , predating the NFL by decades , and fans and alumni are generally very passionate about their teams . Tom Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI . During football season in the fall , fans have the opportunity to watch high school games on Fridays and Saturdays , college football on Saturdays , and NFL games on Sundays , the usual playing day of the professional teams . However , some colleges play games on Tuesday and Wednesday nights , while the NFL offers weekly games on Monday ( since 1970 ) and Thursday ( since 2006 ) . As recently as 2013 , one could find a nationally televised professional or college game on television any night between Labor Day and Thanksgiving weekend . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . Notable former NFL players include Roger Staubach , Dick Butkus , Joe Greene , Bart Starr , Johnny Unitas , Walter Payton , Joe Montana , Steve Young , Jerry Rice , Brett Favre , Emmitt Smith , Ray Lewis , and Peyton Manning . Notable current NFL players include Drew Brees , Tom Brady , Cam Newton , J.J. Watt , Russell Wilson , Marshawn Lynch , and Aaron Rodgers . Indoor American football or arena football , a form of football played in indoor arenas , has several professional and semi-professional leagues . The Arena Football League was active from 1987 to 2008 and folded in 2009 , but several teams from the AFL and its former minor league , af2 , relaunched the league in 2010 . Most other extant indoor leagues date to the mid-2000s and are regional in nature . Women 's American football is seldom seen . A few amateur and semi-professional leagues exist , of varying degrees of stability and competition . Football is unique among scholastic sports in the U.S. in that no women 's division exists for the sport ; women who wish to play football in high school or college must compete directly with men . Baseball ( edit ) Main articles : Baseball in the United States and Major League Baseball This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mickey Mantle , New York Yankees centerfielder , in 1953 . Baseball and a variant , softball , are popular participatory sports in the U.S. The highest level of baseball in the U.S. is Major League Baseball . The World Series of Major League Baseball is the culmination of the sport 's postseason each October . It is played between the winner of each of the two leagues , the American League and the National League , and the winner is determined through a best - of - seven playoff . Joe DiMaggio is best known for his 56 - game hitting streak ( May 15 -- July 16 , 1941 ) , a record that still stands . The New York Yankees is noted for having won more titles than any other US major professional sports franchise . The Yankees ' chief rivals , the Boston Red Sox , also enjoy a huge following in Boston and throughout New England . The fierce National League rivalry between the former Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants was transferred to the West Coast when the teams became the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants , and California has always been among the US states which have supplied the most players in the major leagues . Chicago sports fans also avidly follow the Chicago Cubs and the Chicago White Sox despite the comparative lack of success for the teams , with Chicago Cub fans being known throughout the country for their passionate loyalty to the team despite their not having won a championship from 1908 to 2016 . Historically , the leagues were much more competitive , and cities such as Boston , Philadelphia and St. Louis had rival teams in both leagues up until the 1950s . Notable American baseball players in history include Babe Ruth ( 714 career home runs ) , Ty Cobb ( career leader in batting average and batting titles ) , Cy Young , Honus Wagner , Ted Williams (. 344 career batting average ) , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle ( 16 - time all star ) , Stan Musial , Willie Mays , Yogi Berra ( 18 - time All - Star ) , Hank Aaron ( career home run leader from 1974 to 2007 ) , Nolan Ryan ( career strikeouts leader ) , Roger Clemens ( 7 Cy Young awards ) , Derek Jeter and Jackie Robinson , who was instrumental in dissolving the color line and allowing African - Americans into the major leagues . Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the modern era . An extensive minor league baseball system covers most mid-sized cities in the United States . Minor league baseball teams are organized in a six - tier hierarchy , in which the highest teams ( AAA ) are in major cities that do not have a major league team but often have a major team in another sport , and each level occupies progressively smaller cities . The lowest levels of professional baseball serve primarily as development systems for the sport 's most inexperienced prospects , with the absolute bottom , the rookie leagues , occupying the major league squads ' spring training complexes . Babe Ruth in 1918 . He achieved his greatest fame as a home run batter for the New York Yankees . Some limited independent professional baseball exists , the most prominent being the Atlantic League , which occupies mostly suburban locales that are not eligible for high level minor league teams of their own . Outside the minor leagues are collegiate summer baseball leagues , which occupy towns even smaller than those at the lower end of minor league baseball and typically can not support professional sports . Summer baseball is an amateur exercise and uses players that choose not to play for payment in order to remain eligible to play college baseball for their respective universities in the spring . At the absolute lowest end of the organized baseball system is senior amateur baseball ( also known as Town Team Baseball ) , which typically plays its games only on weekends and uses rosters composed of local residents . Basketball ( edit ) Main articles : National Basketball Association , College basketball , and Basketball in the United States Of those Americans citing their favorite sport , basketball is ranked second ( counting amateur levels ) behind American football . However , in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity . More Americans play basketball than any other team sport , according to the National Sporting Goods Association , with over 26 million Americans playing basketball . Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts . Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan and Phil Jackson 1997 The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the world 's premier men 's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America . It contains 30 teams ( 29 teams in the U.S. and 1 in Canada ) that play an 82 - game season from October to June . After the regular season , eight teams from each conference compete in the playoffs for the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Since the 1992 Summer Olympics , NBA players have represented the United States in international competition and won numerous important tournaments . The Dream Team was the unofficial nickname of the United States men 's basketball team that won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics . Basketball at both the college and high school levels is popular throughout the country . Every March , a 68 - team , six - round , single - elimination tournament ( commonly called March Madness ) determines the national champions of NCAA Division I men 's college basketball . Most U.S. states also crown state champions among their high schools . Many high school basketball teams have intense local followings , especially in the Midwest and Upper South . Indiana has 10 of the 12 largest high school gyms in the United States , and is famous for its basketball passion , known as Hoosier Hysteria . Many players and analysts have called Stephen Curry the greatest shooter in NBA history . Notable NBA players in history include Wilt Chamberlain ( 4 time MVP ) , Bill Russell ( 5 time MVP ) , Bob Pettit ( 11 time all NBA team ) , Bob Cousy ( 12 time all NBA team ) , Jerry West ( 12 time all NBA team ) , Julius Erving ( won MVP awards in both the ABA and NBA ) , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 6 time MVP ) , Magic Johnson ( 3 time MVP ) , Larry Bird ( 3 time MVP ) , Michael Jordan ( 6 time finals MVP ) , John Stockton ( # 1 in career assists and steals ) , Karl Malone ( 14 time all NBA team ) , Kobe Bryant ( NBA 's third all - time leading scorer ) , Tim Duncan ( 15 - time NBA all - star ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( 3 time finals MVP ) and Jason Kidd ( # 2 in career assists and steals ) . Notable players in the NBA today include LeBron James ( 4 MVP awards ) , Stephen Curry ( 2 time MVP ) , Dwyane Wade ( 10 time all - star ) , and Kevin Durant ( MVP , 4 NBA scoring titles ) . Ever since the 1990s , an increasing number of players born outside the United States have signed with NBA teams , sparking league interest in different parts of the world . Sue Bird , a member of the All - Decade and Top 15 teams from the WNBA . Professional basketball is most followed in cities where there are no other sports teams in the four major professional leagues , such as in the case of the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Sacramento Kings , the San Antonio Spurs , the Memphis Grizzlies , or the Portland Trail Blazers . New York City has also had a long historical connection with college and professional basketball , and many basketball legends initially developed their reputations playing in the many playgrounds throughout the city . Madison Square Garden , the home arena of the New York Knicks , is often referred to as the `` Mecca of basketball . '' Minor league basketball , both official and unofficial , has an extensive presence , given the sport 's relative lack of expense to operate a professional team . The NBA has an official minor league , known since 2017 as the NBA G League under a naming rights agreement with Gatorade . The most prominent independent league is BIG3 , a three - on - three league featuring former NBA stars that launched in 2017 . Several other pro basketball leagues exist but are notorious for their instability and low budget operations . The WNBA is the premier women 's basketball league in the United States as well as the most stable and sustained women 's professional sports league in the nation . Several of the 12 teams are owned by NBA teams . The women 's national team has won seven Olympic gold medals and nine FIBA World Cups . Ice hockey ( edit ) Main articles : National Hockey League , American Hockey League , ECHL , and Ice hockey in the United States The Blackhawks have donned Camouflage practice jerseys for Veterans Day to show support for servicemen since 2009 . Ice hockey , usually referred to in the U.S. simply as `` hockey '' , is another popular sport in the United States . In the U.S. the game is most popular in regions of the country with a cold winter climate , namely the northeast and the upper Midwest . However , since the 1990s , hockey has become increasingly popular in the Sun Belt due in large part to the expansion of the National Hockey League to the southern U.S. , coupled with the mass relocation of many residents from northern cities with strong hockey support to these Sun Belt locations . The NHL is the major professional hockey league in North America , with 24 U.S. - based teams and 7 Canadian - based teams competing for the Stanley Cup . While NHL stars are still not as readily familiar to the general American public as are stars of the NFL , MLB , and the NBA , average attendance for NHL games in the U.S. has surpassed average NBA attendance in recent seasons , buoyed in part by the NHL Winter Classic being played in large outdoor stadiums . Minor league professional hockey leagues in the U.S. include the American Hockey League and the ECHL . Additionally , nine U.S. - based teams compete in the three member leagues of the Canadian Hockey League , a `` junior '' league for players aged sixteen to twenty . College hockey has a regional following in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States . It is increasingly being used to develop players for the NHL and other professional leagues ( the U.S. has junior leagues , the United States Hockey League and North American Hockey League , but they are more restricted to protect junior players ' college eligibility ) . The Frozen Four is college hockey 's national championship . The U.S. now has more youth hockey players than all other countries , excluding Canada , combined . USA Hockey is the official governing body for amateur hockey in the United States . The United States Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Eveleth , Minnesota . Internationally , the United States is counted among the Big Six , the group of nations that have historically dominated international ice hockey competition . ( The others include Canada , Finland , Sweden , the Czech Republic , and Russia . ) One of the nation 's greatest ever sporting moments was the `` Miracle on Ice '' , which came during the 1980 Winter Olympics when the U.S. hockey team beat the Soviet Union 4 -- 3 in the first game of the medal round before going on to beat Finland to claim the gold medal . The Detroit Red Wings won their 11th cup in 2008 Historically , the vast majority of NHL players had come from Canada , with a small number of Americans . As late as 1969 -- 70 , Canadian players made up 95 percent of the league . During the 1970s and 1980s , European players entered the league , and many players from the former Soviet bloc flocked to the NHL beginning in the 1990s . Today , the majority of NHL players are Canadian , more than 20 % are Americans , and virtually all of the remainder are European - trained . ( For a more complete discussion , see Origin of NHL players . ) Notable NHL players in history include Wayne Gretzky ( leading all - time point scorer and 9 time MVP ) , Mario Lemieux ( 3 time MVP ) , Guy Lafleur ( 2 time MVP ) , Gordie Howe ( 6 time MVP ) , Nicklas Lidström ( 7 times NHL 's top defenseman ) , Bobby Hull ( 3 time MVP and 7 time leading goal scorer , Eddie Shore ( 4 time MVP ) , Howie Morenz ( 3 time MVP ) , Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard ( 5 time leading goal scorer ) , Jean Beliveau ( 2 time MVP ) and Bobby Orr ( 8 times NHL 's best defenseman ) . Famous NHL players today include Sidney Crosby and Alexander Ovechkin . Women 's ice hockey is less popular . The National Women 's Hockey League , founded in 2015 , is the first in the country to pay its players , and featured four teams from the Northeast . Soccer ( edit ) Main articles : Soccer in the United States , Major League Soccer , and National Women 's Soccer League Landon Donovan representing the U.S. at the 2010 World Cup . Soccer has been increasing in popularity in the United States in recent years . Soccer is played by over 13 million people in the U.S. , making it the third-most played sport in the U.S. , more widely played than ice hockey and American football . Most NCAA Division I colleges field both a men 's and women 's varsity soccer team , and those that field only one team almost invariably field a women 's team . The United States men 's national team and women 's national team , as well as a number of national youth teams , represent the United States in international soccer competitions and are governed by the United States Soccer Federation ( U.S. Soccer ) . The U.S. women 's team holds the record for most Women 's World Cup championships , and is the only team that has never finished worse than third place in a World Cup . The U.S. women beat Japan 5 -- 2 in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup final to claim their third Women 's World Cup title , and first since 1999 . Carlos Bocanegra with the United States men 's national soccer team in 2010 Major League Soccer is the premier soccer league in the United States . MLS has 23 clubs ( 20 from the U.S. and 3 from Canada ) . The 34 - game schedule runs from mid-March to late October , with the playoffs and championship in November . Soccer - specific stadiums continue to be built for MLS teams around the country , both because American football stadiums are considered to have excessive capacity , and because teams profit from operating their stadiums . Other professional men 's soccer leagues in the U.S. include the current second division , the United Soccer League , and the North American Soccer League , which had been the second - level league until being demoted in 2018 due to instability . The USL now has a formal relationship with MLS , and the majority of its teams are either owned by or affiliated with MLS sides . Mia Hamm takes a corner kick Younger generations of Americans have strong fan appreciation for the sport , due to factors such as the U.S. hosting of the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the formation of Major League Soccer , as well as increased U.S. television coverage of soccer competitions . Many immigrants living in the United States continue to follow soccer as their favorite team sport . Women 's professional soccer in the United States has not seen sustained success . Following the demise of two professional leagues in the early 21st century , the Women 's United Soccer Association ( 1999 -- 2001 ) and Women 's Professional Soccer ( 2009 -- 2011 ) , U.S. Soccer established a new National Women 's Soccer League in 2013 . The NWSL has now survived longer than either of its two professional predecessors , and five of its current nine teams are owned by professional men 's clubs ( four in MLS and one in the USL ) . However , at the lower levels of the salary scale , the NWSL is effectively semi-professional . Many notable international soccer players played in the U.S. in the original North American Soccer League , usually at the end of their playing careers -- including Pelé , Eusébio , George Best , Franz Beckenbauer , and Johan Cruyff -- or in MLS -- including Roberto Donadoni , Lothar Matthäus , David Beckham , Thierry Henry , Kaká , and David Villa . The best American soccer players enter the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame . Other team sports ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The following table shows additional sports that are played by over 500,000 people in the United States . Sport Participants ( millions ) NCAA teams ( Men + Women ) Semi-Pro League ( s ) Attendance Record Olympic Sport Volleyball 7001107009999900000 ♠ 10.7 m 7003117300000000000 ♠ 1,173 ( 109M + 1,064 W ) PVL 17,209 Yes Ultimate 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 m 0 AUDL 1,175 No Rugby 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 m 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 ( 2M + 17W ) MLR 61,500 Yes Lacrosse 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 m 7002782000000000000 ♠ 782 ( 339M + 443W ) NLL ; MLL 48,970 No Attendance record measures highest single - game attendances . Attendance records are : Volleyball : 2016 NCAA championship ; Ultimate : 2013 Major League Ultimate ; Rugby : 2014 New Zealand vs. Ireland in Chicago ; and Lacrosse : 2008 NCAA men 's lacrosse championship finals . Lacrosse ( edit ) Main articles : History of lacrosse , College lacrosse , and Lacrosse in the United States Women playing lacrosse Lacrosse is a team sport that is believed to have originated with the Iroquois and the Lenape . Lacrosse is most popular in the East Coast area . The National Lacrosse League and Major League Lacrosse are the national box and outdoor lacrosse leagues , respectively , with both leagues operating on a semi-professional level . Volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Volleyball in the United States Volleyball is also a notable sport in the United States , especially at the college and university levels . Unlike most Olympic sports which are sponsored widely at the collegiate level for both sexes , the support for college volleyball is dramatically skewed in favor of the women 's game . In the 2011 -- 12 school year , over 300 schools in NCAA Division I alone ( the highest of three NCAA tiers ) sponsored women 's volleyball at the varsity level , while fewer than 100 schools in all three NCAA divisions combined sponsored varsity men 's volleyball , with only 23 of them in Division I . This is partially due to Title IX ; female - oriented sports such as volleyball help balance a college 's athletic opportunities for women with those for men . The U.S. Women 's Volleyball team in 2007 The men 's national team has won three gold medals at the Olympic Games , one FIVB World Championship , two FIVB Volleyball World Cup , and one FIVB World League . Meanwhile , the women 's national team has won the one FIVB World Championship and six editions of the FIVB World Grand Prix . Beach volleyball has increasingly become popular in the United States , in part due to media exposure during the Olympic Games . Rugby Union ( edit ) Main article : Rugby union in the United States Rugby union is played professionally , recreationally and in colleges , though it is not governed by the NCAA ( see college rugby ) . An estimated 1.2 million people in the United States play rugby . The U.S. national team has competed at the Rugby World Cup . In rugby sevens , the men 's national team is one of 15 `` core teams '' that participate in every event of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series , and the women 's national team is one of 11 core teams in the Women 's Sevens Series . The professional domestic club competition PRO Rugby began play in April 2016 , but lasted only one season ; a second attempt at a professional league , Major League Rugby , launched in 2018 . A scrum showing the body positions of the forwards , as well as the position of both scrum - halves and the referee . Rugby union participation in the U.S. has grown significantly in recent years , growing by 350 % between 2004 and 2011 . A 2010 survey by the National Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association ranked rugby union as the fastest - growing sport in the U.S. The sports profile in the U.S. has received a tremendous boost from the IOC 's announcement in 2009 that rugby union would return to the Olympics in 2016 . Since the Olympic announcement , rugby union events such as the Collegiate Rugby Championship , the USA Sevens , and the Rugby World Cup have been broadcast on network TV . The USA Sevens , held every year in February or March as part of the World Rugby Sevens Series and adding a parallel women 's event in the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series in 2017 , regularly draws more than 60,000 fans to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas . Rugby football formed the basis of modern American football ; the two sports were nearly identical in the late 19th century but diverged into distinct , incompatible codes by the start of the 20th century . Cricket ( edit ) Main article : Cricket in the United States A Sri Lankan - American child playing cricket in the US state of Virginia . In 2006 it was estimated that 30,000 people in the United States play or watch cricket annually . By 2017 , this figure had risen to 200,000 people playing cricket in 6,000 teams . Cricket in the United States is not as popular as baseball and is not as popular among as large a fraction of the population as it is within either the Commonwealth nations or the other ICC full member ( or Test cricket ) nations . There are at least two historical reasons for the relative obscurity of cricket within the United States . One reason was the 19th - century - rise of the summer time bat and ball sport now called baseball , which seems to have displaced cricket as a popular pastime . Another reason was that in 1909 when the ICC was originally organized as the Imperial Cricket Conference it was open only to Commonwealth nations and thereby excluded the US from participating in the sport at the highest level . Nevertheless , in 1965 the US was admitted to the renamed ICC as an associate member and the sport grew in popularity in the second half of the 20th century . An oft mentioned reason for the growing popularity of cricket is the growing population of immigrants to the US who come from cricket playing nations . With the launching of the United States Youth Cricket Association in 2010 , a more focused effort to bring the game to American schools was begun , with the intention of broadening cricket 's fan base beyond expatriates and their children . ESPN has been stepping up its coverage of cricket in recent years , buying the cricket website Cricinfo in 2007 , and broadcasting the final of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 competition , the 2014 Indian Premier League , English County Championship games , and international Test cricket . Ultimate and disc sports ( edit ) Main articles : Ultimate ( sport ) and Flying disc freestyle Disc ultimate is the most popular game of all the disc sports Ultimate is a team sport played with a flying disc . The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team until you have completed a pass to a team member in the opposing teams end zone . Over 5.1 million people play some form of organized ultimate in the US . Alternative sports , using the flying disc , began in the mid-sixties , when numbers of young people looked for alternative recreational activities , including throwing a Frisbee . What started with a few players experimenting with a Frisbee later would become known as playing disc freestyle . Organized disc sports in the 1970s began with a few tournaments , and professionals using Frisbee show tours to perform at universities , fairs and sporting events . Disc sports such as disc freestyle , disc dog ( with a human handler throwing discs for a dog to catch ) , double disc court , disc guts , disc ultimate , and disc golf became this sport 's first events . Disc guts was invented in the 1950s and developed at the International Frisbee Tournament . Ultimate , the most widely played disc sport , began in the late 1960s . In the 1970s it developed as an organized sport with the creation of the Ultimate Players Association . Double disc court was invented and introduced in the early 1970s . In 1974 , disc freestyle competition was created . In 1976 , the game of disc golf was standardized by the Professional Disc Golf Association . Beginning in 1974 , the International Frisbee Association became the regulatory organization for all of these sports . Disc sports includes both ultimate and disc golf . Ultimate has added the American Ultimate Disc League , which began play in 2012 . However , the league is still competing at a lower level than club teams established across the U.S. In 2015 , the International Olympic Committee granted full recognition to the World Flying Disc Federation for flying disc sports including Ultimate . Other sports ( edit ) The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding , sledding , surfing and skiing . It was developed in the United States in the 1960s , became a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and first featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014 . An Alpine snowboarder executes a heel - side turn Lindsey Vonn during a slalom race in Aspen in November 2006 Australian rules football in the United States was first played in the country in 1996 . The United States Australian Football League is the governing body for the sport in the U.S , with various clubs and leagues around the country . The National Championships are held annually . The United States men 's national Australian rules football team and the women 's national team both regularly play international matches , and play in the Australian Football International Cup , an international tournament . The sport also benefits from an active fan based organization , the Australian Football Association of North America . Bandy is only played in Minnesota . The national team regularly plays in Division A of the Bandy World Championships . In terms of licensed athletes , it is the second biggest winter sport in the world . Cricket in the United States is not a popular sport , but has a niche market with limited inroads , mainly in immigrant communities . The United States of America Cricket Association governs cricket in the United States . Historically , cricket used to be the most popular sport in America during the 18th and early 19th centuries , but declined as baseball overtook cricket . The first intercollegiate tournament in America was the first annual Canada vs. U.S. cricket match , played since 1844 , when it was attended by 10,000 spectators in New York . , and the annual match is the oldest international sporting event in the modern world . The United States national cricket team plays in World Cricket League Division IV , the ICC Americas Championship and qualified for ICC Intercontinental Cup . Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Curling is popular in northern states , possibly because of climate , proximity to Canada , or Scandinavian heritage . The national popularity of curling is growing after significant media coverage of the sport in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics . Gaelic football and hurling are governed by North American GAA and New York GAA . They do not have a high profile , but are developing sports , with New York fielding a representative team in the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship . Field hockey is played in the United States predominantly by women . It is played widely at numerous NCAA colleges , where it is used as a sport to offset Title IX regulations assuring equal opportunities for men and women in sports ( it thus offsets male - dominated sports such as college football ) . Handball , a common sport in European countries , is seldom seen in the United States . The sport is mostly played in the country on the amateur level . Handball is played in the Summer Olympics , but is not sanctioned by the NCAA ; all college and university teams play as club teams . The sport 's governing body is USA Team Handball . Inline hockey was invented by Americans as a way to play the sport in all climates . The PIHA is the league with the largest number of professional teams in the nation . Street hockey is a non-standard version of inline hockey played by amateurs in informal games . Goalkeeper blocking a shot in water polo Rugby league in the United States is played by the USA Rugby League ( USARL ) is a 14 team semi-professional rugby league football competition based on the East Coast of the United States . The league was founded in 2011 by clubs that had broken with the established American National Rugby League ( AMNRL ) , plus expansion franchises . The USARL began its inaugural season in 2011 . In November 2014 , the USARL were granted Affiliate membership of the RLIF and RLEF and are now the official governing body for the sport in the USA . The United States national rugby league team played in their first World Cup in 2013 losing to Australia in the quarter finals 62 -- 0 . The United States , along with Canada , will host the 2025 Rugby League World Cup . Water polo does not have a professional competition in the U.S. , so the highest level of competitive play is at the college level and in the Olympics . The NCAA sanctions water polo as a varsity sport for both men and women , but sport is not popular in the U.S. beyond the west coast , and no team outside of California has ever reached the finals of the NCAA Division I men 's water polo championship . Other team recreational activities ( edit ) Eva Lee at the U.S. Open International Badminton tournament in 2009 with her partner Howard Bach . Angleball is a sport developed as a way to maintain physical fitness . Angleball is used by colleges , schools , and camps . Angleball gameplay is simple . Two large balls are placed atop standards at opposite sides of a field . Teams pass a smaller ball back and forth , attempting to knock the other team 's ball off its perch with the smaller ball . Badminton has also become a popular backyard sport in the United States . Capture the flag is played recreationally by adults and children . Dodgeball is played traditionally by children in school , though adult leagues in urban areas have formed within the past 10 years . A caricatured version was portrayed in the 2004 film comedy Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story . Kickball is also played recreationally by adults and children , especially at the elementary school level . Its rules are largely identical to baseball , except that no bat is used and instead a large rubber ball is rolled along the ground for the `` batter '' to kick . Roller derby is a contact sport played on roller skates that has had brief surges of popularity throughout the 20th and 21st centuries . Roller Derby was portrayed in the 2009 film Whip It . Since September 2009 , there were 350 women 's , men 's , and junior leagues in the U.S.A. Organization of American sports ( edit ) Professional sports ( edit ) See also : Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada Thunder II , live animal mascot for the Denver Broncos . For the most part , unlike sports in Europe and other parts of the world , there is no system of promotion and relegation in American professional sports . Major sports leagues operate as associations of franchises . The same 30 -- 32 teams play in the league each year unless they move to another city or the league chooses to expand with new franchises . All American sports leagues use the same type of schedule . After the regular season , the 10 -- 16 teams with the best records enter a playoff tournament leading to a championship series or game . American sports , except for soccer , have no equivalent to the cup competitions that run concurrently with leagues in European sports . Even in the case of soccer , the cup competition , the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup , draws considerably less attention than the regular season . Also , the only top - level U.S. professional teams that play teams from other organizations in meaningful games are those in MLS . Since the 2012 season , all U.S. - based MLS teams have automatically qualified for the U.S. Open Cup , in which they compete against teams from lower - level U.S. leagues . In addition , three or four U.S. - based MLS teams ( depending on the results of the U.S. Open Cup ) qualify to play clubs from countries outside the U.S. and Canada in the CONCACAF Champions League . NBA teams have played European teams in preseason exhibitions on a semi-regular basis , and recent MLS All - Star Games have pitted top players from the league against major European soccer teams , such as members of the Premier League . International competition is not as important in American sports as it is in the sporting culture of most other countries , although Olympic ice hockey and basketball tournaments do generate attention . The first international baseball tournament with top - level players , the World Baseball Classic , also generated some positive reviews after its inaugural tournament in 2006 . The major professional sports leagues operate drafts once a year , in which each league 's teams selected eligible prospects . Eligibility differs from league to league . Baseball and ice hockey operate minor league systems for players who have finished education but are not ready or good enough for the major leagues . The NBA also has a development league for players who are not ready to play at the top level . College sports ( edit ) Main article : College athletics in the United States The Virginia Cavaliers ( orange and blue home uniforms ) play against the Penn State Nittany Lions ( all - white away uniforms ) in 2012 in Scott Stadium . The extent in the United States to which sports are associated with secondary and tertiary education is rare among nations . Millions of students participate in athletics programs operated by high schools and colleges . Student - athletes often receive scholarships to colleges in recognition of their athletic potential . Currently , the largest governing body of collegiate sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Harvard men 's eight at Henley , 2004 Especially in football and basketball , college sports are followed in numbers equaling those of professional sports . College football games can draw over 100,000 spectators . For upper - tier institutions , sports are a significant source of revenue ; for less prominent teams , maintaining a high - level team is a major expense . To ensure some semblance of competitive balance , the NCAA divides its institutions into three divisions ( four in football ) , sorted by the number of athletic scholarships each school is willing to offer . The most practiced college sports , measured by NCAA reporting on varsity team participation , are : ( 1 ) football ( 64,000 ) , ( 2 ) baseball / softball ( 47,000 ) , ( 3 ) track and field ( 46,000 ) , ( 4 ) soccer ( 43,000 ) , ( 5 ) basketball ( 32,000 ) , ( 6 ) cross-country running ( 25,000 ) , and ( 7 ) swimming / diving ( 20,000 ) . The most popular sport among female athletes is soccer , followed closely by track and field . Community college athletics are governed separately by the National Junior College Athletic Association ( NJCAA ) . High school sports ( edit ) High school cheerleaders . Whether cheerleading constitutes an actual sport is a major source of contention in the U.S. Majorette Most public high schools are members of their respective state athletic association , and those associations are members of the National Federation of State High School Associations . Some states have separate associations for public and non-public high schools . The high school sports with the highest number of participants are : Team sports Football -- 1,059,399 Basketball -- 980,673 Baseball / Softball -- 868,819 Soccer -- 838,573 Volleyball -- 501,988 Individual sports Track & field ( outdoor ) -- 1,094,613 Cross country -- 492,310 Tennis -- 345,690 Swimming & diving -- 309,161 Wrestling -- 259,391 Notes Jump up ^ 11 - man football only . An additional 29,464 students played in variants with reduced team sizes ( 6 - man , 8 - man , 9 - man ) . Jump up ^ Softball totals include fast - pitch and slow - pitch variants , with more than 98 % of all softball players participating in fast - pitch . Popular high school sports in various regions of the U.S. include the Texas High School football championships , the Indiana basketball championships , and ice hockey in Minnesota . The Minnesota State High School Hockey Tournament is the largest high school sporting event in the country , with average attendance to the top tier , or `` AA '' , games over 18,000 . Amateur sports ( edit ) The Amateur Athletic Union claims to have over 670,000 participants and over 100,000 volunteers ... The AAU has been around since 1888 , and has been influential in amateur sports for more than 125 years . In the 1970s , the AAU received growing criticism . Many claimed that its regulatory framework was outdated . Women were banned from participating in certain competitions and some runners were locked out . There were also problems with sporting goods that did not meet the standards of the AAU . During this time , the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 organized the United States Olympic Committee and saw the re-establishment of state - supported independent associations for the Olympic sports , referred to as national governing bodies . As a result , the AAU lost its influence and importance in international sports , and focused on the support and promotion of predominantly youthful athletes , as well as on the organization of national sports events . Left : A U.S. high school girls ' water polo team ( with their male coaches in background ) posing with their trophy . Right '' A U.S. university girl practising a difficult gymnastics maneuver under the watchful eyes of her coach . Government regulation ( edit ) No American government agency is charged with overseeing sports . However , the President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports advises the President through the Secretary of Health and Human Services about physical activity , fitness , and sports , and recommends programs to promote regular physical activity for the health of all Americans . The U.S. Congress has chartered the United States Olympic Committee to govern American participation in the Olympic Movement and promote Olympic sports . Congress has also involved itself in several aspects of sports , notably gender equity in college athletics , illegal drugs in pro sports , sports broadcasting and the application of antitrust law to sports leagues . Individual states may also have athletic commissions , which primarily govern individual sports such as boxing , kickboxing and mixed martial arts . Notable state athletic commissions are the Nevada Athletic Commission , California State Athletic Commission , New York State Athletic Commission and New Jersey State Athletic Control Board . Although these commissions only have jurisdiction over their own states , the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution is often interpreted as forcing all other states to recognize any state athletic commission 's rulings regarding an athlete 's fitness for participating in a sport . Sports media in the United States ( edit ) See also : List of TV markets and major sports teams in the United States Play media Half time show at the game between Frisco High vs. Centennial football game Sports have been a major part of American broadcasting since the early days of radio . Today , television networks and radio networks pay millions ( sometimes billions ) of dollars for the rights to broadcast sporting events . Contracts between leagues and broadcasters stipulate how often games must be interrupted for commercials . Because of all of the advertisements , broadcasting contracts are very lucrative and account for the biggest chunk of major professional teams ' revenues . Broadcasters also covet the television contracts for the major sports leagues ( especially in the case of the NFL ) in order to amplify their ability to promote their programming to the audience , especially young and middle - aged adult males . A group of high school marching bands performs at the halftime show of the 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl . The advent of cable and satellite television has greatly expanded sports offerings on American TV . ESPN , the first all - sports cable network in the U.S. , went on the air in 1979 . It has been followed by several sister networks and competitors . Some sports television networks are national , such as CBS Sports Network , Fox Sports 1 and NBC Sports Network , whereas others are regional , such as Comcast SportsNet , Fox Sports Networks and Time Warner Cable SportsChannel . General entertainment channels like FX , TBS , TNT , and USA Network also air sports events . Some sports leagues have their own sports networks , such as NFL Network , MLB Network , NBA TV , NHL Network , Big Ten Network , Pac - 12 Network and SEC Network . Some sports teams run their own television networks as well . Sports are also widely broadcast at the local level , ranging from college and professional sports down to ( on some smaller stations ) recreational and youth leagues . Internet radio has allowed these broadcasts to reach a worldwide audience . U.S. TV sports rights Sports rights Sport National TV contract Total Revenues ( Per Year ) Ref National Football League ( NFL ) American football CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN , DirecTV , Verizon $56 bn ( $7.0 bn ) National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball ABC , ESPN , TNT $24 bn ( $2.7 bn ) Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball Fox , ESPN , TBS $12 bn ( $1.6 bn ) March Madness Basketball CBS , Turner $8.8 bn ( $1.1 bn ) NASCAR Auto racing NBC , Fox $8.2 bn ( $820 m ) Olympic Games Multi-sport NBC $7.8 bn ( $705 m ) College Football Playoff Football ESPN $5.6 bn ( $470 m ) Pac - 12 Conference ( Pac - 12 ) College sports Fox , ESPN $3.0 bn ( $250 m ) Big Ten Conference ( Big 10 ) College sports Fox , ESPN $2.6 bn ( $440 m ) Big 12 Conference ( Big 12 ) College sports Fox , ESPN $2.6 bn ( $200 m ) National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey NBC , NHLN $2.0 bn ( $200 m ) U.S. Open golf Golf Fox $1.1 bn ( $93 m ) FIFA World Cup Soccer Fox , Telemundo $1.0 bn ( $125 m ) English Premier League Soccer NBC $1.0 bn ( $167 m ) Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) College sports CBS $0.8 bn ( $55 m ) US Open Tennis Tennis ESPN $0.8 bn ( $70 m ) Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Soccer Fox , ESPN , Univision $0.7 bn ( $90 m ) Most popular sports in the United States ( edit ) `` Just Say No '' paraphernalia at the Reagan Library display In the broadest definition of sports -- physical recreation of all sorts -- the four most popular sports among the general population of the United States are exercise walking ( 90 million ) , exercising with equipment ( 53 million ) , swimming ( 52 million ) and camping ( 47 million ) . The most popular competitive sport ( and fifth most popular recreational sport ) is bowling ( 43 million ) . Other most popular sports are fishing ( 35 million ) , bicycling ( 37 million ) , weightlifting ( 33 million ) , aerobics ( 30 million ) , and hiking ( 28 million ) . According to the 2013 Harris Poll , the six sports with the most fans are American football ( 46 % ) , baseball ( 14 % ) , basketball ( 10 % ) , auto racing ( 7 % ) , ice hockey ( 5 % ) and tennis ( 3 % ) . In the 1985 poll , 31 % of fans preferred football , 23 % baseball , 12 % basketball , 5 % auto racing and 5 % tennis . Baseball vs. football ( edit ) See also : History of American football § NFL supremacy ( 1958 -- present ) 1961 President John F. Kennedy throws out the first ball in opening day . Though baseball has historically been called the `` national pastime '' , American football has considerably grown in popularity with the advent of television over the last several decades . Most debates about `` America 's most popular sport '' tend to center on the degree of Americans ' identification with either of these two games ; the question is a difficult one to resolve . View of the halftime show at Super Bowl I Advocates of baseball point to the overwhelming number of baseball tickets sold annually in the United States and Canada , compared to NFL football . It is likely that the average American sports fan will attend many more major league baseball games than NFL football games in his or her lifetime , due in part to baseball 's longer schedule and football 's ( generally ) higher ticket prices . Advocates of football , in turn , point to football 's large television audience , including the Super Bowl , though the sport is also facing some negative publicity in the world of youth sports due to media coverage of documented health and injury risks posed to players , including the potential long - term health concerns that concussions pose for children or teenagers . Certain teams of both sports , such as the Green Bay Packers , Boston Red Sox , New York Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals , New England Patriots , Washington Redskins , Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers , have cultivated famously loyal fan bases across the country . In many cases , identification with a certain football or baseball team is a matter of local identity and family inheritance going back many generations . Furthermore , the popularity of each , as well as of other major team sports , may vary depending on region , ethnicity and age . Sports leagues in the United States ( edit ) The five major sports leagues ( edit ) The following table shows the major professional sports leagues , which average over 15,000 fans per game and that have a national TV contract that pays rights fees . League Sport Teams National TV contract Average Attendance Total Annual Attendance Ref National Football League ( NFL ) American football 32 CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN , NFLN 7004684000000000000 ♠ 68,400 7007175103120000000 ♠ 17,510,312 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball 30 Fox , FS1 , ESPN , TBS , MLBN 7004305170000000000 ♠ 30,517 7007737600200000000 ♠ 73,760,020 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Soccer 22 Fox , FS1 , ESPN , Univision 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 7006733505300000000 ♠ 7,335,053 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball 30 ABC , ESPN , TNT , NBATV 7004178640000000000 ♠ 17,864 7007219721290000000 ♠ 21,972,129 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey 31 NBC , NBCSN , NHLN 7004174810000000000 ♠ 17,481 7007215011560000000 ♠ 21,501,156 Other team sports leagues ( edit ) American Ultimate Disc League ( AUDL ) Arena Football League ( AFL ) Association of Volleyball Professionals ( AVP ) Major Arena Soccer League ( MASL ) Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) National Pro Fastpitch National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) North American Soccer League ( NASL ) Professional Inline Hockey Association ( PIHA ) United Soccer League ( USL ) United States Australian Football League ( USAFL ) USA Rugby League ( USARL ) Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Other individual sports leagues ( edit ) Bellator Fighting Championships IndyCar ( was Indy Racing League ( IRL ) , merged with Champ Car ) International Motor Sports Association ( IMSA , sanctions IMSA SportsCar Championship ) LPGA Tour National Association of Stock Car Automobile Racing ( NASCAR ) National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) PBA Tour Professional Bull Riders ( PBR ) Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions , for men 's golfers 50 and over ; operated by the PGA Tour Professional Disc Golf Association ( PDGA ) Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) United States Bowling Congress ( USBC ) World Juggling Federation ( WJF ) Sports governing bodies ( edit ) United States of America Cricket Association ( USACA ) USA Boxing ( USAB ) USA Basketball ( USAB ) USA Cycling ( USAC ) USA Hockey USA Table Tennis ( USATT ) USA Team Handball USA Track & Field ( USATF ) USA Volleyball United States Aquatic Sports ( USAS ) United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation ( USBFS ) United States Golf Association ( USGA ) United States Snooker Association ( USSA ) United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) United States Tennis Association ( USTA ) See also ( edit ) Sports in the United States by state Women 's sports in the United States Sports Museum of America Professional sports in the Western United States Record attendances in United States club soccer Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. is guaranteed four places in the CONCACAF Champions League . Three places are automatically reserved for MLS teams : the MLS Cup winner ( league champion ) , the Supporters ' Shield winner ( best regular - season record ) , and the team with the best regular - season record in the opposite conference from the Shield winner . The fourth place goes to the U.S. Open Cup winner , which is not necessarily an MLS team . Note that Canada - based MLS teams are not eligible to fill Champions League places reserved for MLS ; those teams compete in the Canadian Championship , the winner of which receives that country 's sole Champions League place . If a team qualifies for the Champions League by more than one method , or if a Canada - based team fills an automatic qualifying spot , the Champions League place passes to the U.S. - based MLS team with the best regular - season record among those not already qualified . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim , Normal . `` Football Still Americans ' Favorite Sport to Watch '' . news.gallup.com . Gallup . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Nancy L. Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite : The Chesapeake Gentry , 1650 - 1720s . '' Journal of Sport History 13 # 3 ( 1986 ) p 219 . online Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oreovicz , John ( January 6 , 2008 ) . `` American open - wheel racing held hostage : Year 13 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` After 12 years of conflict , IRL and Champ Car merge '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FloJo : World 's Fastest Woman '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` World 's fastest woman Carmelita Jeter seeks Olympic gold '' . USA Today . June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florence Griffith Joyner : Fastest Woman on Earth . Legacy.com . December 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Beverly ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Runner 's World : Born at the Right Time '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of the Female Distance Runner `` '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Boxing Is Becoming Less Relevent ( sic ) In America '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flinn , Jenny . `` The rise and rise of ultimate fighting ( and why boxing is now so passé ) '' . Theconversation.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . March 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Poll : Soccer nearly cracks America 's top three favorite spectator sports '' , Philly Voice January 9 , 2018 . ( citing a December 2017 Gallup poll ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl 50 Posts Near - Record TV Ratings With 111.9 Million Viewers '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank Pallotta . `` NBA Finals game 7 audience tops 30 million , biggest in 18 years '' . CNN Money . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series TV ratings : Epic Game 7 was off the charts '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Cup final sets some U.S. TV records , but not all '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic final most - watched hockey game in 30 years '' . NHL.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The only states that sponsor neither baseball nor softball are South Dakota and Wyoming . No states in the Southern United States sponsor ice hockey . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . March 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . March 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Great Plains States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Nine ... -- Neal R. Peirce -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arbesman , Samuel ; Strogatz , Steven ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Journey to Baseball 's Alternate Universe '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Harris Poll '' . Harrisinteractive.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` largest Indiana high school gymnasiums '' . Indianahsbasketball.homestead.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is Steph Curry The Best Shooter Ever ? Yes , Say Many of NBA 's All - Time Marksmen '' . Bleacherreport.com . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thunder Family Values '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Ken ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Miracle Off Ice '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Frisbee On The Rise '' , CNBC , April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IRB Development Global Map '' Archived July 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , IRB.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attendance Records '' ( PDF ) . Fs.ncaa.org . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Moments : Vancouver 's Attendance Record '' , Major League Ultimate , December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. New Zealand , Soldier Field , Chicago. ; Jump up ^ `` NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship Finals Records 1971 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Fs.ncaa.org . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Statistics '' . Stats.ncaa.org . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 Participation Study -- Women 's Sports '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report , 1981 -- 82 -- 2011 -- 12 . NCAA . October 2012 . p. 71 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 Participation Study -- Men 's Sports '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report , 1981 -- 82 -- 2011 -- 12 . NCAA . October 2012 . p. 72 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro League Looks to Kick - Start American Rugby '' , The New York Times , Emma Stoney , April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Worrall , Simon ( October 2006 ) . `` Cricket , Anyone ? '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American cricket gets ready for take - off '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chetwynd , Josh . `` Cricket , anyone ? Obvious similarities make baseball , cricket sibling sports '' . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` International Cricket Council -- The ICC -- About The Organisation -- History '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Della Penna , Peter . `` Have Kit , Will Play '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pengelly , Martin ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Why America will learn to love cricket '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Frisbee Participation ( SFIA ) '' . Sludge Output . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan Holtzman - Conston ( 2010 ) . Countercultural Sports in America : The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee . Waltham , Mass . ISBN 3838311957 . Jump up ^ `` History of Frisbee and Flying Disc freestyle '' . Freestyle Players Association . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Flying Disc Federation '' . WFDF Official Website . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Flying Disc Federation '' . History of the Flying Disc . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Westerfield 's Pioneering Contributions To Frisbee Sports '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of Ultimate Frisbee and Disc Sports '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Disc Golf Association '' . PDGA Official Website . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Ultimate Disc League '' . AUDL Official Website . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Frisebee Recognized by the International Olympic Committee '' . World Flying Disc Federation . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Frisbee recognized by International Olympic Committee '' . Sports Illustrated Dan Gartland . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAAFL History '' . Mid American Australian Football League . 2005 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bandy destined for the Olympic Winter Games ! '' . Worldbandy.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahe , Tom ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Cricket is again making a hit in the U.S. ; Olean teams part of resurgence in game 's popularity '' . Olean Times Herald . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The oldest international contest of them all '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Tomahawks surprise packets of the rugby league World Cup '' . Usarl.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League World Cup : Australia 62 -- 0 USA '' . Bbc.com . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` USA and Canada to host 2025 Rugby League World Cup '' . Guardian . November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickey , Ted ( 2008 ) . 101 Fitness Games for Kids at Camp . Coaches Choice Books . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58518 - 070 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Roller Derby Worldwide : : Find a Roller Derby League '' . Derbyroster.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The NCAA defines a participant as someone who `` as of the day of the varsity team 's first scheduled contest : ( a ) is listed as a team member ; ( b ) practices with the varsity team and receives coaching from one or more varsity coaches ; or ( c ) received athletically - related student aid . '' Jump up ^ The NCAA does not give a number for total track and field , but breaks the figures into outdoor and indoor . The number given is for outdoor track and field . The total is likely to be somewhat higher . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 -- 17 High School Athletics Participation Survey '' ( PDF ) . National Federation of State High School Associations . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Catsis , ' Sports Broadcasting ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Chris Gratton , and Harry Arne Solberg , The economics of sports broadcasting ( Routledge , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Catsis , ' Sports Broadcasting ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Harry Arne Solberg and Knut Helland , `` Sports broadcasting . '' Nordicom Review 32.2 ( 2011 ) : 17 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Matthew D. Shank and Mark R. Lyberger , Sports marketing : A strategic perspective ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` NBA to announce $24 billion TV deal '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Big Ten getting $2.64 billion in new TV deal '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , NBC sign record - setting 10 - year TV deal '' . NHL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLS , U.S. Soccer officially announce new TV deal with ESPN , Fox , Univision '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? -- Harris Interactive , January 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Pastime Baseball or Football ( Archive ) -- WrestleZone Forums '' . Forums.wrestlezone.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` N.F.L. Acknowledges Long - Term Concussion Effects '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zirin , Dave ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` The NFL 's Concussion Conundrum '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Joe Fitzhenry ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` MLB Power Rankings : The Best and Worst Fanbases in Baseball '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers ( barely ) -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Sees Small Regular - Season Attendance Decline ; Titans , Rams Down Sharply At Home '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royals , Blue Jays , Astros See Big Attendance Gains ; Rays See Lowest Figure Since ' 05 '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLS Attendance '' . MLSSOCCER.COM . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Again Sets New Attendance Record ; Bulls On Top For Seventh Straight Season '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Attendance Relatively Flat For ' 15 -- 16 Season ; Panthers Up Big In South Florida '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Gerdy , John R. Sports : The All - American Addiction ( 2002 ) online Gorn , Elliott J. A Brief History of American Sports ( 2004 ) Jackson III , Harvey H. ed . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Sports & Recreation ( 2011 ) online Jay , Kathryn . More Than Just a Game : Sports in American Life since 1945 ( 2004 ) . online Sporting Events in Virginia Sporting Event Media related to Sports in the United States at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="3"> Sports in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Sports in the United States By state / territory Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin Northeast Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Washington , D.C. 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Beach Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating Figure Speed Short Track Ice hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Alpine Cross Country Nordic Combined Freestyle Jumping Snowboarding Other sports American football Air sports Australian rules football Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard sports and Snooker Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby League Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water ski Wushu <Td_colspan="2"> United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_in_the_United_States&oldid=843624405 '' Categories : Sports in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 46 . 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1. Major professional sports leagues in the United States 2. Popular team sports in the United States 3. Individual sports in the United States 4. Motorsports in the United States 5. Tennis and golf in the United States

where is the bay hill golf course located

Bay Hill club and Lodge - Wikipedia Bay Hill club and Lodge Jump to : navigation , search Bay Hill Club and Lodge ... <Th_colspan="2"> Club information <Td_colspan="2"> Show map of the US Show map of Florida Show all Coordinates 28 ° 27 ′ 29 '' N 81 ° 30 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.458 ° N 81.511 ° W  / 28.458 ; - 81.511 Coordinates : 28 ° 27 ′ 29 '' N 81 ° 30 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.458 ° N 81.511 ° W  / 28.458 ; - 81.511 Location Bay Hill , Florida , U.S. Elevation 120 feet ( 37 m ) Established 1961 , 57 years ago Type Private Total holes 27 Tournaments hosted Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 1979 -- present ) Website www.bayhill.com <Th_colspan="2"> Challenger / Champion nines Designed by Dick Wilson Par 72 Length 7,419 yards ( 6,784 m ) Course rating 75.4 Slope rating 142 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Charger nine Designed by Bob Simmons Par 36 Length 3,324 yards ( 3,039 m ) Course rating 36.0 Slope rating 137 <Th_colspan="2"> The Bay Hill Club and Lodge is a private golf resort in the southeastern United States , located in Bay Hill , Florida , a suburb southwest of Orlando . The first 18 holes at Bay Hill ( Champion / Challenger nines ) were designed by Dick Wilson in 1961 , and was built by Bob Simmons . Bob designed and built the additional 9 holes ( Charger ) after Dick 's death ; it is considered one of his best works . It illustrates his typical approach of slightly elevating the putting surfaces to improve visibility and drainage . The course covers 270 acres ( 1.1 km ) , and lies between the community of Bay Hill and the Butler Chain of Lakes . It was owned by Arnold Palmer from 1974 until his death in 2016 , and now by his son - in - law Roy Saunders . It has hosted the annual Arnold Palmer Invitational on the PGA Tour since 1979 , usually played in mid-March . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Course Rating and Slope Database TM - Bay Hill - Challenger / Champion '' . USGA . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Course Rating and Slope Database TM - Bay Hill - Charger nine '' . USGA . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Klein , Bradley S. ( 2013 ) . `` Dick Wilson Golf Course Architect '' . Golf Magazine . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bayhill Club and Lodge '' . Arnold Palmer . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Official website PGA Tour : Arnold Palmer Invitational This golf club or course - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a sports venue in Florida is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_Hill_Club_and_Lodge&oldid=837164274 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Greater Orlando Sports venues in Orange County , Florida Arnold Palmer Golf club and course stubs Florida sports venue stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 03 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Bay Hill Club and Lodge - private golf resort in Bay Hill, Florida 2. Arnold Palmer Invitational - annual PGA Tour tournament hosted at Bay Hill Club and Lodge 3. Course design - Dick Wilson designed the first 18 holes, Bob Simmons designed the additional 9 holes 4. Ownership - Arnold Palmer owned the club until his death in 2016, now owned by his son-in-law Roy Saunders 5. Location - Bay Hill Club and Lodge is located in Bay Hill, a suburb southwest of Orlando, Florida

who is the heroine of nagin 3 serial

Naagin ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Naagin ( TV series ) This article is about the 2015 Indian television series on Colors TV . For the 2007 Indian television series on Zee TV , see Naaginn . For other uses , see Nagin . <Th_colspan="2"> Naagin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Hindi नागिन <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Supernatural Fantasy Romance Drama Written by Story Mrinal Jha RM Joshi Neha Singh Screenplay RM Joshi Neha Singh Shivani Shah Anurag Sharma Dialogues Rekha Modi Directed by Santaram Verma Arshad Khan Niraj Lalit Marathe Rakesh Chowdhury Creative director ( s ) Tanushree Dasgupta Opening theme Tere Sang Pyaar Mein Nahi Todna Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 158 as of 12 August 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Cinematography Santosh Suryavanshi , Sarfaraz , Ajay Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 43 -- 90 minutes Production company ( s ) Balaji Telefilms <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i ( PAL ) HDTV 1080i Original release 1 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Naagin ( English : Female Serpent ) is an Indian supernatural series produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor . It aired on weekends on Colors . The first season premiered on 1 November 2015 . It starred Mouni Roy , Arjun Bijlani , Adaa Khan , and Sudha Chandran . The season ended on 5 June 2016 after 62 episodes . It became one of the highest rated shows on Indian television at that time . It was replaced by Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se . The second season premiered on 8 October 2016 . It starred Mouni Roy , Adaa Khan , Karanvir Bohra , Sudha Chandran , Aashka Goradia , Kinshuk Mahajan . The season ended on 25 June 2017 after 75 episodes and was replaced by Chandrakanta . The third season of Naagin premiered on 2 June 2018 . This season stars Surbhi Jyoti , Anita Hassanandani , Pearl V Puri in lead roles , Amrapali Gupta as main antagonist , Rakshanda Khan , Chetan Hansraj , Pavitra Punia , Mithil Jain , Charvi Saraf , Rupesh Kataria , Heli Daruwala , Simran Sachdeva , Rohit Choudhary , Aman Gandhi , Puneett Chouksey , Naveen Sharma , Ankit Mohan , Kushabh Manghani , Mahira Sharma , Adhvik Mahajan in prominent supporting roles , Karishma Tanna and Rajat Tokas in some special appearances . This season earned a 4.5 TRP rating and overall sixteen million impressions in its launch week . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 25 years later 1.4 Season 3 1.5 6 months later 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 4 Awards 5 International broadcast and dubbed versions 6 References 7 External links Plot Season 1 Shivanya and her cousin Shesha are shape - shifting serpents , or Icchadhari Naagins , who want to avenge Shivanya 's parents ' death . There were five murderers , but Shivanya was able to see only three of them : Ankush , Viren and Shailesh . They killed Shivanya 's parents in a failed attempt to attain a precious gem with magical powers called the Naagmani . As part of her revenge , Shivanya enters into Ankush 's house as a maiden . Ankush 's son Ritik , a kind - hearted and joyful young man , subsequently falls in love with Shivanya . Upon finding out about Ritik 's feelings for her , Shivanya marries him for revenge . Later , she kills Viren ( the first murderer ) and Shailesh ( the third murderer ) ; Shivanya and Shesha also kill Ankush 's friend Suri , when Shivanya learns from Shesha that Suri is the fourth murderer . Shivanya soon realises that Ritik is really a good person , and that he is unaware of his father 's evil doings . Shivanya eventually falls in love with him , much to the disappointment of Shesha , who thinks that Shivanya wo n't be able to kill Ankush because of her love for his son , Ritik . Later , it is revealed that Ankush 's wife , Yamini , is the fifth murderer , and that Ritik is her fraternal nephew . Yamini and Ankush had kidnapped Ritik 's real father Sangram Singh , as only Ritik and his father could touch the Naagmani because of a sign on their bodies . Shesha begins falling for Ritik because of his loving and caring nature ; however , she does not let her feelings affect her actions . Upon learning about Shesha 's feelings for Ritik , Yamini , who found out that Shivanya and Shesha are shape - shifting serpents , tricks Shesha into betraying Shivanya . This causes Shesha to become Shivanya 's enemy , due to Shesha 's obsession for Ritik and the Naagmani . Shivanya manages to kill Ankush ; however , Ritik witnesses this , finds out that Shivanya is a serpent , and begins simultaneously loving and hating her . Ritik soon learns the truth about Yamini being evil , and joins with Shivanya to protect the Naagmani . Shivanya and Ritik consummate their marriage , leading to Shivanya losing her powers . However , she and Ritik succeed in saving the Naagmani and killing Yamini , while Shesha is jailed by the Mahishmatis named Avantika and Vikram . This season ends with Shivanya becomes pregnant . Season 2 Three months after the events of the first season , Shivanya gives birth to a healthy baby girl , Shivangi , despite being six months early . 25 years later A widowed Shivanya does n't want Shivangi to become an Icchadhari Naagin to protect the Naagmani . A saint tells Shivanya that this can be avoided by getting Shivangi married before she turns 25 . Rocky , the fiancè of Shesha and the adopted nephew of Yamini , falls in love with Shivangi . Unaware of Rocky 's relation to Yamini , Shivanya arranges for him to marry Shivangi . On the day of the wedding , Shesha , Yamini , Avantika , Kapalika , Vikram , Amar , Manav and Nidhi kills the wedding guests ( including Shivangi 's family ) and fatally stabs Shivanya . Yamini informs Rocky about the deaths , blaming them on dacoits . Rocky feels heartbroken . The saint informs Shivangi , who escaped from Yamini 's gang , about Shivanya 's life , and tells her that only she can touch the Naagmani . She sees the faces of the murderers , including someone she believes to be Rocky . Shivangi attempts to commit suicide ; however , she survives and becomes a Naagin . She vows to protect the Naagmani and avenge her mother . After a few days , it 's Rocky and Shesha 's wedding day . Shivangi comes to Rocky 's home for revenge . Everyone is shocked to see her alive ; however , Yamini and Shesha accept her , due to Shivangi being the only one who could touch the Naagmani , and Yamini has Shivangi marry Rocky . On the day of Karwa Chauth , Nidhi , the 8th murderer of Shivanya attacks Shivangi . Rocky saves Shivangi , making her realize that Rocky is innocent . Later , Shivangi kills the rest of Shivanya 's murderers . Shesha and Yamini learn that Shivangi is a Naagin , and that she killed all of Shivanya 's murderers . Shivangi turns Shesha into a statue and kills Yamini . Shivangi finds that Yamini , Mahendra ( Rocky 's father ) , and Rocky 's friend Tanya 's family included Manjusha ( Tanya 's mother ) and Ranveer ( Tanya 's father ) killed Ritik ; additionally , they want the Naagmani . Rocky turns into an Icchadhari Naag ( a male version of what Shivangi is ) on his 27th birthday . Rocky helps Shivangi in killing all the murderers of Ritik . Later , Rocky inexplicably stabs Shivangi . Suddenly , Ritik ( Shivangi 's father ) who is now revealed to be alive is the one who sayed to Rocky that he did the right thing that he obeyed his orders and killed Shivangi . Shivangi had to die . This season ends with this . Season 3 Shivangi dies without getting to know why her father and husband betrayed her by plotting her murder . However , she vows to come back for her revenge . Elsewhere in an old Haveli , Ruhi - another Naagin having gained the ability to shape - shift after hundred years of penance , dances with her lover Vikrant under the moonlight in the joy of their much anticipated union . However , business tycoon Andy Sehgal 's spoiled sons Yuvi and Adi along with Yuvi 's friends Rehan , Daksh , RJ ( Yuvi 's brother - in - law ) and Karan ( Yuvi 's family 's manager ) associates arrived there and spot them . They are in a drunk state , misbehave with Ruhi and attempt to rape her , while Vikrant takes his snake form to scare them off , but an agitated Adi shoots Vikrant who dies in the heat of the moment . Ruhi vows to avenge her lover 's death from the 6 murderers ( Yuvi , Adi , Rehan , Karan , RJ , Daksh ) along with the three tag - alongs Pratham , Gultu ( Yuvi 's friend ) , Anu ( Rehan 's sister ) and Mahir ( Yuvi 's elder brother / Adi and Pratham 's half - brother ) . With Shivji 's blessings , Ruhi performs a ritual and shed off her skin , acquire a new face to take revenge . 6 months later Vish a.k.a Vishakha Khanna ( a revenge - seeking ferocious Naagin who is revealed to be Ruhi 's friend ) enters Andy 's household as his prime investor in a construction project over the pious land covering the temple and the 3000 years old mansion in which the shape - shifting serpents reside . Yuvi and Pratham 's weddings have been fixed and are soon to take place with Bela and Suhani , the respective daughters of Andy 's two sub-ordinates Jagmohan and Sunil . Suhani and Pratham are marrying because they love each other and their marriage is fixed because of Bela 's request to Suhani 's father , Sunil . Yuvi 's friend , Daksh turns out to be Suhani 's brother and Sunil 's son . However , Bela is marrying Yuvi only to get her father 's debts to Andy waived off . Yuvi is instantly attracted to the sassy and glamorous Vish , much to the dismay of Mahir , Bela and Sumitra ( Andy 's legal wife / Mahir & Yuvi 's mother ) . An eccentric Paulomi ( Andy 's live - in partner / Adi & Pratham 's mother ) continues on her antics , while Vish manages to comatose Karan , the first murderer by throwing him off the third floor . Bela suspects Vish , but Vish destroys the evidences against her while the police investigate . Vish tries to target Anu in her snake form , but suffers from a gunshot and rushes to the mansion to get healed , as in the mean time , she is discovered by Bela to be a Naagin by seeing her portrait there . Vish with the help of Arvind ( an Icchadhari Naag ) proves Bela 's accusations on her for the same to be wrong and rather absurdly in front of the family . Arvind , as per their plan , takes Karan form and goes to the venue accusing Adi of brutally beating him up , getting Adi arrested . Vish decides to take her revenge from Adi and Yuvi thereupon . On the wedding day , Yuvi goes missing and Mahir thought he ran away . Mahir decides to take his place in the Mandap to save Bela 's dignity . Actually , it was Vish , who kidnapped Yuvi in the form of his ex-girlfriend Raavee and killed him . Mahir gets married to Bela much to Bela 's shock and sadness . However , Mahir promises Bela to be a good husband and fulfill all her duties as a husband . Pratham also gets married to Suhani . It is revealed that the real Naagin who wants revenge from the Sehgals is Bela - new identity of Ruhi . Vish is Bela 's close friend and helpmate in her mission to destroy the criminals ' lives . Later , Bela and Vish team up to kill Rehan and throw his body off a cliff , satisfying their revenge . Vish informs Bela that she has to change her skin before 12 : 00 AM due to which she have to return . Bela gets into Shiv mandir where Mahir arrives , he was searching for Bela but Vish took Bela form to mislead him , meanwhile Bela came out of the mandir , Vish takes snake form and leaves , both Bela and Mahir reaches home safely . On returning , Sumitra asks Bela to inform her whenever she feels like going out somewhere and asks Kuhu , Anu to take her to her room . On the other hand , Mahir 's mother tries to convince him to give her their family 's traditional bangle . Bela is turning into a Naagin , Rehan had sent a message through a voice note to Adi inform that Bela is a Naagin . Vish tries to stop Mahir to enter Bela 's room and Adi , who comes to know Bela 's real identity , Vish uses her strategy and deletes the voice note from Adi 's phone . Mahir gives her traditional kada and goes out to sleep . Bela goes back to the time when she was Ruhi , when her mother Nagrani explained to her about the deeds of Icchadhari Naagin . Paulomi brings Suhani to her home and says her daughter - in - law and Bela will cook for the first time in the same kitchen . In the meantime , everyone is searching for Rehan . As Bela and Suhani do n't know how to cook , Mahir and Pratham come to help . Vish comes in the kitchen and gives her tip of how to kill Mahir . Bela mixes poison in the sweet to kill Mahir but mistakenly that poisoned bowl is taken by her sister - in - law Kuhu . Bela somehow manages to stop Kuhu from eating that poisoned sweet . Police comes up with Rehan 's dead body in Sehgal 's house . Rehan 's parents arrives and his father says that he can guess who is the ultimate murderer of his son which makes Bela and Vish surprised and nervous . Rehan 's girlfriend Jamini comes there and cries , the inspector said he does n't think it is an accident and DNA report will come very soon . Vish calls Arvind and asks him to do some work . Arvind comes there with changed avatar and gives fake DNA report that the body is not Rehan . Jamini shows the CCTV footage and tells that Rehan went to the jungle , they see Rehan running and someone holding his neck . Vish and Bela come there and get shocked , Bela shows Vish 's ring and takes it out ( it is visible in the CCTV footage ) . Andy , Sumitra , Shekhar , Mahir and Jamini tell that they will go to the Haveli . Bela tells that she will also come , Jamini thanks Bela and tells that you did right , she smiles . Bela is confused and thinks if I shall be saved from her . Vish asks her to kill Mahir once she finds him alone . They all come near the Haveli to check , Sumitra finds a lady 's slipper with blood on it and brings it home , she drops the slipper by mistake . Bela wears it and says she was searching it . Sumitra tells Mahir and others , they go to Bela 's room calling her , but Bela comes from outside and they see Vish wearing that slippers . Mahir exposes Vish is a fraud and she gets kicked out of Sehgal 's house . Bela recalls Vish seeing the sandal and asking her to give it to her , she tells that someone might keep it to get the proofs , she does n't want her to get into any trouble . Later , Vish meets Bela , Bela asks who kept that third slipper , they think to find about the third person . Sumitra instructs Bela and Mahir to visit to the famous Devi temple to seek the Goddesses ' blessing as a married couple . Vishakha encourages Bela to finish Mahir off as this is the perfect chance for her to finally punish him for killing Vikrant . As they are leaving the house , the police attempts to question Bela with regards to Rehan and his whereabouts . Mahir fends them off and asks them to leave Bela alone as he has full confidence in her that she does n't have anything to do with Rehan 's whereabouts . As they reach the temple , Mahir prays for Bela 's well - being and watching this , Bela starts to anticipate if Mahir killed Vikrant or not . On the way back , Bela attempts to kill Mahir but seeing him worried for her even when his life is in danger throws her off her mission . On the other hand , Anu tries to find proof against Bela and finds the posters where she has marked Yuvi , Karan and Rehan 's face off on a poster . Here , everyone starts to doubt Bela , but Jamini comes to her rescue and Anu is thrown out of the Sehgal house in an attempt of framing Bela . Jamini tricks Bela goes to an old temple to make the sacrifice , but failed . Vish disguises as Rehan and came back to Sehgal 's house , Mahir gets jealous seeing Bela and Rehan acting friendly toward each other . Cast Main cast Mouni Roy ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) as Shivanya Ritik Singh / Goddess Kali in Seasons 1 & 2 and Shivaangi Rocky Pratap Singh / Goddess Durga / female part of Lord Ardhanarishvara in seasons 2 & 3 . Shivanya is the daughter of a shape - shifting serpent couple residing at a sacred Shiva temple , who married Prince Ritik of Sooryavanshi dynasty and also avenged her parents ' murder ; on the other hand , Shivaangi is the daughter of Shivanya and Ritik , who became Rocky 's wife and avenged her parents deaths . Both Shivanya and Shivaangi are golden - textured Ichchhadhaari Naagin ( shape - shifting snakes ) belonging to the Shesh - Naag Clan and hence are also the guardians of NAAGMANI . Mouni Roy , as a dying Shivaangi , made a special cameo appearance at the beginning of the first episode of season 3 . Arjun Bijlani ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Prince Ritik Singh and his father King Sangraam Singh of Sooryavanshi dynasty of Panchner . The members of the Sooryavanshi dynasty are the protectors of the Naagmani alongside the guardian serpents . Ritik is Shivanya 's husband and the Shivaangi 's father . Bijlani also played Ritik 's father , Sangraam Singh . Bijlani had a main role in season 1 , but his appearance in season 2 was limited to the opening episode , one scene in the last episode , and some special appearances in flashbacks . Adaa Khan ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Shesha / Queen Takshika of Takshak Clan of shape - shifting serpents . An Ichchhadhaari Naagin who is Shivanya 's cousin and initially assisted her in her revenge but later on became negative . Shesha is also known by her pseudonym Ruchika in season 2 and is famously known as `` Kaali Naagin '' i.e. , black serpent due to her black textured snake skin while in her Naagin form . Shesha later gained immense powers on pleasing Lord Shiva in a dance ritual before the Shivalinga and transformed into a PANCHMUKHI NAAGIN ( loosely translated to five headed serpent ) . She also assumed the name Takshika upon becoming a powerful Ichchhadhaari Naagin of the rank of the Queen of Takshak Clan , by killing the reigning Queen Takshika at Mount Takshak . She was finally killed by Shivaangi as a punishment for her sins . Sudha Chandran ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Princess Yaamini Singh of Sooryavanshi dynasty of Panchner / Yaamini Ankush Raheja . King Sangraam Singh 's adoptive sister - turned - murderer , Ritik 's adoptive mother and Rocky 's adoptive grandmother . She was an extremely greedy and opportunistic woman who wanted to usurp NAAGMANI 's power . She is killed by Shivaangi with Rocky 's help . Aashka Goradia ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) as Queen Avantika of the Mahishmati kingdom of shape - shifting honeybees . She is an Ichchhadhaari Madhumakkhi or a shape - shifting honeybee . She initially seemed to be unconquerable , but was later , stabbed to death by Shivaangi , using a magical dagger . Goradia had a recurring role in season 1 before gaining a main role in season 2 . Kinshuk Mahajan ( Season 2 ) as Roodra , an Ichchhadhaari Naag who helped Shivaangi in her revenge mission , reason being his own vendetta against Nikanj family for defending Amar Nikanj when he murdered Roodra 's wife . He later got trapped and killed by Avantika at King Sangraam 's castle at Panchner . Karanvir Bohra ( Season 2 ) as Rocky Mahendra Pratap Singh / Takshak - Raaj / male part of Lord Ardhanarishvara . He is Shivaangi 's husband , who later , on his 27th birthday , turned out to be an Ichchhadhaari Naag belonging to the Takshak Clan . At the end of season 2 , Rocky , following Ritik 's command , inexplicably stabbed Shivaangi . Karishma Tanna / Surbhi Jyoti ( Season 3 ) as Naagrani Roohi / Bela Maahir Sehgal ( pseudonym ) . The reigning Queen of Shesh - Naag Clan of shape - shifting serpents who initially seemed to be An honest , docile and hard - working girl and later became Maahir 's wife and the Sehgal family 's daughter in law . Bela is actually the transformed new identity of Roohi , an Ichchhadhaari Naagin who is also bestowed upon the title of `` Naagrani '' i.e. queen of the shape - shifting serpents of the Shesh - Naag Clan . Roohi / Bela , along with Vish , is out to avenge her assault and Vikraant 's murder . Anita Hassanandani ( Season 3 ) as Vish / Vishakha An Ichchhadhaari Naagin having crimson - textured snake skin , who is on her mission to avenge the death of Vikraant and Roohi 's assault from the six prominent culprits ( Yuvraaj , Aditya , Rehaan , Karan , RJ , Daksh ) ; although Vish considers Pratham , Bultu , Anu and Maahir to be included in the criminals as well . The sassy and glamorous Vish is actually helping Roohi / Bela in her revenge mission . Pearl V Puri ( Season 3 ) as Maahir Sehgal , Andy 's eldest son with Sumitra , who is a young leading businessman , yet kind and honest just in behavior unlike his siblings , Yuvi and Aadi . He is Roohi 's ( Bela 's ) husband . Kushal Kulveer Moharaz ( Season 3 ) as Sharad , an Ichchhadhaari Naag having crystal blue textured snake skin , who is helping Vish and Roohi / Bela in their mission to seek revenge from the Sehgal sons . Sharad is the most powerful snake in Naagin 3 who was given the boon of the power of 1000 Naagraj and who is capable of obtaining the Naag Mani . Sharad works as Maahir 's private computing accountant who keeps private records of Andy Sehgal 's company . Amrapali Gupta ( Season 3 ) as Shalaka , the main antagonist of season 3 . Shalaka is Yaamini 's long lost daughter with Ankush Raheja . Shalaka is a sorcerer who can control snakes and make them dance to her music . Recurring cast Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( Season 1 ) as Guru Maa , a highly learned and powerful sorceress - cum - priestess residing at a Goddess Kali temple . Mazher Sayed ( Season 1 ) as Suri , Shivanya 's parents ' murderer . Vimarsh Roshan ( Season 1 ) as Viren Rageja , Shivanya 's parents ' murderer . Gunjan Walia ( Season 1 ) as Chhaaya Viren Raheja , Viren Raheja 's wife . Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal / Karuna Verma ( Season 1 ) as Ramya Mathur , Shailesh Mathur 's wife . Pranav Misshra ( Season 1 ) as Arjun Mathur , Ritik 's friend , Shailesh Mathur and Ramya Mathur 's son . Rajat Tokas ( Season 1 ) as Kabir , An Ichchhadhaari Nevla or shape - shifting mongoose , hired by Suri 's wife to assassinate the serpent sisters , but instead is killed by Shivanya and Shesha . He is later resurrected by Guru Maa , but again killed by Shivanya and Shesha . Madhura Naik ( Season 1 ) as Mayuri , an Ichchhadhaari Morni or shape - shifting peahen , created by Guru Maa by her sorcery to kill the serpent sisters , but instead is killed by Shivanya . Lavina Tandon ( Season 1 ) as a girl who got possessed by Goddess Kali . Manish Khanna ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) as Ankush Raheja - Yaamini 's husband in season 1 and Akhilesh Raheja - Ankush Raheja 's twin brother in season 2 . Vishal Puri ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) as King Vikram of the Mahishmati kingdom of shape - shifting honeybees . Vikram is Avantika 's husband . Pyumori Mehta Ghosh ( Season 2 ) as Nidhi Maanav Nikanj , the eighth murderer of Shivanya . Monica Sharma ( Season 2 ) as Gautami , Shivaangi 's cousin . Aryan Pandit ( Season 2 ) as Roumil Maanav Nikanj , Rocky 's cousin . Malhar Pandya ( Season 2 ) as an Ichchhadhaari Naag who is Shivanya 's friend . Vindhya Tiwari ( Season 2 ) as Queen Takshika , the queen of Takshak Clan of shape - shifting serpents . She is killed by Shesha . Her character is loosely inspired from the Greek mythological character Medusa . Rohan Gandotra ( Season 2 ) as Anshuman , An Ichchhadhaari Naag who helped Shivaangi in her revenge mission , buy got killed by Shesha . Abha Parmar ( Season 2 ) as Maha Mata Tapaswini , Shivaangi 's Guru Maa form to dupe Nidhi ( cameo ) . Rajat Tokas ( Season 3 ) as Vikraant , Crown Princess Roohi 's initial snake companion and soulmate , who was viciously killed by the six murderers ( Yuvraaj , Aditya , Rehaan , Karan , RJ , Daksh ) . Saptrishi Ghosh ( Season 3 ) as Arvind , an Ichchhadhaari Naag who is helping Vish and Roohi ( Bela ) in their revenge mission and is serving as the caretaker of the old mansion , resided by the shape - shifting snakes . Manoj Kolhatkar ( Season 3 ) as Naagpandit / Jagmohan Sharma ( fake identity ) . Naagrani Roohi a.k.a Bela 's chief advisor , who enacted as her father in front of the Sehgals and made them believe that to get his debts to Andy waived off , Roohi ( Bela ) was going to marry Yuvraaj . Melanie Nazareth as Naagrani Maa , former Queen of Shesh - Naag Clan of shape - shifting serpents who is succeeded by her daughter Roohi . Chetan Hansraj ( Season 3 ) as Anand `` Andy '' Sehgal , abusiness tycoon , who is vicious in nature and has an insatiable greed for money ; Sumitra 's husband and Poulomi 's love partner ; father of Maahir , Kuhu and Yuvraaj ( children with his first wife Sumitra ) and has also fathered Paulomi 's sons , Aditya and Pratham . Hansraj has described his character as `` an out - and - out negative character '' . Rakshanda Khan ( Season 3 ) as Sumitra Sehgal , Andy 's first wife and Maahir , Kuhu , Yuvraaj 's mother whose father 's wealth and background was the reason behind Andy 's success and rise to prominence . She is positive and honest in nature . Pavitra Punia ( Season 3 ) as Poulomi Roy , Andy 's love partner and the mother of his children Aditya and Pratham . Mithil Jain ( Season 3 ) as Pratham Sehgal , Andy 's second son with Poulomi , Aditya 's younger brother ; Maahir , Kuhu and Yuvraaj 's half - brother , Suhaani 's husband . He was present when Yuvraaj with his partners assaulted Roohi and murdered Vikraant . Charvi Saraf ( Season 3 ) as Suhaani Pratham Sehgal , Roohi 's ( Bela 's ) friend who is bubbly and full of life , Pratham 's wife and the Sehgal family 's daughter - in - law , Daksh 's younger sister . Rupesh Kataria ( Season 3 ) as Bultu , Yuvraaj 's friend , was present when Yuvraaj with his partners assaulted Roohi and murdered Vikraant , but is a positive character . He is fearful . Heli Daruwala ( Season 3 ) as Anu Mittal , Rehaan 's younger sister , was the only girl present nearby when Roohi was assaulted and later witnessed Vikraant 's murder . Simran Sachdeva ( Season 3 ) as Kuhu Jaiswal , Andy 's daughter with Sumitra , Maahir and Yuvraaj 's sister , RJ 's wife . Rohit Choudhary ( Season 3 ) as Rohit Jaiswal a.k.a RJ , Kuhu 's husband , Maahir and Yuvraaj 's brother - in - law , one of Yuvraaj 's partners in assaulting Roohi and committing Vikraant 's murder . Aman Gandhi ( Season 3 ) as Daksh Munshi , the family accountant , Sunil Munshi 's son , Suhaani 's elder brother and Pratham 's brother - in - law , one of Yuvi 's partners in assaulting Roohi and committing Vikraant 's murder . Puneett Chouksey ( Season 3 ) as Aditya Sehgal a.k.a Aadi , Andy 's eldest son with Poulomi , Pratham 's elder brother ; Maahir , Kuhu and Yuvraaj 's half - brother ; one of Yuvraaj 's partners in assaulting Roohi and he was the one to commit Vikraant 's murderer by firing the gun . Naveen Sharma ( Season 3 ) as Rehaan Mittal , Yuvraaj 's friend , Anu 's elder brother , was present when Yuvraaj with his partners assaulted Roohi and murdered Vikraant . He was killed jointly by Vish and Roohi ( Bela ) , and was their third target , after Karan and Yuvraaj . Ankit Mohan ( Season 3 ) as Yuvraaj Sehgal a.k.a Yuvi , Andy 's second son with Sumitra , Maahir and Kuhu 's younger brother , Roohi 's ( Bela 's ) ex-fiance and prime assaulter , one of Vikraant 's murderers . He was Vish 's second target . Kushabh Manghani ( Season 3 ) as Karan , the manager , a mischievous grey character , one of Yuvi 's partners in assaulting Roohi and committing Vikraant 's murderer . He was the first murderer to face Naagin Vish 's wrath , resultant from which he has slept into coma . Sakshi Pradhan ( Season 3 ) as Raavi Saluja , Yuvraaj 's ex-girlfriend / love interest . Shahab Khan ( Season 3 ) as Sunil Munshi , Sumitra 's family 's chief accountant , who now handles the Sehgal family 's accountancy . He is Daksh and Suhaani 's father , and Jagmohan 's friend . Deepali Kamath ( Season 3 ) as Mukti Mittal , Andy 's friend Shekhar Mittal 's wife , Rehaan and Anu 's mother . Mahira Sharma ( Season 3 ) as Jamini - A Chudail , Rehaan 's girlfriend . Adhvik Mahajan ( Season 3 ) as Ajitabh Singh , an Assistant Commissioner of Police ( ACP ) , he is a ' Dabangg ' cop with a witty sense of humour . Ratings This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In its launch week , the series topped the ratings charts and continued to do so throughout its first season . Season 1 Episode Weekly rank ( in ratings ) BARC ratings Television viewership ( in millions ( TVM ) ) Weekly rank ( in viewership ) 20 4.2 N / A N / A 2 & 3 10 4.3 N / A N / A 4 & 5 15 4.5 N / A N / A 6 & 7 19 5.2 16.71 22 8 & 9 15 5.7 19.57 18 10 & 11 18 5.1 17.81 100 12 & 13 100 5.3 18.52 100 14 & 15 100 5.8 18.54 12 16 & 17 13 5.8 19.84 17 18 & 19 18 4.4 19.82 19 20 16 5.3 18.12 17 21 & 22 17 5.3 17.11 17 23 & 24 17 5.5 19.54 17 Season 2 In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Year / Week Episodes Broadcast date <Th_colspan="2"> BARC ratings ( Urban ) Nationwide Ranking ( Nationwide ) Week 41 , 2016 1 - 2 8 October 2016 - 9 October 2016 8.8 % ( 8838 ) Week 42 , 2016 3 - 4 15 October 2016 - 16 October 2016 8.2 % ( 8272 ) Week 43 , 2016 5 - 6 22 October 2016 - 23 October 2016 8 % ( 7979 ) Week 44 , 2016 7 - 8 29 October 2016 - 30 October 2016 6.6 % ( 6617 ) Week 45 , 2016 9 - 10 5 November 2016 - 6 November 2016 8.6 % ( 8605 ) Week 46 , 2016 11 - 12 12 November 2016 - 13 November 2016 9.2 % ( 9168 ) Week 47 , 2016 13 - 14 19 November 2016 - 15 November 2016 9.1 % ( 9133 ) Week 48 , 2016 15 - 16 26 November 2016 - 27 November 2016 10.2 % ( 10214 ) Week 49 , 2016 17 - 18 3 December 2016 - 4 December 2016 9.4 % ( 9370 ) Week 50 , 2016 19 - 20 10 December 2016 - 11 December 2016 8.5 % ( 8460 ) Week 51 , 2016 21 - 22 17 December 2016 - 18 December 2016 8.8 % ( 8753 ) Week 52 , 2016 23 - 24 24 December 2016 - 25 December 2016 9.1 % ( 9076 ) Week 1 , 2017 25 - 26 31 December 2016 - 1 January 2017 8 % ( 7986 ) Week 2 , 2017 27 - 28 7 January 2017 - 8 January 2017 8.4 % ( 8414 ) Week 3 , 2017 29 - 30 14 January 2017 - 15 January 2017 7.4 % ( 7410 ) Week 4 , 2017 31 - 32 21 January 2017 - 22 January 2017 7.3 % ( 7297 ) Week 5 , 2017 33 - 34 28 January 2017 - 29 January 2017 7.4 % ( 7416 ) Week 6 , 2017 35 - 36 4 February 2017 - 5 February 2017 8.1 % ( 8126 ) Week 7 , 2017 37 - 38 11 February 2017 - 12 February 2017 7.4 % ( 7377 ) Season 3 In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Year / Week Episodes Broadcast date <Th_colspan="2"> BARC ratings ( Urban + Rural ) Nationwide Ranking ( Nationwide ) Week 23 , 2018 1 - 2 2 June 2018 - 3 June 2018 16.5 % ( 16545 ) Week 24 , 2018 3 - 4 9 June 2018 - 10 June 2018 14 % ( 14103 ) Week 25 , 2018 5 - 6 16 June 2018 - 17 June 2018 14.5 % ( 14559 ) Week 26 , 2018 7 - 8 23 June 2018 - 24 June 2018 14.5 % ( 14579 ) Week 27 , 2018 9 - 10 30 June 2018 - 1 July 2018 14.3 % ( 14374 ) Week 28 , 2018 11 - 12 7 July 2018 - 8 July 2018 13.9 % ( 13910 ) Week 29 , 2018 13 - 14 14 July 2018 - 15 July 2018 15.5 % ( 15466 ) Week 30 , 2018 15 - 16 21 July 2018 - 22 July 2018 15.8 % ( 15818 ) Week 31 , 2018 17 - 18 28 July 2018 - 29 July 2018 16.7 % ( 16677 ) Awards Year Award Recipient Season Result 2016 9th Boroplus Gold Awards Best Actress in Negative Role ( Critics ) Adaa Khan Season 1 Won Best Actor in Lead Role ( Critics ) Arjun Bijlani Best Actress in Lead Role ( Popular ) Mouni Roy Best TV Show Based on Crime / Thriller / VFX Ekta Kapoor Best Actor in Lead Role ( Popular ) Arjun Bijlani Nominated Best TV Show ( Fiction ) Ekta Kapoor Golden Petal Awards Power Packed Performer of the Year Sudha Chandran Won Personality of the Year Mouni Roy Best TV Show ( Fiction ) Ekta Kapoor 16th Indian Television Academy Awards Best Actress in Lead Role ( Popular ) Mouni Roy Won Best Serial ( Popular ) Ekta Kapoor 2017 10th Boroplus Gold Awards Best Actress in Negative Role ( Critics ) Adaa Khan Season 2 Won Boroplus Face of the Year Mouni Roy Best Actress in Lead Role ( Critics ) Best Actor in Lead Role ( Critics ) Karanvir Bohra Best TV Show Based on Crime / Thriller / VFX Ekta Kapoor Best Actor in Lead Role ( Popular ) Arjun Bijlani Nominated Best Actress in Lead Role ( Popular ) Mouni Roy Best TV Show ( Fiction ) Ekta Kapoor Golden Petal Awards Best Actress in a Comic Role Sudha Chandran Won Best Actor ( Female ) Mouni Roy Best Editor ( Fiction ) Vicky Sharma BIG Zee Entertainment Awards BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Actor ( Female ) Mouni Roy Won BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Show ( Fiction ) Ekta Kapoor BIG Zee Most Entertaining TV Actor ( Male ) Karanvir Bohra Nominated Zee Rishtey Awards Zee Rishton Ki Parakh Ekta Kapoor Won 2018 11th Keshking Gold Awards Most Fit Actor ( Female ) Surbhi Jyoti Season 3 Won Karishma Tanna International broadcast and dubbed versions Country Language Channel Show Name Season Aired ( Date ) Ref India Malayalam Surya TV Naga Kanyaka നാഗ കന്യക Season 1 20 June 2016 Season 2 19 June 2017 Telugu Gemini TV Naagini నాగిని Season 1 N / A Tamil Sun TV Naagini நாகினி Season 1 27 June 2016 - 21 January 2017 Colors Tamil Season 2 19 February 2018 Season 3 18 June 2018 - present Bengali Colors Bangla Naagin নাগিন Season 1 N / A Season 2 N / A Pakistan Urdu Filmazia TV Naagin ناگن Season 1 1 November 2015 Season 2 18 August 2017 Season 3 2 June 2018 Vietnam Vietnamese Echannel ( VTVCab5 ) Lady Serpent Revenge Xà Nữ Báo Thù Season 1 15 July 2016 - 23 September 2016 Indonesia Indonesian SCTV Nagin Season 1 N / A Thailand Thai Channel 3 Naagin นา คิ น Season 1 N / A Sri Lanka Tamil Shakthi TV Neeya நீயா Season 1 20 August 2017 Season 2 2017 Sinhalese Sirasa TV Prema Dadayama Season 1 N / A Malaysia Malaysian TV3 ( Malaysia ) Naagin Season 1 6 November 2017 References Jump up ^ Bansal , Shuchi ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Why India watches ' Naagin ' '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin slithers her way to the top of the ratings ladder '' . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ ColorsTV Promos ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Naagin : Starts 8th Oct , Sat - Sun 8PM '' . Retrieved 25 August 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` 1st Epi -- Naagin ( Colors ) 1st November 2015 Written Episode Update -- Telly Updates '' . Telly Updates. 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shetty , Akshata ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` It 's confirmed ! Mouni Roy to be a part of Naagin 3 '' . india.com . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjun Bijlani opposite Mouni Roy in Naagin ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin second season to premiere in October '' . The Indian Express . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naagin -- Season 2 one of the most popular online watched show in Pakistan '' . Media Bites . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colors ' ' Naagin ' gets an extension - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shuchi Bansal ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` Why India watches ' Naagin ' '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Parismita Goswami ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` TRP ratings : Naagin remains unbeatable ; Yeh Hai Mohabbatein beats Kumkum Bhagya '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin Season 2 promo is out '' . The Times of India . 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin 2 season finale , 25th June 2017 full episode written update : Yamini and Shesha are killed by Ardhanareshwar '' . The Indian Express . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin to be back in less than 100 days '' . The Times of India . 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahesh , Shweta . `` Breaking ! Naagin 2 to go off air in June ; Chandrakanta to replace it '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Urmimala . `` Naagin 3 : Anita Hassanandani and Karishma Tanna 's supernatural drama to go on air from June 2 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Urmimala . `` Naagin 3 : A drenched Anita Hassanandani in red is all you need to beat the grey monsoon skies '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mahesh , Shweta . `` Naagin 3 : Pearl V Puri joins the cast along with Surbhi Jyoti , Karishma Tanna and Anita Hassanandani - read details '' . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Urmimala . `` Naagin 3 : Not Sudha Chandran , but this actress will play the deadly vamp in the supernatural series '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amrapalli Sinha to enter Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . IWMBuzz. 2018 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rakshanda Khan and Chetan Hansraj join ' Naagin 3 ' '' . BombayTimes . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Pavitra Punia in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mithil Jain in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . IWMBuzz. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charvi Saraf bags Colors Naagin 3 IWMBuzz '' . IWMBuzz. 2018 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Charvi Saraf bonds well with Surbhi Jyoti on the sets of Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Rupesh Kataria joins Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heli Daruwala joins the cast of Naagin 3 IWMBuzz '' . IWMBuzz. 2018 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anita Hassanandani and Surbhi Jyoti are all smiles in this selfie with the Naagin 3 cast '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rohit Choudhary is all with set with Ekta Kapoor 's Naagin ! '' . Televisions World . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Sreejeeta . `` Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi actor Aman Gandhi to play a negative role in Karishma Tanna 's Naagin 3 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : FM , Team . `` NAAGIN 3 : This ' Saath Nibhana Saathiya ' actor to be in the show '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Naveen Sharma in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Ankit Mohan roped in for Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin 3 : Star cast and story line revelation ! - Telly Updates '' . Telly Updates. 2018 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mahira Sharma to enter Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . IWMBuzz. 2018 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Team , Tellychakkar . `` Adhvik Mahajan : I am super excited to be part of ' Naagin 3 ' '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Sreejeeta . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Rajat Tokas ' Naag Raj look from Ekta Kapoor 's Naagin 3 inspired by THIS Hollywood actor 's character '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BARC Report , week 23 2018 : Naagin 3 takes humongous opening , becomes No. 1 show with 16 million plus impressions pan-India '' . bollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naagin 3 : Mouni Roy gets emotional as Ekta Kapoor replaces her with a new face - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ This reference provides the fact that Mouni Roy is not going to be in the third season of Naagin . This reference provides all other necessary information for Mouni Roy 's entry in the cast list . Jump up ^ `` Times of India '' . Jump up ^ This reference shows that Bijlani was in season 1 , and this reference shows that Bijlani was not in season 2 . Jump up ^ `` Adaa Khan in Naagin 2 '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ This reference provides the fact that Adaa Khan is not going to be in the third season of Naagin . This reference provides all other necessary information for Adaa Khan 's entry in the cast list . Jump up ^ `` Sudha Chandran to play Arjun Bijlani 's mother in Naagin '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ This reference shows that Chandran was in season 1 , and this reference shows that Chandran was also in season 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naagin 2 : Kaala Teeka actor Rohan Gandotra to enter as a Naag in Mouni Roy - Karanvir Bohra 's show ! '' . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahesh , Shweta . `` EXCLUSIVE : Karanvir Bohra returns to Naagin 3 with Surbhi Jyoti and Anita Hassanandani '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ This citation shows that Karanvir Bohra wo n't be a part of season 3 , this source mentions Rocky being a Naag , and this source shows all other details . ^ Jump up to : `` Naagin 3 Teaser : Surbhi Jyoti takes the centre stage in Anita Hassanandani - Karishma Tanna - starrer revenge saga Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2018 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ This reference shows that Jyoti 's character will be named Bela . This reference shows all other details . Jump up ^ `` Naagin 3 : Surbhi Jyoti 's character Bela turns out to be a naagin '' . TIMESOFINDIA.COM . Retrieved Jun 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin 3 Spoiler : Major Twist During Bela & Yuvi 's Wedding ! '' . filmibeat.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sreejeeta . `` Anita Hassanandani : It makes you nervous when you are stepping into a show like Naagin '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ This reference shows that Hassanandani will be playing a Naagin and that said character will be the antagonist of season 3 . This reference shows that the character 's name is Vishakha . This reference shows all other details . Jump up ^ Colors . `` Vishakha converts Bela into a snake ! , Aapkacolors Reality TV Show News , Updates - Aapkacolors Shows , Aapkacolors News '' . http://www.aapkacolors.com/ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sen , Sreejeeta . `` Naagin 3 spoiler alert : Mahir is the reincarnated version of Vikrant ? '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Urmimala . `` Naagin 3 : Not Sudha Chandran , but this actress will play the deadly vamp in the supernatural series '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Vindhya Tiwari to don a new avatar for Colors ' Naagin 2 '' . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saptrishi Ghosh roped in for Naagin 3 '' . tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 27 Mar 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavitra Punia in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 10 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mithil Jain in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . iwmbuzz.com . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Charvi Saraf bonds well with Surbhi Jyoti on the sets of Naagin 3 '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rupesh Kataria joins Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 18 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heli Daruwala joins the cast of Naagin 3 '' . iwmbuzz.com . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naveen Sharma in Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ankit Mohan roped in for Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 29 Jan 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naagin 3 : Star Cast And Story Line Revelation ! '' . tellyupdates.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sakshi Pradhan joins the cast of Colors ' Naagin 3 '' . iwmbuzz.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Balaji Telefilms ' ' Naagin , ' a slithering success for Colors '' . Indian Television Dot Com. 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Singh , Gurbir . `` Naagin Rules The Roost '' . BW Businessworld . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barc : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . Barc Ratings . Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` barcindia.co.in TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ BARC ratings : Week 41 ( 2016 ) ; Naagin 2 becomes # 1 show in opening week Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 42 ( 2016 ) ; Colors topples Star Plus to gain the # 1 slot Jump up ^ BARC Ratings : Week 43 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 44 ; Shakti becomes the # 1 show Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 45 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC Ratings : Week 46 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 47 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 48 ( 2016 ) ; Star Plus clambers up to the top slot Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 49 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 50 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 51 ( 2016 ) ; Sony TV 's Super Dancer becomes the # 1 show Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 52 ( 2016 ) ; Colors topples Star Plus to become # 1 Jump up ^ ( http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/barc-ratings-week-1-2017-star-plus-back-1-170112 BARC Ratings : Week 1 ( 2017 ) ; Star Plus back to # 1 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 2 ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 3 ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 4 ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 5 ( 2017 ) ; Colors topples Star Plus Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 6 ( 2017 ) ; Colors # 1 , Zee slumps further Jump up ^ BARC India Ratings : Week 7 ( 2017 ) ; Star Plus regains top slot Jump up ^ `` TRP Report : Surbhi 's Naagin 3 records highest TRP for the season ; Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai jumps points PINKVILLA '' . www.pinkvilla.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` barcindia.co.in TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ Naagin 3 brings back Colors to the top spot Jump up ^ Naagin 3 continues to be nation 's most watched show Jump up ^ Naagin 3 remains Rock solid at 1st position in Week 25 2018 Jump up ^ Naagin 3 continues to be India 's top show across genres Jump up ^ Naagin 3 continues to be India 's top show across genres Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Winners of 9th Boroplus Gold Awards '' . weebly.com . Jump up ^ Nayak , Pooja . `` Golden Petal Awards 2016 winners list : Mouni Roy , Varun Kapoor , Helly Shah WIN it big ! '' . bollywoodlife.com . Jump up ^ Chauhan , Soumyata . `` ITA Awards 2016 full winners list : Mouni Roy , Divyanka Tripathi , Karan Patel , Rubina Dilaik win it big '' . bollywoodlife.com . Jump up ^ `` Winners of 10th Boroplus Gold Awards , 2017 '' . weebly.com . Jump up ^ Chauhan , Soumyata . `` Golden Petal Awards 2017 Full Winners List : Vivian Dsena and Mouni Roy walk away with the biggest awards of the night - View pics '' . bollywoodlife.com . Jump up ^ `` Colors Golden Petal Awards 2017 : Complete winners list and award pictures - Free Press Journal '' . freepressjournal.in. 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017 winners list : Alia Bhatt , Shahid Kapoor and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win top honors . See photos , videos '' . indianexpress.com. 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017 : List Of Winners '' . ndtv.com . Jump up ^ `` Big ZEE Entertainment Awards : Nominations list '' . bizasialive.com. 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Rishtey Awards 2017 : Sriti - Shabbir , Shraddha - Dheeraj , Karanvir Bohra & Others Bag Awards ( PICS ) '' . filmibeat.com. 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Awards 2018 winners list : TV beauties Hina Khan , Mouni Roy and Surbhi Jyoti bag prestigious gold trophies - Free Press Journal '' . freepressjournal.in. 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naga Kanyaka -- A Supernatural Fantasy Thriller on Surya TV '' . Jump up ^ `` Nagakanyaka is back ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colour 's popular Nagin now going to telecast on Gemini TV '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Naagin Season 2 Tamil version to air on Colors Tamil Jump up ^ கலர்ஸ் தமிழ் டி. வியில் நாகினி 2 Jump up ^ `` Colors Bangla to air dubbed version of ' Naagin ' '' . televisionpost.com . Jump up ^ Naagin banned in Pakistan Jump up ^ Pakistan court lifts ban on Indian dramas Jump up ^ Indian Channels tops in Pakistan courtesy Naagin Jump up ^ `` XÀ NỮ BÁO THÙ - PHẦN 2 - e-channel '' . e-channel . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naagin - SCTV Show '' . www.sctv.co.id . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` นา คิ น ( 1 พ. ย. นี้ ) '' ( in Thai ) . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressReader.com - Connecting People Through News '' . www.pressreader.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . External links Naagin on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Dance Deewane Horror show Kaun Hai ? Animation Baahubali : The Lost Legends Drama fiction Bepannah Dev 2 Ishq Mein Marjawan Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Naagin 3 Mahakali -- Anth Hi Aarambh Hai Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti -- Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka Tu Aashiqui Udaan Sapnon Ki <Th_colspan="2"> Balaji Telefilms <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Key individuals <Td_colspan="2"> Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Companies <Td_colspan="2"> Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Entertainment ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Film productions <Td_colspan="2"> Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha 2018 Veere Di Wedding Laila Majnu 2019 Mental Hai Kya Jabariya Jodi XXX ( Shelved ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present TV shows <Td_colspan="2"> Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Qayamat Ki Raat ( 2018 - ) Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 ( 2018 - ) Colors Naagin ( season 3 ) ( 2018 - ) Sony TV Dil Hi Toh Hai ( 2018 - ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past TV shows <Td_colspan="2"> Star Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Zee TV Brahmarakshas Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors Bairi Piya Box Cricket League 2 Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 1 ) Kitani Mohabbat Hai ( season 2 ) Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Box Cricket League 3 , 2018 MTV Webbed ( season 1 ) MTV Webbed ( season 2 ) Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Hungama TV Kartika Sun TV Kudumbbam Kulaa Villaakku Pasamalargal Kelunga Mamiyare Kanavarukaaha Kasthuri Kanmaneeya Naagini Jaya TV Kalki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naagin_(TV_series)&oldid=854597608 '' Categories : Balaji Telefilms television series 2015 Indian television series debuts Indian fantasy television series Indian drama television series Colors ( TV channel ) series Hindi - language television programs Television shows set in Mumbai Television shows set in Rajasthan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 CS1 errors : external links CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Simple English Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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what is the prize for westminster dog show

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show - wikipedia Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is a prestigious all - breed conformation show that has been held in New York City annually since 1877 . Currently , the breed and Junior Showmanship competitions are held at Piers 92 and 94 , while the group and Best in Show competitions are held at Madison Square Garden . The number of entries is so large at nearly 3000 that two days are required for all dogs to be judged . The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States . Dogs are required to be on display in an assigned location ( bench ) during the entirety of the show except when being shown in the ring , groomed for showing , or taken outside to eliminate , so that spectators and breeders alike have an opportunity to see all the entered dogs . ( In the more common unbenched shows , dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controversy 3 Announcers 3.1 Show announcers 3.2 Television 4 Requirements for entry 5 Winning breeds 5.1 List of show winners and breeds 6 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Additional sources 9 External links History ( edit ) The Westminster Kennel Club was formed in 1877 . The Westminster show was first held on May 8 , 1877 , making it the second - longest continuously held sporting event in the United States behind only the Kentucky Derby , which was first held in 1875 . ( Both events were held even during the World War years . ) The show originated as a show for gun dogs , primarily Setters and Pointers , initiated by a group of hunters who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in Manhattan . They decided to create a kennel club called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically for the purpose of holding a dog show . The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl handled pistols , of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field . Held at Gilmore 's Garden ( Madison Square Garden ) the Westminster show drew over 1200 dogs and proved so popular that its scheduled three days was extended to four , with the club donating proceeds from that fourth day to the ASPCA for creation of a home for stray and disabled dogs . The Westminster Kennel Club predates the formation of the American Kennel Club by seven years , and became the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC 's founding in 1884 . Breed parent clubs ( e.g. , the Afghan Hound Club of America ) create the standards for judging their breeds , with the AKC administering the rules about shows and judging . Dogs are judged against their breed standards , to see how close each dog matches the standard , which is a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed . Standards may include references relating form to function in the performance of the job that the dog was bred for , and may also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color , eye shape , tail carriage and more . While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship , they should still have the innate ability and physical makeup to perform those jobs , and this is what the judge looks for . Because of space considerations at Madison Square Garden , the entry is limited to 2,800 dogs and the breed judging is done during the day at Piers 92 and 94 . Group and Best in Show judging take place in the evening at Madison Square Garden . The entry fills immediately on the first day that entries are accepted . Since 1992 , the club has invited the top five dogs in each breed to be pre-entered ( determined by the number of dogs defeated at shows during the previous year ) to assure that all the top dogs have the chance to compete . Today , Westminster takes place over two days and nights every February . During the day , the dogs compete at the breed level ( i.e. , against other dogs of the same breed ) . Each Best of Breed winner ( BOB ) advances into its respective group , of which there are seven ( Sporting , Hound , Working , Terrier , Toy , Non-Sporting , and Herding ) . Group competition is held during the evenings , and the seven group winners advance into the final competition , which one judge will select one of them as the Best In Show winner . Since 2014 , the show allowed mixed - breed dogs to compete in an agility event . Competition in Junior Showmanship ( for handlers ages 8 -- 18 ) has been held since 1934 . The eight finalists all receive scholarships for post-secondary schooling . In addition , each year the club ( through its Westminster Kennel Foundation ) awards veterinary school scholarships for students from six schools . The show has been broadcast on live television since 1948 . The program typically airs on a Monday and Tuesday . The Monday night broadcast is shown on CNBC and the Tuesday night broadcast on USA Network ; USA itself holds the rights to the event but must defer Monday night coverage to CNBC due to its airing of WWE Raw . At the Garden , it has enjoyed sellout status since 2005 , as tickets sell quickly once they go on sale each Fall . Indicative of its amazing worldwide popularity , more than 700 press credentials are issued to media attending in person from more than 20 countries . In addition , each year the Westminster Web site ( www.westminsterkennelclub.org ) has millions of visitors from around the world ( about 12 million page views by users from more than 170 countries ) . The winning dog becomes `` America 's Dog '' for the next year . It begins its reign with a media tour on the day following the show with appearances on virtually all television network morning shows , a visit to the Observation Deck at the Empire State Building , and much more . The event is embraced in New York City every February , with salutes from such world - famous partners as the Empire State Building , which lights its tower in purple and gold ( Westminster colors ) during the show ; Saks 5th Avenue , which features a street window with a Westminster - themed display ; and the New York Stock Exchange , which invites the winner to ring the opening bell following its big win . Controversy ( edit ) Animal - rights advocates such as PETA have routinely protested the show , arguing that the propagation and celebration of purebreds ultimately adds to the millions of dogs who end up at and die in shelters . The AKC considers dogs to be property and has lobbied against mandatory spay - and - neuter programs , referring to such legislation as `` anti-dog . '' Announcers ( edit ) Show announcers ( edit ) For many years , Roger A. Caras was known as `` The Voice of Westminster '' for providing the narration for the breed descriptions during the show . In 2001 , Michael J. LaFave was named show announcer at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . He was replaced by Jim Fagan in 2010 , but returned in 2011 . Television ( edit ) The USA Network broadcast the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show from 1984 through 2016 , with coverage under the auspices of NBC Sports in later years . Sister network CNBC had also aired portions of the event from the mid-2000s until 2016 due to USA 's Monday evening contractual commitments to WWE Raw . On July 28 , 2015 , it was announced that Fox Sports had acquired rights to the event under a 10 - year deal beginning in 2017 . Coverage will be split between Fox Sports 1 and Nat Geo Wild . Since 1990 , David Frei has co-hosted the event with partners , Al Trautwig ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) , Bud Collins ( 1992 ) , Joe Garagiola ( 1994 -- 2002 ) , Mark McEwen ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Lester Holt ( 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 ) , Debbye Turner ( 2006 ) , Mary Carillo ( 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 ) , and Tamron Hall ( 2010 ) . Now 66 , Frei provided the commentary of the 140th event for his final time . According to a report in the New York Times , the Westminster Kennel Club would not allow Frei to announce their annual event , as well as announce the Kennel Club of Philadelphia 's National Dog Show , which airs on Thanksgiving Day on NBC . For the first year of the Fox contract , Fox Sports broadcaster Chris Myers and dog trainer Gail Miller Bisher will be the presenters . Requirements for entry ( edit ) In 1884 , the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC and recognized for conformation show competition . In 2016 , there are 199 breeds and varieties eligible for Westminster . Because of the show 's popularity and prestige , starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed championship before appearing at Westminster . Later , that rule was amended to require that dogs have one of the two required major wins towards their championship titles , but need not be finished champions to enter . The top five dogs in each breed ( based on breed points earned in AKC conformation showing through October 31 of the preceding year ) , as well as the Best of Breed winner from each breed 's national specialty show , receive printed invitations by mail and are eligible for early entry . After the early entry deadline passes , other dogs with at least one major win may enter , up to a total of 2800 dogs , at which point entries are closed . There is no prohibition against a winner competing again in future Westminster shows . In fact , seven dogs have won multiple Westminster championships : six dogs in consecutive years ( including Warren Remedy , the only three - time champion of the event ) and one dog in non-consecutive years . Since 1972 , however , there have been no repeat winners . ( See List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . ) Winning breeds ( edit ) Through the 134th Westminster Show ( February 2010 ) , Best in Show has been won by the Terrier Group 45 out of the 103 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907 , more than twice as many wins as any other group . The single breed that has won the most is the Wire Fox Terrier , which has won 14 times . Two of the most popular dog breeds in the United States have never won Best in Show , the Labrador Retriever and the Golden Retriever . The 2010 winner of Best in Show was Ch . Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot ( a.k.a. `` Sadie '' ) , a Scottish Terrier . Sadie had already won 112 best - in - show ribbons at other shows , including winning the other two major United States shows ( the National Dog Show and the AKC / Eukanuba National Championship ) immediately prior to her Westminster win . In 2011 , at the 135th Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show , 5 - year - old GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind became the first of her breed ( Scottish Deerhound ) to capture the Best in Show award . Terrier Group : 46 Sporting Group : 19 Working Group : 15 Non-Sporting Group : 10 Toy Group : 9 Hound Group : 5 Herding Group : 1 The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a Sussex Spaniel named Ch . Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ( a.k.a. Stump ) , at 10 years of age in 2009 . The youngest dog to win was a Rough Collie named Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven , at 9 months old in 1929 . One dog , a Smooth Fox Terrier named Ch . Warren Remedy won Best in Show three times ( 1907 -- 1909 ) , and six other dogs have won twice . Dogs ( males ) have won Best in Show 68 times to 35 for bitches ( females ) . List of Show winners and breeds ( edit ) Main article : List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Following is a list of WKC Best in Show winners since 1990 . 2017 : Lockenhaus ' Rumor Has It V Kenlyn - German Shepherd 2016 : GCH Vjk - Myst Garbonita 's California Journey ( aka : `` CJ '' ) - Pointer ( German Shorthaired ) 2015 : GCH Tashtins Lookin For Trouble ( a.k.a. `` Miss P '' ) - Beagle 2014 : GCH Afterall Painting The Sky ( a.k.a. `` Sky '' ) - Fox Terrier ( Wire ) 2013 : GCH Banana Joe V Tani Kazari ( a.k.a. `` Banana Joe '' ) - Affenpinscher 2012 : Ch . Palacegarden Malachy ( a.k.a. `` Malachy '' ) - Pekingese 2011 : GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind ( a.k.a. `` Hickory '' ) - Scottish Deerhound 2010 : Ch . Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot ( a.k.a. `` Sadie '' ) - Scottish Terrier 2009 : Ch . Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ( a.k.a. `` Stump '' ) - Sussex Spaniel 2008 : Ch . K - Run 's Park Me In First ( a.k.a. `` Uno '' ) - Beagle 2007 : Ch . Felicity 's Diamond Jim ( a.k.a. `` James '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 2006 : Ch . Rocky Top 's Sundance Kid ( a.k.a. `` Rufus '' ) - Colored Bull Terrier 2005 : Ch . Kan - Point 's VJK Autumn Roses ( a.k.a. `` Carlee '' ) - German Shorthaired Pointer 2004 : Ch . Darbydale 's All Rise Pouch Cove ( a.k.a. `` Josh '' ) - Newfoundland 2003 : Ch . Torums Scarf Michael ( a.k.a. `` Mick '' ) - Kerry Blue Terrier 2002 : Ch . Surrey Spice Girl ( a.k.a. `` Spice '' ) - Miniature Poodle 2001 : Ch . Special Times Just Right ( a.k.a. `` J.R. '' ) - Bichon Frise 2000 : Ch . Salilyn ' N Erin 's Shameless ( a.k.a. `` Samantha '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 1999 : Ch . Loteki Supernatural Being ( a.k.a. `` Kirby '' ) - Papillon 1998 : Ch . Fairewood Frolic ( a.k.a. `` Rocki '' ) - Norwich Terrier 1997 : Ch . Parsifal Di Casa Netzer - Standard Schnauzer 1996 : Ch . Clussexx Country Sunrise ( a.k.a. `` Brady '' ) - Clumber Spaniel 1995 : Ch . Gaelforce Post Script ( a.k.a. `` Peggy Sue '' ) - Scottish Terrier 1994 : Ch . Chidley Willum The Conqueror - Norwich Terrier 1993 : Ch . Salilyn 's Condor ( a.k.a. : ' `` Robert '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 1992 : Ch . Registry 's Lonesome Dove ( a.k.a. `` Lacey '' ) - Wire Fox Terrier 1991 : Ch . Whisperwind On A Carousel ( a.k.a. `` Peter '' ) - Standard Poodle 1990 : Ch . Wendessa Crown Prince - Pekingese Popular culture ( edit ) The 2000 comedy film Best in Show takes place at the fictional `` Mayflower Kennel Club Dog Show '' , based in part on Westminster . Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits ; ostensibly , he was the winner in the `` Best Insult Comic Dog '' category at Westminster 1997 . See also ( edit ) Dogs portal AKC / Eukanuba National Championship Crufts List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show World Dog Show References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz , `` Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds , '' Associated Press , 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz , `` Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds , '' Associated Press , 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pets By the Numbers , '' Humane Society of the United States , 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Dangers of Guardianship , '' AKC , accessed 24 Jan. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report , 2010 '' AKC , page 24 . Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( 20 February 2001 ) . `` Roger Caras , 72 , Animal Welfare Advocate '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2012/02/11/v-print/2226292/pets-qa-best-in-show-really-means.html Jump up ^ `` 2004 Announcer '' . The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Westminster Kennel Club . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ullmer , Mary ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Unleashed : Unleash the hounds ! Gentle giant Scottish deerhound is Westminster 's Best in Show '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Kennel 's Dog Show Leaves NBCU 's USA for Fox Sports '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Greg ( February 16 , 1990 ) . `` USA 's Westminster Dog Show a cult hit '' . The News and Courier . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Zad , Martie ( February 10 , 1991 ) . `` TNT features ' Kisses ' '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The dog days of February '' . The Washington Times . February 13 , 1993 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bud Collins to Test Commentator Skills at National Dog Show '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . February 10 , 1992 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dale , Steve ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Canine Frenzy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dale , Steve . `` The Voice of Westminster Dog Show '' . Dog Channel.com . BowTie , Inc . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` Critic 's Picks '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Westminster puts on the dogs '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . February 7 , 2008 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Digest '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . January 23 , 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USA Network & Westminster Brings Everyone 's Best Friend Back to Madison Square Garden '' . News Blaze . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Saying Farewell to David Frei , Westminster 's Nuzzling Voice '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminister Dog Show '' . Fox Sports Press Pass . Fox Sports public relations . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Breed ( 1907 - 2010 ) Jump up ^ http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm Jump up ^ Scottish deerhound is best in show at Westminster Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Multiple Best In Show Wins Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog Jump up ^ Westminsterkennelclub.org - Best In Show Winners Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/sports/winner-westminster-dog-show-best-in-show.html Jump up ^ Chung , Jen . `` CJ The German Shorthaired Pointer Named 2016 Best In Show At Westminster Kennel Club 's Big Night '' . Gothamist . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians triumph at Westminster '' . Dog World . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2014/results/bis/index.html Jump up ^ `` Westminster Best in Show Winner : Scottish Deerhound '' . New York : usatoday.com. 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2011r . Jump up ^ Duff , Oliver ( 17 February 2010 ) . `` Sadie crowned top dog despite interruption '' . London : Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Additional sources ( edit ) Westminster show history Barnes , Duncan ( ed . ) ( 1983 ) . The AKC 's World of the Pure - Bred Dog . Nick Lyons Books . ISBN 0 - 87605 - 406 - 8 . Sifel , William F. ( 2001 ) . The Dog Show : 125 Years of Westminster . By William F. Stifel . ISBN 0 - 9705698 - 0 - 7 Frei , David ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . The Westminster Kennel Club Guidebook . Latest edition of annual publication . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Wikinews has related news : Four new breeds in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show ' Banana Joe ' wins Westminster Official look behind the scenes at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Westminster Kennel Club official site National Geographic news article about the show Backstage at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Hype , Money and Cornstarch : What It Takes to Win at Westminster List of American Kennel Club Titles and Abbreviations for Championship Dogs <Th_colspan="2"> Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 1907 -- 1970 <Td_colspan="2"> Warren Remedy ( 1907 - 09 ) Sabine Rarebit ( 1910 ) Tickle Em Jock ( 1911 ) Kenmare Sorceress ( 1912 ) Strathtay Prince Albert ( 1913 ) Slumber ( 1914 ) Matford Vic ( 1915 - 16 ) Conejo Wycollar Boy ( 1917 ) Haymarket Faultless ( 1918 ) Briergate Bright Beauty ( 1919 ) Conejo Wycollar Boy ( 1920 ) Midkiff Seductive ( 1921 ) Boxwood Barkentine ( 1922 ) Barberryhill Bootlegger ( 1924 ) Governor Moscow ( 1925 ) Signal Circuit of Halleston ( 1926 ) Pinegrade Perfection ( 1927 ) Talavera Margaret ( 1928 ) Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven ( 1929 ) Pendley Calling of Blarney ( 1930 - 31 ) Nancolleth Markable ( 1932 ) Warland Protector of Shelterock ( 1933 ) Flornell Spicy Bit of Halleston ( 1934 ) Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace of Blakeen ( 1935 ) St. Margaret Mignificent of Claredale ( 1936 ) Flornell Spicy Piece of Halleston ( 1937 ) Daro of Maridor ( 1938 ) Ferry v. Rauhfelsen of Giralda ( 1939 ) My Own Brucie ( 1940 - 41 ) Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune ( 1942 ) Pitter Patter of Piperscroft ( 1943 ) Flornell - Rare - Bit of Twin Ponds ( 1944 ) Shieling 's Signature ( 1945 ) Heatherington Model Rhythm ( 1946 ) Warlord of Mazelaine ( 1947 ) Rock Ridge Night Rocket ( 1948 ) Mazelaine Zazarac Brandy ( 1949 ) Walsing Winning Trick of Edgerstoune ( 1950 ) Bang Away of Sirrah Crest ( 1951 ) Rancho Dobe 's Storm ( 1952 - 53 ) Carmor 's Rise and Shine ( 1954 ) Kippax Fearnought ( 1955 ) Wilber White Swan ( 1956 ) Shirkhan of Grandeur ( 1957 ) Puttencove Promise ( 1958 ) Fontclair Festoon ( 1959 ) Chik T'Sun of Caversham ( 1960 ) Cappoquin Little Sister ( 1961 ) Elfinbrook Simon ( 1962 ) Wakefield 's Black Knight ( 1963 ) Courtenay Fleetfoot of Pennyworth ( 1964 ) Carmichaels Fanfare ( 1965 ) Zeloy Mooremaide 's Magic ( 1966 ) Bardene Bingo ( 1967 ) Stingray of Derryabah ( 1968 ) Glamoor Good News ( 1969 ) Arriba 's Prima Donna ( 1970 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 1970 -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Chinoe 's Adamant James ( 1971 - 72 ) Acadia Command Performance ( 1973 ) Gretchenhof Columbia River ( 1974 ) Sir Lancelot of Barvan ( 1975 ) Jo Ni 's Red Baron of Crofton ( 1976 ) Dersade Bobby 's Girl ( 1977 ) Cede Higgins ( 1978 ) Oak Tree 's Irishtocrat ( 1979 ) Innisfree 's Sierra Cinnar ( 1980 ) Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck ( 1981 ) St. Aubrey Dragonora of Elsdon ( 1982 ) Kabiks The Challenger ( 1983 ) Seaward 's Blackbeard ( 1984 ) Braeburn 's Close Encounter ( 1985 ) Marjetta 's National Acclaim ( 1986 ) Covy Tucker Hill 's Manhattan ( 1987 ) Great Elms Prince Charming , II ( 1988 ) Royal Tudor 's Wild As The Wind ( 1989 ) Wendessa Crown Prince ( 1990 ) Whisperwind On A Carousel ( 1991 ) Registry 's Lonesome Dove ( 1992 ) Salilyn 's Condor ( 1993 ) Chidley Willum The Conqueror ( 1994 ) Gaelforce Postscript ( 1995 ) Clussexx Country Sunrise ( 1996 ) Parsifal Di Casa Netzer ( 1997 ) Fairewood Frolic ( 1998 ) Loteki Supernatural Being ( 1999 ) Salilyn ' N Erin 's Shameless ( 2000 ) Special Times Just Right ( 2001 ) Surrey Spice Girl ( 2002 ) Torums Scarf Michael ( 2003 ) Darbydale 's All Rise Pouch Cove ( 2004 ) Kan - Point 's VJK Autumn Roses ( 2005 ) Rocky Top 's Sundance Kid ( 2006 ) Felicity 's Diamond Jim ( 2007 ) K - Run 's Park Me In First ( 2008 ) Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ( 2009 ) Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot ( 2010 ) Foxcliffe Hickory Wind ( 2011 ) Palacegarden Malachy ( 2012 ) Banana Joe V Tani Kazari ( 2013 ) Afterall Painting The Sky ( 2014 ) Tashtins Lookin For Trouble ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. 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Eyewitness Fairly Legal Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Current Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Falling Water ( since 2016 ) First Impressions ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Playing House ( since 2014 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Team Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Damnation ( 2017 ) Unsolved ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Kennel_Club_Dog_Show&oldid=801182486 '' Categories : Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Dog shows and showing Recurring events established in 1877 USA Network shows Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from May 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 04 : 35 . 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1. Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 2. All-breed conformation show 3. Madison Square Garden 4. Breed standards 5. Best in Show winners

who was the chairman of the state re - organising committee

States Reorganisation Commission - Wikipedia States Reorganisation Commission Jump to : navigation , search The States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) was a body constituted by the Central Government of India in 1953 to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries . In 1955 , after nearly 2 years of study , the Commission recommended that India 's state boundaries should be reorganised to form 16 states and 3 union territories . States Reorganisation Commission consisted of Fazal Ali , K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru . Some of its recommendations were implemented in the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 SRC report 3 Implementation 4 Controversies 4.1 Vidarbha 4.2 Kerala - Madras 4.3 Andhra - Telangana 4.4 Punjabi Suba 4.5 Belgaum 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) India Administrative Divisions in 1951 After India became independent from the British Empire in 1947 , the constituent units of India were classified under the following distinct categories : Category Description Administrator States Part A states Former British provinces An elected governor and state legislature 9 states : Assam , Bihar , Bombay , East Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Madras , Orissa , Uttar Pradesh , and West Bengal Part B states Former princely states or groups of Covenanting states Rajpramukh ( former princes ) 9 states : Hyderabad , Jammu and Kashmir , Madhya Bharat , Mysore , Patiala and East Punjab States Union ( PEPSU ) , Rajasthan , Saurashtra , Travancore - Cochin , and Vindhya Pradesh Part C Former princely states and provinces Chief commissioner 10 states : Ajmer , Coorg , Cooch - Behar , Bhopal , Bilaspur , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh , Kutch , Manipur , and Tripura Part D Union Territory Governor appointed by the Indian president Andaman and Nicobar Islands The borders of these states , inherited from British India , were not suitable for easy administration . The internal provincial borders of British India were a result of historical events , as well as political , military and strategic planning by the British . The Government agreed that the reorganisation of state borders was necessary , but the basis of reorganisation was yet to be determined . One of the proposals was to reorganise the state on the basis of languages of India . This would make administration easier , and would help replace the caste and religion - based identities with less controversial linguistic identities . Earlier in 1920 , the members of the Indian National Congress had agreed on the linguistic reorganisation of the Indian states as one of the party 's political goals . The Provincial Committees of the party were set on this basis since 1920 . In 1927 , the Congress declared that it was committed to `` the redistribution of provinces on a linguistic basis '' , and reaffirmed its stance several times , including in the election manifesto of 1945 - 46 . But , soon after independence , the Congress - led Government became concerned that the states formed solely on a linguistic basis might be unsuitable , and might even pose a risk to the national unity . On 17 June 1948 , Rajendra Prasad , the President of the Constituent Assembly , set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission ( aka Dhar Commission ) to recommend whether the states should be reorganised on linguistic basis or not . The committee included SK Dhar ( retired Judge of the Allahabad High Court ) , JN Lal ( lawyer ) and Panna Lall ( retired Indian Civil Service officer ) . In its 10 December 1948 report , the Commission recommended that `` the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation '' . It recommended the reorganisation of the provinces of Madras , Bombay and Central Provinces and Berar primarily on the basis of geographical contiguity , financial self - sufficiency and ease of administration . Soon after the report was published , the Congress , at its Jaipur session , set up the `` JVP committee '' to study the recommendations of the Dar Commission . The committee , comprised Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel , in addition to the Congress president Pattabhi Sitaramayya . In its report dated 1 April 1949 , the Committee stated that the time was not suitable for formation of new provinces , but also stated `` if public sentiment is insistent and overwhelming , we , as democrats , have to submit to it , but subject to certain limitations in regard to the good of India as a whole '' . B.R. Ambedkar submitted a Memorandum ( dated 14 October 1948 ) to the Dar Commission , supporting the formation of linguistic provinces , specifically the formation of the Marathi - majority Maharashtra state with Bombay as its capital . To address the concern of national unity , he suggested that the official language of every province should be same as the official language of the Central Government . KM Munshi , a Gujarati leader opposed to incorporation of Bombay in the proposed Maharashtra state , opposed the linguistic reorganisation proposal , saying that `` the political ambition of a linguistic group can only be satisfied by the exclusion and discrimination of other linguistic groups within the area . No safeguards and no fundamental rights can save them from the subtle psychological exclusion which linguism implies . '' By the 1952 , the demand for creation of a Telugu - majority state in the parts of the Madras State had become powerful . Potti Sreeramulu , one of the activists demanding the formation of a Telugu - majority state , died on 16 December 1952 after undertaking a fast - unto - death . Subsequently , the Telugu - majority Andhra State was formed in 1953 . This sparked off agitations all over the country , with linguistic groups demanding separate statehoods . To reorganise the states , the Government of India constituted the State Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali , a former Supreme Court judge . SRC report ( edit ) The Commission submitted its report on 30 September 1955 , with the following recommendations : The three - tier ( Part - A / B / C ) state system should be abolished The institution of Rajapramukh and special agreement with former princely states should be abolished The general control vested in Government of India by Article 371 should be abolished Only the following 3 states should be the Union Territories : Andaman & Nicobar , Delhi and Manipur . The other Part - C / D territories should be merged with the adjoining states The report was tabled in the Lok Sabha on 14 December 1955 . In Part II of Report of the States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) 1955 , titled `` Factors Bearing on Reorganisation '' , the Commission clearly said that `` it is neither possible nor desirable to reorganise States on the basis of the single test of either language or culture , but that a balanced approach to the whole problem is necessary in the interest of our national unity. `` Implementation ( edit ) The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 implemented some of the recommendations of the SRC . In addition to the three Union Territories ( UTs ) proposed by the SRC , it also established Laccadive , Minicoy & Amindivi Islands , Himachal Pradesh and Tripura as UTs . It established a total of 14 states in addition to these UTs . See also : States Reorganisation Act Controversies ( edit ) South Indian states prior to the States Reorganisation Act . The recommendations of the commission were not accepted universally . Vidarbha ( edit ) The SRC recommended formation of separate Vidarbha State by splitting majority Marathi speaking areas from Madhya Pradesh state . However , the Indian government did not accept the recommendation and merged these areas in the predominantly Marathi speaking Bombay state . Vidarbha would have been the second Marathi majority state for the people of a regional / provincial language in India . Similarly , Telangana state would have been the second state for the Telugu speaking people beside Andhra state as per the SRC recommendation . Eventually , Telangana did become a separate state on 2nd June , 2014 . Kerala - Madras ( edit ) The Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress demanded to merge Thovalai , Agasteeswaram , Kalkulam , Vilavancode , Neyyatinkara , Senkottai , Deviculam and Peermade with Madras State . However , the Commission recommended only the merger of Thovalai , Agasteeswaram , Kalkulam , Vilvancode and Shenkottai with Madras State . In Neyyatinkara Taluk the Commission found that 86 % of the people knew Malayalam . So the Commission did not favour the merger of this Taluk with Madras State . During the Lok Sabha ( Parliament ) discussions , the representatives of Travancore - Cochin State vehemently opposed the Commission 's recommendations for the merger of the Southern Taluks with Madras State . A. Nesamony argued for the merger of Neyyatinkara , Deviculam , Peermade and Chittoor with the Tamil - majority Madras State . Even though the SRC recommended for the merger of the entire Shenkottai taluk , the subsequently formed Joint Committee recommended the eastern portion of Shenkottai alone to be merged with Madras State . This decision was finally published authoritatively on 16 January 1956 . In the July 1956 Lok Sabha meeting , Nesamony argued for the full merger of Shencottai as recommended by SRC . The House refused to reconsider the decision of the joint Committee by over-ruling the recommendation of the SRC . On the basis of the percentage of the people speaking Tamil , the S.R. Commission recommended for the transfer of four taluks namely , Agasteeswaram , Thovalai , Kalkulam and Vilavancode to Tamil Nadu from the State of Travancore - Cochin . The same yard stick was used for the transfer of Shenkotta Taluk to Tamil Nadu . While dealing with Devikulam and Peermede taluks , even though the majority was Tamil - speaking people and the representatives to the State Assembly were Tamils as in the case of the above indicated five taluks , the commission used a different yard stick and recommended to retain in Travancore - Cochin State due to geographical reasons . Even though Shenkotta was fully transferred by the commission , the Joint Committee appointed to fix the exact boundaries of the states , divided Shenkotta Taluk and allowed Travancore -- Cochin State to retain a major portion . Andhra - Telangana ( edit ) The Commission 's report judged the arguments for and against the merger of the Telugu - majority Telangana region ( of Hyderabad State ) and the Andhra State ( created in 1953 ) . Para 369 to 389 of SRC deals with the merger of Telangana and Andhra to establish the Andhra Pradesh state ( complete text of the recommendations is available on Wikisource ) . Para 386 of SRC says , `` After taking all these factors into consideration we have come to the conclusions that it will be in the interests of Andhra as well as Telangana , if for the present , the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State , which may be known as the Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two thirds majority the legislature of the residency Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of such unification '' . Hyderabad Chief minister in his letter to Congress President said Communist parties supported the merger for their political calculations . Hyderabad PCC chief said overwhelming majority from Congress opposed the merger and Communists were elected in special circumstances in 1951 and Visalandhra was not a political issue in 1951 and Assembly does not reflect people 's view on this issue . He also said 80 % of Congress delegates who were elected in 1955 opposed the merger . In Hyderabad assembly out of 174 MLAs , 147 MLAs expressed their view . 103 MLAs ( including Marathi and Kannada MLAs ) supported the merger and opposed the Fazal Ali Commission 's recommendation to keep Telangana as a separate state for 5 years ; and 29 opposed such merger . Among Telangana MLAs , 59 Telangana MLAs agreed with the merger , 25 Telangana MLAs opposed the merger . Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly , 36 were Communists ( PDF ) , 40 were Congress , 11 were Socialist party ( SP ) , 9 were independents . Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents asked to include the phrase `` As per the wishes of people '' in the resolution . An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana 's interests . Popular newspaper in Telangana , Golconda Patrika , in its editorial on 8 March 1956 , immediately after Nehru public declaration about the merger , expressing doubts about the Gentleman 's agreement said Andhra older brother might say any number of sweet things now , but they have to be committed to their promises and they should not exploit Telangana younger brother in future . '' Following the Gentlemen 's agreement , the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on November 1 , 1956 . There have been several movements to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra , major ones occurring in 1969 , 1972 and 2000s onwards . The Telangana movement gained momentum over decades becoming a widespread political demand of creating a new state from the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh . In early 2014 , the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 was approved by the Indian parliament , and Telangana became India 's 29th state on 2 June 2014 . Punjabi Suba ( edit ) The Akali Dal , a Sikh - dominated political party active mainly in Punjab , sought to create a Punjabi Suba ( a Punjabi - majority ) province . This new state would be a Sikh - majority state , which caused concern among the Punjabi Hindus . The Sikh leaders such Fateh Singh tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand , while downplaying its religious basis -- a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved . The Hindu newspapers from Jalandhar , exhorted the Punjabi Hindus to declare Hindi as their `` mother tongue '' , so that the Punjabi Suba proponents could be deprived of the argument that their demand was solely linguistic . The States Reorganisation Commission rejected the demand for a Punjabi - majority state saying that it lacked a majority support and that Punjabi was not grammatically very distinct from Hindi . The Patiala and East Punjab States Union ( PEPSU ) was merged with Punjab , though . Akali Dal continued its movement , and in 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act split Punjab into the Sikh - majority Punjab state and the Hindu - majority state of Haryana , with Chandigarh , administered as a separate union territory , as the shared capital of the two states . Belgaum ( edit ) Main article : Belgaum border dispute After India became independent in 1947 , the Belgaum district ( which was in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency ) became a part of the Bombay State . The award of the Belgaum district to the Kannada - majority Mysore State ( later Karnataka ) was contested by the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti , which wanted it to be included in the proposed Marathi - majority Maharashtra state . See also ( edit ) States Reorganisation Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India ( 1949 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha Secretariat . pp. 1141 -- 1143 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe ( 2009 ) . The Pearson General Studies Manual ( 1 ed . ) . Pearson Education India . pp. 3.12 -- 3.13 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2133 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Karl J. Schmidt ( 1995 ) . An atlas and survey of South Asian history . M.E. Sharpe . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 334 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : AG Noorani ( 10 -- 23 April 2010 ) . `` Linguism trap '' . Frontline . = The Hindu . 27 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Virendra Kumar ( 1976 ) . Committees And Commissions In India Vol. 1 : 1947 - 54 . Concept . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 196 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ( 1948 ) . Maharashtra as a linguistic province : statement submitted to the Linguistic Provinces Commission . Thacker . Jump up ^ Marshall , David F. Language Planning . John Benjamin Publishing co . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Approach and Arrangements , States Reorganisation committee report , October 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : D. Peter ; Ivy Peter . Liberation of the Oppressed : A Continuous Struggle . p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` No belief in Safeguards : Hyderabad PCC chief . - Page 4 of Nov 21 , 1955 Indian Express '' . News.google.com. 1955 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Page 1 of the edition December 5 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Andhra Prabha . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION , 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HYDERABAD '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ SRC sub committee said no decision on Visalandhra taken. - Page 1 of Feb 1 , 1956 Indian Express Jump up ^ New Telugu state to be called Hyderabad . Regional council for Telangana . - Page 1 of Feb 21 , 1956 Indian Express Jump up ^ `` Parreksha Samayam ( Testing time ) '' ( PDF ) . Golconda Patrika - 8 March 1956 - Page 2 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra '' . Rediff.com. 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Brass , Paul R. ( 2005 ) . Language , Religion and Politics in North India . iUniverse . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34394 - 2 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation <Td_colspan="2"> Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_Reorganisation_Commission&oldid=764358563 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Reorganisation of Indian states Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2017 , at 13 : 30 . 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1. States Reorganisation Commission 2. Reorganisation of state boundaries 3. Linguistic basis for state formation 4. Controversies in state reorganisation 5. Formation of Telangana state

when did the fcc vote to repeal net neutrality

Net neutrality in the United States - wikipedia Net neutrality in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about Net neutrality Topics and issues Bandwidth cap Bandwidth throttling Data discrimination Deep packet inspection End - to - end principle Internet Protocol ( IP ) Net bias Net neutrality law Search neutrality Tiered Internet By country or region Brazil Canada Chile European Union India Netherlands Philippines Singapore United States ( FCC ) In the United States , net neutrality has been an issue of contention among network users and access providers since the 1990s . In 2005 , under Republican Chair Abernathy , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) adopted policies and rules establishing principles of `` network neutrality '' in order to carry out the policy of the United States `` to preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet '' and `` to promote the continued development of the Internet , '' `` encourag ( ing ) the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability '' -- broadband -- `` to all Americans . '' . The FCC noted that Congress had cited the Internet 's educational and informational importance , and the fact that `` ( t ) he Internet also represents `` a forum for a true diversity of political discourse , unique opportunities for cultural development , and myriad avenues for intellectual activity , '' as well as `` play ( ing ) an important role in the economy , as an engine for productivity growth and cost savings . '' In order `` to ensure that providers of telecommunications for Internet access or Internet Protocol - enabled ( IP - enabled ) services are operated in a neutral manner , '' and noting that its `` Enforcement Bureau recently entered into a consent decree to resolve an investigation with respect to the blocking of ports used for voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) , '' the Commission adopted network neutrality principles `` to preserve and promote the vibrant and open character of the Internet as the telecommunications marketplace enters the broadband age . '' Throughout 2005 and 2006 , corporations supporting both sides of the issue zealously lobbied Congress . Between 2005 and 2012 , five attempts to pass bills in Congress containing net neutrality provisions failed . Each sought to preserve the open Internet that consumer groups sought , and to prohibit Internet service providers from using various variable pricing models based upon the user 's quality of service level , described as tiered service in the industry and as price discrimination arising from abuse of `` local monopolies enshrined in law '' by some economists . Large broadband Internet access service providers challenged the FCC 's network neutrality principles . In Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC , 740 F. 3d 623 ( D.C. Cir. 2014 ) The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that because the FCC classified broadband internet service providers ( ISPs ) as providing `` information services , '' governed by Title I of the Communications Act of 1934 , rather than `` common carrier services , '' governed by Title II of the Act ( 47 U.S.C. § 201 -- 31 ) , the FCC could not regulate ISPs pursuant to the much broader regulatory power found in Title II of the Act . Thus the rules were struck down . Following that ruling , the FCC took steps to reclassify ISPs as common carriers subject to Title II regulation . The FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ( NPRM ) soliciting comments from the public on the issue . The FCC received 3.7 million comments , a substantial majority of which supported reclassifying internet to a telecommunications service and ISPs to common carriers subject to Title II regulatory authority . The FCC then went forward , reclassifying retail providers of BIAS as common carriers , and adopted revised open Internet requirements . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by reclassifying broadband as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` net neutrality '' regulations . These rules went into effect on June 12 , 2015 . The United States Telecom Association , which represents large telecom companies , filed a lawsuit against the FCC in 2015 challenging the net neutrality rule . The Association argued that the FCC 's classification of broadband carriers as `` common carriers '' was a form of administrative overreach . In June 2016 , a divided panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the FCC 's net neutrality rules and the FCC 's determination that broadband access is a public utility , rather than a luxury . Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017 , Ajit Pai proposed to repeal the policies and issued a NPRM soliciting comments from the public on the issue . The FCC received over 20 million comments this time around . While this process was still underway , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman made public that he has been investigating a substantial amount of fraudulent activity relating to the comments on this rulemaking and that the FCC has been resistant to assisting him in his investigation . It has since been revealed that there were millions of fraudulent comments submitted during this comment period . Nevertheless , on December 14 , 2017 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) voted in favor of repealing these policies , 3 -- 2 , along party lines , as the 2015 vote had occurred . On January 4 , 2018 , the FCC published the official text for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' . Shortly thereafter , twenty two state Attorneys General filed suit against the FCC , alleging , inter alia , that the comment process was corrupted , making the rule changes invalid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulatory history 1.1 Early history 1980 -- early 2000s 1.2 FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) 1.3 CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.4 FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.5 FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) 1.6 FCC Open Internet Order ( 2010 ) 1.7 Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) 1.7. 1 Section 706 vs. Title II 1.8 Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Policy proposals ( 2014 ) 1.8. 2 Ruling 1.9 Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) 1.10 Timeline of significant events 2 Violations 3 Attempted legislation 4 Positions 4.1 Support of net neutrality 4.2 Opposition to net neutrality 4.3 Alternative FCC proposals 4.4 Opinions cautioning against legislation 5 Unresolved issues 5.1 Alternatives to cable and DSL 5.2 Utility company restrictions 6 Repeal plan 6.1 Executive Orders effective immediately 6.2 Other actions pending 6.3 Summary of state - level net neutrality actions 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Regulatory history ( edit ) Early history 1980 -- early 2000s ( edit ) See also : Communications Act of 1934 While the term is new , the ideas underlying net neutrality have a long pedigree in telecommunications practice and regulation . Services such as telegrams and the phone network ( officially , the public switched telephone network or PSTN ) have been considered common carriers under U.S. law , which means that they have been akin to public utilities and expressly forbidden to give preferential treatment . They have been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) in order to ensure fair pricing and access . In the late 1980s the Internet became legally available for commercial use , and in the early years of public use of the Internet , this was its main use -- public access was limited and largely reached through dial - up modems ( as was the Bulletin board system dial - up culture that preceded it ) . The Internet was viewed more as a commercial service than a domestic and societal system . Being business services , cable modem Internet access and high - speed data links , which make up the Internet 's core , had always since their creation been categorized under U.S. law as an information service , unlike telephone services ( including services by dial - up modem ) , and not as a telecommunications service , and thus had not been subject to common carrier regulations , as upheld in National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services . However , by the late 1990s and early 2000s , the Internet started to become common in households and wider society . Also in the 1980s , arguments about the public interest requirements of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. arose ; whether companies involved in broadcasting were best viewed as community trustees , with obligations to society and consumers , or mere market participants with obligations only to their shareholders . The legal debate about net neutrality regulations of the 2000s echoes this debate . By the 1990s , some U.S. politicians began to express concern over protecting the Internet : How can government ensure that the nascent Internet will permit everyone to be able to compete with everyone else for the opportunity to provide any service to all willing customers ? Next , how can we ensure that this new marketplace reaches the entire nation ? And then how can we ensure that it fulfills the enormous promise of education , economic growth , and job creation ? -- Al Gore , 1994 , In the early 2000s , legal scholars such as Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig raised the issue of neutrality in a series of academic papers addressing regulatory frameworks for packet networks . Wu , in particular , noted that the Internet is structurally biased against voice and video applications . The debate that started in the U.S. extended internationally with distinct differences of the debate in Europe . FCC promotes freedom without regulation ( 2004 ) ( edit ) In February 2004 , then Federal Communications Commission Chairman Michael Powell announced a set of non-discrimination principles , which he called the principles of `` Network Freedom '' . In a speech at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium , Powell encouraged ISPs to offer users these four freedoms : Freedom to access content Freedom to run applications Freedom to attach devices Freedom to obtain service plan information In early 2005 , in the Madison River case , the FCC for the first time showed the willingness to enforce its network neutrality principles by opening an investigation about Madison River Communications , a local telephone carrier that was blocking voice over IP service . Yet the FCC did not fine Madison River Communications . The investigation was closed before any formal factual or legal finding and there was a settlement in which the company agreed to stop discriminating against voice over IP traffic and to make a $15,000 payment to the US Treasury in exchange for the FCC dropping its inquiry . Since the FCC did not formally establish that Madison River Communications violated laws and regulation , the Madison River settlement does not create a formal precedent , though established that it would take enforcement action in such situations . CLEC , dial - up , and DSL deregulation ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) In 2004 , the court case USTA v. FCC voided the FCC 's authority to enforce rules requiring telephone operators to unbundle certain parts of their networks at regulated prices . This caused the economic collapse of many competitive local exchange carriers ( CLEC ) . In the United States , broadband services were historically regulated differently according to the technology by which they were carried . While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation , DSL was regulated as a telecommunications service . In 2005 , the FCC reclassified Internet access across the phone network , including DSL , as `` information service '' relaxing the common carrier regulations and unbundling requirement . During the FCC 's hearing , the National Cable & Telecommunications Association urged the FCC to adopt the four criteria laid out in its 2005 Internet Policy Statement as the requisite openness . This made up a voluntary set of four net neutrality principles . Implementation of the principles was not mandatory ; that would require an FCC rule or federal law . The modified principles were as follows : Consumers are entitled to access the lawful Internet content of their choice ; Consumers are entitled to run applications and services of their choice , subject to the needs of law enforcement ; Consumers are entitled to connect their choice of legal devices that do not harm the network ; and Consumers are entitled to competition among network providers , application and service providers , and content providers . In December 2006 , the AT&T / Bell South merger agreement defined net neutrality as an agreement on the part of the broadband provider : `` not to provide or to sell to Internet content , application or service providers ... any service that privileges , degrades or prioritizes any ( data ) packet transmitted over AT&T / BellSouth 's wireline broadband Internet access service based on its source , ownership or destination . '' FCC attempts at enforcing net neutrality ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Comcast , the largest cable company in the US , was found to be blocking or severely delaying BitTorrent uploads on their network using a technique which involved creating ' reset ' packets ( TCP RST ) that appeared to come from the other party . An August 2007 report by TorrentFreak ( based on substantial nationwide research led by chief researcher Andrew Norton ) noted that ISPs had been throttling BitTorrent traffic for almost two years , since 2005 , but Comcast was completely blocking it in at least some cases . This was later verified by both the EFF and Associated Press . On March 27 , 2008 , Comcast and BitTorrent reached an agreement to work together on network traffic where Comcast was to adopt a protocol - neutral stance `` as soon as the end of ( 2008 ) '' , and explore ways to `` more effectively manage traffic on its network at peak times . '' In December 2009 , Comcast reached a proposed settlement of US $16 million , admitting no wrongdoing and amounting to no more than US $16 per share . In August 2008 , the FCC made its first Internet network management decision . It voted 3 - to - 2 to uphold a complaint against Comcast ruling that it had illegally inhibited users of its high - speed Internet service from using file - sharing software because it throttled the bandwidth available to certain customers for video files to ensure that other customers had adequate bandwidth . The FCC imposed no fine , but required Comcast to end such blocking in the year 2008 , ordered Comcast to disclose the details of its network management practices within 30 days , submit a compliance plan for ending the offending practices by the end of the year , and disclose to the public the details of intended future practices . Then - FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said the order was meant to set a precedent , that Internet providers and all communications companies could not prevent customers from using their networks the way they see fit , unless there is a good reason . In an interview Martin stated that `` We are preserving the open character of the Internet '' and `` We are saying that network operators ca n't block people from getting access to any content and any applications . '' The case highlighted whether new legislation is needed to force Internet providers to maintain network neutrality , i.e. , treat all usages of their networks equally . The legal complaint against Comcast was related to BitTorrent , software that is commonly used for downloading movies , television shows , music and software on the Internet . Towards the end of 2009 , FCC Chair Julius Genachowski announced at the Brookings Institution a series of proposals that would prevent telecommunications , cable and wireless companies from blocking certain information on the Internet , for example , Skype applications . In September 2009 , he proposed to add two rules to its 2005 policy statement , viz. , the nondiscrimination principle that ISPs must not discriminate against any content or applications , and the transparency principle , requiring that ISPs disclose all their policies to customers . He argued that wireless should be subject to the same network neutrality as wireline providers . In October 2009 , the FCC gave notice of proposed rule making on net neutrality . In two rulings , in April and June 2010 respectively , both of the above were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Comcast Corp. v. FCC . On April 6 , 2010 , the FCC 's 2008 cease - and - desist order against Comcast to slow and stop BitTorrent transfers was denied . The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC has no powers to regulate any Internet provider 's network , or the management of its practices : `` ( the FCC ) ' has failed to tie its assertion ' of regulatory authority to an actual law enacted by Congress '' , and in June 2010 , it overturned ( in the same case ) the FCC 's Order against Comcast , ruling similarly that the FCC lacked the authority under Title One of the Communications Act of 1934 , to force ISPs to keep their networks open , while employing reasonable network management practices , to all forms of legal content . In May 2010 , the FCC announced it would continue its fight for net neutrality . FCC 's conditions for spectrum auction ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In February 2008 , Kevin Martin , then Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , said that he is `` ready , willing and able , '' to prevent broadband ISPs from irrationally interfering with their subscribers ' Internet access . In 2008 , when the FCC auctioned off the 700 MHz block of wireless spectrum in anticipation of the DTV transition , Google promised to enter a bid of $4.6 billion , if the FCC required the winning licensee to adhere to four conditions : Open applications : Consumers should be able to download and use any software application , content , or services they desire ; Open devices : Consumers should be able to use a handheld communications device with whatever wireless network they prefer ; Open services : Third parties ( resellers ) should be able to acquire wireless services from a 700 MHz licensee on a wholesale basis , based on reasonably nondiscriminatory commercial terms ; Open networks : Third parties , such as Internet service providers , should be able to interconnect at any technically feasible point in a 700 MHz licensee 's wireless network . These conditions were broadly similar to the FCC 's Internet Policy Statement ; FCC 's applications and content were combined into a single bullet , and an extra bullet requiring wholesale access for third party providers was included . The FCC adopted only two of these four criteria for the auction , viz. , open devices and open applications , and only applied these conditions to the nationwide C block portion of the band . President Barack Obama 's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 called for an investment of $7.2 billion in broadband infrastructure and included an openness stipulation . FCC open Internet order ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : FCC Open Internet Order 2010 In December 2010 , the FCC approved the FCC Open Internet Order banning cable television and telephone service providers from preventing access to competitors or certain web sites such as Netflix . On December 21 , 2010 , the FCC voted on and passed a set of six net `` neutrality principles '' : Transparency : Consumers and innovators have a right to know the basic performance characteristics of their Internet access and how their network is being managed ; No blocking : This includes a right to send and receive lawful traffic , prohibits the blocking of lawful content , apps , services and the connection of non-harmful devices to the network ; Level playing field : Consumers and innovators have a right to a level playing field . This means a ban on unreasonable content discrimination . There is no approval for so - called `` pay for priority '' arrangements involving fast lanes for some companies but not others ; Network management : This is an allowance for broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management . These rules do not forbid providers from offering subscribers tiers of services or charging based on bandwidth consumed ; Mobile : The provisions adopted today do not apply as strongly to mobile devices , though some provisions do apply . Of those that do are the broadly applicable rules requiring transparency for mobile broadband providers and prohibiting them from blocking websites and certain competitive applications ; Vigilance : The order creates an open Internet advisory committee to assist the commission in monitoring the state of Internet openness and the effects of the rules . The net neutrality rule did not keep ISPs from charging more for faster access . The measure was denounced by net neutrality advocates as a capitulation to telecommunication companies such as allowing them to discriminate on transmission speed for their profit , especially on mobile devices like the iPad , while pro-business advocates complained about any regulation of the Internet at all . Republicans in Congress announced to reverse the rule through legislation . Advocates of net neutrality criticized the changes . Narrowing of the FCC 's authority ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On January 14 , 2014 , the DC Circuit Court determined in the case of Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission that the FCC had no authority to enforce network neutrality rules as long as service providers were not identified as `` common carriers '' . The court agreed that FCC can regulate broadband and may craft more specific rules that stop short of identifying service providers as common carriers . Section 706 vs. Title II ( edit ) As a response to the DC Circuit Court 's decision , a dispute developed as to whether net neutrality could be guaranteed under existing law , or if reclassification of ISPs was needed to ensure net neutrality . Wheeler stated that the FCC had the authority under Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to regulate ISPs , while others , including President Obama , supported reclassifying ISPs as common carriers under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Critics of Section 706 point out that the section has no clear mandate to guarantee equal access to content provided over the internet , while subsection 202 ( a ) of the Communications Act states that common carriers can not `` make any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges , practices , classifications , regulations , facilities , or services . '' Advocates of net neutrality have generally supported reclassifying ISPs under Title II , while FCC leadership and ISPs have generally opposed such reclassification . The FCC stated that if they reclassified ISPs as common carriers , the commission would selectively enforce Title II , so that only sections relating to broadband would apply to ISPs . Deliberations about reclassification as common carriers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Policy proposals ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Users with faster Internet connectivity ( e.g. , fiber ) abandon a slow - loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity ( e.g. , cable or mobile ) . A `` fast lane '' in the Internet can irrevocably decrease the user 's tolerance to the relative slowness of the `` slow lane '' . On February 19 , 2014 , the FCC announced plans to formulate new rules to resume enforcing net neutrality while complying with the court rulings . However , in the event , on April 23 , 2014 , the FCC reported a new draft rule that would permit broadband ISPs such as Comcast and Verizon to offer content providers , such as Netflix , Disney or Google , willing to pay a higher price , faster connection speeds , so their customers would have preferential access , thus reversing its earlier position and ( so far as opinion outside the ISP sector generally agreed ) would deny net neutrality . Public response was heated , pointing out FCC chairman Tom Wheeler 's past as a president and CEO of two major ISP - related organizations , and the suspicion of bias towards the profit - motives of ISPs as a result . Shortly afterwards , during late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider promulgating rules allowing Internet service providers ( ISPs ) to violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for Internet users to access certain content -- whose owners paid fees to the ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) -- and harder to access other content , thus undermining the traditional open architecture of the Internet . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies -- including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook -- signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a `` grave threat to the Internet '' . As of May 15 , 2014 , the `` Internet fast lane '' rules passed with a 3 -- 2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . On May 15 , 2014 , in the face of continuing intense focus and criticism , the FCC stated it would consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . The same day , the FCC opened a public comment period on how FCC rulemaking could best protect and promote an open Internet , garnering over one million responses , the most the FCC had ever received for rulemaking . The FCC proposal for a tiered Internet received heavy criticism . Opponents argued that a user accessing content over the `` fast lane '' on the Internet would find the `` slow lane '' intolerable in comparison , greatly disadvantaging any content provider who is unable to pay for `` fast lane '' access . They argued that a tiered Internet would suppress new Internet innovations by increasing the barrier to entry . Video providers Netflix and Vimeo in their comments filed with the FCC used the research of S.S. Krishnan and Ramesh Sitaraman that provided quantitative evidence of the impact of Internet speed on online video users . Their research studied the patience level of millions of Internet video users who waited for a slow - loading video to start playing . Users with faster Internet connectivity , such as fiber - to - the - home , demonstrated less patience and abandoned their videos sooner than similar users with slower Internet connectivity . Opponents of the rules declared September 10 , 2014 , to be the `` Internet slowdown '' . Participating websites were purposely slowed down to show what they felt would happen if the new rules took effect . Websites that participated in the Internet slowdown included Netflix , Reddit , Tumblr , Twitter , Vimeo and Kickstarter . The Economist described the `` Battle for the Net ( ... ) now casting the upcoming FCC decision as an epic clash between `` Team Internet '' ( a plucky band of high - tech multi-millionaires ) and `` Team Cable '' ( a dastardly bunch of Big - ISP billionaires ) . '' On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama stepped in , and recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On November 12 , 2014 , future president Donald Trump tweeted , `` Obama 's attack on the internet is another top down power grab . Net neutrality is the Fairness Doctrine . Will target conservative media . '' Ruling ( edit ) On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress HR discussion draft bill , that made concessions to net neutrality but prohibited the FCC from accomplishing that goal , or from enacting any further regulation affecting ISPs . Two weeks later , on January 31 , AP News reported the FCC would present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) common carrier status to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and ensure net neutrality , according to FCC chairman Tom Wheeler . On the day before the FCC vote , the FCC was expected to vote to regulate the Internet in this manner , as a public good , and on February 26 , 2015 , the FCC voted to apply common carrier of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet . On the same day , the FCC also voted to preempt state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that limited the ability of local governments in those states to provide broadband services to potential customers outside of their service areas . While the latter ruling affects only those two states , the FCC indicated that the agency would make similar rulings if it received petitions from localities in other states . In response to ISP and opponent views , the FCC chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of its new net neutrality rules , and on April 13 , 2015 , the final rule was published . Social media platforms had a large role on engaging the public in the debate surrounding net neutrality . Popular websites such as Tumblr , Vimeo , and Reddit also participated in the Internet slowdown on September 10 , 2014 , which the organization said was the largest sustained ( lasting more than a single day ) online protest effort in history . On January 26 , 2015 , popular blogging site Tumblr placed links to group Fight For The Future , a net neutrality advocacy group . The website displayed a countdown to the FCC vote on Title II on February 26 , 2015 . This was part of a widespread Internet campaign to sway congressional opinion and encourage users to call or submit comments to congressional representatives . Net neutrality advocacy groups such as Save the Internet coalition and Battle for the Net responded to the 2015 FCC ruling by calling for defense of the new net neutrality rules . Net neutrality and the Trump administration ( 2017 ) ( edit ) In January 2017 , newly inaugurated president Donald Trump appointed Ajit Pai as the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission . Pai had previously been nominated to fill one of the required Republican seats on the commission by President Obama under the recommendation of Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell . Pai , who objected to the 2015 Open Internet Order , quickly began to roll back some of the policies that had been implemented by the FCC during the Obama administration , and halted an investigation into the use of zero - rating by U.S. wireless providers . After his appointment , Pai stated that he planned to `` modernize '' FCC policies to `` match the reality of the modern marketplace '' , but was unsure over whether the FCC would continue to enforce the net neutrality rules or Title II classification of broadband services . In an interview on May 5 , 2017 , with NPR , Pai stated his argument against net neutrality enforcement rules to be only about focusing on fixing actual anti-competitive behavior that Internet providers show as opposed to just `` regulating against hypothetical harms '' . Another argument he makes against this is that when the government inserts itself into the Internet 's issues then it stifles its innovation and growth . He argues that it is impossible to predict all outcomes , and although some might be bad , it is not a good idea to put such strict restrictions on everyone when there are only a few companies who would harm consumers or innovators . He believes that strict net neutrality rules would `` prohibit a number of pro-competitive business arrangements '' and `` would reduce investments '' . In April 2017 , it was reported that Pai had proposed that the net neutrality rules and Title II classifications be rolled back , that ISPs should instead `` voluntarily '' commit to the principles , and that violations of them should be enforced by the Federal Trade Commission instead of the FCC as unfair or deceptive business practices . On April 29 , 2017 , a clearer understanding of the latest net neutrality compromise proposal was described . On May 18 , 2017 , the FCC voted to move forward with Pai 's Notice of proposed rulemaking ( NPRM ) on `` Restoring Internet freedom '' by rolling back net neutrality regulations . The official `` Comment Date '' was July 17 , 2017 , with the `` Reply Comment Date '' being August 16 , 2017 . The primary argument in this NPRM is that the Title II Order ( on net neutrality ) has pushed the major telecoms to reduce their capital expenditures ( CapEx ) in new infrastructure , thereby threatening the future of the nation . For this , they cite the approx . $1 billion reduction from 2014 to 2015 in CapEx reported by the United States Telecom Association and similar figures from industry consultant Hal Singer . Broadband capital expenditures by U.S. broadband providers ( $ billions , 1996 - 2015 ) However , the accompanying plot of the USTelecom data cited ( but not plotted ) in the NPRM raises questions about whether the Title II Order generated a major reduction in Telecom Capex following the FCC 's 2015 Title II Order on net neutrality : Roughly three quarters of the annual changes between 1996 and 2015 were larger . That change could easily be attributed to any number of other changes . The New York Times claimed that the majority on the FCC had to cherry - pick their data to support their conclusion . In her dissent to this NPRM , Commissioner Clyburn wrote , `` I have yet to see a credible analysis that suggests that broadband provider capital expenditures have declined as a result of our 2015 Open Internet Order ... Using the same logic that the NPRM uses , one could suggest that the FCC 's classification of cable modem service as an information service in 2002 resulted in an even more precipitous drop in broadband provider investment . '' Falcon , Legislative Council for the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that no such claims of CapEx reductions have been made in official reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , He said that major companies can be sued by investors who assert that they lost money because of misleading information in an SEC filing , and no such penalties apply to potentially misleading statements to Congress or the public . Falcon 's claim is supported by an analysis by Turner of Free Press in a report that includes 26 figures and tables , 21 of which were extracted from SEC filings and three of the remaining five came from the U.S. Census Bureau 's Annual Capital Expenditures Survey . The change since the Title II Order was negative for only 5 of Turner 's 24 tables , and the mean and median change over the 24 tables for which it seemed reasonable to extract a typical annualized percentage change were 8.1 % and 5.2 % , respectively . Over 1,000 startups and investors signed an open letter to Pai opposing the proposal . The FCC received over 21 million comments from the public , though it has since become clear that millions of these comments were fraudulent . After the commenting period , the FCC voted along party lines to repeal the 2014 rules . To investigate the suggestion that some of the anti-net neutrality comments might be fraudulently using the names of real people without their knowledge , Fight for the Future created a web site called comcastroturf , claiming ( on May 23 , 2017 ) , `` Someone has submitted nearly half a million anti-net neutrality comments to the FCC , many of which appear to be completely fake -- using stolen names and addresses '' , and inviting the reader to see if comments had been filed by someone else in his / her name . On May 23 , Fight for the Future reported they had ' received a cease and desist order from Comcast 's lawyers , claiming that Comcastroturf.com ... violates Comcast 's `` valuable intellectual property . '' The letter threatens legal action if the domain is not transferred to Comcast 's control . `` This is exactly why we need Title II net neutrality protections that ban blocking , throttling , and censorship , '' said Evan Greer , campaign director of Fight for the Future , `` If Ajit Pai 's plan is enacted , there would be nothing preventing Comcast from simply blocking sites like Comcastroturf.com that are critical of their corporate policies '' . ' In early May , Forbes reported that , `` a group of activists , under the banner Battle for the Net , unveiled a campaign to generate letters to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) to complain about zero rating offerings , or free data programs . '' Forbes claimed that , `` All of the groups sponsoring this petition are funded by Google , who is likely upset because zero rating is a way for startups to circumvent Google 's demands . Zero rating eradicates the idea that paid ads on search engines are the only way to gain visibility online . '' In early June , Battle for the Net , a coalition spearheaded by Fight for the Future , Free Press Action Fund , and Demand Progress , announced a `` massive day of action '' for July 12 . Over 50,000 websites , including multinational corporations , participated in what Fight for the Future called `` the largest online protest in history '' . On June 15 , 2017 , Gigi Sohn , who had previously served as a top counselor to then - FCC chairman Tom Wheeler , published `` 4 steps to writing an impactful net neutrality comment ( which you should do ) '' : Write about yourself and how the net neutrality rules have affected you . Write about what you understand you are buying when you purchase broadband Internet access . Write about the choices you have ( or do n't ) for broadband Internet access . Write about what role you think the FCC should have in overseeing the market for broadband Internet access . On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . FCC commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel alleged on December 8 that the FCC was withholding evidence of fraud due to irregularities in its comment period and said the vote should be postponed until after an appropriate investigation . Many organizations involved in the July 12 Day of Action planned an online protest for December 12 . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , with a 3 -- 2 party - line vote approving the repeal . Within minutes after the vote , New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman announced his intent to lead a multi-state lawsuit against the FCC to `` stop illegal rollback of net neutrality '' . Washington Attorney General Bob Ferguson also stated his intent to sue . On January 4 , 2018 , the current version of `` Restoring Internet freedom '' was published . Timeline of significant events ( edit ) January 12 , 2003 -- Law Professor Tim Wu coins phrase Net Neutrality while discussing `` competing contents and applications . '' June 27 , 2005 -- Supreme Court decides that `` communications , content , and applications are allowed to pass freely over the Internet 's broadband pipes . '' September 1 , 2007 -- Comcast begins interfering with Bittorrent traffic on its network . January 9 , 2008 -- FCC investigates Comcast traffic policy and treatment of Bittorrent traffic . August 9 , 2010 -- Google and Verizon try to cut deal to make larger parts of internet to be exempt from protection from the net neutrality rules from the FCC . December 21 , 2010 -- FCC creates Open Internet Rules which `` established high - level rules requiring transparency and prohibiting blocking and unreasonable discrimination to protect Internet openness . '' September 23 , 2011 -- The Federal Register publishes the Open Internet Rules . January 14 , 2014 -- The ruling in Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC ( 2014 ) vacates significant parts of Open Internet Order 2010 . May 13 , 2014 -- FCC releases new proposal including new rules on allowing `` fast lanes and slow lanes online . '' June 13 , 2014 -- FCC investigates large companies such as Netflix for interconnection policies . July 15 , 2014 -- FCC opens up on Public Knowledge for public comments , received 1.1 million comments on the first day . Determined that `` less than 1 % of comments were clearly opposed to net neutrality . '' September 15 , 2014 -- FCC receives 3.7 million comments in total . `` The FCC 's server crashes again as millions more people , companies , and advocacy organizations weigh in on the open internet rules . '' February 26 , 2015 -- FCC passes the Title II Net Neutrality Rules . `` In a 3 -- 2 party - line vote , the FCC passes open internet rules applying to both wired and wireless internet connections grounded in Title II authority . '' June 12 , 2015 -- Net neutrality rules go into effect . June 14 , 2016 -- New rules are upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . January 23 , 2017 -- President Trump names Ajit Pai as new FCC chairman . April 26 , 2017 -- FCC Chairman Ajit Pai announces plan to reverse Title II regulations . May 1 , 2017 -- A U.S. appeals court declined to reconsider a rehearing of the FCC 's net neutrality case . May 18 , 2017 -- The FCC voted 2 -- 1 to start rolling back net neutrality regulations ; this vote marked the beginning of a lengthy process required to modify the existing rules , and it did not actually change said rules . June 6 , 2017 -- Amazon , Reddit , Netflix and many other internet organizations announce that they will hold a simultaneous `` Day of Action to Save Net Neutrality '' on July 12 in a final attempt to convince the Republican - controlled FCC to keep the current net neutrality rules . July 12 , 2017 -- The net neutrality ' day of action ' occurred , involving many major companies and the original founder of the Web , Tim Berners - Lee . July 17 , 2017 -- Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . August 30 , 2017 -- Reply Comment Date for `` Restoring Internet freedom '' NPRM . November 21 , 2017 -- FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveils plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . The five person FCC vote for repeal is scheduled for December 14 , 2017 . December 14 , 2017 -- The FCC votes 3 to 2 , along party lines , in favor of reversing Title II regulations . Violations ( edit ) Many broadband operators imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers . In the best known examples , Cox Cable disciplined users of virtual private networks ( VPNs ) and AT&T , as a cable operator , warned customers that using a Wi - Fi service for home networking constituted `` theft of service '' and a federal crime . Comcast blocked ports of VPNs , forcing the state of Washington , for example , to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for telecommuting applications . Other broadband providers proposed to start charging service and content providers in return for higher levels of service ( higher network priority , faster or more predictable ) , creating what is known as a tiered Internet . In 2005 , North Carolina ISP Madison River Communications blocked the voice - over-internet protocol ( VOIP ) service Vonage . The FCC issued a Letter of Inquiry to Madison River , initiating an investigation . To avoid litigation , Madison River agreed to make a voluntary payment of fifteen thousand dollars and agreed to not block ports used for VoIP applications or otherwise prevent customers from using VoIP applications . According to the consent decree , `` The Parties agree that this Consent Decree does not constitute either an adjudication on the merits or a factual or legal finding regarding any compliance or noncompliance with the requirements of the Act and the Commission 's orders and rules . The Parties agree that this Consent Decree is for settlement purposes only . '' In September 2012 , a group of public interest organizations such as Free Press , Public Knowledge and the New America Foundation 's Open Technology Institute filed a complaint with the FCC that AT&T was violating net neutrality rules by restricting use of Apple 's video - conferencing application FaceTime on cellular networks to those who have a shared data plan on AT&T , excluding those with older , unlimited or tiered data plans . The FCC response noted that `` Although this report does not attempt to engage in any legal interpretations of the Open Internet Order , we do note that the Order treats these mobile broadband networks differently from traditional fixed networks . While both fixed and mobile broadband providers must disclose their management practices , mobile broadband providers have greater latitude for blocking devices and applications ( as long as they do not compete with the provider 's own voice or video telephony services ) and discriminating in how they serve traffic , in accordance with reasonable network - management practices . '' Attempted legislation ( edit ) Main article : Attempted net neutrality legislation in the United States Arguments associated with net neutrality regulations came into prominence in mid-2002 with nine different bills introduced on this issue between 2006 and 2013 . Positions ( edit ) There has been extensive debate about whether net neutrality should be required by law in the United States . Debate over the issue predates the coining of the term . Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their last mile infrastructure to block Internet applications and content ( e.g. websites , services , and protocols ) , and even to block out competitors . While opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that is n't broken . In 2014 Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School suggested that municipal broadband might be a possible solution to net neutrality concerns . Support of net neutrality ( edit ) Organizations that support net neutrality come from widely varied political backgrounds and include groups such as MoveOn.org , Free Press , Consumer Federation of America , AARP , American Library Association , Gun Owners of America , Public Knowledge , the Media Access Project , the Christian Coalition , TechNet , the American Civil Liberties Union , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Greenpeace , Tumblr , Kickstarter , Vimeo , Wikia , Mozilla Foundation , and others . Prominent supporters of net neutrality include Vinton Cerf , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol ; Tim Berners - Lee , creator of the World Wide Web ; law professor Tim Wu ; Netflix CEO Reed Hastings ; Tumblr founder David Karp ; and Last Week Tonight host John Oliver , who created two full - length Last Week Tonight segments about the issue . In December 2017 , 83 % of voters supported keeping the rules on net neutrality , including 75 % of Republican voters , 89 % of Democratic voters , and 86 % of independent voters . Proponents of net neutrality , in particular those in favor of reclassification of broadband to `` common carrier '' , have many concerns about the potential for discriminatory service on the part of providers such as Comcast . Common - carriage principles require network operators to serve the public regardless of geographical location , district income levels , or usage . Telecommunications companies are required to provide services , such as phone access , to all consumers on the premise that it is a necessity that should be available to all people equally . If the FCC 's ability to regulate this aspect is removed , providers could cease to offer services to low income neighborhoods or rural environments . Those in favor of net neutrality often cite that the internet is now an educational necessity , and as such should not be doled out at the discrimination of private companies , whose profit - oriented models cause a conflict of interest . Outside of the US several countries have removed net neutrality protocols and have started double charging for delivering content ( once to consumer and again to content providers ) . This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access , essentially limiting what is available to all people , in particular low income households . Large already well established companies may not be hurt by the cost increase that providers such as Comcast intend to levy upon them , but it would permanently stifle small businesses and the internet 's ability to encourage start - ups . Many have pointed out that sites such as Facebook , Google , and Amazon would not have been able to survive if net neutrality had n't been in place . Concerns abound as to what kind of long term damage would be inflicted on future website innovations , including educational content such as MIT 's OpenCourseWare which is a free website offering online video lectures to the public . Michael Conti , the CEO of Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School , suggests that the children 's education is at stake and that lessons that incorporate the use of the internet are under risk since charter and public schools may not afford the Internet ; in addition , families may not be able to afford Internet at home for their children 's educational needs . Students from virtual charter schools , public schools , children with special needs and homeschool children all depend mostly on web instructions , according to Charamonte . Barbara Stripling , the president of the American Library Association states : `` School , public and college libraries rely upon the public availability of open , affordable Internet access for school homework assignments , distance learning classes , e-government services , licensed databases , job - training videos , medical and scientific research , and many other essential services , we must ensure the same quality access to online educational content as to entertainment and other commercial offerings . '' Previously existing FCC rules do not prevent telecommunications companies from charging fees to certain content providers in exchange for preferential treatment ( the so - called `` fast lanes '' ) . Neutrality advocates Tim Wu and Lawrence Lessig have argued that the FCC does have regulatory power over the matter , following from the must - carry precedent set in the Supreme Court case Turner Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission . Net neutrality proponents argue that telecom companies seek to impose a tiered service model in order to control the pipeline and thereby remove competition , create artificial scarcity , and oblige subscribers to buy their otherwise noncompetitive services . Many believe net neutrality to be primarily important for the preservation of current internet freedoms ; a lack of net neutrality would allow Internet service providers , such as Comcast , to extract payment from content providers like Netflix , and these charges would ultimately be passed on to consumers . Civil rights organizations , such as the Color of Change , the National Hispanic Media Coalition , and more argue that net neutrality is also important for communities of color because it allows for them to tell their own stories and `` organize for racial and social justice . '' Much of the mainstream media does not showcase these minority people , so these organizations believe that it is important to open the Internet into giving these people some sort of broadcast station . By doing so , their voices can be heard , because beforehand ISPs could `` block unpopular speech and prevent dissident voices from speaking freely online . '' As a result , net neutrality has become a social controversy , not just a technological one . In May 2014 , some websites admitted to inserting code that slowed access to their site by users from known FCC IP addresses , as a protest on the FCC 's position on net neutrality . On his show Last Week Tonight , Oliver took on the issue of net neutrality for the first time in 2014 , in the show 's first season . The episode went viral with 13 million views on YouTube and prompted 45,000 comments on the FCC website . Former FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler cites Oliver 's episode as a turning point in the issue of net neutrality . `` John Oliver took the ultimate arcane issue , Title II , and made it something that got people interested . And that 's good . '' Oliver returned to the issue of net neutrality on his May 7 , 2017 , episode in response to Chairman Pai 's promise to get rid of the regulation . He prompted viewers to once again comment on the FCC website by buying the domain gofccyourself.com , which garnered 1.6 million contributions . Opposition to net neutrality ( edit ) Opponents to net neutrality include FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai , the FreedomWorks Foundation , the Reason Foundation , Multiple technology companies , VOIP pioneers Daniel Berninger and Jeff Pulver , Electronic Frontier Foundation founder John Perry Barlow. and Citizens Against Government Waste . Prominent opponents also include Netscape founder and venture capitalist Marc Andreessen , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol Bob Kahn , PayPal founder and Facebook investor Peter Thiel , MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte , Internet engineer and former Chief Technologist for the FCC David Farber , and Nobel Prize economist Gary Becker . Organizations and companies that oppose net neutrality regulations include several major technology hardware companies , cable and telecommunications companies , hundreds of small internet service providers , various think tanks , several civil rights groups , and others . Opponents argue that net neutrality would benefit industry lobbyists , and not consumers due to the potential of regulatory capture with policies that protect incumbent interests . Former hedge fund manager turned journalist Andy Kessler has argued , the threat of eminent domain against the telecommunication providers , instead of new legislation , is the best approach by forcing competition and better services . One print ad frames the Hands Off the Internet message in pro-consumer terms . `` Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to cover the big online companies ' share , '' the ad claims . In November 2005 , Edward Whitacre Jr. , then chief executive officer of SBC Communications , stated `` there 's going to have to be some mechanism for these ( Internet upstarts ) who use these pipes to pay for the portion they 're using '' , and that `` The Internet ca n't be free in that sense , because we and the cable companies have made an investment , '' sparking a furious debate . SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred to new tiered services . Net neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries . Net neutrality opponents such as IBM , Intel , Juniper , Qualcomm , and Cisco claim that net neutrality would deter investment into broadband infrastructure , saying that `` shifting to Title II means that instead of billions of broadband investment driving other sectors of the economy forward , any reduction in this spending will stifle growth across the entire economy . Title II is going to lead to a slowdown , if not a hold , in broadband build out , because if you do n't know that you can recover on your investment , you wo n't make it . '' Others argue that the regulation is `` a solution that wo n't work to a problem that simply does n't exist '' . Critics of net neutrality argue that data discrimination is desirable for reasons like guaranteeing quality of service . Bob Kahn , co-inventor of the Internet Protocol , called the term net neutrality a slogan and opposes establishing it , but he admits that he is against the fragmentation of the net whenever this becomes excluding to other participants . Vint Cerf , Kahn 's co-founder of the Internet Protocol , explains the confusion over their positions on net neutrality , `` There 's also some argument that says , well you have to treat every packet the same . That 's not what any of us said . Or you ca n't charge more for more usage . We did n't say that either . '' Alternative FCC proposals ( edit ) An alternate position was proposed in 2010 by then - FCC Commissioner Julius Genachowski , which would narrowly reclassify Internet access as a telecommunication service under Title Two of the Communications Act of 1934 . It would apply only six common carrier rules under the legal principle of forbearance that would sufficiently prevent unreasonable discrimination and mandate reasonable net neutrality policies under the concept of common carriage . Incumbent ISP AT&T opposed the idea saying that common carrier regulations would `` cram today 's broadband Internet access providers into an ill - fitting 20th century regulatory silo '' while Google supported the FCC proposal `` In particular , the Third Way will promote legal certainty and regulatory predictability to spur investment , ensure that the Commission can fulfill the tremendous promise of the National Broadband Plan , and make it possible for the Commission to protect and serve all broadband users , including through meaningful enforcement '' . In October 2014 , after the initial proposal was shot down , the FCC began drafting a new proposal that would take a hybrid regulatory approach to the issue . Although this alternative has not yet been circulated , it is said to propose that there be a divide between `` wholesale '' and `` retail '' transactions . In order to illustrate clear rules that are grounded by law , reclassification of Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 will be involved as well as parts of Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Data being sent between content provider and ISPs will involve stricter regulations compared to transactions between ISP 's and consumers , which will involve more lax parameters . Restrictions on offering a data fast lane will be enforced between content providers and ISPs to avoid unfair advantages . This hybrid proposal has become the most popular solution among the three options that FCC has reported . However , ISPs , such as AT&T who has already warned the public via tweet `` any use of Title II would be problematic '' , are expected to dispute this solution . The official proposal was rumored to become public by the end of 2014 . Opinions cautioning against legislation ( edit ) In 2006 Bram Cohen , the creator of BitTorrent , said `` I most definitely do not want the Internet to become like television where there 's actual censorship ... however it is very difficult to actually create network neutrality laws which do n't result in an absurdity , like making it so that ISPs ca n't drop spam or stop ... attacks . '' In June 2007 , the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) urged restraint with respect to new regulations proposed by net neutrality advocates , noting the `` broadband industry is a relatively young and evolving one , '' and given no `` significant market failure or demonstrated consumer harm from conduct by broadband providers '' such regulations `` may well have adverse effects on consumer welfare , despite the good intentions of their proponents . '' The FTC conclusions were questioned in Congress in September 2007 , when Sen. Byron Dorgan , D-N. D. , chairman of the Senate interstate commerce , trade and tourism subcommittee , told FTC Chairwoman Deborah Platt Majoras that he feared new services as groundbreaking as Google could not get started in a system with price discrimination . In 2011 Aparna Watal , a legal officer at an Internet company named Attomic Labs , has put forward three points for resisting any urge `` to react legislatively to the apparent regulatory crisis '' . Firstly , `` contrary to the general opinion , the Comcast decision does not uproot the Commission 's authority to regulate ISPs . Section 201 ( b ) of the Act , which was cited as an argument by the Commission but not addressed by the Court on procedural grounds , could grant the Commission authority to regulate broadband Internet services where they render `` charges , practices and regulations for , and in connection with '' common carrier services unjust and unreasonable . '' Secondly , she suggests , it is `` undesirable and premature to legislatively mandate network neutrality or for the Commission to adopt a paternalistic approach on the issue ... ( as ) there have been few overt incidents to date , and the costs of those incidents to consumers have been limited . '' She cites `` prompt media attention and public backlash '' as effective policing tools to prevent ISPs from throttling traffic . She suggests that it `` would be more prudent to consider introducing modest consumer protection rules , such as requiring ISPs to disclose their network management practices and to allow for consumers to switch ISPs inexpensively , rather than introducing network neutrality laws . '' `` While by regulating broadband services the commission is not directly regulating content and applications on the Internet '' , content will be affected by the reclassification . `` The different layers of the Internet work in tandem with each other such that there is no possibility of throttling or improving one layer 's performance without impacting the other layers ... To let the Commission regulate broadband pipelines connecting to the Internet and disregard that it indirectly involves regulating the data that runs through them will lead to a complex , overlapping , and fractured regulatory landscape in the years to come . '' Unresolved issues ( edit ) As of 2006 the debate over `` neutrality '' did not yet capture some dimensions of the topic ; for example , whether voice packets should get higher priority than packets carrying email or whether emergency services , mission - critical , or life - saving applications , such as tele - medicine , should get priority over spam . Alternatives to cable and DSL ( edit ) Cable companies have lobbied Congress for a federal preemption to ban states and municipalities from competing and thereby interfering with interstate commerce . However , there is current Supreme Court precedent for an exception to the Commerce Power of Congress for states as states going into business for their citizens . In 2006 it was proposed that neither municipal wireless nor other technological solutions such as encryption , onion routing , or time - shifting DVR would be sufficient to render possible discrimination moot . Utility company restrictions ( edit ) EPB , the municipal utility serving Chattanooga , Tennessee , petitioned the FCC to allow them to deliver internet to communities outside of the 600 - square mile area that they service . A similar petition was made by Wilson , North Carolina . According to FCC officials , some residents who lived just outside the service areas of the Chattanooga and Wilson utilities then had no broadband service available . One of the two February 26 , 2015 , rulings set aside those states ' restrictions on municipal broadband , although legal challenges to the FCC 's authority to do so were seen as likely . Repeal plan ( edit ) On November 21 , 2017 , FCC chairman Ajit Pai unveiled plans to repeal the net neutrality policy in the United States . A vote was held on December 14 , 2017 , and the FCC voted 3 -- 2 , along party lines , to repeal the Title II net neutrality . This decision -- and the previously announced intention to take this decision -- has generated a flurry of activity to restore net neutrality at the state level in spite of this FCC action , including a number of bills introduced into the legislatures in various states to require net neutrality by either ( a ) state regulation or ( b ) to obtain a contract with any state ( and in some cases ) local governmental body . Executive orders effective immediately ( edit ) Particularly noteworthy are the actions of the governors of Montana ( on January 22 ) , New York ( on January 24 ) and New Jersey ( on February 5 ) to issue executive orders mandating that state agencies will only sign contracts for Internet access with companies that make enforceable commitments to abide by net neutrality principles for all their business within the state . These executive orders impact contract negotiations immediately for all contracts that become effective after a certain date -- unless the executive orders are blocked by court action or are rescinded by the governor or state legislature . Other actions pending ( edit ) Other attempts by net neutrality supporters are still pending , awaiting , e.g. , court action or votes in legislative bodies . Oregonians for Net Neutrality are trying to collect enough signatures to place this issue on their November 6 , 2018 , ballot . As of Monday , January 15 , 2018 , 50 United States senators endorsed legislative action to reverse the repeal of Title II net neutrality by passing a resolution of disapproval . 51 votes are required to pass the resolution . Pending state legislation falls primarily into two general categories : ( a ) regulation and ( b ) contracting with state and possibly sub-state entities . Both might be overturned by courts , depending on how the courts rule on the conflict between the state actions and section III. E. 7ff of this FCC order regarding , `` Preemption of Inconsistent State and Local Regulations '' : While it 's impossible to predict how courts may rule , on the surface this section suggests that state regulations in this area may not be enforceable . And courts may or may not overrule the use of state contracting authority in this area as being equivalent to impermissible regulation . An effort is underway to overturn this decision in the US Congress under the Congressional Review Act . Less than an hour after the results were published , the state attorneys general for Washington and New York announced that they were suing the FCC over its decision . Attorneys general for other states announced their intention to join this suit . This suit against the FCC was formally filed on January 16 , 2018 in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by the Attorney General of New York on behalf of 21 States and the District of Columbia . On February 5 , 2018 , Governor Phil Murphy of New Jersey announced that New Jersey will join 21 States and D.C. in this lawsuit . The new regulations appeared in the Federal Register on February 22 , 2018 , giving opponents of the FCC 's decision 60 days from that date to prevent the new regulations from going into effect . The multi-state lawsuit was refiled on February 22 , including 22 states and the District of Columbia . Summary of state - level net neutrality actions ( edit ) The status as of February 26 , 2018 , of executive orders and pending action at state levels is summarized as follows : entity executive order suing the FCC other action bill - number description Alaska 2018 - 01 - 12 HB277 regulation 2018 - 01 - 24 SJRes 12 resolution 2018 - 01 - 24 SB 160 regulation California 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 SB - 822 regulation 2018 - 01 - 22 SB - 460 state contracts Connecticut 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 29 draft legislation Delaware 2018 - 01 - 16 District of Columbia 2018 - 01 - 16 Georgia 2017 - 12 - 18 SB 310 regulation Hawaii 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 18 draft legislation Illinois 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Iowa 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 02 - 01 draft legislation Kansas 2018 - 02 - 07 HB 2682 state contracts Kentucky 2018 - 01 - 16 Maine 2018 - 01 - 16 Maryland 2018 - 01 - 16 Massachusetts 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 SD. 2428 regulation 2018 - 02 - 06 hearing Minnesota 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 19 draft legislation Mississippi 2018 - 01 - 16 Montana 2018 - 01 - 22 Nebraska 2018 - 01 - 05 Legislative Bill 856 regulation New Jersey 2018 - 02 - 05 2018 - 02 - 05 2017 - 12 - 04 A. 5257 monitoring New Mexico 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 21 SB 39 regulation 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 155 regulation New York 2018 - 01 - 24 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 03 S07175 state contracts 2018 - 01 - 03 S07183 state & local contracts 2017 - 12 - 22 S08882 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 18 A09057 state & local conracts 2017 - 01 - 17 A01958 regulation New York City 2018 - 01 - 22 request for information North Carolina 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 11 draft legislation Oregon 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 21 ballot initiative drive Pennsylvania 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 26 possible executive order 2018 - 02 - 09 SB 1033 state & local contracts Rhode Island 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 10 H 7076 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 11 S 2008 state & local contracts South Dakota 2018 - 02 - 06 SB 195 state contracts Tennessee 2018 - 01 - 23 SB 1756 state & local contracts 2018 - 01 - 23 HB 1755 state & local contracts Vermont 2018 - 02 - 15 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 31 H. 680 state contracts Virginia 2018 - 01 - 16 2018 - 01 - 09 HB 705 regulation Washington ( state ) 2018 - 01 - 16 2017 - 12 - 13 HB 2282 regulation 2017 - 12 - 14 HB 2284 regulation 2018 - 01 - 17 SB 6446 state contracts Wisconsin 2018 - 01 - 25 draft legislation See also ( edit ) Commercialization of the Internet Economic rent Municipal broadband Series of tubes Notes ( edit ) Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , `` Nearly two dozen attorneys general sue to block FCC 's repeal of net neutrality rules '' , USA Today , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Protective Petition for Review , Case No. 18 - 1013 ( PDF ) , Attorney General of the State of New York , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 , State of New York , State of California , State of Connecticut , State of Delaware , State of Hawaii , State of Illinois , State of Iowa , Commonwealth of Kentucky , State of Maine , State of Maryland , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , State of Minnesota , State of Mississippi , State of New Mexico , State of North Carolina , State of Oregon , Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , State of Rhode Island , State of Vermont , Commonwealth of Virginia , State of Washington , and the District of Columbia Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission , and United States of America , Respondents . FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order ( 2018 ) : Declaratory ruling , report , and order in the matter of restoring Internet freedom ( PDF ) , U.S. Federal Communications Commission , 2018 - 01 - 04 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) , These states are fighting for net neutrality . Is yours one of them ? , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Kang , Cecilia ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , `` States Push Back After Net Neutrality Repeal '' , New York Times , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , Lawmakers in at least six states , including California and New York , have introduced bills in recent weeks that would forbid internet providers to block or slow down sites or online services . Legislators in several other states , including North Carolina and Illinois , are weighing similar action ... Bills have also been introduced in Massachusetts , Nebraska , Rhode Island and Washington . 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Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Net neutrality : why are Americans so worried about it being scrapped ? '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . In the US , much of the population has essentially no choice over who to buy broadband from , with local monopolies enshrined in law and a nationwide duopoly providing access to high - speed connections for three quarters of the nation . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Jonathan ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` As Republicans Concede , F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality '' . The New York Times . CNBC . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lohr , Steve ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Intel , IBM and Cisco team up to fight net neutrality by reclassifying the internet '' . The Inquirer . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Pioneers Decry Title II Rules -- Light Reading '' . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Holman W. ; Jr ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Net Neutrality Crack - Up '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Sky is Not Falling , and the World is n't Going to End '' . Citizens Against Government Wast . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Veigle , `` Groups Spent $42 Million on Net Neutrality Ads , Study Finds , '' Communications Daily , July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ SaveTheInternet.com , `` One Million Americans Urge Senate to Save the Internet , '' at http://www.savetheinternet.com/=press11 Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( last visited August 4 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Robert Kahn and Ed Feigenbaum ( January 9 , 2007 ) . An Evening with Robert Kahn . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original ( WMV ) on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Partial transcript : Hu-Berlin.de Archived September 28 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NET NEUTRALITY AND CONSUMER WELFARE faculty.chicagobooth.edu Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future with Peter Thiel '' . Jump up ^ `` Marc Andreessen on net neutrality -- Marginal REVOLUTION '' . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Negroponte , Nicholas ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Nicholas Negroponte : Net Neutrality Does n't Make Sense '' . Jump up ^ `` Intel , IBM and Cisco team up to fight net neutrality by reclassifying the internet -- TheINQUIRER '' . Jump up ^ http://www.fcc.gov/article/doc-332260a5 Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Birnbaum , `` No Neutral Ground in This Internet Battle , '' The Washington Post , July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Thierer , Adam ( December 21 , 2010 ) Who 'll Really Benefit from Net Neutrality Regulation ? , CBS News Jump up ^ Kessler , Andy ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Give Me Bandwidth ... '' The Weekly Standard . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hands Off the Internet , '' full page print ad in The Washington Post , May 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` At SBC , It 's All About `` Scale and Scope '' `` . Information Technology / Online Extra . BusinessWeek . November 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` SBC Head Ignites Access Debate '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon , AT&T : Net neutrality not OK for wireless '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Telecom Industry Owns Congress So Can Net Neutrality Really Be Saved ? '' . Carbonated.TV . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tech and Manufacturing Companies Warn Against Title II '' . Jump up ^ `` FCC Commissioner Ajit Pai : Net Neutrality is a `` Solution That Wo n't Work to a Problem That Does n't Exist '' `` . February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 insights from Vint Cerf on bitcoin , net neutrality and more '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Virgin Queen meets broadband : a third way for net neutrality '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lasar , Matthew ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Few neutrals in debate over `` third way '' net neutrality plan `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : EDWARD WYATT . `` F.C.C. Considering Hybrid Regulatory Approach to Net Neutrality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Kate ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` FCC To Propose New `` Hybrid '' Approach To Net Neutrality `` . Jump up ^ Livingstone , Adam ( May 30 , 2006 ) . `` BitTorrent : Shedding no tiers '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy Staff Report '' ( PDF ) . ftc.gov . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chair Takes on FTC in Net Neutrality Fight '' . PCMAG . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Watal , Aparna A Co-regulatory Approach to Reasonable Network Management Jump up ^ `` Is Net Neutrality Bad for National Preparedness ? '' Archived February 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , K.A. Taipale , Center for Advanced Studies in Sci. & Tech . Policy Research Brief No. 06 - 14 ( June 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Cable companies want to block cities from building fiber networks . Here 's how the FCC could intervene '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Various ( August 31 , 2006 ) . `` Scenarios for the Network Neutrality Arms Race '' ( PDF ) . web.si.umich.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ States , stand down ! Let community broadband innovate , Gigaom Inc , July 27 , 2014 , Craig Settles Jump up ^ `` FCC chief plans to ditch U.S. ' net neutrality ' rules '' . Reuters . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` F.C.C. Plans Net Neutrality Repeal in a Victory for Telecoms '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : News desk , news partner ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) , Oregon Net Neutrality Initiative Filed With State Secretary : Oregonians for Net Neutrality will need nearly 90,000 signatures to get their initiative on the November 2018 ballot. , Across Oregon Patch , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Senate 's push to overrule the FCC on net neutrality now has 50 votes , Democrats say '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : States warming up net - neutrality lawsuits '' . ABC News . Associated Press . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California , Washington and NY to take action after net neutrality vote '' . CNet . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . `` State attorneys general line up to sue FCC over net neutrality repeal '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . `` After FCC Abandons Net Neutrality , States Take Up the Fight '' . Wired . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Brodkin , Jon ( @ jbrodkin ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` So far , lawsuit against FCC looks like it will include NY , Washington , Oregon , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , and more likely to come ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Glaser , April ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the States That Are Planning to Sue to Protect Net Neutrality '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . `` 10 states and counting are suing Trump for censoring the internet '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . `` New Mexico joins multi-state lawsuit in the repeal of net neutrality rules '' . KOB 4 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` Connecticut joins multi-state net - neutrality lawsuit '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) ; Attorneys general for 21 states and the District of Columbia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` 22 states and DC are suing the FCC in last - ditch effort to preserve net neutrality '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 23 state AGs refile lawsuit challenging net neutrality repeal '' . CNET. 2018 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/petition.pdf Jump up ^ Fight for the Future ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ REPRESENTATIVES KAWASAKI , Parish , Tuck , Fansler , Drummond , Gara , Kreiss - Tomkins , Spohnholz ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) , Broadband Internet : neutrality / regulation , HB 277 , Alaska state legislature ( published 2018 - 01 - 12 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Granger , Erin ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , `` Alaska legislator introduces net neutrality bill '' , Fairbanks Daily News - Miner , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ SENATORS WIELECHOWSKI , Gardner , Begich , Olson , Costello , Hughes , Wilson ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , A RESOLUTION Urging the United States Congress to overturn the Federal Communication Commission 's order ending net neutrality . ( PDF ) , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SENATOR BEGICH ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , An Act relating to the regulation of broadband Internet ; and making certain actions by broadband Internet service providers unlawful acts or practices under the Alaska Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 160 , Alaska state legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senator Wiener ( Principal coauthors : Senators Allen , Dodd , Hill , McGuire , Monning , and Skinner ) ( Principal coauthors : Assembly Members Bloom , Bonta , Chiu , Friedman , Kalra , and Mullin ) ( Coauthor : Assembly Member Ting ) ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , `` Broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 822 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senator De León ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , `` Communications : broadband Internet access service '' , California Legislative Information , SB - 460 , California legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Donahue , Casey ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) , `` Duff To Introduce Connecticut Net Neutrality Legislation In 2018 '' , Norwalk Daily Voice , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Senators Jones II of the 22nd , Henson of the 41st , Tate of the 38th , Jordan of the 6th , Seay of the 34th ; et al. ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Internet Service Provider ; engaged in provision of broadband Internet access service ; shall publicly disclose accurate information regarding the network management practices , SB 310 , Georgia General Assembly ( published 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) , A Hawaiian Politician Is Introducing a Bill That Would Encourage Creation of Locally Owned Broadband Networks : `` One option is to reject corporate internet service providers altogether , and control the internet ourselves . '' , Motherboard , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 ^ Jump up to : Kang ( 2018 ) Jump up ^ Local teen helping lawmakers draft a net neutrality bill , Ceder Rapids , IA : KCRG - TV9 , 2018 - 02 - 01 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Representatives Parker , Clayton , Curtis , Highberger , Ohaebosim and Probst , Prohibiting state contracts with internet service providers that do not adhere to net neutrality principles , HB 2682 , Kansas Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Neal , David ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) , ' Net Neutrality ' bill introduced in Kansas House , Working Journalist Press , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Barbara A. L'Italien , Andres X . Vargas , Sonia Chang - Diaz , Diana DiZoglio and other members of the General Court ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , An Act protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service , SD. 2428 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) , `` NECTA : Federal Net Neutrality Legislation Is Answer : Was scheduled to testify before Massachusetts special committee on net neutrality '' , B&C : The business of television , New Bay Media , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 , The hearing came a day after New Jersey 's governor signed an executive order mandating net neutrality in government contracts , and its attorney general announced it would be the 22nd state joining a suit to overturn the FCC 's net neutrality rule deregulation . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , Two Minnesota legislators say they will push to protect net neutrality in wake of FCC decision : A previous measure aimed at protecting data privacy , Minneapolis , MN : Star Tribune , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Stapleton , Corey ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Executive order providing for Internet neutrality principles in state procurement ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 3 - 2018 , Office of the Governor of Montana , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Morfeld , 46 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) , A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to telecommunications and technology ; to amend sections 86 - 125 and 86 - 580 , Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska ; to adopt the Internet Neutrality Act ; to change requirements for communications providers under the Nebraska Telecommunications Regulation Act ; to change provisions relating to financial assistance from the Nebraska Internet Enhancement Fund ; to harmonize provisions ; to provide an operative date ; to provide severability ; and to repeal the original sections . ( PDF ) , Nebraska Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Jump up ^ Augustyn , Arthur ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Murphy signs executive order for net neutrality , NJBiz , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 Governor Philip D. Murphy ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , Future contracts for Internet and broadband will be awarded only to ISPs that adhere to `` net neutrality '' ( PDF ) , Executive Order No. 9 , State of New Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Brodkin , Jon ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , ISPs must follow net neutrality in New Jersey , governor declares : ISPs ca n't block or throttle traffic if they sell broadband to state agencies. , Ars Technica , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Racioppi , Dustin ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) , `` NJ to join net neutrality legal challenge against Trump administration '' , North Jersey , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 Jump up ^ Assemblywoman ANNETTE QUIJANO District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman WAYNE P. DEANGELO District 14 ( Mercer and Middlesex ) Assemblyman RAJ MUKHERJI District 33 ( Hudson ) , Assemblyman JAMEL C. HOLLEY District 20 ( Union ) , Assemblyman TIM EUSTACE District 38 ( Bergen and Passaic ) Assemblyman JAMES J. KENNEDY District 22 ( Middlesex , Somerset and Union ) ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) , New Jersey Net Neutrality Act ( PDF ) , New Jersey Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 04 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) , Prohibited broadband Internet service acts , SB 39 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Howie C. Morales ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Broadband access unfair trade practices , SB 155 , New Mexico Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Andrew Cuomo ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) , Executive order ensuring net neutrality protections for New Yorkers ( PDF ) , Executive order No. 175 , State of New York Executive Chamber , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , order and direct New York State 's government ... not to enter into any contracts for Internet service unless the ISPs agree to adhere to net neutrality principles . Jump up ^ Sen. Parker ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S07175 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Sen. Carlucci ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S07183 , New York Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... ( W ) here a contract that includes internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... such ... contract shall require that such internet connection services are compliant with the internet service neutrality ... Jump up ^ M. of A. FAHY , MORELLE , BARRETT , ORTIZ , MAGNARELLI , GOTTFRIED , ENGLEBRIGHT , THIELE , SIMON , D'URSO , GLICK , LUPARDO , JAFFEE , ZEBROWSKI , SANTABARBARA , COLTON , CAHILL , JENNE , GALEF , MOSLEY , ARROYO , SEAWRIGHT , PICHARDO , LIFTON , TITONE , BRABENEC , BRINDISI , DINOWITZ , VANEL , STIRPE , L. ROSENTHAL , STECK , ABINANTI -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. CROUCH , HOOPER , McDONALD ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to instituting internet service neutrality , S08882 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , Develop and maintain a statewide plan for the monitoring of internet service providers , including the annual certification that internet service providers comply with the internet service neutrality requirements ... The state finance law is amended by adding ... internet service neutrality requirements in certain procurement contracts ... that includes internet connection services ... awarded by a state agency , public authority , public library or municipal corporation ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ M. of A. Cahill ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , AN ACT to amend the public service law and the state finance law , in relation to state contracts being only with internet service providers compliant with net neutrality and establishes a revolving fund for the establishment of municipal internet service providers ; and making an appropriation therefor , S09057 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ M. of A. Pretlow ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) , AN ACT to amend the public authorities law , the public service law , and the executive law , in relation to reforming the telecommunications sector of the New York economy , by creating a broadband authority , authorizing statewide cable franchises for the purposes of competitive cable service , promoting the wide - spread development of high - capacity broadband internet access , and increasing the availability and quality of services in this key economic development area and ensuring the safety , reliability and affordability of telecommunications services , S01958 , New York State Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ NYC Connected Truth in Broadband Request for Information , Mayor 's office of the Chief Technology Officer for The City of New York , 2018 - 01 - 22 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Cineas , Fabiola ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) , Pa . Could Be the Next State to Force Net Neutrality by Executive Order , Philadelphia , PA : BizPhilly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Heckel , Matt ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) , Lawmaker urges Pa. governor to sign executive order on net neutrality , Harrisburg , PA : WYTV - 33 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ FARNESE , BLAKE , SCHWANK , TARTAGLIONE and COSTA ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) , An Act providing for disclosure requirements for broadband Internet access service providers , for prohibitions and for contracts , grants and tax credits ; and imposing civil penalties , SB 1033 , Pennsylvania General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , a Commonwealth agency or political subdivision may not contract with or award grants or tax credits to a provider that fails to comply with this act . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farnese , Lawrence M. , Jr. ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) , Senator Larry Farnese Introduces Legislation To Protect Net Neutrality In Pennsylvania , Public. , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 Jump up ^ Representatives Kennedy , Abney , Shekarchi , Serpa , and Marshall ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality ( PDF ) , H 7076 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 , where a contract that includes Internet connection services is to be awarded by a state agency , public authority or municipality pursuant to a competitive bidding process or a request for proposal process , such competitive bidding process or request for proposal and the subsequent awarded contract shall require that such Internet connection services are compliant with the Internet service neutrality requirements CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators DiPalma , Pearson , Calkin , Goldin , and Miller ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) , An act relating to public utilities and carriers -- Internet service providers -- net neutrality , S 2008 , Rhode Island General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Senators Nesiba , Frerichs , Heinert , Kennedy , and Killer and Representatives Ring , Bartling , Bordeaux , Hawley , Lesmeister , McCleerey , and Wismer ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) , Establish certain provisions regarding the state procurement process for internet , data , and telecommunications services , SD SB195 , Legiscan , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Buie , Jordan ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Democrats propose legislation to preserve net neutrality in Tennessee , Tennessean , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Senate Minority Leader Lee Harris , D - Memphis ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennessee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , SB 1756 , Tennessee General Assembly , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Rep. John Ray Clemmons , D - Nashville ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) , Tennesseee Neutrality and Internet Consumer Protection Act ( PDF ) , HB 1755 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Landen , Xander ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) , Scott signs executive order on net neutrality , Vermont Digger , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Governor Philip . B Scott ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) , Executive Order : Internet Neutrality in State Procurement ( PDF ) , EO 02 - 18 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 Jump up ^ Representatives Stevens of Waterbury , Sibilia of Dover , Hill of Wolcott , Baser of Bristol , Belaski of Windsor , Botzow of Pownal , Brumsted of Shelburne , Carr of Brandon , Chesnut - Tangerman of Middletown Springs , Christie of Hartford , Cina of Burlington , Colburn of Burlington , Connor of Fairfield , Conquest of Newbury , Copeland - Hanzas of Bradford , Dakin of Colchester , Donovan of Burlington , Dunn of Essex , Gannon of Wilmington , Gonzalez of Winooski , Haas of Rochester , Head of South Burlington , Houghton of Essex , Howard of Rutland City , Jickling of Randolph , Kitzmiller of Montpelier , Lanpher of Vergennes , Lucke of Hartford , McCormack of Burlington , Morris of Bennington , Mrowicki of Putney , Noyes of Wolcott , Ode of Burlington , O'Sullivan of Burlington , Pajala of Londonderry , Read of Fayston , Scheu of Middlebury , Stuart of Brattleboro , Sullivan of Dorset , Troiano of Stannard , Walz of Barre City , Webb of Shelburne , Weed of Enosburgh , and Yantachka of Charlotte ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) , An act relating to protecting consumers and promoting an open Internet in Vermont ( PDF ) , Vermont Legislature , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee J. Carter ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) , Broadband services ; prohibited features , Virginia 's Legislative Information System ( published 2018 - 01 - 09 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Representatives Hansen , Cody , Goodman , Pettigrew , Tarleton , Fey , DeBolt , Bergquist , Springer , Santos , McBride , Smith , Chapman , Slatter , Peterson , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Morris , Stonier , Lytton , Sawyer , Robinson , Tharinger , Kagi , Pellicciotti , Dolan , Orwall , Valdez , Haler , Kilduff , Senn , Frame , Sells , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Clibborn , Macri , Kloba , Appleton , Stambaugh , Jinkins , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , and McDonald ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) , AN ACT Relating to protecting an open internet in Washington state ; and adding a new chapter to Title 19 RCW ( PDF ) , HB 2282 ( published 2017 - 12 - 13 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Cody , Tarleton , DeBolt , Springer , Santos , McBride , Chapman , Wylie , Fitzgibbon , Peterson , Morris , Stonier , Kagi , Senn , Kirby , Stanford , Blake , Reeves , Kilduff , Clibborn , Macri , Pettigrew , Orcutt , Stambaugh , Ormsby , Ryu , Hayes , Pollet , Doglio , Ortiz - Self , Riccelli , McDonald , Jinkins , Gregerson ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) , Protecting consumers by prohibiting blocking , throttling , or paid prioritization in the provision of internet service in Washington state. , HB2284 , Washington State Legislature ( published 2017 - 12 - 14 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , TED - Majority ; 1st substitute bill be substituted , do pass CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( ( Citation author = Carlyle , Hunt , Keiser , Kuderer publication - date = 2018 - 01 - 17 title = Ensuring consumers rights to internet transparency series = SB 6446 publisher = Washington State Legislature url = http://app.leg.wa.gov/billsummary?BillNumber=6446&Year=2017 accessdate = 2018 - 02 - 14 ) quote = The department , the office of the chief information officer , and all other state agencies are prohibited from entering into contracts with vendors offering broadband internet access services unless the vendor commits to providing equal connection for all users to lawful internet content , applications , and services ... ) Jump up ^ Lawmakers introduce bill to preserve net neutrality rules in Wisconsin , Eau Claire : WQOW , 2018 - 01 - 25 , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 , Representative Jonathan Brostoff and Senator Chris Larson are circulating legislation that would keep the protections from net neutrality in Wisconsin ... The bill circulated by Larson and Brostoff would prohibit internet service providers from unnecessarily blocking content , slowing service , or otherwise unreasonably disadvantaging Wisconsin consumers ... U.S. Senate democrats said they will force a vote later this year on the U.S. Federal Communications commission 's reversal of net neutrality rules and will try to make it a key issue in the 2018 congressional elections . Further Reading ( edit ) Gilroy , Angele A. ( November 22 , 2017 ) . The Net Neutrality Debate : Access to Broadband Networks ( PDF ) . Washingon , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Timothy B. Lee ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Beyond net neutrality : the new battle for the future of the internet '' . Vox.com . Washington , DC : Vox Media . External links ( edit ) Federal Communication Commission : `` OpenInternet '' website Internet Policy : Who 's Pulling the Strings against network neutrality in the United States A video on net neutrality Australian ISPs say net neutrality is an American problem Media Capitalism , the State and 21st Century Media Democracy Struggles -- An interview with Robert McChesney Verizon & Google Enter Reported Deal for Tiered Internet Use , Is Net Neutrality in Jeopardy ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! NNSquad The Network Neutrality Squad , an open - membership , open - source effort , enlisting the Internet 's users to help keep the Internet 's operations fair and unhindered from unreasonable restrictions Abandoning `` Net Neutrality , '' FCC Chair Backs Two - Tiered Internet Fees -- video report by Democracy Now ! <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Net neutrality in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States&oldid=836970137 '' Categories : Internet in the United States Net neutrality by country United States telecommunications policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Net neutrality in the United States 2. FCC regulations on net neutrality 3. Repeal of net neutrality policies 4. Court rulings on net neutrality 5. Debate on open internet and internet service providers

who plays evan walker in the fifth wave

Alex Roe - wikipedia Alex Roe Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Roe Alexander Michael Roe - Brown ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1990 ( age 27 ) Westminster , London , England Nationality English Other names Alex Roe - Brown Occupation Actor , footballer Years active 2000 -- present Alex Roe ( born Alexander Michael Roe - Brown ; 18 June 1990 ) is an English film and television actor , best known for playing Jay Keaton in the series The Fugitives and Elliott Baden in The Cut . He is also a football player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Roe was born in Westminster , London . He made his acting debut in 2000 with the horror film The Calling along with Laura Harris , Richard Lintern , Francis Magee , and Alice Krige . In 2005 , Roe played the lead role of Jay Keaton in the children 's science fiction drama series The Fugitives . In 2010 , Roe played Elliott Baden , a popular sportsperson in the BBC Two 's teen drama The Cut . In 2011 , Roe appeared in the series including Holby City as Connor Lane , Doctors as Matt Goonan , Hollyoaks as Toby , and The Jury as Schoolboy . In 2014 , Roe played the male - lead role of Luke Holt in the ABC Family 's television tennis drama film Unstrung along with Chanel Celaya . Jay Karas directed the pilot . Roe played one of the lead roles , Evan Walker , in the science fiction thriller film The 5th Wave , along with Chloë Grace Moretz , Nick Robinson , and Maika Monroe . J Blakeson directed the film , which was released on 22 January 2016 , by Columbia Pictures . Roe starred as Holt Anthony in the horror film Rings , along with Matilda Lutz , and directed by F. Javier Gutiérrez . The film was released on 3 February 2016 by Paramount Pictures . Roe has filmed the coming - of - age drama film Hot Summer Nights along with Maika Monroe and Timothée Chalamet , scripted by Elijah Bynum , who also directed . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 The Calling Dylan St. Clair 2013 A German Word Dean Short film 2014 Sniper : Legacy Reese 2016 The 5th Wave Evan Walker 2017 Rings Holt Anthony 2017 Hot Summer Nights Hunter Strawberry 2018 Forever My Girl Liam Page Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 The Fugitives Jay Keaton 7 episodes 2009 Jam & Jerusalem Christopher Martin Episode : `` Dinner Party '' , also known as Clatterford The Cut Elliott Baden 21 episodes , short series 2011 Holby City Connor Lane Episode : `` Damage Control '' 2011 Doctors Matt Goonan Episode : `` Tricky Dicky '' 2011 Hollyoaks Toby 1 episode 2011 The Jury Schoolboy 2 episodes 2014 Unstrung Luke Holt Television film 2018 Siren Ben Main References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Street , Tim ( 18 March 2011 ) . `` Chiswick hat - trick hero is BBC The Cut star '' . getwestlondon.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pop.inquirer.net/2017/02/get-know-alex-roe-male-lead-new-horror-thriller-rings/ ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Nick Robinson , Alex Roe Join Chloe Moretz in ' The 5th Wave ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Nick Robinson , Alex Roe Join Chloe Moretz in ' The 5th Wave ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` Alex Roe Set To Star In ABC Family Drama Pilot ' Unstrung ' ; Jay Karas To Direct '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Friend in Need '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` ABC Family 's Tennis Drama Casts Its Lead '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # 5thWaveMovie is coming ... even sooner . See it in theaters January 15 , 2016 '' . Twitter . 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Rings ' for Nov. 13 , Moves Back ' Paranormal Activity ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Maika Monroe , Timothee Chalamet & Alex Roe To Topline ' Hot Summer Nights ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/berlin-alex-roe-star-romantic-863709 External links ( edit ) Alex Roe on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Roe&oldid=798698330 '' Categories : Living people 1990 births People from Westminster Male actors from London English male film actors English male television actors Sportspeople from London English footballers Footballers from Greater London 21st - century English male actors English male child actors Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Suomi Тоҷикӣ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 08 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Alex Roe - English film and television actor 2. Known for roles in The Fugitives and The Cut 3. Also a football player 4. Filmography includes The 5th Wave and Rings 5. Born in Westminster, London in 1990

what type of geologic feature is humphreys peak

Humphreys Peak - Wikipedia Humphreys Peak For the higher peak in the Sierra Nevada , see Mount Humphreys . <Th_colspan="2"> Humphreys Peak <Td_colspan="2"> Navajo : Doko'o'osliid <Td_colspan="2"> Humphreys Peak in winter 2004 <Th_colspan="2"> Highest point Elevation 12,633 ft ( 3,851 m ) NAVD 88 Prominence 6,039 ft ( 1,841 m ) Listing North America isolated peaks 48th US most prominent peaks 64th U.S. state high point 12th Coordinates 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.346341917 ° N 111.677945539 ° W  / 35.346341917 ; - 111.677945539 Coordinates : 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.346341917 ° N 111.677945539 ° W  / 35.346341917 ; - 111.677945539 <Th_colspan="2"> Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Humphreys Peak Location Coconino County , Arizona , U.S. Parent range San Francisco Peaks Topo map USGS Humphreys Peak <Th_colspan="2"> Geology Mountain type igneous , volcanic Volcanic field San Francisco volcanic field <Th_colspan="2"> Climbing Easiest route Humphreys Trail , class 1 Humphreys Peak ( Hopi : Aaloosaktukwi , Navajo : Dookʼoʼoosłííd ) is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of Arizona , with an elevation of 12,633 feet ( 3,851 m ) and is located within the Kachina Peaks Wilderness in the Coconino National Forest , about 11 miles ( 17.7 km ) north of Flagstaff , Arizona . Humphreys Peak is the highest of a group of dormant volcanic peaks known as the San Francisco Peaks . The summit can be most easily reached by hiking the 4.8 miles ( 7.7 km ) long Humphreys Summit Trail that begins at the Arizona Snowbowl ski resort in the Coconino National Forest . Humphreys Peak was named in about 1870 for General Andrew A. Humphreys , a U.S. Army officer who was a Union general during the American Civil War , and who later became Chief of Engineers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . However , a General Land Office map from 1903 showed the name San Francisco Peak applied to this feature ( apparently borrowed from San Francisco Mountain on which the peak stands ) . Thus the United States Board on Geographic Names approved the variant name in 1911 . In 1933 , the application of the names was rectified . Humphreys Peak right of center from the Humphreys - Agassiz saddle to the south See also ( edit ) List of U.S. states by elevation List of Ultras of the United States List of mountains and hills of Arizona by height San Francisco Peaks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` United States State High Points ( plus DC ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frisco '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak , Arizona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Humphreys Trail # 51 '' . Coconino National Forest , U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . April 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humphrey 's Peak . `` Humphreys Peak '' . SummitPost.org . `` The peaks cam project '' . U.S. Forest Service . `` Kachina Trail # 150 '' . U.S. Forest Service . `` Humphreys Peak Trail # 151 . '' HikeArizona.com . `` Kachina Peaks Wilderness . '' U.S. Forest Service . This Coconino County , Arizona location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Th_colspan="2"> The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America <Td_colspan="2"> Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather <Th_colspan="2"> The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America <Td_colspan="2"> Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou <Th_colspan="3"> Highest natural points of U.S. states and selected additional areas <Td_colspan="2"> Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Additional areas American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Mountains of Arizona Black Hills ( Yavapai County ) Mingus Mountain Black Mountains Boundary Cone Fortification Hill Mount Wilson Bradshaw Mountains Mount Union Castle Dome Mountains Castle Dome Cerbat Mountains Mount Tipton Chiricahua Mountains Chiricahua Peak Chuska Mountains Roof Butte Dragoon Mountains Mount Glenn Hieroglyphic Mountains White Picacho Huachuca Mountains Carr Peak Miller Peak Hualapai Mountains Aubrey Peak Hualapai Peak Little Ajo Mountains Ajo Peak Little Dragoon Mountains Lime Peak Mae West Peaks Mazatzal Mountains Four Peaks Mount Ord McDowell Mountains East End Mount McDowell Thompson Peak Mule Mountains Mount Ballard Phoenix Mountains Piestewa Peak Pinal Mountains Pinal Peak Pinaleño Mountains Mount Graham Plomosa Mountains Ibex Peak Quinlan Mountains Kitt Peak Rincon Mountains Mica Mountain San Francisco Peaks Agassiz Peak Doyle Peak Fremont Peak San Franscico Volcanic Field Black Bottom Crater Double Crater Humphreys Peak Kendrick Peak Mount Elden O'Leary Peak Roden Crater SP Crater Strawberry Crater Sunset Crater Santa Catalina Mountains Mount Bigelow Mount Lemmon Pusch Ridge Thimble Peak Santa Rita Mountains Mount Hopkins Mount Wrightson Santa Teresa Mountains Mount Turnbull Sierra Ancha Mistake Peak Sierra Prieta Granite Mountain Superstition Mountains Superstition Mountain Weavers Needle Tank Mountains Black Dome Tucson Mountains Sentinel Peak Tumamoc Hill Whetstone Mountains Apache Peak White Mountains Black Mesa ( Navajo County ) Escudilla Mountain Mount Baldy Others Agathla Peak Agua Caliente Mountains Agua Dulce Mountains Antelope Hill Aquarius Mountains Artillery Mountains Atascosa Mountains Aubrey Hills Baboquivari Peak Balakai Mesa Beaver Dam Mountains Belmont Mountains Bill Williams Mountain Bitsihuitsos Butte Black Hills ( Greenlee County ) Black Mesa ( Apache - Navajo Counties ) Black Mesa ( Warm Springs ) Black Mountain ( Maricopa County ) Black Mountain ( Pima County ) Blackjack Mountains Bryan Mountains Buckskin Mountains ( Coconino County ) Buckskin Mountains ( La Paz ) Bush Head Cabeza Prieta Mountains Camelback Mountain Canelo Hills Carrizo Mountains Cerro Colorado Mountains Chocolate Mountains Copper Mountains Coyote Mountains Date Creek Mountains Dome Rock Mountains Dos Cabezas Mountains Etoi Ki Excalibur Galiuro Mountains Gavilan Peak Gila Bend Mountains Gila Mountains ( Graham County ) Gila Mountains ( Yuma County ) Goldfield Mountains Grand Wash Cliffs Granite Mountains Granite Wash Mountains Growler Mountains Gu Achi Peak Guadalupe Mountains Harcuvar Mountains Harquahala Mountains House Mountain Hunts Mesa Isis Temple John the Baptist Mountains Juniper Mesa Kaibab Plateau Kofa Mountains Laguna Mountains Las Guijas Mountains Lime Mountain Little Harquahala Mountains Little Rincon Mountains Lukachukai Mountains Madrean Sky Islands McDowell Peak Mescal Mountains Mineral Mountains Moccasin Mountains Mohave Mountains Mohawk Mountains Mount Trumbull Muggins Mountains Mummy Mountain Mustang Mountains Navajo Mountain The Needles New River Mountains New Water Mountains Newton Butte Painted Rock Mountains Pajarito Mountains Patagonia Mountains Peacock Mountains Picacho Peak Picketpost Mountain Pinnacle Peak Poachie Range Poston Butte Rawhide Mountains Sacaton Mountains San Luis Mountains Santa Maria Mountains Sevenmile Mountains Sierra San Antonio Sierra Estrella Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Pinta Silver Bell Mountains South Mountains Squaw Tits Sugarloaf Mountain Sunnyslope Mountain Sunset Mountains Swisshelm Mountains Tempe Butte Temple Butte Tinajas Altas Mountains Tortolita Mountains Trigo Mountains Tule Mountains Virgin Mountains Vulcan 's Throne Vulture Mountains Waterman Mountains Weaver Mountains West Silver Bell Mountains White Tank Mountains Wickenburg Mountains Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphreys_Peak&oldid=856251519 '' Categories : Northern Arizona geography stubs Landforms of Coconino County , Arizona Mountains of Arizona Volcanoes of Arizona Extinct volcanoes Highest points of U.S. states Coconino National Forest North American 3000 m summits Mountains of Coconino County , Arizona Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles containing Navajo - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Hopi - language text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Slovenčina Svenska اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 22 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Humphreys Peak - highest point in Arizona 2. San Francisco Peaks - group of dormant volcanic peaks 3. Coconino National Forest - location of Humphreys Peak 4. Kachina Peaks Wilderness - area where Humphreys Peak is located 5. General Andrew A. Humphreys - person after whom the peak was named

who sang if i ever fall in love

If I Ever Fall in Love - wikipedia If I Ever Fall in Love Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album , see ... If I Ever Fall in Love . <Th_colspan="2"> `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Shai <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ... If I Ever Fall in Love Released September 28 , 1992 Format CD single Recorded September 10 , 1992 Genre A cappella Length 3 : 09 Label Gasoline Alley , MCA Songwriter ( s ) Carl `` Groove '' Martin Producer ( s ) Carl `` Groove '' Martin <Th_colspan="2"> Shai singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' ( 1992 ) `` Comforter '' ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' ( 1992 ) `` Comforter '' ( 1993 ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' is a song by American R&B - soul quartet Shai . The song reached number 2 in the US in 1992 , and peaked at number two on the US R&B chart . Its eight weeks at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US , which was held off from the top slot due to the massive success of `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston , meant that it held the record for the second-most weeks at number two in the chart 's history at the time , behind Foreigner 's `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' . The record has since been equalled and surpassed , and `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' is now in joint ninth place with a number of more recent songs . The song was also their only Top 40 hit in the UK , peaking at number 36 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 1.1 Year - end charts 1.2 Decade - end charts 2 East 17 and Gabrielle version 2.1 Charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 Certifications 2.4 Track listings 3 AVRI featring Noam version 3.1 Track listings 4 Other cover versions 5 References 6 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 53 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 47 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 7 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 66 East 17 and Gabrielle version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` If You Ever '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by East 17 featuring Gabrielle <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Around the World ( the Journey So Far ) and Gabrielle Released 21 October 1996 Format CD Single Recorded Genre Pop , R&B , Soul Length 4 : 15 Label Go Beat , Universal Records , London Records Songwriter ( s ) Carl Martin Producer ( s ) Mike Rose & Nicholas Foster <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> East 17 singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Someone to Love '' ( 1996 ) Someone to Love1996 `` If You Ever '' ( 1996 ) If You Ever1996 `` Hey Child '' ( 1997 ) Hey Child1997 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Gabrielle singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` If You Really Cared '' ( 1996 ) If You Really Cared 1996 `` If You Ever '' ( 1996 ) If You Ever1996 `` Walk On By '' ( 1997 ) Walk On By 1997 <Td_colspan="2"> `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' was covered in 1996 as a duet by British boy band East 17 and singer Gabrielle ( with a backing track ) , and renamed `` If You Ever '' . It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart , behind `` Say You 'll Be There '' by the Spice Girls , and also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Latvia . It was also one of only three songs by Gabrielle to reach the top 20 in Australia , peaking at number sixteen . The song was the first single from East 17 's first Greatest Hits compilation Around the World Hit Singles : The Journey So Far , and was also the fourth single from Gabrielle 's second self - titled album . It was the highest charting single from both aforementioned albums . The song was also the 11th biggest selling boyband single of the 1990s in the United Kingdom selling 510,000 copies and has received a Gold sales status certification . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Denmark ( IFPI ) 9 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) 11 Latvia ( EHR ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 38 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position UK Singles Chart 18 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified UK Gold 510,000 Track listings ( edit ) UK CD 1 ( LONCD 388 ) `` If You Ever '' ( Smoove 7 '' mix ) `` If You Ever '' ( Ruff mix ) `` Deep '' ( live ) `` Steam '' ( live ) UK CD 2 ( LOCDP 388 ) `` If You Ever '' ( Smoove 7 '' Mix ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( live ) `` Around the World '' ( live ) `` It 's Alright '' ( live ) AVRI featring Noam version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` If You Ever '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by AVRI featuring Noam Released 12 October 2010 Format CD single Recorded 2009 Genre Pop , dance , house Length 4 : 32 Label Kult Records Songwriter ( s ) Carl Martin Producer ( s ) Avri Levi `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' was covered again in 2010 by AVRI and his vocalist Noam . Yet again it was renamed `` If You Ever '' . The song was the first single of AVRI in the American dance label Kult Records . Track listings ( edit ) `` If You Ever '' ( Radio Mix ) `` If You Ever '' ( Extended Mix ) `` If You Ever '' ( Micky Friedmann & Alex Botar Remix ) `` If You Ever '' ( Acapella ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican reggae singer Sanchez remade the song in 1993 . Rapper Lil Romeo sampled the song 's chorus on `` My Cinderella '' ( 2004 ) . Overboard covered the song on their 2008 album Castaways . JLS used the song as their audition piece on The X Factor , and it has been a subsequent a cappella feature of their live sets . American a cappella group Pentatonix released a cover of the song on their eponymous 2015 album Pentatonix , featuring singer Jason Derulo . American R&B singer Jeremih incorporated the beginning of the song in his 2015 single `` Oui '' from the album Late Nights . Australian band CDB covered the song on their album , Tailored for Now ( 2017 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shai If I Ever Fall in Love : CDs & Vinyl '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 519 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book Of The British Charts ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Omnibus Press . p. 977 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84449 - 058 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ( US &titel = If + I + Ever + Fall + in + Love&cat = s Australian-charts.com -- Shai ( US ) -- If I Ever Fall in Love '' ) . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` ( US &titel = If + I + Ever + Fall + in + Love&cat = s Ultratop.be -- Shai ( US ) -- If I Ever Fall in Love '' ) ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 57 ( 3 ) . 1993 - 01 - 30 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Shai ( US Single - Chartverfolgung '' ) ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shai ( US search results '' ) ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` ( US &titel = If + I + Ever + Fall + in + Love&cat = s Charts.org.nz -- Shai ( US ) -- If I Ever Fall in Love '' ) . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Shai - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle -- If You Ever '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle -- If You Ever '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` P3 - Tjeklisten '' . Dr.dk . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Books.google.ca. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle -- If You Ever '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Oricon Singles Chart Oricon Singles Chart ( Retrieved 2 November 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` M - 1 TOP 40 '' . M-1.fm . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1996 - 10 - 27 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle -- If You Ever '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- East Seventeen feat . Gabrielle -- If You Ever '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk Archived 2010 - 01 - 17 at WebCite ( Retrieved 30 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Shamontiel Vaughn , `` Jeremih not shy about salute to Shai on new single ' Oui ' '' , Chicago Sun - Times , November 17 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Gabrielle - If You Ever ( with East 17 ) at YouTube Avri ft. noam - if you ever at YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Shai <Td_colspan="2"> Darnell Van Rensalier Garfield A. Bright Dwayne Jones George Spencer III Studio albums ... If I Ever Fall in Love ( 1992 ) Right Back at Cha ( 1993 ) Blackface ( 1995 ) Destiny ( 1999 ) Back from the Mystery System : The Love Cycle ( 2004 ) Love Cycle : Back from the Mystery System ( 2007 ) Compilation albums 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Shai ( 2001 ) Single albums `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' `` Comforter '' <Th_colspan="2"> Gabrielle Studio albums Find Your Way Gabrielle Rise Play to Win Always Compilations Rise Underground Dreams Can Come True , Greatest Hits Vol. 1 Now and Always : 20 Years of Dreaming Singles `` Dreams '' `` Going Nowhere '' `` I Wish '' `` Because of You '' `` Give Me a Little More Time '' `` Forget About the World '' `` If You Really Cared '' `` If You Ever '' `` Walk On By '' `` Sunshine '' `` Rise '' `` When a Woman '' `` Should I Stay '' `` Out of Reach '' `` Do n't Need the Sun to Shine ( To Make Me Smile ) '' `` Stay the Same '' `` Ten Years Time '' `` Why '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Ever_Fall_in_Love&oldid=798286547 '' Categories : 1992 singles 1996 singles A cappella songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Debut singles Gabrielle ( singer ) songs East 17 songs Rhythm and blues ballads Shai ( band ) songs 1992 songs MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "If I Ever Fall in Love" by Shai 2. R&B-soul quartet Shai 3. East 17 and Gabrielle version of "If You Ever" 4. Cover versions of "If I Ever Fall in Love" 5. Chart positions and certifications of the song

who sings in the summertime when the weather's fine

In the Summertime - wikipedia In the Summertime Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In the Summertime ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Mungo Jerry <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Electronically Tested B - side `` Mighty Man '' Released 1970 Recorded 1970 Pye Recording Studios , Marble Arch , London Genre Skiffle Length 3 : 40 Label Dawn Songwriter ( s ) Ray Dorset Producer ( s ) Barry Murray <Th_colspan="2"> Mungo Jerry singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' ( 1970 ) `` Baby Jump '' ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' ( 1970 ) `` Baby Jump '' ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> `` In the Summerime '' file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' is the debut single by British rock band Mungo Jerry . Written and composed by its lead singer , Ray Dorset , it celebrates the carefree days of summer . In 1970 , it reached number one in charts around the world , including seven weeks on the UK Singles Chart , two weeks on one of the Canadian charts , and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the US . It became one of the best - selling singles of all - time , eventually selling more than 30 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Shaggy version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 5 Other uses 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Dorset has said that the song only took ten minutes to write , which he did using a second - hand Fender Stratocaster while he was taking time off work from his regular job , working in a lab for Timex . The initial UK release was on Dawn Records , a new label launched by Pye . It was unusual in that it was a maxi single , playing at 33 - 1 / 3 rpm , whereas singles generally played at 45 rpm . It included an additional song also written and composed by Dorset , `` Mighty Man , '' on the A-side , and a much longer track , the Woody Guthrie song `` Dust Pneumonia Blues , '' on the B - side . As the record was sold in a picture sleeve , also not standard at the time , and only sold at a few pence more than the normal 45 rpm two - track single , it was considered value for money . The small quantities of 45 rpm discs on the Pye record label , with `` Mighty Man '' on the B - side , and without a picture sleeve , were pressed for use in jukeboxes . These are now rare collector 's items . In 2012 , Dorset sued his former management company Associated Music International , run by his former friend and business manager Eliot Cohen , claiming over £ 2 million in royalties from the song that he believed had been withheld from him . In an interview with Gary James , Dorset explained the origin of the `` motorcycle '' sound towards the end of the song : `` I said , ' We 'll just get a recording of a motorcycle , stick it on the end of the song and then re-edit the front and then put the front off to the motorcycle so it starts up again . ' But I could n't find a motorcycle . Howard Barry , the engineer had an old , well , it was n't old then , a Triumph sports car , which he drove past the studio while Barry Marrit was holding the microphone . So , he got the stereo effects from left to right or right to left , whatever . And that was it . '' Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the single liner notes for `` In the Summertime '' . Ray Dorset -- vocals , electric guitar , 6 string acoustic , cabasa , stomp Paul King -- banjo , jug Colin Earl -- piano Mike Cole -- string bass Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 16 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 France ( IFOP ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Cash Box Top 100 35 Shaggy version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Shaggy featuring Rayvon <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Boombastic and Flipper Soundtrack B - side `` It No Matter '' `` Gal You a Pepper '' Released 1995 Format CD single cassette 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1995 1996 ( re-recorded ) Genre Reggae Length 3 : 46 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Ray Dorset Producer ( s ) Shaggy , Rayvon <Th_colspan="2"> Shaggy singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lately '' ( 1994 ) `` In the Summertime '' ( 1995 ) `` Boombastic '' ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lately '' ( 1994 ) `` In the Summertime '' ( 1995 ) `` Boombastic '' ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> `` In the Summertime '' ( ' 96 Version ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Single cover for the re-recorded version <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> In 1995 , Jamaican - American rapper Shaggy covered the song , and released it as the lead single from his third studio album , Boombastic . A year after its release , the song was re-recorded and released specifically for the film Flipper under the title `` In the Summertime '' ( ' 96 Version ) . Aside from the addition of rap lyrics , Shaggy 's version also substitutes other lyrics for the song 's original line containing `` have a drink , have a drive . '' Shaggy also performed the song on an episode of Baywatch . Track listing ( edit ) United Kingdom CD single `` In the Summertime '' ( Single Edit ) -- 3 : 46 `` It No Matter '' -- 3 : 56 `` Gal You A Pepper '' -- 3 : 37 `` In the Summertime '' ( Sting vs. Shaggy Remix ) -- 4 : 40 7 '' vinyl / Cassette `` In the Summertime '' ( Single Edit ) -- 3 : 46 `` It No Matter '' -- 3 : 56 12 '' vinyl `` In the Summertime '' ( Sting vs. Shaggy Remix ) -- 4 : 40 `` In the Summertime '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 55 `` In the Summertime '' ( Drum Dancehall Mix ) -- 3 : 54 1996 `` Flipper '' CD single `` In the Summertime ' 96 '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 52 `` In the Summertime ' 96 '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 52 `` Flipper Main Theme '' -- 3 : 58 United States CD single `` In the Summertime '' ( Single Edit ) -- 3 : 48 `` In the Summertime '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 55 `` In the Summertime '' ( Drum Dancehall Mix ) -- 3 : 54 `` In the Summertime '' ( Funk Dance Mix ) -- 3 : 58 `` Boombastic '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 05 `` Boombastic '' ( Sting Remix ) -- 4 : 18 12 '' vinyl `` In the Summertime '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 55 `` In the Summertime '' ( Drum Dancehall Mix ) -- 3 : 54 `` In the Summertime '' ( Funk Dance Mix ) -- 3 : 58 `` Boombastic '' ( Sting Remix ) -- 4 : 18 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 32 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 60 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 30 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot R&B Singles US Billboard Hot Rap Singles US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box 23 Other uses ( edit ) The song 's lyric `` have a drink , have a drive , go out and see what you can find '' led to its use in a UK advert for the campaign Drinking and Driving Wrecks Lives . It featured the first verse against people enjoying drinks in a pub during summer , then stopped to show a fatal car accident caused by drink driving . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of Billboard number - one rap singles of the 1980s and 1990s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1970 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of number - one singles of 1970 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1970 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 1970 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1970 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1970 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1970 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 1970 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1995 ( U.S. ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s VG - lista 1964 to 1994 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holdship , Bill ( 17 June 2009 ) . `` That summer feeling '' . Metro Times . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Moira ( 18 May 1996 ) . `` Elfin 's Listening - Post Towers Bring Children 's Artists To Upscale Market '' . Billboard . Vol. 108 no . 20 . p. 50 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig . `` Ray Dorset -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The essential summer mix '' . The Guardian . 29 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Peter ( 26 April 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to In The Summertime singer Mungo Jerry '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mungo Jerry Star Suing Over Alleged Unpaid Royalties '' . Contactmusic.com. 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorset , Ray . `` Gary James ' Interview With Ray Dorset Of Mungo Jerry '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Gary James . Classicbands.com . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ In the Summertime ( liner notes ) . Mungo Jerry . Dawn. 1970 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 29 August 1970 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1970 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4532 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 82 no . 32 . 8 August 1970 . p. 49 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 70 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Summertime '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) `` SINGOLI -- I NUMERI UNO ( 1959 - 2006 ) ( parte 2 : 1970 - 1980 ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 ... It-charts.150m.com . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Mungo Jerry - In The Summertime search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Top 50 Singles -- July 1970 '' . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( M ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 82 no . 31 . 1 August 1970 . p. 59 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mungo Jerry -- In The Summertime '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mungo Jerry -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mungo Jerry . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 5 , 1970 '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1970s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1970 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 of 1970 '' . RPM . Vol. 14 no . 20 -- 21 . 9 January 1971 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1970 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1970 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1970 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1970 '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1970 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1970 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1970 '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 30 July 2005 ) . `` All - Time Hottest Songs of Summer '' . Billboard . Vol. 117 no . 31 . p. 34 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Havelock ( 29 April 1995 ) . `` An Early ' Summertime ' from Shaggy '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 17 . p. 16 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Witmer , Carrie ( 26 May 2017 ) , `` All the stars you had no idea were once on ' Baywatch ' '' , Businees Inside , retrieved 18 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Shaggy -- In The Summertime ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy -- In The Summertime ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Feat . Rayvon -- In The Summertime ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In the Summertime : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy -- In The Summertime / Boombastic ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy -- In The Summertime / Boombastic ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Summertime '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shaggy Featuring Rayvo - In The Summertime search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rayvon -- In the Summertime '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boombastic -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 ... AllMusic . All Media Network . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending AUGUST 26 , 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1995 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Summer drink - drive campaign launched '' . The Independent . 22 June 1994 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Drink & Drive - In The Summertime - UK Advert - 1992 '' on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Mungo Jerry - In The Summertime ORIGINAL 1970 on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Mungo Jerry <Td_colspan="2"> Ray Dorset Bob Daisley Paul King Sev Lewkowicz Albums Mungo Jerry Electronically Tested Cold Blue Excursion A Case for the Blues Adults Only Singles `` In the Summertime '' `` Baby Jump '' `` Lady Rose '' `` You Do n't Have to Be in the Army to Fight in the War '' `` Open Up '' `` Alright , Alright , Alright '' `` Long Legged Woman Dressed in Black '' Songs `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Feels Like I 'm in Love '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Dust My Broom '' `` Morning Dew '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Shaggy singles discography Pure Pleasure `` Oh Carolina '' `` Nice and Lovely '' `` Soon Be Done '' `` Big Up '' Boombastic `` In the Summertime '' `` Boombastic '' `` Why You Treat Me So Bad '' `` Something Different '' `` The Train is Coming '' `` Day Oh '' Midnite Lover `` My Dream '' `` Piece of My Heart '' Hot Shot `` It Was n't Me '' `` Angel '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 2001 version ) `` Dance & Shout / Hope '' Lucky Day `` Hey Sexy Lady '' `` Strength of a Woman '' `` Get My Party On '' Clothes Drop `` Wild 2nite '' `` Ultimatum '' Intoxication `` Church Heathen '' `` Bonafide Girl '' `` Feel the Rush '' `` What 's Love '' Summer in Kingston `` Fired Up ( Fuck the Rece $ $ ion ! ) '' `` Sugarcane '' `` Dame '' Rise `` Fly High '' `` World Citizen '' `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' Soundtrack singles `` In the Summertime ' 96 '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' `` Me Julie '' Non-album singles `` Save A Life '' `` Rise Again '' `` For Ur Eyez Only '' `` Two Places '' `` Girls File '' `` Girlz Dem Love We '' `` Jamacian Drummer Boy '' `` Make Up '' Featured singles `` That Girl '' ( Maxi Priest featuring Shaggy ) `` I Got You Babe '' `` Sexy Girl '' ( Eric Singleton featuring Shaggy ) `` Christmas In Jamaica '' `` Give The Hemp Free '' `` Your Eyes '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' `` Like A Superstar '' `` Donya '' `` Do n't Wanna Fight '' `` Sunglasses ( Keep Ya Shades On ) '' `` Murderer '' `` She 's A Lady '' `` Cheap & Clean '' `` Champagne '' `` Smile '' `` Under the Sun '' `` Do n't You Need Somebody '' <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Summertime&oldid=801034529 '' Categories : Skiffle 1970 songs 1970 singles 1995 singles Mungo Jerry songs Songs written by Ray Dorset Shaggy ( musician ) songs Dawn Records singles Pye Records singles Virgin Records singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in South Africa Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Debut singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Italian - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Euskara Français Italiano Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 08 : 00 . 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1. "In the Summertime" - Mungo Jerry's debut single 2. Ray Dorset - lead singer and songwriter of Mungo Jerry 3. Chart performance - the success of "In the Summertime" worldwide 4. Shaggy version - a cover of the song by Shaggy featuring Rayvon 5. Other uses - the song's use in advertisements and its appearance in the film Flipper

who was the mother in eight is enough

Eight is Enough - wikipedia Eight is Enough Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Eight Is Enough <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Comedy - drama Developed by William Blinn Starring Dick Van Patten Diana Hyland Betty Buckley Grant Goodeve Lani O'Grady Laurie Walters Susan Richardson Dianne Kay Connie Newton Willie Aames Adam Rich Theme music composer Fred Werner ( Season 1 & 2 opening theme ) Song : from Season 3 onwards -- `` Eight Is Enough '' Music by Lee Holdridge Lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin Composer ( s ) John Beal Alexander Courage Earle Hagen Miles Goodman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 112 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Philip Capice Lee Rich Producer ( s ) Robert L. Jacks Gary Adelson Greg Strangis Phil Fehrle Camera setup Single - camera Running time 50 minutes Production company ( s ) Lorimar Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) -- May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) and Eight Is Enough : A Wedding ( 1989 ) Eight Is Enough is an American television comedy - drama series that ran on ABC from March 15 , 1977 until May 23 , 1981 . The show was modeled on the life of syndicated newspaper columnist Thomas Braden , a real - life parent with eight children , who wrote a book by the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Theme 5 Score 6 Reception and cancellation 7 Nielsen Ratings 8 Series overview 9 Episodes 9.1 Season 1 ( 1977 ) 9.2 Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) 9.3 Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) 9.4 Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) 9.5 Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) 10 Post-series movies 11 Syndication 11.1 International 12 DVD releases 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The show centers on a Sacramento , California family with eight children ( from oldest to youngest : David , Mary , Joanie , Susan , Nancy , Elizabeth , Tommy , and Nicholas ) . The father , Tom Bradford ( Dick Van Patten ) , was a newspaper columnist for the fictional Sacramento Register . His wife Joan ( Diana Hyland ) took care of the children . Hyland was only in four episodes before falling ill . She died soon after , and her character 's death was written into the script . The second season began in the fall of 1977 with the revelation that Tom had become a widower . Tom fell in love with Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott ( Betty Buckley ) , a schoolteacher who came to the house to tutor Tommy when he broke his leg in a football game . They were married in one of the series ' TV movie broadcasts on November 9 , 1977 . The role went to Buckley after being approved by network chief Brandon Tartikoff , who felt the character of the sympathetic teacher she had played in the 1976 film Carrie would also be great for the series . In another TV movie event in September 1979 , David and Susan were both married in a double wedding . As the series progressed , Abby got her Ph. D. in education and started a job counseling students at the local high school , oldest daughter Mary became a doctor , and second - youngest son Tommy became a singer in a rock - and - roll band . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Dick Van Patten as Tom Bradford Diana Hyland as Joan Wells Bradford ( season 1 ) Betty Buckley as Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott Bradford ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Grant Goodeve ( Mark Hamill in the series pilot ) as David Bradford Lani O'Grady as Mary Bradford Laurie Walters as Joanie Bradford Susan Richardson as Susan Bradford Dianne Kay ( Kimberly Beck in the series pilot ) as Nancy Bradford Connie Needham as Elizabeth Bradford ( originally credited as Connie Newton ) Willie Aames ( Chris English in the series pilot ) as Tommy Bradford Adam Rich as Nicholas Bradford In the pilot , the role of David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy was played by Chris English . When ABC screened the pilot , they were unhappy with a couple of performances . Beck and English were let go and replaced respectively by Dianne Kay and Willie Aames . Hamill sought to get out of his 5 - year contract on Eight Is Enough to take the opportunity to star in George Lucas ' Star Wars . Lorimar Productions granted his request and the role was re-cast with Grant Goodeve . The cast of Eight Is Enough Top row ( left to right ) : Kay , Van Patten , Goodeve , and Walters . Middle row : Richardson , Newton , and Buckley . Bottom row : Rich , O'Grady , and Aames Recurring ( edit ) Brian Patrick Clarke as Merle `` The Pearl '' Stockwell ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Jennifer Darling as Donna ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Janis Paige as Vivian `` Auntie V '' Bradford ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Michael Goodrow as Ernie Fields ( 1979 -- 1981 ) James Karen as Eliot Randolph Ralph Macchio as Jeremy Andretti ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Michele Greene as Jill ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Joan Prather as Janet McArthur Bradford ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Michael Thoma as Dr. Greg Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Virginia Vincent as Daisy Maxwell ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Production ( edit ) The show was developed by writer William Blinn and was a Lorimar Production . It was originally distributed by Worldvision Enterprises . For the first three years the show filmed interior scenes at The Burbank Studios now known as the Warner Bros. Ranch . From the fourth season the show filmed interiors at MGM Studios in Culver City . The home featured in the exterior shots was on Chiquita St , near Lankershim Boulevard in Los Angeles . The house has since been demolished and replaced . The interiors were filmed on two separate sound stages at the studio : one for the main floor and one for the upstairs . The show 's team of producers included Robert L. Jacks , Gary Adelson , Greg Strangis , and Phil Fehrle . Executive producers were Lee Rich and Philip Capice . As a production of the Lorimar stable , who were concurrently producing CBS 's The Waltons , writers were often contracted by the producers and were shared between both programs . ( Waltons costar Will Geer also made an Eight is Enough guest appearance during season 2 . ) Regular writers included Peter Lefcourt , the writing teams of Gwen Bagni and Paul Dubov , Rod Peterson and Claire Whittaker , Bill Nuss and Dusty Kay , Nick Thiel and David Braff , J. Miyoko Hensley and Steven Hensley , Bruce Shelly , Sandra Kay Siegel , Gil Grant , Karen I. Hall , and Hindi Brooks , who soon became the show 's long - time story editor . In - house directors included Philip Leacock , Harry Harris , and Irving J. Moore . As an in - joke , the character name of one of Nicholas Bradford 's best friends was Irving Julius Moore , a nod to the director of the same name whose middle name was , in fact , Joseph . Music ( edit ) Theme ( edit ) For the show 's first two seasons , an upbeat instrumental piece written by Fred Werner was used as the show 's opening theme . Beginning with the show 's third season , this was replaced by a slowed - down vocal theme titled `` Eight Is Enough , '' which was sung by series co-star Grant Goodeve . The song had music by Lee Holdridge and lyrics by Molly - Ann Leikin , and was first heard in a longer arrangement on the last episode of the second season titled `` Who 's on First ? '' , which was also performed by Goodeve . Score ( edit ) Early episodes had instrumental music by Fred Werner and the prolific Alexander Courage , but the show 's real musical stamp came from veteran composer Earle Hagen , who had a knack of composing memorable cues as he had previously been the in - house composer on The Andy Griffith Show . He composed a love theme for Tom and Abby , a theme that permeated the show in various incarnations throughout the remainder of the series . Some later episodes were scored by John Beal and Miles Goodman . In 1980 there was a writers ' strike in Hollywood , and one of the offshoots of this industry problem was making cost - cutting measures in the music department on the show . Some of the later episodes were tracked with a combination of uncredited library music and with some original music by those of the aforementioned Messrs. Hagen , Beal , and Goodman . Reception and cancellation ( edit ) The series jump - started acting careers for several of its young stars . It cemented teen idol status for Grant Goodeve ( David ) , Willie Aames ( Tommy ) , and Ralph Macchio , who played Abby 's orphaned nephew Jeremy later in the show 's last season . Aames would go on to star with Scott Baio in Charles in Charge . Goodeve started a minor singing career , following his rendition of the show 's theme song ( see `` Theme music '' ) and initially hosted HGTV 's If Walls Could Talk . Macchio would gain the most fame in feature films such as The Karate Kid and its sequels , as well as My Cousin Vinny . After the end of the show 's fifth season ( 112 one - hour episodes ) , production costs and declining ratings caused the show to be cancelled , along with seven other shows that season ( including The Waltons ) . Variety 's headline on the cancellation stated , `` Eight Shows In , Eight Shows Out '' . In a 2000 episode of E ! True Hollywood Story , Dick Van Patten stated that no one contacted him to inform him of the cancellation . Instead , he read about it in a newspaper . The series had two reunion movies on NBC . In An Eight Is Enough Reunion on October 18 , 1987 , Mary Frann replaced Betty Buckley as Abby ; Buckley had been filming Frantic during its production . This was followed by An Eight Is Enough Wedding on October 22 , 1989 , this time with Sandy Faison as Abby . By coincidence , both movies aired opposite game two of the World Series on ABC . Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) 1976 -- 1977 -- # 23 1977 -- 1978 -- # 12 1978 -- 1979 -- # 11 1979 -- 1980 -- # 12 1980 -- 1981 -- Not in Top 30 Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) 24 September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) 25 September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) 26 September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) 5 21 October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) Episodes ( edit ) All airdates have been compiled from either TV listings in the Los Angeles Times or publicity photos . Unless otherwise specified , all episodes , including the pilot , were standard hour - long ones . No = Overall episode number Ep = Episode number by season Season 1 ( 1977 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date `` Never Try Eating Nectarines Since Juice May Dispense '' E.W. Swackhamer William Blinn March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Pilot episode : After 15 - year - old Elizabeth is arrested for the possession of narcotics , Tom and Joan Bradford are faced with the dual problems of raising money for her defense and trying to understand why 21 - year - old David Bradford moved away from home after objecting to the way they handled the drug bust . Note : In the Pilot , David was played by Mark Hamill , Nancy was played by Kimberly Beck , and Tommy played by Chris English . When ABC picked up the show , they were recast respectively with Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay , and Willie Aames . `` Schussboomer '' David Moessinger Norman Lessing March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom and Joan are reluctant to let Susan go away for an unchaperoned ski weekend . `` The Gipper Caper '' William F. Claxton William Blinn March 29 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Filming date : February 23 -- March 4 , 1977 A football game becomes a blood - and - guts event . Note : This episode 's working title was `` What Hath Roone Arledge Wrought ? '' `` Pieces of Eight '' Reza Badiyi Greg Strangis April 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom is forced to face a newspaper strike , a wife who wants a job , and a daughter who wants to become a model . 5 5 `` Women , Ducks , and the Domino Theory '' TBA TBA April 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy falls in love for the first time and learns life 's most difficult lesson . 6 6 `` Turnabout '' TBA TBA April 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> David 's romance with an older woman becomes a topic for argument . Note : Adrienne Barbeau guest stars . Note : Originally scheduled for March 29 , 1977 . 7 7 `` Quarantine '' TBA TBA April 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Mary 's new boyfriend is hospitalized with an exotic illness , the Bradford family and a visitor are questioned by the health department . 8 8 `` V Is for Vivian '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom 's swinging sister visits and the family is impressed . Note : Janis Paige guest stars . 9 9 `` Hit and Run '' TBA TBA August 10 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom finds that Joanie has been blackmailed into asking for a retraction in his newspaper column after she crumples the fender on a classic sports car . Notes : Peter Coffield and Molly Dodd guest - star . This was held back by ABC until the show moved to Wednesday nights , after a 13 - week hiatus . Season 2 ( 1977 -- 78 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 10 `` Is There a Doctor in the House ? '' TBA TBA September 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom and the temporary single Doctor Maxwell try their luck as middle - aged swinging singles . 11 `` Trial Marriage '' TBA TBA September 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom disapproves when his oldest daughter moves in with her new boyfriend ( Don Johnson ) . Enter a teacher named Sandra Sue `` Abby '' Abbott ( Betty Buckley 's first appearance ) to sort all this out while tutoring Tommy . 12 `` Triangles '' TBA TBA September 28 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="6"> David 's roommate dates both Joanie and Susan . 13 `` Double Trouble '' TBA TBA October 5 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Problems develop when Tom and Abby break up and he begins dating divorcee Ellen Manning . 14 5 `` Mortgage Burnin ' Blues '' TBA TBA October 19 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A party at the Bradfords ' spirals out of control . 15 6 `` Dark Horse '' TBA TBA October 26 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom and Abby decide to get married after having put aside their own problems to help Mary run for the board of education . 16 7 `` The Bard and the Bod '' TBA TBA November 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joanie is all excited about winning the lead in a Shakesperean production , but Tom is not . 17 8 `` Children of the Groom '' TBA TBA November 9 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom and Abby decide to marry despite complications caused by his children . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 18 9 `` I Quit '' TBA TBA November 16 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Bradford `` resigns '' as father when the kids accuse him of being a dictator . 19 10 `` All 's Fair in Love and War '' TBA TBA November 23 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom 's liberal attitudes are put to the test when Mary dates the black son of his old Navy friend . 20 11 `` The Return of Auntie V '' TBA TBA November 30 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom 's flamboyant sister gives the newlyweds the down - payment on a new mansion . Note : Janis Paige guests . 21 12 `` Yes , Nicholas , There Is a Santa Claus '' TBA TBA December 14 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A present Joan hid before her death restores the Bradfords ' spirit after a Christmas burglar ( dressed as Santa Claus ) steals their gifts . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Will Geer and Judy Strangis guest - star . 22 13 `` Dear Miss Dinah '' TBA TBA December 21 , 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom doles out sage advice in the hometown newspaper 's advice - to - the - lovelorn column but loses his cool when Elizabeth asks if she should take `` The Pill '' . 23 14 `` A Hair of the Dog '' TBA TBA January 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="6"> On Tom 's birthday , he and Tommy have a man - to - man talk . 24 15 `` Author ! Author ! '' TBA TBA January 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom receives unexpected resistance from his family when he decides to write a novel . 25 16 `` Much Ado About Garbage '' TBA TBA January 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom has been suspended from his job without pay after accusing the city officials and garbage company of corruption and refusing to reveal his sources to a grand jury . 26 17 `` Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA February 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nancy decides to convert to Judaism when she falls in love with a man she thinks is Jewish . 27 18 `` Hard Hats and Hard Heads '' TBA TBA February 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Encouraged by his friend 's success , David trades in his hard hat for a newsman 's notepad . 28 19 `` The Boyfriend '' TBA TBA February 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Susan 's boyfriend and Abby are suspected of having an affair when they work together on a project . 29 20 `` Great Expectations '' TBA TBA February 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy cheats in school in order to meet his father 's expectations . 30 21 `` Long Night 's Journey into Day '' TBA TBA March 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Members of the Bradford family are forced to take shifts to keep Abby awake for 24 hours after she falls and suffers a concussion . 31 22 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' TBA TBA March 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Filming date : February 8 -- 17 , 1978 The self - assured daughter of a prominent contractor showers David with expensive gifts in an attempt to buy his affections . 32 23 `` The Lost Weekend '' TBA TBA May 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Bradford children quickly transform an idyllic holiday away from parents . 33 24 `` Who 's on First ? '' TBA TBA May 10 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Bradfords stage a show to support a local orphanage . Note : The first appearance of the season three theme song . Season 3 ( 1978 -- 79 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 34 `` Nine Is Too Much '' TBA TBA September 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Abby manages Nicholas ' Little League team , Tom provides unwanted coaching from the bleachers , and America 's favorite pastime becomes the Bradfords ' biggest headache . 35 `` Here We Go Again ! '' `` Oh No -- Not Again ! '' TBA TBA September 13 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="6"> All the Bradfords wonder if there is going to be a new Bradford . 36 `` Who 's Crazy Here ? '' TBA TBA September 20 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 20 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby is convinced Tom is having an affair with another woman . 37 `` Cinderella 's Understudy '' TBA TBA September 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joanne 's debut as an actress becomes a conflict of interests for Tom , torn between his role of proud parent , and his unexpected role as theater critic . 38 5 `` Milk and Sympathy '' TBA TBA October 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nicholas falls head - over-heels in puppy love with his fourth - grade teacher . 39 6 `` The Flunked and the Funked '' TBA TBA October 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nancy drops out of school to get a job and finds that excitement and wealth are not part of the life of an unskilled worker . 40 7 `` Cops and Toddlers '' TBA TBA October 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nancy brings home a group of toddlers , and Susan goes into basic training as a police cadet . 41 8 `` The Hipbone 's Connected to the Thighbone '' TBA TBA November 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Mary is banished from the Bradford household after making her father angry . 42 9 `` Fast and Loose '' TBA TBA November 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="6"> David struggles to cope with the loss of a close friend , and ends up being arrested for bar - room brawling . 43 10 `` War Between the Bradfords '' TBA TBA November 15 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby 's schoolboard speech on modern women in society creates a Bradford battle of the sexes . 44 11 `` All the Vice-President's Men '' TBA TBA November 22 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Thanksgiving for the Bradford clan arrives in a storm of red tape when the nation 's Vice-President accepts an invitation from Nicholas to visit their home for the holiday . 45 12 `` You Wo n't Have Nicholas to Kick Around Anymore '' TBA TBA November 29 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Nicholas accidentally starts a fire that destroys the celebration of Tom and Abby 's first anniversary , the unhappy youngster leaves home in search of a new family . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Jack Elam guest stars . 46 13 `` Alone at Last '' TBA TBA December 6 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After bundling their brood off to the mountains for a camping trip , Tom and Abby soon find their romantic weekend alone disturbed by too much peace and quiet . 47 14 `` The Yearning Point '' TBA TBA January 10 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Elizabeth 's dream of going to a posh Eastern school conflicts with the Bradford household budget . 48 15 `` Moving Out '' `` Mother 's Rule '' TBA TBA January 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Tom gets upset about Susan 's boyfriend taking a shower in the upstairs bedroom , Joannie coming in after curfew , and Nancy sunbathing topless in the backyard , the girls move out of the house into their own apartment . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 49 16 `` Inlaws and Outlaws '' TBA TBA January 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The mutiny by Susan , Joannie , and Nancy continues , and Abby 's parents announce their marital estrangement . 50 17 `` Horror Story '' TBA TBA January 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When a thunderstorm causes power failure , the Bradford children use their vivid imaginations to transform the old homestead into a hysterical Haunted House . 51 18 `` Just the Ten of Us '' TBA TBA February 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When David and his girlfriend decide to live together , their decision threatens Tom 's chance to win the `` Father of the Year '' award , along with an all - expenses - paid trip to Hawaii for the entire Bradford family . 52 19 `` Best of Friends '' TBA TBA February 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy rocks the Bradford family foundation with the shocking news of his impending marriage and fatherhood . 53 20 `` The Kid Who Came to Dinner '' TBA TBA February 28 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Nicholas Bradford discovers that his new playmate has no parents , the youngest Bradford tries to turn friendship into brotherhood . 54 21 `` The Better Part of Valor '' TBA TBA March 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Abby finds her relationship with Tommy threatened when she returns to teaching and flunks a failed basketball star , causing Tommy peer - group problems . 55 22 `` Dads , Daughters , Different Drummers '' TBA TBA March 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Tom forbids Joannie to see her new boyfriend , she runs away from home to be with the handsome young writer she loves . 56 23 `` The Final Days '' TBA TBA May 2 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom 's editorial , on `` Passing the torch to a younger generation '' , ignites a Grey Power demonstration by Sacramento 's indignant senior citizens . 57 24 `` Marriage and Other Flights of Fancy '' `` The Two of Us '' TBA TBA May 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="6"> David , despite the family 's concern and his father 's objections , teams up with an outspoken female in a cross-country quest for new beginnings . Note : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . 58 25 `` The Graduates '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Graduation is hardly what the Bradfords expected -- with Joanne upset over her future and Elizabeth suspended from her commencement exercises where her father is to be the guest speaker . Season 4 ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 59 `` Merle the Pearl '' TBA TBA September 5 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nicholas 's plan to impress his little girlfriend backfires when star pitcher Merle ( Brian Patrick Clarke in his debut appearance ) ignores him at the ballpark . 60 `` The Cupid Crisis '' TBA TBA September 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Tom makes a `` losers pay for the dinners '' bet on a touch football game between his family and his neighbor 's , it 's a wild `` hut , hut , hut '' . 61 `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' TBA TBA September 19 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> David and Janet set a wedding night , which turns out to be the same day Merle and Susan accommodate Merle 's ball - playing career move . 62 `` Ten Ships in the Night '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 63 5 `` The Night They Raided Bradfords '' TBA TBA October 3 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Merle 's sister , Linda Mae , pays the Bradfords a visit . However , she is shocked when she finds out they are not who they seem . 64 6 `` Letter to One Bradford '' TBA TBA October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Because he broke a chain letter , Nicholas believes he is to blame for Tommy being rushed to the hospital for surgery . 65 7 `` The Devil and Mr. Bradford '' TBA TBA October 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Bradford makes a hasty exit from a movie theater with little Nicholas in tow after he discovers too late that the movie -- `` Snow White ... '' -- is X-rated . 66 8 `` Big Shoes , Little Feet '' TBA TBA October 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nicholas plays hooky because his new teacher is holding him to ridicule because she feels he has not lived up to the academic standards of a Bradford . 67 9 `` Fathers and Other Strangers '' TBA TBA November 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Aunt Vivian comes up with a plan to take the entire Bradford clan to Hawaii . Notes : This was a special 2 - hour episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . Janis Paige and David Wayne guest star . 68 10 `` Separate Ways '' TBA TBA November 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Susan and Merle reach an impasse regarding their careers when he wants to fly to Puerto Rico to play winter baseball and she wants to finish her last semester of college at home . 69 11 `` Arrivals '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 70 12 `` Brotherhood , Sisterhood '' TBA TBA 1979 ( 1979 ) 71 13 `` Mary , He 's Married '' TBA TBA December 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Mary 's friendship with a doctor begins to develop into a romance . Nicholas dabbles in sales with face cream . Joannie tries to produce a documentary on her family for a promotion at work . 72 14 `` My Son , The Prom Queen '' TBA TBA January 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 01 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Tommy gets embroiled in a battle of the sexes -- he runs for the title of Prom Queen at high school -- he gets some unexpected help from the female population at the school . 73 15 `` The Courage to Be '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 74 16 `` Semi-Centennial Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 75 17 `` The Commitment '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 76 18 `` Seven More Days in February '' TBA TBA February 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 06 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Cupid runs amok in the Bradford household during Spring Break , causing Mary to fall for a young psychiatrist who really wants to be a stand - up comic , Nancy to swoon over an archaeologist on his way to his first dig , and Joannie to be swept away by an SAP ( self - analysis programmer ) . 77 19 `` The Return of Joe Simons '' TBA TBA February 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="6"> When Joe Simons returns promising Nicholas gold nuggets , Tom questions the motives of both Joe and his secretary ( Mary Betten ) as well . 78 20 `` Bradford vs. Bradford '' TBA TBA February 27 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Janet and David 's marriage is threatened when she starts working in overtime at the office with a handsome lawyer . 79 21 `` Memories '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 80 22 `` Official Positions '' TBA TBA March 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Merle recruits the girls for a charity basketball team , Tom is jealous when a publisher offers to publish Abby 's thesis and Tom ca n't get his accepted , and Nicholas gets his friend 's mom a job helping with the book . 81 23 `` A Matter of Mentors '' TBA TBA March 26 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joannie gets an important assignment at work but Jeffrey believes that the boss will be expecting a favor in return . Joannie blows her chance at a big story . An experienced reporter makes her his partner and the result is an important scoop . Meanwhile , Nicholas has a problem with a bully that he ca n't hit back , and fed up with the way that Tom divvies up the family 's discretionary funds , Tommy takes over budgeting for it . 82 24 `` Roll Over Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 83 25 `` A Little Triangle '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 84 26 `` Grad Night '' TBA TBA April 30 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Bradford clan vacates the house for Tommy , Ernie and their girlfriends on Graduation Night . Season 5 ( 1980 -- 81 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 85 `` And Baby Makes Nine '' TBA TBA October 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A very pregnant Susan is in an automobile accident ; Elizabeth moves in with her boyfriend and Merle pitches for the New York Mets . Notes : This was a special 90 - minute episode ; syndicated versions of this episode split it into two hour - long parts , cutting some scenes out . This season started later than normal due to the actors ' strike of 1980 . 86 `` Jeremy '' TBA TBA November 5 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="6"> There 's trouble brewing when the newest member of the Bradford household ( Ralph Macchio ) shares a smoke with Nicholas . 87 `` Welcome to Memorial Dr. Bradford '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 88 `` Generations '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 89 5 `` Holly '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy falls for a girl who 's a lyricist . The garage is transformed into a small nursery for Susan and her baby . 90 6 `` The Maltese Airline Bag '' TBA TBA December 10 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Nicholas and his friend Marvin ( John Louie ) split up the loot when they come into possession of an airlines bag a mysterious woman in a blonde wig gave them to deliver to an equally mysterious red - haired woman who ran off before they could finish their mission . 91 7 `` Strike '' TBA TBA 1980 ( 1980 ) 92 8 `` Bradfordgate '' TBA TBA January 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tom 's nomination to the Board of Education makes him compromise his beliefs . Meanwhile , Joannie goes undercover as a TV reporter , and Nicholas tries to change his `` cute '' image . 93 9 `` The Darlene Dilemma '' TBA TBA January 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy has a new girlfriend ; unfortunately , he is n't her only boyfriend -- in fact , he is n't even her only boyfriend in his own house . 94 10 `` Second Thoughts '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 95 11 `` David 's Rib '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 96 12 `` Vows '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 97 13 `` The Way We Were '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy tries to get back with Jill when she starts liking Ernie . David 's depressed over his new bachelor apartment complex . Nicholas & Jeremy deliver papers for the Sacramento Tribune . 98 14 `` If the Glass Slipper Fits '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 99 15 `` The Best Little Telethon in Sacramento '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joanie organizes a telethon for Cannel 8 . Jeremy tries to be Tommy 's manager . The episode features performances by Willie Aames , Connie Needham , Betty Buckley , Grant Goodeve , Dianne Kay & Adam Rich . 100 16 `` Yet Another Seven Days in February '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) <Td_colspan="6"> This time , the boys get weird dates . 101 17 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 1 '' TBA TBA April 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy 's band gets the biggest gig of its career when the group 's agent signs them for a national tour with a top star . 102 18 `` The Idolbreaker : Part 2 '' TBA TBA April 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 18 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Tommy moves into Ellen 's apartment and makes plans for their future wedding ; a new sexy female reporter stirs jealousy in Joanie ; Jeremy celebrates his 16th birthday . 103 19 `` Starting Over '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 104 20 `` Goals '' TBA TBA 1981 ( 1981 ) 105 21 `` Father Knows Best ? '' TBA TBA May 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Filming date : March 21 - 27 , 1981 Jeremy 's father shows up to assert his parental rights . David 's old high school classmates arrive for their reunion . Post-series movies ( edit ) Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion ( 1987 ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding ( 1989 ) Syndication ( edit ) Reruns of all 112 episodes of Eight Is Enough have aired sporadically since the show 's syndication debut in September 1982 . The show aired on FX in 1994 , on PAX in 1998 , and as part of a 50th - anniversary Warner Bros. marathon on TV Land in 2005 . Eight Is Enough also aired on the Chicago - based MeTV and MeToo , a sister station of MeTV , from 2008 to 2010 before MeTV spread to other markets around the U.S. During its network run , the show was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises ( also internationally in rebroadcasts ) , and later by Lorimar - Telepictures . All syndication rights are now held by ( Lorimar successor ) Warner Bros. Television . International ( edit ) In Italy , RAI public networks aired the first season of Eight Is Enough under the title Otto Bastano in 1978 , the literal Italian translation of the original title . The remaining seasons were aired in the 1980s on Retequattro , a commercial network from Fininvest ( now Mediaset ) , under the title La Famiglia Bradford . The Italian version excludes the laugh track . The French version , Huit , ça suffit ! was a big success in the 1980s both in France and Quebec , Canada , and among all Francophone ( French - speaking ) Canadians . In Spain , Eight Is Enough was aired also in the 1980s . RTVE ( public network ) aired all the seasons under the title Con Ocho Basta ( the Spanish translation ) in Friday 's evening time . In the Philippines , Eight Is Enough aired on GMA 7 from 1978 to 1981 . DVD releases ( edit ) On April 17 , 2012 , Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Eight Is Enough on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . The release includes the pilot episode ( featuring Mark Hamill in the role of eldest son David ) and a cast reunion special . Several of the episodes have the wrong end credits , and the Lorimar Productions logo has also been edited out of the end credits . On November 13 , 2012 , Warner Bros. released Season 2 , parts one and two on DVD - R via their Warner Archive Collection . These are Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) releases and are available through Warner 's online store and Amazon.com . Season 3 , Parts One and Two were released on April 30 , 2013 . Season 4 , parts one and two were released on August 13 , 2013 . The fifth and final season was released on March 11 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> DVD name Episodes Release date The Complete First Season 9 April 17 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 1 14 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Second Season , Part 2 12 November 13 , 2012 The Complete Third Season , Part 1 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Third Season , Part 2 14 April 30 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 1 14 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season , Part 2 13 August 13 , 2013 The Complete Fifth Season 22 March 11 , 2014 See also ( edit ) The Brady Bunch ( 1969 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1988 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONSTAGE & BACKSTAGE : Cable Is a Harsh Mistress , Plus Betty Buckley and Ilene Kristen - Playbill.com '' . playbill.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ E ! True Hollywood Story , `` Eight Is Enough '' ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Image : 1_Pilot_Never_Try_Eating_Nectarines_Since_Jui. jpg , ( 1164 × 1600 px ) '' . s22.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s29.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/TyfTQg2.jpg Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/ajhsq040l/rak1272.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Is_There_a_Doctor_in_the_House_September_14. jpg , ( 1095 × 1600 px ) '' . s2.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 11028022_10203680361683099_4166322259125080184_o. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_I_Quit_November_16_1977. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s24.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s27.postimg.org/n4b9439sh/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/y23hrzih6/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Long_Night_s_Journey_into_Day_March_01_197. jpg '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : image. jpg , ( 966 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 1743577_10203680351162836_705332190937296926_n. jpg , ( 603 × 960 px ) '' . s17.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s15.postimg.org/9pdtezxmx/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_Cinderella_s_Understudy_September_27_1978. jpg , ( 1078 × 1600 px ) '' . s13.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/1Gq2vDg.jpg Jump up ^ http://s14.postimg.org/5deidtt3l/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/7984naF.jpg Jump up ^ http://s11.postimg.org/81nj1ep2r/image.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/fyK05mR.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/rR6qoci.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_I_Do_September_19_1979. jpg , ( 1036 × 1600 px ) '' . s8.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 02_The_Night_They_Raided_the_Bradfords_October. jpg , ( 1200 × 1600 px ) '' . s12.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Letter_to_One_Bradford_October_17_1979. jpg '' . s1.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_The_Devil_and_Mr_Bradford_October_24_1979. jpg , ( 1244 × 1600 px ) '' . s27.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s29.postimg.org/4j5zii96v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/82mmjm4ly/Eight_is_Enough_Fathers_and_Other_Strangers.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 05_Separate_Ways_November_21_1979. jpg , ( 1018 × 1600 px ) '' . s23.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s24.postimg.org/pyjzxmfn9/My_Son_the_Prom_Queen.jpg Jump up ^ http://s10.postimg.org/e0mff10m1/ABC_Primetime_February_06_1980.jpg Jump up ^ http://s21.postimg.org/gr0cwagxj/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 06_Bradford_vs_Bradford_February_27_1980. jpg , ( 916 × 1600 px ) '' . s14.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://s3.postimg.io/pwbm8xy9v/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://s12.postimg.org/gegwu3n65/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 01_And_Baby_Makes_Nine_Part_1_October_29_19. jpg , ( 1235 × 1600 px ) '' . s18.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Image : 03_Jeremy_November_05_1980. jpg , ( 920 × 1600 px ) '' . s21.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://s23.postimg.org/qht870h6z/image.jpg Jump up ^ `` Image : 04_Bradfordgate_January_07_1981. jpg , ( 946 × 1600 px ) '' . s15.postimg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/zYsAAOSwFe5X0IB0/s-l1600.jpg ^ Jump up to : https://s3.postimg.io/95ca9lkbn/s_l1600.jpg Jump up ^ http://i.imgur.com/EYWjxA6.jpg Jump up ^ `` http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/81-OCR/1981-10-12-BC-OCR-Page-0011.pdf#search=%22eight%20enough%22 '' ( PDF ) . americanradiohistory.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ME - Too in Chicago '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Me - TV and Me - Too Winter 2009 Schedules ; BET January 2009 '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watching Classic Television on Television '' . Television Obscurities . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . TV Sorrisi e Canzoni # 33 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Press Release for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 1st Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough - Warner Archive Releases - The Complete 2nd Season , Part 1 and Part 2 '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Your Plate of Homemade Wishes Comes True : Season 3 DVDs are Out ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 4th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Is Enough DVD news : Announcement for Eight Is Enough - The Complete 5th Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Eight Is Enough on IMDb Eight Is Enough at TV.com Eight Is Enough : A Family Reunion on IMDb ( 1987 reunion movie ) An Eight Is Enough Wedding on IMDb ( 1989 reunion movie ) Eightisenough.com contains episode summaries <Th_colspan="2"> People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight_Is_Enough&oldid=826557004 '' Categories : 1977 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American comedy - drama television series American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by Lorimar Television Television shows set in Sacramento , California Television series about families Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 27 . 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1. Eight is Enough - American television series 2. Comedy-drama genre 3. Based on the life of syndicated newspaper columnist Thomas Braden 4. Sacramento family with eight children 5. Cast includes Dick Van Patten, Diana Hyland, Betty Buckley, Grant Goodeve, Lani O'Grady, Laurie Walters, Susan Richardson, Dianne Kay, Connie Newton, Willie Aames, Adam Rich

when does it start to cool down in utah

Climate of Salt Lake City - wikipedia Climate of Salt Lake City Jump to : navigation , search Salt Lake City Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 1.4 37 21 1.3 43 26 1.9 53 33 61 39 71 47 0.8 82 56 0.7 91 63 0.8 89 62 1.3 78 52 1.6 64 41 1.4 49 30 38 22 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in inches <Td_colspan="12"> Source : NCDC <Th_colspan="12"> ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 35 − 6 34 6 − 4 49 12 51 16 53 21 8 20 28 13 18 33 17 19 32 17 34 25 11 40 18 5 36 9 − 1 31 − 5 <Td_colspan="12"> Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C <Td_colspan="12"> Precipitation totals in mm The climate of Salt Lake City varies widely . Lying in the Salt Lake Valley , the city is surrounded by mountains and the Great Salt Lake . The city has four distinct seasons : a cold , snowy winter ; a hot , dry summer ; and two relatively wet transition periods . The climate of the Salt Lake City area is generally subhumid , not semi-arid as often claimed . Under the Köppen climate classification , Salt Lake City is in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) and a hot - summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) , with relatively drier summers than the rest of the year . The Pacific Ocean is the primary influence on the weather , contributing storms from about October to May , with spring being the wettest season . Snow falls frequently during the winter , contributed largely by the lake - effect from the Great Salt Lake . The only source of precipitation in the summer is monsoon moisture moving north from the Gulf of California . Summers are hot , frequently reaching above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , while winters are cold and snowy . However , winters are warmer than one would expect at this elevation and latitude , due to the Rocky Mountains to the east and north that usually block powerful polar highs from affecting the state during the winter . Temperatures rarely fall below 0 ° F ( - 18 ° C ) , but frequently stay below freezing . Temperature inversions during winter can lead to thick overnight fog and daytime haze in the valley as cool air , moisture , and pollutants are trapped in the valley by surrounding mountains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Temperatures 3 Precipitation 4 Other weather events 5 Recent weather events 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Salt Lake City International Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 69 ( 21 ) 80 ( 27 ) 89 ( 32 ) 99 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 100 ( 38 ) 89 ( 32 ) 75 ( 24 ) 69 ( 21 ) 107 ( 42 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 51.8 ( 11 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 88.9 ( 31.6 ) 97.9 ( 36.6 ) 101.9 ( 38.8 ) 99.6 ( 37.6 ) 93.9 ( 34.4 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 102.3 ( 39.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 37.4 ( 3 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 71.9 ( 22.2 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) 90.5 ( 32.5 ) 79.2 ( 26.2 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 43.6 ( 6.4 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 78.7 ( 25.9 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 40.0 ( 4.4 ) 30.3 ( − 0.9 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 21.6 ( − 5.8 ) 25.2 ( − 3.8 ) 33.6 ( 0.9 ) 39.5 ( 4.2 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 30.6 ( − 0.8 ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 6.5 ( − 14.2 ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 21.0 ( − 6.1 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 54.9 ( 12.7 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 16.9 ( − 8.4 ) 7.3 ( − 13.7 ) 0.9 ( − 17.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) 0 ( − 18 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 40 ( 4 ) 37 ( 3 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 16 ( − 9 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 21 ( − 29 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 1.79 ( 45.5 ) 1.99 ( 50.5 ) 1.95 ( 49.5 ) 0.98 ( 24.9 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 1.21 ( 30.7 ) 1.52 ( 38.6 ) 1.45 ( 36.8 ) 1.41 ( 35.8 ) 16.10 ( 408.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 12.5 ( 31.8 ) 10.7 ( 27.2 ) 6.5 ( 16.5 ) 4.0 ( 10.2 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.4 ( 3.6 ) 7.6 ( 19.3 ) 13.2 ( 33.5 ) 56.2 ( 142.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.1 9.4 9.9 9.9 9.0 5.6 4.4 5.4 5.8 7.1 9.1 9.9 95.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.5 6.2 4.2 2.4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.9 4.2 8.2 34.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 74.0 69.8 60.2 53.2 48.7 41.4 35.9 38.5 45.6 55.7 66.3 74.3 55.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.4 163.1 241.9 269.1 321.7 360.5 380.5 352.5 301.1 248.1 150.4 113.1 3,029.4 Percent possible sunshine 43 55 65 67 72 80 83 83 81 72 50 39 68 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) , Temperatures ( edit ) Winter temperatures are not as extreme as might be expected , given the elevation 4,300 feet ( 1,310 m ) and latitude ( 40 ° 45'N ) of the city . The Rocky Mountains to the east and northeast of the state block most cold waves from polar highs positioned in the Great Plains from reaching the city . The frigidly cold air that does affect the city must come directly from the north or north - northwest from western Canada through fewer and lower intervening mountains . Temperatures seldom fall below 0 ° F ( − 17.8 ° C ) ; Salt Lake City has experienced sub-zero temperatures during only 4 storm cycles in the last 10 years . However , the average sub-zero days in a year is 2.3. ( 1 ) Salt Lake City averages 26 days with high temperatures at or below freezing. ( 2 ) In winter , warm air from the Desert Southwest is usually only drawn up to the city in advance of a cold front arriving from the northwest . January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 29.2 ° F ( − 1.6 ° C ) . Salt Lake City 's record low maximum temperature is 2 ° F ( − 16.7 ° C ) , set on December 22 , 1990 , during an extended period of frigid Arctic air , and its overall record low temperature is − 30 ° F ( − 34.4 ° C ) , set on February 9 , 1933 during a historic cold air surge from the north . During spring , temperatures warm steadily and rapidly . Wintry weather is usually last experienced by early - to - mid April . Summery weather first arrives in early to mid May ; the earliest 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) temperature on record was on May 2 . Major cold fronts typically stop arriving in late May or early June . Summer temperatures are hot , although are moderated somewhat by the cool breezes from the Great Salt Lake and by the city 's elevation . The lack of cold fronts in summer allows the temperatures to become consistently hot due to powerful , long - lasting high pressure . Occasional thunderstorms give almost the only relief in temperatures . In an average year , 5 days hotter than 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) , 23 days greater than 95 ° F ( 35.0 ° C ) , and 56 days greater than 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) can be expected . ( 3 ) . However , such days also have very low humidity . The low humidity and the altitude create ideal conditions for radiational cooling , and hence , large swings in temperature . Summer nights are rather cool ; the record low even in July is 40 ° F ( 4.4 ° C ) . July is the warmest month , with an average temperature of 77.0 ° F ( 25.0 ° C ) . Salt Lake City 's record high minimum temperature is 81 ° F ( 27.2 ° C ) , set on July 18 , 2016 , ( 4 ) and its record high temperature is 107 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , first set on July 26 , 1960 and again on July 13 , 2002 ( although the temperature in 2002 was slightly higher ) . The last summer - like weather is typically experienced in mid-September ; the latest 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) temperature was recorded on September 30 . Temperatures cool down rapidly in fall . The first major cold fronts typically arrive anytime from mid-September to early October . The first winter - like weather is usually experienced in early - to - mid November . Salt Lake City 's average yearly temperature is 52.1 ° F ( 11.2 ° C ) , and the freeze - free period lasts an average of 167 days , from April 30 to October 15 , although it has lasted anywhere from 124 to 236 days. ( 5 ) Freezing temperatures have occurred as early as September 13 ( in 1928 ) , and as late as May 28 ( in 1954 ) . Precipitation ( edit ) Both precipitation and humidity are highest from March through May and lowest from June through mid-September . Major sources of precipitation are winter snow storms originating in the Gulf of Alaska , late winter and spring rains from the Pineapple Express created in Hawaiian waters , and summer monsoons from the Gulf of California . The airport averages 16.5 inches ( 419 mm ) of precipitation per year , with bench areas receiving up to 20 inches ( 508 mm ) , mainly due to increased snowfall . May is the wettest month , averaging 2.09 inches ( 53.1 mm ) of precipitation . Average year - round humidity is 55 % . The summer monsoon rising from Mexico and Arizona passes through the region beginning in mid-July and continuing into September , bringing intense but short - lived thunderstorm activity . Tornadoes have been known to occur during this time period , the most notable recent example being in 1999 when an F2 tornado struck downtown Salt Lake City , causing extensive damage and resulting in one death . Many of these thunderstorms consist of dry lightning , which occurs when humidity is too low to support rainfall and the rain evaporates before reaching the ground . This is the main cause of wildfires in Utah during summer . Smoke from such fires in nearby areas sometimes make their way into the valley . Despite the intensity of the thunderstorms , the low humidity , short duration , and isolationism of the thunderstorms all play a part in making this the driest season . July is the driest month , with only 0.72 in ( 18.3 mm ) of precipitation on average . In late fall , the Pacific Ocean usually begins to kick in again , and starting in late September precipitation begins to increase . During late summer and fall , remnants of tropical cyclones from the East Pacific occasionally reach Utah , resulting in heavy tropical rains . Weather events such as hail , freezing rain , and sleet are uncommon in Salt Lake City . When they do occur , they are of short duration and rarely accumulate . The record precipitation for a single month occurred in September 1982 , with 7.04 inches ( 179 mm ) , largely due to the remnants of Hurricane Olivia . The record 24 ‐ hour precipitation occurred from April 22 -- 23 , 1957 , when 2.41 inches ( 61.2 mm ) fell . The first snowfall of the season is usually recorded in October , although significant snowfall usually does not occur until mid-to - late November . However , snow has been recorded in every month of the year in the mountains . Snow fell in the valley as early as September 17 ( in 1965 ) . January averages the most snowfall of any month , with 13.6 inches ( 34.5 cm ) . Snowfall is common through mid-March , but the last snowfall of the season usually occurs in early or mid-April , although measurable snow has been recorded on the valley floor as late as May 18 ( in 1977 ) . However , significant snow can fall in March and in rare cases even April . Measurable snow falls on average from November 6 through April 18 . The airport also averages 61 inches ( 155 cm ) of snow in a year , which is more than most Great Plains and Mid-Atlantic locations . However , bench locations near the mountains receive substantially more , reaching 80 to 100 in ( 200 to 255 cm ) annually . The four ski resorts located in Big and Little Cottonwood each average more than 500 '' of snow per year . These high snowfall totals can be credited to the lake effect , in which snow storms passing over the Great Salt Lake are amplified by the warm waters of the lake . The lake effect is usually strongest from mid-fall through mid-winter , when lake waters are warmer and land temperatures are cold enough to support snow . Blizzards are very rare in the Salt Lake City valley due to a rarity of extreme winds . Although average snowfall is relatively high , large snowstorms of more than about 12 inches ( 30 cm ) are rare in the valley . In addition , average winter temperatures in the city are usually not cold enough to support snow cover all winter long . The maximum snow depth recorded in the city was 26 in ( 66 cm ) on January 11 , 1993 . January 1993 was the snowiest month on record , with 50.3 inches ( 128 cm ) . The record 24 hour snowfall occurred from February 24 -- 25 , 1998 , when 18.9 in ( 48 cm ) fell , while the record single storm snowfall occurred from January 6 -- 10 , 1993 , with 23.3 inches ( 59 cm ) . The snowiest season on record was 1951 - 1952 , when 117.3 inches ( 298 cm ) fell , while the least snowy winter on record was 1939 - 1940 , with 18.5 inches ( 47.0 cm ) . The airport averages around 37 and 97 days of snow and precipitation , respectively , each year . Daily sunshine hours range from a low of 3.6 in December to a high of 12.3 in July , all for a bountiful total of nearly 3030 hours per year . Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Record Precipitation in . 3.23 4.89 3.97 4.90 4.76 3.84 2.57 3.66 7.04 3.91 3.34 4.37 Average Precipitation in . 1.37 1.33 1.91 2.02 2.09 0.77 0.72 0.76 1.33 1.57 1.40 1.23 Average Snowfall in . 13.6 9.9 9.1 4.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 7.0 12.0 Record Snowfall in . 50.3 32.1 41.9 26.4 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 20.4 33.3 35.2 <Td_colspan="14"> Data is for Salt Lake International Airport Tree - lined streets Other weather events ( edit ) Flood of City Creek , 1983 . The phenomena El Niño and La Niña also affect precipitation along the Great Basin , bringing occasional cycles of drought and flooding . The largest recent flood in Salt Lake City occurred in 1983 . Triggered by a powerful El Niño , an exceptionally large snowpack caused flooding and massive damage . City Creek burst from its underground diversion and flooded the city . Some streets , such as State Street and 1300 South , were converted into makeshift rivers to accommodate the overflowing creek . Some flooding also occurred in 1987 , when the Great Salt Lake reached its all - time maximum water level . A 2010 study indicates that this record event occurred during an overlapping period of three prominent climate cycles that are unique in the region . Significant mid-winter temperature inversions often occur in the Salt Lake Valley . These inversions , which often last for days and weeks , are most pronounced in mid-winter , although milder inversions sometimes occur during other seasons . Winter temperature inversions cause cold , foggy and hazy valley conditions , with sunny and somewhat warmer conditions prevailing in the surrounding mountains . Temperature inversions trap valley air pollutants , which often rise to unhealthy levels . Humidity is only high enough and temperatures cold enough for fog to occur during mid-winter , although haze and smog can be found year - round . Inversions occur when strong areas of high pressure remain parked over the Great Basin . It usually takes a cold front to force out or break down the high pressure . Consequently , inversions are rare in spring and fall , when the weather takes on a more progressive pattern , with frequent fronts moving through . Such recurring and persistent patterns of inversions follow a unique timescale of about 30 days , providing a means for long - range weather prediction . Such prediction of persistent inversion up to 30 days has been made operational . Tornadoes are also relatively uncommon . However , there has been at least one damaging tornado in the city . The Salt Lake City Tornado of August 11 , 1999 , which killed one person and injured 60 , resulted in only the second ever fatality from a tornado in Utah , and caused about $500 million in damage . As a result of extended drought patterns , Salt Lake City constructed several reservoirs to hold excess water during flood periods and provide water during drought conditions . Additionally , artesian wells and water siphoned from Utah Lake miles to the south act as alternate water sources for the city . ( 6 ) Recent weather events ( edit ) Utah was in a consistent drought from late 1998 through 2004 , although experts warn that the drought - breaking conditions experienced in 2004 and 2005 could actually just be a break in a more extended drought pattern . July 2003 set the record for the warmest month ever in Salt Lake City . 2003 overall was the second warmest year on record , and recorded the second - warmest January , August , and October on record , but with the warmest month ever ( July ) . January 2003 saw a record high January temperature of 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) and record low January snowfall ( a trace ) . That winter was the sixth warmest and third least snowy on record . May 2003 also set a record high May temperature of 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) on two consecutive days . July 2002 also saw a record - tying high temperature of 107 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , while July 2003 saw a record high minimum temperature ( 80 ° F ; 27 ° C ) and a record streak of 100 degree weather ( July contributed 10 of that summer 's 24 days over 100 degrees ) . In late December 2003 , a large snowstorm dumped more than 18 inches ( 460 mm ) of snow across the valley , with up to 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in high bench areas and up to 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in the Wasatch Range . From December 25 -- 29 , the official station saw 21.9 inches ( 56 cm ) . This snowstorm also caused widespread power outages . Accompanied by subsequent snowstorms and a very cold January and February , snow from this storm remained on the ground for the remainder of the winter . From January 3 -- 26 , Salt Lake City spent a record amount of time below freezing . January and February were both very cold , but this was followed by the fourth - warmest March on record , which also saw a record - tying March high . Before 2005 , 1998 was the last year to see above - average precipitation . Near record - setting snowpack in the mountains during the 2004 to 2005 season , as well as heavy spring rains , ended the drought nearly statewide . Heavy winter and spring rains caused flooding throughout the state . In late January , heavy rains overflowed the Santa Clara River in Washington County in the southwest corner of the state , destroying several homes in Ivins , Santa Clara , and Saint George , and essentially cutting off the small town of Gunlock . Heavy spring rains in late April caused widespread but minor flooding in northern Utah . Heat returned in the summer of 2006 , with July 2006 becoming the second - hottest July on record . Summer 2006 ( June -- August ) closed as the 4th - hottest on record , tempered only by a near - average August . January 2007 became the coldest month since December 1990 , and the coldest January since 1978 . April 29 , 2007 , saw a record April high temperature of 89 ° F. Snow levels in the ski resorts were near record lows . It became one of the driest springs on record in Salt Lake City . Heat returned again in the summer of 2007 , with July 2007 breaking the aforementioned July 2003 record . July 2007 also set the record for the highest average monthly minimum temperature . December 2007 became the third - wettest on record . Snowfall was also abnormally high throughout the winter of 2007 - 2008 as snow came at an unusually frequent pace . Snow totals ended only slightly under the totals of 2003 - 2004 without a major snowstorm to boost the totals . Spring 2008 was once again dry but was very cool . Heat returned that summer once again and July 2008 became the fifth - warmest month on record . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ The official Salt Lake City climatology station was located in downtown from March 1874 to 30 April 1928 and at Salt Lake City Int'l since 1 May 1928 . For further information , see ThreadEx . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NCDC : 1981 -- 2010 climate normals '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Highest and Lowest Daily Maximum Temperature for Each Month with Day and Year of Occurrence , Plus Normal Monthly Maximum Temperature '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highest and Lowest Daily Minumum Temperature for Each Month with Day and Year of Occurrence , Plus Normal Monthly Minimum Temperature '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for SALT LAKE CITY / INTL , UT 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Climatological Information for Salt Lake City , United States , Hong Kong Observatory . Accessed Dec. 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Wang et al. ( 2010 ) http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2009JCLI2979.1 Jump up ^ Wang et al. 2012 : http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0101.1 Jump up ^ Gillies et al. ( 2010a ) http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010WAF2222380.1 Jump up ^ Gillies et al. ( 2010b ) http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010WAF2222419.1?journalCode=wefo Jump up ^ Utah Climate Center prediction : https://climate.usurf.usu.edu/inversion.php Climate charts , retrieved November 2004 External links ( edit ) National Weather Service - Salt Lake City Climate summary Detailed climate statistics <Th_colspan="2"> City of Salt Lake City Topics Buildings and attractions Climate Economy Geography History Libraries Mayors Media Notable citizens Education Schools East High Highland High Judge Memorial Catholic High Rowland Hall - St. Mark 's School Salt Lake Stake Academy South High West High Kearns - Saint Ann Catholic School Open Classroom Charter School Escalante Elementary Universities LDS Business College Salt Lake Community College University of Utah Western Governors University Westminster College Neighborhoods 9th and 9th The Avenues Capitol Hill Central City Chinatown Downtown East Bench Fairpark Federal Heights Glendale Poplar Grove Rose Park Sugar House Sports Real Salt Lake Salt Lake Bees Utah Grizzlies Utah Jazz Utah Royals FC Utah Utes Transportation List of Utah Transit Authority bus routes FrontRunner Salt Lake City International Airport List of TRAX stations <Td_colspan="2"> Salt Lake County Salt Lake City Metro Utah United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Salt_Lake_City&oldid=800976325 '' Categories : Salt Lake City Climate by city in the United States Climate of Utah Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Climate of Salt Lake City 2. Four distinct seasons 3. Subhumid climate 4. Influence of the Pacific Ocean 5. Snowfall and winter temperatures

who is currently holding power in state government in south australia

Premier of South Australia - wikipedia Premier of South Australia <Th_colspan="2"> Premier of South Australia <Td_colspan="2"> South Australian Coat of Arms <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Steven Marshall since 19 March 2018 Style The Honourable ( Formal ) Premier ( Spoken ) Seat Adelaide Appointer Governor of South Australia Term length At the Governor 's pleasure Inaugural holder Boyle Finniss Formation 24 October 1856 Salary $374,648 ( AUD ) Website http://premier.sa.gov.au/ The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia , Australia . The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system , with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature . The Premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia , and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament , the House of Assembly . Steven Marshall is the current Premier , having served since 19 March 2018 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Party 2 List of Premiers of South Australia 3 Living former premiers 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Pre-party ( edit ) Before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia , MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs . The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party , with the conservatives mostly in opposition . Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time . The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations . The two independent conservative parties , the Australasian National League ( formerly National Defence League ) and the Farmers and Producers Political Union merged with the Liberal and Democratic Union to become the Liberal Union in 1910 . Labor formed South Australia 's first majority government after winning the 1910 state election , triggering the merger . The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australia 's first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election . No `` Country '' or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long - term forces in South Australian state politics , often folding into the main non-Labor party . List of premiers of South Australia ( edit ) The first six Governors of South Australia oversaw governance from proclamation in 1836 until self - government and an elected Parliament of South Australia was enacted in the year prior to the inaugural 1857 election . Colour key ( for political parties ) Independent Liberalism Conservatism Liberal Federation / Union Liberal & Country Liberal Labor No . Name ( Birth -- Death ) Constituency Portrait <Th_colspan="3"> Term of Office Start -- End -- Days Elected ( Parliament ) Party Government <Th_colspan="9"> Colonial Government ( 1856 -- 1901 ) Boyle Finniss ( 1807 -- 1893 ) MHA for Adelaide 24 October 1856 21 August 1857 301 1857 ( 1st ) Independent Finniss John Baker ( 1813 -- 1872 ) Councillor 21 August 1857 1 September 1857 11 -- ( 1st ) Independent Baker Robert Torrens ( 1814 -- 1884 ) MHA for Adelaide 1 September 1857 30 September 1857 29 -- ( 1st ) Independent Torrens Richard Hanson ( 1805 -- 1876 ) MHA for Adelaide 30 September 1857 9 May 1860 952 -- ( 1st ) Independent Hanson 5 Thomas Reynolds ( 1818 -- 1875 ) MHA for Adelaide 9 May 1860 8 October 1861 517 1860 ( 2nd ) Independent Reynolds ( 1st ) Reynolds ( 2nd ) 6 George Waterhouse ( 1824 -- 1906 ) Councillor 8 October 1861 4 July 1863 634 -- ( 2nd ) 1862 ( 3rd ) Independent Waterhouse ( 1st ) Waterhouse ( 2nd ) 7 Francis Dutton ( 1818 -- 1877 ) MHA for Light 4 July 1863 15 July 1863 11 -- ( 3rd ) Independent Dutton ( 1st ) 8 Henry Ayers ( 1821 -- 1897 ) Councillor 15 July 1863 4 August 1864 386 -- ( 3rd ) Independent Ayers ( 1st ) Ayers ( 2nd ) 9 Arthur Blyth ( 1823 -- 1890 ) MHA for Gumeracha 4 August 1864 22 March 1865 230 -- ( 3rd ) Independent Blyth ( 1st ) ( 7 ) Francis Dutton 22 March 1865 20 September 1865 182 1865 ( 4th ) Independent Dutton ( 2nd ) ( 8 ) Henry Ayers 20 September 1865 23 October 1865 33 -- ( 4th ) Independent Ayers ( 3rd ) 10 John Hart ( 1809 -- 1873 ) MHA for Port Adelaide 23 October 1865 28 March 1866 156 -- ( 4th ) Independent Hart ( 1st ) 11 James Boucaut ( 1831 -- 1916 ) MHA for Encounter Bay 28 March 1866 3 May 1867 401 -- ( 4th ) Independent Boucaut ( 1st ) ( 8 ) Henry Ayers 3 May 1867 24 September 1868 510 -- ( 4th ) 1868 ( 5th ) Independent Ayers ( 4th ) ( 10 ) John Hart MHA for Light 24 September 1868 13 October 1868 19 -- ( 5th ) Independent Hart ( 2nd ) ( 8 ) Henry Ayers 13 October 1868 3 November 1868 21 -- ( 5th ) Independent Ayers ( 5th ) 12 Henry Strangways ( 1832 -- 1920 ) MHA for West Torrens 3 November 1868 30 May 1870 573 -- ( 5th ) 1870 ( 6th ) Independent Strangways ( 1st ) Strangways ( 2nd ) ( 10 ) John Hart MHA for The Burra 30 May 1870 10 November 1871 529 -- ( 6th ) Independent Hart ( 3rd ) ( 9 ) Arthur Blyth 10 November 1871 22 January 1872 73 -- ( 6th ) 1871 ( 7th ) Independent Blyth ( 2nd ) ( 8 ) Henry Ayers 22 January 1872 22 July 1873 517 -- ( 7th ) Independent Ayers ( 6th ) Ayers ( 7th ) ( 9 ) Arthur Blyth 22 July 1873 3 June 1875 681 -- ( 7th ) 1875 ( 8th ) Independent Blyth ( 3rd ) ( 11 ) James Boucaut 3 June 1875 6 June 1876 369 -- ( 8th ) Independent Boucaut ( 2nd ) Boucaut ( 3rd ) 13 John Colton ( 1823 -- 1902 ) MHA for Noarlunga 6 June 1876 26 October 1877 507 -- ( 8th ) Independent Colton ( 1st ) ( 11 ) James Boucaut 26 October 1877 27 September 1878 336 -- ( 8th ) 1878 ( 9th ) Independent Boucaut ( 4th ) 14 William Morgan ( 1828 -- 1883 ) Councillor 27 September 1878 24 June 1881 1001 -- ( 9th ) 1881 ( 10th ) Independent Morgan 15 John Bray ( 1842 -- 1894 ) MHA for East Adelaide 24 June 1881 16 June 1884 1088 -- ( 10th ) 1884 ( 11th ) Independent Bray ( 13 ) John Colton 16 June 1884 16 June 1885 365 -- ( 11th ) Independent Colton ( 2nd ) 16 John Downer ( 1843 -- 1915 ) MHA for Barossa 16 June 1885 11 June 1887 725 -- ( 11th ) 1887 ( 12th ) Independent Downer ( 1st ) 17 Thomas Playford ( II ) ( 1837 -- 1915 ) MHA for Newcastle 11 June 1887 27 June 1889 747 -- ( 12th ) Independent Playford II ( 1st ) 18 John Cockburn ( 1850 -- 1929 ) MHA for Mount Barker 27 June 1889 19 August 1890 418 -- ( 12th ) 1890 ( 13th ) Liberalism Cockburn ( 17 ) Thomas Playford ( II ) MHA for East Torrens 19 August 1890 21 June 1892 672 -- ( 13th ) Conservatism Playford II ( 2nd ) 19 Frederick Holder ( 1850 -- 1909 ) MHA for Burra 21 June 1892 15 October 1892 116 -- ( 13th ) Liberalism Holder ( 1st ) ( 16 ) John Downer 15 October 1892 16 June 1893 244 -- ( 13th ) Conservatism Downer ( 2nd ) 20 Charles Kingston ( 1850 -- 1908 ) MHA for West Adelaide 16 June 1893 1 December 1899 2359 1893 ( 14th ) 1896 ( 15th ) 1899 ( 16th ) Liberalism Kingston 21 Vaiben Solomon ( 1853 -- 1908 ) MHA for Northern Territory 1 December 1899 8 December 1899 7 -- ( 16th ) Conservatism Solomon ( 19 ) Frederick Holder 8 December 1899 15 May 1901 523 -- ( 16th ) Liberalism Holder ( 2nd ) <Th_colspan="9"> State Government ( 1901 -- present ) 22 John Jenkins ( 1851 -- 1923 ) MHA for Torrens 15 May 1901 1 March 1905 1386 -- ( 16th ) 1902 ( 17th ) Liberalism Jenkins 23 Richard Butler ( 1850 -- 1925 ) MHA for Barossa 1 March 1905 26 July 1905 147 -- ( 17th ) Conservatism Butler I 24 Thomas Price ( 1852 -- 1909 ) MHA for Torrens 26 July 1905 5 June 1909 1410 1905 ( 18th ) 1906 ( 19th ) United Labor Price 25 Archibald Peake ( 1859 -- 1920 ) MHA for Victoria & Albert 5 June 1909 3 June 1910 363 -- ( 19th ) Liberal & Democratic Union Peake ( 1st ) 26 John Verran ( 1856 -- 1932 ) MHA for Wallaroo 3 June 1910 17 February 1912 624 1910 ( 20th ) United Labor Verran ( 25 ) Archibald Peake 17 February 1912 3 April 1915 1141 1912 ( 21st ) Liberal Union Peake ( 2nd ) 27 Crawford Vaughan ( 1874 -- 1947 ) MHA for Sturt 3 April 1915 14 July 1917 833 1915 ( 22nd ) United Labor Vaughan ( 25 ) Archibald Peake 14 July 1917 8 April 1920 999 -- ( 22nd ) 1918 ( 23rd ) Liberal Union Peake ( 3rd ) 28 Henry Barwell ( 1877 -- 1959 ) MHA for Stanley 8 April 1920 16 April 1924 1469 -- ( 23rd ) 1921 ( 24th ) Liberal Union ( until 1923 ) Liberal Federation ( from 1923 ) Barwell 29 John Gunn ( 1884 -- 1959 ) MHA for Adelaide 16 April 1924 28 August 1926 864 1924 ( 25th ) Labor Gunn 30 Lionel Hill ( 1881 -- 1963 ) MHA for Port Pirie 28 August 1926 8 April 1927 223 -- ( 25th ) Labor Hill ( 1st ) 31 Richard L. Butler ( 1885 -- 1966 ) MHA for Wooroora 8 April 1927 17 April 1930 1105 1927 ( 26th ) Liberal Federation Butler II ( 1st ) ( 30 ) Lionel Hill 17 April 1930 13 February 1933 1033 1930 ( 27th ) Labor Hill ( 2nd ) 32 Robert Richards ( 1885 -- 1967 ) MHA for Wallaroo 13 February 1933 18 April 1933 64 -- ( 27th ) Labor Richards ( 31 ) Richard L. Butler 18 April 1933 5 November 1938 2027 1933 ( 28th ) 1938 ( 29th ) Liberal and Country League Butler II ( 2nd ) 33 Thomas Playford ( IV ) ( 1896 -- 1981 ) MHA for Gumeracha 5 November 1938 10 March 1965 9622 -- ( 29th ) 1941 ( 30th ) 1944 ( 31st ) 1947 ( 32nd ) 1950 ( 33rd ) 1953 ( 34th ) 1956 ( 35th ) 1959 ( 36th ) 1962 ( 37th ) Liberal and Country League Playford IV ( 1st ) Playford IV ( 2nd ) 34 Frank Walsh ( 1897 -- 1968 ) MHA for Edwardstown 10 March 1965 1 June 1967 813 1965 ( 38th ) Labor Walsh 35 Don Dunstan ( 1926 -- 1999 ) MHA for Norwood 1 June 1967 17 April 1968 321 -- ( 38th ) Labor Dunstan ( 1st ) 36 Steele Hall ( born 1928 ) MHA for Gouger 17 April 1968 2 June 1970 776 1968 ( 39th ) Liberal and Country League Hall ( 35 ) Don Dunstan 2 June 1970 15 February 1979 3180 1970 ( 40th ) 1973 ( 41st ) 1975 ( 42nd ) 1977 ( 43rd ) Labor Dunstan ( 2nd ) 37 Des Corcoran ( 1928 -- 2004 ) MHA for Hartley 15 February 1979 18 September 1979 215 -- ( 43rd ) Labor Corcoran 38 David Tonkin ( 1929 -- 2000 ) MHA for Bragg 18 September 1979 10 November 1982 1149 1979 ( 44th ) Liberal Tonkin 39 John Bannon ( 1943 -- 2015 ) MHA for Ross Smith 10 November 1982 4 September 1992 3586 1982 ( 45th ) 1985 ( 46th ) 1989 ( 47th ) Labor Bannon 40 Lynn Arnold ( born 1949 ) MHA for Ramsay 4 September 1992 14 December 1993 466 -- ( 47th ) Labor Arnold 41 Dean Brown ( born 1943 ) MHA for Finniss 14 December 1993 28 November 1996 1080 1993 ( 48th ) Liberal Brown 42 John Olsen ( born 1945 ) MHA for Kavel 28 November 1996 22 October 2001 1789 -- ( 48th ) 1997 ( 49th ) Liberal Olsen 43 Rob Kerin ( born 1954 ) MHA for Frome 22 October 2001 5 March 2002 165 -- ( 49th ) Liberal Kerin 44 Mike Rann ( born 1953 ) MHA for Ramsay 5 March 2002 21 October 2011 3517 2002 ( 50th ) 2006 ( 51st ) 2010 ( 52nd ) Labor Rann 45 Jay Weatherill ( born 1964 ) MHA for Cheltenham 21 October 2011 19 March 2018 2341 -- ( 52nd ) 2014 ( 53rd ) Labor Weatherill 46 Steven Marshall ( born 1968 ) MHA for Dunstan 19 March 2018 -- 221 2018 ( 54th ) Liberal Marshall Living former premiers ( edit ) Former South Australian premiers ( from left ) Robert Richards , Richard L. Butler , Lionel Hill and Henry Barwell meet with then Premier Tom Playford in 1940 There are seven living former premiers , the oldest being Steele Hall ( 1968 -- 70 , born 1928 ) . The most recent premier to die was John Bannon ( Premier 1982 -- 1992 ) on 13 December 2015 . Name Term as premier Date of birth Steele Hall 1968 -- 1970 ( 1928 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1928 ( age 89 ) Lynn Arnold 1992 -- 1993 ( 1949 - 01 - 27 ) 27 January 1949 ( age 69 ) Dean Brown 1993 -- 1996 ( 1943 - 04 - 05 ) 5 April 1943 ( age 75 ) John Olsen 1996 -- 2001 ( 1945 - 06 - 07 ) 7 June 1945 ( age 73 ) Rob Kerin 2001 -- 2002 ( 1954 - 01 - 04 ) 4 January 1954 ( age 64 ) Mike Rann 2002 -- 2011 ( 1953 - 01 - 05 ) 5 January 1953 ( age 65 ) Jay Weatherill 2011 -- 2018 ( 1964 - 04 - 03 ) 3 April 1964 ( age 54 ) Timeline ( edit ) In the following timeline , the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union , the Liberal Union and the Liberal Federation represented as `` Liberal ( pre-1979 ) '' . The Liberal Party is represented as `` Liberal ( post-1979 ) '' only . The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment , beginning in 1936 , in effect until the 1970 election . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Premiers of South Australia . List of Premiers of South Australia by time in office Deputy Premier of South Australia Leader of the Opposition ( South Australia ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Extraordinary ' $30,000 MP pay rise under fire from South Australian welfare groups '' . ABC News . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Statistical Record of the Legislature 1836 - 2007 External links ( edit ) Biographies of all premiers at the SA Parliament web site UWA state and federal election results since 1890 <Th_colspan="3"> Premiers of South Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Finniss Baker Torrens Hanson Reynolds Waterhouse Dutton Ayers Blyth Dutton Ayers Hart Boucaut Ayers Hart Ayers Strangways Hart Blyth Ayers Blyth Boucaut Colton Boucaut Morgan Bray Colton Downer Playford II Cockburn Playford II Holder Downer Kingston Solomon Holder Jenkins R. Butler Price Peake Verran Peake Vaughan Peake Barwell Gunn Hill R.L. Butler Hill Richards R.L. Butler Playford IV Walsh Dunstan Hall Dunstan Corcoran Tonkin Bannon Arnold Brown Olsen Kerin Rann Weatherill Marshall <Th_colspan="3"> Government of South Australia Executive Monarchy Governor Cabinet Premier Deputy Premier Treasurer Attorney - General Police Legislative Parliament House of Assembly Legislative Council Speaker of the House of Assembly President of the Legislative Council MHAs MLCs Opposition Leader Electoral districts Judicial Supreme Court District Court Employment Court Magistrates Court Coroner 's Court Other courts and tribunals <Th_colspan="2"> Current Premiers and Chief Ministers of the States and internal territories of Australia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NSW <Td_colspan="1"> VIC <Td_colspan="1"> QLD <Td_colspan="1"> WA <Td_colspan="1"> SA <Td_colspan="1"> TAS <Td_colspan="1"> ACT <Td_colspan="1"> NT Gladys Berejiklian ( Lib ) Daniel Andrews ( ALP ) Annastacia Palaszczuk ( ALP ) Mark McGowan ( ALP ) Steven Marshall ( Lib ) Will Hodgman ( Lib ) Andrew Barr ( ALP ) Michael Gunner ( ALP ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_of_South_Australia&oldid=860502583 '' Categories : Premiers of South Australia Lists of heads of government of Australian states and territories South Australia - related lists Ministers of the South Australian state government Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 02 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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1. Premier of South Australia 2. Government of South Australia 3. Westminster system 4. Steven Marshall 5. List of Premiers of South Australia

what are the main components of a crm system

Customer relationship management - wikipedia Customer relationship management Business administration Management of a business Accounting ( show ) Management accounting Financial accounting Financial audit Business entities ( show ) Cooperative Corporation Limited liability company Partnership Sole proprietorship State - owned enterprise Corporate governance ( show ) Annual general meeting Board of directors Supervisory board Advisory board Audit committee Corporate law ( show ) Commercial law Constitutional documents Contract Corporate crime Corporate liability Insolvency law International trade law Mergers and acquisitions Economics ( show ) Commodity Public economics Labour economics Development economics International economics Mixed economy Planned economy Econometrics Environmental economics Open economy Market economy Knowledge economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics Economic development Economic statistics Finance ( show ) Financial statement Insurance Factoring Cash conversion cycle Insider dealing Capital budgeting Commercial bank Derivative Financial statement analysis Financial risk Public finance Corporate finance Managerial finance International finance Liquidation Stock market Financial market Tax Financial institution Working capital Venture capital Marketing ( show ) Marketing Marketing research Public relations Sales Types of management ( show ) Asset Brand Business intelligence Business development Capacity Change innovation Commercial marketing Communications Conflict Content Customer relationship Distributed Earned value Electronic business Enterprise resource planning management information system Financial Human resource development Incident Integrated Knowledge Materials Network administrator Office Operations services Performance Power Problem Process Product life - cycle Product Project Quality Records Resource Risk crisis Sales Security Service Strategic Supply chain Systems administrator Talent Technology Organization ( show ) Architecture Behavior Communication Culture Conflict Development Engineering Hierarchy Patterns Space Structure Trade ( show ) Business analysis Business ethics Business plan Business judgment rule Consumer behaviour Business operations International business Business model International trade Business process Business statistics Business and economics portal Customer relationship management ( CRM ) is an approach to manage a company 's interaction with current and potential customers . It uses data analysis about customers ' history with a company to improve business relationships with customers , specifically focusing on customer retention and ultimately driving sales growth . One important aspect of the CRM approach is the systems of CRM that compile data from a range of different communication channels , including a company 's website , telephone , email , live chat , marketing materials , and more recently , social media . Through the CRM approach and the systems used to facilitate it , businesses learn more about their target audiences and how to best cater to their needs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Software history 2 Types 2.1 Strategic 2.2 Operational 2.3 Analytical 2.4 Collaborative 2.5 Customer data platform 3 Components 4 Effect on customer satisfaction 4.1 Customer benefits 4.2 Examples 5 Improving CRM within a firm 5.1 Analyzing the information 5.2 Employee training 5.3 Application 6 In practice 6.1 Call centers 6.2 Contact center automation 6.3 Social media 6.4 Location - based services 6.5 Business - to - business transactions 7 CRM market 8 Market trends 9 Criticism 10 See also 11 References Software history ( edit ) The concept of customer relationship management started in the early 1970s , when customer satisfaction was evaluated using annual surveys or by front - line asking . At that time , businesses had to rely on standalone mainframe systems to automate sales , but the extent of technology allowed them to categorize customers in spreadsheets and lists . In 1982 , Kate and Robert Kestnbaum introduced the concept of Database marketing , namely applying statistical methods to analyze and gather customer data . By 1986 , Pat Sullivan and Mike Muhney released a customer evaluation system called ACT ! based on the principle of digital rolodex , which offered a contact management service for the first time . The trend was followed by numerous developers trying to maximize leads ' potential , including Tom Siebel , who signed the first CRM product Siebel Systems in 1993 . Nevertheless , customer relationship management popularized in 1997 , due to the work of Siebel , Gartner , and IBM . Between 1997 and 2000 , leading CRM products were enriched with enterprise resource planning functions , and shipping and marketing capabilities . Siebel introduced the first mobile CRM app called Siebel Sales Handheld in 1999 . The idea of a cloud - hosted and moveable customer bases was soon adopted by other leading providers at the time , including PeopleSoft , Oracle , and SAP . The first open - source CRM system was developed by SugarCRM in 2004 . During this period , CRM was rapidly migrating to cloud , as a result of which it became accessible to sole entrepreneurs and small teams , and underwent a huge wave of price reduction . Around 2009 , developers began considering the options to profit from social media 's momentum , and designed tools to help companies become accessible on all users ' favorite networks . Many startups at the time benefited from this trend to provide exclusively social CRM solutions , including Base and Nutshell . The same year , Gartner organized and held the first Customer Relationship Management Summit , and summarized the features systems should offer to be classified as CRM solutions . In 2013 and 2014 , most of the popular CRM products were linked to business intelligence systems and communication software to improve corporate communication and end - users ' experience . The leading trend is to replace standardized CRM solutions with industry - specific ones , or to make them customizable enough to meet the needs of every business . In November 2016 , Forrester released a report where it `` identified the nine most significant CRM suites from eight prominent vendors , '' among them companies such as Infor , Microsoft , and NetSuite . Types ( edit ) Strategic ( edit ) Strategic CRM is focused upon the development of a customer - centric business culture . Operational ( edit ) The primary goal of customer relationship management systems is to integrate and automate sales , marketing , and customer support . Therefore , these systems typically have a dashboard that gives an overall view of the three functions on a single customer view , a single page for each customer that a company may have . The dashboard may provide client information , past sales , previous marketing efforts , and more , summarizing all of the relationships between the customer and the firm . Operational CRM is made up of 3 main components : sales force automation , marketing automation , and service automation . Sales force automation works with all stages in the sales cycle , from initially entering contact information to converting a prospective client into an actual client . It implements sales promotion analysis , automates the tracking of a client 's account history for repeated sales or future sales and coordinates sales , marketing , call centers , and retail outlets . It prevents duplicate efforts between a salesperson and a customer and also automatically tracks all contacts and follow - ups between both parties . Marketing automation focuses on easing the overall marketing process to make it more effective and efficient . CRM tools with marketing automation capabilities can automate repeated tasks , for example , sending out automated marketing emails at certain times to customers , or posting marketing information on social media . The goal with marketing automation is to turn a sales lead into a full customer . CRM systems today also work on customer engagement through social media . Service automation is the part of the CRM system that focuses on direct customer service technology . Through service automation , customers are supported through multiple channels such as phone , email , knowledge bases , ticketing portals , FAQs , and more . Analytical ( edit ) The role of analytical CRM systems is to analyze customer data collected through multiple sources , and present it so that business managers can make more informed decisions . Analytical CRM systems use techniques such as data mining , correlation , and pattern recognition to analyze the customer data . These analytics help improve customer service by finding small problems which can be solved , perhaps , by marketing to different parts of a consumer audience differently . For example , through the analysis of a customer base 's buying behavior , a company might see that this customer base has not been buying a lot of products recently . After scanning through this data , the company might think to market to this subset of consumers differently , in order to best communicate how this company 's products might benefit this group specifically . Collaborative ( edit ) The third primary aim of CRM systems is to incorporate external stakeholders such as suppliers , vendors , and distributors , and share customer information across organizations . For example , feedback can be collected from technical support calls , which could help provide direction for marketing products and services to that particular customer in the future . Customer data platform ( edit ) A customer data platform ( CDP ) is a computer system used by marketing departments that assembles data about individual people from various sources into one database , with which other software systems can interact . As of February 2017 there were about twenty companies selling such systems and revenue for them was around US $300 million . Components ( edit ) Components in the different types of CRM The main components of CRM are building and managing customer relationships through marketing , observing relationships as they mature through distinct phases , managing these relationships at each stage and recognizing that the distribution of value of a relationship to the firm is not homogenous . When building and managing customer relationships through marketing , firms might benefit from using a variety of tools to help organizational design , incentive schemes , customer structures , and more to optimize the reach of its marketing campaigns . Through the acknowledgement of the distinct phases of CRM , businesses will be able to benefit from seeing the interaction of multiple relationships as connected transactions . The final factor of CRM highlights the importance of CRM through accounting for the profitability of customer relationships . Through studying the particular spending habits of customers , a firm may be able to dedicate different resources and amounts of attention to different types of consumers . Relational Intelligence , or awareness of the variety of relationships a customer can have with a firm , is an important component to the main phases of CRM . Companies may be good at capturing demographic data , such as gender , age , income , and education , and connecting them with purchasing information to categorize customers into profitability tiers , but this is only a firm 's mechanical view of customer relationships . This therefore is a sign that firms believe that customers are still resources that can be used for up - sell or cross-sell opportunities , rather than humans looking for interesting and personalized interactions . CRM systems include : Data warehouse technology , used to aggregate transaction information , to merge the information with CRM products , and to provide key performance indicators . Opportunity management which helps the company to manage unpredictable growth and demand , and implement a good forecasting model to integrate sales history with sales projections . CRM systems that track and measure marketing campaigns over multiple networks , tracking customer analysis by customer clicks and sales . Some CRM software is available as a software as a service ( SaaS ) , delivered via the internet and accessed via a web browser instead of being installed on a local computer . Businesses using the software do not purchase it , but typically pay a recurring subscription fee to the software vendor . For small businesses a CRM system may consist of a contact manager system that integrates emails , documents , jobs , faxes , and scheduling for individual accounts . CRM systems available for specific markets ( legal , finance ) frequently focus on event management and relationship tracking as opposed to financial return on investment ( ROI ) . CRM systems for eCommerce , focused on marketing automation tasks , like : cart rescue , re-engage users with email , personalization . Customer - centric relationship management ( CCRM ) is a nascent sub-discipline that focuses on customer preferences instead of customer leverage . CCRM aims to add value by engaging customers in individual , interactive relationships . Systems for non-profit and membership - based organizations help track constituents , fundraising , sponsors ' demographics , membership levels , membership directories , volunteering and communication with individuals . Effect on customer satisfaction ( edit ) Customer satisfaction has important implications for the economic performance of firms because it has the ability to increase customer loyalty and usage behavior and reduce customer complaints and the likelihood of customer defection . The implementation of a CRM approach is likely to have an effect on customer satisfaction and customer knowledge for a variety of different reasons . Firstly , firms are able to customize their offerings for each customer . By accumulating information across customer interactions and processing this information to discover hidden patterns , CRM applications help firms customize their offerings to suit the individual tastes of their customers . This customization enhances the perceived quality of products and services from a customer 's viewpoint , and because perceived quality is a determinant of customer satisfaction , it follows that CRM applications indirectly affect customer satisfaction . CRM applications also enable firms to provide timely , accurate processing of customer orders and requests and the ongoing management of customer accounts . For example , Piccoli and Applegate discuss how Wyndham uses IT tools to deliver a consistent service experience across its various properties to a customer . Both an improved ability to customize and a reduced variability of the consumption experience enhance perceived quality , which in turn positively affects customer satisfaction . Furthermore , CRM applications also help firms manage customer relationships more effectively across the stages of relationship initiation , maintenance , and termination . Customer benefits ( edit ) With CRM systems customers are served better on day to day process and with more reliable information their demand of self service from companies will decrease . If there is less need to interact with the company for different problems , customer satisfaction level increases . These central benefits of CRM will be connected hypothetically to the three kinds of equity that are relationship , value and brand , and in the end to customer equity . Eight benefits were recognized to provide value drivers . Enhanced ability to target profitable customers . Integrated assistance across channels Enhanced sales force efficiency and effectiveness Improved pricing Customized products and services Improved customer service efficiency and effectiveness Individualized marketing messages also called campaigns Connect customers and all channels on a single platform . In 2012 , after reviewing the previous studies , someone selected some of those benefits which are more significant in customer 's satisfaction and summarized them into the following cases : Improve customer services : In general , customers would have some questions , concerns or requests . CRM services provide the ability to a company for producing , allocating and managing requests or something made by customers . For example , call center software , which helps to connect a customer to the manager or person who can best assist them with their existing problem , is one of the CRM abilities that can be implemented to increase efficiency . Increased personalized service or one - to - one service : Personalizing customer service or one - to - one service provides companies to improve understanding and gaining knowledge of the customers and also to have better knowledge about their customers ' preferences , requirements and demands . Responsive to customer 's needs : Customers ' situations and needs can be understood by the firms focusing on customer needs and requirements . Customer segmentation : In CRM , segmentation is used to categorize customers , according to some similarity , such as industry , job or some other characteristics , into similar groups . Although these characteristics , can be one or more attributes . It can be defined as a subdividing the customers based on already known good discriminator . Improve customization of marketing : Meaning of customization of marketing is that , the firm or organization adapt and change its services or products based on presenting a different and unique product or services for each customer . With the purpose of ensuring that customer needs and requirements are met Customization is used by the organization . Companies can put investment in information from customers and then customize their products or services to maintain customer interests . Multichannel integration : Multichannel integration shows the point of co creation of customer value in CRM . On the other hand , a company 's skill to perform multichannel integration successfully , is heavily dependent on the organization 's ability getting together customer information from all channels and incorporate it with other related information . Time saving : CRM will let companies to interact with customers more frequently , by personalized message and communication way which can be produced rapidly and matched on a timely basis , and finally they can better understand their customers and therefore look forward to their needs . Improve customer knowledge : Firms can make and improve products and services through the information from tracking ( e.g. via website tracking ) customer behaviour to customer tastes and needs . CRM could contribute to a competitive advantage in improving firm 's ability of customer information collecting to customize products and services according to customer needs . Examples ( edit ) Research has found a 5 % increase in customer retention boosts lifetime customer profits by 50 % on average across multiple industries , as well as a boost of up to 90 % within specific industries such as insurance . Companies that have mastered customer relationship strategies have the most successful CRM programs . For example , MBNA Europe has had a 75 % annual profit growth since 1995 . The firm heavily invests in screening potential cardholders . Once proper clients are identified , the firm retains 97 % of its profitable customers . They implement CRM by marketing the right products to the right customers . The firm 's customers ' card usage is 52 % above industry norm , and the average expenditure is 30 % more per transaction . Also 10 % of their account holders ask for more information on cross-sale products . Amazon has also seen great success through its customer proposition . The firm implemented personal greetings , collaborative filtering , and more for the customer . They also used CRM training for the employees to see up to 80 % of customers repeat . Improving CRM within a firm ( edit ) Consultants , such as Bain & Company , argue that it is important for companies establishing strong CRM systems to improve their relational intelligence . According to this argument , a company must recognize that people have many different types of relationships with different brands . One research study analyzed relationships between consumers in China , Germany , Spain , and the United States , with over 200 brands in 11 industries including airlines , cars and media . This information is valuable as it provides demographic , behavioral , and value - based customer segmentation . These types of relationships can be both positive and negative . Some customers view themselves as friends of the brands , while others as enemies , and some are mixed with a love - hate relationship with the brand . Some relationships are distant , intimate or anything in between . Analyzing the information ( edit ) Managers must understand the different reasons for the types of relationships , and provide the customer with what they are looking for . Companies can collect this information by using surveys , interviews , and more , with current customers . For example , Frito - Lay conducted many ethnographic interviews with customers to try and understand the relationships they wanted with the companies and the brands . They found that most customers were adults who used the product to feel more playful . They may have enjoyed the company 's bright orange color , messiness and shape . Companies must also improve their relational intelligence of their CRM systems . These days , companies store and receive huge amounts of data through emails , online chat sessions , phone calls , and more . Many companies do not properly make use of this great amount of data , however . All of these are signs of what types of relationships the customer wants with the firm , and therefore companies may consider investing more time and effort in building out their relational intelligence . Companies can use data mining technologies and web searches to understand relational signals . Social media such as Facebook , Twitter , blogs , etc. is also a very important factor in picking up and analyzing information . Understanding the customer and capturing this data allows companies to convert customer 's signals into information and knowledge that the firm can use to understand a potential customer 's desired relations with a brand . It is also very important to analyze all of this information to determine which relationships prove the most valuable . This helps convert data into profits for the firm . Stronger bonds contribute to building market share . By managing different portfolios for different segments of the customer base , the firm can achieve strategic goals . Employee training ( edit ) Many firms have also implemented training programs to teach employees how to recognize and effectively create strong customer - brand relationships . For example , Harley Davidson sent its employees on the road with customers , who were motorcycle enthusiasts , to help solidify relationships . Other employees have also been trained in social psychology and the social sciences to help bolster strong customer relationships . Customer service representatives must be educated to value customer relationships , and trained to understand existing customer profiles . Even the finance and legal departments should understand how to manage and build relationships with customers . Application ( edit ) Applying new technologies while using CRM systems requires changes in infrastructure of the organization as well as deployment of new technologies such as business rules , databases and information technology . In practice ( edit ) Call centers ( edit ) Contact center CRM providers are popular for small and mid-market businesses . These systems codify the interactions between company and customers by using analytics and key performance indicators to give the users information on where to focus their marketing and customer service . This allows agents to have access to a caller 's history to provide personalized customer communication . The intention is to maximize average revenue per user , decrease churn rate and decrease idle and unproductive contact with the customers . Growing in popularity is the idea of gamifying , or using game design elements and game principles in a non-game environment such as customer service environments . The gamification of customer service environments includes providing elements found in games like rewards and bonus points to customer service representatives as a method of feedback for a job well done . Gamification tools can motivate agents by tapping into their desire for rewards , recognition , achievements , and competition . Contact center automation ( edit ) Contact center automation , the practice of having an integrated system that coordinates contacts between an organization and the public , is designed to reduce the repetitive and tedious parts of a contact center agent 's job . Automation prevents this by having pre-recorded audio messages that help customers solve their problems . For example , an automated contact center may be able to re-route a customer through a series of commands asking him or her to select a certain number in order to speak with a particular contact center agent who specializes in the field in which the customer has a question . Software tools can also integrate with the agent 's desktop tools to handle customer questions and requests . This also saves time on behalf of the employees . Social media ( edit ) Social CRM involves the use of social media and technology to engage and learn from consumers . Because the public , especially young people , are increasingly using social networking sites , companies use these sites to draw attention to their products , services and brands , with the aim of building up customer relationships to increase demand . Some CRM systems integrate social media sites like Twitter , LinkedIn and Facebook to track and communicate with customers . These customers also share their own opinions and experiences with a company 's products and services , giving these firms more insight . Therefore , these firms can both share their own opinions and also track the opinions of their customers . Enterprise feedback management software platforms , such as Confirmit , Medallia , and Satmetrix , combine internal survey data with trends identified through social media to allow businesses to make more accurate decisions on which products to supply . Location - based services ( edit ) CRM systems can also include technologies that create geographic marketing campaigns . The systems take in information based on a customer 's physical location and sometimes integrates it with popular location - based GPS applications . It can be used for networking or contact management as well to help increase sales based on location . Business - to - business transactions ( edit ) Despite the general notion that CRM systems were created for the customer - centric businesses , they can also be applied to B2B environments to streamline and improve customer management conditions . For the best level of CRM operation in a B2B environment , the software must be personalized and delivered at individual levels . The main differences between business - to - consumer ( B2C ) and business - to - business CRM systems concern aspects like sizing of contact databases and length of relationships . Business - to - business companies tend to have smaller contact databases than business - to - consumer , the volume of sales in business - to - business is relatively small . There are fewer figure propositions in business - to - business , but in some cases , they cost a lot more than business - to - consumer items and relationships in business - to - business environment are built over a longer period of time . Furthermore , business - to - business CRM must be easily integrated with products from other companies . Such integration enables the creation of forecasts about customer behavior based on their buying history , bills , business success , etc . An application for a business - to - business company must have a function to connect all the contacts , processes and deals among the customers segment and then prepare a paper . Automation of sales process is an important requirement for business - to - business products . It should effectively manage the deal and progress it through all the phases towards signing . Finally , a crucial point is personalization . It helps the business - to - business company to create and maintain strong and long - lasting relationship with the customer . CRM market ( edit ) The overall CRM market grew by 12.3 percent in 2015 . The following table lists the top vendors in 2012 - 2015 ( figures in millions of US dollars ) published in Gartner studies . Vendor 2015 Revenue ( $ M ) 2015 Share ( % ) 2014 Revenue ( $ M ) 2014 Share ( % ) 2013 Revenue ( $ M ) 2013 Share ( % ) 2012 Revenue ( $ M ) 2012 Share ( % ) Salesforce.com CRM 5,171 19.7 4,250 18.4 3,292 16.1 2,525 14.0 SAP AG 2,684 10.2 2,795 12.1 2,622 12.8 2,327 12.9 Oracle 2,047 7.8 2,102 9.1 2,097 10.2 2,015 11.1 Microsoft Dynamics CRM 1,142 4.3 1,432 6.2 1,392 6.8 1,135 6.3 Others 15,245 58.0 12,520 54.2 11,076 54.1 10,086 55.7 Total 26,287 100 23,100 100 20,476 100 18,090 100 The four largest vendors with CRM system offerings are Salesforce , SAP , Oracle , and Microsoft , which represented 42 percent of the market in 2015 . Other providers also are popular for small and mid market businesses . Splitting CRM providers into nine different categories ( Enterprise CRM Suite , Midmarket CRM Suite , Small - Business CRM Suite , sales force automation , incentive management , marketing solutions , business intelligence , data quality , consultancies ) , each category has a different market leader . Additionally , applications often focus on professional fields such as healthcare , manufacturing , and other areas with branch - specific requirements . Market trends ( edit ) In the Gartner CRM Summit 2010 challenges like `` system tries to capture data from social networking traffic like Twitter , handles Facebook page addresses or other online social networking sites '' were discussed and solutions were provided that would help in bringing more clientele . Many CRM vendors offer subscription - based web tools ( cloud computing ) and SaaS . Some CRM systems are equipped with mobile capabilities , making information accessible to remote sales staff.Salesforce.com was the first company to provide enterprise applications through a web browser , and has maintained its leadership position . Traditional providers have recently moved into the cloud - based market via acquisitions of smaller providers : Oracle purchased RightNow in October 2011 and SAP acquired SuccessFactors in December 2011 . The era of the `` social customer '' refers to the use of social media ( Twitter , Facebook , LinkedIn , Google Plus , Pinterest , Instagram , Yelp , customer reviews in Amazon , etc . ) by customers . CRM philosophy and strategy has shifted to encompass social networks and user communities . Sales forces also play an important role in CRM , as maximizing sales effectiveness and increasing sales productivity is a driving force behind the adoption of CRM . Empowering sales managers was listed as one of the top 5 CRM trends in 2013 . Another related development is vendor relationship management ( VRM ) , which provide tools and services that allow customers to manage their individual relationship with vendors . VRM development has grown out of efforts by ProjectVRM at Harvard 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society and Identity Commons ' Internet Identity Workshops , as well as by a growing number of startups and established companies . VRM was the subject of a cover story in the May 2010 issue of CRM Magazine . Pharmaceutical companies were some of the first investors in sales force automation ( SFA ) and some are on their third - or fourth - generation implementations . However , until recently , the deployments did not extend beyond SFA -- limiting their scope and interest to Gartner analysts . Another trend worth noting is the rise of Customer Success as a discipline within companies . More and more companies establish Customer Success teams as separate from the traditional Sales team and task them with managing existing customer relations . This trend fuels demand for additional capabilities for more holistic understanding of the customer health , which is a limitation for many existing vendors in the space . As a result , a growing number of new entrants enter the market , while existing vendors add capabilities in this area to their suites . In 2017 , artificial intelligence and predictive analytics were identified as the newest trends in CRM . Criticism ( edit ) See also : anonymization and customer rights Companies face large challenges when trying to implement CRM systems . Consumer companies frequently manage their customer relationships haphazardly and unprofitably . They may not effectively or adequately use their connections with their customers , due to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of a CRM system 's analysis . Clients who want to be treated more like a friend may be treated like just a party for exchange , rather than a unique individual , due to , occasionally , a lack of a bridge between the CRM data and the CRM analysis output . Many studies show that customers are frequently frustrated by a company 's inability to meet their relationship expectations , and on the other side , companies do not always know how to translate the data they have gained from CRM software into a feasible action plan . In 2003 , a Gartner report estimated that more than $2 billion had been spent on software that was not being used . According to CSO Insights , less than 40 percent of 1,275 participating companies had end - user adoption rates above 90 percent . Many corporations only use CRM systems on a partial or fragmented basis . In a 2007 survey from the UK , four - fifths of senior executives reported that their biggest challenge is getting their staff to use the systems they had installed . 43 percent of respondents said they use less than half the functionality of their existing systems . However , market research regarding consumers ' preferences may increase the adoption of CRM among the developing countries ' consumers . Collection of customer data such as personally identifiable information must strictly obey customer privacy laws , which often requires extra expenditures on legal support . Part of the paradox with CRM stems from the challenge of determining exactly what CRM is and what it can do for a company . The CRM paradox , also referred to as the `` Dark side of CRM '' , may entail favoritism and differential treatment of some customers . CRM technologies can easily become ineffective if there is no proper management , and they are not implemented correctly . The data sets must also be connected , distributed , and organized properly , so that the users can access the information that they need quickly and easily . Research studies also show that customers are increasingly becoming dissatisfied with contact center experiences due to lags and wait times . They also request and demand multiple channels of communications with a company , and these channels must transfer information seamlessly . Therefore , it is increasingly important for companies to deliver a cross-channel customer experience that can be both consistent as well as reliable . See also ( edit ) Comparison of CRM systems Corporate social responsibility History of marketing Relationship marketing Socially responsible marketing Sustainable market orientation Vendor relationship management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Management Tools - Customer Relationship Management - Bain & Company '' . www.bain.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Robert ( 1991 ) . Computer Aided Marketing & Selling . Butterworth Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 1707 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF DIGITAL MARKETING TECHNOLOGY '' . kapost.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Context Sits at Intersection of CRM , ACD '' . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of CRM Software '' . comparecamp.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lakshman Jha . Customer Relationship Management : A Strategic Approach . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Announces Customer Relationship Management Summit 2009 '' . gartner.com. 5 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Specific / Vertical Market CRM Solutions '' . smallbizcrm.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Forrester Wave : CRM Suites For Enterprise Organizations , Q4 2016 , Forrester , November 21 , 2016 , retrieved September 13 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Types of CRM and Examples CRM Software '' . www.crmsoftware.com . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is sales force automation ( SFA ) ? - Definition from WhatIs.com '' . WhatIs.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is customer relationship management ( CRM ) ? - Definition from WhatIs.com '' . SearchCRM . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definition - www.smartcrm.com '' . www.smartcrm.com . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tavana , Ali Feizbakhsh. ; Fili , Saeed. ; Tohidy , Alireza. ; Vaghari , Reza . & Kakouie , Saed . ( November 2013 ) . `` Theoretical Models of Customer Relationship Management in Organizations '' . International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences . 3 ( 11 ) . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , Paul ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` How customer data platforms can benefit your business '' . ZDNet . ^ Jump up to : Reinartz , Werner ; Krafft , Manfred ; Hoyer , Wayne D. ( August 2004 ) . `` The Customer Relationship Management Process : Its Measurement and Impact on Performance '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 41 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 305 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkr. 41.3. 293.35991 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's Your Relational Intelligence ? '' . strategy + business . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unlock the Mysteries of Your Customer Relationships '' . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Customer relationship management ( CRM ) in business ‐ to ‐ business ( B2B ) e ‐ commercenull '' . Information Management & Computer Security . 11 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . 1 March 2003 . doi : 10.1108 / 09685220310463722 . ISSN 0968 - 5227 . ^ Jump up to : www.webmandesign.eu , WebMan - . `` Got Softwares - Complete ERP Solutions '' . gotsoftwares.com . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Ruth N. ( 1998 ) , `` A Dynamic Model of the Duration of the Customer 's Relationship with a Continuous Service Provider : The Role of Satisfaction , '' Marketing Science , 17 ( 1 ) , 45 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fornell , Claes ( 1992 ) , `` A National Customer Satisfaction Barometer : The Swedish Experience '' , Journal of Marketing , 56 ( January ) , 6 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Mithas , Sunil. ; Krishnan , M.S. & Fornell , Claes ( October 2005 ) . `` Why Do Customer Relationship Management Applications Affect Customer Satisfaction ? '' . Journal of Marketing . 69 ( 4 ) : 201 -- 209 . doi : 10.1509 / jmkg. 2005.69. 4.201 . Jump up ^ Piccoli , Gabriele and L. Applegate ( 2003 ) , `` Wyndham International : Fostering High - Touch with High - Tech '' , Case Study No. 9 - 803 - 092 , Harvard Business School Jump up ^ Piccoli , Gabriele and L. Applegate ( 2003 ) , `` Wyndham International : Fostering High - Touch with High - Tech '' , Case Study No. 9 - 803 - 092 , Harvard Business School . Jump up ^ Business Strategy ; , 1999.22 . Leach , B. , Success of CRM systems hinges on establishment of measureable benefits . Pulp & Paper 2003 . 77 ( 6 ) : p. 48 Jump up ^ Richards , A. Keith , and E. Jones , Customer relationship management : Finding value drivers . Industrial Marketing Management , 2008 . 37 ( 2 ) : p. 120 - 130 . Jump up ^ Mohammadhossein , N. , & Zakaria , N.H. ( 2012 ) . CRM Benefits for Customers : Literature Review ( 2005 - 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Bolte , T. Still Struggling to Reduce Call Center Costs Without Losing Customers ? 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverman , L.L. , CUSTOMERS : RESPONSIVENESS , FOCUS , OR OBSESSION ? The Australasian Powder Coater Painter - Fabricator , 2000 . 29 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Collica , R.S. , CRM Segmentation and Clustering Using SAS Enterprise Miner. 2007 . Jump up ^ Adrian Payne , P.F. , A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management . Journal of Marketing , 2005.69 . Jump up ^ Corie . The Top 5 Time - Saving Benefits of CRM. 2011 . Jump up ^ Nambisan , S. , Designing Virtual Customer Environment for New Product Development : Toward a Theory . Academy of Management Review , 2002 . 27 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The story behind successful CRM - Bain & Company '' . www.bain.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Dozen Simple Ways to Improve Customer Relations - Enterprise Apps Today '' . www.enterpriseappstoday.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Avery , Jill. ( 2014 ) . `` Unlock the Mysteries of Your Customer Relationships '' , Harvard Business Review . August 2014 . https://hbr.org/2014/07/unlock-the-mysteries-of-your-customer-relationships Retrieved : 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` A CRM success story '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Ways to Improve Your Company 's CRM System '' . CIO . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SAP Insider ( 15 November 2007 ) Still Struggling to Reduce Call Center Costs Without Losing Customers ? Jump up ^ Genesys . `` What Is Contact Center CRM ? '' . Jump up ^ Network World . `` The contact center and CRM collision leads to a new dominant species '' . Jump up ^ `` Gamification Comes to the Contact Center '' . CRM Magazine . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRM in Customer Service '' . CRM Magazine . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Contact center automation takes flight '' . SearchCRM . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Ways CRM Can Increase Your Sales ( Infographic ) '' . Salesforce Blog . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Prasongsukarn , Kriengsin ( 2006 ) . `` Customer relationship management from theory to practice : Implementation steps '' . Inspire Research Company . Jump up ^ Rebekah Henderson , B2B Insights ( 2013 ) How to build a B2B - friendly CRM Jump up ^ `` B2B Marketing : What Makes It Special ? B2B International '' . B2B International . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Columbus , Louis ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` 2015 Gartner CRM Market Share Analysis Shows Salesforce In The Lead , Growing Faster Than Market '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Louis ( 22 May 2015 ) . `` Gartner CRM Market Share Update : 47 % Of All CRM Systems Are SaaS - Based , Salesforce Accelerates Lead '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Louis ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Gartner CRM Market Share Update : 41 % Of CRM Systems Are SaaS - based , Salesforce Dominating Market Growth '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Louis ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 CRM Market Share Update : 40 % Of CRM Systems Sold Are SaaS - Based '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ CRM Trends in Insurance Industry CRM Trends in Insurance Industry : April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Integrating your Phone Systems with your CRM - Manage your Sales and Customer Effectively - Hybrid TP '' . Hybrid TP . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Put Cloud CRM to Work PC World : April 2010 Jump up ^ Oracle Buys Cloud - based Customer Service Company RightNow For $1.5 Billion Techcrunch : 24 October 2011 Jump up ^ SAP Challenges Oracle With $3.4 Billion SuccessFactors Purchase Bloomberg Businessweek : 7 December 2011 Jump up ^ Greenberg , Paul ( 2009 ) . CRM at the Speed of Light ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 CRM Trends for 2013 '' . Enterprise Apps Today . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Destinationcrm.com CRM Magazine : May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Gartner 's Top 54 CRM Case Studies , Sorted by Industry , for 2005 '' . Retrieved 20 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Nirpaz G. , Pizarro F. , Farm Do n't Hunt : The Definitive Guide to Customer Success , March 2016 , p. 101 Jump up ^ CMS Wire. `` 7 Top CRM Trends for 2017 : A Look Ahead '' . Jump up ^ `` CRM and ERP : What 's The Difference ? '' . CRM Switch . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demystifying CRM Adoption Rates '' . CRM Magazine . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ It 's all about the Customer , Stupid -- The Importance of Customer Centric Partners . Jump up ^ Jim Dickie , CSO Insights ( 2006 ) Demystifying CRM Adoption Rates . Jump up ^ Joachim , David . `` CRM tools improve access , usability . '' ( cover story ) . B to B 87 , no . 3 ( 11 March 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Monica Law ; Theresa Lau ; Y.H. Wong ( 2003 ) . `` From customer relationship management to customer ‐ managed relationship : unraveling the paradox with a co ‐ creative perspective '' . Marketing Intelligence & Planning . 21 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 60 . doi : 10.1108 / 02634500310458153 -- via EmeraldInsight . Jump up ^ http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/07363761311290812 NDL : 01062215 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customer_relationship_management&oldid=849733413 '' Categories : Customer relationship management E-commerce Office and administrative support occupations Marketing techniques Services marketing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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1. Customer relationship management 2. CRM systems 3. Customer satisfaction 4. Improving CRM within a firm 5. Analyzing customer data

when was the last time peru was at the world cup

Peru at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Peru at the FIFA World Cup Peru participated in the World Cup during the first World Cup in 1930 and in tournaments since 1958 . Peru were invited to the first FIFA World Cup in Uruguay in 1930 . They lost both of their games and finished 10th out of 13 teams . The team either withdrew or did not enter the next four tournaments , in 1934 , 1938 , 1950 , and 1954 . Peru participated but did not qualify in 1958 , 1962 , or 1966 . Peru had its best result in Mexico 1970 , finishing in seventh place . Peru again finished in the top eight at the World Cup in Argentina 1978 . They finished first in their group during the first round of the tournament , but were eliminated after losing all their games in the second round . Peru reached the next World Cup finals in Spain 1982 , although the team was eliminated in the first round after 2 draws and 1 loss . From 1986 to 2014 , Peru did not advance past the CONMEBOL qualifying round . After finishing fifth in CONMEBOL qualifying , Peru reached the 2018 finals by defeating New Zealand in an intercontinental play - off . Contents 1 History 1.1 Finals 1.2 Qualifiers 2 Match records 2.1 Finals 2.2 By Match 2.3 Qualifiers 3 Record Players 4 Top Goalscorers 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography History ( edit ) Finals ( edit ) As one of the 13 national sides that accepted the invitation to the inaugural World Cup , Peru was placed in Group 3 with Romania and hosts Uruguay . With a mere 300 spectators , Peru 's match against Romania holds the record of lowest attendance in a World Cup game . Peru lost ( 1 -- 3 ) in a violent game where , in the second half , a fight broke out and a Peruvian became the first player sent off in a World Cup . A few days later , Peru and Uruguay played the inaugural match in the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo . The Peruvians were lauded by the spectators for their defense and the impressive ability of forward José María Lavalle . Peru lost ( 0 - 1 ) to the eventual champions , who defeated their subsequent opponents by scoring at least 4 goals per game . Peru 's 1970 World Cup team . Sports historian Richard Henshaw describes them as `` the surprise of the 1970 competition , showing flair and a high level of skill '' . The Peruvian squad next qualified for the Mexico 1970 World Cup , where they were placed in Group 4 with West Germany , Bulgaria , and Morocco . Playing their first game two days after the 1970 Ancash earthquake , the team quickly conceded two goals to Bulgaria . However , as Brian Glanville stated , `` the elusive dribbling of Cubillas , the powerful breaks from the back four of Héctor Chumpitaz , the running of ( Hugo ) Sotil and ( Alberto ) Gallardo , turned the tide . '' Peru eventually won 3 -- 2 . After defeating Morocco ( 3 -- 0 ) and losing to West Germany ( 1 -- 3 ) , the team finished second in the group and advanced to the quarterfinals . Facing Rivellino , Tostão , Jairzinho and Pelé , Peru was beaten by Brazil ( 2 -- 4 ) in `` a spectacular and effervescent game , a game in which both sides delighted in attack and scorned caution , '' and where both teams displayed `` a feast of open play and goals . '' In the Argentina 1978 World Cup , Peru was placed in Group 4 with Scotland , Iran , and the Netherlands . With a midfield identified `` as the best in the world '' by Argentine sports magazine El Gráfico , Peru advanced to the second round as group leaders after defeating Scotland ( 3 -- 1 ) , drawing with the Netherlands ( 0 -- 0 ) , and beating Iran ( 4 -- 1 ) . The second round was divided into two groups , and Peru 's results placed it in Group B with Poland , Brazil , and Argentina . After losing to Brazil ( 0 -- 3 ) and Poland ( 0 -- 1 ) , Peru was practically out of contention despite having one more game to play against Argentina . This last match proved controversial because the Peruvians lost by a margin ( 0 -- 6 ) that allowed Argentina to reach the final instead of Brazil . Rumors circulated that the match had been fixed , but nothing was ever proven . Peru participated in the Spain 1982 World Cup as part of Group 1 with Italy , Poland , and Cameroon . Prior to the competition , Peru embarked on a practice tour that included victories against Hungary ( 1 -- 2 ) in Budapest and France ( 0 -- 1 ) in Paris , a tie with Algeria ( 1 -- 1 ) in Algiers , and , upon returning home , a victory over Romania ( 2 -- 0 ) . In the World Cup finals , Peru 's opening match against Cameroon ended in a scoreless draw . Against Italy , Peru `` put on a mix of solid defending and spectacular attacking '' that resulted in a draw ( 1 -- 1 ) against the eventual champions . Peru only needed another draw to advance in the tournament , and it managed to maintain a scoreless first half against Poland , but a `` mixup in the midfield '' and a `` tired defense '' during the second half led to Peru 's defeat ( 1 -- 5 ) and early elimination . Qualifiers ( edit ) Teams were invited to participate at the 1930 World Cup , so there was no qualifying tournaments . Peru did not enter or withdrew from the qualifying rounds in 1934 , 1938 , 1950 and 1954 . Peru failed to qualify in 1958 , 1962 and 1966 . For the 1970 CONMEBOL qualifying tournament , Peru eliminated Bolivia and Argentina . The game between Peru and Bolivia in La Paz is infamous for being fixed by Argentina in favor of Bolivia . Match referee Sergio Chechelev annulled a valid goal from Peru without any justification , allowing Bolivia to win 2 - 1 . Years later , Chechelev admitted that Argentina had paid him to favor Bolivia . Against Argentina in Buenos Aires , the last game of the group , Peru managed a 2 - 2 draw , preventing Argentina 's intervention from succeeding in the end . This is the only time Argentina has failed to advance in World Cup qualifying . Peru was eliminated by Chile in 1974 . In 1978 and 1982 , Peru finished at the top of their group and advanced to the finals . Peru had two wins and two draws in both three - team groups , eliminating Chile and Ecuador in 1978 and Uruguay and Columbia in 1982 . Peru almost qualified for Mexico 1986 . Peru was placed in Group 1 with Argentina , Colombia and Venezuela . Peru 's last two matches were against Argentina . Peru beat Argentina 1 - 0 in Lima on 23 June 1985 . In a rematch seven days later in Buenos Aires , Peru led 2 - 1 but Ricardo Gareca inspired his team to a 2 - 2 draw sending Argentina into the World Cup finals which they would win . A win would have put Peru directly into the finals , however , they still had a chance to qualify through the CONMEBOL playoff . Peru lost 2 - 5 aggregate to Chile in the first round . Peru was grouped for the 1990 World Cup qualification along with Bolivia and Uruguay . Peru lost all their games with only two goals scored , one by José del Solar and the other by Andres Gonzales . Julio César Uribe was considered one of the best players of the team at that time . The campaign to reach France 1998 was settled only on goal difference , as they finished even on points with Chile . The qualifying system had changed and now all teams were to face each other , and Peru had been able to maintain the 4th spot until the next - to - last match when they faced Chile at Santiago . Peru lost 4 - 0 . The preliminaries for Korea / Japan 2002 were difficult , as the team finished eighth in the group with just four wins in eighteen matches . The fact that they only managed to score 14 goals demonstrated how far the attack had fallen since the days of Cubillas . Particularly low points of the qualifying tournament included a 3 - 0 loss at Venezuela and defeats in over half of their home matches to Uruguay , Ecuador , Argentina , Colombia and Brazil . During the years of 2004 and 2005 , Peru participated in the qualifier for the Germany 2006 World Cup . Peru this time hit the ground hard as conflicts with the team 's management soon showed poor results in the games that were to follow . Paulo Autuori managed the squad , but was not able to achieve popularity due to a disastrous campaign that led Peru into 8th place just above Bolivia and Venezuela . Freddy Ternero also momentarily managed the squad , but was dismissed due to problems with the FPF . The South Africa 2010 qualifiers , beginning in 2007 , resulted in another set of problems for the Peruvian team . In their first four games , the team only achieved two ties , both at home , and two losses . Controversies between the FPF and the IPD ( Peruvian Sports Institute ) caused problems outside of the field for the national team . Also a scandal shook the team as it was discovered , with informational support of prominent figures such as Jaime Bayly , that several of the players had been partying during the time they were supposedly `` concentrating '' for a match against Brazil . Since then , Claudio Pizarro ( SV Werder Bremen ) , Jefferson Farfán ( Schalke 04 ) , Andrés Mendoza ( Diyarbakırspor ) and Santiago Acasiete ( UD Almería ) , important figures in the team , were never considered again for the national team by coach José del Solar . The 2008 season resulted with 3 losses , including 6 - 0 loss against Uruguay , 2 draws against Argentina and Colombia , and only 1 game won against Venezuela . In 2009 la blanquirroj could n't revert the situation , being the first team eliminated , at the 14th round . They only won 2 matches during this year , against Uruguay and Bolivia . Finally , after 36 years , the national team managed to make it to the 2018 World Cup in Russia . They finished fifth in the qualifiers , following a controversial final day draw against Colombia , with Paolo Guerrero scoring the crucial goal . They went on to face New Zealand in an inter-continental play off , winning 2 - 0 on aggregate , courtesy of goals from Farfán and Christian Ramos , to become the last team to qualify for Russia . On 16 June 2018 they lost 0 - 1 against Denmark , with one goal scored by Yussuf Poulsen ; on 21 June they lost 1 - 0 against France , with a goal scored by Kylian Mbappe ; and on 26 June they defeated Australia 0 - 2 , with goals scored by André Carrillo and Paolo Guerrero . It is the first time Peru had played these three nations at a World Cup . Match records ( edit ) Finals ( edit ) <Th_colspan="19"> show Peru 's FIFA World Cup record <Th_colspan="9"> FIFA World Cup <Th_colspan="6"> FIFA World Cup qualification Top scorer ( s ) ( goals ) Manager Year Round Pos Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Round 1 10th 0 0 <Td_colspan="6"> Qualified as invitees Souza Ferreira ( 1 ) Bru 1934 <Td_colspan="8"> Withdrew -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1938 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 <Td_colspan="8"> Withdrew -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1958 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 0 Terry ( 1 ) Orth 1962 0 Delgado ( 1 ) Calderón 1966 0 8 6 León ( 3 ) Calderón 1970 Quarterfinals 7th 0 9 9 7 Cubillas ( 6 ) Didi <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 0 Sotil ( 2 ) Scarone 1978 Round 2 8th 6 7 12 6 13 Cubillas ( 5 ) Calderón 1982 Round 1 20th 0 6 0 5 La Rosa ( 3 ) Tim 1986 <Td_colspan="8"> Did not qualify 8 10 9 Navarro ( 3 ) Challe 1990 0 0 8 del Solar , González ( 1 ) Pepe 1994 6 0 5 12 Soto , Muchotrigo , Palacios , del Solar ( 1 ) Popović 1998 16 7 5 19 20 Palacios ( 6 ) Oblitas 2002 18 10 14 25 Pajuelo , Palacios , Pizarro , Solano ( 2 ) Maturana , Uribe 2006 18 6 8 20 28 Farfán ( 7 ) Autuori , Ternero 18 11 11 34 Fano ( 3 ) del Solar 2014 16 9 17 26 Farfán ( 5 ) Markarián 2018 Group stage 20th 0 20 8 6 6 29 26 Guerrero ( 6 ) Gareca 2022 <Td_colspan="8"> To be determined <Td_colspan="6"> To be determined <Td_colspan="2"> To be determined 2026 Total Quarterfinals 5 / 17 15 8 19 31 149 43 37 69 164 211 N / A N / A By Match ( edit ) FIFA World Cup History Year Round Score Result Scorers 1930 Group Stage Peru 1 -- 3 Romania Lost Souza Ferreira 75 ' Peru 0 -- 1 Uruguay Lost 1970 Group Stage Peru 3 -- 2 Bulgaria Won Gallardo 50 ' Chumpitaz 55 ' Cubillas 73 ' Peru 3 -- 0 Morocco Won Cubillas 65 ' 75 ' Challe 67 ' Peru 1 -- 3 West Germany Lost Cubillas 44 ' Quarterfinals Peru 2 -- 4 Brazil Lost Gallardo 28 ' Cubillas 70 ' 1978 First round Peru 3 -- 1 Scotland Won Cueto 43 ' Cubillas 70 ' 76 ' Peru 0 -- 0 Netherlands Drawn Peru 4 -- 1 Iran Won Velásquez 2 ' Cubillas 36 ' ( pen . ) 39 ' ( pen . ) 79 ' Second Round Peru 0 -- 3 Brazil Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Poland Lost Peru 0 -- 6 Argentina Lost 1982 Group Stage Peru 0 -- 0 Cameroon Drawn Peru 1 -- 1 Italy Drawn Díaz 83 ' Peru 1 -- 5 Poland Lost La Rosa 83 ' 2018 Group Stage Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Lost Peru 0 -- 1 France Lost Peru 2 -- 0 Australia Won Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 . ' Qualifiers ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Qualification History show Year Round H / A Score Result 1958 Group 1 Peru 1 -- 1 Brazil Drawn Group 1 Peru 0 -- 1 Brazil Lost 1962 Group 3 Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Group 3 Peru 1 -- 1 Colombia Drawn 1966 Group 1 Peru 1 -- 0 Venezuela Won Group 1 Peru 6 -- 3 Venezuela Won Group 1 Peru 0 -- 1 Uruguay Lost Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Uruguay Lost 1970 Group 1 Peru 1 -- 0 Argentina Won Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Bolivia Lost Group 1 Peru 3 -- 0 Bolivia Won Group 1 Peru 2 -- 2 Argentina Drawn Group 3 Peru 2 -- 0 Chile Won Group 3 Peru 0 -- 2 Chile Lost Play Off Peru 1 -- 2 Chile Lost 1978 Group 3 Peru 1 -- 1 Ecuador Drawn Group 3 Peru 1 -- 1 Chile Drawn Group 3 Peru 4 -- 0 Ecuador Won Group 3 Peru 2 -- 0 Chile Won Final Round Peru 0 -- 1 Brazil Lost Final Round Peru 5 -- 0 Bolivia Won 1982 Group 2 Peru 1 -- 1 Colombia Drawn Group 2 Peru 2 -- 0 Colombia Won Group 2 Peru 2 -- 1 Uruguay Won Group 2 Peru 0 -- 0 Uruguay Drawn 1986 Group 1 Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Group 1 Peru 1 -- 0 Venezuela Won Group 1 Peru 0 -- 0 Colombia Drawn Group 1 Peru 4 -- 1 Venezuela Won Group 1 Peru 1 -- 0 Argentina Won Group 1 Peru 2 -- 2 Argentina Drawn Play Off Peru 2 -- 4 Chile Lost Play Off Peru 0 -- 1 Chile Lost 1990 Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Bolivia Lost Group 1 Peru 0 -- 2 Uruguay Lost Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Bolivia Lost Group 1 Peru 0 -- 2 Uruguay Lost 1994 Group 1 Peru 0 -- 1 Argentina Lost Group 1 Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Paraguay Lost Group 1 Peru 1 -- 2 Argentina Lost Group 1 Peru 0 -- 4 Colombia Lost Group 1 Peru 2 -- 2 Paraguay Drawn 1998 Peru 1 -- 4 Ecuador Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Colombia Drawn Peru 0 -- 0 Argentina Drawn Peru 0 -- 0 Bolivia Drawn Peru 4 -- 1 Venezuela Won Peru 0 -- 2 Uruguay Lost Peru 2 -- 1 Chile Won Peru 1 -- 2 Paraguay Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Ecuador Drawn Peru 1 -- 0 Colombia Won Peru 0 -- 2 Argentina Lost Peru 2 -- 1 Bolivia Won Peru 3 -- 0 Venezuela Won Peru 2 -- 1 Uruguay Won Peru 0 -- 4 Chile Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Paraguay Won 2002 Peru 2 -- 0 Paraguay Won Peru 1 -- 1 Chile Drawn Peru 0 -- 1 Brazil Lost Peru 1 -- 2 Ecuador Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Peru 0 -- 0 Uruguay Drawn Peru 1 -- 0 Venezuela Won Peru 1 -- 2 Argentina Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Bolivia Lost Peru 1 -- 5 Paraguay Lost Peru 3 -- 1 Chile Won Peru 1 -- 1 Brazil Drawn Peru 1 -- 2 Ecuador Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Colombia Won Peru 0 -- 2 Uruguay Lost Peru 0 -- 3 Venezuela Lost Peru 0 -- 2 Argentina Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Bolivia Drawn 2006 Peru 4 -- 1 Paraguay Won Peru 1 -- 2 Chile Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Brazil Drawn Peru 0 -- 0 Ecuador Drawn Peru 0 -- 2 Colombia Lost Peru 3 -- 1 Uruguay Won Peru 0 -- 0 Venezuela Drawn Peru 1 -- 3 Argentina Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Bolivia Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Paraguay Drawn Peru 2 -- 1 Chile Won Peru 0 -- 1 Brazil Lost Peru 2 -- 2 Ecuador Drawn Peru 0 -- 5 Colombia Lost Peru 0 -- 0 Uruguay Drawn Peru 1 -- 4 Venezuela Lost Peru 0 -- 2 Argentina Lost Peru 4 -- 1 Bolivia Won Peru 0 -- 0 Paraguay Drawn Peru 0 -- 2 Chile Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Brazil Drawn Peru 1 -- 5 Ecuador Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Colombia Drawn Peru 0 -- 6 Uruguay Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Venezuela Won Peru 1 -- 1 Argentina Drawn Peru 0 -- 3 Bolivia Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Paraguay Lost Peru 1 -- 3 Chile Lost Peru 0 -- 3 Brazil Lost Peru 1 -- 2 Ecuador Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Uruguay Won Peru 1 -- 3 Venezuela Lost Peru 1 -- 2 Argentina Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Bolivia Won 2014 Peru 2 -- 0 Paraguay Won Peru 2 -- 4 Chile Lost Peru 0 -- 2 Ecuador Lost Peru 0 -- 1 Colombia Lost Peru 2 -- 4 Uruguay Lost Peru 2 -- 1 Venezuela Won Peru 1 -- 1 Argentina Drawn Peru 1 -- 1 Bolivia Drawn Peru 0 -- 1 Paraguay Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Chile Won Peru 1 -- 0 Ecuador Won Peru 0 -- 2 Colombia Lost Peru 1 -- 2 Uruguay Lost Peru 2 -- 3 Venezuela Lost Peru 1 -- 3 Argentina Lost Peru 1 -- 1 Bolivia Drawn 2018 Peru 0 -- 2 Colombia Lost Peru 3 -- 4 Chile Lost Peru 1 -- 0 Paraguay Won Peru 0 -- 3 Brazil Lost Peru 2 -- 2 Venezuela Drawn Peru 0 -- 1 Uruguay Lost Peru 3 -- 0 Bolivia Won Peru 2 -- 1 Ecuador Won Peru 2 -- 2 Argentina Drawn Peru 1 -- 2 Chile Lost Peru 4 -- 1 Paraguay Won Peru 0 -- 2 Brazil Lost Peru 2 -- 2 Venezuela Drawn Peru 2 -- 1 Uruguay Won Peru 2 -- 1 Bolivia Won Peru 2 -- 1 Ecuador Won Peru 0 -- 0 Argentina Drawn Peru 1 -- 1 Colombia Drawn Peru 0 -- 0 New Zealand Drawn Peru 2 -- 0 New Zealand Won Record Players ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Teófilo Cubillas 13 1970 , 1978 and 1982 Héctor Chumpitaz 10 1970 and 1978 César Cueto 9 1978 and 1982 Jaime Duarte 9 1978 and 1982 Juan Carlos Oblitas 9 1978 and 1982 Ramón Quiroga 9 1978 and 1982 7 Hugo Sotil 8 1970 and 1978 Guillermo La Rosa 8 1978 and 1982 José Velásquez 8 1978 and 1982 10 Rubén Toribio Díaz 7 1978 and 1982 Top Goalscorers ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Teófilo Cubillas 10 1970 ( 5 ) and 1978 ( 5 ) Alberto Gallardo 1970 Luis de Souza Ferreira 1930 Roberto Challe 1970 Héctor Chumpitaz 1970 César Cueto 1978 José Velásquez 1978 Rubén Toribio Díaz 1982 Guillermo La Rosa 1982 André Carrillo 2018 Paolo Guerrero 2018 See also ( edit ) Association football portal Peru portal Peru at the CONCACAF Gold Cup Peru at the Copa América Peru at the Olympics Peru at the Pan American Games Peru at the Paralympics Peruvian Primera División Sport in Peru Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to FIFA , the player was defender Plácido Galindo , but forward Souza Ferreira and other sources contend that it was midfielder Mario de las Casas . Jump up ^ The unproven allegations were that Peruvian goalkeeper Ramón Quiroga ( who was born in Argentina ) feared hatred from his birthplace , that Peru simply did not want Brazil to reach the final , and that a government deal between Peru and Argentina arranged the result . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jaime Pulgar - Vidal Otálora ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` Peru en El Mundial del 30 '' ( in Spanish ) . Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lennox 2009 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Facts '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Magazine . June -- July 2006 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pedro Canelo ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` El primer expulsado en la historia de los mundiales fue peruano '' ( in Spanish ) . El Comercio.pe . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Henshaw 1979 , p. 572 . ^ Jump up to : Henshaw 1979 , p. 805 . Jump up ^ Glanville 2010 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Glanville 2010 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt 2008 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Henshaw 1979 , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Panfichi & Vich 2005 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Dunmore 2011 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher 2010 , p . `` Working the System ? '' . Jump up ^ Edwards & Skinner 2006 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Witzig 2006 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Lisi 2011 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Horacio ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Escándalos arbitrales que marcaron el futuro de equipos peruanos '' . El Comercio ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Silence of the Bombonera '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fuimos héroes : cuando Perú dio la sorpresa y sumó puntos memorables '' . El Comercio ( in Spanish ) . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1982 qualifications : South America '' . RSSSF. 1982 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2018 Group C guide : France , Australia , Peru , Denmark - final standings , table , results , teams , squad , permutations , betting tips / odds '' . Evening Standard . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Barlett , Evan ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Radamel Falcao makes revealing admission following match - fixing allegations in Peru vs Colombia draw '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Guerrero to lead Peru against All Whites in World Cup qualifiers '' . Stuff.co.nz . Stuff Limited . 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru down New Zealand to complete World Cup lineup '' . Reuters . Lima. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andrew ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` PER - FECT Peru 2 New Zealand 0 ( agg 2 - 0 ) : Goals from Jefferson Farfan and Christian Ramos secure first World Cup appearance since 1982 '' . The Sun . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Roger ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Qualification finishes as Peru and Australia get in on final day '' . CBS Sports . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Yussuf Poulsen winner for Denmark edges out luckless Peru '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mbappe sets new France record with opener against Peru '' . Goal.com. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Peru defeats Australia 2 - 0 for first World Cup win since 1978 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Echegaray , Luis Miguel ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Guerrero , Carrillo Score as Peru Spoils Australia Knockout Stage Bid '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Christopher , Matt ( 2010 ) . World Cup . New York : Little , Brown , and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08857 - 2 . Dunmore , Tom ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Soccer . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7188 - 5 . Edwards , Allan ; Skinner , James ( 2006 ) . Sport Empire . New York : Meyer & Meyer Sport . ISBN 1 - 84126 - 168 - 8 . Glanville , Brian ( 2010 ) . The Story of the World Cup : The Essential Companion to South Africa 2010 . London : Faber & Faber Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23605 - 3 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball is Round . New York : Riverhead Trade . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 296 - 9 . Henshaw , Richard ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Soccer . Washington , D.C. : New Republic Books . ISBN 0 - 915220 - 34 - 2 . Lennox , Doug ( 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Toronto : Dundurn Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 416 - 2 . Panfichi , Aldo ; Vich , Victor ( 2005 ) . `` Political and Social Fantasies in Peruvian Football : The Tragedy of Alianza Lima in 1987 '' . In Darby , Paul ; Johnes , Martin ; Mellor , Gavin . Soccer and Disaster : International Perspectives . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5352 - 7 . Witzig , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Global Art of Soccer . Harahan : CusiBoy Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9776688 - 0 - 0 . Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2011 ) . History of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2010 . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7753 - 5 . <Th_colspan="2"> Peru squads at World Cup final tournaments <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Peru squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> MF Astengo FW Cillóniz DF de las Casas MF Denegri DF Fernández MF Galindo MF García FW Góngora FW Lavalle FW Lores DF Maquilón FW Neyra FW Pacheco GK Pardon MF Quintana FW Rodríguez Nue FW Sarmiento DF Soria FW Souza Ferreira GK Valdivieso MF Valle FW Villanueva Coach : Bru <Th_colspan="3"> Peru squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Rubiños 2 Campos 3 de la Torre 4 Chumpitaz ( c ) 5 Fuentes 6 Mifflin 7 Challe 8 Baylón 9 León 10 Cubillas 11 Gallardo 12 Correa 13 P. González 14 Fernández 15 J. González 16 Salinas 17 Cruzado 18 del Castillo 19 Reyes 20 Sotil 21 Goyzueta 22 Ramírez Coach : Didi <Th_colspan="3"> Peru squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Sartor 2 Duarte 3 Manzo 4 Chumpitaz ( c ) 5 Díaz 6 Velásquez 7 Muñante 8 Cueto 9 P. Rojas 10 Cubillas 11 Oblitas 12 Mosquera 13 Cáceres 14 Navarro 15 Leguía 16 Gorriti 17 Quesada 18 Labarthe 19 La Rosa 20 Sotil 21 Quiroga 22 R. Rojas Coach : Calderón <Th_colspan="3"> Peru squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Acasuzo 2 Duarte 3 Salguero 4 Gastulo 5 Leguía 6 Velásquez 7 Barbadillo 8 Cueto 9 Uribe 10 Cubillas 11 Oblitas 12 González 13 Arizaga 14 Gutiérrez 15 Díaz ( c ) 16 Olaechea 17 Navarro 18 Malásquez 19 La Rosa 20 Rojas 21 Quiroga 22 Reyna Coach : Tim <Th_colspan="3"> Peru squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Gallese 2 Rodríguez 3 Corzo 4 Santamaría 5 Araujo 6 Trauco 7 Hurtado 8 Cueva 9 Guerrero ( c ) 10 Farfán 11 Ruidíaz 12 Cáceda 13 Tapia 14 Polo 15 Ramos 16 Cartagena 17 Advíncula 18 Carrillo 19 Yotún 20 Flores 21 Carvallo 22 Loyola 23 Aquino Coach : Gareca <Th_colspan="2"> Countries at the FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=852376345 '' Categories : Peru at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Peru's participation in the FIFA World Cup 2. Peru's best results in the World Cup 3. Peru's qualifying history for the World Cup 4. Peru's match records in the World Cup 5. Peru's road to the 2018 World Cup qualification

who has won the english premier league most times

Premier League - wikipedia Premier League Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League <Td_colspan="2"> Founded February 20 , 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 02 - 20 ) Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City ( 3rd title ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer ( 260 goals ) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports and BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 Premier League The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ) . The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches ( playing each other home and away ) . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . It is often known outside England as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion , rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons , as of 2016 . Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 3 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Top Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) 1.5 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2017 -- 18 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 4.3. 1 Wales 4.3. 2 Scotland and Ireland 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History Origins Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that season . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal , Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Coventry City , Crystal Palace , Everton , Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Middlesbrough , Norwich City , Nottingham Forest , Oldham Athletic , Queens Park Rangers , Sheffield United , Sheffield Wednesday , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . Luton Town , Notts County , and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season ARS CHE LIV MUN 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top four 10 8 7 10 <Td_colspan="5"> out of 10 <Td_colspan="5"> League champions Champions League group stage Champions League third qualifying round Champions League first qualifying round Europa League or UEFA Cup `` Top four '' dominance ( 2000s ) One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Top Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , while every season during the 2000s saw the `` Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . During the 2000s , only four sides outside the `` Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League : Leeds United ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Newcastle United ( 2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03 ) , Everton ( 2004 -- 05 ) and Tottenham Hotspur ( 2009 -- 10 ) - each occupying the final Champions League spot , with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season , who finished third . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Top Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' Between 2005 and 2011 , there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals , with only `` Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage . Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Manchester United ( 2008 ) and Chelsea ( 2012 ) won the competition during this period , with Arsenal ( 2006 ) , Liverpool ( 2007 ) , Chelsea ( 2008 ) and Manchester United ( 2009 and 2011 ) all losing Champions League finals . Leeds United were the only non - `` Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League , in the 2000 -- 01 season . No Premier League side has reached the final since Chelsea 's victory in 2012 - with only two reaching the semi-finals . Additionally , between the 1999 - 2000 and 2009 - 10 seasons , four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals , with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001 . Arsenal ( 2000 ) , Middlesbrough ( 2006 ) and Fulham ( 2010 ) all lost their finals . The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table , no side has won consecutive Premier League titles . By the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , each of the `` Top Four '' clubs had revenues in excess of € 200 million , while Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur had revenues of roughly € 150 million according to the Deloitte Football Money League . Manchester United had the largest revenue stream in the Premier League at € 349.8 million , while Aston Villa were the closest club to the new `` Big Six '' with revenues of € 109.4 million . Results of the ' Big Six ' during the 2010s Season ARS CHE LIV MCI MUN TOT 2010 -- 11 6 5 2011 -- 12 6 8 2012 -- 13 7 5 2013 -- 14 7 6 2014 -- 15 6 5 2015 -- 16 10 8 5 2016 -- 17 5 6 Top four 6 5 7 Top six 7 6 7 6 7 <Td_colspan="7"> out of 7 <Td_colspan="7"> League champions Champions League group stage Champions League play - off round Europa League Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season . That season also saw two of the `` Big Four '' ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season . The arrival of Manchester City as a new force in English football combined with Tottenham Hotspur finishing third and then second in the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons respectively meant that many viewed the `` Big Four '' as proliferating into the `` Big Six '' . With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league , greater competition for qualification now exists , albeit from a narrow base of six clubs . In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17 , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the top four was breached by a non `` Big Six '' side for the first time since Everton in 2005 . Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league , qualifying for the Champions League as a result . However , they were unable to follow up their title winning season with another strong season - finishing twelfth . Off the pitch , the `` Big Six '' wield financial power and influence , with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play . Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success . The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the `` Big Six '' and the rest of the division . All of the `` Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million , with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million . Leicester City were the closest club to the `` Big Six '' in terms of revenue , recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League . The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham , who did n't play in European competition , had revenues of € 213.3 million , nearly half of the fifth largest club , Liverpool ( € 424.2 million ) . Development See also : List of Premier League seasons Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 , down from 22 , in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season - the year prior to the formation of the Premier League . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga , be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams , as did the other major European leagues with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format Competition There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2016 -- 17 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had five runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with ten wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with five wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins ( see table here ) . Promotion and relegation A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2017 -- 18 season . Champions See also : List of English football champions No . Season Champion 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 5 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 6 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 7 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 8 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 9 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 10 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 11 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 13 2004 -- 05 Chelsea No . Season Champion 14 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 15 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 16 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 17 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 18 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 19 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 21 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 22 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 23 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 24 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea 26 2017 -- 18 Manchester City Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 season The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2017 -- 18 season . Club Position in 2016 -- 17 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th 1904 -- 05 101 26 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 AFC Bournemouth 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd in the Championship 1979 -- 80 5 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16th 1888 -- 89 55 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Chelsea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st 1907 -- 08 83 26 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14th 1969 -- 70 18 9 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7th 1888 -- 89 115 26 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Huddersfield Town 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th in the Championship 1920 -- 21 32 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12th 1908 -- 09 50 12 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4th 1894 -- 95 103 26 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3rd 1899 -- 1900 89 21 2002 -- 03 2013 -- 14 Manchester United 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6th 1892 -- 93 93 26 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st in the Championship 1898 -- 99 86 23 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8th 1966 -- 67 41 19 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Stoke City 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13th 1888 -- 89 62 10 2008 -- 09 0 n / a Swansea City 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15th 1981 -- 82 9 7 2011 -- 12 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd 1909 -- 10 83 26 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17th 1982 -- 83 11 5 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Bromwich Albion 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10th 1888 -- 89 81 12 2010 -- 11 1919 -- 20 West Ham United 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11th 1923 -- 24 60 22 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Hull City , Middlesbrough , and Sunderland were relegated to the Championship for the 2017 -- 18 season , while Newcastle United , Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Stoke City , and Swansea City are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 3 , 10 and 7 seasons ( out of 26 ) respectively . Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town will make their Premier League debuts in 2017 -- 18 season . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales AFC Bournemouth Southampton London Brighton & Hove Albion West Bromwich Albion Stoke City Manchester City Manchester United Liverpool Everton Huddersfield Town Newcastle United Leicester City Swansea City Burnley London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2017 -- 18 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Watford Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but they were relegated after their maiden season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2008 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No Sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , five places counting upwards , and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Setanta ESPN BT Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- -- -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 -- -- -- 60 2001 -- 2004 110 -- -- -- 110 2004 -- 2007 138 -- -- -- 138 2007 -- 2009 96 42 -- -- 138 2009 -- 2013 115 -- 23 -- 138 2013 -- 2016 116 -- -- 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 -- -- 42 168 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 , 2004 -- present BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 and 2011 -- 12 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums Main article : List of Premier League stadiums As of the 2017 -- 18 season , Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity : Wembley Stadium , the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur , has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court , the home of Bournemouth , having a capacity of 11,360 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2016 -- 17 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596 . This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . As of the 22nd game - week of the 2017 / 2018 season , 7 managers have been sacked , the most recent being Mark Hughes of Stoke City . There have been several studies into the reasoning behind , and effects of , managerial sackings . Most famously , Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam , performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings . Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Pep Guardiola Manchester City 2017 -- 18 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager France ! Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger Arsenal 000000001996 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1996 7003786900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 199 days England ! Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe AFC Bournemouth 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 7003201400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 188 days England ! Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Burnley 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2012 7003199600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 170 days Argentina ! Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2014 7003142200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 326 days England ! Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2014 7003120400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 108 days Germany ! Klopp , Jürgen Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 000000002015 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2015 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days Portugal ! Wagner , David David Wagner Huddersfield Town 000000002015 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2015 7002895000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 164 days Spain ! Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 000000002016 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2016 7002768000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 38 days Portugal ! Mourinho , José José Mourinho Manchester United 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 7002691000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 326 days Netherlands ! Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Chelsea 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002656000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 291 days Spain ! Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Manchester City 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002656000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 291 days England ! Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2017 7002218000000000000 ♠ 218 days France ! Puel , Claude Claude Puel Leicester City 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2017 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 days Scotland ! Moyes , David David Moyes West Ham United 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2017 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 days England ! Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Everton 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2017 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 days Portugal ! Carvalhal , Carlos Carlos Carvalhal Swansea City 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2017 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 days Scotland ! Lambert , Paul Paul Lambert Stoke City 000000002018 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2018 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 days Portugal ! Gracia , Javi Javi Gracia Watford 000000002018 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 2018 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 days Wales ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Southampton 000000002018 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2018 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 days Jamaica ! Moore , Darren Darren Moore West Bromwich Albion 000000002018 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2018 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 days Players See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of footballers with a Premier League winner 's medal Appearances See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 652 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand <Td_colspan="3"> As of 20 February 2018 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 2 January 2018 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 208 478 0.44 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 161 483 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards Trophy The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two different clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players , the Premier League also awards the monthly Manager of the Month , Player of the Month and Goal of the Month awards , as well as annual awards for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season , Golden Boot and the Golden Glove awards. . From the 2017 / 18 season , players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof . Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement . 20 seasons awards Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Gareth Barry ( 652 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher , Gareth Barry , Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . 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Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea scoop hat - trick of Barclays awards '' . Premier League . 13 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.premierleague.com/news/517445 Jump up ^ `` 20 Seasons Awards : The Winners '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 15 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Bibliography Hammam , Sam ( 14 January 2000 ) . The Wimbledon We Have . London : Wimbledon FC . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Premier League '' dated 4 March 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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who does tyler perry play in madea boo

Boo ! A Madea Halloween - wikipedia Boo ! A Madea Halloween Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Boo ! A Madea Halloween <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Will Areu Written by Tyler Perry Starring Tyler Perry Cassi Davis Patrice Lovely Bella Thorne Liza Koshy Diamond White Lexy Panterra Yousef Erakat Andre Hall Brock O'Hurn Music by Elvin Ross Cinematography Richard Vialet Edited by Larry Sexton Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $74.8 million Boo ! A Madea Halloween is a 2016 American comedy horror film directed , written , starring and co-produced by Tyler Perry . The idea for the film originated from a fictitious Madea Halloween movie that was mentioned in Chris Rock 's 2014 film Top Five . It is the ninth in the Madea series , and it is the second Madea film ( the first being Madea 's Witness Protection ) to not be adapted from a stage play . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 by Lionsgate , received generally negative reviews and grossed $74 million , making it the second - highest film of the Madea series . A sequel , titled Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , is set to be released October 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins on the day of Halloween with Jonathan ( Yousef Erakat ) , a young fraternity leader from a local university , and his fellow frat brothers discussing their upcoming Halloween party outside their frat house . Tiffany ( Diamond White ) and her three friends Aday ( Liza Koshy ) , Rain ( Bella Thorne ) and Leah ( Lexy Panterra ) are walking past their frat house , as Jonathan and the rest of them all go over to them to invite them to the party and seem to flirt a little . Brian ( Tyler Perry ) , Tiffany 's father and Madea 's nephew ( Uncle Joe Simmon 's son ) , catches them at the frat house , which he had ordered Tiffany not to walk by and angrily orders her and her friends to get in the car with him , to which she refuses and tells him they can walk home because it 's right around the corner . Brian forbids her from going near the frat house ever again and reveals that he is sending her and her brother to their mom 's house while he is out of town , much to her dismay . Later on that day , Brian spies on Tiffany 's conversation with Jonathan , the frat president , on a mobile tablet and notices how sexual things seem to be getting , much to his anger and indignation . That night , Madea ( also played by Tyler Perry ) and Aunt Bam ( Cassi Davis ) are sitting outside of her home on Halloween Night giving away candy to kids trick - or - treating while Bam is secretly stealing back some of the children 's candy , until one kid ( dressed as a cow , which Madea mocks the kid 's mother for ) notices her stealing his and an argument ensues . After that a clown approaches with a huge jack - in - the - box , which frightens Bam . As the clown is approaching , Madea threatens him and dares anything to jump out of the box . Another clown pops out and she immediately punches the clown , causing it to fall out of the box . It is revealed to be Uncle Joe ( also played by Tyler Perry ) , Madea 's brother and Brian 's father , and Hattie ( Patrice Lovely ) , a longtime friend of Madea and Aunt Bam , who then go on to explain they were just trying to scare them for fun . Meanwhile , in order to keep Tiffany from sneaking off to the Halloween party , Brian calls Madea , out of options , to stay there and look after Tiffany to keep her away from the party . Madea agrees and Bam , Joe , and Hattie tag along with her after Brian promises to pay Madea . Tiffany and her friend Aday , realizing that Madea and the others are there to watch them and keep them from sneaking to the party , decide to trick them into sleeping early by faking a story about a man named Mr. Wilson who committed murders in their house , and she tells them that the only safe rooms are the bedrooms . She then convinces them of the story 's authenticity by secretly hitting a remote control to turn the lights off in the house to frighten them . Tiffany and Aday sneak off to the party , but Madea perspicaciously sees through the scheme after finding pillows placed under the blanket on the bed in their bedroom to look as if they are sleeping . Madea then goes to the frat house and crashes the party as she searches for Tiffany , but Tiffany 's friends and Jonathan both lie to cover for her . Madea tries to shut the party down , but is thrown out by the frat brothers into the bushes outside the frat house , by Jonathan 's orders and leaves defeated . However , one of the frat brothers discovers that Aday is underage and throws her out of the party which is then shut down once again when Bam calls the police due to Tiffany being underage . The frat brothers realize that Madea and her friends are the ones who called the police on them and decide to prank them back by scaring them , unaware that Aday had been hiding behind the bushes near the outside staircase , underneath the front patio , and overheard their entire plan . Back at home , Tiffany still claims that she was asleep the whole time and had been sleeping in her father 's room , even though she was supposed to be in her room . The frat brothers then begin their pranks by scaring Hattie , Joe and Bam by posing as the ghost of Mr. Wilson ( which Jonathan had learned from Tiffany earlier ) and by one of the frat boys , Horse ( Brock O'Hurn ) dressed as a scary and deranged homicidal clown in the house . Madea , Hattie , and Bam leave the house and drive away out of fear . They in turn leave Joe alone with the clown , which he knocks out with his cane while he is smoking marijuana through a hookah . Madea 's car breaks down up the road and the three are pursued by the rest of the frat brothers and partygoers who are posing as zombies that chase them down . Madea , in a panicked frenzy , runs inside a nearby local church , that is led by Aday 's parents who are ministers , and finds interest in being saved , believing that the things she is seeing are punishment for her sins . A female parishioner , who was praying when Madea ran inside , then tries to get Madea to calm down by consoling and comforting her and tries to lead her to Christ and get her to become saved . Aday 's father ( Javon Johnson ) , who is revealed to be the pastor of the church , and Aday then lay down a confession , telling Madea that all of the things happening with the ghosts , clown and zombies were tricks being played on them by the frat brothers as revenge on Madea for shutting down the party and calling the police . Madea finds Aday 's apologies sincere , but says the frat boys will be more sorry when she cancels the party and has assistants condemn the house . Aday agrees with the plan and she , Hattie , Bam and Madea then vengefully come up with a plan to make the brothers pay . Brian is also called back into town by Madea to deal with Tiffany for sneaking out of the house and going to the party . When Brian orders her to come downstairs she is at first hesitant , but then finally comes down . When he asks and confronts her about sneaking off to the party , she boldly admits to it and tells him to get over it . It is clear Tiffany has no respect or appreciation for Brian as a parent due to him being a pushover and refusing to discipline his kids the same way he was raised by Joe . Madea , Hattie , and Bam then begin to pack Tiffany 's clothes up in bags to throw her out of the house . This plan works and Tiffany and Brian lay their feelings out about Brian 's wife cheating on him and him being a pushover . Brian , finally toughening up , participates in helping to throw her out and exclaims that she can either live there with him , abiding by his rules and respecting him , or go out on the street on her own . Tiffany apologizes to Brian and the women for her behavior and agrees to listen to her father 's rules . Madea hopes Tiffany has learned a lesson as she is also mad at her for letting the fraternity brothers prank her with such scary things . Afterwards , the police return to Brian 's house looking for Tiffany , revealing to her that her best friend , Aday has gone missing . They then take her with them and handcuff her . The next day , the police knock on the door of the frat house and one of the brothers discovers the body of Aday with her throat slit and blood spewing out in the basement . The brothers are arrested after the police find Aday 's body and they are all placed on a prison bus . Rain and Leah are also arrested for bringing minors to an `` over-18 '' party , as well as Tiffany for her alleged involvement . A brawl breaks out on the bus with the prisoners , scaring everyone including Jonathan . Aday comes out of the house and everything is revealed to be a prank . The girls are grateful that Aday is alive , who reveals that the blood and mortal wound was just special effect make up , and Jonathan apologizes for his and his frat brothers ' behavior as well . Just then , Madea learns , much to her shock , that Brian called in actual police officers for the prank . They find a bag of marijuana in the frat house as one of which ( Dominique Witten ) recognizes Madea as an old acquaintance . Madea , Jonathan and the rest of the frat brothers flee from the officers , fearing they will all be arrested for real as the film ends . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons , Brian Simmons , and Uncle Joe Simmons Cassi Davis as Betty Ann `` Aunt Bam '' Murphy Patrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love Bella Thorne as Rain Mathison Diamond White as Tiffany Simmons Yousef Erakat as Jonathan Lexy Panterra as Leah Devereaux Andre Hall as Quinton Brock O'Hurn as Horse Liza Koshy as Aday Walker Kian Lawley as Bean Boy JC Caylen as Mikey Jimmy Tatro as Sean Tyga as Himself Mike Tornabene as Dino Bradley Martyn as Frat Boy # 9 Mario Rodriguez as Frat Boy # 10 Production ( edit ) Production on Boo ! A Madea Halloween began in mid-January 2016 in Atlanta , Georgia , with filming only lasting six days . On March 4 , 2016 , Lionsgate released a teaser trailer for the film , and on July 14 , 2016 the official trailer was released , as well as a parody poster of Halloween . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Boo ! A Madea Halloween grossed $73.2 million in North America and $1.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $74.8 million , against a budget of $20 million . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 and opened alongside Ouija : Origin of Evil and Jack Reacher : Never Go Back , and was expected to gross $15 -- 17 million from 2,260 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $9.4 million on its first day and an above - expected $27.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office and ranking as the fourth - best debut for a Perry film . In its second weekend the film grossed $17.2 million ( a drop of only 39.6 % ) and remained first at the box office , despite facing competition with the newcomer Inferno ( $14.9 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 21 % based on 33 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween wo n't win Tyler Perry 's long - running franchise many new converts -- but at nine films and counting , it hardly needs to . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 30 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result Golden Raspberry Awards ( 37th ) Worst Director Tyler Perry Nominated Worst Actress Nominated Worst Screen Combo Nominated That same old worn out wig Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Lionsgate announced that a follow - up titled Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween will be released on October 20 , 2017 . The following logline was released : `` Madea , Bam , and Hattie venture to a haunted campground and the group must literally run for their lives when monsters , goblins , and the bogeyman are unleashed . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ' to battle ' Ouija ' sequel and ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ http://pro.boxoffice.com/tag/boo-a-madea-halloween/ Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Lionsgate Slates ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' Based On ' Top Five ' Idea '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Bella Thorne Joins Tyler Perry 's ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.projectcasting.com/news/tyler-perry-filmed-a-madea-halloween-in-only-six-days Jump up ^ Lionsgate Movies ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) . Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 Movie -- Tyler Perry ) -- Official Teaser Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/trailers/702509-tyler-perrys-boo-a-madea-halloween-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` Can Ben Affleck 's ' The Accountant ' Be An Asset For Weak Fall Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Boo : A Madea Halloween ' scares up a win at the box office while ' Jack Reacher ' nabs a close second '' . Los Angeles Times . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Madea ' To Push Well Past $27 M As ' Jack Reacher ' Takes $22 M to $23 M ; ' Joneses ' Ca n't Keep Up -- Sun . AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inferno ' Takes on the World Series as ' Doctor Strange ' Debuts Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Sets ' Tyler Perry 's Boo 2 : A Madea Halloween ' for October '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Boo ! A Madea Halloween on IMDb Boo ! A Madea Halloween at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Independent films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boo!_A_Madea_Halloween&oldid=800473228 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s comedy films American films American black comedy films American comedy films American comedy horror films American horror films Ghost films Zombie films Films directed by Tyler Perry Films shot in Atlanta Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Films about Halloween Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Boo! A Madea Halloween - film overview 2. Tyler Perry - director, writer, and star of the film 3. Plot - summary of the story 4. Cast - list of actors and characters in the film 5. Reception - box office performance and critical response

who does the welcome toast at a wedding

Wedding reception - wikipedia Wedding reception Jump to : navigation , search `` Wedding party '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Wedding Party . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wedding reception in 17th century Russia by Konstantin Makovsky Entertainment at an English wedding reception . The organisers have hired two opera singers to sing arias during the meal for the entertainment of the guests . The mother of the groom is being serenaded . Wedding dance of an Azerbaijani married couple A wedding reception is a party usually held after the completion of a marriage ceremony as hospitality for those who have attended the wedding , hence the name reception : the couple receives society , in the form of family and friends , for the first time as a married couple . Hosts provide their choice of food and drink , although a wedding cake is popular . Entertaining guests after a wedding ceremony is traditional in most societies , and can last anywhere from half an hour to many hours or even days . In some cultures , separate wedding celebrations are held for the bride 's and groom 's families . Before receptions -- a social event that is structured around a receiving line , and usually held in the afternoon , with only light refreshments -- became popular , weddings were more typically celebrated with wedding breakfasts ( for those whose religious traditions encouraged morning weddings ) and wedding balls ( for those who were married in the evening ) . The popularity of receptions , rather than breakfasts , dinners , and balls , during the 20th century led to the name reception being applied to any social event after a wedding , whether it is brunch , tea , dinner , or a dance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Western culture 1.1 Location 1.2 Receiving line 1.3 Grand entrance 1.4 Food 1.5 Toasts 1.6 Dances 1.7 Entertainment 1.8 Departure 1.9 Expense 1.10 Other traditions 2 Chinese culture 2.1 Gifts 2.2 Timing 2.3 Sign - in 2.4 Banquet procedure 2.5 Food 3 Gallery 4 References Western culture ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Banquet Hall Wedding Reception Wedding Venue in Glendale , CA Until after World War II , wedding celebrations were most commonly held in the bride 's home , in whatever style of entertainment was within the means of the family . This might be a grand ball for a wealthy family , a luncheon for middle - class families , or an afternoon tea , featuring cake and lemonade , for working - class families . The choice depended primarily on the family 's economic situation , and in some cases , mass weddings were favored as a way to share costs . At the beginning of the 20th century , dance halls became common , and were rented by those planning a celebration beyond what their homes could hold . Typical locations for wedding celebrations now include hotel ballrooms , banquet halls , wedding venues , community halls , social halls at the church or other sacred place where the wedding ceremony took place , and , particularly for smaller weddings , restaurants and garden parties at home . There are also many small businesses that specialize in providing places for wedding ceremonies and celebrations . Receiving line ( edit ) Technically , to be a reception , instead of some other form of entertainment , guests must be greeted with a receiving line . In a receiving line , newly wedded couple , the hosts , and often their parents and any honour attendants , stand in order of precedence and greet every guest in turn . Each guest greets the first ( lowest precedence ) person in the line and , if necessary , introduces him / herself . The first person then introduces the guest to the next person in the line , and turns to the next guest . As each guest properly speaks little more than his / her name ( if necessary ) and conventional greetings or congratulations to each person in turn , the line progresses steadily without unnecessary delays . Western etiquette requires at least one of the hosts and the newly married couple , as the guests of honor , to welcome and greet the guests , but the other members of the wedding party , parents who are not hosting the party , siblings , etc. , are not required to stand in the receiving line . It is increasingly common to feature only the couple , since more modern couples host and pay for their own weddings rather than their parents . After formally receiving each guest in this fashion , the receiving line is finished and the people who had been duty - bound to stand in it can mingle with guests , eat , and enjoy more extended conversations . Grand entrance ( edit ) Another option , especially popular on the East and West Coast of the United States , is having a grand entrance instead of a receiving line . The grand entrance might involve presenting some or all of the wedding party , the parents , and / or the bride and groom . The wedding party is usually introduced by a master of ceremonies , disc jockey , or band leader . It may be done in the same manner as they walked down the aisle during the wedding ceremony . This is generally much faster than a receiving line and guests may be seated before the arrival of the wedding party . In addition , it can be an event in itself and be as entertaining as wished . Introductions may be accompanied by music and information about each person to introduce them to the guests . However , unlike a reception line , it does not give the guests an opportunity to speak to any of the people being presented . Food ( edit ) See also : Wedding breakfast The wedding cake and other decorations at a wedding reception in Japan The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs . Food may range from a single non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate , multi-course dinners . The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion of the hosts . Some receptions , especially if the family 's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing , focus on dessert . Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs , such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France , or featuring thousands of homemade cookies in Pittsburgh . The bride and groom cut the wedding cake at an American wedding reception in 1955 . The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting . Some couples have a smaller display cake , which is supplemented by sheet cake . The groom 's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States . In the Colonial and Victorian eras , the white - iced bride 's cake was considered `` too light '' for male tastes , and a second cake choice -- usually a dark , liquor - soaked fruitcake -- was also offered . Today , chocolate is popular , although the groom 's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom , such as a favorite hobby or sport . If a full meal is served , the wedding cake is usually served after the meal . Otherwise , the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests . Commonly , the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake , and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite , may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms . Then the cake is served to the guests . Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party , being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor . Toasts ( edit ) Main article : Toast ( honor ) In most Western countries , either before or after food is served , toasts are made by the wedding party , wishing the couple well . Commonly , toasts are proposed by the bride 's father , the groom , the best man , and / or the maid of honor , although there is no absolutely required list of people who must make toasts , or indeed any requirement to offer toasts at all . A new trend involves the addition of a DVD slideshow or photo montage video , featuring pictures of the new spouses growing up and meeting . These are created using home movies and photos taken over the couple 's life , edited and set to music . The montage is shown either on a large TV or monitor or with an LCD projector . Dances ( edit ) Flemish wedding , 17th century `` A Gorals ' Wedding '' -- bride and groom dance If there is dancing at the celebrations after the wedding , the newly married couple typically open the dancing with their first dance . When waltzing was popular , it was sometimes called a bridal waltz , although other dance styles are more commonly used now . The style of dancing depends on the nature of the music chosen . Fox trot , two - step , or rumba match most four - count pop ballads . While most contemporary Western couples select a romantic song and a relatively formal dance style , some couples choose to perform humorous choreographed dances . Modern chart hits are becoming an increasingly popular option for the first dance -- the most popular first dance song at UK weddings in 2016 is Thinking Out Loud , a soft rock ballad co-written by Ed Sheeran and Amy Wadge . Traditionally , shortly after the dance begins , guests would promptly join in the dancing , in order of precedence , exactly like at any other ball . In very recent times , some families have told guests to not start dancing until after watching a sometimes lengthy sequence of `` special '' dances . For example , after the first dance , the newly married couple might dance with their parents or new in - laws . However , there is no requirement that any particular people dance at all , much less with any particular person , and no absolutely required order for the bridal couple , their families , or the bridal party to begin dancing in . Entertainment ( edit ) Wedding receptions are often the time when couples want to ensure their family and guests will be entertained , and a variety of options such as disc jockeys , live bands , professional dancers such as ballroom dancers or belly dancers , fire artists and even comedians are brought in to heighten the festivities and make the wedding stand out . In America and in other countries , including lavish entertainment at the wedding reception is a luxury . Wedding DJ 's have been increasing in popularity in modern cultures . Departure ( edit ) A ceremony is often made of the newlyweds ' departure . Rice or birdseed , signifying abundance , may be thrown at the departing couple , with birdseed preferred by facility managers , since it requires less clean up work than rice , and new , mess - free substitutes , such as blowing soap bubbles or ringing small bells being even more favored by the cleaning staff . As the newlyweds are the guests of honor , the other guests are expected to remain at the reception until they leave them , and consequently , it is an imposition on the other guests for the newlyweds to stay unreasonably long at the party . On occasion , the newlyweds will stage an official leave - taking , so that guests feel free to leave , and then quietly return through another door . Expense ( edit ) A black tie wedding reception held at the Society Room in Hartford , Connecticut . The median cost of a wedding , including both the ceremony and reception , in the United States , as of 2012 , was about US $18,000 , according to a large survey at an online wedding website . Regional differences are significant , with residents of Manhattan paying more than six times as much as residents of Alaska . Additionally , the survey probably overestimates the typical cost because of a biased sample population . The wedding industry grosses $161 billion annually , according to Rebecca Mead , author of One Perfect Day . Approximately 50 % of a couple 's entire wedding budget is spent on the reception alone . This is primarily due to the cost of food and alcohol . Other traditions ( edit ) Wedding traditions vary between countries , and between regions of the same country . Some traditions include : Dancing guests at a wedding party in Mauritania Ethnic Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor , 2006 . The money dance , or `` dollar dance '' . Guests pay a small amount of money to dance with the bride or groom . In some cultures , the money is pinned to a special apron worn by the bride or groom . In others , the money is collected by friends . This is prevalent among Polish and Italian couples , although many other brides and grooms often incorporate it . There is considerable debate about the propriety of a money dance in English - speaking countries , where the practice is frowned upon because making guests pay for dancing or socializing with the bridal couple seems inhospitable , greedy , or distasteful . It is accepted when the couple and the majority of their guests are of one of the cultures in which it is traditional . Tossing of the bride 's bouquet and garter . The bride tosses her bouquet over her shoulder to a group of all the single women present . Whoever catches it is supposed to be the next to get married . Similarly , the groom tosses the bride 's garter to the single men , often after removing it from her leg . On occasion , the bride will `` rig '' the bouquet toss by tossing the bouquet to a woman who is engaged . The groom then arranges for the fiancé of the bouquet - toss winner to receive the bride 's garter . Sometimes , the man who catches the garter is supposed to put it on the leg of the woman who catches the bouquet , or the garter is sold in a raffle instead of being tossed . Clinking glasses . Guests will often clink their glasses during dinner to ask the newlyweds to stand up and kiss . Some couples pass out wedding favor bells for guests to ring instead of clinking glasses . Favors . The hosts may provide a small gift for each guest . Favors may include chocolates , candles , picture frames , or other small gifts . Such favors are not required . Chinese culture ( edit ) Gifts ( edit ) Unless the wedding couple has a wedding registry , it is best not to give gifts or gift certificates . For Chinese weddings , cash or a cheque is always the best gift . In addition to that , some elder relatives might also give gold jewelry . The cash or cheque should be in a red envelope or red pocket with the givers ' names on it , and it is always given when signing in at the restaurant . In choosing the amount of money to give , givers scrupulously avoid unlucky numbers , such as 4 and favor combinations of lucky numbers , such as 8 and 9 . Also , white envelopes are never used to wrap gifts for a wedding or other joyful event , as the color white is associated with death . Timing ( edit ) There are two times listed on the invitation : 恭候 ( gōnghòu / greeting ) and 入席 ( rùxí / reception ) . Typically , they are at least two hours apart ( some may be four hours ) . The first one is the time the groom and bride , along with their family , will be ready to receive guests and greet them ; the second one is the time the reception / banquet will start . The gap between those hours is referred to as entertainment time . Very often , the restaurant will provide poker and mahjong ( 麻將 ) for gambling ; the time can also be used to socialize with other guests and take photos with the bride / groom and their families . Nowadays , for Chinese couples ' weddings in the U.S. , you are less likely to see mahjong being played before the banquet ; it is often replaced by a cocktail party . However , if the wedding reception takes place in southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , and even parts of Canada ( where there is a large Cantonese population ) , mahjong might still be played before the dinner . Sign - in ( edit ) Gifts of money may be placed in a special box at the sign - in table . Two people will be at the sign - in tables ( one from the bride 's family and one from the groom 's ) to register guests and receive gifts / red envelopes . Often , they will have two separate guest lists , one from the groom 's side and one from the bride 's . Then the best man and the maid of honor will direct ushers to escort guests to their seat . Banquet procedure ( edit ) Typically , the banquet will include a speech from the parents , the best man , the maid of honor , and the guest speaker . There will be cake cutting , toasts , a tea ceremony , some games designed by the DJ , and dancing . The two tables at the center of the room are for the groom 's and bride 's families . Food ( edit ) A Chinese wedding reception typically has nine or ten courses . Expensive dishes such as shark fin , abalone , lobster , jumbo shrimp , squab , sea bass , or sea cucumber are common on a wedding banquet menu . A whole fish , chicken , or pig means luck and completeness in Chinese wedding culture . Traditionally , after the fifth dish of the dinner , the groom and bride and their families will approach each table to toast the guests . Very often , the bride will change into a traditional Chinese red wedding dress ( 鳳 褂 , or qípáo ) at that time , if she has been wearing a different style of clothing before . Gallery ( edit ) The decorations vary by culture and budget . Reception held at a village hall in United Kingdom Modern reception in Vietnam An elaborate wedding reception in 1894 in Australia This wedding reception was held outdoors . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding Feast . Jump up ^ McBee , Randy D. ( 2000 ) . Dance hall days : intimacy and leisure among working - class immigrants in the United States . New York : New York University Press . pp. 222 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5620 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ryan A. Brasseaux ; Bienvenu , Marcelle ; Brasseaux , Carl A. ( 2005 ) . Stir the pot : the history of Cajun cuisine . ( PLACE ) : HIPPOCRENE BOOKS . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 7818 - 1120 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing Between A Grand Entrance And Receiving Line '' . Belvedere . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lieber , Ron ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` The Wedding ? I 'm Here for the Cookies '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 428 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Judith ( 2005 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05874 - 3 . Jump up ^ Using projectors during wedding receptions , `` Wedding Projector Ideas That Are n't At All Cheesy '' , Brides_ ( magazine ) , Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Southall , Adam ( 2016 ) . `` The 9 most popular wedding first dance songs of 2016 '' . FixTheMusic . Jump up ^ ^ Martin , Judith ( 1995 ) . Miss Manners on Painfully Proper Weddings New York : Crown Publishers . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0517701874 . ^ Jump up to : Oremus , Will ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` The Wedding Industry 's Pricey Little Secret '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The wedding - industrial complex '' . Christian Science Monitor. 8 June 2007 . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Wedding Receptions . brightweddingideas.com Jump up ^ Martin , Judith ; Jacobina Martin ( 2010 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide to a Surprisingly Dignified Wedding . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 273 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06914 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Sherman ( 14 January 2007 ) . `` גני אירועים בשרון '' . Odeon ( in Hebrew ) . p. 9 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_reception&oldid=802205076 '' Categories : Wedding Parties Wedding industry Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Русский తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 34 . 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1. Wedding reception traditions 2. Food and drinks at wedding receptions 3. Entertainment options for wedding receptions 4. Wedding reception expenses 5. Chinese wedding reception customs

how many seasons are in the north and south

North & South ( tv serial ) - wikipedia North & South ( tv serial ) This article is about the British television series . For the unrelated American television miniseries , see North and South ( miniseries ) . For other uses , see North and South . <Th_colspan="2"> North & South <Td_colspan="2"> British DVD cover Written by Elizabeth Gaskell ( novel ) , Sandy Welch ( writer ) Directed by Brian Percival Starring Daniela Denby - Ashe Richard Armitage Sinéad Cusack Jo Joyner Composer ( s ) Martin Phipps Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Kate Bartlett Running time 235 min . ( 4 parts ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network BBC One Original release 14 November ( 2004 - 11 - 14 ) -- 5 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) North & South is a British television drama series , produced by the BBC and originally broadcast in four episodes on BBC One in November and December 2004 . It follows the story of Margaret Hale ( Daniela Denby - Ashe ) , a young woman from southern England who has to move to the North after her father decides to leave the clergy . The family struggles to adjust itself to the industrial town 's customs , especially after meeting the Thorntons , a proud family of cotton mill owners who seem to despise their social inferiors . The story explores the issues of class and gender , as Margaret 's sympathy for the town mill workers clashes with her growing attraction to John Thornton ( Richard Armitage ) . The serial is based on the 1855 Victorian novel North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell and takes place in the years surrounding the Great Exhibition of 1851 . It was adapted for television by Sandy Welch and directed by Brian Percival . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret Hale ( Daniela Denby - Ashe ) and her parents Maria ( Lesley Manville ) and Richard ( Tim Pigott - Smith ) live in the idyllic town in Helstone in Hampshire . At the wedding of her cousin , Edith , Margaret is approached by Edith 's new brother - in - law , Henry Lennox ( John Light ) . Lennox visits Helstone a while later and proposes marriage to Margaret ; she refuses him . Margaret 's father , a clergyman , decides to leave the Church of England and become a Nonconformist when he realises his doubts of the doctrines of the Church . To avoid gossip , the family move to the ( fictional ) industrial town of Milton , Darkshire , in the north of England . Thanks to his friend , Mr. Bell ( Brian Protheroe ) , Mr. Hale is able to find a house and gains employment as a private tutor . One of his pupils is local mill - owner John Thornton ( Richard Armitage ) , who gets off to a bad start with Margaret when she witnesses him beating a worker whom he has caught smoking in the mill , thus endangering all the workers . Gradually , Margaret gets used to Thornton , but his mother Hannah ( Sinéad Cusack ) and sister Fanny ( Jo Joyner ) disapprove of her , believing her haughty and alien to the customs of the North . In the meantime , Margaret attempts to do charitable work among the working classes , and thus comes into contact with Nicholas Higgins ( Brendan Coyle ) and his daughter , Bessy ( Anna Maxwell Martin ) , who contracted Pneumoconiosis from exposure to the cotton - fibres in the mills . When Bessy became ill at Hamper 's Mill , her father moved her to Marlborough Mills , Thornton 's mill , because the working environment is better there . In a meeting with fellow mill owners , Thornton says he had a wheel for ventilation installed in all of the rooms of his factory in order to maintain a healthier workforce , despite the fact that it costs a great deal of money . The other industrialists had refused to install a wheel because of the expense . Margaret 's mother is falling ill . Mrs. Hale desires to see her son , Frederick ( Rupert Evans ) , before she dies . Frederick , a naval officer , was involved in a mutiny and he can not return to England without risking his life . However , without telling her father , Margaret writes to her brother in Cádiz , Spain , to tell him that their mother is dying . Margaret calls on the Thorntons to borrow a water mattress for her mother and is trapped while mill workers riot during a strike . When the angry mob threatens John 's safety as he confronts them after Margaret 's goading , Margaret defends him from the rioters and is injured by a thrown stone . Margaret recovers and returns home , telling nobody about what had happened at the Mill , mainly to protect the health of her mother . When Thornton proposes to her the next day , she scorns him , thinking he believes himself superior because of the difference in their financial circumstances . He denies this and tells her that he is in love with her , but she insists that her actions were not personal . Meanwhile , Bessy Higgins dies and Thornton stops coming for lessons from Mr. Hale . As a distraction for Mrs. Hale and for herself , Margaret visits the Great Exhibition with her Aunt Shaw ( Jane Booker ) , her cousin Edith and Edith 's husband . Margaret meets Thornton at the exhibition , where he is discussing the machinery with a group of gentlemen , all of whom are listening with great respect and admiration for his simple good sense . Margaret is embarrassed to meet Thornton so soon after her rejection but defends him when Henry Lennox ( John Light ) , Edith 's brother - in - law and an admirer of Margaret , tries to belittle him for being in trade . As Margaret observes them together , Henry 's sophistication and reliance on fashionable wit and sarcasm compares unfavourably with Thornton 's honesty . When Margaret returns home , her mother has taken a turn for the worse . Margaret 's brother arrives just in time to see his mother , and she dies shortly after . While Frederick is in the house , Thornton comes to visit his friend Mr. Hale , but he can not be allowed in , in case he sees Fred . Thornton interprets this as Margaret refusing to see him . The family 's servant , Miss Dixon ( Pauline Quirke ) , bumps into Leonards , a former member of Frederick 's crew in Milton town , who offers to split the reward money for Frederick 's capture with her . Dixon refuses , informing the Hales ; it is decided that Frederick must leave at once , before he is discovered and arrested . He and Margaret are seen together at the railway station by Thornton , who mistakenly assumes that Frederick is Margaret 's lover . Leonards spies him and Margaret at the station , and in the brief scuffle Fred pushes him down the stairs . It is later revealed that he died in hospital . Margaret denies to the police that she was at the station , in order to protect Fred , but Thornton , who is the magistrate and saw her there , is morally tested , but ultimately calls off the impending inquiry for the sake of Margaret . Thornton gives employment to Higgins who seeks work to care for Boucher 's childeren after his death , and master and hand get along surprisingly well , despite their differences . They come up with a plan to feed the workers cheaply in a communal kitchen , and Thornton comes to a greater understanding with his workers as they share ideas . However , losses faced during the strike have put Thornton 's business in trouble , and he is forced to close the mill . Margaret 's father visits Mr. Bell in Oxford , and dies there . With no family to keep her in Milton , Margaret leaves the north to stay with her aunt in London . After a few months living with the Shaws , Margaret visits Helstone with Mr. Bell , and meets the new vicar and his wife . Margaret is disappointed to find Helstone much changed , and realises that she has romanticised and idealised her childhood home , and starts to truly recognise the merits of life in Milton . As Margaret 's godfather , Mr. Bell makes over his significant fortune to her when he finds out that he has a terminal illness and chooses to move to Argentina for the better climate . Margaret hence becomes the owner of Marlborough Mills and John Thornton 's landlord . Margaret visits Milton with Henry Lennox , who is now acting as her financial advisor ; she speaks with Mrs. Thornton at Malborough Mills , expressing her realisation of Mr. Thornton 's true character . Meanwhile , Thornton , having discovered the truth about Fred being Margaret 's brother from Higgins , goes south to see Margaret 's home town of Helstone . At a railway station halfway between Milton and Helstone , Margaret and Thornton cross paths on their respective return journeys . She proposes a business deal by which the factory can be reopened ; after this the two share a kiss . Margaret bids farewell to Henry , and gets on the train `` home '' to Milton with Thornton . Cast ( edit ) Daniela Denby - Ashe -- Margaret Hale Richard Armitage -- John Thornton Tim Pigott - Smith -- Mr Richard Hale Lesley Manville -- Mrs Maria Hale Sinéad Cusack -- Mrs Hannah Thornton Jo Joyner -- Fanny Thornton Brendan Coyle -- Mr Nicholas Higgins Anna Maxwell Martin -- Bessy Higgins Kay Lyon -- Mary Higgins Pauline Quirke -- Dixon Rupert Evans -- Frederick Hale Brian Protheroe -- Mr. Bell John Light -- Henry Lennox Emma Ferguson -- Edith Shaw Lennox Jane Booker -- Aunt Shaw Will Houston -- John Boucher Production ( edit ) A spinning room in the Helmshore Mills Textile Museum . Origins ( edit ) Sandy Welch started adapting Elizabeth Gaskell 's 1855 North and South in 2001 , making a few changes to emphasise the industrial landscape of the story . Welch 's story , for example , begins and ends with the main character Margaret Hale travelling by train , which is not the starting and ending point of the novel ( although Gaskell describes the Hales travelling from the South to the North by train ) . Welch also made the main characters visit the Great Exhibition of 1851 . These are changes Welch believed Gaskell would have done `` if she 'd had the time '' , since Gaskell had complained of being under pressure to complete the novel by her editor Charles Dickens . In the summer of 2003 Kate Bartlett was brought to the project as a producer and a ten - week period of pre-production started at the beginning of February . Casting ( edit ) Daniela Denby - Ashe had not originally auditioned for the role of Margaret Hale but for that of Fanny Thornton , and was not sure she would be participating on the project , but the producers had been looking for the right Margaret for a long time and Denby - Ashe 's `` directness , energy and charm '' as well as the chemistry she had with would - be co-star Richard Armitage proved decisive . Armitage himself had been the first actor to read for the role of John Thornton and even though his performance had impressed producer Kate Bartlett and casting director Jill Trevellick , they still had to see many other possible Thorntons . Three weeks after casting had begun , Trevellick decided to recapitulate the first auditions , realising that Armitage was `` perfect '' . Filming ( edit ) A Bluebell Railway carriage , similar to the one used on the final scene Filming took place from the end of April 2004 until July 2004 . Gaskell 's fictional town of Milton , Darkshire , was loosely based on Manchester , but the producers decided to shoot many of the town scenes in Edinburgh , which maintains more of its visual and architectural heritage from the industrial Victorian era . Keighley in West Yorkshire became one of the main locations , the cotton mill 's exteriors were filmed at Dalton Mill . The scenes inside the mill were shot at Helmshore Textile Museum in Rossendale and Queen Street Mill on the outskirts of Burnley , Lancashire . London was another main location , all the interior scenes were shot at the Ealing Studios in west London and the Great Exhibition scene was shot at Alexandra Palace in North London . Other locations were Selkirk , a town in the Scottish Borders , Burnley in Lancashire , and the Bluebell Railway in Sussex , where the final and the beginning scenes were shot . Additional railway sequences were filmed in Yorkshire , using carriages provided by the Vintage Carriages Trust As a costume drama , North & South required substantial work from the art department . In 2005 the serial 's production designer Simon Elliot received a British Academy Television Award nomination for Best Production Design . Music ( edit ) Martin Phipps composed the score for North & South . The short piano tune is played throughout the whole series in different rhythms . The music is especially loud and clear whenever there is a turning point in the relationship between Margaret and Thornton . Reception ( edit ) Edinburgh 's William Street on May 2004 adapted for North & South As the BBC had low expectations for the series , it was not well publicised and went almost unnoticed by critics . Audiences , however , were more receptive ; hours after the first episode aired in November 2004 , the message board of the programme 's website crashed because of the number of visitors the site was receiving , forcing host bbc.co.uk to shut it down . This sudden interest on the serial was attributed to Richard Armitage , a relatively unknown actor , whose portrayal of the emotionally restrained John Thornton drew parallels with Colin Firth 's portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy on the BBC 's 1995 mini-series Pride and Prejudice , and the reception he later received . Armitage himself claims that the series was a success because of the `` industrial landscape and the attention ( that the series gives ) to the working classes and the way they develop '' . The reaction to the series was a surprise to the BBC , who then decided to release the DVD on 11 April 2005 . North & South was voted `` Best Drama '' in the BBC drama website 's annual poll in 2004 . Richard Armitage was voted `` Most Desirable Drama Star '' and `` Best Actor '' , Daniela Denby - Ashe was voted `` Best Actress '' ( Sinead Cusack came in third ) and three different scenes were voted as the year 's `` Favourite Moments '' , with the final scene winning the number one spot . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shannon , Sarah ( 10 November 2004 ) . `` Love in a cold climate '' . The Independent . Retrieved on 23 March 2008 ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Kate ; Percival , Brian and Welch , Sandy . Audio commentary . North and South . Dir . Percival , Brian . Perf . Daniela Denby - Ashe , and Richard Armitage. 2004 . DVD . BBC DVD , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Richard Armitage '' . Special feature . North and South . Dir . Percival , Brian . Perf . Daniela Denby - Ashe , and Richard Armitage. 2004 . DVD . BBC DVD , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 2007 ) . `` A Northern Tale '' . The DVD Collection . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage `` North and South '' - Soundtrack and Location information `` . BBC.co.uk . Archived from the original on 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office ( 30 April 2004 ) . `` BBC ONE explores love across the social divide in an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell 's North and South '' . Press release . Retrieved on 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinnes , Sally ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` Move over Darcey '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved on 23 March 2008 Jump up ^ Hall , Jane ( 23 December 2004 ) . `` Britain 's newest heart - throb '' . Western Mail . Retrieved on 23 March 2008 ^ Jump up to : Wark , Penny ( 13 April 2005 ) . `` In a swoon over me ? Surely not '' . Times Online . Retrieved on 23 March 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Pat Marsh Show '' - Interview with Richard Armitage ( 13 April 2005 ) . BBC Radio Kent . Jump up ^ Ashworth , Anne ( 23 December 2004 ) . `` A dashing object of desire '' . The Times . Retrieved on 23 March 2008 Jump up ^ `` Best Drama '' . BBC Drama - Best of 2004 . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most Desirable Drama Star '' . BBC Drama - Best of 2004 . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actor '' . BBC Drama - Best of 2004 . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actress '' . BBC Drama - Best of 2004 . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Favourite Moment '' . BBC Drama - Best of 2004 . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United Kingdom portal 2000s portal North & South at BBC Online North & South on IMDb VCT filming : North & South North and South 2004 ( unofficial ) site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_%26_South_(TV_serial)&oldid=857068962 '' Categories : BBC television dramas Television series set in the 1850s Television programmes based on British novels 2000s British drama television series 2004 British television programme debuts 2004 British television programme endings 2000s British television miniseries Costume drama television series English - language television programs Films shot in Edinburgh Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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1. British television drama series 2. Adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's novel 3. Class and gender issues 4. Industrial town and cotton mill owners 5. Margaret Hale and John Thornton's relationship

what is the most popular style of tai chi

Tai chi - wikipedia Tai chi This article is about the Chinese martial art . For the philosophical concept , see Taiji ( philosophy ) . For people with the name `` Taichi '' , see Taichi ( name ) . For other uses , see Taiji ( disambiguation ) . `` Tao Chi '' redirects here . For the Chinese landscape painter , calligrapher and poet , see Tao Chi ( painter ) . t'ai chi ch'üan / tàijíquán ( 太極 拳 ) <Td_colspan="2"> The lower dantian in Taijiquan : Yin and Yang rotate , while the core reverts to stillness ( wuji ) <Td_colspan="2"> Yang Chengfu in a posture from the Yang - style t'ai chi ch'uan solo form known as Single Whip c. 1931 Also known as t'ai chi ; tàijí Focus Chinese Taoist Hardness Forms competition , Light contact ( pushing hands , no strikes ) , Full contact ( strikes , kicks , throws , etc . ) Country of origin China Creator Said to be Chen Wangting or Zhang Sanfeng Famous practitioners Chen Wangting , Chen Changxing , Chen Fake , Yang Luchan , Yang Chengfu , Wu Ch'uan - yu , Wu Chien - ch'uan , Wu Yu - hsiang , Sun Lu - t'ang , Wang Pei - sheng Olympic sport Demonstration only <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tai chi <Td_colspan="2"> Tàijí quán in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 太極 拳 Simplified Chinese 太极 拳 Literal meaning `` Supreme Ultimate Boxing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Tàijíquán Wade -- Giles T'ai - chi ch'üan IPA ( thâi. tɕǐ tɕhɥɛ̌n ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wu Suzhounese Thǎ - jíh jʏǿ <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Taai - gihk kyùhn IPA ( thāːi kɪ̀k khy̏ːn ) Jyutping Taai - gik kyun <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min Hokkien POJ Thài - ke̍k kûn Tâi - lô Thài - ki̍k kûn <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series on Chinese martial arts ( Wushu ) Styles of Chinese martial arts List of Chinese martial arts Terms ( show ) Kung fu ( 功夫 ) Shifu ( 師傅 ) Waijia ( 外 家 ) Chin Na ( 擒拿 ) Fa jin ( 發 勁 ) Neigong ( 內功 ) Neijia ( 內 家 ) Qi ( 氣 ) Qigong ( 氣功 ) Yin and yang Wushu in the world Historical locations ( show ) Chen Village ( 陳 家 溝 ) Kunlun Mountains ( 崑崙 山 ) Mount Emei ( 峨嵋 山 ) Mount Hua ( 華山 ) Shaolin Monastery ( 少林寺 ) Wudang Mountains ( 武當 山 ) Wushu athletes / practitioners Legendary figures ( show ) Guan Yu ( 關羽 ) Bodhidharma ( 菩提 達摩 ) Zhang Sanfeng ( 張三丰 ) Eight Immortals ( 八仙 ) Five Elders ( 五 祖 ) Fong Sai - yuk ( 方世玉 ) Yim Wing - chun ( 嚴詠春 ) Li Ching - Yuen ( 李清雲 ) Historical individuals ( show ) Zhao Kuangyin ( 宋太祖 ; 922 -- 976 ) Yue Fei ( 岳飛 ; 1103 -- 1142 ) Hung Hei - gun ( 洪熙 官 ; 1745 -- 1825 ) Dong Haichuan ( 董 海川 ; 1797 / 1813 -- 1882 ) Yang Luchan ( 楊露禪 ; 1799 -- 1872 ) Chan Heung ( 陳 享 ; 1806 -- 1875 ) Wu Quanyou ( 吳全佑 ; 1834 -- 1902 ) Wong Fei - hung ( 黃 飛鴻 ; 1847 -- 1924 ) Sun Lu - t'ang ( 孫祿堂 ; 1860 -- 1933 ) Li Shuwen ( 李书文 ; 1864 -- 1934 ) Huo Yuanjia ( 霍 元 甲 ; 1868 -- 1910 ) Wang Zi - Ping ( 王子 平 ; 1881 -- 1973 ) Chen Fake ( 陳發科 ; 1887 -- 1957 ) Ip Man ( 葉 問 ; 1893 -- 1972 ) Ten Tigers of Canton ( 廣東 十 虎 ) Modern celebrities ( show ) Bruce Lee ( 李小龍 1940 -- 1973 ) Bolo Yeung ( 楊 斯 ; b . 1946 ) Sammo Hung ( 洪金寶 ; b . 1952 ) Jackie Chan ( 成龍 ; b . 1954 ) Jet Li ( 李連杰 ; b . 1963 ) Donnie Yen ( 甄子丹 ; b . 1963 ) Vincent Zhao ( 趙文卓 b . 1972 ) Zhang Jin ( 張 晉 b . 1974 ) Wushu influence Related ( show ) Hong Kong action cinema Kung fu film Wushu ( sport ) Wuxia ( 武俠 ) Tai chi ( taiji ) , short for T'ai chi ch'üan , or Taijiquan ( pinyin : tàijíquán ; 太极 拳 ) , is an internal Chinese martial art practiced for both its defense training and its health benefits . The term taiji refers to a philosophy of the forces of yin and yang , related to the moves . Though originally conceived as a martial art , it is also typically practiced for a variety of other personal reasons : competitive wrestling in the format of pushing hands ( tui shou ) , demonstration competitions and achieving greater longevity . As a result , a multitude of training forms exist , both traditional and modern , which correspond to those aims with differing emphasis . Some training forms of tàijíquán are especially known for being practiced with relatively slow movements . Today , tai chi has spread worldwide . Most modern styles of tai chi trace their development to at least one of the five traditional schools : Chen , Yang , Wu ( Hao ) , Wu and Sun . All of the former , in turn , trace their historical origins to Chen Village . Contents 1 Overview 2 Name 2.1 Historical origin 3 History and styles 3.1 Tàijíquán in the United States 3.2 T'ai - chi ch'üan lineage tree 3.2. 1 Modern forms 3.3 Tàijíquán today 3.3. 1 Tàijíquán as sport 4 Philosophy 5 Training and techniques 5.1 Solo ( taolu , neigong and qigong ) 5.1. 1 Qigong versus tàijíquán 5.2 Partnered ( tuishou and sanshou ) 5.3 Weapons 6 Health 7 Seated tai chi 8 Legends and anecdotes 9 Attire and ranking 10 Tai Chi as a generic brand 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Books 14.2 Magazines 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The concept of the taiji ( `` supreme ultimate '' ) , in contrast with wuji ( `` without ultimate '' ) , appears in both Taoist and Confucian Chinese philosophy , where it represents the fusion or mother of yin and yang into a single ultimate , represented by the taijitu symbol . Tàijíquán theory and practice evolved in agreement with many Chinese philosophical principles , including those of Taoism and Confucianism . Tàijíquán training involves five elements , taolu ( solo hand and weapons routines / forms ) , neigong and qigong ( breathing , movement and awareness exercises and meditation ) , tuishou ( response drills ) and sanshou ( self defence techniques ) . While tàijíquán is typified by some for its slow movements , many styles ( including the three most popular : Yang , Wu and Chen ) have secondary forms with faster pace . Some traditional schools teach partner exercises known as tuishou ( `` pushing hands '' ) , and martial applications of the postures of different forms ( taolu ) . In China , tàijíquán is categorized under the Wudang grouping of Chinese martial arts -- that is , the arts applied with internal power . Although the term Wudang suggests these arts originated in the Wudang Mountains , it is simply used to distinguish the skills , theories and applications of neijia ( internal arts ) from those of the Shaolin grouping , or waijia ( hard or external ) styles . Since the earliest widespread promotion of the health benefits of tàijíquán by Yang Shaohou , Yang Chengfu , Wu Chien - ch'üan and Sun Lutang in the early 20th century , it has developed a worldwide following of people , often with little or no interest in martial training , for its benefit to personal health . Medical studies of t'ai - chi support its effectiveness as an alternative exercise and a form of martial arts therapy . It is purported that focusing the mind solely on the movements of the form helps to bring about a state of mental calm and clarity . Besides general health benefits and stress management attributed to tàijíquán training , aspects of traditional Chinese medicine are taught to advanced students in some traditional schools . Some other forms of martial arts require students to wear a uniform during practice . In general , tàijíquán schools do not require a uniform , but both traditional and modern teachers often advocate loose , comfortable clothing and flat - soled shoes . The physical techniques of tàijíquán are described in the `` T'ai - chi classics '' , a set of writings by traditional masters , as being characterized by the use of leverage through the joints based on coordination and relaxation , rather than muscular tension , in order to neutralize , yield or initiate attacks . The slow , repetitive work involved in the process of learning how that leverage is generated gently and measurably increases , as well as opens , the internal circulation ( breath , body heat , blood , lymph , peristalsis ) . The study of tàijíquán primarily involves three aspects : Health : An unhealthy or otherwise uncomfortable person may find it difficult to meditate to a state of calmness or to use tàijíquán as a martial art . Tàijíquán 's health training , therefore , concentrates on relieving the physical effects of stress on the body and mind . For those focused on tàijíquán 's martial application , good physical fitness is an important step towards effective self - defense . Meditation : The focus and calmness cultivated by the meditative aspect of tàijíquán is seen as necessary in maintaining optimum health ( in the sense of relieving stress and maintaining homeostasis ) and in application of the form as a soft style martial art . Martial art : The ability to use tàijíquán as a form of self - defense in combat is the test of a student 's understanding of the art . Tàijíquán is the study of appropriate change in response to outside forces , the study of yielding and sticking to an incoming attack rather than attempting to meet it with opposing force . The use of tàijíquán as a martial art is quite challenging and requires a great deal of training . Name ( edit ) Tàijíquán and T'ai - chi ch'üan are two different transcriptions of three Chinese characters that are the written Chinese name for the artform : Characters Wade -- Giles Pinyin Meaning 太極 t'ai chi tàijí the source , the beginning 拳 ch'üan quán fist , boxing Despite the one Chinese spelling , 太極 拳 , there are two different spellings in the English usage , one derived from the Wade -- Giles and the other from the Pinyin transcription . Most Westerners often shorten this name to t'ai chi ( often omitting the aspirate sign -- thus becoming `` tai chi '' ) . This shortened name is the same as that of the t'ai - chi philosophy , sometimes causing confusion of the two . The chi in the name of the martial art may also be mistaken for ch'i , ( qi 氣 ) the `` life force , '' especially as ch'i is involved in the practice of t'ai - chi ch'üan . Most Chinese , including many professional practitioners , masters , and martial arts bodies ( such as the IWUF ) , use the Pinyin version . Historical origin ( edit ) From a modern historical perspective , when tracing tàijíquán 's formative influences to Taoist and Buddhist monasteries , there seems little more to go on than legendary tales . Nevertheless , some traditional schools claim that tàijíquán has a practical connection to and dependence upon the theories of Song dynasty Neo-Confucianism ( a conscious synthesis of Taoist , Buddhist , and Confucian traditions , especially the teachings of Mencius ) . These schools believe that tàijíquán 's theories and practice were formulated by the Taoist monk Zhang Sanfeng in the 12th century , at about the same time that the principles of the Neo-Confucian school were making themselves felt in Chinese intellectual life . However , modern research casts serious doubts on the validity of those claims , pointing out that a 17th - century piece called `` Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan '' ( 1669 ) , composed by Huang Zongxi ( 1610 -- 1695 ) , is the earliest reference indicating any connection between Zhang Sanfeng and martial arts whatsoever , and must not be taken literally but must be understood as a political metaphor instead . Claims of connections between tàijíquán and Zhang Sanfeng appeared no earlier than the 19th century . History records that Yang Luchan trained with the Chen family for 18 years before he started to teach the art in Beijing , which strongly suggests that his art was based on , or heavily influenced by , the Chen family art . The Chen family are able to trace the development of their art back to Chen Wangting in the 17th century . Martial arts historian Xu Zhen believed that the Taiji of Chen Village had been influenced by the Taizu changquan style practiced at the nearby Shaolin Monastery , while Tang Hao thought it was derived from a treatise by the Ming dynasty general Qi Jiguang , Jixiao Xinshu ( `` New Treatise on Military Efficiency '' ) , which discussed several martial arts styles including Taizu changquan . What is now known as tàijíquán appears to have received this appellation from only around the mid of the 19th century . A scholar in the Imperial Court by the name of Ong Tong He witnessed a demonstration by Yang Luchan at a time before Yang had established his reputation as a teacher . Afterwards Ong wrote : `` Hands holding Taiji shakes the whole world , a chest containing ultimate skill defeats a gathering of heroes . '' Before this time the art may have had a number of different names , and appears to have been generically described by outsiders as zhan quan ( 沾 拳 , `` touch boxing '' ) , Mian Quan ( `` soft boxing '' ) or shisan shi ( 十 三 式 , `` the thirteen techniques '' ) . History and styles ( edit ) See also : History of Chinese Martial Arts There are five major styles of tàijíquán , each named after the Chinese family from which it originated : Chen style ( 陳 氏 ) of Chen Wangting ( 1580 -- 1660 ) Yang style ( 楊 氏 ) of Yang Luchan ( 1799 -- 1872 ) Wu Hao style ( 武 氏 ) of Wu Yuxiang ( 1812 -- 1880 ) Wu style ( 吳 氏 ) of Wu Quanyou ( 1834 -- 1902 ) and his son Wu Jianquan ( 1870 -- 1942 ) Sun style ( 孫 氏 ) of Sun Lutang ( 1861 -- 1932 ) The order of verifiable age is as listed above . The order of popularity ( in terms of number of practitioners ) is Yang , Wu , Chen , Sun and Wu / Hao . The major family styles share much underlying theory , but differ in their approaches to training . There are now dozens of new styles , hybrid styles , and offshoots of the main styles , but the five family schools are the groups recognized by the international community as being the orthodox styles . Other important styles are Zhaobao tàijíquán , a close cousin of Chen style , which has been newly recognized by Western practitioners as a distinct style , the Fu style , created by Fu Chen Sung , which evolved from Chen , Sun and Yang styles , and also incorporates movements from Baguazhang ( Pa Kua Chang ) and the Cheng Man - ch'ing style which is a simplification of the traditional Yang style . Wu - style master Eddie Wu demonstrating the form `` Grasp the bird 's tail '' at a tournament in Toronto , Ontario , Canada Most existing styles can be traced back to the Chen style , which had been passed down as a family secret for generations . The Chen family chronicles record Chen Wangting , of the family 's 9th generation , as the inventor of what is known today as tàijíquán . Yang Luchan became the first person outside the family to learn tàijíquán . His success in fighting earned him the nickname Yang Wudi , which means `` Unbeatable Yang '' , and his fame and efforts in teaching greatly contributed to the subsequent spreading of tàijíquán knowledge . The designation internal or neijia martial arts is also used to broadly distinguish what are known as the external or waijia styles based on the Shaolinquan styles , although that distinction is sometimes disputed by modern schools . In this broad sense , all styles of t'ai chi , as well as related arts such as Baguazhang and Xingyiquan , are , therefore , considered to be `` soft '' or `` internal '' martial arts . Tàijíquán in the United States ( edit ) Choy Hok Pang , a disciple of Yang Chengfu , was the first known proponent of tàijíquán to openly teach in the United States in 1939 . Subsequently , his son and student Choy Kam Man emigrated to San Francisco from Hong Kong in 1949 to teach t'ai - chi ch'üan in San Francisco 's Chinatown . Choy Kam Man taught until he died in 1994 . Sophia Delza , a professional dancer and student of Ma Yueliang , performed the first known public demonstration of tàijíquán in the United States at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1954 . She also wrote the first English language book on t'ai - chi , `` T'ai - chi ch'üan : Body and Mind in Harmony '' , in 1961 . She taught regular classes at Carnegie Hall , the Actors Studio , and the United Nations . Another early practitioner of tàijíquán to openly teach in the United States was Zheng Manqing / Cheng Man - ch'ing , who opened his school Shr Jung t'ai - chi after he moved to New York from Taiwan in year 1964 . Unlike the older generation of practitioners , Zheng was cultured and educated in American ways , and thus he was able to transcribe Yang 's dictation into a written manuscript that became the de facto manual for Yang style . Zheng felt Yang 's traditional 108 - movement long form was unnecessarily long and repetitive , which makes it difficult to learn and make progress . He thus created a shortened 37 - movement version and taught that in his schools . Zheng 's form became very popular and was the dominant form in the eastern United States until other teachers started to emigrate to the United States in larger numbers in the 90 's . He taught until his death in 1975 . T'ai - chi ch'üan lineage tree ( edit ) Note : This lineage tree is not comprehensive , but depicts those considered the `` gate - keepers '' and most recognised individuals in each generation of the respective styles . Although many styles were passed down to respective descendants of the same family , the lineage focused on is that of the martial art and its main styles , not necessarily that of the families . Each ( coloured ) style depicted below has a lineage tree on its respective article page that is focused on that specific style , showing a greater insight into the highly significant individuals in its lineage . Names denoted by an asterisk are legendary or semi-legendary figures in the lineage ; while their involvement in the lineage is accepted by most of the major schools , it is not independently verifiable from known historical records . <Td_colspan="6"> Key : <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Solid lines <Td_colspan="6"> Direct teacher - student . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 张三丰 ) Zhang Sanfeng * c. 12th century NEIJIA <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Dashed lines <Td_colspan="6"> Individual ( s ) omitted . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Various Daoists <Td_colspan="6"> Legendary figures <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Dotted lines <Td_colspan="6"> Partial influence / taught informally / limited time . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 王宗岳 ) Wang Zongyue * TAIJIQUAN <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Dashed cross <Td_colspan="6"> Branch continues . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈王庭 ) Chen Wangting 1580 -- 1660 CHEN - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 蒋 法 ) Jiang Fa Zhaobao - style <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈汝信 ) Chen Ruxin 2nd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 所 乐 ) Chen Suole 2nd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 邢喜怀 ) Xing Xihuai 2nd gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈大鹍 ) Chen Dakun 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈大鹏 ) Chen Dapeng 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈光印 ) Chen Guangyin 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈申如 ) Chen Shenru 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈恂如 ) Chen Xunru 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 正如 ) Chen Zhengru 3rd gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 张楚 臣 ) Zhang Chuchen 3rd gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 善通 ) Chen Shantong 4th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈善志 ) Chen Shanzhi 4th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈继夏 ) Chen Jixia 4th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 节 ) Chen Jie 4th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈敬伯 ) Chen Jingbo 4th gen . Chen 4th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈秉奇 ) Chen Bingqi 5th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈秉壬 ) Chen Bingren 5th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈秉旺 ) Chen Bingwang 1748 -- ? 5th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈公兆 ) Chen Gongzhao 1715 -- after1795 5th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 张宗禹 ) Zhang Zongyu 5th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 长兴 ) Chen Changxing 1771 -- 1853 6th gen . Chen Chen Old Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 有 本 ) Chen Youben c. 19th century 6th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 张 彦 ) Zhang Yan 6th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 耕耘 ) Chen Gengyun 7th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈仲甡 ) Chen Zhongshen 1809 -- 1871 7th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨露禅 ) Yang Luchan 1799 -- 1872 YANG - STYLE Guang Ping Yang Yangjia Michuan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈清萍 ) Chen Qingping 1795 -- 1868 7th gen . Chen 7th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈延熙 ) Chen Yanxi 8th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈 鑫 ) Chen Xin 1849 -- 1929 8th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 王 兰亭 ) Wang Lanting 1840 -- ? 2nd gen . Yang <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨健侯 ) Yang Jianhou 1839 -- 1917 2nd gen . Yang 2nd gen . Yangjia Michuan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨 班 侯 ) Yang Banhou 1837 -- 1892 2nd gen . Yang 2nd gen . Guang Ping Yang Yang Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 武禹襄 ) Wu Yuxiang 1812 -- 1880 WU ( HAO ) - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 他 招 远 ) He Zhaoyuan 1810 -- 1890 8th gen . Zhaobao Zhaobao He - style <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈发科 ) Chen Fake 1887 -- 1957 9th gen . Chen Chen New Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈克忠 ) Chen Kezhong 1908 -- 1966 9th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 李瑞东 ) Li Ruidong 1851 -- 1917 Li - style <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨澄甫 ) Yang Chengfu 1883 -- 1936 3rd gen . Yang Yang Big Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨少侯 ) Yang Shaohou 1862 -- 1930 3rd gen . Yang Yang Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 吴全佑 ) Wu Quanyou 1834 -- 1902 1st gen . Wu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 王 矯 宇 ) Wang Jiaoyu 1836 -- 1939 3rd gen . Guang Ping Yang <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 李亦畬 ) Li Yiyu 1832 -- 1892 2nd gen . Wu ( Hao ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 和 庆 喜 ) He Qingxi 1857 -- 1936 9th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈照丕 ) Chen Zhaopi 1893 -- 1972 10th gen . Chen focused on Chen Old Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈照奎 ) Chen Zhaokui 1928 -- 1981 10th gen . Chen focused on Chen New Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈伯祥 ) Chen Boxiang b . 1944 10th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 張欽霖 ) Zhang Qinlin 1888 -- 1967 3rd gen . Yangjia Michuan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨振铎 ) Yang Zhenduo b . 1926 4th gen . Yang <Td_colspan="6"> ( 傅仲文 ) Fu Zhongwen 1903 -- 1994 4th gen . Yang Beijing ( 24 ) form <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郑曼青 ) Zheng Manqing 1902 -- 1975 4th gen . Yang Short ( 37 ) Form <Td_colspan="6"> ( 吴鉴泉 ) Wu Jianquan 1870 -- 1942 2nd gen . Wu WU - STYLE 108 Form <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kuo Lien Ying 1895 -- 1984 4th gen . Guang Ping Yang <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郝為真 ) Hao Weizhen 1849 -- 1920 3rd gen . Wu ( Hao ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郑悟清 ) Zheng Wuqing 1895 -- 1984 10th gen . Zhaobao <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 吴 公儀 ) Wu Gongyi 1900 -- 1970 3rd gen . Wu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 孙禄堂 ) Sun Lutang 1861 -- 1932 SUN - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郝月如 ) Hao Yueru 1877 -- 1935 4th gen . Wu ( Hao ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 王延年 ) Wang Yannian 1914 -- 2008 5th gen . Yang 4th gen . Yangjia Michuan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 鄭天熊 ) Zheng Tianxiong 1930 -- 2005 Wudang - style <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 吴雁霞 ) Wu Yanxia 1930 -- 2001 4th gen . Wu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 孙剑云 ) Sun Jianyun 1913 -- 2003 2nd gen . Sun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郝少如 ) Hao Shaoru 1908 -- 1983 5th gen . Wu ( Hao ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈小旺 ) Chen Xiaowang b . 1945 11th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陈小星 ) Chen Xiaoxing b . 1952 11th gen . Chen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 陆 志 众 ) Lu Zhizhong b . 1965 11th gen . Chen Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨 军 ) Yang Jun b . 1968 5th gen . Yang <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 吴 光宇 ) Wu Guangyu b . 1946 5th gen . Wu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 孙 永田 ) Sun Yongtian b. ? 3rd gen . Sun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 刘积顺 ) Liu Jishun b . 1930 6th gen . Wu ( Hao ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> CHEN - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Chen Small Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> YANG - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> WU - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> SUN - STYLE <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> WU ( HAO ) - STYLE Modern forms ( edit ) The Cheng Man - ch'ing ( Zheng Manqing ) and Chinese Sports Commission short forms are derived from Yang family forms , but neither is recognized as Yang family tàijíquán by standard - bearing Yang family teachers . The Chen , Yang , and Wu families are now promoting their own shortened demonstration forms for competitive purposes . <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 杨澄甫 ) Yang Chengfu 1883 -- 1936 3rd gen . Yang Yang Big Frame <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> ( 郑曼青 ) Zheng Manqing 1902 -- 1975 4th gen . Yang Short ( 37 ) Form <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Chinese Sports Commission 1956 Beijing ( 24 ) Form <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> 42 Competition Form ( Wushu competition form combined from Chen , Yang , Wu & Sun styles ) Tàijíquán today ( edit ) Outdoor practice in Beijing 's Temple of Heaven . See also : World Tai Chi and Qigong Day In the last twenty years or so , tàijíquán classes that purely emphasise health have become popular in hospitals , clinics , as well as community and senior centres . This has occurred as the baby boomers generation has aged and the art 's reputation as a low - stress training method for seniors has become better known . As a result of this popularity , there has been some divergence between those that say they practice tàijíquán primarily for self - defence , those that practice it for its aesthetic appeal ( see wushu below ) , and those that are more interested in its benefits to physical and mental health . The wushu aspect is primarily for show ; the forms taught for those purposes are designed to earn points in competition and are mostly unconcerned with either health maintenance or martial ability . More traditional stylists believe the two aspects of health and martial arts are equally necessary : the yin and yang of tàijíquán . The tàijíquán `` family '' schools , therefore , still present their teachings in a martial art context , whatever the intention of their students in studying the art . Tàijíquán as sport ( edit ) In order to standardize t'ai - chi ch'üan for wushu tournament judging , and because many tàijíquán teachers have either moved out of China or had been forced to stop teaching after the Chinese Civil War in 1949 , the government sponsored the Chinese Sports Committee , who brought together four of their wushu teachers to truncate the Yang family hand form to 24 postures in 1956 . They wanted to retain the look of tàijíquán , but create a routine that would be less difficult to teach and much less difficult to learn than longer ( in general , 88 to 108 posture ) , classical , solo hand forms . In 1976 , they developed a slightly longer form also for the purposes of demonstration that still would not involve the complete memory , balance , and coordination requirements of the traditional forms . This became the `` Combined 48 Forms '' that were created by three wushu coaches , headed by Men Hui Feng . The combined forms were created based on simplifying and combining some features of the classical forms from four of the original styles : Chen , Yang , Wu , and Sun . As tàijíquán again became popular on the mainland , more competitive forms were developed to be completed within a six - minute time limit . In the late 1980s , the Chinese Sports Committee standardized many different competition forms . They developed sets to represent the four major styles as well as combined forms . These five sets of forms were created by different teams , and later approved by a committee of wushu coaches in China . All sets of forms thus created were named after their style : the `` Chen - style national competition form '' is the `` 56 Forms '' . The combined forms are `` The 42 - Form '' or simply the `` Competition Form '' . Another modern form is the `` 97 movements combined t'ai - chi ch'üan form '' , created in the 1950s ; it contains characteristics of the Yang , Wu , Sun , Chen , and Fu styles blended into a combined form . The wushu coach Bow Sim Mark is a notable exponent of the `` 67 combined form '' . These modern versions of tàijíquán have since become an integral part of international wushu tournament competition , and have been featured in popular movies , starring or choreographed by well - known wushu competitors , such as Jet Li and Donnie Yen . In the 11th Asian Games of 1990 , wushu was included as an item for competition for the first time with the 42 - Form being chosen to represent t'ai - chi ch'üan . The International Wushu Federation ( IWUF ) applied for wushu to be part of the Olympic games , but will not count medals . Practitioners also test their practical martial skills against students from other schools and martial arts styles in tuishou ( `` pushing hands '' ) and sanshou competition . Philosophy ( edit ) Main article : T'ai chi ch'uan philosophy The philosophy of tàijíquán is that , if one uses hardness to resist violent force , then both sides are certainly to be injured at least to some degree . Such injury , according to tàijíquán , is a natural consequence of meeting brute force with brute force . Instead , students are taught not to directly fight or resist an incoming force , but to meet it in softness and follow its motion while remaining in physical contact until the incoming force of attack exhausts itself or can be safely redirected , meeting yang with yin . When done correctly , this yin / yang or yang / yin balance in combat , or in a broader philosophical sense , is a primary goal of tàijíquán training . Lao Tzŭ provided the archetype for this in the Tao Te Ching when he wrote , `` The soft and the pliable will defeat the hard and strong . '' Traditional schools also emphasize that one is expected to show wude ( `` martial virtue / heroism '' ) , to protect the defenseless , and show mercy to one 's opponents . Training and techniques ( edit ) The core training involves two primary features : the first being taolu ( solo `` forms '' ) , a slow sequence of movements which emphasize a straight spine , abdominal breathing and a natural range of motion ; the second being different styles of tuishou ( `` pushing hands '' ) for training movement principles of the form with a partner and in a more practical manner . Solo ( taolu , neigong and qigong ) ( edit ) Further information : List of t'ai chi ch'uan forms Painting in Chenjiagou , illustrating taolu according to the Chen style of tàijíquán . The taolu ( solo `` forms '' ) should take the students through a complete , natural range of motion over their centre of gravity . Accurate , repeated practice of the solo routine is said to retrain posture , encourage circulation throughout the students ' bodies , maintain flexibility through their joints , and further familiarize students with the martial application sequences implied by the various forms . The major traditional styles of tàijíquán have forms that differ somewhat in terms of aesthetics , but there are also many obvious similarities that point to their common origin . The solo forms ( empty - hand and weapon ) are catalogues of movements that are practised individually in pushing hands and martial application scenarios to prepare students for self - defence training . In most traditional schools , different variations of the solo forms can be practised : fast / slow , small - circle / large - circle , square / round ( which are different expressions of leverage through the joints ) , low - sitting / high - sitting ( the degree to which weight - bearing knees are kept bent throughout the form ) , for example . Breathing exercises ; neigong ( internal skill ) or , more commonly , qigong ( life energy cultivation ) are practiced to develop qi ( life energy ) in coordination with physical movement and zhan zhuang ( standing like a post ) or combinations of the two . These were formerly taught only to disciples as a separate , complementary training system . In the last 60 years they have become better known to the general public . Qigong versus tàijíquán ( edit ) Main article : Qigong Qigong involves coordinated movement , breath , and awareness used for health , meditation , and martial arts training . While many scholars and practitioners consider tàijíquán to be a type of qigong , the two are commonly distinguished as separate but closely related practices , with qigong playing an important role in training for tàijíquán , and with many tàijíquán movements performed as part of qigong practice . The focus of qigong is typically more on health or meditation than martial applications . Internally the main difference is the flow of qi . In qigong , the flow of qi is held at a gate point for a moment to aid the opening and cleansing of the channels . In tàijíquán , the flow of qi is continuous , thus allowing the development of power for the use by the practitioner . Partnered ( tuishou and sanshou ) ( edit ) Two students receive instruction in tuishou ( `` pushing hands '' ) , one of the core training exercises of t'ai - chi ch'üan . Tàijíquán 's martial aspect relies on sensitivity to the opponent 's movements and centre of gravity dictating appropriate responses . Effectively affecting the opponent 's centre of gravity immediately upon contact , is trained as the primary goal of the martial t'ai - chi ch'üan student . The sensitivity needed to capture the centre is acquired over thousands of hours of first yin ( slow , repetitive , meditative , low - impact ) and then later adding yang ( realistic , active , fast , high - impact ) martial training through taolu ( forms ) , tuishou ( pushing hands ) , and sanshou ( sparring ) . Tàijíquán trains in three basic ranges : close , medium and long , and then everything in between . Pushes and open - hand strikes are more common than punches , and kicks are usually to the legs and lower torso , never higher than the hip , depending on style . The fingers , fists , palms , sides of the hands , wrists , forearms , elbows , shoulders , back , hips , knees , and feet are commonly used to strike , with strikes to the eyes , throat , heart , groin , and other acupressure points trained by advanced students . Chin na , which are joint traps , locks , and breaks are also used . Most tàijíquán teachers expect their students to thoroughly learn defensive or neutralizing skills first , and a student will have to demonstrate proficiency with them before offensive skills will be extensively trained . In addition to the physical form , martial tàijíquán schools also focus on how the energy of a strike affects the other person . A palm strike that looks to have the same movement may be performed in such a way that it has a completely different effect on the target 's body . A palm strike that could simply push the opponent backward , could instead be focused in such a way as to lift the opponent vertically off the ground , breaking his / her centre of gravity ; or that it could terminate the force of the strike within the other person 's body with the intent of causing internal damage . Most aspects of a trainee 's tàijíquán development are meant to be covered within the partnered practice of tuishou , and so , sanshou ( sparring ) is not as commonly used as a method of training , but more advanced students sometimes do practice by sanshou . Sanshou is more common to tournaments such as wushu tournaments . Weapons ( edit ) Taijijian A pair of jian with their scabbards . Wushu jian pair event at the 10th All China games . Variations of tàijíquán involving weapons also exist . The weapons training and fencing applications employ : the jian , a straight double - edged sword , practiced as taijijian ; the dao , a heavier curved saber , sometimes called a broadsword ; the tieshan , a folding fan , also called shan and practiced as taijishan ; the gun , a 2m long wooden staff and practiced as taijigun ; the qiang , a 2m long spear or a 4m long lance . A matched set of two feng huo lun . More exotic weapons still used by some traditional styles include : the large dadao and podao sabres ; the ji , or halberd ; the cane ; the sheng biao , or rope dart ; the sanjiegun , or three sectional staff ; the feng huo lun , or wind and fire wheels ; the lasso ; the whip , chain whip and steel whip . Health ( edit ) A Chinese woman performs Yang - style tàijíquán Tai chi has been reported as being useful in treating a number of human ailments , and is supported by a number of associations , including the National Parkinson Foundation and Diabetes Australia . However , medical evidence of effectiveness was lacking and in recent years research has been undertaken to address this . A 2017 systematic review found that it decreased the risk of falls in older people . A 2011 comprehensive overview of systematic reviews of tai chi recommended tai chi to older people for its various physical and psychological benefits . There was no conclusive evidence of benefit for any of the other conditions researched , including Parkinson 's disease , diabetes , cancer and arthritis . A 2015 systematic review found tai chi could be performed by those with chronic medical conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , heart failure , and osteoarthritis without worsening shortness of breath and pain , and found favorable effects on functional exercise capacity in people with these conditions . In 2015 the Australian Government 's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance ; t'ai - chi was one of 17 therapies evaluated and the conclusion was that there is very - low - quality evidence to suggest that tai chi may have some beneficial health effects when compared to control in a limited number of populations for a limited number of outcomes . Seated tai chi ( edit ) Seated Tai Chi demonstration Traditional tai chi was originally developed for self - defense , but tai chi has evolved into a graceful form of seated exercise that 's now used for stress reduction and a variety of other health conditions . Often described as meditation in motion , seated tai chi promotes serenity through gentle , flowing movements . Worthy of note is the growing popularity of seated tai chi exercises touted by the medical community and researchers . Seated tai chi is based primarily on the Yang short form , and is being used by the general public , medical practitioners , and tai chi instructors in a growing elderly population . It would have been possible to simply take the well - known yang short form and redesign it for seated positions . There is , however , the matter of the integrity of the form itself . Within any tai chi form , there lies a certain inherent logic and purpose to each of the movements . The synchronization of the upper body with the steps and the breathing exists in a very carefully crafted order developed over hundreds of years , and the transition to seated positions is an important factor in the movements themselves . Research has shown that seated tai chi techniques can make big improvements to a person 's physical and mental well being . Marked improvements in balance , blood pressure levels , flexibility and muscle strength , peak oxygen intake , and body fat percentages can be achieved . Legends and anecdotes ( edit ) Yang Chengfu utilizing one of the many possible applications of the Single Whip technique During the Qing dynasty , a man named Wang Yuanwai living in Beipinggao village ( about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) east of Chenjiagou ) , was threatened with death by a gang of highwaymen with bladed weapons , unless he surrendered his valuables . He sent for assistance from Chen Suole ( see the lineage tree above ) , who was away according to his sons Chen Shenru and Chen Xunru -- despite their being only around fifteen and sixteen years old , the boys volunteered their own help instead . They convinced the messenger to tell Wang Yuanwai to give the bandits liquor , discussed a plan and that night , traveled to the Wang residence in Beipinggao , where they jumped over the fence of the rear garden and there found Wang Yuanwai . He told them that the highwaymen , numbering around twenty , were drunken in his guest hall . While peeping in , Shenru pushed Xunru into the hall and extinguished several candles by throwing a bunch of peas at them . Xunru leapt onto beam and taunted , the panicked bandits who had seemingly started fighting each other , saying , `` So you still will not hand over your weapons and surrender ? Gods number one and two are here . '' Some tried to escape the frenzy , but were attacked by Shenru , who was still at the door . In the 1940s , a man known as `` Big Spear Liu '' came to Shanghai 's `` big world , '' the city 's major performance and entertainment centre . Liu asked the doorkeeper , `` Are there any good hands around here ? '' , looking for a skilled opponent to challenge . The doorkeeper told `` Big Spear Liu '' of Tian Zhaolin ( student of Yang Jianhou ) . With that Liu set off to find him . He found Tian Zhaolin and immediately demanded to spar by each striking the other three times , to which Tian Zhaolin responded that it may not be necessary . He said , `` Just let me touch you . If you can tolerate my touch , you win . '' Liu , sensing a fool and an effortless victory , immediately agreed . The two men approached and Tian Zhaolin reached out his hand to touch Liu 's chest . Within a few moments , Liu 's facial muscles started to contort . Soon he grimaced and his face showed signs of intense pain . Spear Liu pulled away and , after recovering , commented , `` I have travelled throughout five provinces and various cities but until today I have never seen such a profound skill . '' Energy , including that of taijiquan , may be thought of as transmission by wave . Earlier generation adepts in taijiquan had an expression -- `` hitting the cow on this side of the Mountain . '' This phrase referred to hitting an opponent 's front side with the pain and effect being felt on the back side . In years past , people who sparred with Yang Shaohou often described him as also having an energy like electricity . That is , it caused very painful sensations in the muscle and even on the skin surface . Tian Zhaolin , coming from that background , also knew this method . In 1945 , Hu Yuen Chou , a student of Yang Chengfu , defeated a Russian boxer by TKO in a full - contact match in Fut San , China . At the age of 60 , Huang Sheng Shyan demonstrated his abilities in taijiquan by defeating Liao Kuang - Cheng , the Asian champion wrestler , 26 throws to 0 in a fund raising event in Kuching , Malaysia . Attire and ranking ( edit ) Master Yang Jun in demonstration attire that has come to be identified with taijiquan In practice traditionally there is no specific uniform required in the practice of tàijíquán . Modern day practitioners usually wear comfortable , loose T - shirts and trousers made from breathable natural fabrics , that allow for free movement during practice . Despite this , t'ai - chi ch'üan has become synonymous with `` t'ai - chi uniforms '' or `` kung fu uniforms '' that usually consist of loose - fitting traditional Chinese styled trousers and a long or short - sleeved shirt , with a Mandarin collar and buttoned with Chinese frog buttons . The long - sleeved variants are referred to as Northern - style uniforms , whilst the short - sleeved , Southern - style uniforms . The colour of this clothing is usually , all white , all black , black and white , or any other colour , mostly being either all a single solid colour or a combination of 2 colours : one colour being the actual clothing and the binding being a contrasting colour . They are normally made from natural fabrics such as cotton or silk . These uniforms are not a requirement , but rather are usually worn by masters & professional practitioners during demonstrations , tournaments and other public exhibitions . There is no standardized tàijíquán ranking system , except the Chinese Wushu Duan wei exam system run by the Chinese wushu association in Beijing . However , most schools do not use belt rankings . Some schools may present students with belts depicting rank , similar to dans in Japanese martial arts . A simple uniform element of respect and allegiance to one 's teacher and their methods and community , belts also mark hierarchy , skill , and accomplishment of practice in one school 's style and system . During wushu tournaments , masters and grandmasters often wear `` kung fu uniforms '' which tend to have no belts . Wearing a belt signifying rank in such a situation would be unusual . Tai chi as a generic brand ( edit ) Taijiquan form ( Taijiquan Taolu ) at the Associació Catalana de Choy Li Fut , Tai Chi Chuan i Chi Kung . From roughly the mid-1990s onward , Tai Chi has gained a popularity in some countries to the point of it becoming nearly as known as a health - oriented practice as Yoga . In fact , in modern times it is even more known for such benefits and methods of practice than it is known for its original purpose . A new phenomenon ( since the 2000s ) is of various martial arts styles claiming a historical relationship or otherwise with Taiji Quan , because of its popularity . A branch of Lama Pai known as `` Tibetan White Crane '' had popularized a slow - movement form by naming it `` Needle in Cotton '' ( a common term describing Taiji Quan mechanics ) , and referring to its practice as `` Tai Chi '' . However , there is no relationship between these arts , historic or otherwise . A similar phenomenon occurs with the usage of the art 's name as a universal brand for promoting various fitness programs , books and videos . There is , for instance , a book that describes how to use the training principles of Tai Chi to run better . Regardless of the questions of whether such claims are viable , these are all new trends , which historically were not endorsed or promoted by teachers of the art . In popular Culture ( edit ) Waterbending in Avatar : The Last Airbender ( 2005 - 2008 ) and The Legend of Korra ( 2012 - 2014 ) is modeled on Taijiquan . In the Dead or Alive series , the character Leifang is a taijiquan prodigy . In the TV show Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. the character of Agent Melinda May uses Tai Chi and later taught it to Agent Skye / Daisy Johnson , the superhero known as Quake . See also ( edit ) Martial arts Wushu China portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheng Man - ch'ing ( 1993 ) . Cheng - Tzu 's Thirteen Treatises on T'ai Chi Ch'uan . North Atlantic Books . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938190 - 45 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sun Lu Tang ( 2000 ) . Xing Yi Quan Xue . Unique Publications . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 86568 - 185 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ranne , Nabil . `` Internal power in Taijiquan '' . CTND . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Wile , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Taijiquan and Taoism from Religion to Martial Art and Martial Art to Religion '' . Journal of Asian Martial Arts . Via Media Publishing . 16 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1057 - 8358 . ^ Jump up to : Wile , Douglas ( 1995 ) . Lost T'ai - chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty ( Chinese Philosophy and Culture ) . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2654 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morris , Kelly ( 1999 ) . `` T'ai Chi gently reduces blood pressure in elderly '' . The Lancet . 353 ( 9156 ) : 904 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 75012 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wu , Kung - tsao ( 2006 ) . Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan ( 吳 家 太極 拳 ) . Chien - ch'uan T'ai - chi Ch'uan Association . ISBN 0 - 9780499 - 0 - X . Jump up ^ Lam , Dr. Paul . `` What should I wear to practice Tai Chi ? '' . Tai Chi for Health Institute . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fu , Zhongwen ( 2006 - 06 - 09 ) . Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan . Louis Swaim . Berkeley , California : Blue Snake Books . ISBN 1 - 58394 - 152 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wong Kiew Kit ( November 1996 ) . The Complete Book of Tai Chi Chuan : A Comprehensive Guide to the Principles . Element Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85230 - 792 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Tai Chi Push Hands '' . Northwest Fighting Arts . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Henning , Stanley ( 1994 ) . `` Ignorance , Legend and Taijiquan '' . Journal of the Chen Style Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii . 2 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` presents ... TAIJIQUAN - Origins and Development of Taijiquan '' . Chinafrominside.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` presents ... TAIJIQUAN - Brief Analysis of Chen Family Boxing Manuals '' . Chinafrominside.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Choy , Kam Man ( 1985 - 05 - 05 ) . Tai Chi Chuan . San Francisco , California : Memorial Edition 1994 . Jump up ^ Logan , Logan ( 1970 ) . Ting : The Caldron , Chinese Art and Identity in San Francisco . San Francisco , California : Glide Urban Center . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jennifer ( July 7 , 1996 ) , Sophia Delza Glassgold , 92 , Dancer and Teacher , New York Times Jump up ^ Inventory of the Sophia Delza Papers , 1908 - 1996 ( PDF ) , Jerome Robbins Dance Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts , February 2006 Jump up ^ Wolfe Lowenthal ( 1991 ) . There Are No Secrets : Professor Cheng Man Ch'ing and His Tai Chi Chuan . North Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55643 - 112 - 8 . Jump up ^ Yip , Y.L. ( Autumn 2002 ) . `` Pivot -- Qi '' . The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health and Fitness . Insight Graphics Publishers . 12 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1056 - 4004 . Jump up ^ Woolidge , Doug ( June 1997 ) . `` T'AI CHI '' . The International Magazine of T'ai Chi Ch'uan . Wayfarer Publications . 21 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0730 - 1049 . Jump up ^ `` Wushu likely to be a `` specially - set '' sport at Olympics `` . Chinese Olympic Committee . 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jwing - Ming ( 1998 ) . The Essence of Taiji Qigong , Second Edition : The Internal Foundation of Taijiquan ( Martial Arts - Qigong ) . YMAA Publication Center . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886969 - 63 - 6 . Jump up ^ YeYoung , Bing . `` Introduction to Taichi and Qigong '' . YeYoung Culture Studies : Sacramento , CA < http://sactaichi.com > . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , M.S. ; Ernst , E. ( 2011 ) . `` Systematic reviews of t'ai chi : An overview '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 46 ( 10 ) : 713 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2010.080622 . PMID 21586406 . ^ Jump up to : Baggoley C ( 2015 ) . `` Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government -- Department of Health . Lay summary -- Gavura , S. Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies . Science - Based Medicine . ( 19 November 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Lomas - Vega , R ; Obrero - Gaitán , E ; Molina - Ortega , FJ ; Del - Pino - Casado , R ( September 2017 ) . `` Tai Chi for Risk of Falls . A Meta - analysis '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 65 ( 9 ) : 2037 -- 2043 . doi : 10.1111 / jgs. 15008 . PMID 28736853 . Jump up ^ Chen , Yi - Wen ; Hunt , Michael A. ; Campbell , Kristin L. ; Peill , Kortni ; Reid , W. Darlene ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` The effect of Tai Chi on four chronic conditions -- cancer , osteoarthritis , heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : a systematic review and meta - analyses '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine : bjsports - 2014 -- 094388 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsports - 2014 - 094388 . ISSN 1473 - 0480 . PMID 26383108 . Jump up ^ Quarta , Cynthia W. ( 2001 ) . Tai Chi in a Chair ( first ed . ) . Fair Winds Press . ISBN 1 - 931412 - 60 - X . Jump up ^ The Chen family chronicles Jump up ^ Clark , Leroy ; Sun , Key . `` Tian Zhaolin : A Legacy of Yang Taiji '' . Art-of-Energetics.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` THE TAIJI JOURNEY OF HUANG SHENG - SHYAN '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chi Running '' . Chi Running . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://atla.avatarspirit.net/martialarts.php Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) David Gaffney & Davidine Siaw - Voon Sim ( 2014 ) . `` The Essence of Taijiquan '' . Amazon Createspace . ISBN 978 - 1500609238 . Jonathan Bluestein ( 2014 ) . Research of Martial Arts . Amazon CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1499122510 . Yang , Yang ( 2008 ) . Taijiquan : The Art of Nurturing , The Science of Power . Zhenwu Publication ; 2nd edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9740990 - 1 - 9 . Bruce Frantzis ( 2007 ) . The Power of Internal Martial Arts and Chi : Combat and Energy Secrets of Ba Gua , Tai Chi and Hsing - I. Blue Snake Books . ISBN 978 - 1583941904 . Davis , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Taijiquan Classics : An Annotated Translation . North Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55643 - 431 - 0 . Eberhard , Wolfram ( 1986 ) . A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols : Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought . Routledge & Kegan Paul , London . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00228 - 1 . Choy , Kam Man ( 1985 - 05 - 05 ) . Tai Chi Chuan . San Francisco , California : Memorial Edition 1994 . Wile , Douglas ( 1983 ) . Tai Chi Touchstones : Yang Family Secret Transmissions . Sweet Ch'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912059 - 01 - 3 . Bond , Joey ( 1999 - 06 - 01 ) . See Man Jump See God Fall : Tai Chi Vs. Technology . International Promotions Promotion Pub . ISBN 9781579010010 . Magazines ( edit ) Taijiquan Journal . 2008 . ISSN 1528 - 6290 http://www.taijiquanjournal.com . Missing or empty title = ( help ) T'ai Chi Magazine . Wayfarer Publications . 2008 . ISSN 0730 - 1049 http://www.tai-chi.com . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Bimonthly . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tai Chi Chuan . Look up tai chi chuan in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tai chi chuan Videos of the major styles Yang Zhenduo 's Yang - style at YouTube Wu Yinghua 's Wu Jianquan style 24 - form Beijing form 108 - form Yang - style t'ai - chi ch'üan Wu ( Hao ) - style t'ai - chi Online Study Videos of strength and fighting techniques of t'ai - chi ch'üan Huang Sheng Shyan defeating Liao Kuang - Cheng . Liao Kuang - Cheng , a championed wrestler at the time , loses 26 - 0 to Huang Sheng Shyan . Chen Xiaowang resists a Chinese strongman . The strongman can push a 25 - ton truck 100 meters , yet can not push Master Chen ( over 60 years old ) out of a small t'ai - chi circle . 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1. Chinese martial art 2. Taiji philosophy 3. Health benefits 4. Different styles 5. Historical origins

where does hamlet see the ghost of his father

Ghost ( Hamlet ) - wikipedia Ghost ( Hamlet ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ghost <Td_colspan="2"> Hamlet character <Td_colspan="2"> The ghost ( right ) appears to Hamlet ( left ) in the `` closet scene '' , from Rowe 's edition of Shakespeare 's works ( 1709 ) , showing the Prince and Queen in contemporary dress ; the former king 's portrait is on the wall behind <Th_colspan="2"> Information Family Gertrude ( wife ) Prince Hamlet ( son ) King Claudius ( brother ) Other name ( s ) King Hamlet ( former ) The ghost of Hamlet 's late father is a character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . In the stage directions he is referred to as `` Ghost . '' His name is also Hamlet , and he is referred to as King Hamlet to distinguish him from the Prince . He is loosely based on a legendary Jutish chieftain , named Horwendill , who appears in Chronicon Lethrense and in Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum . According to oral tradition , the Ghost was originally played by Shakespeare himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Interpretations 3 Performances 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) For a synopsis of the play , see Hamlet The Ghost appears three times in the play : in Act I , Scene i ; in the continuum of Act I , Scenes iv and v ; and Act III , Scene iv . The ghost arrives at 1.00 a.m. in at least two of the scenes , and in the other scene all that is known is that it is night . The Ghost first appears to a duo of soldiers -- Bernardo and Marcellus -- and a visitor to Denmark , Horatio . The men draw their swords and stand in fear , requesting that Horatio , as a scholar , address the ghost . Horatio asks the ghost to speak , and reveal its secret . It is about to do so when the cock crows , signalling morning , and the ghost instead disappears . In this scene , the Ghost is clearly recognised by all present as the King , dressed in his full armour . Marcellus notes that the ghost had appeared to the castle guards twice before . Talk of spectral visitations has unsettled the night watch . Francisco , who Bernardo relieves on guard duty says , `` For this relief much thanks ; ' t is bitter cold , And I am sick at heart . '' Seeing the Ghost arrayed in a military aspect , and aware of Fortinbras marshalling his forces on the frontier , Horatio recognises that the appearance of the Ghost must portend something regarding matters of state . Horatio then persuades Prince Hamlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns . At midnight , it appears , and beckons Hamlet to follow . Once alone , the ghost describes his wanderings on the earth , and his harrowing life in purgatory , since he died without receiving last rites . `` ... but know , thou noble youth , The serpent that did sting thy Fathers life , Now wears his crown . '' Ghost of Hamlet 's Father He tells the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother , Claudius , the new King of Denmark , and asks the prince to avenge his death . He also expresses disgust at his wife , Gertrude , for marrying Claudius , but warns Hamlet not to confront her , but to leave that to Heaven . Later , Prince Hamlet returns to his friends and has them swear on his sword to keep what they have seen a secret . When they resist , the ghost utters the words `` Swear '' and `` Swear on the sword '' , from below the stage , until his friends agree . The prince Hamlet , fearing that the apparition may be a demon pretending to be King Hamlet , decides to put the ghost to the test by staging a play that re-enacts the circumstances that the spirit claims led to his death . Claudius 's reaction is one of guilt and horror , and Prince Hamlet is convinced that the ghost is , in fact , his father . However , due to his over-analytical mind and the complexity of the ghost 's conditions , much time passes before Hamlet can carry out his orders . In the third appearance , Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother 's closet , and is rebuked for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude . Hamlet fearfully apologises . Gertrude , however , can not see the ghost , and thinks Hamlet is mad , asking why he stares and talks to nothing . In this scene , the ghost is described as being in his nightgown . He is never mentioned again . King Hamlet is described by the few who mention him -- and this excludes basically all except Hamlet , Horatio and the guards -- as a warrior , as he led Denmark 's forces to victory against Norway , and personally defeated its King Fortinbras in hand - to - hand combat . Hamlet respects him , saying Claudius pales in comparison to him , and frequently reflecting on him in an endearing manner . Interpretations ( edit ) The prompt book from an 1874 staging of Hamlet by English actor and manager Henry Irving ( 1838 -- 1905 ) , in which he experimented with using limelight ( burning calcium oxide ) to represent the ghost . `` The Ghost in Hamlet is essential to the plot of the play . '' He has also been the subject of a variety of interpretations . W.W. Greg was of the opinion that the Ghost was a figment of Hamlet 's overwrought imagination . J. Dover Wilson and others have argued that in having the Ghost appear a number of times to others before appearing to Hamlet , Shakespeare makes clear that the apparition is not a mere illusion . Performances ( edit ) About a hundred years after Shakespeare died , Nicholas Rowe reported that he had heard an anecdote that Shakespeare himself had played the Ghost , starting a story that continues to this day . See also ( edit ) List of ghosts References ( edit ) England portal Theatre portal Fictional characters portal ^ Jump up to : Sylvan Barnet , `` Shakespeare : An Overview , '' in Macbeth , ed . Sylvan Barnet , A Signet Classic , 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Maurice Francis . The Ghost in Hamlet and Other Essays in Comparative Literature . Chicago : A.C. McClurg & Co , 1906 . pp. 11 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` Hamlet ( Folio 1 , 1623 ) '' . uvic.ca . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Miriam . `` Discerning the Ghost in Hamlet . '' PMLA 76.5 ( 1961 ) : 493 -- 502 Jump up ^ Greg , W.W. , `` Hamlet 's Hallucinations '' , MLR , XII , 1917 , 393 -- 421 <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_(Hamlet)&oldid=799572434 '' Categories : Characters in Hamlet Fictional ghosts Fictional kings Fictional Danish people Male Shakespearean characters Fratricide in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . 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1. Ghost of Hamlet's late father 2. Appearance and interactions with characters 3. Request for revenge and description of death 4. Interpretations of the ghost's role in the play 5. Performances and adaptations of the character

who is considered to be the mother of rapso

Rapso - wikipedia Rapso Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rapso Stylistic origins Soca calypso hip hop Cultural origins 1970s , Trinidad and Tobago Typical instruments Bass drums guitar vocals <Th_colspan="2"> Other topics <Td_colspan="2"> Music of Trinidad and Tobago <Th_colspan="2"> Music of Trinidad and Tobago <Th_colspan="2"> General topics <Td_colspan="2"> Related articles <Th_colspan="2"> Genres <Td_colspan="2"> Calypso Cariso Chutney Chutney parang Chutney Soca Extempo Groovy soca Kaiso Parang Parang soca Pichakaree Rapso Soca Steelpan Steelband soca <Th_colspan="2"> Media and performance Music media Music television Synergy TV Tempo Networks Trinidad and Tobago Entertainment Network ( TTEN ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem Forged from the Love of Liberty <Th_colspan="2"> Regional music <Td_colspan="2"> Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba and the Dutch Antilles Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Louisiana Martinique Montserrat Panama Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and Grenadines Suriname Turks and Caicos Virgin Islands <Td_colspan="2"> Rapso is a form of Trinidadian music that grew out of the social unrest of the 1970s . Black Power and unions grew in the 1970s , and rapso grew along with them . The first recording was Blow Away by Lancelot Layne in 1970 . Six years later , Cheryl Byron ( founder of the New York City based Something Positive Dance Company ) was scorned when she sang rapso at a calypso tent ; she is now called the `` Mother of Rapso '' . It has been described as `` de power of de word in the riddim of de word '' . Though often described as a fusion of native soca and calypso with American hip hop , rapso is uniquely Trinidadian . History ( edit ) Main article : Cariso Rapso music is itself an evolution of the chantwell or griot tradition of African music in the diaspora . It is called `` the poetry of Calypso '' and `` the Power of the Word in the rhythm of the Word '' . Rapso is the poetic `` rap '' form of Trinbagonian music -- the next evolutionary step of Calypso and Soca music . It also has origins in the oral tradition elements of the performances of traditional masquerade characters in Trinidad Carnival . Traditional masquerade characters , such as the Midnight Robber , Pierrot Grenade , and the Wild Indians , each have particular forms of poetic and musical speeches that echoed ancient African masking and poetic traditions . Rapso borrowed many of the rhythmic and performance elements of these forms . The first wave of rapso music occurred in the late 1960s with the invention of rapso by its pioneer Lancelot Layne . The second wave occurred in the late 1970s with Cheryl Byron who was the first woman to perform this brand of music in calypso tents , and mushroomed in the early ' 80s with the work of Brother Resistance and the Network Rhythm Band , alongside other artists such as Brother Cetewayo and Brother Book . This wave mainstreamed rapso music in Trinidad and Tobago and World Music . The third wave of rapso occurred with the advent of young groups including Kindred , Homefront and Boyz ' N The Road in the early 1990s . They were part of a musical movement entitled the `` Kiskadee Karavan '' that was led by millionaire Robert Amar , who invested his money in the unleashing of the young musical genius of Trinidad and Tobago . The Karavan revolutionised Trinidad 's music by taking `` traditional '' forms such as the rapso and giving it modern production and promotional methods to take the music to stadiums in the native Trinidad and Tobago . This opportunity uncovered many talents on the ground , and created a series of anthemic musical singles . The song `` This Trini Could Flow '' by super-group Kindred took Rapso into the 21st century and firmly entrenched the music as a form comparable to hip - hop and dancehall . Modern Rapso music can be described today as the Trinbagonian equilevent of what we know as American Rap music as groups like Boyz ' N The Road produce and chant to beats and rthythms more heavily influenced by the modern American Hip - Hop music culture fused with R&B and Jazz , as opposed to the traditional or `` Roots '' Rapso ( with Calypso and Soca music ) . Nonetheless , traditional Rapso continues to live on as super-group Kindred and 3 Canal maintain the balance with the Calypso and Soca music influences . Calypso influence on rap ( edit ) The basic elements of hip - hop -- boasting raps , rival posses , uptown throwdowns , and political commentary -- were all present in Trinidadian music as long ago as the 1800s , though they did not reach the form of commercial recordings until the 1920s and 30s . Calypso -- like other forms of music -- continued to evolve through the 50s and 60s . When rock steady and reggae bands looked to make their music a form of national and even international Black resistance , they took Calypso 's example . Calypso itself , like Jamaican music , moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and toasting songs packed with ' slackness ' and sexual innuendo and a more topical , political , ' conscious ' style . Terminology ( edit ) The term rapso was not invented until 1980 , when the revolutionary Network Riddum Band with its two chantelles Brother Resistance and Brother Shortman released Busting Out . Initially dominated by the children of the Black Power movement , changes came in the 1990s with the younger artistes adopting the art form , most significantly the bands Kindred , Homefront , 3 Canal and Ataklan . <Th_colspan="2"> Soca music Genres Soca music Rapso Chutney soca Parang soca Related topics Music of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival Trinidadian English Disco Caribbean music in ( Canada , the United Kingdom ) International Soca Monarch Reggae / Soca Music Awards <Td_colspan="2"> Berry , Mick & Gianni , Jason ( 2003 ) . `` The Drummer 's Bible : How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro - Cuban to Zydeco '' , p. 67 : `` Disco incorporates stylistic elements of Rock , Funk and the Motown sound while also drawing from Swing , Soca , Merengue and Afro - Cuban styles '' , ISBN 1884365329 , 9781884365324 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapso&oldid=824437756 '' Categories : Rapso Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2013 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Rapso music 2. Trinidad and Tobago 3. Black Power movement 4. Evolution of Calypso and Soca music 5. Influence of hip-hop on rapso

cat has one blue eye and one green

Odd - eyed cat - wikipedia Odd - eyed cat Jump to : navigation , search Typical odd - eyed cat Bicolore Maine Coon with Odd eyed An odd - eyed cat is a cat with one blue eye and one eye either green , yellow , or brown . This is a feline form of complete heterochromia , a condition that occurs in some other animals . The condition most commonly affects white - colored cats , but may be found in a cat of any color , provided that it possesses the white spotting gene . Odd - Eyed White indoor cat Contents ( hide ) 1 Cause 2 Kittens 3 Cultural reactions and folklore 4 Deafness in odd - eyed cats 5 Eyeshine and red - eye effect 6 References Cause ( edit ) Rare odd eyed black cat The odd - eyed coloring is caused when either the epistatic ( dominant ) white gene ( which masks any other color genes and turns a cat completely white ) or the white spotting gene ( which is the gene responsible for bicolor and tuxedo cats ) prevents melanin ( pigment ) granules from reaching one eye during development , resulting in a cat with one blue eye and one green , yellow , or brown eye . The condition only rarely occurs in cats that lack both the dominant white and the white spotting gene . Kittens ( edit ) Deaf , white odd - eyed cat showing the difference in an odd - eye that remains blue As with some newborn mammals , all cats are blue - eyed as kittens , and may change as the newborn ages . The differences in an odd - eyed kitten 's eye color might not be noticeable , save upon close inspection . Odd - eyed kittens have a different shade of blue in each eye . The color of the odd eye changes over a period of months -- for example , from blue to green to yellow or from green to blue to yellow -- until it reaches its final , adult color . Cultural reactions and folklore ( edit ) Odd - eyed cats are popular within several breeds , including Turkish Van , Turkish Angora , Sphynx , Persian , Oriental Shorthair , Japanese Bobtail and Khao Manee . In 1817 , the government of Turkey , in conjunction with the Ankara Zoo , began a meticulous breeding program to preserve and protect pure white Turkish Angora cats with blue and amber eyes , a program that continues today , as they are considered a national treasure . The zoo specifically prized the odd - eyed Angoras who had one blue eye and one amber eye , as the Turkish folklore suggests that `` the eyes must be as green as the lake and as blue as the sky . '' The mascot of the 2010 FIBA World Championship , hosted by Turkey , was an anthropomorphized odd - eyed Van Cat named `` Bascat '' . Muhammad 's pet Angora , Muezza , was reputed to be an odd - eyed cat . In the Japanese Bobtail , odd - eyed cats are most frequently found in calico individuals . Deafness in odd - eyed cats ( edit ) See also : Deaf white cat Odd - eyed Norwegian forest cat There is a common misconception that all odd - eyed cats are born deaf in one ear . This is not true , as about 60 % -- 70 % of odd - eyed cats can hear . About 10 % -- 20 % of normal - eyed cats are born deaf or become deaf as part of the feline aging process . White cats with one or two blue eyes do , however , have a higher incidence of genetic deafness , with the white gene occasionally causing the degeneration of the cochlea , beginning a few days after birth . If a white kitten has any speck of another color , the frequency of deafness is greatly diminished , even if the speck of coloration fades as the cat becomes more mature . Eyeshine and red - eye effect ( edit ) Flash photography effect in blue eye , but not in yellow eye of an odd - eyed cat In flash photographs , odd - eyed cats typically show a red - eye effect in the blue eye , but not in the other eye . This is due to the combined effect of the ( normal ) presence of a tapetum lucidum in both eyes and the absence of melanin in the blue eye . The tapetum lucidum produces eyeshine in both eyes , but in the non-blue eye a layer of melanin over the tapetum lucidum selectively removes some colors of light . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foster , Race and Smith , Marty , ( DVMs ) , Heterochromia , A-Z Health Library , Purina - One . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Foster , Race and Smith , Marty ( DVMs ) , Heterochromia : Eye Color , Peteducation.com . Retrieved February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` White '' Genetics Page , Norwegian Forest Cats , Furry Boots . Retrieved February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Sarah . White Cats , Eye Colours and Deafness , Messybeast.com . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Sarah . Beautiful Bi-colours : Tuxedo and Magpie cats , Messybeast.com . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Hints for Determining Cat Color , The Cat Fanciers Association , ( 1 ) . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Turkish Angora , Cats United International . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Helgren , Anne . Turkish Angora , Iams . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Sarah . Experimental & Unusual Cat Breeds - A , PetPeoplesPlace.com . Retrieved February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Turkish Angora Breeders , Breedersden.com . Retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIBA World Championship Event Guide : Mascot '' . FIBA . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bruce Fogle , The New Encyclopedia of the Cat ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8021 - 2 , `` Longhair - Japanese Bobtail '' Jump up ^ Starbuck , Orcan and Thomas , David . Cat Color FAQS : Cat Color Genetics , CatFanciers.com . 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1. Odd-eyed cat: A cat with one blue eye and one eye of a different color. 2. Heterochromia: A condition where an animal has different colored eyes. 3. White spotting gene: Gene responsible for bicolor and tuxedo cats, which can cause odd-eyed coloring. 4. Deafness in odd-eyed cats: A misconception that all odd-eyed cats are born deaf in one ear. 5. Eyeshine and red-eye effect: Phenomenon where odd-eyed cats show a red-eye effect in flash photographs.

what are the names of the witches in hocus pocus

Hocus Pocus ( 1993 film ) - wikipedia Hocus Pocus ( 1993 film ) 1993 Disney Horror - Comedy film directed by Kenny Ortega <Th_colspan="2"> Hocus Pocus <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Kenny Ortega Produced by Steven Haft David Kirschner Screenplay by Neil Cuthbert Mick Garris Story by Mick Garris David Kirschner Starring Bette Midler Sarah Jessica Parker Kathy Najimy Omri Katz Thora Birch Vinessa Shaw Jason Marsden Music by John Debney Cinematography Hiro Narita Edited by Peter E. Berger Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date July 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 16 ) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $39.5 million Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American comedy horror fantasy film directed by Kenny Ortega , starring Bette Midler , Kathy Najimy , and Sarah Jessica Parker ; written by Neil Cuthbert and Mick Garris , and based on a story by Garris and David Kirschner . It follows the villainous trio of witches , who are inadvertently resurrected by a teenage boy in Salem , Massachusetts . Although it was not a critical or commercial success when it was first released , Hocus Pocus has become a cult film , largely from annual airings on the Disney Channel and Freeform ( formerly ABC Family ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Music 6 Reception 7 Home media and television 8 Legacy 9 Possible sequel and confirmed remake 10 Accolades 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) On October 31 , 1693 near Salem , Massachusetts , Thackery Binx sees his little sister , Emily , spirited away to the cottage of three witches . There , the Sanderson sisters , Winifred , Sarah and Mary , cast a spell on Emily to absorb her youth and regain their own , killing her in the process . Thackery confronts the witches who transform him into an immortal black cat to live with his guilt for not saving Emily . The townsfolk , led by Binx 's father , capture the witches . But before being hanged , Winifred 's spellbook casts a curse that will resurrect the witches during a full moon on All Hallows Eve when any virgin lights the Black Flame Candle . Thackery guards the cottage to ensure no one summons the witches . 300 years later ( Halloween 1993 ) , Max Dennison is feeling unsettled from his family 's sudden move from Los Angeles to Salem . Max takes his younger sister Dani trick - or - treating , where they run into Max 's new crush Allison . Allison mentions that her family owns the Sanderson cottage as a museum . Max , in an effort to impress Allison , invites her to show him the Sanderson house to convince him that the witches were real . Investigating inside the cottage , Max lights the Black Flame Candle and inadvertently resurrects the witches , who plot to continue their plan to suck out the souls of all of Salem 's children , beginning with Dani . Escaping , Max steals Winifred 's spellbook on advice from Thackery . The witches pursue them to a cemetery , where Winifred raises her unfaithful lover Billy Butcherson as a zombie to chase them on foot . The witches try to acclimate to the 20th century , but are horrified when they discover Halloween has become a holiday . The witches plan to achieve their goals or they will be disintegrated at sunrise . They pursue the children across town using Mary 's enhanced sense of smell . Max , Allison and Dani find their parents at a Halloween party at the town hall , where Winifred enchants the partygoers to dance and sing until they die . At Jacob Bailey High School , the children trap the witches in a kiln to burn them alive . While celebrating , the witches ' curse revives them again . Not realizing that the witches have n't truly died , Max and Allison open the spellbook in an effort to reverse the spell on Binx . The open spellbook reveals the location of the group , and the witches track them down and kidnap Dani . Sarah then uses her siren - like singing to mesmerize Salem 's children , luring them to the Sandersons ' cottage . Max and Allison rescue Dani and Thackery by tricking the witches into believing sunrise came an hour early . Back at the cemetery , Max runs into Billy , who cuts open his stitched up mouth and insults Winifred , joining Max to protect Dani . The witches attack and Winifred attempts to suck out the soul from Dani with the single vial of potion she retrieved from her cauldron . Thackery leaps on Winifred and knocks the potion out of her hand into Max 's , but is then thrown to the ground and mortally wounded . Rather than smashing the vial , Max drinks it in order to force the witches to take him instead of Dani . The sun rises just as Winifred is about to finish draining Max 's life force , and due to standing on hallowed ground in the cemetery , she turns into a stone statue , before she is disintegrated into dust along with her sisters . As the satisfied Billy returns to his grave , Thackery dies , freeing his soul . He thanks Max , Dani and Allison for their help , and bids farewell to them , before he and Emily walk into the afterlife . As the end credits begin , the exhausted partygoers are freed from the spell and return home . Meanwhile , at the Sandersons ' cottage , Jay and Ernie , two male bullies who earlier tormented Max and Dani , remain imprisoned in their cages while passing the time singing `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' . The film ends with Winnie 's spellbook opening its eye , implying that Winnie 's last words re-activated the resurrection spell . Cast ( edit ) Bette Midler as Winifred `` Winnie '' Sanderson , the buck - toothed oldest Sanderson sister and leader of the trio . Kathy Najimy as Mary Sanderson , the middle sister , often complimenting and comforting her domineering older sister , Winnie . She can smell children and hunts them down . Sarah Jessica Parker as Sarah Sanderson , the youngest and most beautiful sister . She has the ability to entrance children with her siren - like singing . Omri Katz as Maximilian `` Max '' Dennison , a teenager originally from Los Angeles , California who moves to Salem , Massachusetts with his family . Max is angry at his parents for making them move to Salem . He is responsible for bringing back the Sanderson sisters 300 years later on Halloween night . Thora Birch as Danielle `` Dani '' Dennison , Max 's spoiled 8 - year - old sister and an enthusiastic trick - or - treater . Dani is addicted to candy and looks up to Max . Vinessa Shaw as Allison Watts , Max 's love interest and a wealthy native Salem resident , who forms a close bond with Dani . Sean Murray as Thackery Binx ; originally a teenager from 1693 , he follows Emily into the woods , where he fails to prevent her death at the hands of the Sanderson sisters . The witches transform him into an immortal cat , voiced by Jason Marsden . Doug Jones as Billy Butcherson , Winifred 's lover and a zombie . He died on May 1 , 1693 after Winifred found him sporting with her sister Sarah , poisoned him and sewed his mouth shut with a dull needle , so he could n't tell her secrets , even in death . Charles Rocket as David `` Dave '' Dennison , Max and Dani 's father . Stephanie Faracy as Jennifer `` Jenny '' Dennison , Max and Dani 's mother . Amanda Shepherd as Emily Binx , Thackery 's younger sister , who died on October 31 , 1693 after the witches drain her life force . Larry Bagby as Ernie `` Ice '' , the leader of a group of high school delinquents and Jay 's best friend . Tobias Jelinek as Jay , another delinquent and Ernie 's best friend . Steve Voboril as Elijah Morris , Thackery 's best friend in 1693 , who worked as a farmhand on the Binx family 's farm . Norbert Weisser as Mr. Binx , Emily and Thackery 's father . Kathleen Freeman as Miss Olin , Max 's and Allison 's teacher at Jacob Bailey High School . Garry Marshall ( uncredited ) as `` The Devil '' , a man wearing a devil costume whom the Sanderson sisters assume to be their `` Master '' . Penny Marshall ( uncredited ) as the `` Devil 's '' wife , who the sisters assume is Medusa due to her curlers , which resemble snakes . Production ( edit ) In the 1994 TV documentary Hocus Pocus : Begin the Magic , and on the film 's Blu - ray release , producer David Kirschner said he came up with the idea for the film one night . He and his young daughter were sitting outside and his neighbor 's black cat strayed by . Kirschner invented a tale of how the cat was once a boy who was changed into a feline three hundred years ago by three witches . Hocus Pocus started life as a script by Mick Garris , that was bought by Walt Disney Pictures in 1984 . The film 's working title was Disney 's Halloween House , was much darker and scarier , and its protagonists were all 12 - years - old . Garris and Kirschner pitched it to Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment ; Spielberg saw Disney as a competitor to Amblin in the family film market at the time and refused to co-produce a film with his `` rival . '' Various rewrites were made to the script to make the film more comedic and made two of its young protagonists into teengers ; however , production was stalled several times until 1992 , when Bette Midler expressed interest in the script and the project immediately went forward . Midler , who plays the central antagonist of the film ( originally written for Cloris Leachman ) , is quoted as saying that Hocus Pocus `` was the most fun I 'd had in my career up to that point '' . Leonardo DiCaprio was originally offered the lead role of Max , but declined it in order to pursue What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Principal photography began on October 12 , 1992 . The film is set in Salem , Massachusetts , but most of it was shot on sound stages in Burbank , California . However , its daytime scenes were filmed in Salem and Marblehead , Massachusetts during two weeks of filming with principal cast . Production was completed on February 10 , 1993 . Pioneer Village , a recreation of early - colonial Salem , was used for the opening scenes set in 1693 . Other locations included Old Burial Hill in Marblehead , where Max is accosted by Ice and Jay , the Old Town Hall in Salem , where the town Halloween party takes place , and Phipps Elementary School , where the witches are trapped in a kiln . The exterior for Max and Dani 's house is a private residence on Ocean Avenue in Salem . Release ( edit ) Hocus Pocus was released July 16 , 1993 and came in at # 4 at the box office with $8,125,471 . It dropped from the top 10 after two weeks of release . The film was released the same day as Free Willy . The unusual summer release of Hocus Pocus is said to be due to Disney not wanting it to compete against their other Halloween - themed film , The Nightmare Before Christmas , which was due for release the coming October by Touchstone Pictures . Music ( edit ) Main article : Hocus Pocus ( soundtrack ) The musical score for Hocus Pocus was composed and conducted by John Debney . James Horner was originally slated to score the film , but became unavailable at the last minute , so Debney had to score the entire film in two weeks . Even though he did n't score the film , Horner came back to write the theme for Sarah ( sung by Sarah Jessica Parker , more commonly known as `` Come Little Children '' ) which is featured in Intrada 's Complete Edition of the score . Debney released a promotional score through the internet containing 19 tracks from the film . Bootlegs were subsequently released across the internet , primarily because the promotional release missed the entire opening sequence music . Songs `` Sarah 's Theme '' -- music by James Horner ; lyrics by Brock Walsh ; performed by Sarah Jessica Parker `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- written by Jay Hawkins and produced and arranged by Marc Shaiman ; performed by Bette Midler `` Witchcraft '' -- written by Cy Coleman , Carolyn Leigh ; performed by Joe Malone `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- written by Jay Hawkins ; performed by Joe Malone `` Sabre Dance '' -- written by George Wilson Chants and Incantations -- conceived and written by Brock Walsh Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from film critics at the time of its release . Reception has since grown to be more positive towards the film , and it has become a cult film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 30 % , based on 43 reviews , with an average rating of 4.4 stars out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Harmlessly hokey yet never much more than mediocre , Hocus Pocus is a muddled family - friendly effort that fails to live up to the talents of its impressive cast . '' The Miami Herald called it `` a pretty lackluster affair '' , adding this comment : `` Despite the triple - threat actress combo , Hocus Pocus wo n't be the Sister Act of 1993 . There are a lot of got ta - sees this summer , and this is n't one of them . '' The New York Times ' Janet Maslin wrote that the film `` has flashes of visual stylishness but virtually no grip on its story '' . Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C - , calling it `` acceptable scary - silly kid fodder that adults will find only mildly insulting . Unless they 're Bette Midler fans . In which case it 's depressing as hell '' ; and stating that while Najimy and Parker `` have their moments of ramshackle comic inspiration , and the passable special effects should keep younger campers transfixed ( ... ) the sight of the Divine Miss M. mugging her way through a cheesy supernatural kiddie comedy is , to say the least , dispiriting . '' Home media and television ( edit ) The film was released to VHS in North America on September 9 , 1994 , and later to DVD on June 4 , 2002 . Following the film 's release on the latter format , it has continued to show strong annual sales , raking in more than $1 million in DVD sales each October . In the mid-to - late 1990s , the film was rebroadcast annually on ABC and Disney Channel before switching over to ABC Family 's 13 Nights of Halloween lineup in the early 2000s . The film has continuously brought record viewing numbers to the lineup , including a 2009 broadcast watched by 2.5 million viewers . In 2011 , an October 29 airing became the lineup 's most watched program , with 2.8 million viewers . On September 4 , 2012 , the film was released on Blu - ray . Disney re-released the film on Blu - ray and Digital HD on September 2 , 2018 , as part of the film 's 25th anniversary . The new release contains special features , including deleted scenes and a behind - the - scenes retrospective . Legacy ( edit ) Midler dressed as Winifred Sanderson during her Divine Intervention Tour . Over the years , through various outlets such as strong DVD sales and annual record - breaking showings on Freeform 's 13 Nights of Halloween , the film has achieved cult status . Various media outlets such as Celebuzz and Oh No They Did n't have reiterated such claims . In its 25th anniversary year in 2018 , the first week of Hocus Pocus viewings on Freeform averaged 8.2 million viewers . A special called the `` Hocus Pocus 25th Anniversary Halloween Bash '' was filmed at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery and features interviews with members of the cast , including Bette Midler , Sarah Jessica Parker , and Kathy Najimy , as well as a costume contest hosted by Sharon and Kelly Osbourne . It aired on Freeform October 20 , 2018 . In October 2011 , the Houston Symphony celebrated various horror and Halloween classics , including Hocus Pocus , with `` The Hocus Pocus Pops . '' On October 19 , 2013 , D23 held a special screening of Hocus Pocus at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California , to honor the 20th anniversary of the film . Nine of the cast and crew gathered for the screening , and hundreds of D23 members attended . Returning members included Kathy Najimy , David Kirschner , Thora Birch , Doug Jones , Vinessa Shaw , and Omri Katz . During her Divine Intervention Tour , Bette Midler appeared on stage dressed as Winifred Sanderson . Her Harlettes appeared with her dressed as Mary and Sarah , and the three of them performed the film 's version of `` I Put a Spell on You '' . On September 15 , 2015 , the Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular was introduced at the Magic Kingdom as a part of Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party . The show introduces new actresses as the Sanderson Sisters , who try to make a villain party and summon or attract various Disney villains in the process . In September 2016 , entertainment critic Aaron Wallace published Hocus Pocus in Focus : The Thinking Fan 's Guide to Disney 's Halloween Classic , the first full - length book written about the movie . The book includes a foreword by Thora Birch and afterword by Mick Garris . Billed as a `` lighthearted but scholarly look at the film , '' the book analyzes the movie 's major themes , which it identifies as festivity , nostalgia , home , horror , virginity , feminism , Broadway - style musical moments , sibling rivalry , `` Spielbergian '' filmmaking style , Disney villain traditions , and more . Wallace also analyzes Walt Disney World 's Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular as part of the movie 's legacy and includes `` the largest collection of Hocus Pocus fun facts and trivia ever assembled , '' complete with extensive endnote citations . The town of Salem has celebrated its connection to Hocus Pocus , while local filming sites have become an attraction for fans as the movie 's legacy has grown over the years . In 2018 , the Haunted Happenings Grand Parade , an annual Salem festival held every October , was Hocus - Pocus themed in honor of the movie 's 25th anniversary . A representative for Destination Salem also reported a huge uptick in tourism for the 25th anniversary year , stating : `` There 's always been a ' Hocus Pocus ' component to the visitors to Salem , especially in October . But it 's like the film 's following grows every year . '' Possible sequel and confirmed remake ( edit ) In July 2014 , it was announced that Disney was developing a supernatural - themed film about witches , and that Tina Fey was on board as a producer and star . However , Deadline debunked rumors that the film was a sequel to Hocus Pocus . In November 2014 , Bette Midler said in an interview that she was ready and willing to return for a sequel . She also said her co-stars Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy were interested in reprising the roles of the Sanderson sisters as well , but stressed that Disney had yet to greenlight any sequel . In November 2015 , Midler stated in a Facebook Q&A that `` after all these years and all the fan demand , I do believe I can stand and firmly say an unequivocal no '' in response to a question about a sequel . In June 2016 , actor Doug Jones mentioned that Disney had been considering a sequel , and behind the scenes discussions were in place to possibly continue the series . In October 2016 , Sarah Jessica Parker was asked by Andy Cohen about a sequel . Her response was , `` I would love that . I think we 've been very vocal that we 're very keen . '' In Hocus Pocus in Focus : The Thinking Fan 's Guide to Disney 's Halloween Classic , author Aaron Wallace identifies several potential approaches for a sequel , but notes that the project 's biggest challenge is the Walt Disney Studios ' interest in tentpole projects that promise very high box office returns . In September 2017 , screenwriter Mick Garris admitted that he was working on a script for Hocus Pocus 2 and that it would potentially be developed as a television film for Disney Channel , Freeform or ABC . It was later confirmed that it will instead be a remake to air on Freeform , with The Royals writer Scarlett Lacey attached to write , and the original film producer David Kirschner executive producing . The following month , Midler said she was not fond of the idea of a remake and she would not be taking part in it . In July 2018 , a book titled Hocus Pocus and the All - New Sequel was released , containing a novelization of the film and a sequel story . The sequel focuses on Max and Allison 's daughter , Poppy , who grew up hearing the family story of the first film and parents who avoid Halloween as much as possible . Poppy is skeptical of the tale and ends up in the Sanderson house on Halloween , twenty - five years to the day after the movie , in an attempt to prove there 's nothing to the story . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Recipient Result Saturn Awards Best Actress Bette Midler Nominated Best Supporting Actress Kathy Najimy Nominated Sarah Jessica Parker Nominated Best Fantasy Film Hocus Pocus Nominated Best Special Effects Hocus Pocus Nominated Best Costumes Hocus Pocus Won Young Artist Awards Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy Thora Birch Won Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy Vinessa Shaw Nominated Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy Omri Katz Nominated Best Youth Actor Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy Sean Murray Nominated Best Youth Actor in a Voice Over Role - TV or Movie Jason Marsden Nominated See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1993 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hocus Pocus ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 30 , 1993 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box office information for Hocus Pocus '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Magical Tale of How ' Hocus Pocus ' Went From Box - Office Flop to Halloween Favorite '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Hocus Pocus ' Turns 20 : Meet the Voice Behind Binx the Talking Cat The Daily Beast , Retrieved July 17 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Post Mortem with Mick Garris : 25th Anniversary of Hocus Pocus ! '' . postmortempodcast.libsyn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio Reveals What Movie He Turned Down Even After Being Offered `` More Money Than I Ever Dreamed Of '' `` . E ! Online . February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo DiCaprio Turned Down ' Hocus Pocus ' And ' More Money Than I Ever Dreamed Of ' '' . Huffington Post . February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Slane ( 2018 - 10 - 20 ) . `` A local 's guide to ' Hocus Pocus ' , 25 years later '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Movies in Theaters '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hocus Pocus starts strong , goes flat '' . The Miami Herald . The McClatchy Company . July 16 , 1993 . p. 7G . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( July 16 , 1993 ) . `` Review / Film ; Bette Midler , Queen Witch in Heavy Makeup '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( July 23 , 1993 ) . `` Hocus Pocus Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Hocus Pocus ( VHS ) : Bette Midler , Sarah Jessica Parker , Kathy Najimy , Omri Katz , Thora Birch , Vinessa Shaw , Larry Bagby , Tobias Jelinek , Stephanie Faracy , Charles Rocket , Doug Jones , Karyn Malchus , Kenny Ortega , Bonnie Bruckheimer , David Kirschner , Jay Heit , Mick Garris , Neil Cuthbert : Movies & TV '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hocus Pocus - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's 11th annual `` 13 Nights of Halloween 2009 '' Scares Up Event - Best Deliveries `` . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's `` 13 Nights of Halloween 2011 '' Scares Up Record Crowd `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Disney Catalog Releases for 2012 '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hocus Pocus , '' `` Nightmare Before Christmas '' 25th Anniversary Blu - rays announced by Disney for September `` . Insidethemagic.net . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Reasons Why ' Hocus Pocus ' is One of the Greatest Cult Classic Films '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HOCUS POCUS - Where are they now ? '' . Oh No They Did n't . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) . `` HOCUS POCUS on Freeform Reaches 8.2 Million Viewers in its First Week '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A ' Hocus Pocus ' 25th Anniversary Reunion Special is Coming to Freeform '' . wral.com. 2018 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Samantha Highfill ( 2018 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Bette Midler joins Freeform 's Hocus Pocus reunion special '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pavilion celebrates Halloween with Hocus Pocus Pops '' . Your Houston News . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billy Stanek ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Members Run Amok at the Hocus Pocus 20th Anniversary Screening '' . D23 ( Disney ) . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick . `` HEY , ' 90S KIDS ! WATCH BETTE MIDLER RESURRECT ' HOCUS POCUS ' IN CONCERT '' . IFC . IFC TV LLC . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hocus Pocus ' stage show will haunt Disney World this Halloween '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newsdesk , Laughing Place Disney ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Author Aaron Wallace Announces First - Ever Book Dedicated to Disney 's `` Hocus Pocus '' - LaughingPlace.com `` . Jump up ^ `` New book about ' Hocus Pocus ' now available '' . September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hocus Pocus in Focus : A Hocus Pocus Book for The Thinking Fan '' . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Happenings Grand Parade '' . Salem Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ William J. Dowd ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Salem Haunted Happenings parade ushers in 2018 Halloween season '' . salem.wickedlocal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kevin Slane ( 2018 - 10 - 20 ) . `` A local 's guide to ' Hocus Pocus ' , 25 years later '' . www.boston.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato . `` Disney , Tina Fey Developing ' Untitled Witch Project ' -- Not ' Hocus Pocus 2 ' - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Michael Kennedy . `` Bette Midler & Co-Stars Are Up for ' Hocus Pocus 2 ' '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` No Hocus Pocus 2 Retrieved November 19 , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Dream Ninja Turtles Movie Crossovers MOVIE FIGHTS ! ! '' . Screen Junkies . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Jessica Parker on ' Hocus Pocus 2 ' : `` I Would Love That '' `` . October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Aaron . Hocus Pocus in Focus : The Thinking Fan 's Guide to Disney 's Halloween Classic . Pensive Pen Publishing 2016 . Epilogue . http://www.aaronwallaceonline.com/book/hocus-pocus-book-thinking-fan-disney/ Jump up ^ Thompson , Simon ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Dante And Mick Garris Talk ' Gremlins , ' ' Hocus Pocus ' Sequel And ' Nightmare Cinema ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hocus Pocus ' TV Movie In Works At Disney Channel '' . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel working on ' Hocus Pocus ' remake '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bette Midler slams upcoming Hocus Pocus TV remake : ' It 's going to be cheap ! ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarema , Kerri . `` Max & Allison 's Daughter Is Queer In The ' Hocus Pocus ' Sequel Book & It 's Kind Of The Best '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hocus Pocus ( 1993 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hocus Pocus ( 1993 film ) . 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how many times can you be governor in oklahoma

Governor of Oklahoma - wikipedia Governor of Oklahoma Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Governor of the State of Oklahoma <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the Governor <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Mary Fallin since January 10 , 2011 Residence Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once ( maximum lifetime ) Inaugural holder Charles N. Haskell Formation November 16 , 1907 Salary 147,000 ( 2013 ) Website Governor 's Website Oklahoma This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Oklahoma Constitution ( show ) United States Constitution Oklahoma Constitution Executive ( show ) Government Governor : Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor : Todd Lamb Secretary of State : Chris Benge State Auditor : Gary Jones Attorney General : Mike Hunter State Treasurer : Ken A. Miller State School Superintendent : Joy Hofmeister Labor Commissioner : Melissa Houston Insurance Commissioner : John Doak Corporation Commission : Bob Anthony - Chair Todd Hiett - Vice Chair Dana Murphy - Secretary Governor 's Cabinet and State Agencies Taxation and the State Budget Legislature ( show ) Legislature : 56th Senate President Pro Tem of the Senate : Mike Schulz House of Representatives Speaker of the House : Charles McCall Judiciary ( show ) Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Court on the Judiciary Court of Impeachment Nominating Commission Elections ( show ) Elections State Election Board Last election Political parties Democratic Party Republican Party Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Counties Cities and Towns Federal Relations ( show ) Federal representation Senate Jim Inhofe ( R ) James Lankford ( R ) House of Representatives 1 : Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 : Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 : Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 : Tom Cole ( R ) 5 : Steve Russell ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal The governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the U.S. state of Oklahoma . Under the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor is also the head of government , serving as the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch , of the government of Oklahoma . The governor is the ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use . Despite being an executive branch official , the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers . The governor 's responsibilities include making yearly `` State of the State '' addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature , submitting the annual state budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and that the peace is preserved . The governor 's term is four years in length . The office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the United States as the 46th state . Prior to statehood in 1907 , the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Oklahoma Territory with similar powers . The 27th and current Governor of Oklahoma is Mary Fallin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Territorial period 1.2 Statehood - Present 2 Election 2.1 Oath of office 2.2 Last election 3 Powers and duties 3.1 Executive powers 3.2 Legislative and judicial powers 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Emergency powers 4 Relationship with lieutenant governor 5 Office of the Governor 6 Residence 7 Succession 7.1 Line of succession 8 Gubernatorial trivia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Territorial period ( edit ) Abraham Jefferson Seay served as the second appointed governor of Oklahoma Territory Before statehood in 1907 , modern day Oklahoma was composed of Oklahoma and Indian territories . While Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government as Indian nations land , Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory under the supervision of the United States Congress . Within the Oklahoma Territory , a tripartite government existed , including a territorial legislature , a territorial supreme court , and a territorial governor . The President of the United States appointed territorial governors to four - year terms . Despite a set term , the governor served at the pleasure of the U.S. president , meaning that the president could replace him before his term was up . The governor was the head of the territorial government . He had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet , who in turn had to be ratified by territorial lawmakers . The governor had the power to appoint justices to the territorial high court . The governor was responsible to the U.S. president on addressing issues in the territory and served as the representative as the federal government of the United States . He was also the Commander in Chief of the territorial militia . George Washington Steele served as the first governor of Oklahoma Territory . He vetoed the territorial legislature 's attempts to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City or Kingfisher . He was instrumental in the establishment of two universities that would become the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University . After only seventeen months in office , Steele resigned effective October 18 , 1891 . In his place , President Benjamin Harrison appointed Abraham Jefferson Seay to the governorship . Robert Martin , Secretary of Oklahoma Territory , served as acting governor from October 18 , 1891 , until February 1892 , when Seay took the oath of office . Frank Frantz served as the final governor of Oklahoma Territory . He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in the first state gubernatorial election . Statehood - present ( edit ) After the Oklahoma Constitution was written and accepted in 1907 , the Oklahoma and Indian territories joined to form the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor . The new office was similar , but designed with new restrictions , limits , and legislative and judicial oversight . It was crafted as a `` weak governor system '' to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government . Oklahoma 's first governor , Charles N. Haskell , wielded executive power effectively , but in the first 20 years after he left office in 1911 , the Oklahoma Legislature further limited the governor 's office of its powers and impeached governors John C. Walton and Henry S. Johnston . It was not until William H. Murray took office in 1935 that the governorship expanded its powers . In 1927 , the state legislature appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a governor 's mansion and $25,000 for furnishings . In 1928 , the governor and his family moved in . As Oklahoma grew and the state government expanded , the office of the governor became gradually more powerful . As more agencies were introduced , the governor gained greater indirect influence through the power of appointment . Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself . It was not until 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to serve two consecutive terms . Election ( edit ) The governor of Oklahoma is elected directly by the voters of Oklahoma during gubernatorial elections held in November during the final year of each four - year gubernatorial term . The candidate with the highest number of votes becomes governor following the election . The Oklahoma Constitution requires the Oklahoma Legislature to choose the governor in the case of a tie vote . Section Three of Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution establishes that gubernatorial candidates must be citizens of the United States , at least 31 years old , and residents of Oklahoma for at least ten years prior to their candidacy . Under Section Four in Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor serves a four - year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January . Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms . On November 2 , 2010 , voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime . The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor ; upon the lieutenant governor 's succession , he or she is to serve out two years of the governor 's term . Oath of office ( edit ) `` I , ... , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support , obey , and defend the Constitution of the United States , and the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma , and that I will not , knowingly , receive , directly or indirectly , any money or other valuable thing , for the performance or nonperformance of any act or duty pertaining to my office , other than the compensation allowed by law ; I further swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as Governor of the State of Oklahoma to the best of my ability . '' Last election ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2014 results map . Counties won by Mary Fallin Counties won by Joe Dorman 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results <Th_colspan="2"> Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mary Fallin 458,788 55.8 Democratic Joe Dorman 337,728 41.0 Independent Kimberly Willis 17,143 2.1 Independent Richard Prawdzienski 9,102 1.1 <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes 823,761 100.0 Powers and duties ( edit ) Executive powers ( edit ) The governor , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed . '' The governor is vested with `` supreme executive power '' as the state 's `` Chief Magistrate '' and acts as head of the executive branch of Oklahoma . The governor has the power to issue executive orders that have the effect of law . The governor is the `` conservator of the peace throughout the State , '' making him or her the chief peace officer in the state . In the position of chief peace officer , the governor commands state and local law enforcement agencies . In the event that law enforcement entities can not execute the law , the governor , acting as Commander - in - Chief of Oklahoma 's state militia , may call out the Oklahoma National Guard to `` execute the laws , protect the public health , suppress insurrection , and repel invasion . '' The governor is assisted in managing the military of Oklahoma by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma , who he or she appoints to office . The governor has the power to commission officers not otherwise commissioned by the law of Oklahoma and has the power of appointment . When any office at the state level becomes vacant for any reason , the governor , unless otherwise provided by law , has the power to appoint a person to fill such vacancy , who shall continue in office until the election or appointment of a successor . If the office of an Oklahoma member of the United States House of Representatives or United States Senate becomes vacant the governor calls a special election to fill the remainder of the term . In the case of United States senators , the governor is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to appoint someone immediately to fill the vacant Senate seat temporarily until a special election can be held . Within the executive branch of Oklahoma government , the governor is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State of Oklahoma , the Attorney General of Oklahoma , and the State Treasurer of Oklahoma , among others . While the other high level executive offices are elected directly by the people of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State is appointed by the governor with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate for a four - year term . Due to the large number of state agencies , the governor is assisted in running the government through the use of the Oklahoma State Cabinet . Through the Cabinet , the Governor can address the assembled heads of Oklahoma 's executive branch departments which oversee Oklahoma 's agencies . A secretary appointed by the governor heads each department and carryies out his executive orders through that department . The governor is an ex officio chair of numerous state commissions and committees , including the Oklahoma Commissioners of Land Office and the Oklahoma Ethics Commission . While there are executive and state commissions of which the governor is not a member , he or she has appointment power to those entities with the advice and consent of the Oklahoma Senate , such as with the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma . The governor is also responsible for preparing the proposed Oklahoma state budget presented to the Oklahoma Legislature in February for the next fiscal year beginning in July . After state legislators negotiate the terms of the budget with the governor , the Oklahoma House of Representatives drafts a general appropriations bill that must be approved by the legislature and signed by the governor . Legislative and judicial powers ( edit ) Like the President of the United States , the governor plays a major role in the legislative process . Every bill that is passed by both the Oklahoma Senate and Oklahoma House of Representatives , and every resolution requiring the assent of both chambers of the legislature , must , before it becomes a law , be presented to the governor . The governor may choose to sign it or veto it and send it back to the legislature . The governor 's veto can only be overridden by a two - thirds approval vote from each house . The governor has the power of the line - item veto , which allows them to sign part of appropriation bills into law , while sending appropriations items they disagree with back to the legislature . Items disapproved by the governor in this manner become void , unless the legislation is re-passed in both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Oklahoma Senate with a two - thirds vote in favor of overriding the veto . Bills that are part of the governor 's agenda are often drafted at the initiative of the governor or governor 's staff . In annual and special messages to the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor may propose legislation . The most important annual message to state lawmakers takes place in the annual State of the State address . Before a joint session of the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor outlines the status of the state and legislative proposals for the upcoming year . The governor is in a strong position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the actions of state legislators . The governor has the power to convoke the legislature , or the Oklahoma Senate only , on extraordinary occasions . During extraordinary sessions , state legislators can only act on subjects the governor recommends for consideration . When ever a vacancy occurs within the state legislature , the governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancies . In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature , at a regular or special session , the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper , not beyond the day of the next stated meeting of the legislature . He or she may convoke the Oklahoma Legislature at or adjourn it to another place , when , in his opinion , the public safety or welfare , or the safety or health of the members require it . Such a change or adjournment must be concurred by two - thirds votes in all branches of the legislature . The governor plays an active role within the judicial branch of Oklahoma government . Oklahoma has a Judicial Nominating Commission consisting of thirteen members that review all potential justices and judges of Oklahoma 's appellate courts , such as the Oklahoma Supreme Court , and review them to determine if they qualify to hold their respective positions . Of these thirteen members , the governor appoints six without the consent of the Oklahoma Legislature . The governor 's appointments serve for a term of six years each ; the terms are staggered so that approximately one - third of the appointments become vacant every two years . In the event of a vacancy upon the Oklahoma Supreme Court or on the Court of Criminal Appeals , the Judicial Nominating Committee submits three nominees to fill the vacancy to the governor and Oklahoma Supreme Court chief justice . The governor must appoint one to fill the vacancy within 60 days or the appointment is turned over to the chief justice . The governor also possess the power to grant commutations , pardons and paroles for all offenses , except cases of impeachment , upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper , subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law . The governor does not have the power to grant paroles if a convict has been sentenced to death or sentenced to life imprisonment without parole . In order to grant a pardon to an individual , he must submit the name of the individual to the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board composed of five members , three of which are appointed by the governor at the beginning of his term in office to serve a term that coincides with his own . After reviewing the applicant for clemency , and a favorable vote from the majority , the board may empower the governor to make such acts of as he deems necessary . The governor has the power to grant after conviction , reprieves , or a leave of absence not to exceed sixty days , without the action of the board . The governor is required to communicate to the Oklahoma Legislature , at each regular session , each case of reprieve , commutation , parole or pardon , granted , stating the name of the convict , the crime of which he was convicted , the date and place of conviction , and the date of commutation , pardon , parole and reprieve . Foreign relations ( edit ) The governor , as Oklahoma 's head of state , serves as the chief representative of Oklahoma to the United States and to the world . Deals between Oklahoma and foreign powers ( including other U.S. states and the United States ) are negotiated by the governor . This reflects the governor 's position as the spokesman for the state and the state 's interests to other state and world leaders . However , the governor may not make treaties with other nations or other U.S. states , as this is prevented by the United States Constitution . In discharging his duty as chief spokesman , the governor may be required to testify before the United States Congress or meet with the President of the United States to address national issues that may affect the state . It is the governor 's responsibility to promote Oklahoma 's industries to the world economy as the spokesman for industrial development within the state . Along with those responsibilities comes the role of chief promoter of Oklahoma 's goods and services to foreign consumers . The governor plays a significant role in national politics . As the representative of Oklahoma , the governor heads , on a state level , his or her political party . In this position , the governor serves as the state 's leader in selecting a party candidate to run for the office of President of the United States . As Oklahoma 's head of state , the governor may travel through the country to promote Oklahoma in a general interest or travel abroad to serve as proponent of America 's interests . Emergency powers ( edit ) Pursuant to the Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003 and the Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act , in the event that a natural or man - made emergency or a catastrophic health emergency occurs or is anticipated in the immediate future , the governor gains emergency powers to better respond to the emergency and combat the threat . Either the governor through executive order or the Oklahoma Legislature through concurrent resolution may declare a state of emergency . Once declared , the governor may exercise his or her additional emergency powers . At any time , the governor ( through executive order ) or the state legislature ( through concurrent resolution ) may declare an end to the state of emergency and suspend the governor 's emergency powers . Upon the declaration of an emergency , the governor is allowed a limited - form of rule by decree . He assumes direct regulatory control over essential resources of the state . It will then be the responsibility of the governor to determine the priorities of such resources and allocate them as the governor may deem necessary . These resources include , but are not limited to , food , manpower , health and health manpower , water , transportation , economic stabilization , electric power , petroleum , gas , and solid fuel , industrial production , construction and housing . The focus of the governor 's emergency powers is to ensure the security and stability of the state and he or she receives comprehensive police powers in an emergency . In discharging those power to enforce laws , rules and regulations relating to emergency management , the governor assumes direct operational control of emergency management forces of the state , including the Oklahoma National Guard , state police agencies , state and local health departments , as well as county sheriff 's offices and local police departments . These emergency police powers extend to providing for the evacuation of the state 's population from any affected or threatened area or areas within the state , regulating the conduct of civilians and the movement of pedestrians and vehicular traffic , and regulating public meetings and gatherings . The governor is responsible for providing for the care of all those regulated by his or her orders . During a state of emergency , the governor is authorized to utilize the services , equipment , supplies and facilities of all departments , offices and agencies of the state to the maximum extent practicable . State , county , and local officers and personnel must cooperate with the governor in emergency management upon his or her direction . Any state , county , or local official that willful fails to obey any order , rule or regulation issued by the governor may be removed from office by the governor . However , before removal , officers must receives the charges against them and have an opportunity to defend themselves . Pending the presentation of charges , the governor may suspend such officers for a period not to exceed thirty days . Any vacancy resulting from removal or suspension shall be filled by the governor until it is filled as provided by state law . However , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor may not remove from office the elective state executive officers , the justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the judges of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and members of the Oklahoma Legislature . When carrying out the functions of his or her emergency powers , the governor is immune from civilly liable for any loss or injury resulting from any decision , determination , order or action in the performance of his / her assigned duties and responsibilities during a stated emergency . However , this immunity does not apply when such loss or injury is caused by the gross negligence , or willfully and unnecessarily act by the governor . Relationship with lieutenant governor ( edit ) The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is elected at the same election as the governor , but not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate . Oklahoma currently has a governor and a lieutenant governor of the same party , as both Governor Mary Fallin and Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb are of the Republican Party . The first instance of an Oklahoma governor serving alongside a lieutenant governor of a different political party began in 1963 , when Republican Governor Henry Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo Winters . Since then , there have been three more instances . In 1967 , Republican Governor Dewey F. Bartlett served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor George Nigh . In 1987 , Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Robert S. Kerr III . Finally , in 2002 , Democratic Governor Brad Henry served alongside Republican Lieutenant Governor Mary Fallin . The governor may appoint the lieutenant governor to her cabinet . For example , Governor Mary Fallin appointed Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb to serve as her small business advocate within her Cabinet -- although Lamb later resigned that position due to disagreements with the Governor . A lieutenant governor can also serve as Acting Governor . When acting as the governor , the Oklahoma Constitution provides all the powers of the governor to the lieutenant governor . This includes the power of signing or vetoing legislation , making political appointments , calling out the Oklahoma National Guard , or granting pardons . The need for the lieutenant governor to act as the governor may be due to the governor 's absence from the state , or his inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office . When acting as governor , the lieutenant governor holds the powers of the governor until the governor returns to the state or she is found to be able to resume her powers and duties . Office of the governor ( edit ) Office of the Governor <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview Formed 1907 Preceding agency Office of the Territorial Governor Headquarters Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Employees 39 unclassified Annual budget $1.98 million Minister responsible Mary Fallin , Governor Agency executive Denise Northrup , Chief of Staff Website Office of the Governor The Office of the Governor is the state agency that supports the governor in the performance of gubernatorial duties . The agency consists of the governor 's staff and is headed by the governor 's chief of staff . The current chief of staff is Denise Northrup . Staffers are political appointees and serve at the pleasure of the governor . They work in the governor 's Oklahoma State Capitol offices in Oklahoma City , the governor 's Tulsa office and the Governor 's Mansion . As of 2013 , the agency has an annual budget of approximately $1.98 million . The budget provides funding for employee salaries and benefits , operation and upkeep of the governor 's offices in the Oklahoma State Capitol and Tulsa , Oklahoma , and the operation and upkeep of the Governor 's Mansion . Residence ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Since 1928 , Oklahoma governors reside in the Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion . Before its construction , governors lived in various locations around Guthrie and Oklahoma City . Governor Charles N. Haskell set up his administration 's office and his official residence within a hotel in Oklahoma City . The Oklahoma Legislature provided for the construction of an official residence after years of debate in 1927 . The next year , in 1928 , the mansion was completed . Built by an Oklahoma City architectural firm , Layton , Hicks and Forsyth , the mansion is of Dutch - Colonial style . Carthage limestone was used so the exterior of the Mansion would complement the Oklahoma State Capitol , which is located to the west of the mansion . The state legislature allocated $100,000 of state money ( $75,000 for construction and $25,000 for furnishing ) to the project . Two years later , another $39,000 was set aside to complete outbuildings and landscaping . Though originally having 19 rooms , today the 14,000 - square - foot ( 1,300 m ) Mansion has 12 , including a library , parlor , dining room , grand ballroom , kitchen , sunroom and five bedrooms . The mansion also serves as an active museum . Throughout the mansion there are antiques and artwork from both museum and private collections . The museum is designed to provide a glimpse into Oklahoma 's history and culture . Artists represented in oil and bronze include N.C. Wyeth , Charles Marion Russell , Thomas Moran and Albert Beirstadt . Succession ( edit ) As per the Oklahoma Constitution , if the governor is impeached , resigns , dies , leaves the state , fails to qualify or is unable to serve , the lieutenant governor fills the vacancy , either temporarily or for the remainder of the gubanatorial term . If , during a vacancy of the office of governor , the lieutenant governor is impeached , displaced , resigns , dies , is absent from the state , or becomes incapable of performing the duties of the office , the president pro tempore of the state senate is the next official in the gubanatorial line of succession . The Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is third in line of gubernatorial succession . If the governor , lieutenant governor , senate president pro tempore , and speaker are unable to act as governor , then the next official in the line of succession becomes the emergency interim successor . As the emergency interim successor to the governor , the officer may exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor until a new governor is elected or until the disability is removed from the governor or higher official . The emergency interim successor does not however inherit the title of governor , unless there is a man - made or natural emergency or disaster has occurred in the United States . The Oklahoma Legislature , by concurrent resolution , may terminate the authority of any emergency interim successor to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor . Line of succession ( edit ) As provided by the Oklahoma Constitution and the Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act , the line of succession to the Governorship is as follows : # Office Current Officer May succeed to Governorship Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Todd Lamb President Pro Tempore of the Senate Mike Schulz Speaker of the House of Representatives Charles A. McCall May serve as Emergency Interim Successor State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones 5 Attorney General Mike Hunter 6 State Treasurer Ken Miller 7 State School Superintendent Joy Hofmeister 8 Labor Commissioner Melissa McLawhorn Houston 9 Corporation Commissioner ( by length of tenure ) Bob Anthony 10 Corporation Commissioner Dana Murphy 11 Corporation Commissioner Todd Hiett Gubernatorial trivia ( edit ) Red states indicate US states where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Red counties indicate Oklahoma counties where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Between the births of Charles N. Haskell in 1860 and Brad Henry in 1963 , governors have been born in every decade Ohio Kansas Texas Arkansas Missouri Pennsylvania Alabama Kentucky Indiana Washington , D.C. Governors have been born in ten counties in Oklahoma Muskogee County , Oklahoma Oklahoma County , Oklahoma Marshall County , Oklahoma Washita County , Oklahoma Johnston County , Oklahoma Lincoln County , Oklahoma Noble County , Oklahoma Pittsburg County , Oklahoma Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma Muskogee , Oklahoma , has produced more governors than any other location : Charles N. Haskell Martin E. Trapp J. Howard Edmondson The first governor born was Charles N. Haskell on March 13 , 1860 The most recent governor born is Brad Henry on July 10 , 1963 The shortest term in office was nine days by George Nigh in 1963 ( January 6 -- 14 , 1963 ) Sworn in at age 33 , J. Howard Edmondson was the youngest governor Sworn in at age 61 , William H. Murray was the oldest governor The oldest living former governor is George Nigh at age 90 The youngest living former governor is Brad Henry at age 54 Henry S. Johnston has the longest life span of any governor , 97 years J. Howard Edmondson has the shortest life span of any governor , 46 years No governor has died while in office Three governors have been impeached , two were removed from office Lee Cruce in 1912 , found not guilty of charges John C. Walton in 1923 , removed from office Henry S. Johnston in 1929 , removed from office Between the deaths of Lee Cruce in 1933 and David Hall in 2016 , former governors have died in every decade except in the 1980s Ten governors were actually born in Oklahoma Governors have been born in ten states and the federal district Oklahoma Kansas Born in 1896 , Robert S. Kerr was the first governor born in what would become Oklahoma Born in 1908 , Raymond D. Gary was the first governor born in Oklahoma after statehood in 1907 E.W. Marland has the shortest post-governorship , 2 years George Nigh has the longest post-governorship , 16 years between 1963 and 1979 , and nearly 31 years between 1987 and today , for a total of nearly 47 years . Of the 26 people to hold the office of governor through 2013 , twenty - one have been Democrats and five have been Republicans . Mary Fallin is the first , and currently , the only female governor . Two governors are relatives : William H. Murray was the father of Johnston Murray There are currently five living former governors George Nigh David L. Boren David Walters Frank Keating Brad Henry Three Lieutenant Governors have been elevated to the governorship Martin E. Trapp in 1923 William J. Holloway in 1929 George Nigh in 1963 and in 1979 Five governors have served more than one term George Nigh Henry Bellmon Frank Keating Brad Henry Mary Fallin Two governors have served nonconsecutive terms George Nigh in 1963 and 1979 Henry Bellmon in 1963 and 1987 Four governors have served two consecutive terms George Nigh from 1979 to 1987 Frank Keating from 1995 to 2003 Brad Henry from 2003 to 2011 Mary Fallin from 2011 to present Two governors have resigned J. Howard Edmondson in 1963 to become a United States Senator David L. Boren in 1979 to become a United States Senator See also ( edit ) List of Governors of Oklahoma Governors of Oklahoma Territory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ About Governor Mary Fallin , Office of the Governor ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Kenny L. OKLAHOMA TERRITORY Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Everett , Dianna . `` FRANTZ , FRANK ( 1872 - 1941 ) , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed August 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Savage , Cynthia . `` Governor 's Mansion , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . ( accessed May 16 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Results - State Election '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Secretary of State . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Course of Bills , Oklahoma House of Representatives ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Executive Budget , Office of State Finance ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) , '' Digest of State Laws - Updated / Revised Title 63 -- July 2007 ( accessed April 19 , 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Official Governor of Oklahoma home page <Th_colspan="3"> State of Oklahoma <Td_colspan="3"> Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Unassigned Lands Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward <Th_colspan="3"> Governors of Oklahoma Territorial ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Steele Martin Seay Renfrow Barnes Jenkins Grimes Ferguson Frantz State ( since 1907 ) Haskell Cruce Williams Robertson Walton Trapp Johnston Holloway W. 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Murray Gary Edmondson Nigh Bellmon Bartlett Hall Boren Nigh Bellmon Walters Keating Henry Fallin <Td_colspan="3"> Italics indicate acting governors <Th_colspan="2"> Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Current governors and executives of U.S. states and territories <Td_colspan="2"> President of the United States : Donald Trump ( R ) <Td_colspan="2"> AL Ivey ( R ) AK B. 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most rushing yards by a rookie in a season

List of National Football League records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of National Football League records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Service 2 Scoring 2.1 Touchdowns 2.2 Points after touchdown 2.3 Field goals 2.4 Safeties 3 Rushing 3.1 Rushing attempts 3.2 Rushing yards 3.3 Rushing touchdowns 4 Passing 4.1 Passer rating 4.2 Passing attempts 4.3 Pass completions 4.4 Pass completion percentage 4.5 Passing yards 4.6 Average passing yards 4.7 Passing touchdowns 4.8 Interceptions thrown 4.9 Passing interception differential / ratio 4.10 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted 4.11 Sacked 5 Receiving 5.1 Receptions 5.2 Yards receiving 5.3 Average yards / reception 5.4 Receiving touchdowns 6 Yards from scrimmage 7 All - purpose 7.1 All - purpose attempts 7.2 All - purpose yards 8 Interceptions 8.1 Interception return yards 8.2 Interception return touchdowns 9 Punting 9.1 Punts 9.2 Punting yards 9.3 Average punting yards 9.4 Average net punting yards 9.5 Punts had blocked 9.6 Punts inside the 20 10 Punt returns 10.1 Punt return attempts 10.2 Fair catches 10.3 Punt return yards 10.4 Average punt return yards 10.5 Punt return touchdowns 11 Kickoff returns 11.1 Kickoff return attempts 11.2 Kickoff return yards 11.3 Average kickoff return yards 11.4 Kickoff return touchdowns 12 Combined kick / punt returns 12.1 Kick / punt return yards 12.2 Kick / punt return touchdowns 13 Fumbles 13.1 Fumbles recovered 13.2 Opponent fumbles recovered 13.3 Fumble return yards 13.4 Fumble return touchdowns 13.5 Fumbles forced 14 Tackles 15 Sacks 16 Records in a single decade 17 Records in a single month 18 Overtime records 19 Miscellaneous 20 Other 21 Age 22 Starts / games played 23 QB Wins 24 QB Losses 25 Professional football firsts 25.1 Rushing 25.2 Passing 25.3 Receiving 25.4 Scrimmage 25.5 Combined yards 25.6 Touchdowns 25.7 Scoring 25.8 Starts 25.9 Wins 26 Longest play 27 Notes 28 See also 29 References 30 External links Service ( edit ) Most seasons : 26 , George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 , 1960 -- 1975 Most seasons , one team : 21 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen 1982 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most consecutive games played , career : 352 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive games played , one team : 270 , Jim Marshall 1961 -- 1979 Scoring ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 ; Gino Cappelletti , 1961 , 1963 -- 1966 ; Stephen Gostkowski , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most points scored , career : 2,544 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most points scored , season : 186 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most points scored , season , home : 102 , Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most points scored , season , away : 100 , Gino Cappelletti , 1964 Highest average points per game scored , career : 8.67 , Stephen Gostkowski ( 1,457 Points / 168 Games ) , 2006 -- 2016 Highest average points per game scored , season : 14.67 , Paul Hornung ( 176 Points / 12 Games ) , 1960 Most points scored , season , no touchdowns : 166 , David Akers , 2011 Most points scored , game , no touchdowns : 26 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most seasons , 100 + points : 19 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + points : 16 , Jason Elam , 1993 -- 2008 Most points , season , rookie : 150 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most points , game : 40 , Ernie Nevers , November 28 , 1929 Most consecutive quarters scoring : 38 , Stephen Gostkowski Sep 10 , 2015 - Nov 23 , 2015 Touchdowns ( edit ) Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately . Most seasons leading league touchdowns : 8 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons leading league touchdowns : 4 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 208 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 31 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 22 , Gale Sayers , 1965 Most touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers November 28 , 1929 ; Dub Jones November 25 , 1951 ; Gale Sayers December 12 , 1965 Most touchdowns , half : 5 , Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 Most touchdowns , quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games touchdown : 18 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 05 ; Lenny Moore , 1963 -- 65 Most consecutive games 2 + touchdown : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 3 + touchdown : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 4 + touchdown : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 ; Marshall Faulk 2000 ; LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive seasons 1 + touchdowns : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons 2 + touchdowns : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 3 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 5 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Frank Gore , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 6 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 - 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 - 1996 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 7 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 8 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 9 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 10 + touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 11 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 12 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 13 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 14 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 15 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , George Blanda , 1956 , 1961 -- 62 , 1967 -- 69 , 1972 , 1974 Most kicking attempts , career : 959 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicking attempts , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks attempted , game : 10 , Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made , career : 943 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicks made , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made , rookie season : 60 , Doug Brien , 1994 Most kicks made , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 , Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 and Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made no misses , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made no misses , rookie season : 54 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most kicks made no misses , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 and Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 Most kicks made , half : 7 , Jan Stenerud ; October 2 , 1983 Most kicks made , quarter ( including playoffs ) : 5 , Stephen Gostkowski November 22 , 2012 , October 18 , 2009 ; Ali Haji - Sheikh January 31 , 1988 ; Jan Stenerud October 2 , 1983 ; Don Chandler November 12 , 1967 ; Pat Harder October 24 , 1948 ; Don Hutson October 7 , 1945 Most consecutive kicks made : 479 , Stephen Gostkowski ; 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive kicks made ( including playoffs ) : 523 , Stephen Gostkowski ; December 31 , 2006 -- January 16 , 2016 Most consecutive kicks made to start a career : 321 , Rian Lindell ; October 5 , 2000 -- November 7 , 2010 Highest percentage kicks made career ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 100.0 , Dan Bailey , ( 250 / 250 ) 2011 -- 2016 Most two point conversions , career : 7 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most two point conversions , season : 4 , Todd Heap , 2003 Most two point conversions , rookie season : 3 , Gino Cappelletti , 1960 Most two point conversions game : 2 , by 11 players , most recently Ladarius Green on October 25 , 2015 Field goals ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Lou Groza , 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 , 1957 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 3 , Lou Groza , 1952 -- 1954 Most field goals attempted , career : 709 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals attempted , season : 52 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals attempted , rookie season : 48 , Chester Marcol , 1972 Most field goals missed , season : 26 , Paul Hornung , 1964 Most field goals missed , career : 304 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most field goals attempted , game : 9 , Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 Most field goals made , career : 565 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 ; 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals made , season : 44 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals made , season , no misses : 37 , Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 Most field goals made , rookie season : 35 , Ali Haji - Sheikh , 1983 and Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , game : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , game , no misses : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , postseason game : 6 , Chris Boswell on January 15 , 2017 Most field goals made , one half : 5 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 , Morten Andersen on September 3 , 2000 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 , and Mike Nugent on September 7 , 2014 Most field goals made , one quarter : 4 ; by 8 players , most recently Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 Most consecutive games with field goal made : 38 , Matt Stover , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive games with field goal made of 40 + yards : 10 , Rob Bironas , 2011 -- 2012 Most consecutive games with 2 + field goals made : 19 , Stephen Gostkowski 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games with 3 + field goals made : 6 , Olindo Mare 1999 ; Gary Anderson 1985 Most consecutive games with 4 + field goals made : 4 , Olindo Mare 1999 Most consecutive games with 5 + field goals made : 2 , Dan Carpenter 2010 ; Richie Cunningham , 1997 ; John Kasay , 1996 ; John Carney , 1994 Most consecutive field goals made : 44 , Adam Vinatieri ; October 4 , 2015 -- October 20 , 2016 Most consecutive field goals made ( postseason ) : 23 , Mason Crosby ; January 15 , 2011 -- January 22 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made to start a career : 18 , Travis Coons , 2015 Most consecutive field goals made ( regular season and postseason combined ) : 46 , Gary Anderson ; December 15 , 1997 -- Jan. 17 , 1999 Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards : 122 , John Kasay November 30 , 1997 -- January 1 , 2012 ( end of career ) Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards to start a career : 93 , Robbie Gould 2005 - 2017 Most consecutive field goals made from under 40 yards : 53 , Rian Lindell Dec. 17 , 2005 - Nov. 30 , 2008 Most consecutive field goals made from under 50 yards : 55 , Ryan Succop Dec. 14 , 2014 - current Most consecutive field goals made from 40 + yards : 24 , Jason Hanson , 2007 -- 2009 Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards : 12 , Blair Walsh , 2012 -- 2013 ; Robbie Gould , 2010 -- 2013 Longest field goal : 64 yards , Matt Prater ( vs. Tennessee ) , December 8 , 2013 Longest field goal , rookie : 61 yards , Jake Elliott ( vs. NY Giants ) on September 24 , 2017 Longest field goal in 1st quarter : 58 yards , Nick Lowery on September 18 , 1983 and Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 3rd quarter : 60 yards , Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 4th quarter : 63 yards , Tom Dempsey on November 8 , 1970 Longest field goal in overtime : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski on October 19 , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , career ( minimum 100 FG made ) : 89.8 % ( 168 / 187 ) , Justin Tucker , 2011 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 50 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 80.0 % ( 36 / 45 ) , Matt Prater , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 40 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 81.7 % ( 76 / 93 ) , Justin Tucker , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 50 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 95.2 % ( 140 / 147 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 40 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 97.9 % ( 92 / 94 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 100.0 ; Gary Anderson , 1998 ( 35 / 35 ) ; Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 ( 37 / 37 ) in 2003 Highest field goal percentage season rookie ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 100.0 , Garrett Hartley ( 13 / 13 ) , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , season rookie ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.1 , Blair Walsh , Minnesota Vikings ( 35 / 38 ) , 2012 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) : 0.0 , Boris Shlapak ( 0 / 8 ) , 1972 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 6.67 , Bob Timberlake ( 1 / 15 ) , 1965 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career : 188 , Jason Hanson , 1992 -- 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career : 55 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career : 2 , Sebastian Janikowski , December 27 , 2009 , September 12 , 2011 ; Greg Zuerlein , September 30 , 2012 , November 8 , 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , career : 98 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals attempted 60 + yards , career : 9 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2005 -- 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals attempted 50 + more , rookie season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 ; Justin Tucker , 2016 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , rookie season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season no misses : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , game : 3 , by 9 players , most recently Justin Tucker on November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 58 + yards , game : 2 , Greg Zuerlein ; September 30 , 2012 Most field goals made , 54 + yards , game : 3 , Kris Brown , October 7 , 2007 Most field goals made , 46 + yards , game : 4 , John Kasay , September 24 , 2006 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , game : 5 , Mason Crosby , November 22 , 2015 ; Chris Boswell , December 18 , 2016 Most field goals made , 35 + yards , game : 6 , Chris Boniol , November 18 , 1996 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , half : 3 , Phil Dawson September 27 , 2012 , Justin Tucker November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 55 + yards , quarter : 2 , Neil Rackers , October 24 , 2004 , Brandon McManus , on September 13 , 2015 , Steven Hauschka , on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 1 + field goals made , career : 299 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 2 + field goals made , career : 178 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + field goals made , career : 80 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2016 Most games , 4 + field goals made , career : 29 , John Carney , 1990 -- 2008 Most games , 5 + field goals made , career : 11 , John Carney , 1992 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + field goals made , career : 2 , John Carney , 1993 ; Gary Anderson 1988 -- 1998 ; Jeff Wilkins , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jim Bakken , 1967 -- 1973 Most games , 7 + field goals made , career : 1 ; Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 ; Rich Karlis on November 5 , 1989 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 ; Billy Cundiff on September 15 , 2003 ; Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 ; Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 ; Cairo Santos on October 4 , 2015 Greg Zuerlein on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 2 + field goals made , season : 16 , Stephen Gostkowski , New England Patriots , 2013 Most games , 3 + field goals made , season : 9 , Al Del Greco , Tennessee Oilers , 1998 Most games , 4 + field goals made , season : 6 , David Akers , San Francisco 49ers 2011 Most games , 5 + field goals made , season : 3 , Rich Karlis , Minnesota Vikings , 1989 Most games , 6 + field goals made , season : 2 , John Carney , San Diego Chargers , 1993 Most overtime field goals made , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Safeties ( edit ) Most safeties , career : 4 , Ted Hendricks 1969 -- 1983 , Doug English 1975 -- 1985 , Jared Allen 2004 -- 2015 Most safeties , season : 2 ; by 18 players , most recently Junior Galette 2014 Most safeties , rookie season : 2 , Jameel McClain 2008 , Jim Young 1977 Most safeties , game : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most safeties , one quarter : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most consecutive games , safety : 2 , Doug English September 4 , 1983 -- September 11 , 1983 Most consecutive seasons , safety : 3 , Charlie Krueger 1959 -- 1961 , Ted Hendricks 1974 -- 1976 , Eric Swann 1992 -- 1994 Rushing ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders . Rushing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 6 , Jim Brown ; 1958 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 4 ; Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1950 and Walter Payton 1976 -- 1979 Most rushing attempts per game average , career : 21.2 , Terrell Davis , 1995 -- 2001 Most rushing attempts , career : 4,409 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing attempts , season : 416 , Larry Johnson , 2006 Most rushing attempts , rookie , season : 390 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing attempts , game : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , game , rookie : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , first game : 36 , LaDainian Tomlinson ; Sep 9 , 2001 Most rushing attempts , no fumbles , season : 397 , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles , to start a career : 559 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis , 2008 -- 2012 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles : 1,001 , LaDainian Tomlinson , Oct 22 , 2006 - Nov 29 , 2009 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , season : 240 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career : 247 , Emmett Mortell , 1937 -- 1939 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career ( since AFL - NFL merger ) : 221 , Brian Leonard , 2007 -- 2014 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns : 507 - 524 , Archie Griffin , Dec 6 , 1976 - Sep 6 , 1981 Most seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 12 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 8 , Eddie George 1996 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , career : 121 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , career : 56 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , career : 21 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , career : 7 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1984 Most games , 40 rushing attempts , career : 2 , James Wilder 1983 -- 1984 , Ricky Williams 1999 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , season : 14 , by 8 players , most recently Shaun Alexander 2005 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , season : 10 , Larry Johnson 2006 , Jamal Anderson 1998 , Emmitt Smith 1994 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , season : 7 , Earl Campbell 1979 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , season : 3 , Earl Campbell 1980 , Eddie George 2000 Rushing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 Most rushing yards per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 - 1965 Most yards gained , career : 18,355 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 14 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 5 , Barry Sanders , 1991 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 13 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , Frank Gore 2005 - 2017 Most consecutive seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 4 , Barry Sanders , 1994 -- 1997 Most yards gained , season : 2,105 , Eric Dickerson 1984 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,883 , Barry Sanders , 1994 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,808 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards , no touchdowns , season : 956 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most yards gained , no rushing touchdowns , game : 237 , Barry Sanders , November 13 , 1994 Most yards gained , season , at Home : 1,125 Walter Payton , 1977 Most yards gained , season , Away : 1,087 Eric Dickerson , 1984 Most yards gained , back - to - back games : 476 , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 - Dec 5 , 1976 Most yards gained , game : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , outdoor game : 295 , Jamal Lewis Sep 14 , 2003 Most yards gained , away game : 286 , Jerome Harrison Dec 20 , 2009 Most yards gained , one half : 253 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , first game : 194 , Alan Ameche Sep 25 , 1955 Most yards gained , game , rookie : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , one quarter : 165 , Jamaal Charles Dec 23 , 2012 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yard ( touchdown ) , Tony Dorsett , January 3 , 1983 Highest yards gained per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 Highest yards gained per game average , season : 143.1 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 100 yards ) : 52.50 ( 2 carries , 105 yards ) , Brian Mitchell Oct 1 , 2000 Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career : 173 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career : 78 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career : 25 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career : 6 , O.J. Simpson , 1969 -- 1979 ; Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 -- 1976 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season : 7 , Earl Campbell , 1980 , Adrian Peterson 2012 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 50 + yards rushing : 38 , Priest Holmes , 2001 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 100 + yards rushing : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most consecutive games , 150 + yards rushing : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 200 + yards rushing : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 , 1976 ; Earl Campbell 1980 ; Ricky Williams 2002 ; Jay Ajayi 2016 Most consecutive games to start a season , 100 + yards rushing : 8 , DeMarco Murray 2014 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career : 6,109 , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season : 1,039 , Michael Vick , 2006 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game : 181 , Colin Kaepernick , Jan 12 , 2013 ( playoffs ) Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 750 attempts ) : 7.0 yards ( 6,109 yards / 873 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) : 5.45 yards ( 7,260 yards / 1,332 attempts ) , Jamaal Charles , 2008 -- present Highest average gain per attempt , season ( qualifiers ) : 8.45 yards ( 1,039 yards / 123 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2006 Highest average gain per attempt , game ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 17.3 yards , Michael Vick December 1 , 2002 vs. Minnesota Vikings Fewest games to reach 1,000 career rushing yards : 8 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career rushing yards : 18 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career rushing yards : 27 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career rushing yards : 33 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career rushing yards : 45 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career rushing yards : 53 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career rushing yards : 63 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career rushing yards : 73 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career rushing yards : 82 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1988 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career rushing yards : 91 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career rushing yards : 103 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career rushing yards : 118 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career rushing yards : 133 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1997 Rushing touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . Most seasons leading league , touchdowns : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdowns : 3 , Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1949 ; Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 ; Abner Haynes ( American Football League ) , 1960 -- 1962 ; Cookie Gilchrist ( American Football League ) , 1962 -- 1964 ; Jim Brown , 1966 -- 1968 Most touchdowns , career : 164 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing touchdowns , season : 28 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season : 18 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , season , at Home : 16 , Terry Allen , 1996 ; Priest Holmes , 2003 ; Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most rushing touchdowns , season , Away : 16 , John Riggins , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers ; Nov 28 , 1929 Most rushing touchdowns , one half : 4 , Jim Brown , Nov 18 , 1962 ; Roland Hooks , Sep 9 , 1979 ; Chuck Muncie , Nov 29 , 1981 ; Eric Dickerson , Oct 31 , 1988 ; Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 ; Priest Holmes , Oct 24 , 2004 ; Doug Martin , Nov 4 , 2012 Most seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most seasons , 11 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Most seasons , 12 + rushing touchdowns : 7 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most seasons , 13 + rushing touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most seasons , 14 + rushing touchdowns : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 , Shaun Alexander 2001 -- 2005 Most seasons , 15 + rushing touchdowns : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 Most seasons , 16 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Shaun Alexander 2002 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 17 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 18 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 19 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most seasons , 20 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Jerome Bettis 1993 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2000 , Steven Jackson 2004 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive games , 1 + rushing touchdown : 14 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive games , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , career : 117 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , career : 38 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , career : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , career : 5 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1962 Most games , 5 + rushing touchdowns , career : 1 , Jimmy Conzelman 10 - 15 - 1922 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 , Jim Brown 11 - 1 - 1959 , Cookie Gilchrist 12 - 8 - 1963 , Ricky Watters 1 - 15 - 1994 , James Stewart ( American football ) 10 - 12 - 1997 , Clinton Portis 12 - 7 - 2003 Most games , rushing 6 + touchdowns , career : 1 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , season : 15 , Emmitt Smith 1995 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , season : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , Priest Holmes 2003 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , season : 2 , Jim Taylor 1962 , Shaun Alexander 2005 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , DeAngelo Williams 2008 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career : 52 , Cam Newton , 2011 -- 2017 . Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season : 14 , Cam Newton 2011 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game : 4 , many players Passing ( edit ) For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics . Passer Rating ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Sammy Baugh , 1937 , 1940 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 1949 ; Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 Highest passer rating , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 104.1 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 Highest passer rating , season ( minimum 100 attempts ) : 122.5 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Highest passer rating , rookie , season : 104.9 , Dak Prescott 2016 Youngest player , 158.3 perfect passer rating , game : Marcus Mariota ( 21 years , 318 days ) Sep 13 , 2015 Most games , 100 + passer rating , career : 115 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 Most games , 105 + passer rating , career : 97 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 110 + passer rating , career : 84 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 115 + passer rating , career : 68 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 120 + passer rating , career : 57 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 125 + passer rating , career : 50 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 130 + passer rating , career : 37 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2014 Most games , 135 + passer rating , career : 27 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , career : 21 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 145 + passer rating , career : 14 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games , 150 + passer rating , career : 8 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games , 155 + passer rating , career : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; Most games , 158.3 perfect passer rating , career ( including playoffs ) : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2003 Highest minimum passer rating , season ( minimum 16 games ) : 84.5 , Philip Rivers , 2009 Most games , 90 + passer rating , season : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most games , 95 + passer rating , season : 14 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 100 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 105 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 110 + passer rating , season : 12 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 115 + passer rating , season : 10 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Steve Young , 1994 . Most games , 120 + passer rating , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 , Philip Rivers , 2008 , Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 125 + passer rating , season : 7 , Tony Romo , 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 130 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 135 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , season : 4 , Jacky Lee , 1961 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 ; Tom Brady , 2007 & 2010 ; Aaron Rodgers 2011 . Most games , 145 + passer rating , season : 4 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 Most games , 150 + passer rating , season : 2 , Steve Young 1993 , Kurt Warner 1999 , Tom Brady 2007 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 , Drew Brees 2009 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games , 158.3 passer rating , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 Most seasons , 95 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 10 , Peyton Manning 2003 -- 2014 Most seasons , 100 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 6 , Steve Young 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Aaron Rodgers 2009 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Peyton Manning 2004 -- 2006 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Drew Brees 2004 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 -- 2016 Most seasons , 105 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 110 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2016 Most seasons , 115 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 2 , Peyton Manning 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 120 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 1 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 , Peyton Manning 2004 Passing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 5 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , Johnny Unitas 1959 -- 1961 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Drew Bledsoe 1994 -- 1996 Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass attempts , season : 727 , Matthew Stafford , 2012 Most pass attempts , rookie , season : 627 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most pass attempts per game , career : 39.1 , Matthew Stafford , ( 4,614 Attempts / 118 Games ) , 2009 -- 2017 . Most pass attempts per game , season : 45.44 , Matthew Stafford , ( 727 Attempts / 16 Games ) , 2012 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes to start a career : 228 , Ryan Lindley , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes : 231 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 -- 2000 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes , season : 224 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 Most pass attempts , game : 70 , Drew Bledsoe ; Nov 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass attempts , non-overtime game : 69 , Vinny Testaverde Dec 24 , 2000 Most pass attempts , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 32 , Ken O'Brien Nov 2 , 1986 Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most seasons , 550 + pass attempts : 11 , Peyton Manning , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Pass completions ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 Most pass completions , career : 6,300 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass completions , season : 471 , Drew Brees , 2016 . Most pass completions per game , career : 25 , Drew Brees , ( 6,051 Passing completions / 242 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Most pass completions per game , season : 29.44 , Drew Brees , 2016 Most pass completions , rookie , season : 379 , Carson Wentz , 2016 Most seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most seasons 400 + completions : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 400 + completions : 7 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2016 . Most pass completions , game : 45 , Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass completions , non-overtime game : 43 , Rich Gannon on September 15 , 2002 , Philip Rivers on October 18 , 2015 Most pass completions , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 26 , Ken O'Brien on November 2 , 1986 Most consecutive pass completions : 25 , Ryan Tannehill , October 18 -- 25 , 2015 ( last 7 completions on October 18 , 2015 ; first 18 completions on October 25 , 2015 ) Most games , pass completions : 299 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games , pass completions : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games 20 pass completions : 57 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2013 Most games 20 pass completions , career : 202 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 25 pass completions , career : 136 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games 30 pass completions , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 35 pass completions , career : 19 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 40 pass completions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 -- 2017 . Most games 20 pass completions , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most games 25 pass completions , season : 14 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 30 pass completions , season : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 35 pass completions , season : 4 , Drew Brees 2016 Pass completion percentage ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 8 , Len Dawson , 1962 , 1964 -- 1969 , 1975 Most consecutive seasons led league : 6 , Len Dawson , 1964 -- 1969 Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 66.8 , Drew Brees ( 6,051 Passing completions / 9,058 Attempts ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest completion percentage , season ( among qualified players ) : 71.56 , Sam Bradford , 2016 ( 395 / 552 ) Highest completion percentage , rookie , season : 67.76 , Dak Prescott , 2016 ( 311 / 459 ) Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 15 attempts ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith ; Oct 29 , 2012 ( 18 / 19 ) and Ryan Tannehill ; Oct 25 , 2015 ( 18 / 19 ) Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 20 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2007 ; Brett Favre , 2009 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2014 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 18 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 3 , Brett Favre , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2015 ; Drew Brees , 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 53 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 41 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 84 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 10 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 60 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most seasons with at least 70 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 3 , Drew Brees , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons with at least 60 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 15 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 500 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; Oct. 26 , 2014 Highest completion percentage , postseason game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.82 , Peyton Manning ; Jan 9 , 2005 Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; 10 - 26 - 2014 . Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 400 passing yards ) : 83.3 , Philip Rivers ; Sep 29 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 350 passing yards ) : 89.5 , Rich Gannon ; Nov 11 , 2002 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 300 passing yards ) : 94.4 , Craig Morton ; Sep 27 , 1981 Highest completion percentage , game ( 7 TD passes ) : 78.57 , Nick Foles on Nov. 3 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 6 TD passes ) : 85.3 , Tom Brady on Oct 18 , 2009 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 5 TD passes ) : 92.3 , Frank Ryan on Dec 12 , 1964 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 4 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 3 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith on Oct 29 , 2012 ; Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 7 , Drew Brees 2006 , 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Dan Fouts 1979 -- 1982 Most passing yards , career : 71,940 , Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2015 Highest yards per game , career : 283.1 , Drew Brees , ( 68,509 yards / 242 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest yards per game , season : 342.31 , Peyton Manning , ( 5,477 yards / 16 Games ) 2013 Most seasons , 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 3,500 + yards : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,000 + yards : 14 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,500 + yards : 8 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most seasons 5,000 + yards : 5 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards : 7 , Drew Brees 2010 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards : 3 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2013 Most passing yards , season : 5,477 , Peyton Manning 2013 Most passing yards , rookie , season : 4,374 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most passing yards , combined , game : 1,000 , Matthew Stafford , ( 520 ) and Matt Flynn , ( 480 ) on January 1 , 2012 Most passing yards , season , home : 2,853 , Drew Brees 2015 Most passing yards , season , away : 2,852 , Drew Brees 2011 Most passing yards , game : 554 , Norm Van Brocklin on September 28 , 1951 Most passing yards , 1st half : 361 , Peyton Manning on January 9 , 2005 Most passing yards , 2nd half : 373 , Kurt Warner on September 28 , 2008 Most passing yards , 1st quarter : 247 , Peyton Manning on September 26 , 2004 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , NFL : 267 , Matthew Stafford on November 17 , 2013 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , AFL : 277 , Tom Flores on December 22 , 1963 Most passing yards , 3rd quarter : 256 , Kurt Warner on October 31 , 1999 Most passing yards , 4th quarter : 264 , Ben Roethlisberger on November 14 , 2010 Most passing yards , Overtime : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 Most passing yards , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 431 , Ken O'Brien on November 11 , 1986 Most passing yards , game , rookie : 433 , Andrew Luck on November 4 , 2012 Most passing yards , game , first NFL game : 422 , Cam Newton , Sep 11 , 2011 Most games , 150 + yards passing , career : 269 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games , 200 + yards passing , career : 222 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards passing , career : 168 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 300 + yards passing , career : 108 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 350 + yards passing , career : 56 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 400 + yards passing , career : 15 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 450 + yards passing , career : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 -- 1995 Most games , 500 + yards passing , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 ; Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games , 250 + yards passing , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 300 + yards passing , season : 13 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 350 + yards passing , season : 8 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most games , 400 + yards passing , season : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most straight 200 + yards passing games : 64 , Matt Ryan , since 2013 . Most straight 250 + yards passing games : 18 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most straight 300 + yards passing games : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2012 , 2012 -- 2013 Most straight 350 + yards passing games : 4 , Drew Brees 2011 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 -- 2012 Most straight 400 + yards passing games : 2 ; Dan Fouts , 1982 ; Dan Marino , 1984 ; Phil Simms , 1985 ; Billy Volek , 2004 ; Matt Cassel , 2008 ; Cam Newton , 2011 , Tom Brady , 2011 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 Longest pass completion : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning on December 24 , 2011 Youngest player , 3,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 341 days ) Dec 13 , 2015 Youngest player , 4,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 362 days ) Jan 3 , 2016 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career passing yards : 36 , Kurt Warner 1998 - 2001 Fewest games to reach 20,000 career passing yards : 71 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2014 Fewest attempts to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 3,652 , Aaron Rodgers 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 109 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2016 Fewest games to reach 40,000 career passing yards : 151 , Matt Ryan 2008 - 2017 Fewest games to reach 50,000 career passing yards : 183 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 60,000 career passing yards : 215 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2015 Average passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 7 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 Highest yards per attempt , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 8.63 ( 13,499 yards on 1,565 attempts ) , Otto Graham , 1950 -- 1955 Highest yards per attempt , season ( among qualified players ) : 11.17 ( 1,229 on 110 attempts ) , Tommy O'Connell , 1957 Highest yards per attempt , rookie , season : 9.41 ( 1,854 yards on 197 attempts ) , Greg Cook , 1969 Highest yards per attempt , game : 18.58 ( 446 yards on 24 attempts ) Sammy Baugh on October 31 , 1948 Passing touchdowns ( edit ) Career Most passing touchdowns , career : 539 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 1 + TD passes , career : 249 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 2 + TD passes , career : 165 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 3 + TD passes , career : 93 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 4 + TD passes , career : 35 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2015 Most games 5 + TD passes , career : 10 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games 6 + TD passes , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 2003 -- 2015 Most games 7 + TD passes , career : 1 ; Sid Luckman , 1943 ; Adrian Burk , 1954 ; George Blanda , 1961 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 ; Joe Kapp , 1969 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 ; Nick Foles , 2013 ; Drew Brees , 2015 Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , career ( 120 touchdown passes minimum ) : 7.856 , Sid Luckman , ( 137 TD Passes / 1,744 Attempts ) 1939 -- 1950 Most 95 + yard touchdown passes : 2 , Joe Montana , Ben Roethlisberger Most 90 + yard touchdown passes : 3 , Bill Wade , Joe Montana , & Ben Roethlisberger Most 85 + yard touchdown passes : 4 , Norm Snead , Ed Brown , Craig Morton , & Jim Plunkett Most 80 + yard touchdown passes : 9 , Brett Favre Most 75 + yard touchdown passes : 14 , Brett Favre Most 70 + yard touchdown passes : 16 , Peyton Manning & Aaron Rodgers Most 65 + yard touchdown passes : 24 , Brett Favre Most 60 + yard touchdown passes : 29 , Johnny Unitas Most 55 + yard touchdown passes : 37 , Johnny Unitas Most 50 + yard touchdown passes : 51 , Johnny Unitas Most 45 + yard touchdown passes : 56 , Johnny Unitas Most 40 + yard touchdown passes : 70 , Johnny Unitas Most 35 + yard touchdown passes : 91 , Peyton Manning Most 30 + yard touchdown passes : 120 , Peyton Manning Most 25 + yard touchdown passes : 156 , Peyton Manning Most 20 + yard touchdown passes : 193 , Peyton Manning Most 15 + yard touchdown passes : 246 , Peyton Manning Most 10 + yard touchdown passes : 323 , Peyton Manning Most 5 + yard touchdown passes : 420 , Peyton Manning Most 1 -- 4 yard touchdown passes : 118 , Peyton Manning Most red zone touchdown passes : 348 , Peyton Manning Most 1 yard touchdown passes : 37 , Brett Favre Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty - year period : 136 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven - year period : 127 , Brett Favre ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period : 123 , Brett Favre ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 , Brett Favre ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nine - year period : 109 , Brett Favre ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eight - year period : 99 , Brett Favre ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seven - year period : 83 , Brett Favre ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , six - year period : 66 , Brett Favre ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , five - year period : 58 , Brett Favre ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , four - year period : 50 , Brett Favre ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , three - year period : 42 , Dan Marino ( 122 -- 80 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1984 -- 1986 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , two - year period : 26 , Dan Marino ( 70 -- 44 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1986 -- 1987 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , one - year period : 19 , Dan Marino ( 44 -- 25 , 2nd : Ken O'Brien ; 1986 ) Regular season Most seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 1960 ; Steve Young , 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 ; Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ; Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2013 ; Tom Brady , 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 60 Most passing touchdowns , Season : 55 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most passing touchdowns , Rookie , Season : 26 , Peyton Manning , 1998 and Russell Wilson , 2012 Most passing touchdowns , season , home : 29 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most passing touchdowns , season , road : 29 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 1 + passing touchdowns , season : 16 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Dave Krieg , 1984 ; Kurt Warner , 1999 ; Brett Favre , 2003 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2012 ; Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2013 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2013 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 ; Russell Wilson , 2015 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games 2 + passing touchdowns , season : 15 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 3 + passing touchdowns , season : 12 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 4 + passing touchdowns , season : 9 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 5 + passing touchdowns , season : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 Most games 6 + passing touchdowns , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 ; Daryle Lamonica , 1969 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Highest percentage of passing touchdowns out of pass attempts , season : 13.9 , Sid Luckman , 1943 Most consecutive seasons , passing touchdowns : 21 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 3 , Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 ; Brett Favre , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 . Most seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 . Most seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 45 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 50 + passing touchdowns : 1 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most consecutive road games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 41 , Tony Romo , 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive home games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 60 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 54 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2012 Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 52 , Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2013 Most consecutive games , 2 + passing touchdowns : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 3 + passing touchdowns : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 Most consecutive games , 4 + passing touchdowns : 5 , Peyton Manning 2004 Most consecutive games , 5 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 , Tom Brady 2007 , Daunte Culpepper 2004 , Tom Flores ( AFL ) 1963 Most consecutive games , 6 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most consecutive passing touchdowns , no interceptions , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Game Most passing touchdowns , game : 7 , Sid Luckman on 11 - 14 - 1943 , Adrian Burk on 10 - 17 - 1954 , George Blanda on 11 - 19 - 1961 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Joe Kapp on 9 - 28 - 1969 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 3 - 2013 ; Drew Brees on 11 - 1 - 2015 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game : 5 , DeShaun Watson on Oct 8 , 2017 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Matthew Stafford on November 22 , 2009 , Ray Buivid on December 5 , 1937 Most passing touchdowns , one half : 6 , Daryle Lamonica on 10 - 19 - 1969 , Aaron Rodgers on 11 - 9 - 2014 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , one half : 4 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Marcus Mariota on 9 - 13 - 2015 . Most passing touchdowns , one quarter : 5 , Tom Brady on 10 - 18 - 2009 Most passing touchdowns , no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most passing touchdowns , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) , game : 7 Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most touchdown passes per games started average , regular season : 2.2 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 141 Games Started ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Most touchdown passes per game average , regular season : 2.09 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 148 Games ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , game : 35.3 , Daryle Lamonica , ( 6 TD Passes / 17 Attempts ) 12 - 21 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 100 touchdown passes : 44 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 200 touchdown passes : 89 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1989 Fewest games to reach 250 touchdown passes : 121 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 300 touchdown passes : 144 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2017 Fewest games to reach 400 touchdown passes : 205 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 500 touchdown passes : 244 , Peyton Manning , 1998 - 2014 Interceptions thrown ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 4 , Vinny Testaverde , 1988 -- 1989 , 2000 , 2004 Most passes intercepted , career : 336 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most passes intercepted , season : 42 , George Blanda , 1962 Most passes intercepted , rookie season : 28 , Peyton Manning , 1998 Most passes intercepted , game : 8 , Jim Hardy on 9 - 24 - 1950 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted : 358 , Tom Brady 2010 -- 2011 Most consecutive passes attempted , no pick 6 : 3,908 , Aaron Rodgers , 11 - 08 - 2009 to 9 - 24 - 2017 . Most pick 6s , quarter : 3 , Ed Baker , Dec 17 , 1972 ; Paul Christman Nov 5 , 1950 Most pick 6s , game : 3 , many times , most recently : Eli Manning , Nov 25 , 2007 Most pick 6s , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2001 ; Rudy Bukich , 1966 Most consecutive games with pick 6 : 4 , Matt Schaub , 2013 Most pick 6s , career : 31 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , home : 587 , Aaron Rodgers , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , away : 336 , Tom Brady , 12 - 27 - 2015 to 10 - 05 - 2017 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , single season : 335 , Tom Brady , 2010 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , rookie season : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a career : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a season : 287 , Alex Smith , 2017 Most attempts with no interceptions , game : 70 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most completions with no interceptions , game : 45 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most passing yards with no interceptions , game : 527 , Warren Moon on December 16 , 1990 Most touchdown passes with no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle , October 28 , 1962 ; Peyton Manning , September 5 , 2013 ; Nick Foles , November 3 , 2013 Most games 1 + interceptions , career : 196 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most games 2 + interceptions , career : 94 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most games 3 + interceptions , career : 39 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 4 + interceptions , career : 18 , George Blanda , 1960 -- 1966 Most games 5 + interceptions , career : 8 , George Blanda 1962 -- 1966 , Joe Namath 1966 -- 1976 Most games 1 + interceptions , season : 15 , Richard Todd , 1980 Most games 2 + interceptions , season : 12 , Frank Tripucka , 1960 Most games 3 + interceptions , season : 8 , George Blanda , 1962 ; Al Dorow , 1961 Most games 4 + interceptions , season : 6 , George Blanda , 1962 Most games 5 + interceptions , season : 3 , George Blanda 1962 Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 109 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 81 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 46 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 23 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2017 . Most games with 450 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2012 ; Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 1 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 , 2014 ; Derek Carr , 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 2015 ; Warren Moon , 1990 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Most consecutive games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 11 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 9 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 5 , Russell Wilson , 2015 Most consecutive games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , many players , most recent , Ben Roethlisberger , 2016 . Most consecutive games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive games with 6 touchdown passes and no interceptions : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive touchdowns , none intercepted , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 122 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 95 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 54 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 22 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 7 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 . Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 14 , Tom Brady 2010 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , career : 91 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , career : 26 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , season : 5 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2015 Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 93 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 29 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 ; Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 50 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 8 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2012 Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit ) Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , game : + 7 ( 7 TDs , 0 INTs ) , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , season : + 45 ( 55 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Peyton Manning , 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season : + 19 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , rookie season : 5.75 : 1 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , career : + 321 ( 475 TDs , 154 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception differential , playoffs , career : + 32 ( 63 TDs , 31 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2002 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , career : 4.13 : 1 ( 310 TDs , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 4 : 1 ( 24 TDs , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 - 2014 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , season : 14 : 1 ( 28 TDs , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 14 TD passes ) . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , career : 509.49 : 1 ( 38,212 yards , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best passing yards - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 589.83 : 1 ( 3,539 yards , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2014 . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , season : 1,777 : 1 ( 3,554 yards , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 2,000 passing yards ) . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit ) Most seasons led league , lowest percentage intercepted : 5 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 1.55 ( 75 INTs , 4,850 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage pick 6s , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 0.000412 ( 2 pick 6s , 4,850 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 0.0 ( 0 INTs , 200 attempts ) , Brian Hoyer , 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season : 0.87 ( 4 INTs , 459 attempts ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Sacked ( edit ) Most times sacked , career : 525 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most times sacked , season : 76 , David Carr 2002 Most times sacked , game : 12 , Bert Jones on October 26 , 1980 ; Warren Moon on September 29 , 1985 ; Donovan McNabb on September 30 , 2007 Most sack yards lost , career : 3,794 , Dave Krieg Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , season : 1.2 % ( 3 times sacked , 255 passing plays ) , Steve Walsh , 1991 Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , career : 2.95 % , Steve Walsh Receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders . Receptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Don Hutson , 1936 -- 37 , 1939 , 1941 -- 45 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 45 Most pass receptions , career : 1,549 Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive pass receptions , no fumbles , career : 609 , Tony Gonzalez , December 23 , 2006 - December 28 , 2013 ( end of career ) Most consecutive pass receptions , no touchdown receptions : 242 , Thomas Jones , 2000 -- 2007 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , career : 201 , Gerald Riggs , 1983 -- 1991 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , season : 85 , James Wilder , 1984 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , game : 18 , Jason Witten , Oct. 28 , 2012 Most pass receptions , game , rookie : 14 , Roy Helu , Nov 6 , 2011 Most pass receptions , first game : 13 , Sid Blanks , Sep 12 , 1964 Highest reception average per game , career : 6.29 , Julio Jones , ( 497 Receptions / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- 2016 Highest reception average per game , season : 8.94 , Marvin Harrison , ( 143 Receptions / 16 Games ) , 2002 Most pass receptions , season : 143 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , away : 74 , Julio Jones , 2015 Most pass receptions , season , home : 82 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , tight end : 110 , Jason Witten , 2012 Most pass receptions , season , running back : 102 , Matt Forte , 2014 Most pass receptions , rookie , season : 101 , Anquan Boldin , 2003 Most pass receptions , game : 21 , Brandon Marshall on December 13 , 2009 Most pass receptions , one half : 13 , Jason Witten on October 28 , 2012 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions : 274 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions to start a career : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most consecutive games , 2 + pass receptions : 147 , Tim Brown 1993 -- 2002 Most consecutive games , 3 + pass receptions : 82 , Reggie Wayne 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 4 + pass receptions : 39 , Julio Jones , 2013 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 5 + pass receptions : 36 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 6 + pass receptions : 16 , Marvin Harrison 2002 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 7 + pass receptions : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 8 + pass receptions : 8 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most consecutive games , 9 + pass receptions : 6 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most consecutive games , 10 + pass receptions : 4 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 11 + pass receptions : 2 , by 18 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive games , 12 + pass receptions : 2 , by 8 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 15 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 11 , Tony Gonzalez 2003 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 6 , Torry Holt 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison 1999 - 2002 , Antonio Brown 2013 - 2016 Most seasons , 5 + pass receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 15 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 20 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 25 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 30 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 35 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 40 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 45 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 55 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 65 + pass receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 14 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most seasons , 75 + pass receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 80 + pass receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 85 + pass receptions : 7 , Andre Johnson 2006 -- 2014 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 , Marvin Harrison 1999 -- 2006 , Cris Carter 1993 -- 2000 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 7 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 95 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 Most seasons , 105 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 110 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 115 + pass receptions : 3 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2012 Most seasons , 120 + pass receptions : 2 , Cris Carter 1994 -- 1995 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2011 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most seasons , 125 + pass receptions : 2 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most games , 5 + pass receptions , season : 16 , Jimmy Smith 2001 , Pierre Garçon 2013 , and Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 6 + pass receptions , season : 15 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 7 + pass receptions , season : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 8 + pass receptions , season : 12 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 9 + pass receptions , season : 10 , Marvin Harrison 2002 , Julio Jones 2015 Most games , 10 + pass receptions , season : 7 , Wes Welker 2009 , Andre Johnson 2008 Most games , 11 + pass receptions , season : 5 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 12 + pass receptions , season : 4 , Cris Carter 1995 Most games , 13 + pass receptions , season : 3 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 14 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 , Reggie Wayne 2010 Most games , 15 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 16 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 1 + reception , career : 296 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + receptions , career : 284 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 3 + receptions , career : 256 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 4 + receptions , career : 213 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 5 + receptions , career : 166 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + receptions , career : 128 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 7 + receptions , career : 86 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 8 + receptions , career : 51 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most games , 9 + receptions , career : 39 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 10 + receptions , career : 22 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 11 + receptions , career : 13 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2013 Most games , 12 + receptions , career : 9 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 13 + receptions , career : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 14 + receptions , career : 3 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present Most games , 15 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2014 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 16 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 17 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 18 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 19 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Most games , 20 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Fewest games to record 100 career receptions : 14 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2015 Fewest games to record 200 career receptions : 30 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 300 career receptions : 45 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2017 Fewest games to record 400 career receptions : 67 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2007 Fewest games to record 500 career receptions : 80 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2008 , Julio Jones 2011 - 2017 Fewest games to record 600 career receptions : 96 , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 700 career receptions : 114 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2003 Fewest games to record 800 career receptions : 131 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2004 Fewest games to record 900 career receptions : 149 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2005 Fewest games to record 1,000 career receptions : 167 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2006 Fewest games to record 1,100 career receptions : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Yards receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . Most seasons leading league : 7 , Don Hutson , 1936 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 44 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 44 Most receiving yards , career : 22,895 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most receiving yards per game average , career : 96.3 , Julio Jones , ( 7,610 yards / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- present Most receiving yards per game average , season : 129.0 , Wes Chandler , ( 1,032 yards / 8 Games ) , 1982 Most seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 14 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 4 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1998 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 11 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 2 , Marvin Harrison 2001 -- 2002 , Andre Johnson 2008 -- 2009 , Calvin Johnson 2011 -- 2012 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 , Julio Jones 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , season : 1,964 , Calvin Johnson , 2012 Most receiving yards , two seasons , to start a career : 2,755 , Odell Beckham Jr. , 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , rookie , season : 1,473 , Bill Groman ( AFL ) , 1960 Most receiving yards , no fumbles , season : 1,746 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , career : 1,516 , Gerald Riggs , 1982 - 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , season : 963 , Al Toon , 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , game : 284 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most receiving yards , season , at home : 1,089 , Andre Johnson , 2008 Most receiving yards , season , away : 1,025 , Calvin Johnson , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , TE : 1,327 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , RB : 1,048 , Marshall Faulk , 1999 Most receiving yards , game : 336 , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most receiving yards , non-overtime game : 329 , Calvin Johnson , October 27 , 2013 Most receiving yards , outdoor game : 309 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , outdoor away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , non-overtime away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , game , rookie : 255 , Jerry Butler , September 23 , 1979 Most receiving yards , first game : 217 , Anquan Boldin , September 7 , 2003 Most receiving yards , game , TE : 214 , Shannon Sharpe , Oct 20 , 2002 Most receiving yards , one half : 258 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , one quarter : 210 , Qadry Ismail , Dec 12 , 1999 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career : 198 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career : 76 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career : 30 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2003 Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career : 5 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 67 ; Calvin Johnson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + receiving yards , career : 2 ; Julio Jones , 2014 -- 16 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , season : 16 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 13 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , season : 11 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , season : 5 ; Tim Brown , 1997 ; Jerry Rice , 1995 ; Roy Green , 1984 ; Most games , 200 + receiving yards , season : 3 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most consecutive games , 50 + receiving yards : 35 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 9 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 100 + receiving yards : 8 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 125 + receiving yards : 5 , Calvin Johnson 2012 , Pat Studstill 1966 Most consecutive games , 150 + receiving yards : 3 , Josh Gordon 2013 , Isaac Bruce 1995 , Andre Rison 1990 , Roy Green 1984 , James Lofton 1984 , Don Maynard 1968 Most consecutive games , 200 + receiving yards : 2 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games : 498 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 3 consecutive games : 649 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 4 consecutive games : 774 , Josh Gordon 2013 Longest pass reception ( see also 99 -- yard pass play ) : 99 , by 12 players , most recently Victor Cruz on December 24 , 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 career receiving yards : 10 , Lionel Taylor 1960 , Bill Groman 1960 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career receiving yards : 20 , Bill Groman 1960 - 1961 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1961 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career receiving yards : 29 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1962 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career receiving yards : 42 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1965 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career receiving yards : 52 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career receiving yards : 62 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career receiving yards : 72 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1968 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career receiving yards : 83 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career receiving yards : 93 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career receiving yards : 115 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2014 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career receiving yards : 127 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career receiving yards : 142 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1994 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career receiving yards : 160 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1995 Average yards / reception ( edit ) Highest average gain , career ( minimum 200 receptions ) : 22.26 ( 4,996 yards / 224 receptions ) , Homer Jones , 1964 -- 70 Highest average gain , season ( minimum 24 receptions ) : 32.58 ( 782 yards / 24 receptions ) , Don Currivan , 1947 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 3 receptions ) : 63.00 ( 189 yards / 3 receptions ) , Torry Holt on September 24 , 2000 Receiving touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . Most seasons led league : 9 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 38 , 1940 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 197 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 23 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most touchdowns for a TE , season ; 17 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most touchdowns for a RB , season ; 9 , Billy Cannon , 1961 ; Bill Brown , 1964 ; Chuck Foreman , 1975 ; Leroy Hoard , 1991 ; Marshall Faulk , 2001 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 17 , Randy Moss , 1998 Most touchdowns , season , home : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2001 ; Jordy Nelson , 2011 Most touchdowns , season , away : 14 , Randy Moss , 2007 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , season : 1.83 , Jerry Rice , ( 22 TDs / 12 Games ) , 1987 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , career : 0.853 , Don Hutson , ( 99 TDs / 116 Games ) , 1935 -- 1945 Most touchdowns , back - to - back games : 7 , Cloyce Box , Nov 23 , 1950 - Dec 3 , 1950 Most touchdowns , game : 5 , Bob Shaw on October 2 , 1950 , Jerry Rice on October 14 , 1990 ; Kellen Winslow on November 22 , 1981 Most touchdowns , one half : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 ; Dante Lavelli , Oct 14 , 1949 ; Bob Shaw , Oct 2 , 1950 ; Harold Jackson , Oct 14 , 1973 ; Paul Warfield Dec 15 , 1973 ; Ahmad Rashād , Sep 2 , 1979 ; Roy Green , Nov 13 , 1983 ; Mark Ingram , Nov 27 , 1994 ; Marcus Robinson , Nov 23 , 2003 ; Randy Moss , Nov 18 , 2007 Most touchdowns , one quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games , 1 + TD receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most consecutive games , 2 + TD receptions : 4 , Cris Carter , 1995 ; Calvin Johnson , 2011 ; Doug Baldwin , 2015 Most consecutive games , 3 + TD receptions : 3 , Cloyce Box , 1952 Most games 1 + TD receptions , career : 139 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games 2 + TD receptions , career : 44 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most games 3 + TD receptions , career : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2001 Most games 4 + TD receptions , career : 2 , Bob Shaw , 1949 -- 1950 ; Jerry Rice , 1990 -- 1993 ; Sterling Sharpe , 1993 -- 1994 Most games 1 + TD receptions , season : 13 , Mark Clayton , 1984 ; Jerry Rice , 1989 ; Carl Pickens , 1995 ; Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 2 + TD receptions , season : 8 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 3 + TD receptions , season : 4 , Sonny Randle , 1960 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + TD receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + TD receptions : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + TD receptions : 11 , Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + TD receptions : 11 , Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + TD receptions : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + TD receptions : 8 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2006 Most consecutive seasons , 11 + TD receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1966 ; Art Powell , 1963 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 12 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 ; Cris Carter , 1997 -- 1999 Most consecutive seasons , 13 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 14 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2000 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 15 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most seasons with at least 1 touchdown reception : 20 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 2 touchdown receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 3 touchdown receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 4 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 5 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 6 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 7 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 8 touchdown receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 9 touchdown receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions : 9 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 11 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 12 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 13 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 14 touchdown receptions : 6 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 15 touchdown receptions : 5 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 16 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 17 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 18 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice , Sterling Sharpe , Mark Clayton Most seasons with at least 19 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 20 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most touchdown receptions , 20 + yards , game 4 , Cloyce Box , 12 - 03 - 1950 ; Art Powell , 12 - 22 - 1963 ; Wesley Walker , 9 - 21 - 1986 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , career : 12 , Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1970 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , season : 6 , Elroy Hirsch , 1951 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , career : 3 , John Taylor , 1989 -- 1991 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , game : 2 , John Taylor , Dec 11 , 1989 Fewest games to reach 50 career touchdown receptions : 54 , Lance Alworth 1962 - 1966 Yards from scrimmage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . Most seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 6 Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1959 , 1961 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 4 Thurman Thomas , 1989 -- 1992 Most yards from scrimmage , career : 23,540 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards from scrimmage , season : 2,509 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards from scrimmage , no fumbles , season : 2,189 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , season : 1,124 , Clark Gaines , 1979 Most yards from scrimmage , rookie , season : 2,212 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , season , away : 1,289 , O.J. Simpson , 1976 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 100 games ) : 125.52 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 40 games ) : 128.7 , Le'veon Bell 2014 - 2016 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , season : 163.36 , Priest Holmes ( 2,237 yards / 14 games ) , 2002 Most attempts , season : 492 , ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions ) , James Wilder , 1984 Most attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , Marcel Shipp , 2003 Most attempts , rookie , season : 441 , ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions ) , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , game : 336 , ( all receiving yards ) , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most yards from scrimmage , non-overtime game : 330 , Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , game : 307 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most yards from scrimmage , first game : 246 , Kareem Hunt , September 7 , 2017 Most yards from scrimmage , back - to - back games : 525 , Walter Payton , Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 Most games , 50 yards from scrimmage , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , career : 108 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , career : 46 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , career : 14 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , career : 5 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , season : 15 , Marcus Allen , 1985 ; Barry Sanders , 1997 ; Edgerrin James , 2000 ; David Johnson 2016 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , season : 10 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2003 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , season : 2 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most games , 90 yards from scrimmage , season : 16 , William Andrews , 1981 Most consecutive games , 100 yards from scrimmage : 17 , Marcus Allen , 1985 -- 1986 Most consecutive games , 200 yards from scrimmage : 3 , Le'Veon Bell , Nov 17 , 2014 , Nov 30 , 2014 , Dec 7 , 2014 . Walter Payton , Nov 13 , 1977 , Nov 20 , 1977 , Nov 24 , 1977 Most consecutive seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 16 , Tony Gonzalez , 1998 -- 2013 Most seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 18 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2001 -- 2008 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1988 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 85 Fewest games to reach 1,000 yards from scrimmage : 7 , Eric Dickerson 1983 , Kareem Hunt 2017 Fewest games to reach 2,000 yards from scrimmage : 14 , Eric Dickerson 1983 Fewest games to reach 3,000 yards from scrimmage : 22 , Edgerrin James 1983 - 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 yards from scrimmage : 30 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2000 Fewest games to reach 5,000 yards from scrimmage : 36 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2001 Fewest games to reach 6,000 yards from scrimmage : 44 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 7,000 yards from scrimmage : 55 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 yards from scrimmage : 64 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 yards from scrimmage : 72 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2005 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 10,000 yards from scrimmage : 78 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 11,000 yards from scrimmage : 87 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage : 95 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2006 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 13,000 yards from scrimmage : 104 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 14,000 yards from scrimmage : 111 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 15,000 yards from scrimmage : 121 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Fewest games to reach 16,000 yards from scrimmage : 129 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 17,000 yards from scrimmage : 142 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Fewest games to reach 18,000 yards from scrimmage : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 yards from scrimmage : 164 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 20,000 yards from scrimmage : 174 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 All - purpose ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns . Most seasons leading league , combined net yards : 5 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 61 , 1964 Most consecutive seasons leading league , combined net yards : 4 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1961 All - purpose attempts ( edit ) Most combined attempts , career : 4,939 , Emmitt Smith ( 4,409 rushes , 515 receptions , 15 fumble returns ) , 1990 -- 2004 Most combined attempts , season : 492 , James Wilder ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1984 Most combined attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 , Gerald Riggs ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 , Marcel Shipp ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2003 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 300 , Larry Marshall ( 162 punt returns , 138 kickoff returns ) , 1972 -- 1978 Most consecutive combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 512 , Marcel Shipp ( 438 rushes , 74 receptions ) , December 15 , 2002 - December 3 , 2006 Most combined attempts , rookie , season : 441 , Eric Dickerson ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1983 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 2,000 attempts : 138.0 , Curtis Martin , 1995 -- 2005 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 1,000 attempts : 199.88 , Ray Rice , 2008 -- 2013 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles : 870 , Steven Jackson ( 755 rushes , 115 receptions ) , Nov 3 , 2011 - January 3 , 2016 ( end of career ) Most combined attempts , no fumbles , career : 446 , Darnay Scott ( 408 receptions , 22 rushes , 15 kickoff returns , 1 fumble return ) , 1994 -- 2002 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles to start a career : 589 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis ( 559 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2008 -- 2012 Most combined attempts , game : 48 , James Wilder ( 42 rushes , 6 receptions ) , on October 30 , 1983 and LaDainian Tomlinson ( 37 rushes , 11 receptions ) , on December 1 , 2002 ( OT ) All - purpose yards ( edit ) Most yards gained , career : 23,546 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards gained , total , season : 2,696 , Darren Sproles , 2011 Highest average yards per game , season : 175.9 , Terry Metcalf , 1975 Highest average yards per game , career : 138.8 , Gale Sayers , 1965 - 1971 Most yards gained , total , season , home : 1,508 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards gained , total , season , away : 1,455 , Timmy Brown , 1962 Most yards gained , total , rookie , season : 2,317 , Tim Brown , 1988 Most yards gained , no touchdowns , season : 2,208 , Wes Welker , 2005 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 2,215 , Le'veon Bell , 2014 Most yards gained , total , game : 404 , Glyn Milburn ; Dec 10 , 1995 Most games , 50 yards gained , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards gained , career : 118 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 2003 Most games , 150 yards gained , career : 46 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards gained , career : 17 , Darren Sproles 2007 -- present Most games , 250 yards gained , career : 7 , Terry Metcalf 1974 -- 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , career : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Josh Cribbs 2007 -- 2009 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Most games , 1 yard gained , season : 17 , Dexter Carter 1995 Most games , 93 yard gained , season : 16 , Brian Mitchell 1994 Most games , 100 yards gained , season : 15 , David Johnson 2016 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Edgerrin James 2000 , MarTay Jenkins 2000 , Derrick Mason 2000 , Barry Sanders 1997 , Marcus Allen 1985 Most games , 150 yards gained , season : 11 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Terry Metcalf 1975 , Darren Sproles 2011 Most games , 200 yards gained , season : 5 , Fred Jackson 2009 , Josh Cribbs 2009 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2003 , Walter Payton 1977 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Terry Metcalf 1975 Most games , 250 yards gained , season : 3 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Lionel James 1985 , Terry Metcalf 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , season : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 Most consecutive games , 100 or more yards : 23 , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 1967 Most consecutive games , 200 or more yards : 4 , Darren Sproles , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards : 9 , Brian Mitchell , 1994 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 1985 ; Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , 1986 , 1988 ; Brian Mitchell 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Tiki Barber 2000 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 all purpose yards : 5 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 all purpose yards : 13 , Gale Sayers 1965 , James Brooks 1981 , Danny Amendola 2009 Fewest games to reach 3,000 all purpose yards : 20 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 4,000 all purpose yards : 25 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 5,000 all purpose yards : 31 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 6,000 all purpose yards : 39 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 all purpose yards : 44 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1968 Fewest games to reach 8,000 all purpose yards : 53 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 all purpose yards : 61 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 all purpose yards : 76 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 11,000 all purpose yards : 83 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 12,000 all purpose yards : 91 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2011 Fewest games to reach 13,000 all purpose yards : 96 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 14,000 all purpose yards : 106 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 15,000 all purpose yards : 114 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 16,000 all purpose yards : 126 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2014 Fewest games to reach 17,000 all purpose yards : 140 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 18,000 all purpose yards : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 all purpose yards : 160 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1985 Fewest games to reach 20,000 all purpose yards : 168 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1986 Interceptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Everson Walls , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 ; Ed Reed , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 Most interceptions , career : 81 , Paul Krause , 1964 -- 79 Most interceptions , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions , rookie , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions by , game : 4 , by 19 players , most recently DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most interceptions , one half : 4 , DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most consecutive games with an interception : 8 , Tom Morrow , 1962 -- 63 Most consecutive seasons with an interception : 19 , Darrell Green , Washington Redskins , 1983 -- 2001 Most interceptions without scoring a touchdown , career : 50 , Don Burroughs , 1955 - 1964 Interception return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Darren Sharper , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 Most interception return yards , career : 1,590 , Ed Reed , 2002 -- 2013 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 30 interceptions ) : 25.1 ( 1,331 yards / 53 INTS ) , Deion Sanders , 1989 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2005 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 20 interceptions ) : 27.6 ( 608 yards / 22 INTS ) , Erik McMillan , 1989 -- 1993 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 10 interceptions ) : 33.8 ( 473 yards / 14 INTS ) , Malcolm Jenkins , 2009 - present Most interception return yards without scoring a touchdown , career : 736 , Jack Tatum , 1971 -- 1980 Most interception return yards , season : 376 , Darren Sharper , New Orleans Saints , 2009 Most interception return yards , rookie , season : 301 , Don Doll , Detroit Lions , 1949 Most interception return yards , game : 177 , Charlie McNeil on September 24 , 1961 Longest interception return : 108 , Ed Reed on November 23 , 2008 Interception return touchdowns ( edit ) Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , career : 12 , Rod Woodson , 1987 -- 2003 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , season : 4 ; Ken Houston , 1971 ; Jim Kearney , 1972 ; Eric Allen 1993 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , rookie , season : 3 ; Lem Barney , 1967 ; Ronnie Lott , 1981 ; Janoris Jenkins 2012 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , game : 2 , by 30 players , most recently Zach Brown on December 30 , 2012 Most consecutive seasons with an interception returned for a touchdown : 6 , Charles Woodson , Green Bay Packers , 2006 -- 2011 Punting ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 ; Jerrel Wilson , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 -- 73 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 Punts ( edit ) Most punts , career : 1,713 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most punts , season : 114 , Bob Parsons , 1981 and Chad Stanley , 2002 Most punts , rookie , season : 111 , Brad Maynard 1997 Most punts , game : 16 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Longest punt : 98 yards , Steve O'Neal on September 21 , 1969 Punting yards ( edit ) Most punting yardage , career : 71,211 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punting yardage , season : 5,209 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punting yardage , rookie , season : 4,531 , Brad Maynard , 1997 Most punting yardage , game : 709 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Average punting yards ( edit ) Highest average , punting , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 47.47 ( 1,192 punts for 56,580 yards ) , Shane Lechler , 2000 -- present Highest average , punting , season ( among qualified players ) : 51.40 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) , Sammy Baugh , 1940 Highest average , punting , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 47.84 ( 91 punts for 4,353 yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest average , punting , game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 61.75 ( 4 punts for 247 yards ) , Bob Cifers on November 24 , 1946 Average net punting yards ( edit ) Net average has been compiled since 1976 . Highest net average , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 41.1 ( 488 punts for 22,497 net yards ) , Pat McAfee , 2009 -- present Highest net average , season ( among qualified players ) : 44.23 ( 78 punts for 3,450 net yards ) , John Hekker , 2013 Highest net average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 40.85 ( 92 punts for 3,758 net yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest net average game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 59.50 ( 4 punts for 238 net yards ) , Rohn Stark on September 13 , 1992 Punts had blocked ( edit ) Most consecutive punts , none blocked : 1,177 , Chris Gardocki , 1992 -- 2006 Most punts had blocked , career : 14 ; Herman Weaver , 1970 -- 80 ; Harry Newsome , 1985 -- 93 Most punts had blocked , season : 6 , Harry Newsome , 1988 Punts inside the 20 ( edit ) Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 . Most punts inside the 20 , career : 554 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punts inside the 20 , season : 46 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punts inside the 20 , game : 8 ; Mark Royals on November 6 , 1994 ; Bryan Barker on November 14 , 1999 Punt returns ( edit ) Punt return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league in number of punt returns : 3 , Les `` Speedy '' Duncan , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 Most punt returns , career : 463 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most punt returns without a touchdown , career : 264 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 273 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns , season : 70 , Danny Reece , 1979 Most punt returns , rookie , season : 57 , Lew Barnes , 1986 Most punt returns , game : 11 , Eddie Brown on October 9 , 1977 Fair catches ( edit ) Most fair catches , career : 231 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most fair catches , season : 36 , Jeremy Kerley , 2012 Most fair catches , game : 7 ; Bake Turner on November 20 , 1966 , Lem Barney on November 21 , 1976 , Bobby Morse on December 27 , 1967 and Chris Carr on November 16 , 2008 Punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Alvin Haymond , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 Most yards gained , career : 4,999 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 875 , Desmond Howard , 1996 Most yards gained with zero fumbles , season : 578 , Jermaine Lewis , 2000 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 699 , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals , 2011 Most yards gained , game : 207 , LeRoy Irvin on October 11 , 1981 Longest Punt return : 103 , Robert Bailey on October 23 , 1994 Average punt return yards ( edit ) Highest average yardage , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 12.78 ( 112 returns for 1,431 yards ) , George McAfee , 1940 -- 1950 Highest average yardage , season ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , highest average , season , rookie ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 53.33 , Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most punts returned for touchdown , career : 14 Devin Hester , Chicago Bears , 2006 -- 2013 , Atlanta Falcons , 2014 -- 2015 Most punts returned for touchdown , season : 4 ; Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 ; Devin Hester , 2007 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , rookie , season : 4 , Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , game : 2 , 16 times by 13 players , most recently Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Most games with two or more punts returned for touchdowns : 2 ; Jack Christiansen October 14 , 1951 and November 22 , 1951 ; Eric Metcalf October 24 , 1993 and November 2 , 1997 ; Jermaine Lewis December 7 , 1997 and December 24 , 2000 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Kickoff return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Abe Woodson , 1959 , 1962 -- 63 Most kickoff returns , career : 607 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season , career : 359 , Desmond Howard , 1992 -- 2002 Most consecutive kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 285 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 1997 Most kickoff returns , season : 82 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most kickoff returns , rookie , season : 73 ; Josh Scobey 2003 ; Chris Carr , 2005 Most kickoff returns , game : 10 , Desmond Howard on October 26 , 1997 and Richard Alston on November 28 , 2004 Kickoff return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Bruce Harper , 1977 -- 79 ; Tyrone Hughes , 1994 -- 96 Most yards gained , career : 14,014 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 2,186 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,684 , Josh Scobey , 2003 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,752 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards gained , game : 304 , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Longest kickoff return : 109 yards , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 Average kickoff return yards ( edit ) Highest average , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 30.56 ( 91 returns for 2,781 yards ) , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 71 Highest average , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 73.50 ( 4 returns for 294 yards ) , Wally Triplett on October 29 , 1950 Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 8 , Josh Cribbs , 2005 -- 2014 , Leon Washington , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 4 ; Travis Williams , 1967 ; Cecil Turner , 1970 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 4 , Travis Williams , 1967 Kickoff returns , most touchdowns , game : 2 ; by 10 players , most recently Leon Washington on September 26 , 2010 . Combined kick / punt returns ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined returns : 3 , Vai Sikahema , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 Most combined kick returns , career : 1,070 ( 463 punt , 607 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career : 404 ( 148 punt , 256 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , season : 107 ( 34 punt , 73 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career , including postseason : 412 ( 153 punt , 259 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns , season : 114 ; Michael Lewis , 2002 ( 44 punt , 70 kickoff ) ; B.J. Sams , 2004 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) Most combined kick returns , rookie , season : 114 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) , B.J. Sams , 2004 Most combined kick returns , game : 13 ; Stump Mitchell on October 18 , 1981 ( 6 punt , 7 kickoff ) and Ronnie Harris on December 5 , 1993 ( 10 punt , 3 kickoff ) Kick / punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Tyrone Hughes 1993 , 1995 , 1996 ; Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 , Vai Sikahema , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 Most yards returned , career : 19,013 ( 4,999 punt , 14,014 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards returned , season : 2,432 ( 625 punt , 1,807 kickoff ) , Michael Lewis , 2002 Most yards returned , no fumbles , season : 1,911 , Glyn Milburn , 1996 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdown , season : 1,978 , Danny Amendola , 2009 ; Chris Carr , 2006 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career : 7,349 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career , including postseason : 7,470 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , rookie , season : 1,938 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards returned , game : 347 ( 43 punt , 304 kickoff ) , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 19 ( 14 punt , 5 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 6 ( 4 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2007 Most touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 3 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 Most touchdowns , game ( any combination of kickoff and punt returns ) : 2 ; 39 times by 33 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Most touchdowns , game ( with both a kickoff and a punt for a TD ) : 2 ; by 13 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career : 166 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most fumbles , season : 23 ; Kerry Collins , 2001 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2002 Most fumbles , game : 7 , Len Dawson , November 15 , 1964 Fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most fumbles recovered , career , own and opponents ' : 56 ( all own ) , Warren Moon , 1984 -- 2000 Most fumbles recovered , season , own and opponents ' : 12 ( all own ) , David Carr , 2002 Most fumbles recovered , game , own and opponents ' : 4 , Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own ) Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own ) Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own ) Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own ) Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own ) Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own ) Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's ) Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own ) Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , career : 30 ; Jim Marshall , 1960 -- 1979 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , season : 9 , Don Hultz , 1963 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , game : 3 , by 15 players , most recently Brian Young on November 9 , 2003 Fumble return yards ( edit ) Longest fumble return : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return yards , career : 328 , DeAngelo Hall 2004 -- present Fumble return yards , season : 157 , Dwayne Rudd , 1998 Fumble return yards , rookie season : 98 , Toby Wright , 1994 Fumble return yards , game : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return touchdowns ( edit ) Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( total ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( total ) : 2 ; by 41 players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( total ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( own recovered ) : 2 ; by 9 players , most recently Kevin Curtis 2003 -- 2010 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( own recovered ) : 2 ; Ahmad Rashād , 1974 ; Del Rodgers , 1982 , Kevin Curtis 2007 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 ; by 38 Players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Fumbles forced ( edit ) Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available . Most fumbles forced , career : 54 ; Robert Mathis , 2003 -- 2016 Most fumbles forced , season : 10 ; Osi Umenyiora , 2010 ; Charles Tillman , 2012 Tackles ( edit ) Most solo tackles , career : 1,640 , Jessie Tuggle , 1987 -- 2000 Most solo tackles , game : 16 , most recently Chris Borland , 2014 Sacks ( edit ) Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982 Most seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96 Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003 DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010 Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011 J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Most sacks , career : 200 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most sacks , season : 22.5 , Michael Strahan , 2001 Most sacks , rookie , season : 14.5 , Jevon Kearse , 1999 Most sacks , game : 7.0 , Derrick Thomas on November 11 , 1990 Most seasons , 1 + sacks : 19 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 10 + sacks : 13 , Bruce Smith , 1986 -- 90 , 1992 -- 98 , 2000 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + sacks : 9 , Reggie White , 1985 -- 93 Most consecutive games , sack : 11 , Jared Allen , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + sacks : 2 , J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2014 Records in a single decade ( edit ) All - purpose yards : 16,900 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 1999 Yards from scrimmage : 16,691 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing yards : 13,963 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing touchdowns : 138 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2000 -- 2009 Rushing attempts : 3,243 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Receptions : 868 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Receiving yards : 12,594 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown receptions : 120 , Randy Moss 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown passes : 314 , Peyton Manning 2000 -- 2009 Pass interceptions : 176 , Brett Favre 2000 -- 2009 Points : 1,169 , David Akers 2000 -- 2009 Interceptions : 59 , Emlen Tunnell 1950 -- 1959 Interception yards : 1,330 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Fumble return yards : 242 , Jason Taylor 2000 -- 2009 Interception returns for touchdowns : 9 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Records in a single month ( edit ) Rushing yards : 861 , Adrian Peterson December 2012 Rushing attempts : 141 , Ernest Byner December 1990 Rushing touchdowns : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Receiving yards : 822 , Charley Hennigan October 1961 Games with 90 + Receiving yards , rookie : 5 , Odell Beckham November 2014 Receptions : 49 , Calvin Johnson December 2012 Receiving touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice November 1987 , Don Hutson November 1942 All - purpose yards : 970 , Terry Metcalf November 1975 Yards from scrimmage : 968 , Chris Johnson November 2009 Combined Touches : 161 , Edgerrin James ( 130 rushes , 31 receptions ) November 2003 Passing yards : 1,755 , Peyton Manning December 2013 Passing touchdowns : 20 , Tom Brady , October 2007 Completion percentage ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 81.8 , Peyton Manning December 2008 Passer rating ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 150.3 , Steve Young November 1993 Touchdowns : 13 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Field Goals : 20 , Olindo Mare October 1999 PATs : 28 , Stephen Gostkowski October 2007 Points : 78 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Points by a kicker : 77 , Paul Hornung October 1961 Sacks : 9.5 , Chris Doleman November 1987 , Michael Strahan December 2001 Fumble return yards : 128 , Tyrone Hughes November 1994 Interceptions : 8 , Tom Morrow September 1963 Interception return yards : 197 , Charles McNeil September 1961 , Marcus Peters December 2015 Interceptions returned for touchdowns : 3 , Ken Houston December 1971 , Eric Allen December 2000 Punt return yards : 350 , Desmond Howard December 1996 Punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Eric Metcalf November 1997 Kickoff return yards : 759 , Jerome Mathis October 2005 Kickoffs returned for touchdowns : 3 , André Davis December 2007 Combined punt and kickoff return yards : 786 , Michael Lewis October 2002 Overtime records ( edit ) Most overtime field goals , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Longest overtime field goal : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski , Oakland Raiders vs. New York Jets Oct 19 , 2008 Most overtime touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime rushing touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime touchdown passes , career : 4 , Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2006 Longest overtime touchdown pass / reception : 99 yards , Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10 , 1985 Longest overtime rushing touchdown : 96 yards , Garrison Hearst , San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6 , 1998 Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown : 72 yards , Lorenzo Lynch , Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29 , 1995 Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown : 96 yards , Chad Morton , New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8 , 2002 Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown : 52 yards , Johnie Cooks , Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4 , 1983 Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown : 99 yards , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6 , 2011 Miscellaneous ( edit ) Most return ( of a punt , kickoff , interception , fumble , missed field goal , blocked punt / field goal ) touchdowns : 20 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Most return ( of a punt , kick , interception or fumble ) touchdowns , including postseason : 21 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Longest play : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 ( return of a missed field goal ) , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 ( kickoff return ) Most blocked kicks ( field goals / PATs / punts ) : 25 , Ted Hendricks , 1969 -- 1983 Longest return of a missed field goal : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 Most missed field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Al Nelson 1965 -- 1973 , Carl Taseff 1951 -- 1962 Longest return of a blocked field goal : 94 yards , Bobby Smith Oct 25 , 1964 Most blocked field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Kyle Arrington 2010 -- 2014 , Nate Clements 2008 -- 2009 , Kevin Ross 1987 -- 1995 Longest return of a blocked punt : 67 yards , Frank Filchock Sep 28 , 1941 Most blocked punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Ed Reed 2002 -- 2013 , Tom Flynn 1984 -- 1988 Oldest player : 48 , George Blanda , 1975 Only players to throw and catch a pass for a touchdown in the same play : 3 yards , Brad Johnson Oct 12 , 1997 ; 37 yards , Frank Ryan October 30 , 1960 Other ( edit ) Only player with 200 yards receiving and 50 yards rushing in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Ollie Matson Nov. 28 , 1954 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only players with 120 yards receiving and 120 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 10 rushing attempts in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Curtis McClinton , Dec. 19 , 1965 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Herschel Walker , Oct. 12 , 1986 ; Jahvid Best , Sep. 19 , 2010 Only player with 130 yards receiving and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Reggie Bush , Dec. 3 , 2006 Only player with 90 yards receiving and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Shaun Alexander , Sep. 29 , 2002 Only player with 150 yards receiving and 1 kick off return for touchdown in the same game : Gary Ballman , Nov. 17 , 1963 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Tim Dwight , Jan. 3 , 2000 ; Desean Jackson , Dec. 13 , 2009 Only player with 170 yards receiving and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Louis Lipps , Nov. 13 , 1988 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 30 rushing attempts in the same game : Steven Jackson , Dec. 24 , 2006 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 230 yards rushing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Fred Taylor , Nov. 19 , 2000 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 10 receptions in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Dec. 1 , 2002 Only players with 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only players with 190 yards rushing and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 2 touchdown passes in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 3 touchdown receptions in the same game : Larry Brown , Dec. 16 , 1973 Only player with 120 yards rushing and 4 touchdown passes in the same game : Randall Cunningham , Nov 4 , 1990 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 5 touchdown passes in the same game : Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards from scrimmage and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 80 yards from scrimmage and 2 kick off returns for a touchdown in the same game : Ron Brown , Nov. 24 , 1985 Only players with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 , Sep. 25 , 2003 ; Greg Pruitt , Sep. 26 , 1977 Only players with 250 all purpose yards and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Terry Metcalf , Oct. 23 , 1977 ; Fred Jackson , Nov. 15 , 2009 Only player with 4 touchdown receptions and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Jamaal Charles , Dec. 15 , 2013 Only player with 3 touchdown receptions and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Az - Zahir Hakim , Oct. 3 , 1999 Only player with 3 touchdown passes and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Frank Ryan , Oct. 30 , 1960 ; Jim McMahon , Sep. 29 , 1985 Only player with 4 rushing touchdowns and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Ronnie Brown , Sep. 21 , 2008 Only player with 6 touchdown passes and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Mark Rypien , Nov 10 , 1991 Only player with 15 receptions and 15 rushing attempts in the same game : Rickey Young , Dec. 16 , 1979 Only player with 500 yards passing and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Norm Van Brocklin , Sep. 29 , 1951 ; Elvis Grbac , Nov. 5 , 2000 Only player with 400 yards passing and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Aaron Rodgers , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 400 yards passing and 75 yards rushing in the same game : Michael Vick , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 300 yards passing and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Jack Kemp , Oct 26 , 1963 Only player with 100 yards passing and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Bobby Douglass , Nov. 4 , 1973 Only players with 300 yards passing and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Russell Wilson Oct , 19 , 2014 ; Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 300 yards passing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Blake Bortles , Dec. 24 , 2016 Only player with 50 yards receiving and 50 interception return yards in the same game : Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 2 touchdown passes and 20 rushing attempts in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 Only player with 250 yards passing and 150 rushing yards in the same game ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Tom Watkins , Oct. 4 , 1964 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Keith Lincoln , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Joe Washington , Sep. 18 , 1978 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Maurice Jones - Drew , Dec. 10 , 2006 ; David Wilson , Dec. 9 , 2012 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Bobby Mitchell , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Terrence McGee , Dec. 24 , 2005 Only players with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Butch Byrd , Sep. 18 , 1966 ; Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 1 rushing touchdown and 2 interceptions in the same game : Terry Hoage , Sep. 4 , 1988 Only player with 2 kick off returns for a touchdown and 1 interception in the same game : Tyrone Hughes , Oct. 23 , 1994 Only player with 1 touchdown 1 safety in the same game : Jermaine Kearse , Oct. 6 , 2013 Age ( edit ) Oldest player to score a touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 29 years , 354 days , Paul Hornung Dec 12 , 1965 Oldest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 140 days , Tim Brown Dec 9 , 2001 Oldest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 283 days , Eric Metcalf Nov 2 , 1997 Oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 33 years , 276 days , Mel Gray Dec 17 , 1994 Oldest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 166 days , Timmy Brown Nov 6 , 1966 Oldest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 30 years , 333 days , Michael Lewis Oct 13 , 2002 Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 38 years , 26 days , Albert Lewis Nov 1 , 1998 Oldest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in a game : 33 years , 113 days , David Bowens Oct 24 , 2010 Oldest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 37 years , 174 days , Sam Mills Nov 24 , 1996 Oldest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 124 days , Fritz Loven Oct 13 , 1929 Oldest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 33 years , 323 days , Todd Lyght Dec 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 33 years , 66 days , Jerry Rice Dec 18 , 1995 Oldest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 34 years , 321 days , John Henry Johnson Oct 10 , 1964 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 271 days , Spec Sanders Oct 24 1947 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game since 1950 : 29 years , 139 days , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 Oldest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 29 years , 58 days , Jim Benton Nov 22 , 1945 Oldest player to have a rushing touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 36 years , 70 days , John Riggins Oct 13 , 1985 Oldest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 31 years , 17 days , Priest Holmes Oct 24 , 2004 Oldest player to have 1 + touchdown reception : 42 years , 67 days , Jerry Rice Dec 19 , 2004 Oldest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 40 years , 29 days , Jerry Rice Nov 11 , 2002 Oldest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to have a sack : 40 years , 282 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Dec 22 , 1996 Oldest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 36 years , 360 days , Chris Doleman Oct 11 , 1998 Oldest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 33 years , 238 days , Gary Jeter Sep 18 , 1988 Oldest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 31 years , 262 days , Fred Dean Nov 13 , 1983 Oldest player to have an interception : 41 years , 304 days , Darrell Green Dec 16 , 2001 Oldest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 39 years , 25 days , Charles Woodson Oct 11 , 2015 Oldest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 37 years , 203 days , Rod Woodson Sep 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 30 years , 193 days , Jerry Norton Nov 26 , 1961 Oldest player to have a safety : 36 years , 199 days , Ronde Barber Oct 23 , 2011 Oldest player to throw a touchdown pass : 47 years , 88 days , George Blanda Dec 14 , 1974 Oldest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 44 years , 72 days , George Blanda Nov 28 , 1971 Oldest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 43 years , 38 days , George Blanda Oct 25 , 1970 Oldest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 41 years , 54 days , George Blanda Nov 10 , 1968 Oldest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 40 years , 342 days , Warren Moon Oct 26 , 1997 Oldest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 38 years , 354 days , Brett Favre Sep 28 , 2008 Oldest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 37 years , 165 days , Peyton Manning Sep 5 , 2013 Oldest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 41 years , 28 days , Brett Favre Nov 7 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 36 years , 290 days , Drew Brees Nov 1 , 2015 Oldest player to start in a Super Bowl : 40 years , 105 days , Jerry Rice Jan 26 , 2003 Youngest player to score a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 105 days , Clinton Portis Dec 15 , 2002 Youngest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 19 days , Dexter McCluster Sep 13 , 2010 Youngest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 52 days , Jermaine Lewis Dec 7 , 1997 Youngest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 21 years , 302 days , Travis Williams Nov 12 , 1967 Youngest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 151 days , Eddie Royal Oct 19 , 2009 Youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 21 years , 44 days , DeAngelo Hall Jan 2 , 2005 Youngest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in game : 21 years , 235 days , Dan Sandifer Oct 31 1948 Youngest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 21 years , 117 days , Ahmad Carroll Nov 29 , 2004 Youngest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 63 days , Geno Hayes Oct 12 , 2008 Youngest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 22 years , 43 days , Willie Buchanon Dec 17 , 1972 Youngest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 21 years , 87 days , Mike Evans Nov 16 , 2014 Youngest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 21 years , 119 days , Clinton Portis Dec 29 , 2002 Youngest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Youngest player to have a rushing touchdown : 20 years , 225 days , Bill Gompers Oct 31 , 1948 Youngest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 215 days , Emmitt Smith Dec 16 , 1990 Youngest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception : 20 years , 239 days , Arnie Herber Nov 27 , 1930 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception since 1950 : 20 years , 334 days , Juju Smith - Schuster Oct 22 , 2017 Youngest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 1 day , Aaron Hernandez Nov 7 , 2010 Youngest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 184 days , Rob Gronkowski Nov 14 , 2010 Youngest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a sack : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 21 years , 321 days , Vernon Maxwell Sep 11 , 1983 Youngest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 124 days , Cornelius Bennett Dec 27 , 1987 Youngest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 193 days , Leslie O'Neal Nov 16 , 1986 Youngest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 23 years , 314 days , Derrick Thomas Nov 11 , 1990 Youngest player to have an interception : 20 years , 345 days , Terrell Suggs Sep 21 , 2003 Youngest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 22 years , 103 days , Goose Gonsoulin Sep 18 , 1960 Youngest player to have a safety : 21 years , 328 days , Corey Lemonier Oct 13 , 2013 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass : 20 years , 172 days , Arnie Herber Sep 21 , 1930 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass since 1950 : 21 years , 89 days , Tommy Maddox Nov 30 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 292 days , George Ratterman Aug 31 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 226 days , Fran Tarkenton Sep 17 , 1961 Youngest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 23 years , 328 days , Matthew Stafford Jan 1 , 2012 Youngest player to start in a Super Bowl : 21 years , 322 days , Bryan Bulaga Feb 6 , 2011 Starts / games played ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book . For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson , Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2012 Most starts , career : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most starts , career , one team : 292 , Bruce Matthews , 1983 -- 2001 Most consecutive games played : 352 ( 363 including playoffs ) , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive starts : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts to begin a career : 208 ( 227 including playoffs ) Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2011 Most consecutive starts to begin a career , including playoffs : 231 ( 207 regular season ; 24 playoffs ) Gene Upshaw , 1967 -- 1981 Most consecutive starts by a quarterback : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts by a receiver : 176 ( 185 including playoffs ) , Tim Brown , 1992 -- 2003 Most consecutive starts by a running back : 170 ( 178 including playoffs ) , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman : 240 ( 259 including playoffs ) , Mick Tingelhoff , 1962 -- 1979 Most consecutive starts by a defensive lineman : 270 ( 289 including playoffs ) , Jim Marshall , 1961 -- 1978 Most consecutive starts by a linebacker : 215 ( 221 including playoffs ) , London Fletcher , 2000 -- 2013 Most consecutive starts by a defensive back : 215 ( 224 including playoffs ) , Ronde Barber , 1999 -- 2012 QB Wins ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career wins , regular season plus post season , by a starting quarterback : 215 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 190 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback , single team : 190 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2000 -- 2017 Most career wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 23 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Jim McMahon , Chicago Bears , 1984 -- 1987 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 29 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1995 -- 1998 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 31 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2006 -- 2011 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 17 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive road wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 ; Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most consecutive road wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 , Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most road wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1990 ; Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 2001 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 ; Tony Romo , Dallas Cowboys , 2014 Most consecutive road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 6 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most home wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 8 , Russell Wilson , Seattle Seahawks , 2012 Most road wins in a season , regular season and postseason , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 16 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins , regular season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 13 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 Most wins in a season , post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 2 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 ; Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 Most career home victories , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 17 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most career home wins with no losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2009 Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2007 ; Jim Kelly , Buffalo Bills 1988 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2011 -- 2017 . Most career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Most consecutive career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 5 , Eli Manning , New York Giants 2007 , 2011 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win on the road , by a starting quarterback : 3 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + postseason wins on the road , by a starting quarterback : 2 , Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 -- 2010 Most regular season and postseason overall victories by a starting quarterback in one stadium : 112 , Tom Brady , Gillette Stadium , 2002 -- 2017 . Most regular season and post season home overall victories with one team by a starting quarterback : 119 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most regular season home wins with one team by a starting quarterback : 102 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 Most road wins by a starting quarterback : 85 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most wins in different NFL stadiums : 36 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most NFL teams defeated at least once , career : 32 , Brett Favre and Peyton Manning Most wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most home wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Steve Young , San Francisco 49ers , vs. Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , 1987 , 1991 -- 1998 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots vs. Buffalo Bills , 2003 -- 2010 Most consecutive wins to start a career against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2013 vs. Cleveland Browns Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post season , at home , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2010 Most wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Brett Favre , vs. Chicago Bears , 1992 -- 2006 ; Tom Brady , vs. Buffalo Bills , 2001 -- 2016 Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears , 1994 -- Jan. 2 , 2005 Fewest wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 0 , Doug Williams , Washington Redskins 1987 Oldest starting quarterback to win a playoff game : Brett Favre ( Dallas in the 2009 Divisional Playoff game ; 40 years and 99 days ) QB losses ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career losses , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 123 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most career losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most career road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most career home losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most consecutive losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 4 , Y.A. Tittle , 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ; Warren Moon 1991 -- 1994 ; Andy Dalton 2011 -- 2014 Most consecutive road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Dave Krieg , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1992 -- 1994 Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback : 14 , Steve DeBerg , 1978 -- 1979 Most consecutive home losses by a starting quarterback : 10 , Archie Manning , 1979 -- 1980 ; Chris Weinke , 2001 -- 2002 , 2006 Most road losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 8 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts 1998 ; Derek Carr , Oakland Raiders , 2014 Most losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 ; Jeff George , Indianapolis Colts , 1991 Most consecutive losses , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 ; Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to start a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to finish a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback : 20 , Dan Pastorini , Houston Oilers , 1972 -- 1974 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 11 , Troy Aikman , Dallas Cowboys , 1989 ; Stan Gelbaugh , 1990 -- 1991 Most consecutive games without a win by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Norm Snead ( 1 tie , 12 losses ) Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Joey Harrington , Detroit Lions , 2002 -- 2003 ; David Klingler , Cincinnati Bengals , 1992 -- 1994 Most losses during the regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 7 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2012 Professional football firsts ( edit ) Rushing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard rushing season : Beattie Feathers , 1,004 rushing yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yard rushing season : Jim Brown , 1,527 rushing yards , Cleveland Browns , 1958 First 2,000 yard rushing season : O.J. Simpson , 2,003 rushing yards , Buffalo Bills , 1973 First 15 rushing touchdown season : Steve Van Buren , 15 rushing touchdowns , Philadelphia , 1945 First 20 rushing touchdown season : John Riggins , 24 rushing touchdowns , Washington Redskins , 1983 First 25 rushing touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 rushing touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 200 rush attempt season : Tuffy Leemans , 206 rush attempts , New York Giants , 1936 First 300 rush attempt season : Jim Brown , 305 rush attempts , Cleveland Browns , 1961 First 400 rush attempt season : James Wilder , 407 rush attempts , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1984 First 200 yard rushing game : Cliff Battles , 215 rushing yards , Boston Braves vs. New York Giants ; Oct 8 , 1933 First 250 yard rushing game : Spec Sanders , 250 rushing yards , New York Yankees vs. Chicago Rockets ; Oct 24 , 1947 First 5 rushing touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 rushing touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 rushing touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 rushing touchdowns , Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 First 40 rushing attempt game : Lydell Mitchell , 40 rushing attempts , Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets ; October 20 , 1974 Passing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard passing season : Curly Lambeau , 1,094 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1924 First 1,500 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,000 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,500 yard passing season : Sammy Baugh , 2,938 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1947 First 3,000 yard passing season : Johnny Unitas , 3,099 passing yards , Baltimore Colts , 1960 First 3,500 yard passing season : Sonny Jurgensen , 3,723 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1961 First 4,000 yard passing season : Joe Namath , 4,007 passing yards , New York Jets , 1967 First 4,500 yard passing season : Dan Fouts , 4,715 passing yards , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 5,000 yard passing season : Dan Marino , 5,084 passing yards , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 300 completion season : Fran Tarkenton , 345 completions , Minnesota Vikings , 1978 First 350 completion season : Dan Fouts , 360 completions , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 400 completion season : Warren Moon , 404 completions , Houston Oilers , 1991 First 450 completion season : Peyton Manning , 450 completions , Indianapolis Colts , 2010 First 20 touchdown pass season : Benny Friedman , 20 touchdown passes , New York Giants , 1929 First 30 touchdown pass season : Johnny Unitas , 32 touchdown passes , Baltimore Colts , 1959 First 40 touchdown pass season : Dan Marino , 48 touchdown passes , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 50 touchdown pass season : Tom Brady , 50 touchdown passes , New England Patriots , 2007 First 400 yard passing game : Sid Luckman , 433 passing yards , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First 500 yard passing game : Norm Van Brocklin , 554 passing yards , Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yanks ; Sep 28 , 1951 First 40 completion game : Richard Todd , 42 completions , New York Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Sep 21 , 1980 First 4 touchdown pass game : Benny Friedman First 5 touchdown pass game : Ray Buivid , Chicago Bears vs. Chicago Cardinals ; December 5 , 1937 First 6 touchdown pass game : Sammy Baugh , Washington Redskins vs. Brooklyn Dodgers ; Oct 31 , 1943 First 7 touchdown pass game : Sid Luckman , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First player with 100 career touchdown passes : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career touchdown passes : Y.A. Tittle First player with 300 career touchdown passes : Fran Tarkenton First player with 400 career touchdown passes : Dan Marino First player with 500 career touchdown passes : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 20,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 30,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 40,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 50,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 60,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 70,000 career passing yards : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass completions : Bobby Layne First player with 2,000 career pass completions : Y.A. Tittle First player with 3,000 career pass completions : Fran Tarkenton First player with 4,000 career pass completions : Dan Marino First player with 5,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 6,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass attempts : Arnie Herber First player with 2,000 career pass attempts : Sammy Baugh First player with 3,000 career pass attempts : Bobby Layne First player with 4,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 5,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 6,000 career pass attempts : Fran Tarkenton First player with 7,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 8,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 9,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 100 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 300 career passing interceptions : Brett Favre Receiving ( edit ) First 50 reception season : Don Looney , 58 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles , 1940 First 100 reception season : Lionel Taylor , 100 receptions , Denver Broncos ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 100 reception , season by an NFL Player : 106 , Art Monk , 1984 First 14 reception game : Don Looney , 14 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins , December 1 , 1940 First 15 reception game : Tom Fears , 18 receptions , Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers ; Dec 3 , 1950 First 20 reception game : Terrell Owens , 20 receptions , San Francisco 49ers vs. Chicago Bears ; Dec 17 , 2000 First 10 touchdown reception season : Johnny McNally , 11 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1931 First 15 touchdown reception season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown reception season : Jerry Rice , 22 touchdown receptions , San Francisco , 1987 First 1,000 yard receiving season : Don Hutson , 1,211 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 1,500 yard receiving season : Charley Hennigan , 1,746 receiving yards , Houston Oilers ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 200 yard receiving game : Don Hutson , 209 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers ; Oct 18 , 1942 First 250 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 300 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 4 touchdown reception game : Don Hutson , 4 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers vs. Detroit Lions ; Oct 7 , 1945 First 5 touchdown reception game : Bob Shaw , 5 touchdown receptions , Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts ; Oct 2 , 1950 Scrimmage ( edit ) First 1,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 yards from scrimmage , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chet Mutryn , 1,617 yards from scrimmage , Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) , 1948 ( not recognized as an NFL record ) First 2,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Jim Brown , 2,131 yards from scrimmage yards , Cleveland Browns , 1963 First 2,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chris Johnson , 2,509 from scrimmage yards , Tennessee Titans , 2009 -- only 2,500 yard season First 300 yards from Scrimmage game : Jim Benton , 303 yards from scrimmage ( all receiving ) , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 Combined yards ( edit ) First 1,000 combined yards season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 combined yards season : Harry Clarke , 1,575 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1943 First 2,000 combined yards season : Spec Sanders , 2,202 combined yards , New York Yanks , 1960 First 2,500 combined yards season : Lionel James , 2,535 combined yards , San Diego Chargers , 1985 First 300 combined yards game : Jim Benton , 303 combined yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 350 combined yards game : Billy Cannon , 373 combined yards , Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans ( American Football League ) ; Dec 10 , 1961 First 400 combined yards game : Glyn Milburn , 404 combined yards , Denver Broncos vs. Seattle Seahawks ; Dec 10 , 1995 -- only 400 combined yard game Touchdowns ( edit ) First 15 touchdown season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdowns , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown season : Lenny Moore , 20 touchdowns , Baltimore Colts , 1964 First 25 touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 30 touchdown season : LaDainian Tomlinson , 31 touchdowns , San Diego Chargers , 2006 First 5 touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 touchdowns Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 Scoring ( edit ) First 100 point season : Don Hutson , 138 points , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 150 point season : Paul Hornung , 176 points , Green Bay Packers , 1960 First 50 yard field goal , estimated : Paddy Driscoll , 50 to 55 yards , Chicago Cardinals vs. Milwaukee Badgers ; Sep 28 , 1924 ( drop kick ) First 50 yard field goal , confirmed : Glenn Presnell , 54 yards , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 7 , 1934 First 55 yard field goal , confirmed : Bert Rechichar , 56 yards , Baltimore Colts vs. Chicago Bears ; Sep 27 , 1953 First 60 yard field goal : Tom Dempsey , 63 yards , New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 8 , 1970 First 5 field goal game : Bob Waterfield , 5 field goals , Los Angeles Rams vs Detroit Lions ; Dec 9 , 1951 First 6 field goal game : Gino Cappelletti , 6 field goals , Boston Patriots vs. Denver Broncos ; October 4 , 1964 First 7 field goal game : Jim Bakken , 7 field goals , St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; September 24 , 1967 Starts ( edit ) First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts : Brett Favre Nov 29 , 2004 Wins ( edit ) First NFL quarterback to defeat 32 franchises : Brett Favre vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 5 , 2009 First NFL quarterback to defeat 31 franchises : Peyton Manning @ Carolina Panthers ; Oct 28 , 2007 First NFL quarterback to defeat 30 franchises ( Browns and Ravens counted separately ) : John Elway vs. Miami Dolphins ; Jan 9 , 1999 First NFL quarterback to defeat 28 franchises : Fran Tarkenton vs. Cincinnati Bengals ; Nov 13 , 1977 First NFL quarterback to reach 200 career wins ( regular season and postseason combined ) : Peyton Manning vs. Carolina Panthers ; February 7 , 2016 Longest play ( edit ) Longest non-scoring play : 104 yards , Percy Harvin , Minnesota Vikings vs. Atlanta Falcons ; Nov 27 , 2011 and Ameer Abdullah , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Nov 15 , 2015 Longest run by a quarterback : 93 yards , Terrelle Pryor , Oakland Raiders vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; October 27 , 2013 Longest field goal return : 109 yards Antonio Cromartie , San Diego Chargers vs. Minnesota Vikings ; November 4 , 2007 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yards Tony Dorsett , Dallas Cowboys vs. Minnesota Vikings ; January 3 , 1983 Longest pass : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning , New York Giants vs. New York Jets ; December 24 , 2011 ( Victor Cruz ) Longest kickoff return : 109 yards Cordarrelle Patterson , Minnesota Vikings vs. Green Bay Packers ; October 27 , 2013 Notes ( edit ) ^ α Official statistics were first kept in 1932 ; records prior to 1932 are unofficial . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( team ) List of Super Bowl records List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings - Ring of Honor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . AP . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2009_mg was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune - San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' . Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference rushing_yards_game was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2017Record. 26FactBook was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com . Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ cite web title = Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half url = http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/11850669/aaron-rodgers-green-bay-packers-ties-nfl-record-6-touchdowns-half publisher = ESPN.com date = November 10 , 2014 accessdate = November 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 95 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... '' Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111⁄2 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . AP . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Started Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Jeff Feagles Retires After 1,713 Punts '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Feagles retires as the league 's career leader in punts ( 1,713 ) , punting yards ( 71,211 , or more than 40 miles ) and balls downed inside the 20 - yard line ( 554 ) . He also played in 352 consecutive regular - season games , a league record . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning bio '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . with 208 consecutive starts , owns the longest career - opening streak of any QB in NFL history and the longest streak in Colts history ... also marked the longest career - opening streak of any player in NFL history ( 207 , OG - Gene Upshaw , Oakland , 1967 -- 81 Jump up ^ `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com. 31 December 1995 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com. 12 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Campbell ( 2009 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Favre takes it to the Packers : Vikings win 30 -- 23 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Splits - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - January 8th , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at Green Bay Packers - December 31st , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 - Inside The Huddle '' . www.insidethehuddle.tv . Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Game Log - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Beattie Feathers was the First Thousand Yard Rusher in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Players who have had 2,000 yard single rushing seasons in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Van Buren : A Runner Like No Other '' . FootballGeography.com. 2012 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Number Crunching : # 20 '' . FootballDiner.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Strong Arm Tactics : A History and Statistical Analysis of the Professional Quarterback '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Passing Yards Year - by - Year Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre first to throw 500 TDs with pass to Moss '' . ESPN.com. 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football History - Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Elias Says ... Experience the difference for Favre '' . ESPN.com. 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 '' . 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News - Around the NFL '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ AOL . `` News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle - AOL '' . AOL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Rams at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 1945 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` The other Mr. Durability : Peyton Manning has 200 straight starts - USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com . Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1932 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. National Football League individual records 2. Scoring records in the NFL 3. Rushing records in the NFL 4. Passing records in the NFL 5. Receiving records in the NFL

what is your understanding of an invitation to treat

Invitation to treat - wikipedia Invitation to treat Jump to : navigation , search An invitation to treat ( or invitation to bargain in the United States ) is a concept within contract law . In Andrew Burrows ' words , an invitation to treat is `` ... an expression of willingness to negotiate . A person making an invitation to treat does not intend to be bound as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom the statement is addressed . '' A contract is a legally binding voluntary agreement that is formed when one person makes an offer , and the other accepts it . There may be some preliminary discussion before an offer is formally made . Such pre-contractual representations are known variously as `` invitations to treat '' , `` requests for information '' or `` statements of intention '' . True offers may be accepted to form a contract , whereas representations such as invitations to treat may not . However , although an invitation to treat can not be accepted it should not be ignored , for it may nevertheless affect the offer . For example , where an offer is made in response to an invitation to treat , the offer may incorporate the terms of the invitation to treat ( unless the offer expressly incorporates different terms ) . If , as in the Boots case ( described below ) the offer is made by an action without any negotiations -- such as presenting goods to a cashier -- the offer will be presumed to be on the terms of the invitation to treat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Case law 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Case law ( edit ) Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence Generally , advertisements are not offers but invitations to treat , so the person advertising is not compelled to sell . In Partridge v Crittenden ( 1968 ) 1 WLR 1204 , a defendant who was charged with `` offering for sale protected birds '' -- bramblefinch cocks and hens that he had advertised for sale in a newspaper -- was not offering to sell them . Lord Parker CJ said it did not make business sense for advertisements to be offers , as the person making the advertisement may find himself in a situation where he would be contractually obliged to sell more goods than he actually owned . In certain circumstances called unilateral contracts , an advertisement can be an offer ; as in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company ( 1893 ) 1 QB 256 , where it was held that the defendants , who advertised that they would pay £ 100 to anyone who sniffed a smoke ball in the prescribed manner and yet caught influenza , were contractually obliged to pay £ 100 to whomever accepted it by performing the required acts . A display of goods for sale in a shop window or within a shop is an invitation to treat , as in the Boots case , a leading case concerning supermarkets . The shop owner is thus not obliged to sell the goods , even if signage such as `` special offer '' accompanies the display . Also , in Fisher v Bell ( 1961 ) 1 QB 394 , the display of a flick knife for sale in a shop did not contravene legislation which prohibited `` offering for sale an offensive weapon '' . If a shop mistakenly displays an item for sale at a very low price it is not obliged to sell it for that amount . For an offer to be capable of becoming binding on acceptance , the offer must be definite , clear , and objectively intended to be capable of acceptance . In England , auctions are governed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 ( as amended ) . Section 57 ( 2 ) provides : `` A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer , or in other customary manner . Until the announcement is made any bidder may retract his bid '' . S. 57 ( 3 ) provides further : `` An auction sale may be subject to a reserve price '' . However , if the auction is held `` without reserve '' then the auctioneer is obliged to sell to the highest bidder . It is implicit from Payne v Cave ( 1789 ) , an early case concerning auctions , that each bid is deemed to expire when others make higher bids ; but some auctioneers ( such as eBay ) have lawfully amended this presumption so that , should a higher bidder withdraw his bid , they may accept a lower one . The tender process is a debated issue . In the case of Spencer v Harding the defendants offered to sell stock by tender , but the court held that there was no promise to sell to the highest bidder , merely an invitation for offers which they could then accept or reject at will . In exceptional circumstances an invitation for tenders may be an offer , as in Harvela Investments v Royal Trust of Canada ( 1986 ) where the court held that because defendants had made clear an intention to accept the highest tender , then the invitation to tender was an offer accepted by the person making the highest tender . The Harvela case also made it clear that `` referential bids '' are void as being `` contrary to public policy and not cricket '' . See also ( edit ) Contract Offer and acceptance Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It comes from the Latin phrase invitatio ad offerendum and means `` inviting an offer '' . Jump up ^ Burrows , A. ( 2009 ) . Offer and Acceptance . A Casebook on Contract ( 2nd ed. , pp. 5 ) . Portland , OR , North America : Hart Publishing . ( Original work published 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists ( Southern ) Ltd ( 1953 ) 1 QB 401 Bailii Jump up ^ `` Business : The Economy Argos - an invitation to ' treat ' '' . BBC News . September 8 , 1999 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Warlow v Harrison ( 1859 ) 1 E & E 309 Jump up ^ Barry v Davies ( Heathcote Ball & Co . ) ( 2000 ) 1 WLR 1962 Jump up ^ Payne v Cave ( 1789 ) 3 TR 148 Jump up ^ Spencer v Harding ( 1870 ) LR 5 CP 561 Jump up ^ Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust of Canada ( CI ) Ltd ( 1986 ) AC 207 Jump up ^ ( eg : `` $2,100,000 or $101,000 in excess of any other offer which you may receive , whichever is the higher '' , as in the Harvela case ) References ( edit ) Andrew Burrows , Casebook on Contract ( Hart Publishing , 2007 ) Ed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invitation_to_treat&oldid=827802339 '' Categories : Contract law Legal doctrines and principles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Invitation to treat 2. Contract law 3. Offer and acceptance 4. Pre-contractual representations 5. Unilateral contracts

when was 90 day fiance happily ever after filmed

90 Day Fiancé - wikipedia 90 Day Fiancé Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 90 Day Fiancé <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality television Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Running time 42 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network TLC Original release January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? <Th_colspan="2"> External links tlc.com www.tlc.com/tv-shows/90-day-fiance/ 90 Day Fiancé is an American documentary series on TLC that debuted January 12 , 2014 . The series follows couples who have 90 days to decide to marry before their 90 - day K - 1 visas ( available uniquely to foreign fiancés of American citizens ) expire . First the petitioner must meet the beneficiary inside or outside the USA and then file a I - 129F petition with evidence of meeting and of a relationship . After the petition is approved , the petitioner must pass biometrics and then the process is sent to the foreign embassy of the beneficiary . The beneficiary then files for a visa , before or after passing the medical requirements and is called for an interview . The beneficiary must prove that they meet the requirements of the visa including strong evidence of meeting and a valid relationship . The foreign fiancé travels to the States to live with his or her prospective American spouse . The couples must marry within 90 days , or leave the country . The couples may face language barriers , culture shock , the stigma of being thought of as a `` mail order bride '' as well as skepticism of friends and family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season 1 Cast 1.1 Pao & Russ 1.2 Kirlyam & Alan 1.3 Aya & Louis 1.4 Aziza & Mike 2 Season 2 cast 2.1 Chelsea & Yamir 2.2 Danielle & Mohamed 2.3 Evelin & Justin 2.4 Daya & Brett 2.5 Cássia & Jason 2.6 Amy & Danny 3 Season 3 Cast 3.1 Nikki & Mark 3.2 Loren & Alexei 3.3 Noon & Kyle 3.4 Melanie & Devar 3.5 Carolina & Fernando 3.6 Aleksandra & Josh 4 Season 4 Cast 4.1 Anfisa & Jorge 4.2 Nicole & Azan 4.3 Narkyia & Olulowo 4.4 Alla & Matt 4.5 Chantel & Pedro 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 5.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 5.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 5.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 6 Spin - offs 6.1 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days 6.3 90 Day Fiancé : What Now ? 7 References Season 1 Cast ( edit ) Pao & Russ ( edit ) Russ Mayfield , 27 , of Owasso , Oklahoma , met Paola aka Pao , 26 , of Bucaramanga , Colombia , while he was in Colombia on a work assignment . She moved to America , and the two were married . They moved to Tulsa , Oklahoma . Russ is a graduate of Oklahoma State University and works as a field engineer . Pao was a fashion designer in Colombia . Since moving to America , she has started modeling and is a personal trainer . As of the airing of `` 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? '' , Russ and Pao are still married , but they live in different cities with Pao working as a model / personal trainer in Miami . Eventually , Russ moves to Miami , but is concerned about Pao 's revealing outfits during her modeling jobs . As of 2017 , they are still together . Kirlyam & Alan ( edit ) Alan Cox , 29 , of Los Angeles , California , met Kirlyam , 21 , of Goiânia , Brazil , while he was on a Mormon mission to her hometown . She moved to America to live with him , although the two were virgins at the time of their wedding . She tried modeling , but Alan was jealous of the attention that she was getting . They were married in a Mormon temple , and although Kirlyam 's family was unable to attend , they watched a livestream of the event from Brazil . The couple honeymooned in Hawaii . As of the season 2 update , Kirlyam is waiting for her green card so that she can find employment . Alan is employed by Breen Engineering as a project lead / photo simulation specialist . As of 2017 , they are still together and Kirlyam is expecting the couple 's first child , a boy they have named Liam . Aya & Louis ( edit ) Louis Catone , 33 , of Indianapolis , Indiana , met Aya , 30 , of Ormoc City , Philippines , on an international dating website . Aya wanted Louis to move to the Philippines , but they decided to live in America because he has two young sons . Louis 's ex-wife is very involved in his life and that initially intimidated Aya . They were married in a Catholic church . Louis is taking classes , and Aya is exploring the job market . They plan on having a child or children of their own . The couple decided not to participate in the season 2 update . As of 2017 , the couple are still together . Aziza & Mike ( edit ) Mike Eloshway , 31 , of Cleveland , Ohio , and Aziza , 21 , of Volgograd , Russia , met on a language learning website . Their relationship was initially platonic . Sometime after Aziza 's application for a work visa was denied , their relationship turned romantic . In the Summer of 2014 she arrived to America to live with Mike . They were married although Aziza was very saddened because her family was unable to attend the wedding . Mike is employed as a technical support specialist for the Cleveland Municipal Court . Mike wants to have children right away , while Aziza does not . As of the season 2 update , Aziza found employment at an optics lab . The couple traveled to Russia where Mike finally met Aziza 's parents . As of 2017 , they are still together . Season 2 Cast ( edit ) Chelsea & Yamir ( edit ) Yamir , 28 , of Managua , Nicaragua , and Chelsea , 25 , of Galesburg , Illinois , met while she was doing volunteer work in Nicaragua . Yamir was a member of a Nicaraguan boy band . He moved to the United States to live with Chelsea and her parents . This caused a large rift between him and his manager and bandmates . Chelsea 's parents are very supportive of the relationship . Yamir sends some demo tapes to a few music producers in Chicago and receives a reply . He travels to Chicago to meet with producers . The producers say that he needs to move to Chicago to have better opportunities . Unfortunately , Chelsea is resistant to the idea because neither is employed and they can live for free with her parents in Galesburg . The two are married with Yamir 's family also in attendance . On the season 3 update , Yamir and Chelsea were still married . Yamir made his music debut in the U.S. with Chelsea playing his love interest in the music video , `` Party Love '' . Chelsea found employment as an elementary school teacher . Yamir and Chelsea filed for divorce in 2017 and Yamir is still living in Chicago , working on his music . Danielle & Mohamed ( edit ) Mohamed Jbali , 26 , of Tunis , Tunisia , met Danielle Mullins , 41 , of Norwalk , Ohio , in an online chat room . The two were engaged , and Mohammed moves to America . Danielle worked with the mentally disabled and did n't make much money . However , she was fired a few weeks before the wedding . She has three teenage daughters and one adult son from previous relationships . Mohammed claimed to have a job , but Danielle discovered that he lied about that . Although Mohamed also found out that Danielle had lied on multiple things about her private life including passing a bad checks and using someone else 's credit card fraudulently . Shortly after the wedding , Mohamed left Danielle due to her continuous unreasonable demands and threats to have him deported if he would not give her sex . He also complained of her hygiene issues and disclosed he had asked her on numerous occasions to seek medical advice for a ' horrible smell ' she had on her . He went to Florida with a female friend . Danielle found out about this and consulted a lawyer . She filed for an annulment which if granted would mean that the marriage never took place and Mohamed would therefore be deported back to Tunisia . Mohamed instead wants a divorce which would allow him to stay in America . He pressures her to change the filing . She removes the annulment but refuses to yet file for divorce . As of 2017 , they are officially divorced . They are both in new relationships , but Danielle is still trying to get Mohamed deported . Danielle 's relationship is predominantly online with a guy who lives hundreds of miles away however . The guy has never appeared in a picture online with Danielle or been seen by anyone , leading many to speculate he does not even exist . Evelin & justin ( edit ) Justin , 34 , of San Jose , California , and Evelin , 29 , of Santiago de Cali , Colombia , met while they were both attending a rugby match at the 2013 World Games in Colombia . Justin works as a physical education teacher at an elementary school . In Colombia , Evelin worked as a dance instructor . Since moving to America , Evelin has changed the spelling of her name to Evelyn . The couple elected not to participate in the season 3 update . As of 2016 , they are still together . Daya & Brett ( edit ) Brett Otto , 31 , of Snohomish , Washington , and Daya De Arce , 29 , of San Carlos City , Philippines met on an international dating website . Brett is divorced and has a 6 - year - old daughter from his first marriage . His daughter lives with her mother in Montana . Brett works in tool services for Boeing , and Daya found a job in the United States . He had two roommates , but they moved out once Daya arrived . Brett and Daya were married on February 14 , 2015 . Brett 's mother chose not to attend the wedding . The couple elected not to participate in the season 3 update , but later participated in 90 Day Fiance : Happily Ever After ? As of 2017 , they are still married and they have a daughter together named Isabella . Cássia & Jason ( edit ) Jason Hitch , 38 , of Spring Hill , Florida , and Cássia Tavares , 23 , of Curitiba , Brazil met through Facebook while Cássia was in an online relationship with Jason 's friend . Once that relationship ended , Jason and Cássia began dating . Cássia came to America and moved in with Jason and his father who share a house . Jason is originally from Champaign , Illinois , and is an Army veteran . He lives very frugally . He buys items from garage sales , auctions , estate sales , etc. and sells them online for a profit . They started a mail order snack business called Gifting Fun . As of 2017 , they are separated . Amy & Danny ( edit ) Danny Frishmuth , 23 , of Norristown , Pennsylvania , and Amy , 21 , of Cape Town , South Africa met in Australia while the two were on a Bible study trip . They fell in love and got engaged . When Amy arrived in America , she lived with Danny 's brother because she and Danny wanted to be virgins when they wed . Danny works in home construction for X-Treme Works in Malvern , Pennsylvania . Danny 's father initially objected to the marriage because Danny is white and Amy is black , but he eventually accepted her into the family . As of 2017 , they are still together and are now living in Texas . They have one son , Jedidiah John Frishmuth and a daughter Anna Elise Frishmuth . Season 3 Cast ( edit ) Nikki & Mark ( edit ) Mark , 58 , of Baltimore , Maryland , and Nikki , 19 , of Cebu , Philippines , met on an online dating site . Mark owns a piano rental business . He has four adult children from that marriage who are all older than Nikki . He and his first wife 's relationship ended when the children were very young , and Mark was left to raise the children . Mark 's first wife and Nikki are from Cebu , Philippines . After meeting on an online dating site , Mark went to the Philippines to meet Nikki and shortly after meeting he proposed to her with a zip tie in the shape of a ring . When Nikki came to Maryland Mark surprised her with a car and taught her how to drive . When Mark told Nikki that the car was the same make and model as the car that he put a deposit on for his first wife , Nikki was confused as she thought it was the very exact same car . Mark 's daughter , Elise , felt uncomfortable with the relationship because she is a year older than Nikki . Elise shared her discomfort when Mark wanted to give Nikki clothes that she had previously discarded . As of 2017 , their relationship status is unknown . Loren & Alexei ( edit ) Alexei Brovarnik , 27 , of Nazareth Illit , Israel , and Loren , 27 , of New York City , met while she was on a Jewish Birthright trip to Israel . He was a medic for her group during the trip . Loren was employed as an executive assistant while in New York , but she left her job and moved to Parkland , Florida to live with her parents as she would n't be able to afford to support Alexei during the time that he could not legally work . She is a graduate of the University of North Florida . Alexei and Loren got married in Israel too , surrounded by Alexei 's family and friends and Loren 's parents . At a meeting with Alexei 's parents , Loren 's parents misinformed them about Tourette 's syndrome that Loren has . Later on Alexei confronts Loren and her parents why he was not informed that her illness can be genetic and affect their future children . Alexei 's mom later travels to Florida exploring avenues to move the whole family from Israel to the US . The couple resides in Fort Lauderdale , Florida . As of 2017 , they are still together . Noon & Kyle ( edit ) Kyle Huckabee , 28 , of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Bajaree Boonma aka Noon , 25 , of Bangkok , Thailand , met online through Facebook while he was doing research for a trip to Thailand . The two met in person while he was there on vacation . They were engaged and Noon came to America even though Kyle had n't officially proposed . They initially lived in Kyle 's bachelor apartment with his roommate , but the situation was less than ideal . Kyle started working extra shifts at his job as a bartender on Bourbon Street so that they could afford an apartment of their own . Kyle proposed during a sky - diving trip , and they moved into a new apartment . Before he met Noon , he was estranged from his parents who are divorced . With Noon 's support , he has restated the relationship with his mother . The two were married in a Buddhist temple , but unfortunately , Noon 's family was unable to attend the ceremony . Kyle 's mom chose not to attend . As of 2017 , they are still together . Melanie & Devar ( edit ) Devar Walters , 28 , of Runaway Bay , Jamaica , and Melanie Bowers , 33 , Orwigsburg , Pennsylvania , met while Melanie was on vacation at a Jamaican resort where Devar was employed as a lifeguard . Melanie is a registered nurse . She has custody of her 11 - year - old son Hunter on weekends . She was married to his father for 5 years before the marriage ended in divorce when she was 26 . Devar proposed to Melanie while she was still vacationing , and she accepted . Back in Pennsylvania , Melanie 's sister , Bev , is extremely concerned and does not trust Devar . The couple hits a rough patch when Devar mentions sending back most of the money he earns to his family in Jamaica ; Melanie ponders out loud that she will look into a prenup . As of 2017 , they are still together and expecting their first child together , a girl . Carolina & Fernando ( edit ) Fernando , 39 , of Doral , Florida , and Carolina , 22 , of Medellín , Colombia , met in Colombia while both on dates with other people . The two were engaged before he returned to America . She moved to Florida to live with him . After his marriage ended , he invited his parents to share his house . They were able to move past this issue and were married . A re-cap a few months later reveals the couple has happily settled in together , though Carolina admits she calls her mom several times a day and misses her cat ( unfortunately Fernando is allergic to cats ) . As of 2017 , they are still together . Aleksandra & Josh ( edit ) Josh Strobel , 22 , of Rexburg , Idaho , and Aleksandra Iarovikova , 21 , of Kirov , Russia , met in Prague , Czech Republic , while Josh was on a Mormon mission and Aleksandra was attending Metropolitan University Prague . Initially an atheist , Aleksandra converted to Mormonism and Josh played a role in this . Before converting , she was also employed as a dancer at a club . The couple kept in touch after Josh 's mission and began dating . Josh visited Russia and proposed in 2015 . Josh and Aleksandra were married in August 2015 , soon after Aleksandra 's arrival to the US from Prague where she had to finalize her semester in June . A re-cap a few months later reveals that the couple were then expecting their first child . They had a daughter named Kaya in March 2016 . As of 2017 , they are still together . Season 4 Cast ( edit ) Anfisa & Jorge ( edit ) Anfisa Arkhipchenko , 20 , Moscow , Russia , was contacted by Jorge Nava , 27 , Riverside , California , via Facebook after he stumbled onto her photos . Though Anfisa was at first resistant to his messages ( Jorge claims he `` fell in love '' with her just by viewing her noticeably sexy photos ) . Anfisa eventually agreed to meet him and Jorge ends up taking her on an expensive vacation around Europe . Shortly before Anfisa was scheduled to come to the United States , she asked Jorge for an expensive handbag , which Jorge declined to buy for her . Anfisa managed to wipe Jorge 's cellphone and cancel the flights , though the two reconciled and eventually Anfisa agrees to travel to the U.S. Jorge is a convicted felon , having pleaded guilty to drug trafficking , which makes it hard for him to rent an apartment . Anfisa is less than impressed at their living arrangements - a hotel - though why exactly Jorge does not have his own place to live has not been revealed . They live in a hotel , and later at a small rental apartment . Jorge fails to buy an engagement ring or wedding dress for Anfisa . Jorge 's friends and family are concerned about Anfisa 's motives . At a restaurant , Anfisa admits that she is indeed interested in Jorge providing for her , and she also believes that he is primarily interested in her for her looks and would not want to marry her if she was ugly . At some point , Anfisa was considering going back to Russia , and Jorge considered for a while that he would not try to stop her . Later on , they get married alone in a simple courthouse ceremony , after which Jorge promises to buy the ring to Anfisa and to have a bigger ceremony later on so that her family could attend . Later on it is shown how Jorge 's sister confronting Anfisa at a restaurant about her demands . They still live in a small apartment , he still did not buy her a ring , she does not have a car . They end up separating and start living separate lives . Nicole & Azan ( edit ) Nicole , 21 , Bradenton , Florida , and Azan , 23 , Morocco , met via an app that allows users to connect with people all over the world . After hitting it off , though somewhat against her parents wishes , Nicole decides to stay with him for five weeks , leaving her toddler - aged daughter May with her sister . Upon meeting Nicole at the airport , Azan remarks that she is `` big ... a little bit '' but concedes that he is happy . Nicole is thrilled to be in Morocco with Azan ( later calling him her `` Arabian Prince '' ) , though he has a hard time persuading her that in his culture it is not acceptable for unmarried coupled to be physically affectionate . Nicole persists in trying to hug and kiss Azan , which only causes him to become irritated . Nicole , meanwhile , feels shunned and unsure of their relationship . Azan takes Nicole to his hometown to visit his family ; she is warmly welcomed and we learn that his mother especially is thrilled with Azan 's girlfriend . Unfortunately , Nicole later reveals that she cheated on Azan , something that could end the relationship should his family find out . Azan takes Nicole to the desert and proposes , and she accepts . However , she continues to chafe at the customs of the Muslim culture . She refuses to convert to Islam and he refuses to convert to Christianity . Their wedding is delayed indefinitely due to Nicole not being able to yet afford to fund the government sponsorship requirements for Azan 's staying in the U.S , and her Mom refusing to co sponsor the effort . Nicole believes it will take two years minimum and hopes Azan will wait that long . In addition , Nicole was supposed to be following a strict diet , and Azan became irate when he caught her hoarding mini-donuts and Little Debbie oatmeal creme pies . Their future is unsure , but as of today they are still together , but continuing to live in separate countries . Narkyia & Olulowo ( edit ) Olulowo is currently in Nigeria and used to be in Vietnam . He is trying to meet Narkyia but various obstacles keep popping up . Narkyia and her friends and family are skeptical of him and are wary of a romance scam , but he has not asked for any money and Narkyia is still willing to see where it goes . They broke up though since Olulowo had been lying to Narkyia about still having been contacting and pursuing a relationship with a woman he had previously had a baby with in the early stages of his relationship with Narkyia . They got back together though and as of 2017 are a couple living in America . Alla & Matt ( edit ) Matt , 42 , Williamstown , Kentucky , and Alla , 30 , Kiev , Ukraine , met several years ago using an online dating site but lost touch after Matt married his third wife . A few years and a divorce later , Matt and Alla reconnect . Alla , also a divorcee , has a 7 - year - old son named Max . The reserved Alla is easily overwhelmed by Matt 's friends and family while Matt continues to deal with lingering issues caused by his previous wives ( he claims his first and third wife cheated on him ) . Alla dreams of a wedding on the beach but Matt 's family tries to persuade her to scale back her plans . When Alla opens up that she does not love Matt yet , his friends are very concerned . However , the couple marry . As of 2017 they are still together . Chantel & Pedro ( edit ) Chantel met Pedro while on a trip to the Dominican Republic , while she was trying to learn Spanish . Chantel would frequently go back to the DR to visit him , and on one of those trips he proposed to her . Because Chantel was worried that her family would think that Pedro was only going after a green card to enter the U.S , Chantel told her parents that he was in America on a student visa . Eventually Chantel and Pedro marry in the US . However , Chantel and Pedro are planning to get married in the Dominican Republic as well , but Pedro does n't think her family will want to go . They go to the Dominican Republic , but then have some explosive fights and arguments between the family members , as it seems that Pedro 's family is using the fact that he is living in the US now and can send them money . Chantel 's family is upset because of the obvious improvement of Pedro 's family living , while Chantel and Pedro in the US have very modest living . Pedro 's family offers Chantel 's family chicken feet that is taken as a sign of disrespect . As of 2017 they are still together . Episodes ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 January 12 , 2014 February 23 , 2014 12 October 19 , 2014 December 28 , 2014 12 October 11 , 2015 December 6 , 2015 14 September 11 , 2016 November 20 , 2016 5 October 8 , 2017 Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Original air date `` I Got My Visa ! '' Jessica Hernandez January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Four women come to the US to live with their American fiances using a unique 90 day K - 1 visa . The couples have 90 days to wed before the visas expire . `` Culture Shock '' Jessica Hernandez January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Paola has to adapt to living with Russ ' parents and her wild ways leads to collisions with Russ 's friends . Kirlyam misses her parents . Aziza meets Mike 's skeptical family . Louis prepares his sons and ex-wife for Aya . `` Enough Is Enough '' Jessica Hernandez January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Paola and Russ move into their new apartment . Aya meets Louis ' ex-wife and sons . Kirlyam goes to a salon where she is been referred to a modeling agency . Aziza and Mike hit a milestone in their relationship . `` 90 Days Is n't Enough '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Russ takes Paola to a tailgate but their wedding plans are jeopardized . Alan is concerned when Kirlyam gets a modelling opportunity . Aziza is confronted by Mike 's Mom at her bachelorette party . Aya gets upset as Louis cuts corners on their wedding . 5 5 `` Did n't Expect This ... '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Aziza upsets Mike when he went missing after his bachelor party . Kirlyam and Alan rush their wedding . Paola shops for a wedding dress but Russ might be called back to work . Aya can not have the wedding of her dreams because of a limited budget . 6 6 `` Time 's Up '' Jessica Hernandez & Kevin Rhoades February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="5"> Paola has her bachelorette party but is unsure if her wedding will take place . Aziza gets nervous before her wedding . Kirylam and Alan are both virgins at their wedding night . Louis has Aya doubt as he arrives late for his wedding . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 7 `` Where Are They Now ? Season 1 Couples '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 8 `` New Couples , New Journeys '' October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 9 `` I 'm Home , America ! '' October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) 10 `` Watch You Like a Hawk '' November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) 11 5 `` Touchdown ! '' November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 12 6 `` Mo ' Money , Mo ' Problems '' November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 13 7 `` Fears , Family , Future '' November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) 14 8 `` I Have to Tell You Something '' November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) 15 9 `` Going Once , Going Twice ... Gone ? '' December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) 16 10 `` Red Flags '' December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) 17 11 `` I 'm Gonna Go Home '' December 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) 18 12 `` The Couples Tell All '' December 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 28 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 19 `` Where Are They Now ? Season 2 Couples '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 20 `` Departures and Arrivals '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 21 `` Welcome to the Family '' October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 22 `` Questions & Answers '' October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) 23 5 `` Full of Surprises '' November 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) 24 6 `` Missing Home '' November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 25 7 `` Lights , Camera , Drama '' November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 26 8 `` Do n't Push Me '' November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 27 9 `` Bachelorette Blues '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 28 10 `` What Do You Know About Love ? '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 29 11 `` This Is It '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 30 12 `` Season 3 Tell All '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 31 `` For Your Eyes Only '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 32 `` You Say Goodbye , I Say Hello '' September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 33 `` Meet the Family '' September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 34 `` Life 's a Beach '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 35 5 `` Testing the Waters '' October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 36 6 `` I Can See the Cracks '' October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 37 7 `` Time to Tell the Truth '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 38 8 `` This Is What You Came For '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 39 9 `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 40 10 `` Confessions of a Foreign Fiancé '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 41 11 `` Are You Ready for This ? '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 42 12 `` Too Little Too Late '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 43 13 `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Peace '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 44 14 `` Season 4 Tell All '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 45 `` Waiting Is The Hardest Part '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 46 `` Parental Approval '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Spin - offs ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever after ? ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? is an American documentary series ( Docu - Series ) on TLC and a spin - off of 90 Day Fiancé . The series follows six couples from previous seasons and documents the ups and downs of their relationships post-marriage . 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? Couples Couples Original Season <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons Season 1 ( 2016 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) Russ & Paola Season 1 <Td_colspan="2"> Main Danielle & Mohamed Season 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Main Brett & Daya <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Melanie & Devar Season 3 <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Kyle & Noon <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Loren & Alexei <Td_colspan="2"> Main Jorge & Anfisa Season 4 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main Chantel & Pedro <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Main Season 1 ( edit ) Returning couples included Season 1 's Russ & Paola ; Season 2 's Danielle & Mohamed and Brett & Daya ; and Season 3 's Melanie & Devar , Loren & Alexei , and Kyle & Noon . TLC announced the spin - off series in August 2016 . The series debuted on September 11 , 2016 following the premiere of season 4 of 90 Day Fiancé . The first season ended in November 2016 with a two - part `` Tell All '' special . Episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` It 's Only the Beginning '' September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) `` It 's My Secret to Tell '' September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) `` Something 's Up '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) `` What Do n't I Know ? '' October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 5 5 `` The Truth Hurts '' October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 6 6 `` Facing the Past '' October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) 7 7 `` Destination Impossible '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 8 8 `` You Ca n't Run ... '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 9 9 `` I Came All This Way '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 10 10 `` The Roles Reverse '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11 11 `` The Couples Tell All Part 1 '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 12 12 `` The Couples Tell All Part 2 '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) Season 2 ( edit ) 90 Day Fiancé : Happily Ever After ? was renewed for a second season in November 2016 . The second season debuted on June 25 , 2017 , and features 90 Day Fiancé Season 1 's Russ & Paola , Season 2 's Danielle & Mohamed , Season 3 's Loren & Alexei , and Season 4 's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 13 `` Happy Wife , Happy Life ? '' June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 14 `` When The Past Catches Up '' July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 15 `` We Got Bad Blood '' July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 16 `` Family Secrets '' July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 17 5 `` Lost in Translation '' July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 18 6 `` Lies & Goodbyes '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 19 7 `` Models , Moms & Meltdowns '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 20 8 `` I Do 's & I Don'ts '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 21 9 `` Where Do We Go From Here ? '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 22 10 `` The Couples Tell All Part 1 '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 23 11 `` The Couples Tell All Part 2 '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 24 12 `` The Couples Tell All Part 3 '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 90 Day Fiancé : before the 90 days ( edit ) In November 2016 , TLC announced a second spin - off series titled 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days . The premise follows six couples - Paul and Karine , Darcey and Jesse , Larry and Jenny , Cortney and Antonio , Sean and Abby , and Patrick and Myriam - as they start a relationship before the K - 1 Visa process begins . It premiered on August 6 , 2017 . Episodes No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Bon Voyage ! '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) `` Going the Distance '' August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) `` Language of Love '' August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) `` Meet the Parents '' August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 5 5 `` Secrets and Lies '' September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 6 6 `` Decisions , Decisions '' September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 7 7 `` Baby , I 'm Worth It '' September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 8 8 `` Moment of Truth '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 9 9 `` Red Flags '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 10 10 `` Reality Check '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 90 Day Fiancé : What now ? ( edit ) In March 2017 , TLC also announced an original digital spin - off series with the title of 90 Day Fiancé : What Now ? for TLCgo . The show provides updates on season 1 's Kirlyam & Alan , season 3 's Aleksandra & Josh and Melanie & Devar , and season 4 's Alla & Matt and Narkyia & Olulowo . TLC uploaded all seven episodes online on July 30 , 2017 . The network combined the segments into TV episodes that aired on September 17 and September 24 , 2017 following 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 90 Day Fiance - 3 Seasons 2014 Jump up ^ `` 90 Day Fiancé '' . imdb.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00HTAQD00 Jump up ^ 90 Day Fiance Episode Guide at sidereel.com ^ Jump up to : Tony Maglio ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) . `` ' 90 Day Fiance ' Gets Season 5 Renewal , Second Spinoff at TLC ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) . `` TLC Announces An Aggressive 2017 - 2018 Upfront Slate With 120 More Hours Of Original Programming '' . corporate.discovery.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Get a Sneak Peek of TLC 's New Series ' 90 Day Fiancé : Before the 90 Days ' , Meet the Cast '' . usmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= 90_Day_Fiancé&oldid = 804857071 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Television shows set in North America TLC ( TV network ) programs Hidden categories : Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 15 : 32 . About Wikipedia

1. 90 Day Fiancé - American documentary series 2. K-1 visas - visas for foreign fiancés of American citizens 3. Couples - couples who have 90 days to decide to marry before their visas expire 4. Challenges - language barriers, culture shock, stigma, skepticism 5. Cast - couples featured in different seasons of the show

star of far and away and moulin rouge

Moulin Rouge ! - Wikipedia Moulin Rouge ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2001 motion picture . For other uses , see Moulin Rouge ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Moulin Rouge ! <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Martin Brown Baz Luhrmann Fred Baron Screenplay by Baz Luhrmann Craig Pearce Starring Nicole Kidman Ewan McGregor John Leguizamo Jim Broadbent Richard Roxburgh Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Donald M. McAlpine Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company Bazmark Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 9 May 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) ( Cannes ) 24 May 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 24 ) ( Australia ) 1 June 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $179.2 million Moulin Rouge ! ( / ˌmuːlæn ˈruːʒ / , from French : ( mulɛ̃ ˈʁuʒ ) ) is a 2001 Australian - American jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Baz Luhrmann . It tells the story of a young English poet / writer , Christian ( Ewan McGregor ) , who falls in love with the star of the Moulin Rouge , cabaret actress and courtesan Satine ( Nicole Kidman ) . It uses the musical setting of the Montmartre Quarter of Paris , France . At the 74th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for eight Oscars , including Best Picture and Best Actress for Nicole Kidman , winning two : for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . It was the first musical nominated for Best Picture in 10 years , following Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . In BBC 's 2016 poll of the greatest films since 2000 , Moulin Rouge ! ranked 53rd . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 4 Release and reception 5 Awards and honors 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Musical numbers 7 Stage adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the year 1900 , a British writer named Christian ( Ewan McGregor ) , suffering from depression , begins writing on his typewriter ( `` Nature Boy '' ) . As Christian narrates , the film flashes back to one year earlier upon Christian 's move to the Montmartre district of Paris to become a writer among members of the area 's Bohemian movement . He soon discovers that his neighbours are a loose troupe of performers led by Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec ( John Leguizamo ) . Toulouse - Lautrec and the others ask for Christian 's help , and his writing skills allow them to finish their proposed show , `` Spectacular Spectacular '' , that they wish to sell to the owner of the Moulin Rouge , Harold Zidler ( Jim Broadbent ) . The group arrives at the Moulin Rouge as Zidler and his `` Diamond Dog Dancers '' perform for the audience ( `` Zidler 's Rap Medley '' ) . Toulouse arranges for Christian to see Satine ( Nicole Kidman ) , the star courtesan , in her private quarters to present the work , unaware that Zidler has been promising Satine to the wealthy and psychopathic Duke of Monroth ( Richard Roxburgh ) , a potential investor in the cabaret ( `` Sparkling Diamonds '' ) . Satine mistakes Christian for the Duke , and dances with him before retiring to her private chamber with him to discuss things confidentially ( `` Rhythm of the Night '' , `` Meet Me in the Red Room '' ) , but soon learns he is just a writer ( `` Your Song '' ) . The Duke interrupts them ; Christian and Satine claim they were practicing lines for `` Spectacular Spectacular '' . With Zidler 's help , Toulouse and the rest of the troupe pitch the show to the Duke with an improvised plot about an evil maharajah attempting to woo an Indian courtesan who loves a poor sitar player ( `` The Pitch ( Spectacular Spectacular ) '' ) . The Duke backs the show on the condition that only he may see Satine . Satine contemplates on Christian and her longing to leave the Moulin Rouge to become `` a real actress '' ( `` One Day I 'll Fly Away '' ) . Christian goes back to Satine to convince her that they should be together , and she eventually falls for him ( `` Elephant Love Medley '' ) . As the cabaret is converted to a theater , Christian and Satine continue seeing each other under the pretense of rehearsing Satine 's lines . The Duke becomes suspicious of their frequent meetings and warns Zidler that he may stop financing the show ; Zidler arranges for Satine to dine with the Duke that evening , but she falls ill from tuberculosis ( `` If I should die ( Górecki ) '' ) . Zidler makes excuses to the Duke , claiming that Satine has gone to confession ( `` Like a Virgin '' ) . Zidler learns from the doctor treating Satine that she does not have long to live , but keeps this knowledge from Satine . Satine tells Christian that their relationship endangers the show , but he counters by writing a secret love song to affirm their love ( `` Come What May '' ) . As the Duke watches Christian rehearsing with Satine , Nini , a jealous performer , points out that the play is a metaphor for Christian , Satine and the Duke . Enraged , the Duke demands the ending be changed with the courtesan choosing the maharajah ; Satine offers to spend the night with the Duke to keep the original ending . At the Duke 's quarters , Satine sees Christian on the streets below , and realizes she can not sleep with the Duke . ( `` El Tango de Roxanne ( Roxanne ) '' ) . The Duke attempts to rape her , but she is saved by Le Chocolat ( Deobia Oparei ) , one of the cabaret 's male dancers . Reunited with Christian , he urges her to run away with him . The Duke tells Zidler he will have Christian killed if Satine is not his . Zidler reiterates this warning to Satine , but when she refuses to return , he finally informs her she is dying ( `` A Fool to Believe '' ) . Zidler tells Satine that to save Christian 's life , she has to tell him that she will be staying with the Duke and she does n't love him ( `` The Show Must Go On '' ) . Christian tries following her , but is denied entry to the Moulin Rouge , and becomes depressed , even though Toulouse insists that Satine does love him . The night of the show , Christian sneaks into the Moulin Rouge , intending to pay Satine her fee as a courtesan ( `` Hindi Sad Diamonds '' ) . He catches Satine before she steps on stage and demands she tell him she does not love him . Suddenly they find themselves in the spotlight ; Zidler improvises and convinces the audience that Christian is the sitar player in disguise . Christian denounces Satine and walks off the stage . From the rafters , Toulouse cries out , `` The greatest thing you 'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return '' , spurring Satine to sing the song Christian wrote to express their love . Christian returns to the stage , joining her in the song and reaffirming his love for her . The Duke orders his bodyguard ( Linal Haft ) to kill Christian , but is thwarted , while the Duke 's own attempt is stopped by Zidler . The Duke storms out of the cabaret as Christian and Satine complete their song ( `` Come What May ( Reprise ) '' , `` Coup d'État ( Finale ) '' ) . After the curtain closes , Satine succumbs to tuberculosis . Before she dies , Christian and Satine affirm their love and she tells him to write their story . A year later , the Moulin Rouge has closed down , and Christian finishes writing the tale of his love for Satine , a `` love that will live forever '' ( `` Nature Boy ( Reprise ) '' ) . Cast ( edit ) Nicole Kidman as Satine Ewan McGregor as Christian Jim Broadbent as Harold Zidler Richard Roxburgh as The Duke of Monroth John Leguizamo as Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Jacek Koman as The Narcoleptic Argentinean Caroline O'Connor as Nini Legs - in - the - Air Kerry Walker as Marie Lara Mulcahy as Môme Fromage Garry McDonald as The Doctor Matthew Whittet as Satie Keith Robinson as Le Pétomane Natalie Mendoza as China Doll Christine Anu as Arabia David Wenham as Audrey Kiruna Stamell as La Petite Princesse Deobia Oparei as Le Chocolat Kylie Minogue as The Green Fairy Ozzy Osbourne as The Green Fairy 's laugh Peter Whitford as The Stage Manager Linal Haft as Warner Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) The storyline of Moulin Rouge can be traced back to Alexandre Dumas , fils ' The Lady of the Camellias , although Luhrmann , as an opera director , was probably more directly influenced by Verdi 's adaptation , La traviata . When asked about his inspiration for Moulin Rouge ! , Luhrmann remarked : `` When I was in India researching Midsummer Night 's Dream , we went to this huge , ice cream picture palace to see a Bollywood movie . Here we were , with 2,000 Indians watching a film in Hindi , and there was the lowest possible comedy and then incredible drama and tragedy and then break out in songs . And it was three - and - a-half hours ! We thought we had suddenly learnt Hindi , because we understood everything ! We thought it was incredible . How involved the audience were . How uncool they were - how their coolness had been ripped aside and how they were united in this singular sharing of the story . The thrill of thinking , ' Could we ever do that in the West ? Could we ever get past that cerebral cool and perceived cool . ' It required this idea of comic - tragedy . Could you make those switches ? Fine in Shakespeare - low comedy and then you die in five minutes ... In ' Moulin Rouge ' , we went further . Our recognisable story , though Orphean in shape , is derived from Camille , La Boheme - whether you know those texts or not , you recognise those patterns and character types . '' Luhrmann revealed that he drew from the Greek tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice in the DVD 's audio commentary . The legend of Orpheus says he was a musical genius , far surpassing anyone in his world ; the filmmakers chose to replicate this by using songs from the mid-to - late 20th century , many decades after the film 's 1899 setting . In this way , Christian would appear to the other characters to be ahead - of - his - time as a musician and writer . Development ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio , who worked with Luhrmann on Romeo + Juliet , auditioned for the role of Christian . Luhrmann also considered younger actors for the role , including Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal before Ewan McGregor won the part . Courtney Love auditioned for the role of Satine and assisted in clearing licensing rights for `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' to be used in the film . Filming ( edit ) Production began in November 1999 and was completed in May 2000 , with a budget of $52.5 million . Filming generally went smoothly , with the only major problem occurring when Kidman injured her ribs while filming one of the more complicated dance sequences ; she also stated in an interview with Graham Norton that she broke her rib while getting into a corset , by tightening it as much as possible to achieve an 18 - inch waist . The production also overran in its shooting schedule and had to be out of the Fox Studios in Sydney to make way for Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( in which McGregor also starred ) . This necessitated some pick - up shots being filmed in Madrid . In the liner notes to the film 's Special Edition DVD , Luhrmann writes that `` ( the ) whole stylistic premise has been to decode what the Moulin Rouge was to the audiences of 1899 and express that same thrill and excitement in a way to which contemporary movie - goers can relate . '' With that in mind , the film takes well - known popular music , mostly drawn from the MTV Generation , and anachronizes it into a tale set in a turn - of - the - century Paris cabaret . The movie also features editing that several critics compared to a music video , involving swirling camera motion , loud music , dancing , and frenetic cutting . Some of the songs sampled include `` Chamma Chamma '' from the Hindi movie China Gate , Queen 's `` The Show Must Go On '' ( arranged in operatic format ) , David Bowie 's rendition of Eden Ahbez 's `` Nature Boy '' , `` Lady Marmalade '' by Patti LaBelle ( the Christina Aguilera / P ! nk / Mýa / Lil ' Kim cover commissioned for the film ) , Madonna 's `` Material Girl '' and `` Like a Virgin '' , Elton John 's `` Your Song '' , the titular number of The Sound of Music , `` Roxanne '' by The Police ( in a tango format using the composition `` Tanguera '' by Mariano Mores ) , and `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' by Nirvana , a song rarely used in films . The film uses so much popular music that it took Luhrmann almost two years to secure all the rights to the songs . Release and reception ( edit ) Originally set for release on Christmas 2000 as a high - profile Oscar contender , 20th Century Fox eventually moved the release to the following spring so director Luhrmann would have more time during post-production . The film premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival on 9 May -- making it the festival 's opening title . Moulin Rouge ! received generally positive reviews from critics . The film holds a rating of 66 / 100 at Metacritic based on 35 reviews , and a 76 % `` Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 193 reviews , and a 71 % `` Fresh '' rating , based on 40 `` top '' reviewers , saying `` A love - it - or - hate - it experience , Moulin Rouge is all style , all giddy , over-the - top spectacle . But it 's also daring in its vision and wildly original . '' In December 2001 , it was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2001 . Awards and honors ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film was selected by the National Board of Review as the best film of 2001 . It picked up six Golden Globe nominations including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy ( for Nicole Kidman ) , Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy ( for Ewan McGregor ) , Best Original Score ( for Craig Armstrong ) , Best Director ( for Baz Luhrmann ) and Best Song ( `` Come What May '' ) . It won three including the coveted Best Picture trophy . A few weeks later , it received 13 nominations at the BAFTA Awards , making it the most nominated film of the year for that ceremony . It took home three , including Best Supporting Actor for Jim Broadbent . The film received eight Oscar nominations , including Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Picture . The film was not nominated for Best Director ( Luhrmann ) ; commenting on this during the Oscar ceremony , host Whoopi Goldberg remarked , `` I guess Moulin Rouge ! just directed itself . '' The film won the awards for Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction . `` Come What May '' ( the only original song in the film ) was disqualified from nomination for an Oscar because it was originally written ( but unused ) for Luhrmann 's previous film Romeo + Juliet and not written expressly for Moulin Rouge ! . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Baz Luhrmann 's trippy pop culture pastiche from 2001 was an aesthetically arresting ode to poetry , passion , and Elton John . It was so good , we 'll forgive him for Australia . '' ( 1079 / 1080 ) . Award Subject Result AACTA Award ( 43rd Australian Film Institute Awards ) Best Film Martin Brown , Fred Baron , Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Ewan McGregor Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role Nicole Kidman Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Richard Roxburgh Nominated Best Cinematography Donald McAlpine Won Best Editing Jill Bilcock Won Best Sound Andy Nelson , Roger Savage , Guntis Sics Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin , Angus Strathie Won Academy Award Best Picture Fred Baron , Martin Brown and Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Best Film Editing Jill Bilcock Nominated Best Cinematography Donald McAlpine Nominated Best Costume Design Catherine Martin and Angus Strathie Won Best Art Direction Art Direction : Catherine Martin ; Set Decoration : Brigitte Broch Won Best Makeup Maurizio Silvi and Aldo Signoretti Nominated Best Sound Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer , Roger Savage and Guntis Sics Nominated ACE Eddie Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Jill Bilcock Won BAFTA Award Best Film Fred Baron , Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Original Screenplay Baz Luhrmann , Craig Pearce Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jim Broadbent Won Best Cinematography Donald McAlpine Nominated Best Sound Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer , Roger Savage , Guntis Sics Won Best Music Craig Armstrong , Marius De Vries Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin Nominated Best Costume Design Catherine Martin , Angus Strathie Nominated Best Editing Jill Bilcock Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Chris Godfrey , Andy Brown , Nathan McGuinness , Brian Cox Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Maurizio Silvi , Aldo Signoretti Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Fred Baron , Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann Won Best Director Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Ewan McGregor Nominated Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nicole Kidman Won Best Original Song ( `` Come What May '' ) David Baerwald , Kevin Gilbert Nominated Best Original Score Craig Armstrong Won Grammy Award Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Craig Armstrong Nominated National Board of Review Award Best Film Fred Baron , Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann Won Producers Guild of America Award Best Picture Fred Baron , Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann Won Satellite Award Best Film Fred Baron , Martin Brown , Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Director Baz Luhrmann Won Best Original Screenplay Baz Luhrmann , Craig Pearce Nominated Best Actor Ewan McGregor Won Best Actress Nicole Kidman Won Best Original Score Craig Armstrong Won Best Original Song ( `` Come What May '' ) David Baerwald , Kevin Gilbert Nominated Best Cinematography Donald McAlpine Nominated Best Editing Jill Bilcock Nominated Best Visual Effects Chris Godfrey , Andy Brown , Nathan McGuinness , Brian Cox Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Catherine Martin Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin , Angus Strathie Won Best Sound Andy Nelson , Anna Behlmer , Roger Savage , Guntis Sics Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Main articles : Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film and Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , Vol. 2 Musical numbers ( edit ) Nature Boy -- Toulouse Complainte de la Butte / Children of the Revolution The Sound of Music - Toulouse , Christian , and Satie Green Fairy Medley ( The Sound of Music / Children of the Revolution / Nature Boy ) -- Christian , The Bohemians , and the Green Fairy Zidler 's Rap Medley ( Lady Marmalade / Zidler 's Rap / Because We Can / Smells Like Teen Spirit ) -- Zidler , Moulin Rouge Dancers , Christian and Patrons Sparkling Diamonds ( Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend / Material Girl ) -- Satine , and Moulin Rouge Dancers Rhythm of the Night - Moulin Rouge Dancers Sparkling Diamonds ( Reprise ) - Satine Meet Me in the Red Room Your Song -- Christian Your Song ( Reprise ) - Satine The Pitch - Spectacular Spectacular -- Zidler , Christian , Satine , The Duke , and Bohemians One Day I 'll Fly Away -- Satine and Christian Elephant Love Medley -- Christian and Satine Górecki -- Satine Like a Virgin -- Zidler , The Duke , and Chorus Boys Come What May -- Christian , Satine , the Argentinean and Cast of Spectacular Spectacular El Tango de Roxanne -- The Argentinean , Christian , Satine , The Duke , and Moulin Rouge Dancers Fool to Believe - Satine One Day I 'll Fly Away ( Reprise ) - Satine and Zidler The Show Must Go On -- Zidler , Satine , and Moulin Rouge Stagehands Hindi Sad Diamonds Medley ( Chamma Chamma / Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend ) -- Toulouse , Nini Legs - in - the - Air , Satine , and the Cast of Spectacular Spectacular Come What May ( Reprise ) -- Satine and Christian Coup d'État / Finale ( Children of the Revolution / Your Song / One Day I 'll Fly Away / Come What May ) -- Christian , Satine , and Cast of Spectacular Spectacular Nature Boy ( Reprise ) -- Toulouse , Christian The following is a partial list of songs featured in the film along with the artist that popularized them . `` Nature Boy '' -- Nat King Cole , covered by David Bowie and remixed by Massive Attack for the soundtrack . `` The Sound of Music '' -- Mary Martin ( and later by Julie Andrews ) ( from the Rodgers & Hammerstein musical of the same name , featuring overdubbed theremin played by Bruce Woolley ) `` The Lonely Goatherd '' -- also from The Sound of Music ( but heard as instrumental ) `` Children of the Revolution '' -- T. Rex `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle , covered for the film , by Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa , Missy Elliott , and Pink ) `` Because We Can '' -- Fatboy Slim `` Complainte de la Butte '' -- Georges Van Parys and Jean Renoir covered by Rufus Wainwright `` Rhythm of the Night '' -- DeBarge `` Material Girl '' -- Madonna `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' -- Nirvana `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' -- Introduced by Carol Channing , made popular by Marilyn Monroe . `` Diamond Dogs '' -- David Bowie covered for the film by Beck . `` Galop Infernal ( Can - can ) '' -- Jacques Offenbach ( tune for Spectacular , Spectacular ) `` One Day I 'll Fly Away '' -- The Crusaders , later Randy Crawford `` Children of the Revolution '' -- T. Rex ( Covered by Bono , Gavin Friday , Violent Femmes , and Maurice Seezer ) `` Gorecki '' -- Lamb `` Come What May '' -- Ewan McGregor and Nicole Kidman ( written by David Baerwald ) `` Roxanne '' -- The Police ( Title in film : `` El Tango de Roxanne '' , combined with music `` Tanguera '' by Mariano Mores ) `` Tanguera '' -- Mariano Mores ( Title in film : `` El Tango de Roxanne '' , combined with music `` Roxanne '' by The Police ) `` The Show Must Go On '' -- Queen `` Like a Virgin '' -- Madonna `` Your Song '' -- Elton John `` Chamma Chamma '' -- Alka Yagnik ( Incorporated in the film song titled `` Hindi Sad Diamonds '' ; originally performed by Alka Yagnik in the 1998 Hindi film China Gate , composed by Anu Malik . Elephant Love Medley The following is a list of songs featured in the medley , along with the names of the writers and singers of the original . `` Love is Like Oxygen '' by Sweet -- Andy Scott and Trevor Griffin `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' by Sammy Fain -- Sammy Fain and Paul Francis Webster `` Up Where We Belong '' by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes -- Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles -- John Lennon and Paul McCartney `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' by Kiss -- Desmond Child , Paul Stanley , Vini Poncia `` One More Night '' by Phil Collins -- Phil Collins `` Pride '' by U2 -- U2 `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes -- Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff , and Cary Gilbert `` Silly Love Songs '' by Wings -- Paul McCartney `` Heroes '' by David Bowie -- David Bowie `` I Will Always Love You '' by Dolly Parton and later Whitney Houston -- Dolly Parton `` Your Song '' by Elton John -- Elton John and Bernie Taupin The `` Elephant Love Medley '' also contains additional original lyrics by Italian pop tenor Alessandro Safina . In the Blu - ray release , it was revealed that the song that was planned to open the film was originally Cat Stevens ' `` Father and Son '' , sung by Christian where he argues with his father for making him see that he has to go to Paris in order to make his dreams come true . Cat Stevens refused the permission for using the song in the film , therefore the song was changed to `` Nature Boy '' . Two soundtrack albums were released , with the second coming after the first one 's massive success . The first volume featured the smash hit single `` Lady Marmalade '' , performed by Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and Pink . The first soundtrack , Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , was released on 8 May 2001 , with the second Moulin Rouge ! Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film , Vol. 2 following on 26 February 2002 . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Moulin Rouge ! ( musical ) In 2002 -- 2003 , there was speculation about the possibility of a stage musical based on Moulin Rouge ! , possibly in Las Vegas , but there have been no public talks in the years since . Some sources claimed in 2006 that the director , Baz Luhrmann , had approached the leads of the film , Kidman and McGregor , to star in the potential stage version . In 2008 , a stage adaptation , La Belle Bizarre Du Moulin Rouge ( The Moulin Rouge Bizarre 's Beauty ) toured Germany and produced a cast recording . In 2016 , it was announced that a stage musical was being developed by Global Creatures , with direction by Alex Timbers . Moulin Rouge : The Musical is slated to premiere June 27 , 2018 at the Colonial Theatre in Boston . The book is written by John Logan with direction by Alex Timbers . It is starring Aaron Tveit as Christian and Karen Olivo as Satine . The Boston production is expected to transfer to Broadway in 2019 . See also ( edit ) Moulin Rouge , 1928 film Moulin Rouge , 1952 film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MOULIN ROUGE ! ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 21 June 2001 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) -- Box office / business '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moulin Rouge ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary . 3rd ed . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Geoff . `` Baz Luhrmann ( I ) '' . theguardian.com Film . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Tim Gray ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio Unleashes a Fearless ' Wolf ' Performance '' . Variety . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kara Warner ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' Moulin Rouge ' Could Have Starred Heath Ledger , Baz Luhrmann Reveals '' . MTV.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman : ' I broke my rib getting into corset for Moulin Rouge ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Moulin Rouge ! '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic reviews '' . Internet Movie Database : Moulin Rouge ! . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moulin Rouge is viewers ' favourite '' . London : BBC News . 20 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fung , Alex ( 9 February 2002 ) . `` Alex 's Oscar Column No. 09 for the 74th Annual Academy Awards '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly. : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ It was listed as number 212 on Empire 's 500 greatest films of all time `` Empire 's 500 Greatest films of all time '' . Cinemarealm . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moulin Rouge -- Stage Production '' . Baz the Great . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorgan , Elena ( 20 June 2006 ) . `` Moulin Rouge on the Stage ? -- The director Baz Luhrmann has already approached Kidman and McGregor with the offer '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` La Belle Bizarre Du Moulin Rouge '' Touring Cast : CastAlbums.org `` . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moulin Rouge ! ' Being Developed Into a Stage Musical '' . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moulin Rouge The Musical '' . moulinrougemusical.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Moulin Rouge ! ' Musical Sets Pre-Broadway Boston Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Moulin Rouge ! Official website Moulin Rouge ! on IMDb Moulin Rouge ! at Box Office Mojo Moulin Rouge ! at Rotten Tomatoes Moulin Rouge ! at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Australia ( 2008 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Television The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Music Something for Everybody `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' Related Red Curtain Trilogy No. 5 the Film Strictly Ballroom ( musical ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy <Td_colspan="2"> An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Film of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Apocalypse Now ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Missing ( 1982 ) The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) House of Games ( 1988 ) Distant Voices , Still Lives ( 1989 ) Crimes and Misdemeanors ( 1990 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) About Schmidt ( 2002 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) United 93 ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture <Td_colspan="2"> Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Film Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2009 , retired ) Fargo ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) In America ( 2003 ) Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) Motion Picture ( 2010 -- present ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land / Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) God 's Own Country / Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Paintings La Blanchisseuse La toilette At the Moulin Rouge , The Dance Moulin Rouge : La Goulue At the Moulin Rouge Divan Japonais Museums Musée Toulouse - Lautrec People Aristide Bruant Cha - U-Kao Jane Avril Marcelle Lender Related Earthquake ( cocktail ) Moulin Rouge Moulin Rouge ( 1952 film ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alexandre Dumas , fils ' The Lady of the Camellias Films The Lady of the Camellias ( 1915 , Negroni ) The Lady of the Camellias ( 1915 , Serena ) Camille ( 1915 ) Camille ( 1917 ) Camille ( 1921 ) Camille ( 1926 short ) Camille ( 1926 feature ) Camille ( 1936 ) Camille 2000 ( 1969 ) The Lady of the Camellias ( 1981 ) La Traviata ( 1983 ) Camille ( 1984 ) Other La traviata ( opera ) Marguerite ( musical ) Marguerite and Armand ( ballet ) Related Marie Duplessis Moulin Rouge ! ( film ) VIAF : 311428573 LCCN : no2001048003 GND : 4650423 - 0 SUDOC : 179010794 BNF : cb16756441c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulin_Rouge!&oldid=837203296 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s musical films 2000s romantic comedy films 20th Century Fox films Australian films Australian comedy films Australian romance films Australian musical films American films American romantic comedy films American dance films American musical comedy films American musical films American romantic musical films Films directed by Baz Luhrmann Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners American alternate history films Australian alternative history films Films about prostitution Films about writers Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1899 Films set in 1900 Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in Madrid Films shot in Sydney Films set in the Moulin Rouge European Film Awards winners ( films ) Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Historical romance films Jukebox musical films Cultural depictions of Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 10 : 58 . 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1. Moulin Rouge (2001 film) 2. Baz Luhrmann 3. Nicole Kidman 4. Ewan McGregor 5. Jukebox musical

what is the area code for midland tx

Area code 432 - wikipedia Area code 432 Map of Texas and adjacent regions , with numbering plan area 432 highlighted . North American area code 432 is a state of Texas telephone area code in the Permian Basin area of the state including the cities of Midland and Odessa . It was created , along with area code 325 , on April 5 , 2003 in a split from area code 915 . Counties Served by this area code : Andrews , Brewster , Crane , Culberson , Ector , Gaines , Glasscock , Howard , Jeff Davis , Loving , Martin , Midland , Pecos , Presidio , Reeves , Terrell , Upton , Val Verde , Ward , and Winkler Towns and cities served by this area code : Ackerly , Alpine , Andrews , Balmorhea , Big Bend National Park , Big Spring , Coahoma , Comstock , Coyanosa , Crane , Dryden , Forsan , Fort Davis , Fort Stockton , Garden City , Gardendale , Goldsmith , Grandfalls , Imperial , Iraan , Kermit , Lenorah , Marathon , Marfa , McCamey , Midkiff , Midland , Monahans , Odessa , Pecos , Presidio , Pyote , Rankin , Sanderson , Seminole , Stanton , Terlingua , Toyahvale , Valentine , Van Horn and Wink See also ( edit ) List of Texas area codes External links ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of Texas List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 432 Area Code <Th_colspan="3"> Texas area codes : 210 / 726 , 214 / 469 / 972 , 254 , 281 / 346 / 713 / 832 , 325 , 361 , 409 , 430 / 903 , 432 , 512 / 737 , 682 / 817 , 806 , 830 , 915 , 936 , 940 , 956 , 979 North : 575 , 806 West : 575 , 915 , country code + 52 in Mexico area code 432 East : 325 , 830 South : Country code <Td_colspan="3"> New Mexico area codes : 505 , 575 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_432&oldid=789666426 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in Texas Midland County , Texas Ector County , Texas Hidden categories : Texas articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2017 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Area code 432 in Texas 2. Permian Basin area 3. Cities of Midland and Odessa 4. Counties served by area code 432 5. Towns and cities served by area code 432

how has the bessemer process changed over time

Bessemer process - wikipedia Bessemer process Jump to : navigation , search Bessemer converter , schematic diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace . The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron . The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten . Related decarburizing with air processes had been used outside Europe for hundreds of years , but not on an industrial scale . One such process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia , where the scholar Shen Kuo of that era described its use in the Chinese iron and steel industry . In the 17th century , accounts by European travelers detailed its possible use by the Japanese . The modern process is named after its inventor , the Englishman Henry Bessemer , who took out a patent on the process in 1856 . The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly , though there is little to back up this claim . The process using a basic refractory lining is known as the `` basic Bessemer process '' or `` Gilchrist -- Thomas process '' after the English discoverers Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 1.1 Oxidation 1.2 Managing the process 2 Predecessor processes 3 History 4 Patent battles 5 Importance 6 The Bessemer process in the United States 7 Obsolescence 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Details ( edit ) Bessemer converter components . Oxidation ( edit ) The blowing of air through the molten pig iron introduces oxygen into the melt which results in oxidation , removing impurities found in the pig iron , such as silicon , manganese , and carbon in the form of oxides . These oxides either escape as gas or form a solid slag . The refractory lining of the converter also plays a role in the conversion -- clay linings are used when there is little phosphorus in the raw material - this is known as the acid Bessemer process . When the phosphorus content is high , dolomite , or sometimes magnesite , linings are used in the alkaline Bessemer limestone process . These are also known as Gilchrist - Thomas converters , after their inventors , Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas . In order to produce steel with desired properties , additives such as spiegeleisen ( a ferromanganese alloy ) , can be added to the molten steel once the impurities have been removed . Managing the process ( edit ) When the required steel had been formed , it was poured into ladles and then transferred into moulds while the lighter slag was left behind . The conversion process , called the `` blow '' , was completed in approximately 20 minutes . During this period the progress of the oxidation of the impurities was judged by the appearance of the flame issuing from the mouth of the converter . The modern use of photoelectric methods of recording the characteristics of the flame greatly aided the blower in controlling final product quality . After the blow , the liquid metal was recarburized to the desired point and other alloying materials were added , depending on the desired product . A Bessemer converter could treat a `` heat '' ( batch of hot metal ) of 5 to 30 tons at a time . They were usually operated in pairs , one being blown while another was being filled or tapped . Predecessor processes ( edit ) Bessemer converter at Högbo Bruk , Sandviken . Before the Bessemer process , Western Europe and the United States relied on the puddling process to reduce the carbon content of white cast iron ( refined pig iron ) , converting it to wrought iron . It was possible to make low - quality puddled steel , but the process was difficult to control and quality varied . High - quality steel was made by the reverse process of adding carbon to carbon - free wrought iron , usually imported from Sweden . The manufacturing process , called the cementation process , consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box . This produced blister steel . The blister steel was put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted , producing crucible steel . Up to 3 tons of expensive coke was burnt for each ton of steel produced . Such steel when rolled into bars was sold at £ 50 to £ 60 ( approximately £ 3,390 to £ 4,070 in 2008 ) a long ton . The most difficult and work - intensive part of the process , however , was the production of wrought iron done in finery forges in Sweden . This process was refined in the 18th century with the introduction of Benjamin Huntsman 's crucible steel - making techniques , which added an additional three hours firing time and required additional large quantities of coke . In making crucible steel , the blister steel bars were broken into pieces and melted in small crucibles , each containing 20 kg or so . This produced higher quality crucible steel but increased the cost . The Bessemer process reduced the time needed to make steel of this quality to about half an hour while requiring only the coke needed initially to melt the pig iron . The earliest Bessemer converters produced steel for £ 7 a long ton , although it initially sold for around £ 40 a ton . History ( edit ) Bessemer converter , Kelham Island Museum , Sheffield , England ( 2010 ) . A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia . Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty innovated a `` partial decarbonization '' method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast . Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of metallurgy Theodore A. Wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process of making steel . This process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) in 1075 , when he visited Cizhou . Hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron - production district along the Henan - Hebei border during the 11th century . In the 15th century the finery process , another process which shares the air - blowing principle with the Bessemer process , was developed in Europe . In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible technique for steel manufacture , at his workshop in the district of Handsworth in Sheffield . This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel production , but it was unrelated to the Bessemer - type process employing decarburization . Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo described the Japanese use of the Bessemer process . The Japanese may have made use of the Bessemer process , which was observed by European travelers in the 17th century . The adventurer Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo describes the process in a book published in English in 1669 . He writes , `` They have , among others , particular invention for the melting of iron , without the using of fire , casting it into a tun done about on the inside without about half a foot of earth , where they keep it with continual blowing , take it out by ladles full , to give it what form they please . '' According to historian Donald Wagner , Madelslo did not personally visit Japan , so his description of the process is likely derived from accounts of other Europeans who had traveled to Japan . Wagner believes that the Japanese process may have been similar to the Bessemer process , but cautions that alternative explanations are also plausible . William Kelly may have independently discovered the process before Bessemer 's patent . In the early 1850s , the American inventor William Kelly experimented with a method similar to the Bessemer process . Wagner writes that Kelly may have been inspired by techniques introduced by Chinese ironworkers hired by Kelly in 1854 . When Bessemer 's patent for the process was reported by Scientific American , Kelly responded by writing a letter to the magazine . In the letter , Kelly states that he had previously experimented with the process and claimed that Bessemer knew of Kelly 's discovery . He wrote that `` I have reason to believe my discovery was known in England three or four years ago , as a number of English puddlers visited this place to see my new process . Several of them have since returned to England and may have spoken of my invention there . '' Sir Henry Bessemer described the origin of his invention in his autobiography written in 1890 . During the outbreak of the Crimean War , many English industrialists and inventors became interested in military technology . According to Bessemer , his invention was inspired by a conversation with Napoleon III in 1854 pertaining to the steel required for better artillery . Bessemer claimed that it `` was the spark which kindled one of the greatest revolutions that the present century had to record , for during my solitary ride in a cab that night from Vincennes to Paris , I made up my mind to try what I could to improve the quality of iron in the manufacture of guns . '' At the time steel was used to make only small items like cutlery and tools , but was too expensive for cannons . Starting in January 1855 he began working on a way to produce steel in the massive quantities required for artillery and by October he filed his first patent related to the Bessemer process . He patented the method a year later in 1856 . According to his autobiography Bessemer was working with an ordinary reverberatory furnace but during a test , some pieces of pig iron were jostled off the side of the ladle , and were left above the ladle in the furnace 's heat . When Bessemer went to push them into the ladle , he found that they were steel shells : the hot air alone had converted the outsides of the iron pieces to steel . This crucial discovery led him to completely redesign his furnace so that it would force high - pressure air through the molten iron using special air pumps . Intuitively this would seem to be folly because it would cool the iron . Instead , the oxygen in the forced air ignited silicon and carbon impurities in the iron , starting a positive feedback loop . As the iron became hotter , more impurities burned off , making the iron even hotter and burning off more impurities , producing a batch of hotter , purer , molten iron , which converts to steel more easily . Henry Bessemer Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to four ironmasters , for a total of £ 27,000 , but the licensees failed to produce the quality of steel he had promised -- it was `` rotten hot and rotten cold '' , according to his friend , William Clay -- and he later bought them back for £ 32,500 . His plan had been to offer the licenses to one company in each of several geographic areas , at a royalty price per ton that included a lower rate on a proportion of their output in order to encourage production , but not so large a proportion that they might decide to reduce their selling prices . By this method he hoped to cause the new process to gain in standing and market share . He realised that the technical problem was due to impurities in the iron and concluded that the solution lay in knowing when to turn off the flow of air in his process so that the impurities were burned off but just the right amount of carbon remained . However , despite spending tens of thousands of pounds on experiments , he could not find the answer . Certain grades of steel are sensitive to the 78 % nitrogen which was part of the air blast passing through the steel . Bessemer was sued by the patent purchasers who could n't get it to work . In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it , even though he could not convey it to his patent users . Bessemer 's company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making . The solution was first discovered by English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet , who had carried out thousands of experiments in the Forest of Dean . His method was to first burn off , as far as possible , all the impurities and carbon , then reintroduce carbon and manganese by adding an exact amount of spiegeleisen . This had the effect of improving the quality of the finished product , increasing its malleability -- its ability to withstand rolling and forging at high temperatures and making it more suitable for a vast array of uses . The first company to license the process was the Manchester firm of W & J Galloway , and they did so before Bessemer announced it at Cheltenham in 1856 . They are not included in his list of the four to whom he refunded the license fees . However , they subsequently rescinded their license in 1858 in return for the opportunity to invest in a partnership with Bessemer and others . This partnership began to manufacture steel in Sheffield from 1858 , initially using imported charcoal pig iron from Sweden . This was the first commercial production . Sidney Gilchrist Thomas , a Londoner with a Welsh father , was an industrial chemist who decided to tackle the problem of phosphorus in iron , which resulted in the production of low grade steel . Believing that he had discovered a solution , he contacted his cousin , Percy Gilchrist , who was a chemist at the Blaenavon ironworks . The manager at the time , Edward Martin , offered Sidney equipment for large - scale testing and helped him draw up a patent that was taken out in May , 1878 . Sidney Gilchrist Thomas 's invention consisted of using dolomite or sometimes limestone linings for the Bessemer converter rather than clay , and it became known as the ' basic ' Bessemer rather than the ' acid ' Bessemer process . An additional advantage was that the processes formed more slag in the converter , and this could be recovered and used very profitably as a phosphate fertilizer . Patent battles ( edit ) Patents of such value did not escape criticism , and invalidity was urged against them on various grounds . But Bessemer was able to maintain them intact without litigation , though he found it advisable to buy up the rights of one patentee , Robert Forester Mushet . In the case of Mushet , he was assisted by the patent being allowed to lapse in 1859 through non-payment of fees . Mushet 's procedure was not essential and Bessemer proved this in 1865 by exhibiting a series of steel samples made using his process alone , but the value of the procedure was shown by its near universal adoption in conjunction with the Bessemer process . Whether or not Mushet 's patents could have been sustained is not known , but in 1866 Robert Mushet 's 16 - year - old daughter travelled to London to confront Henry Bessemer at his offices , arguing that Bessemer 's success was based on the results of her father 's work . Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual pension of £ 300 ( equivalent to £ 26,000 in 2016 ) , a very considerable sum , which he paid for 25 years . In 1866 , Bessemer also provided finance for Zerah Colburn , the American locomotive engineer and journalist , to start a new weekly engineering newspaper called Engineering based in Bedford Street , London . It was not until many years later that the name of Colburn 's benefactor was revealed . Before Engineering was launched , Colburn , through the pages of The Engineer , had given support to Bessemer 's work on steel and steelmaking . Importance ( edit ) Bessemer furnace in operation in Youngstown , Ohio , 1941 . The Bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacture by decreasing its cost , from £ 40 per long ton to £ 6 -- 7 per long ton , along with greatly increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital raw material . The process also decreased the labor requirements for steel - making . Before it was introduced , steel was far too expensive to make bridges or the framework for buildings and thus wrought iron had been used throughout the Industrial Revolution . After the introduction of the Bessemer process , steel and wrought iron became similarly priced , and some users , primarily railroads , turned to steel . Quality problems , such as brittleness caused by nitrogen in the blowing air , prevented Bessemer steel from being used for many structural applications . Open - hearth steel was suitable for structural applications . Steel greatly improved the productivity of railroads . Steel rails lasted ten times longer than iron rails . Steel rails , which became heavier as prices fell , could carry heavier locomotives , which could pull longer trains . Steel rail cars were longer and were able to increase the freight to car weight from 1 : 1 to 2 : 1 . As early as 1895 in the UK it was being noted that the heyday of the Bessemer process was over and that the open hearth method predominated . The Iron and Coal Trades Review said that it was `` in a semi-moribund condition . Year after year , it has not only ceased to make progress , but it has absolutely declined . '' It has been suggested , both at that time and more recently , that the cause of this was the lack of trained personnel and investment in technology rather than anything intrinsic to the process itself . For example , one of the major causes of the decline of the giant ironmaking company Bolckow Vaughan of Middlesbrough was its failure to upgrade its technology . The basic process , the Thomas - Gilchrist process , remained in use longer , especially in Continental Europe , where iron ores were of high phosphorus content and the open - hearth process was not able to remove all phosphorus ; almost all inexpensive construction steel in Germany was produced with this method in the 1950s and 1960s . It was eventually superseded by basic oxygen steelmaking . The Bessemer process in the United states ( edit ) While visiting Europe to obtain information on shipbuilding , armour , and armaments from 1862 to 1863 , Alexander Lyman Holley visited Bessemer 's Sheffield works , and expressed interest in licensing the process for use in the US . Upon returning to the US , Holley met with noted inventor John Ericsson , who referred Holley to a pair of businessmen who had helped him build the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor , John F. Winslow and John Augustus Griswold . With Winslow and Griswold 's support , Holley returned to England in 1863 , and paid Bessemer £ 10,000 to license the technology . The trio began setting up a mill in Troy , New York in 1865 . The factory contained a number of Holley 's innovations that greatly improved productivity over Bessemer 's factory in Sheffield , and the owners gave a successful public exhibition in 1867 . The Troy factory attracted the attention of the Pennsylvania Railroad , which wanted to use the new process to manufacture steel rail . It funded Holley 's second mill as part of its Pennsylvania Steel subsidiary . Between 1866 and 1877 , the partners were able to license a total of 11 Bessemer steel mills . One of the investors they attracted was Andrew Carnegie , who saw great promise in the new steel technology after a visit to Bessemer in 1872 , and saw it as a useful adjunct to his existing businesses , the Keystone Bridge Company and the Union Iron Works . Holley built the new steel mill for Carnegie , and continued to improve and refine the process . The new mill , known as the Edgar Thomson Steel Works , opened in 1875 , and started the growth of the United States as a major world steel producer . William Walker Scranton , manager and owner of the Lackawanna Iron & Coal Company in Scranton , Pennsylvania , had also investigated the process in Europe . He built a mill in 1876 using the Bessemer process for steel rails and quadrupled his production . Obsolescence ( edit ) In the U.S. , commercial steel production using this method stopped in 1968 . It was replaced by processes such as the basic oxygen ( Linz - Donawitz ) process , which offered better control of final chemistry . The Bessemer process was so fast ( 10 -- 20 minutes for a heat ) that it allowed little time for chemical analysis or adjustment of the alloying elements in the steel . Bessemer converters did not remove phosphorus efficiently from the molten steel ; as low - phosphorus ores became more expensive , conversion costs increased . The process permitted only limited amount of scrap steel to be charged , further increasing costs , especially when scrap was inexpensive . Use of electric arc furnace technology competed favourably with the Bessemer process resulting in its obsolescence . Basic oxygen steelmaking is essentially an improved version of the Bessemer process ( decarburization by blowing oxygen as gas into the heat rather than burning the excess carbon away by adding oxygen carrying substances into the heat ) . The advantages of pure oxygen blast over air blast was known to Henry Bessemer , but the 19th - century technology was not advanced enough to allow for the production of the large quantities of pure oxygen to make it economically feasible for use . See also ( edit ) Engineering portal Cementation ( metallurgy ) process Methods of crucible steel production Open hearth furnace , the Siemens - Martin process Open - hearth furnace process References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ponting , Clive ( 2000 ) , World History , A New Perspective , Pimlico , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6572 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 2008 ) . Science and civilisation in China , Volume 5 , Part 7 ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 261 -- 5 . ISBN 9780521875660 . ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Harold ( 2009 ) . China : A History . Hackett Publishing . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 915 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Donald ( 2008 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Vol. 5 , Part 11 : Ferrous Metallurgy . Cambridge University Press . pp. 363 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87566 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Donald ( 2008 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Vol. 5 , Part 11 : Ferrous Metallurgy . Cambridge University Press . p. 361 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87566 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Bessemer process '' . Britannica. 2 . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005 . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Robert B. ( 2001 ) . American Iron , 1607 -- 1900 . JHU Press . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6816 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Beginnings of Cheap Steel by Philip W. Bishop '' . Retrieved 23 February 2018 -- via www.gutenberg.org . Jump up ^ `` No. 762 : Kelly 's Converter '' . www.uh.edu . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaping Technology / building Society : Studies in Sociotechnical Change . MIT Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 26043 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present '' . 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Robert ( March 1966 ) . `` Markets , Technology , and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh - Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry '' . The Journal of Economic History . 26 ( 1 ) : 54 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . JSTOR 2116001 . Jump up ^ Wertime , Theodore A. ( 1962 ) . The coming of the age of steel . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert K.G. ( 1999 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . London : Prion . p. 49 . ISBN 9781853752926 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Charlotte ( 1986 ) ( 1959 ) . British industrialists : steel and hosiery 1850 -- 1950 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 566 - 05141 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bessemer , Sir Henry ( 1905 ) . Sir Henry Bessemer , F.R.S . Offices of `` Engineering '' ,. p172 . Jump up ^ Anstis 1997 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ J.E. Gordon , `` The new science of strong materials '' , Penguin books . Jump up ^ `` Mushet , Robert Forester '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Jump up ^ Anstis 1997 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bessemer , Sir Henry ( 1905 ) . An Autobiography . London : Engineering . pp. 176 , 180 . Jump up ^ Blaenavon World Heritage Site : Blaenavon and the ' Gilchrist - Thomas ' Process Archived December 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Company , Lewis Publishing ( 1908 - 01 - 01 ) . A century and a half of Pittsburg and her people . Lewis Pub. Co. p. 41 . Jump up ^ Chapter 18 Manganese in Steel Making Archived 2011 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 . Jump up ^ Misa , Thomas J. ( 1999 ) ( 1995 ) . A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 . Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology . Baltimore , Md. : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6052 - 0 . OCLC 540692649 . Chapter 1 online . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1982 ) . Inside the Black Box : Technology and Economics . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 60 , 69 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27367 - 6 . Jump up ^ Payne , P.L. ( 1968 ) . `` Iron and steel manufactures '' . In Aldcroft , Derek H. The development of British industry and foreign competition , 1875 -- 1914 ; studies in industrial enterprise . London : George Allen & Unwin . pp. 92 -- 94 , 97 . OCLC 224674 . Jump up ^ Abe , E. The Technological Strategy of a Leading Iron and Steel Firm : Bolckow Vaughan Co. Ltd : Late Victorian Industrialists Did Fail . Business History , 1996 , Vol. 38 , No. 1 , pages 45 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Rail that Survived Demolition by `` Lawrence of Arabia '' : An Analysis `` . www.tms.org . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Thomas J. Misa , A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 ( 1995 ) : chapter on Holley and Bessemer process online Jump up ^ Cheryl A. Kashuba , `` William Walker led industry in the city '' , The Times - Tribune , 11 July 2010 , accessed 23 May 2016 Bibliography ( edit ) Anstis , Ralph ( 1997 ) , Man of Iron , Man of Steel : Lives of David and Robert Mushet , Albion House , ISBN 0 - 9511371 - 4 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bessemer converter . `` Progress in the Manufacture of Steel '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 19 , October 1881 `` Bessemer 's explanation of his process '' . The Engineer. 15 August 1856 . `` How the Modern Steel Furnace Does Its Work '' . Popular Science : 30 -- 31 . February 1919 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Iron and steel production <Td_colspan="3"> History of ferrous metallurgy List of steel producers Iron production ( Ironworks ) Smelting Bloomery ( produces sponge iron ) Blast furnace ( produces pig iron ) Cold blast Hot blast Anthracite iron Direct reduced iron Secondary Wrought iron ( via Finery forge or Reverberatory Puddling Furnace ) Cast iron ( via Cupola furnace or Induction furnace ) Steelmaking ( Steel mill ) Primary ( Pre-1850 ) Pattern welding ( Damascus steel ) Crucible steel Tatara furnace Cementation process Primary ( Post-1850 ) Bessemer process Open hearth furnace Electric arc furnace Basic oxygen process Secondary Electro - slag remelting Vacuum arc remelting Argon oxygen decarburization Production by country Bangladesh China Italy Luxembourg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bessemer_process&oldid=832955842 '' Categories : English inventions Steelmaking Metallurgical processes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Bessemer process 2. Steel production 3. Mass production 4. Oxidation 5. Industrial revolution

who is the trainer in here comes the boom

Mark DellaGrotte - wikipedia Mark DellaGrotte Jump to : navigation , search Mark DellaGrotte ( born November 14 , 1974 ) is an American former professional Muay Thai kickboxer and a trainer in Muay Thai . He is the owner and operator of the Sityodtong USA Branch in Somerville , Massachusetts , and was certified and appointed by Master Yodtong to be recognized as an international conservator of Thai style boxing . Mark also has extensive training and is certified in the arts of Kali Escrima , Pencak Silat , Jeet Kune Do , Savate , and Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu . DellaGrotte , known for his Boston accent , is a featured kickboxing trainer in Spike TV 's `` The Ultimate Fighter 4 . '' He also has trained mixed martial arts fighters like Kenny Florian , Frank Mir , Stephan Bonnar , Marcus Davis , Alex Karalexis , Jorge Rivera and Patrick Côté . DellaGrotte is the owner and operator of the Sityodtong USA Branch . He began his martial arts studies at an early age . His initial training involved classical martial arts , such as Tae Kwon Do , Shotokan Karate , and Tai - Chi . As his athleticism and martial skills grew , so did his desire to further his training in the martial arts . In 1992 , his quest for a more combative martial art was complete when he met Guro Guy Chase , who had studied with some of the greatest martial artists of his time . Guro Chase had trained with Dan Inosanto , Ben Lagusa , Herman Suwanda , Ted Lucay , Salam Allsi , Surachai Sirisute and even Karl Gotch . At that point , Mark devoted himself entirely to the martial arts . Through this training he became certified in the arts of Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do , Indonesian Pencak Silat , Boxe Francaise Savate , Filipino Kali - Excrima , Submission wrestling and Muay Thai Kickboxing . DellaGrotte was first introduced to Muay Thai in 1997 when he was taken by a friend to the famed Yodtong boxing camp in Pattaya where he lived and trained . After proving his worth as a student and a fighter he was looked favorably upon by Kru Yodtong himself , a famous Muay Thai instructor who also takes in troubled youths . After eight years Kru Yodtong , as he 's known professionally , designated DellaGrotte as his representative in the United States to teach and preserve the art . In honor of his mentor , DellaGrotte named his gym Sityodtong , which means , `` Student of Yodtong '' . Since he had taught martial arts prior to his fight career , he decided to step into the ring only to become a better trainer and teacher . So , he traveled throughout Thailand learning different styles of Muay Thai such as Mae Mai Muay Thai , Kun Khmer , Muay Boran , Muay Lao , and also Burmese Boxing . Contrary to general belief he has , by his own admission , less than 10 fights , most of which were held in Thailand . He says he has a winning record but admits a few losses and a draw too . Master Yodtong Senanan appointed Mark to teach , conserve and promote Thai style boxing worldwide . He is one of two of Kru Yodtong 's US representatives and is honored to be an international conservator of Thai style boxing . Mark portrays himself as a striking coach to fictional character Scott Voss ( played by Kevin James ) in the 2012 sports comedy film Here Comes the Boom . Personal life ( edit ) DellaGrotte and his wife , Marie , have a son named Dante and daughter named Giovanna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sherdog Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` At home at Sityodtong '' . BOSTONHERALD.com. 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official Sityodtong Web Site The Definitive Article on Mark DellaGrotte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_DellaGrotte&oldid=797465947 '' Categories : 1974 births American Jeet Kune Do practitioners American male kickboxers American Muay Thai practitioners American practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu Kickboxers from Massachusetts Living people Muay Thai trainers Mixed martial arts trainers Sportspeople from Boston Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 06 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Mark DellaGrotte - former professional Muay Thai kickboxer 2. Trainer in Muay Thai and other martial arts 3. Owner and operator of Sityodtong USA Branch 4. Trainer of MMA fighters like Kenny Florian and Frank Mir 5. Certified in various martial arts styles such as Kali Escrima and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

what is the origin of the name robin

Robin ( name ) - wikipedia Robin ( name ) <Th_colspan="2"> Robin Pronunciation UK English / ˈrɒb. ɪn / , American English / ˈrɑb. ɪn / Gender Unisex <Th_colspan="2"> Origin Word / name France , Germany Meaning `` Fame '' , diminutive <Th_colspan="2"> Other names Related names Robinson , Robbin , Robine , Roben , Robyn , Robbyn , Robben <Td_colspan="2"> Robin is originally a diminutive masculine given name or nickname of Robert , derived from the prefix Rob - ( hrod , Old Germanic , meaning `` fame '' ) , and the suffix - in ( Old French diminutive ) . The name Robin is a masculine given name , feminine given name , and a surname . In Europe , although it is sometimes regarded as a feminine name , it is generally given to boys . In 2014 , 88 % of babies named Robin in England were boys . In United States , it used to be more popular as a feminine name -- during the 1990s , for example , it was the 325th most popular name for girls and the 693rd most popular name for boys . However the gap has been narrowing and recently the number of baby boys and baby girls named Robin in United States has been roughly similar ( as visualized in the chart on the right ) . In 2014 46 % of babies named Robin in United States were boys , which is about 3 times that figure in 1990 . Gender distribution of babies named Robin in United States , according to Social Security There are several common variations , including Robyn , Robbin , Robine , Robyne , Robynne , and Robbyn . Robin has its origin in France and is also a very common surname in France . Robin is occasionally found as a surname in English language - speaking countries . Common nicknames are Rob , Robbie or Bobby . Robin may refer to : Contents 1 Given name 1.1 Fictional characters 1.2 Pseudonyms 2 Surname 2.1 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 References Given name ( edit ) Robin Aitken , British journalist Robin Antin ( born 1961 ) , American - born music video director , best known for being the creator for the hip - hop / R&B group Pussycat Dolls Robin Blaze ( born 1971 ) , English countertenor Robin Boyd ( 1919 -- 1971 ) , Australian architect Robin Brockway , ( born 1981 ) British actor Robin Chase , co-founder and former CEO of Zipcar DJ Robin Clark , ( born 1982 ) , German hardstyle DJ and record producer Robin Coleman ( born 1973 ) , American actress and strongwoman Robin Cook ( 1946 -- 2005 ) , British Member of Parliament , used the name instead of his given name Robert Robin Cook ( American novelist ) ( born 1940 ) , American doctor and novelist Robin Cousins ( born 1957 ) , British Olympic gold medal figure skater Robin Curtis , ( born 1956 ) , American actress Sir Robin Day ( 1923 -- 2000 ) , British political commentator and journalist Robin Dutt ( born 1965 ) , German football manager Robin Fernando , Sri Lankan actor Robin Finck ( born 1971 ) , guitarist for Nine Inch Nails and Guns N ' Roses Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( born 1988 ) , also known as `` Rihanna '' , Singer , Actress Robin Gibb ( 1949 -- 2012 ) , member of the pop group trio , the Bee Gees Robin Givens ( born 1964 ) , American actress Robin Goad ( born 1970 ) , American weightlifter Robin Hartshorne ( born 1938 ) , American mathematician Robin Hobb ( born 1952 ) , American fantasy author Robin Hunter ( 1929 -- 2004 ) , British actor Robin Ince ( born 1969 ) , British comedian Robin Korving ( born 1974 ) , Dutch hurdler Robin Leach ( born 1941 ) , host of Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous Robin Lodders ( born 1994 ) , German basketball player Robin Martin - Jenkins ( born 1975 ) , English cricketer Robin Meade ( born 1969 ) , lead news anchor for HLN 's morning show Morning Express with Robin Meade Robin Miller ( chef ) ( born 1966 ) , an American chef , host of Quick Fix Meals with Robin Miller Robin Moulder ( born 1966 ) , bassist for the bands TCR and Jack Off Jill Robin Moore ( 1925 -- 2008 ) , American writer Robin Quivers ( born 1952 ) , American radio personality , co-host of The Howard Stern Show Robin Roberts ( baseball ) ( 1926 -- 2010 ) , American baseball player Robin Roberts ( newscaster ) ( born 1960 ) , American newscaster Robin S. ( born 1962 ) , American dance vocalist Robin Singh ( disambiguation ) Robin Smith ( comics ) , British comic book artist Robin Smith ( cricketer ) ( born 1963 ) , South African - born English international Robin Smith ( chess player ) ( 1952 -- 2009 ) , American correspondence chess champion Robin Söderling ( born 1984 ) , Swedish tennis player Robin Stevens Robin Tait ( 1940 -- 1984 ) , New Zealand discus thrower Robin Lord Taylor ( born 1978 ) , American actor Robin Thicke ( born 1977 ) , Canadian - American R&B singer - songwriter and musician Robin L. Titus ( born 1954 ) , Republican member of the Nevada Assembly . Robin Trower ( born 1945 ) , guitarist for his own eponymous band and Procol Harum Robin Tunney ( born 1972 ) , Irish - American actress Robin Uthappa ( born 1985 ) , Indian cricketer Robin van Persie ( born 1983 ) , Dutch football player Robin Ventura ( born 1967 ) , American baseball player and manager Robin Waterfield ( born 1952 ) , British classical scholar Robin Williams , ( 1951 -- 2014 ) , Academy Award - winning American actor and comedian Robin Windsor , ( born 1979 ) , professional dancer Robin Wright Penn , ( born 1966 ) American actress Robin Yalçın ( born 1994 ) , German footballer of Turkish descent Robin Yount ( born 1955 ) , baseball player Robin Zander ( born 1953 ) , lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the rock band Cheap Trick Robin ( singer ) , ( born 1998 ) , full name Robin Packalen , Finnish singer Rockin ' Robin ( wrestler ) ( born Robin Smith , 1965 ) , American WWF performer Fictional characters ( edit ) Robin Hood , legendary English outlaw Robin ( comics ) , Batman 's sidekick from DC comics Robin Goodfellow , common pseudonym of Puck ( mythology ) Robin the Frog , Muppet nephew of Kermit the Frog Robin Vote , main character in Djuna Barnes 's infamous novel Nightwood Robin Scherbatsky , in the television show How I Met Your Mother Robin Scorpio - Drake , HIV positive doctor on the television soap opera General Hospital Robin Sena , main character in the anime Witch Hunter Robin Robin Oakapple , main character in the opera Ruddigore by Gilbert & Sullivan Robin , a character from Mona the Vampire Robin , default name of main character from the videogame Fire Emblem Awakening Robyn Miller ( character ) , a character from Casualty Robin Griffin , main character from the series Top of the Lake , by Jane Campion Nico Robin , member of the strawhat crew in the anime , One Piece Pseudonyms ( edit ) Robin , a pen - name of Sir Robert Walpole Surname ( edit ) Charles Robin , businessman from the Isle of Jersey Charles - Philippe Robin ( 1821 -- 1885 ) , French anatomist and biologist Dany Robin ( 1927 -- 1995 ) , French actress Emily Robin ( 1874 -- 1929 ) , British bordello owner Gabriela Robin , singer and lyricist James Robin ( 1817 -- 1894 ) , South Australian businessman Jean - Cyril Robin ( born 1969 ) , French former professional road racing cyclist Leo Robin ( 1900 -- 1984 ) , American composer , lyricist and songwriter Mado Robin ( 1918 -- 1960 ) , French coloratura singer Marie - Monique Robin ( born 1960 ) , French journalist Marthe Robin ( 1902 -- 1981 ) , French Roman Catholic mystic Martial Robin ( born 1977 ) , French football player Régine Robin ( born 1939 ) , novelist , writer , translator and professor of sociology Teddy Robin ( born 1945 ) , Hong Kong English pop singer - songwriter , actor , and director Victor Gustave Robin ( 1855 -- 1897 ) , French mathematician Fictional characters ( edit ) Christopher Robin , young boy in A.A. Milne 's work , most notably his Winnie - the - Pooh books Fanny Robin , in Thomas Hardy 's novel Far from the Madding Crowd See also ( edit ) Robin ( disambiguation ) Robene and Makyne , genre names for characters in Scottish pastourelle Robben , a similar - sounding name References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robin - Origin and Meaning of the name Robin at BabyNames.com Jump up ^ Office of National Statistics , UK ^ Jump up to : Social Security Jump up ^ Social Security Jump up ^ `` Assemblywoman Robin L. Titus '' . Nevada Legislature . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_(name)&oldid=851318760 '' Categories : Given names Surnames English - language unisex given names English unisex given names German masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Eesti Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Origin and meaning of the name Robin 2. Gender distribution of the name Robin 3. Famous people with the name Robin 4. Variations and related names of Robin 5. Fictional characters named Robin

list of american air force bases in germany

List of United States Army installations in Germany - wikipedia List of United States Army installations in Germany The United States Army has approximately 36 military bases in Germany . Over 200 others were closed , mostly following the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s . Contents 1 Existing installations 2 Former installations 3 References 4 External links Existing installations ( edit ) US military bases in Germany as of 2008 . ( Partially ) foreign military bases in Germany as planned for 2020 . Artillery Kaserne , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Barton Barracks , Ansbach ( scheduled to close ) Bismarck Kaserne , Ansbach Bleidorn Housing Area , Ansbach Dagger Complex , Darmstadt Training Center Griesheim ( scheduled to close after the new one in Wiesbaden is built ) Edelweiss Lodge and Resort , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Lucius D. Clay Kaserne ( formerly Wiesbaden Army Airfield ) , Wiesbaden - Erbenheim Germersheim Army Depot , Germersheim Grafenwöhr Training Area , Grafenwöhr / Vilseck Joint Multinational Readiness Center , Hohenfels ( Upper Palatinate ) Husterhoeh Kaserne , Pirmasens Kaiserslautern Military Community Katterbach Kaserne , Ansbach Kelley Barracks , Stuttgart Kleber Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Military Community Landstuhl Regional Medical Center , Landstuhl McCully Barracks , Wackernheim Miesau Army Depot , Miesau Oberdachstetten Storage Area , Ansbach Panzer Kaserne , Stuttgart Patch Barracks , Stuttgart Pulaski Barracks , Kaiserslautern Rhine Ordnance Barracks , Kaiserslautern Robinson Barracks , Stuttgart Rose Barracks , Vilseck Sembach Kaserne , Kaiserslautern Sheridan Barracks , Garmisch - Partenkirchen Shipton Kaserne , Ansbach Smith Barracks , Baumholder Storck Barracks , Illesheim Stuttgart Army Airfield , Filderstadt Mainz - Kastel Storage Station ( scheduled to close in 2022 ) USAG Wiesbaden Military Training Area , Mainz , Gonsenheim / Mombach USAG Wiesbaden Training Area , Mainz Finthen Airport USAG Wiesbaden Radar Station , Mainz Finthen Airport Urlas Housing and Shopping Complex , Ansbach ( converted from Urlas Training Area in 2010 - 2011 ) Tower Barracks Dülmen , Dülmen The rationale behind the large number of closures is the strategic functions of the bases , designed to serve as forward posts in any war against the USSR , are no longer relevant since the end of the Cold War . Former installations ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . 96 Ordnance Company , Mainz Gonsenheim , 1955 / 56 US Army units in West Germany , 1987 97th General Hospital / Clark Kaserne ( reported to become the American Consulate ) Frankfurt Aartal Kaserne Herborn - Seelbach ( closed in June 1992 ) Abrams Complex , Frankfurt ( closed in 1995 ) Alabama Depot , Munich ( closed in 1965 ) Anderson Barracks , Dexheim ( closed in 2008 ) Andrews Barracks , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Argonner Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) Armstrong Kaserne , Büdingen ( closed in 2007 ) Artillery Kaserne , Neckarsulm ( closed in 1991 ) Askren Manors Housing Area , Schweinfurt ( closed in 2014 ) Atterberry Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in 2003 ) Augsburg US Army Installations , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) Ayers Kaserne , Kirch Goens ( built in 1952 - closed in 1997 and torn down ) Aschaffenburg Local Training Area , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 2007 ) Azbill Barracks , Rüsselsheim , Germany ( closed 1993 ) Babenhausen Kaserne , Babenhausen ( closed in 2007 ) Bad Aibling Station , Bad Aibling , Bavaria ( closed in 2004 ) Badenerhof Kaserne , Heilbronn ( closed in 1991 ) Bamberg Local Training Area , Bamberg ( closed in 2014 ) Becelaere Kaserne , Esslingen am Neckar ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1956 ) Beeskowdamm Compound , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Benjamin Franklin Village , Mannheim ( closed 2012 ) Betts Kaserne , Frankfurt am Main / 97 Gen Hosp Barracks and Family Housing Bismarck Kaserne , Schwäbisch Gmünd ( closed in 1991 ) BitBurg AFB ( closed in 1994 ) Butzbach Kaserne , Butzbach ( closed in 2008 ) Downs Kaserne , Downs Barracks , Fulda ( closed in 1994 ) Cambrai - Fritsch Kaserne , Darmstadt ( closed in 2008 ) Camp Grohn , Bremen ( Returned to the German government . Now the campus of Jacobs University . ) Camp King , Oberursel ( ceremonial closing 1993 , actual closing in 1995 ) Camp Pieri , Wiesbaden ( Dotzheim ) ( closed c. 1993 ) Camp Pitman , ( Weiden i.d. Opf . ) ( closed in 1989 ) Campbell Barracks , Heidelberg ( closed in 2013 ) Carl Schurz Kaserne Bremerhaven ( closed in 1993 ) Chiemsee Hotel , Chiemsee ( closed in 2004 ) Christensen Barracks , Bindlach ( closed in 1992 ) Coffey Barracks , Ludwigsburg ( closed in 1991 ) Coleman Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2013 ) Coleman Kaserne , Gelnhausen ( closed in 2007 ) Conn Barracks , Schweinfurt ( closed in 2014 ) Cooke Barracks , Göppingen ( closed in 1991 ) Cramerton Housing Area , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) Daley Barracks , Bad Kissingen ( closed in 1995 - housing area remained until 2005 ) Unofficial homepage DEH Compound , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) De La Marne Barracks , Bingen Dolan Barracks , Schwäbisch Hall ( closed in 1993 ) Doughboy City MOUT , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) ( demolished in 1994 or 1995 ) Downs Barracks Fulda ( closed in 1993 ) Drake Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in 1992 ) Dueppel Housing Area , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Eastman Barracks , Dachau ( closed in 1972 ) Edwards Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in 1992 ) Emery Barracks , Würzburg ( closed in 1990 ) Ernst Ludwig Kaserne Darmstadt ( closed 1996 , demolished 2002 ) Eschborn Kaserne , ( Camp Eschborn ) , Eschborn Frankfurt Faulenberg Kaserne , Würzburg ( closed in 2008 ) Ferris Barracks , Erlangen ( closed in 1994 ) Unofficial homepage - English / German Ferris Barracks Memorial to the Soldiers of the Erlangen Brigade from 1945 - 1991 . Feucht Army Airfield , Nuremberg ( closed in 1992 ) , homepage : Unofficial homepage Finthen Army Airfield , Mainz ( closed in 1992 ) , Fiori Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Fischbach Army Depot , Fischbach bei Dahn ( closed in 1992 ) Flak Kaserne , Augsburg ( closed in 1990s ) Flak - Kaserne Ludwigsburg ( closed in 1991 ) Unofficial homepage - English / German Flensburg Supply Depot , Flensburg Fliegerhorst Airfield Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2007 ) Flint Kaserne , Bad Tölz , 7th NCO Academy ( closed in 1991 ) Ford Barracks , Ulm ( transferred to the Bundeswehr c. 1960 ) Fort Camp Redleg , Untergruppenbach near Heilbronn Fort Skelly , Regensburg ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1965 ) Francois Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 1993 ) Fryer Circle Housing Area , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) Funari Barracks , Mannheim ( closed 2012 ) Gablingen Kaserne , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) General Patton Hotel , Garmisch ( closed in 2009 ) General Walker Hotel , Obersalzberg ( closed in 1995 ) George C. Marshall Kaserne , Bad Kreuznach ( closed in 2001 ) Gerszewski Barracks , Karlsruhe ( closed in September 1995 ) Gibbs Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in the 90 's ) Giebelstadt Army Air Field , Giebelstadt ( closed in 2006 ) Giessen Depot , Giessen ( closed in 2008 ) Graves Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Grenadier Kaserne , Stuttgart Griesheim Army Airfield / Stars and Stripes Kaserne , Griesheim ( closed 2008 ) Stars & Stripes moved to Kaiserslautern Grossauheim Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) Gruenewald Training Area , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Gutleut Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in 1976 ) Hahn Air Base , Hunsrück ( Closed in 1993 ) Hammonds Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2010 ) Hardt Kaserne , Schwäbisch Gmünd ( closed in 1991 ) Harris Barracks , Coburg ( closed in 1991 ) Harvey Barracks , Kitzingen ( closed in 2007 ) Hawkins Barracks , Oberammergau ( Formally an Army Intelligence center was transferred to the Bundeswehr as an administration school in 1975 . A NATO Special Weapons School still exists on the grounds . ) Heidelberg Army Airfield , Heidelberg Helmstedt Support Detachment , Helmstedt ( closed in 1990 ) Bayern - Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1968 ) Herzo Base , Herzogenaurach ( closed in 1992 ) Unofficial homepage ( 1 ) , Unofficial homepage ( 2 ) Hessen Homberg Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 199 ? ) Hindenburg Kaserne ( Ansbach ) ( closed in 1992 ) Hindenburg Kaserne ( Wuerzburg ) ( closed in 1994 and torn down ) Hospital Kaserne , Bad Kreuznach ( closed in 2001 ) Hutier Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) Jaeger Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Jensen Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1957 ) JAROC Processing Compound , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Johnson Barracks , Fürth ( closed in 1992 ) Unofficial homepage Kelley Barracks / Nathan Hale Depot , Darmstadt Kennedy Kaserne , Frankfurt ( closed in 1994 ) Kilbourne Kaserne , Schwetzingen ( Closed May 2012 ) Kimbro Kaserne , Murnau am Staffelsee ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 196 ? ) Kingsley Kaserne , Hof ( transferred from USAFSS to the Bundeswehr in 1972 ) Kelley Barracks / Nathan Hale Depot , Darmstadt ( Kelley Barracks part closed in 2009 / Nathan Hale Depot was still active for a while , now closed ) Krabbenloch Kaserne , Ludwigsburg ( closed in 1993 ) Kreuzberg Kaserne , Zweibrücken ( closed in 1993 ) Larson Barracks , Kitzingen ( closed in 2007 ) Ledward Barracks , Schweinfurt ( closed in 2014 ) Lee Barracks , Mainz ( closed in 1992 ) Leighton Barracks , Würzburg ( closed in 2008 ) Liliencron - Kaserne , Kellinghusen ( last US soldiers left in 1992 , closed in 2009 ) Lincoln Village , Housing Area Darmstadt ( closed in 2009 ) Lucius D. Clay Compound , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Garlstedt ( closed in 1992 / 1993 ) Ludendorff Kaserne , Kornwestheim ( closed in 1992 / 1993 ) McGraw Kaserne , Munich ( closed in 1992 ) Mainz Army Depot Mainz ( closed 1993 ) Mansfield Barracks , Feldkirchen , Lower Bavaria near Straubing ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1965 ) Mark Twain Village , Heidelberg ( closed in 2013 ) Marshall Heights Housing Area , Kitzingen ( closed in 2007 ) Maurice Rose Army Airfield , Frankfurt McGraw Kaserne , Chiemgau Complex , Perlacherforst Housing Area , Munich , Closed in 1991 - 92 McKee Barracks , Crailsheim ( closed in 1993 ) McNair Barracks , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) McNair Kaserne , Höchst , Frankfurt ( closed in 1994 ) McPheeters Barracks , Bad Hersfeld ( 1993 ) Merrell Barracks , Nuremberg ( closed in 1992 ) Unofficial homepage Michael Barracks , Höchst , Frankfurt ( closed in 1994 ) Minick Kaserne , Bad Kreuznach ( closed 1995 ? ) Monteith Barracks , Fürth ( closed in 1993 ) Unofficial homepage Muna Installation , Bamberg ( closed in 2008 ) Münster Kaserne / Münster - Dieburg Special Weapons Depot , Münster - Dieburg ( closed 1995 ? ) Mutlangen MSA , Mutlangen near Schwaebisch Gmuend ( closed 1991 ? ) Nachrichten Kaserne , Heidelberg ( close in 2013 ) Nellingen Barracks , Nellingen Kaserne Ostfildern ( closed in 1992 ) Nelson Kaserne , Neu - Ulm ( closed in 1991 ) Neureut Kaserne , Karlsruhe Neubiberg Air Base `` Airfield R - 85 Camp Rattle '' , Neubiberg ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1950s , today Bundeswehr University of Munich ) North Point ( aka Kriegsfeld ) Kaserne ( transferred to Bundeswehr 1996 ( ? ) , closed ) O'Brien Barracks , Schwabach ( closed in 1993 ) Unofficial homepage Patrick Henry Village , Heidelberg ( closed in 2013 ) Patton Barracks , Heidelberg ( closed in 2013 ) Pattonville , Ludwigsburg - Remseck ( closed in 1993 ) Paul Revere Village , Karlsruhe ( US Army Housing Area , closed in 1995 , now Nordstadt ) Peden Barracks , Wertheim am Main ( closed in 1992 ) Pendleton Barracks , Giessen ( closed in 2007 ) Peterson Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 196 ? ) Phillips Barracks , Karlsruhe Pinder Kaserne , Landshut ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1965 ) Pinder Barracks , Zirndorf ( closed in 1995 ) Unofficial homepage Pionier Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Pioneer Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) Pionier Kaserne , Regensburg ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 198 ? ) Pond Barracks , Amberg ( closed 1995 ) Prinz Heinrich Kaserne , Lenggries ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 196 ? ) Prinz Leopold Kaserne , Munich ( closed in 1955 ) QM Area , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) Ray Barracks , Friedberg ( closed 2007 ) Ready Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Reese Barracks , Augsburg ( closed in 1994 ) Rheinland Kaserne , Ettlingen ( closed in 1995 ) Rivers Barracks , Giessen ( closed in 1992 ) Roman Way Village Housing Area , Butzbach ( closed in 2007 ) Rose Barracks , Bad Kreuznach ( closed in 2001 ) Rothwesten Kaserne , Kassel ( closed in 1969 ) Rottershausen Storage Area , Schweinfurt ( closed in 2014 ) Roosevelt Barracks , Berlin ( closed in 1992 ) Schlangenbader Housing Area , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Schleißheim Army Airfield , Oberschleißheim ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1973 ) Schloss Kaserne , Butzbach ( closed in 1992 and torn down ) Schwabstadl Kaserne , 74th USAFAD Klosterlechfeld ( Closed 1993 ) Torn down 2013 Sheridan Kaserne , Augsburg ( closed in 1998 ) Sickels Army Airfield , Fulda ( closed in 1993 ) Siegelsbach Army Depot , Siegelsbach ( closed in 1991 ) Smiley Barracks , Karlsruhe Smith Kaserne , Aschaffenburg ( closed in 1992 ) Spinelli Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2013 ) St. Barbara , Housing Area Darmstadt Stanggass Kaserne ( Housing and HQ AFRC Berchtesgaden Military Community ) Stetten Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in the 1950s ) Strassburg Barracks , Idar - Oberstein ( closed in 2008 ) Strub Kaserne ( Gebirgsjäger Kaserne ) , Commissary , Health Clinic , AFRC Housing Berchtesgaden ( closed in 1995 ) Sundgauer Housing Area , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Stars & Stripes , Griesheim ( closed in 2008 ) Stars & Stripes Compound , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Sullivan Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2013 ) Taukkunen Barracks , Worms ( closed in 1996 ) Taylor Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2010 ) Teufelsberg Station , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Thomas Jefferson Village , Worms ( closed in 1999 ) Tompkins Barracks , Schwetzingen ( closed ) Truman Plaza , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Turley Barracks , Mannheim ( closed in 2007 ) Turner Barracks , Berlin ( closed in 1992 ) Underwood Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) US Army Hospital Berlin , Berlin ( closed in 1994 ) Valdez Barracks , Ludwigsburg ( closed in 1991 ) Vimy Kaserne , Freising ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 196 ? ) Virginia Depot , Munich ( closed in 1966 ) Wallace Barracks , Stuttgart ( closed in 1993 ) Warner Barracks , Bamberg ( closed in 2014 ) Warner Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1968 ) Wharton Barracks , Heilbronn ( closed in 1989 ) Wildflecken Kaserne , Wildflecken ( transferred to the Bundeswehr ) Wiley Barracks , Neu - Ulm ( closed in 1991 ) Wilkins Kaserne , Ludwigsburg Will Kaserne , Munich ( transferred to the Bundeswehr in 1968 ) Wolfgang Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) W.O. Darby Kaserne , Fürth ( closed in 1995 ) Unofficial homepage Würzburg Hospital , Würzburg ( closed in 2008 ) Yorkhof Kaserne , Hanau ( closed in 2008 ) Yorktown Housing Complex , Schweinfurt ( closed in 2014 ) McPheeters Kaserne , Bad Hersfeld US Army 3rd Squadron 14th / 11th Armored Cav ( closed 1993 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.stripes.com/news/europe/raf-mildenhall-to-close-amid-other-europe-consolidations-1.322825 Jump up ^ `` Hohenfels Training Area '' . army.mil . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Military facilities of the United States in Germany at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_Army_installations_in_Germany&oldid=861381142 '' Categories : United States Army lists United States Army posts Military installations of the United States in Germany Lists of places in Germany German military - related lists Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 00 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. United States Army installations in Germany 2. Military bases in Germany 3. Cold War era closures 4. Former US Army installations in Germany 5. Strategic functions of military bases

who had the best record in mlb 2016

2016 World Series - wikipedia 2016 World Series Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 2016 World Series ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 World Series <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams <Td_colspan="2"> Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Chicago Cubs ( 4 ) Joe Maddon 103 -- 58 , . 640 , 171⁄2 GA Cleveland Indians ( 3 ) Terry Francona 94 -- 67 , . 584 , 8 GA Dates October 25 -- November 2 MVP Ben Zobrist ( Chicago ) Umpires Chris Guccione , John Hirschbeck ( crew chief ) , Sam Holbrook , Marvin Hudson , Tony Randazzo , Larry Vanover and Joe West . ALCS Cleveland Indians defeated Toronto Blue Jays , 4 -- 1 NLCS Chicago Cubs defeated Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Broadcast Television Fox ( English ) Fox Deportes ( Spanish ) TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci ( English ) Carlos Álvarez , Duaner Sánchez , Karim García and Jaime Motta ( Spanish ) Radio ESPN ( English ) ESPN Deportes ( Spanish ) WTAM ( Cleveland Indians ) WSCR ( Chicago Cubs ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( English ) Eduardo Ortega , José Francisco Rivera , Renato Bermúdez and Orlando Hernández ( Spanish ) Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus ( on Indians radio ) Pat Hughes , Len Kasper , Ron Coomer , and Jim Deshaies ( on Cubs radio ) <Th_colspan="2"> World Series Program <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2015 World Series 2017 → The 2016 World Series was the 112th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series , a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Chicago Cubs and the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians , the first meeting of those franchises in postseason history . The Indians had home - field advantage because the AL had won the 2016 All - Star Game . It was also the last World Series to have home - field advantage determined by the All - Star Game results ; beginning in 2017 , home - field advantage is now awarded to the team with the better record . The Cubs defeated the Indians when they won 4 games to 3 to win their first World Series since 1908 . Game 7 , an 8 -- 7 victory in extra innings , marked the fifth time that a Game 7 had gone past nine innings and the first since 1997 ( which , coincidentally , also featured the Indians ) . It was also the first to have a rain delay which occurred as the tenth inning was about to start . The Cubs became the sixth team to come back from a 3 - 1 deficit to win a best - of - seven World Series , following the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates , the 1958 New York Yankees , the 1968 Detroit Tigers , the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates , and the 1985 Kansas City Royals . The Cubs , playing in their eleventh World Series and their first since 1945 , won their third championship and first since 1908 , ending the longest world championship drought in North American professional sports history . It was the Indians ' sixth appearance in the World Series and their first since 1997 , with their last Series win having come in 1948 . The two teams entered their matchup as the two franchises with the longest World Series title droughts , a combined 176 years without a championship . Cleveland manager Terry Francona , who had previously won World Series titles with the Boston Red Sox in 2004 and 2007 , fell short in his bid to become the third manager , and the first non-Yankees manager , to win his first three trips to the Fall Classic , after Casey Stengel and Joe Torre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Chicago Cubs 1.2 Cleveland Indians 2 Summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 3.8 Composite line score 4 Broadcasting 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 Ratings 4.2 Radio 5 Celebration 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs made their eleventh appearance in the World Series ; their only previous two championships were in 1907 and 1908 , both against the Detroit Tigers . They lost their eight other appearances , in 1906 against the Chicago White Sox , in 1910 against the Philadelphia Athletics , in 1918 against the Boston Red Sox , in 1929 against the Athletics , in 1932 against the New York Yankees , in 1935 against the Tigers , in 1938 against the Yankees , and in 1945 against the Tigers . The Cubs qualified for the postseason by winning the National League Central , ending the regular season with the best record in the major leagues ( 103 -- 58 ) for the first time since 1945 ; they also posted their highest winning percentage since 1935 , and won their most games since 1910 . The division title was their sixth since division play began in 1969 , and their first since 2008 . They defeated the San Francisco Giants in four games of the NL Division Series before clinching their first NL pennant since 1945 with a sixth - game victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NL Championship Series . For Cubs manager Joe Maddon , it was his second appearance in the World Series as manager -- in 2008 , he managed the Tampa Bay Rays when they beat the Boston Red Sox in seven games to win the AL pennant , then were defeated in five games by the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series . It was also Maddon 's third World Series appearance overall -- in 2002 , he was bench coach with the Anaheim Angels when they won the World Series in seven games . Cleveland Indians ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Cleveland Indians season The Indians made their sixth appearance in the World Series . They won their first two championships in 1920 against the Brooklyn Robins and in 1948 against the Boston Braves . They lost their three most recent appearances in the Fall Classic , losing to the New York Giants in 1954 , the Atlanta Braves in 1995 , and the Florida Marlins in 1997 . The Indians qualified for the postseason by winning the American League Central , their eighth division title and their first since 2007 . They defeated the Boston Red Sox in three games of the AL Division Series before clinching the pennant with a five - game victory over the Toronto Blue Jays in the AL Championship Series . For Indians manager Terry Francona , it was his third appearance in the World Series , which he entered carrying an unbeaten 8 -- 0 record from past games in the Fall Classic . Francona has won two World Series championships , in 2004 and 2007 , both with the Red Sox . This was the third postseason meeting between Francona and Maddon . They met in the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 AL Wild Card Game with Maddon 's teams winning both times . Summary ( edit ) Play media News report by Voice of America about the first World Series game at Wrigley Field in 71 years Play media News report by Voice of America about Game 6 and 7 at Progressive Field Chicago won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Chicago Cubs -- 0 , Cleveland Indians -- 6 Progressive Field 3 : 37 38,091 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 Chicago Cubs -- 5 , Cleveland Indians -- 1 Progressive Field 4 : 04 38,172 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Cleveland Indians -- 1 , Chicago Cubs -- 0 Wrigley Field 3 : 33 41,703 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 Cleveland Indians -- 7 , Chicago Cubs -- 2 Wrigley Field 3 : 16 41,706 5 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Cleveland Indians -- 2 , Chicago Cubs -- 3 Wrigley Field 3 : 27 41,711 6 000000002017 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 Chicago Cubs -- 9 , Cleveland Indians -- 3 Progressive Field 3 : 29 38,116 7 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Chicago Cubs -- 8 , Cleveland Indians -- 7 ( 10 ) Progressive Field 4 : 28 ( 0 : 17 delay ) 38,104 Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Progressive Field , a few hours before Game 1 of the 2016 World Series October 25 , 2016 , 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 x 6 10 0 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Corey Kluber ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jon Lester ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : None CLE : Roberto Pérez 2 ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,091 Former Indians and Cubs player Kenny Lofton threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 1 . Corey Kluber started for the Indians , and Jon Lester started for the Cubs . Kyle Schwarber , who had missed nearly all of the 2016 season after tearing ligaments in his leg in the season 's fourth game , was added to the Cubs ' World Series roster and started as their designated hitter . Schwarber struck out twice , but also doubled and drew a walk . The double made Schwarber the first non-pitcher to get his first hit of the season in the World Series . Kluber made World Series history by striking out eight hitters in the first three innings . Roberto Pérez became the first ever ninth - place hitter with two homers in a World Series game , the first Indians player to hit two homers in a Series game , and the first Puerto Rican - born player to hit two homers in a World Series game . In the first , the Indians loaded the bases off of Lester on a single and two walks before José Ramirez 's single drove in a run , then Lester hit Brandon Guyer with a pitch to force in another . Perez 's home run in the fifth made it 3 − 0 Indians . In the eighth , Justin Grimm walked Guyer with two outs and allowed a single to Lonnie Chisenhall , then Hector Rondon allowed Perez 's second home run of the night . Andrew Miller and Cody Allen finished the victory for the Indians despite Miller having to pitch out of a bases - loaded jam in the seventh , and the Indians took Game 1 of the series 6 -- 0 . Francona 's World Series winning streak reached nine with this victory . Leading off the first inning , Dexter Fowler became the first African - American to play for the Cubs in a World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Jake Arrieta earned the win in Game 2 . October 26 , 2016 , 7 : 08 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Jake Arrieta ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 1 ) Attendance : 38,172 Former Indians player Carlos Baerga threw the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 . The start time for the game was moved up an hour , because of the possibility of heavy rain in the forecast . Looking to tie the series at one game apiece , the Cubs sent Jake Arrieta to the mound against the Indians ' Trevor Bauer . The Cubs also featured six players under age 25 in the starting lineup , a postseason record . The Cubs started things off early as Kris Bryant singled in the first inning and Anthony Rizzo doubled to score Bryant and give the Cubs an early 1 -- 0 lead . Arrieta started well too , retiring the first two batters before walking back - to - back batters in the bottom of the first . However , Arrieta got a flyout to end the inning . The Cubs struck again in the third following a two - out walk by Rizzo and a single by Ben Zobrist . A single by Kyle Schwarber scored Rizzo from second and pushed the Cubs ' lead to 2 -- 0 . Bauer was forced from the game in the fourth , and the Cubs struck again in the fifth . Rizzo walked again off of Zach McAllister , and Zobrist tripled to plate Rizzo . Another run - scoring single by Schwarber off of Bryan Shaw and a bases - loaded walk by Addison Russell pushed the lead to 5 -- 0 . Arrieta continued to pitch well , walking three batters but holding the Indians without a hit into the sixth inning . In the sixth , a double by Jason Kipnis ended the no - hitter , moved to third on a groundout and scored the lone Indians run of the game on a wild pitch by Arrieta . Arrieta allowed another single and was lifted for reliever Mike Montgomery . Both teams threatened in the seventh but could not score and , following a single by Mike Napoli in the bottom of the eighth , Aroldis Chapman entered to finish the game for the Cubs . The win marked the Cubs ' first World Series game victory since 1945 and tied up the series at one game all . The game marked Indians manager Terry Francona 's first loss in ten World Series games . Game 3 ( edit ) Coco Crisp drove in Game 3 's only run . October 28 , 2016 , 7 : 08 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Andrew Miller ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Carl Edwards Jr. ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Cody Allen ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,703 For Game 3 , former Cubs player Billy Williams threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Groundhog Day star Bill Murray sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch , to mark the Cubs ' first World Series night game at home . Chicago pitcher Kyle Hendricks started against Cleveland pitcher Josh Tomlin . The game 's only run came off a Coco Crisp single that scored Michael Martínez from third in the seventh inning . Josh Tomlin , Andrew Miller , Bryan Shaw , and Cody Allen combined to shut out the Cubs . Allen earned his sixth postseason save as Javier Báez struck out swinging to end the game , leaving the tying and winning runs in scoring position . It was the fourth time in which the Cubs had lost in a shutout during the 2016 postseason . Game 4 ( edit ) Corey Kluber earned his second win of the series in Game 4 . October 29 , 2016 , 7 : 09 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 0 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Corey Kluber ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : John Lackey ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CLE : Carlos Santana ( 1 ) , Jason Kipnis ( 1 ) CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,706 For Game 4 , former Cubs pitchers Greg Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins threw the ceremonial first pitches before the start of the game , and actor Vince Vaughn sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . The Cubs struck first when Dexter Fowler doubled to lead off the first and scored on Anthony Rizzo 's one - out single , but Kluber held them to that one run through six innings before Francona turned it over to the bullpen . In the second , Carlos Santana 's leadoff home run off of Lackey tied the game ; then , with two on , Kluber 's RBI single put the Indians up 2 − 1 . Kris Bryant committed two errors in that inning . Next inning , Jason Kipnis hit a leadoff double and scored on Francisco Lindor 's single . In the sixth , Lonnie Chisenhall 's sacrifice fly with two on off of Mike Montgomery made it 4 -- 1 Indians . Next inning , Justin Grimm allowed a leadoff double and one - out hit - by - pitch before being relieved by Travis Wood , who gave up a three - run home run to Kipnis put to the Indians ahead 7 -- 1 . The Cubs got one run back in the eighth , on a Dexter Fowler home run off Andrew Miller , which was the first run he gave up in the post-season . With the victory , the Indians were just one win away from a World Series championship . Game 5 ( edit ) Kris Bryant hit a home run for the Cubs in Game 5 . October 30 , 2016 , 7 : 17 pm ( CDT ) at Wrigley Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 7 0 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Jon Lester ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Trevor Bauer ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 ) Home runs : CLE : José Ramírez ( 1 ) CHC : Kris Bryant ( 1 ) Attendance : 41,711 For Game 5 , former Cubs star and Hall of Fame member Ryne Sandberg threw the ceremonial first pitch before the start of the game , and Eddie Vedder sang `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' during the seventh - inning stretch . José Ramírez hit a home run for Cleveland in the second inning off of Jon Lester , but the Cubs , facing elimination , scored three runs in the fourth inning off of Trevor Bauer . Kris Bryant led off the inning with a home run . After Bryant 's home run , Anthony Rizzo doubled and Ben Zobrist singled . Addison Russell 's RBI single put the Cubs up 2 − 1 . After Jason Heyward struck out , Javier Baez 's bunt single moved Zobrist to third before David Ross 's sacrifice fly made it 3 -- 1 Cubs . The Indians cut their deficit to 3 − 2 off of Lester in the sixth on Francisco Lindor 's RBI single that scored Rajai Davis from second base . With the tying run on second base in the seventh inning , Maddon brought in Aroldis Chapman , who threw 2 ⁄ scoreless innings , earning his first save of the series and fourth overall in the postseason . Game 6 ( edit ) Addison Russell had six runs batted in in Game 6 , tying a Series record . The Cubs celebrate after their 9 - 3 win over the Indians in World Series Game 6 November 1 , 2016 , 8 : 10 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 13 0 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Jake Arrieta ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Tomlin ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) CLE : Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) Attendance : 38,116 The last living member of Cleveland 's 1948 World Series championship team , Eddie Robinson , attended Game 6 at Progressive Field . Former Indians pitcher Dennis Martínez threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game . The Cubs scored three runs in the first inning , all with two outs , on a Kris Bryant solo home run and a two - run double by Addison Russell after two singles off of Josh Tomlin . In the third inning , the Cubs loaded the bases on a walk and two singles off Tomlin , who was relieved by Dan Otero . Following the pitching change , Russell hit a grand slam to extend the Cubs lead to 7 -- 0 . Russell 's grand slam was the first in a World Series game since Paul Konerko of the crosstown Chicago White Sox in 2005 , as well as the first by a visiting player since Lonnie Smith in 1992 . In the bottom of the fourth , Mike Napoli drove in Jason Kipnis , who doubled to lead off , with an RBI single to cut the deficit to 7 -- 1 . In the bottom of the fifth , Kipnis drove a ball over the left field wall for a solo home run to make it a 7 -- 2 game . In the top of the ninth with a runner on and two outs , Anthony Rizzo drove a ball to right field for a two - run home run to make it 9 -- 2 . In the bottom of the inning , Aroldis Chapman allowed a leadoff walk to Brandon Guyer and was relieved by Pedro Strop , who threw a wild pitch to move Guyer to second and Roberto Perez 's RBI single made it 9 − 3 Indians with Perez thrown out at second for the second out . After Carlos Santana walked , Travis Wood relieved Strop and got Jason Kipnis to pop out to short to end the game and force a Game 7 . Russell 's six RBIs tied a World Series single - game record . Arrieta became the first NL starting pitcher to notch two road wins in a single World Series since Bob Gibson in 1967 . Game 7 ( edit ) Ben Zobrist won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award . The tarp on the field during the 17 minute rain delay . Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo celebrates the final out of the 2016 World Series , after his putout . Chicago Cubs celebrate their World Series championship victory . November 2 , 2016 , 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Progressive Field in Cleveland , Ohio Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 Cleveland 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 11 <Td_colspan="24"> WP : Aroldis Chapman ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Bryan Shaw ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mike Montgomery ( 1 ) Home runs : CHC : Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Javier Báez ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) CLE : Rajai Davis ( 1 ) Attendance : 38,104 Game 7 of the series would go down as a classic , with some calling it the greatest Game 7 in World Series history , comparing it to 1960 , 1991 and 2001 for its drama and tension . Former Indians player Jim Thome threw the ceremonial first pitch before the game . The pitching matchup was between MLB earned run average ( ERA ) champion Kyle Hendricks , who had started Game 3 for the Cubs , and Corey Kluber , who had won games 1 and 4 and was pitching on three days ' rest . Kluber came into the game 4 -- 1 in the postseason with a 0.89 ERA . Dexter Fowler led off the game with a home run for Chicago off Kluber , becoming the first player ever to hit a lead - off home run in a World Series Game 7 . The Indians tied the game in the bottom of the third inning with an RBI single by Carlos Santana , but the Cubs scored two runs in the fourth inning with a sacrifice fly by Addison Russell ( Kris Bryant running aggressively to tag up from third on the short fly ball and slide under the tag at home ) and a double by Willson Contreras . To start the fifth inning , Javier Báez hit a home run to center on the first pitch he saw to knock Kluber out of the game . ALCS MVP Andrew Miller came on in relief and gave up a walk to Bryant and RBI single to Anthony Rizzo to push the lead to 5 -- 1 ( Bryant 's aggressiveness again instrumental as he was attempting to steal second on the hit , allowing him to score all the way from first ) . In the bottom of the fifth inning , Hendricks retired the first two batters . A two - out walk to Santana persuaded Joe Maddon to relieve his starter . This move , along with others throughout the series , would be highly criticized afterward , as it appeared to some that Hendricks was pulled out too soon . ( Maddon also drew criticism for having Javier Báez attempt a squeeze bunt with two strikes and Jason Heyward on third base in the 9th inning -- Báez bunted the pitch foul for Strike 3 . ) Jon Lester , who had started Games 1 and 5 , came on in relief for the first time since the 2007 ALCS , coincidentally also against the Indians . David Ross committed a throwing error that allowed Jason Kipnis to reach base and put runners on second and third . A wild pitch that ricocheted off Ross 's helmet allowed Santana and Kipnis to score , narrowing the Cubs ' lead to 5 -- 3 . To atone for his blunders , the 39 - year - old Ross hit a home run to center , in his final at - bat of his career , in the top of the sixth to make it a 6 -- 3 game , becoming the oldest player to hit a home run in a World Series Game 7 . Lester retired the first two batters in the eighth inning , but was pulled after a José Ramírez single . Maddon opted to use Aroldis Chapman , who had thrown 42 pitches in Game 5 and was used in Game 6 despite the fact that the Cubs had already built a large lead . Brandon Guyer promptly hit a run - scoring double off Chapman , making the score 6 -- 4 . The next batter was Indians center fielder Rajai Davis , who had hit 55 career home runs in 11 seasons entering this game , and who was hitting . 132 in the postseason up to that point . Davis hit a dramatic home run off Chapman , just barely clearing the left field wall and the left field foul pole , scoring Guyer and tying the game at 6 . Davis 's home run was the latest - occurring game - tying home run in World Series Game 7 history . With the game tied 6 - 6 after nine innings , a sudden cloudburst resulted in a 17 - minute rain delay . During the delay , Cub right fielder Jason Heyward called his teammates into a weight room behind Chicago 's dugout and told them , `` We 're the best team in baseball ... for a reason ... Stick together and we 're going to win this game . '' When play resumed in the top of the tenth , Kyle Schwarber led off with a single off Bryan Shaw to right and was replaced by pinch runner Albert Almora . Kris Bryant then hit a deep fly ball to center , and Almora tagged up to second base , in what was called the `` savviest baserunning play of the season . '' After an intentional walk to Anthony Rizzo , Ben Zobrist stepped up to the plate . Zobrist delivered a clutch RBI double into the left field corner , scoring Almora , and breaking the tie . Zobrist later said , `` I was just battling , grinding up there . Fortunately , that last one he left over the plate and up to where I could just slap it down the line , and that was all I was trying to do . '' After another intentional walk to Addison Russell , Miguel Montero singled into left , scoring Rizzo and making the score 8 -- 6 . Carl Edwards Jr. was called on to finish off the Indians in the bottom of the tenth , but after retiring the first two hitters , he walked Brandon Guyer , who took second base on defensive indifference . Rajai Davis , following up on his eighth - inning heroics , lined a single to center , making it a one - run game . Maddon called on Mike Montgomery , who had zero career saves . Montgomery retired Michael Martinez with an infield grounder fielded by Bryant , who threw to Rizzo to end the game , series , and the Cubs ' 108 - year world title drought . Zobrist was awarded the World Series MVP award after hitting . 357 in the series and delivering the series - winning hit . Rizzo called the rain delay `` the most important thing to happen to the Chicago Cubs in the past 100 years . I do n't think there 's any way we win the game without it . '' Cubs president Theo Epstein said that when he heard about the meeting called by Heyward , `` Right then I thought , ' We 're winning this game . ' '' The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals . They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road , and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team , with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat . With the Game 7 victory and including the wild card game in 2013 , Maddon is 3 - 0 in postseason series against Terry Francona . Cubs players celebrating on the field moments after winning Game 7 and the World Series . Composite line score ( edit ) 2016 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Chicago Cubs beat Cleveland Indians . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chicago Cubs 6 0 5 5 5 0 27 61 5 Cleveland Indians 6 27 55 6 <Td_colspan="24"> Home runs : CHC : Kris Bryant ( 2 ) , Dexter Fowler ( 2 ) , Addison Russell ( 1 ) , Anthony Rizzo ( 1 ) , Javier Báez ( 1 ) , David Ross ( 1 ) CLE : Roberto Pérez ( 2 ) , Jason Kipnis ( 2 ) , Carlos Santana ( 1 ) , José Ramírez ( 1 ) , Rajai Davis ( 1 ) Total attendance : 277,603 Average attendance : 39,658 Winning player 's share : $368,871.59 Losing player 's share : $261,804.65 Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox televised the series in the United States , under contract with Major League Baseball giving it exclusive rights to the World Series through 2021 . Joe Buck was the network 's play - by - play announcer , with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . Fox Deportes also aired the Series and provided a Spanish - language simulcast over-the - air via Fox 's SAP audio , with Carlos Álvarez and Duaner Sánchez announcing . Sportsnet in English and RDS in French televised the series in Canada . Sportsnet used the MLB International feed produced by the MLB Network ; Matt Vasgersian was MLB International 's play - by - play announcer with the Toronto Blue Jays ' play - by - play announcer Buck Martinez as their color analyst and MLB Network correspondent Lauren Shehadi and analyst Mark DeRosa as field reporters . Alain Usereau and former Montreal Expos player Marc Griffin handled the French - language telecast for RDS . BT Sport televised the series live in the United Kingdom and Ireland . WAPA - TV transmitted the series to Puerto Rico , with Rafael Bracero at the helm of the station 's sports commentary of the series . Ratings ( edit ) Further information : World Series television ratings Initial reports often utilize `` fast national '' ratings , which are subject to revision . Game 7 had over 40 million viewers , the largest audience for a baseball game since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series , while the series as a whole was the first to average double - digit ratings nationally since 2009 . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 11.3 20 19.4 10.2 18 17.4 11.0 20 19.4 9.3 18 16.7 5 13.1 21 23.6 6 13.3 23 23.4 7 21.8 37 40.0 <Th_colspan="5"> Radio ( edit ) Cubs fans celebrating in Wrigleyville . ESPN Radio 's national network covered the World Series through affiliated stations , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer appeared as a guest analyst for select innings of Games 1 and 2 . Locally , the teams ' flagship stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . In Cleveland , WTAM ( 1100 ) and WMMS ( 100.7 ) carried the Indians ' play - by - play with Tom Hamilton and Jim Rosenhaus , while in Chicago , WSCR ( 670 ) carried the Cubs ' play - by - play with Pat Hughes , Ron Coomer , and Len Kasper . The affiliate stations of the teams ' regional radio networks were contractually obligated to carry the national ESPN Radio feed ; even so , since both WSCR and WTAM are clear - channel stations , most of the eastern and midwestern United States was able to hear the local broadcasts . Celebration ( edit ) The Chicago Cubs visit the White House . Following the team 's win in Game 7 , Cubs fans congregated outside of Wrigley Field and the surrounding Wrigleyville neighborhood to celebrate the championship . On November 4 , the team 's victory parade began at Wrigley Field and headed down Lake Shore Drive and Michigan Avenue at downtown for a noon rally at Grant Park . Country singer Brett Eldredge sang a cover of `` Go , Cubs , Go '' during the rally . The city of Chicago estimated that over five million people attended the World Series parade and rally celebration , which would make it one of the largest human gatherings in history . Instead of waiting until their 2017 regular season trip to Washington , D.C. , the Cubs chose to make the traditional White House visit during then - President , and Chicago native ( and White Sox fan ) , Barack Obama 's final week in office on January 16 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Chicago portal Cleveland portal List of World Series champions Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of Rocky Colavito 2016 Japan Series 2016 Korean Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series Umpires Features Retiring Hirschbeck '' . Close Call Sports . 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Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Assenheimer , Chris ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` World Series notes : Cy Young candidates Corey Kluber and Jon Lester set to square off in Game 1 '' . The Chronicle - Telegram . Cleveland : Elyria - Lorain Broadcasting Co . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Onofrio , Jessica ; Elgas , Rob ; Horng , Eric ; Jordan , Karen ; Nagy , Liz ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Indians defeat Chicago Cubs 6 -- 0 in World Series Game 1 '' . ABC 7 Chicago . Cleveland : ABC , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Daniel ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Indians win World Series Game 1 against Cubs as Kluber sets strikeout record '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Ben ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kyle Schwarber 's successful return a silver lining for Cubs in Game 1 loss '' . Sports Illustrated . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs - Indians 2016 World Series : Kyle Schwarber 's return , at least , was a success '' . Cleveland : CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Corey Kluber sets World Series record with 8 K 's in first 3 innings '' . Cleveland : ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Indians catcher Roberto Perez has as many homers this October as he had all season '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Magic formula : Corey Kluber , Andrew Miller dominant in Game 1 World Series win over Cubs '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Fowler 1st African - American Chicago Cub to start in Game 1 of World Series '' . WGN - TV . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breen , Justin ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Dexter Fowler Would Be The First Black Cubs Player In The World Series '' . DNAinfo Chicago . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ; McCalvy , Adam . `` Game 2 bumped up to 7 ET tonight on FOX '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs - Indians World Series Game 2 : Final score , things to know as Cubs even series '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Next stop : Chicago ! Cubs trounce Tribe , even World Series '' . Cleveland : ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Rizzo , Zobrist lead Cubs ' offensive outburst in Game 2 '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kyle Schwarber defying odds , leads Cubs offense in Game 2 of World Series '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagner , James ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs Pull Even in World Series as Indians ' Play Proves Sloppier Than the Weather '' . The New York Times . Cleveland . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Bill ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` World Series Game 2 : Cubs ' Arrieta finds greatness when his team needs it most '' . Cleveland : CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jill ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs level World Series with first Fall Classic win since 1945 '' . CNN . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Luca , Chris ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Billy Williams , Bill Murray part of historic World Series Game 3 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ; Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` World Series : Here 's What Happened in Game 3 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blank you very much ! Tribe 1 -- 0 W epic '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Maddux , Jenkins to throw out Game 4 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bannon , Tim ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Vince Vaughn will sing 7th - inning stretch at World Series Game 4 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Indians Defeat Sloppy Cubs to Take a 3 -- 1 World Series Lead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Won ! Tribe blowout has Cubs on brink '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Indians - Cubs World Series 2016 : Sandberg to throw out Game 5 first pitch '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Ramirez 's 1st postseason HR gets Indians started '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Bryant 's blast sparks Cubs ' winning rally '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Chappy Halloween ! Cubs ' trick ? 6 for heat '' . Chicago : Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Muskat , Carrie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Slam from Russell the Cubs ' first in Series history '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doolittle , Bradford ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Addison Russell ties World Series record with 6 RBIs in one game '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Francona unsure of left fielder for Game 6 '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Associated Press . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Eddie Robinson , last link to Indians ' 1948 glory , going to Game 6 '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` A presidential pitch : Former Cleveland Indians hurler Dennis Martinez , El Presidente , to throw out first pitch at Game 6 '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Bryant 's HR ignites Cubs ' first - inning frenzy '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Russell rips Cubs ' first slam in Series history '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Les ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs crush Indians to set up historic World Series final '' . The Guardian . Cleveland . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Kamka ( @ @ ckamka ) ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jake Arrieta first National League pitcher with 2 road wins as a starter in single # WorldSeries since Bob Gibson in 1967 # Cubs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Foster , Jason . `` The 10 most memorable Game 7s in World Series history , ranked '' . Chicago : Sporting News . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy . `` Why Cubs , Indians just gave us greatest World Series Game 7 ever '' . Chicago : USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meisel , Zack . `` Jim Thome to throw out ceremonial first pitch prior to Game 7 of the World Series '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland : Advance Publications . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Postseason Statistics '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Fowler makes history with leadoff HR '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony . `` Baez 's homer chases Kluber in Game 7 '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Sheldon . `` Maddon 's Over-Thinking Nearly Cost Cubs '' . Cleveland : RealClearSports . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stankevitz , JJ . `` Jon Lester ready if needed to pitch out of bullpen in games 6 or 7 of World Series '' . Chicago : CSN Chicago . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Cody ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Indians score two on wild pitch , pull closer at 5 -- 3 '' . Fansided . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former SEC star David Ross makes World Series history in final career game '' . SEC Country . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series 2016 : Rajai Davis ' HR becomes footnote to Cubs ' epic victory '' . Cleveland : SportingNews.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ariel Cheung ; Ed Komenda ; David Matthews ; Evan F. Moore ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game 7 Of The World Series Is In A Rain Delay In Extra Innings '' . DNA Info . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Verducci , Tom ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` WORLD SERIES It Happened '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , Steve . `` Do you really appreciate what Albert Almora Jr. did in Game 7 ? '' . Cleveland : Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` With a Cure - Breaking Hit , Ben Zobrist lives a dream he never expected '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graves , Will ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's big hit gives Cubs newcomer World Series MVP '' . Cleveland . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs win World Series championship with 8 - 7 victory over Cleveland Indians '' . Chicago Tribune . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Zobrist 's heroics net MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` World Series MVP Ben Zobrist : Game 7 was ' an epic battle ' '' . USA Today . Cleveland . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Mark ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs issue 66 full playoff shares worth $368,871.59 a piece '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Media Company . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 World Series schedule : Cubs vs. Indians '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Sports Embarks on ' Hunt for October ' with Announcement of MLB Postseason Broadcaster Lineup '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This is how the world watched and listened to the Cubs ' win the World Series '' . For The Win. 2016 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RDS présente la SÉRIE MONDIALE en exclusivité francophone du 25 octobre au 2 novembre '' . Bell Media Press Room ( in French ) . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians v Chicago Cubs : How to watch the World Series '' . BT Sport . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Báez y Lindor cruzan caminos nuevamente '' . WAPA . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Nielsen Ratings '' . The Futon Critic . September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago Cubs Victory in World Series Game 7 Draws 40 Million Viewers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Series Climax Tops 40 Million Viewers , Biggest Game in 25 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes & FOX Sports GO Combine to Deliver Most - Watched World Series Game 1 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 2 Draws 17.8 Million Viewers for FOX Sports '' . Fox Sports . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Game 3 Is Most - Watched World Series Game 3 Since 2004 '' . Fox Sports . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FOX , FOX Deportes , FOX Sports GO Combine To Deliver 17 Million Viewers For World Series Game 4 '' . Fox Sports . October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indians vs. Cubs Sunday Night is Most - Watched World Series Game 5 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 6 is Most - Watched Game 6 Since 1997 '' . Fox Sports . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 7 Averages Over 40 Million Viewers '' . Fox Sports . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN Provides Extensive On - SIte Coverage from the 112th World Series '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Jump up ^ Lucia , Joe ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Your 2016 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Jump up ^ Kane , Dan ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hamilton not heard on Indians ' local radio affiliates during World Series '' . The Repository . Jump up ^ `` World Series baseball : Chicago Cubs end 108 - year wait for win '' . BBC Sport . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Wrigleyville goes wild as Chicago Cubs win the World Series '' . For the Win USAToday . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Chicago Get the World Series Parade It 's Waited 108 Years For '' . Time . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Brett Eldredge leads Cubs fans in ' Go Cubs Go ' '' . Comcast SportsNet Chicago . NBC Universal . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . 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who was the song you're so vain about

You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` You 're So Vain '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Carly Simon <Th_colspan="2"> from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Richard Perry <Th_colspan="2"> Carly Simon singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen , The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form , '' Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Learjet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Carly Simon <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Lucy & Carly -- The Simon Sisters Sing for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Carly & Lucy Simon Sing Songs For Children <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Carly Simon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=803762618 '' Categories : 1972 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Pop ballads Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 13 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Carly Simon's song "You're So Vain" 2. Speculation about the subject of the song 3. References in the song to Saratoga and Nova Scotia 4. Chart performance and awards 5. Carly Simon's revelations about the song's subject

who sang the songs in the helen morgan story

The Helen Morgan Story - wikipedia The Helen Morgan Story Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Helen Morgan Story <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Curtiz Produced by Martin Rackin Written by Nelson Gidding Stephen Longstreet Dean Riesner Oscar Saul Starring Ann Blyth Paul Newman Richard Carlson Cinematography Ted D. McCord Edited by Frank Bracht Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date 5 October 1957 Running time 118 min . Country United States Language English The Helen Morgan Story , released in the UK as Both Ends of the Candle , is a 1957 American biographical film directed by Michael Curtiz starring Ann Blyth and Paul Newman . The screenplay by Oscar Saul , Dean Riesner , Stephen Longstreet , and Nelson Gidding is based on the life and career of torch singer / actress Helen Morgan , with fictional touches liberally added for dramatic purposes . Months before being released into a feature - length film , The Helen Morgan Story was produced as a live television drama on Playhouse 90 , with Polly Bergen as Morgan . This turned out to be Blyth 's final film role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Helen Morgan begins her career as a Chicago carnival dancer . She catches the eye of fast - talking , double - dealing Larry Maddux , whose promotion catapults her to fame as a Broadway performer in Show Boat and a headliner in her own nightclub . Morgan anguishes over her romantic relationship with Maddux and one with Russell Wade , a wealthy , married attorney . When she realizes the caddish Maddux merely has been using her to support the upscale lifestyle he has come to enjoy , she turns to alcohol . She loses the bulk of her money to the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , hits rock bottom , and is hospitalized in the alcoholic ward in Bellevue . Maddux has a change of heart and arranges a gala dinner , hosted by Walter Winchell and Florenz Ziegfeld , in her honor . The film 's ending suggests this was Morgan 's first step on the road to recovery , success , and happiness , which was not the case in real life . Cast ( edit ) Ann Blyth as Helen Morgan Paul Newman as Larry Maddux Richard Carlson as Russell Wade Gene Evans as Whitey Krause Alan King as Benny Weaver Cara Williams as Dolly Evans Iris Adrian as Louise Jensen ( uncredited ) Juanita Moore as Lucey - Backstage Maid Production ( edit ) In 1950 , Boxoffice announced Warner Bros. was planning to release a musical biography with Doris Day as Helen Morgan . This is one of the few studio projects Day refused to make , citing she did not want to portray the sordid aspects of Morgan 's life , which were in direct contrast to Day 's wholesome screen image . Soundtrack ( edit ) Why Was I Born I Ca n't Give You Anything But Love Medley : If You Were the Only Girl in the World / Avalon / Do Do Do / Breezin ' Along with the Breeze Love Nest Medley : Someone to Watch Over Me / The One I Love Belongs to Somebody Else Body and Soul April in Paris Speak of Me of Love More Than You Know On the Sunny Side of the Street The Man I Love Medley : Just a Memory / Deep Night Do n't Ever Leave Me Medley : I 've Got a Crush On You / I 'll Get By Something to Remember You By My Melancholy Baby Bill Ca n't Help Lovin ' Dat Man Although Ann Blyth was known to be a talented singer , her voice was dubbed by Gogi Grant . A soundtrack album is available on compact disc . Critical reception ( edit ) In his review in the New York Times , A.H. Weiler called the film `` as uplifting as soap opera '' and added , `` The indestructible tunes and the producers ' fairly honest approach to the sleaziness of the speakeasy era should generate genuine nostalgia , but Miss Morgan 's career , on film , appears to be uninspired , familiar fare ... It 's all about as heart - warming as an electric pad . Ann Blyth ... desperately attempts to capture the essentially moving qualities of the performer ... ( she ) is fragile , sweet and timorous in the role , but she can not manage to project the idea that she is swaying audiences either by singing or emotional force . '' Variety called it `` little more than a tuneful soap opera '' and added , `` The story line sometimes strains credulity and the dialogue situations occasionally give the production a cornball flavor ... Director Michael Curtiz has done a good job with the material at hand , injecting a pacing and bits of business that help maintain interest , and the production gets added benefit from a series of hit tunes of the era ... Blyth turns in a sympathetic but not always convincing performance . Newman is very good as the rackets guy , giving the part authority and credibility . '' TV Guide wrote `` Helen Morgan was the greatest torch singer , a petite brunette who sat atop pianos plaintively warbling sad songs about the men who mistreated her . More a profile of those songs than a detailed exposition of her life , this film offers only a slice of a fabulous and unforgettable career ... most of the wobbly plot is fictional , which is unfortunate since Morgan 's true story was much more spectacular and , had it been followed , would have provided a finer film . '' See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1957 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Helen Morgan Story '' . 16 May 1957 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Pryor , Thomas M. `` STUDIO PLANS FILM ON HELEN MORGAN ; Warners Lists Life of Singer for March 15 -- No Star Is Named for Title Role '' , The New York Times , February 23 , 1956 . Accessed January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Films That Never Were at DorisDay.net '' . dorisday.net . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A. h . `` Screen : ' Helen Morgan ' ; Ann Blyth Stars in Singer 's Biography '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Variety review '' . variety.com . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Helen Morgan Story '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Helen Morgan Story at the Internet Movie Database <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Michael Curtiz 1910s The Last Bohemian Today and Tomorrow Captive Souls My Husband 's Getting Married The Exile The Borrowed Babies The Princess in a Nightrobe Prisoner of the Night Bánk Bán Golddigger One Who Is Loved By Two Seven of Spades The Strength of the Fatherland The Karthauzer The Black Rainbow The Wolf The Medic Mr. Doctor Master Zoard The Red Samson The Last Dawn Spring in Winter Tartar Invasion Secret of St. Job Forest Nobody 's Son The Charlatan A Penny 's History The Fishing Bell Earth 's Man The Colonel Peace 's Road Jean the Tenant The Merry Widow Magic Waltz A skorpió I . The Devil Lulu Lu , the Coquette Júdás The Ugly Boy Alraune 99 The Sunflower Woman Liliom ( unfinished ) The Lady with the Black Gloves 1920s Boccaccio The Star of Damascus The Scourge of God Mrs. Tutti Frutti Good and Evil Mrs. Dane 's Confession Labyrinth of Horror Sodom and Gomorrah Young Medardus Avalanche Nameless A Deadly Game General Babka Harun al Raschid The Moon of Israel Red Heels Cab No. 13 The Golden Butterfly The Third Degree A Million Bid The Desired Woman Good Time Charley Tenderloin Noah 's Ark Glad Rag Doll Madonna of Avenue A The Gamblers Hearts in Exile 1930s Mammy Under a Texas Moon The Matrimonial Bed Bright Lights A Soldier 's Plaything River 's End Demon of the Sea God 's Gift to Women The Mad Genius The Woman from Monte Carlo Alias the Doctor The Strange Love of Molly Louvain Doctor X The Cabin in the Cotton 20,000 Years in Sing Sing Mystery of the Wax Museum The Keyhole Private Detective 62 Goodbye Again The Kennel Murder Case Female Mandalay Jimmy the Gent The Key British Agent The Case of the Curious Bride Black Fury Front Page Woman Little Big Shot Captain Blood The Walking Dead The Charge of the Light Brigade Stolen Holiday Mountain Justice Kid Galahad The Perfect Specimen Gold Is Where You Find It The Adventures of Robin Hood ( with William Keighley ) Four 's a Crowd Four Daughters Angels with Dirty Faces Dodge City Daughters Courageous The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex Four Wives 1940s Virginia City The Sea Hawk Santa Fe Trail The Sea Wolf Dive Bomber Captains of the Clouds Yankee Doodle Dandy Casablanca Mission to Moscow This Is the Army Passage to Marseille Janie Roughly Speaking Mildred Pierce Night and Day Life with Father The Unsuspected Romance on the High Seas My Dream Is Yours ( with Friz Freleng ) Flamingo Road The Lady Takes a Sailor 1950s Young Man with a Horn Bright Leaf The Breaking Point Force of Arms Jim Thorpe -- All - American I 'll See You in My Dreams The Story of Will Rogers The Jazz Singer Trouble Along the Way The Boy from Oklahoma The Egyptian White Christmas We 're No Angels The Scarlet Hour The Vagabond King The Best Things in Life Are Free The Helen Morgan Story The Proud Rebel King Creole The Hangman The Man in the Net 1960s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Breath of Scandal Francis of Assisi The Comancheros Short films Jön az öcsém ( 1919 ) Sons of Liberty ( 1939 ) Productions Bright Lights ( 1935 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Helen_Morgan_Story&oldid=838739801 '' Categories : English - language films 1957 films 1950s biographical films 1950s drama films 1950s musical films American biographical films American films Biographical films about singers American black - and - white films Films based on actual events Films based on television plays Films directed by Michael Curtiz Warner Bros. films Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Helen Morgan Story - biographical film 2. Ann Blyth and Paul Newman - starring actors 3. Helen Morgan - torch singer/actress 4. Fictional touches added for dramatic purposes 5. Career, relationships, and struggles of Helen Morgan

where does the taste of cola come from

Cola - wikipedia Cola A sweetened , carbonated soft drink This article is about the beverage . For other uses , see Cola ( disambiguation ) . Cola <Td_colspan="2"> A glass of cola served with ice cubes Type Soft drink Manufacturer Various Country of origin United States Introduced 1886 Color Caramel Flavor Cola ( kola nut , citrus , cinnamon and vanilla ) Cola is a sweetened , carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla , cinnamon , citrus oils and other flavorings . Most contain caffeine , which was originally sourced from the kola nut , leading to the drink 's name , though other sources are now also used . Cola became popular worldwide after pharmacist John Pemberton invented Coca - Cola in 1886 . His non-alcoholic recipe was inspired by the coca wine of pharmacist Angelo Mariani , created in 1863 . Most modern colas usually contain caramel color , and are sweetened with sugar or high - fructose corn syrup . They now come in numerous different brands . Among them , the most popular are Coca - Cola and Pepsi . These two companies have been competing since the 1890s , but their rivalry has intensified since the 1980s . Contents 1 Flavorings 2 Clear cola 3 Health effects 4 Regional brands 4.1 Asia 4.2 Europe 4.3 North America 4.4 South America 4.5 Oceania 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Flavorings ( edit ) The primary modern flavoring ingredients in a cola drink are citrus oils ( from orange , lime , and lemon peels ) , cinnamon , vanilla , and an acidic flavorant . Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctively different tastes for each brand . Trace flavorings may include a wide variety of ingredients , such as spices like nutmeg or coriander , but the base flavorings that most people identify with a cola taste remain citrus , vanilla and cinnamon . Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid , sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids . Coca - Cola 's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret . A variety of different sweeteners may be added to cola , often partly dependent on local agricultural policy . High - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) is predominantly used in the United States and Canada due to the lower cost of government - subsidized corn . In Europe , however , HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar ; sugar is thus typically used to sweeten sodas . In addition , stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used ; `` sugar - free '' or `` diet '' colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only . Clear Cola ( edit ) Crystal Pepsi , 20 oz. bottle , as seen in the US in 2016 In the 1940s , Coca - Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov . Clear colas were again produced during the Clear Craze of the early 1990s . Brands included Crystal Pepsi , Tab Clear , and 7 Up Ice Cola . Crystal Pepsi has been repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s . In Denmark , a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976 . It was especially known for being the `` Hippie Cola '' because of the focus of the harmful effects the color additive could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands . It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental - Organisation NOAH , an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth . This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring . Today many organic colas are available in Denmark , but , for nostalgic reasons , clear cola has still maintained its popularity to a certain degree . In June 2018 , Coca - Cola introduced Coca - Cola Clear in Japan . Health effects ( edit ) Further information : Criticism of Coca - Cola § Health effects A 2007 study found that consumption of colas , both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening , was associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease . The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause . Studies indicate `` soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in ( the ) American diet '' , so most nutritionists advise that Coca - Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively , particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with , rather than complements , a balanced diet . Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium , magnesium , ascorbic acid , riboflavin , and vitamin A . The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine , which can cause physical dependence ( caffeine addiction ) . A link has been shown between long - term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women ( but not men ) . This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid , and the risk was found to be the same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas , as well as the same for diet and sugared colas . Many soft drinks are sweetened mostly or entirely with high - fructose corn syrup , rather than sugar . Some nutritionists caution against consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type - 2 diabetes more than cane sugar . Regional brands ( edit ) See also : Category : Cola brands Asia ( edit ) Amrat Cola , popular in Pakistan Big Cola , popular in Indonesia Bovonto , popular in South India Campa Cola was India 's most popular brand prior to the introduction of Coca - Cola and Pepsi to the Indian market in 1991 Clemon by Akij Group , popular in Bangladesh Cola Turka is a local brand in Turkey Est Cola , a local brand in Thailand Future Cola , a local brand in China Laoshan Cola , a local brand in China Mecca Cola , sold in the Middle East , North Africa , as well as parts of Europe Pakola , popular in Pakistan Parsi Cola , popular in Iran Red Bull Cola , popular in Thailand Thums Up , popular in India Topsia Cola , popular in Iran Zamzam Cola , popular in Iran and parts of the Arab world Europe ( edit ) Bottles of `` Berry cola '' , a soft drink produced in Indre ( France ) . Afri - Cola , a German brand , was relaunched in April 2006 with the original formulation with the higher caffeine content . Barr Cola made by A.G. Barr ( the makers of the popular Irn - Bru drink ) in the United Kingdom Breizh Cola is a local brand from Brittany ( France ) . Brisa Cola is a local brand from Madeira , Portugal and produced by Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira . Cadet - Cola , an Irish brand Cockta is a local brand from former Yugoslavia , which does not contain any caffeine or phosphoric acid . Corsica Cola is a regional cola distributed by the Corsican brewery Pietra . Cuba Cola is a brand from Sweden . Evoca Cola is a cola made with mineral water made by Evoca Drinks . Fentimans Curiosity Cola , is an upmarket botanically brewed cola produced by Fentimans , from the UK . Fritz - Kola , a cola soft drink from Hamburg , Germany , uses the highest possible concentration of caffeine for beverages allowed by German law . Jolly Cola , which was more popular than Coca - Cola and Pepsi Cola during the 1960s and 1970s in Denmark . Karma Cola , fair trade cola from the UK . Kofola is the primary rival to Coca - Cola and Pepsi in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , and does not contain phosphoric acid . LOCKWOODS Cola , a UK cola brand introduced in the 1960s produced by Lockwoods Foods Limited at their canning factory site in Long Sutton , England , the drink is not on the market anymore , it was sold nationally and also exported . Planet Cola , a brand sold at Auchan . Polo - Cockta , a Polish brand . Red Bull Cola has been available throughout Europe since 2008 . Sky Cola , a Bosnian brand since 2002 made by water - bottling company Sarajevski kiseljak Sky Cola , a Croatian brand since 2002 made by water - bottling company Jamnica Ubuntu Cola is a fair trade cola from the United Kingdom available in parts of Western Europe . Virgin Cola was popular in South Africa and Western Europe in the 1990s but has waned in availability . Vita - Cola is a German cola brand with a distinct citrus flavor ; nowadays it is mostly sold in eastern Germany . XL Cola was a Swedish cola brand introduced in 1985 , but the drink is not at the market anymore . Mole Cola is an Italian cola sold in Italy it is also occasionally sold in France in stores called Noz only . North America ( edit ) Coca - Cola Coca - Cola , often referred to simply as Coke , is one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide . Pepsi , produced and manufactured by PepsiCo , is also one of the most popular cola brands in North America and worldwide . Pepsi is the main competitor of Coca - Cola . Cott produces many house brand beverages as well as its own line of products , most notably its Black Cherry cola . The Double Cola Company , Double Cola Faygo Cola is distributed in the Eastern United States and can be found in some regions of Canada . Fentimans Curiosity Cola , originating from the United Kingdom in 1905 , now sold across Europe and North America Jarritos Cola is a brand of cola from Mexico , native to Mexico and widely distributed to Latino residents of the United States . Jolt Cola is sold by Wet Planet Beverages of Rochester , New York . Jones Soda also makes a cola using cane sugar . Polar Beverages of Worcester , MA produces its own brand of cola under the Polar name . Red Bull Cola was available in the United States from 2008 - 2011 . Royal Crown Cola , also called RC Cola for short , now produced by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group Shasta Cola , produced by Shasta TuKola and Tropicola are brands from Cuba ( also sold widely in Italy ) . Zevia Cola is a zero calorie soft drink sweetened with Stevia combined with Monk Fruit and Erythritol . South America ( edit ) Inca Kola , created by Lindley bottler to compete with Coca - Cola . Still the best selling cola in Perú . Big Cola , a cola produced by Peruvian company Ajegroup which operates in 14 countries in Latin America . Perú Cola , created by Peruvian bottler Embotelladora Don Jorge S.A.C. to compete with Coca - Cola and Kola Real . Oceania ( edit ) LA Ice Cola is an Australian cola owned by Tru Blu Beverages , similar to Coca - Cola and Pepsi , which are its rivals . See also ( edit ) Drink portal Cola chicken Open - source cola -- a soft drink whose recipe is publicly published List of brand name soft drinks products List of soft drink flavors List of soft drink producers List of soft drinks by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coca Wine '' . Cocaine.org . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeNeefe , Janet ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` The Exotic Romance of Tamarind '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cola 2 '' . Sparror.cubecinema.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Ataman Aksoy ; John C. Beghin , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Sugar Policies : An Opportunity for Change '' . Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries . World Bank Publications . p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5863 - 4 . Jump up ^ Braswell , Sean ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Coke made especially for a communist '' . Ozy . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Samvirke . `` Samvirke - Rød sodavand - uden farve ! '' . classic.samvirke.dk . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Husker du ? Kult - colaen vender endelig tilbage '' . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Clear launches in Japan '' . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Pulls a Pepsi and Launches Clear Coke '' . 6 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Tina M. Saldana ; Olga Basso ; Rebecca Darden ; Dale P. Sandler ( 2007 ) . `` Carbonated beverages and chronic kidney disease '' . Epidemiology. 18 ( 4 ) : 501 -- 6 . doi : 10.1097 / EDE. 0b013e3180646338 . PMC 3433753 . PMID 17525693 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Data Suggest That Soda And Sweet Drinks Are The Main Source Of Calories In American Diet '' . Sciencedaily.com . May 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . `` Liquid Candy : How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans ' Health '' , pp. 5 -- 6 . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Center for Science in the Public Interest ( 1997 ) . `` Label Caffeine Content of Foods , Scientists Tell FDA . '' Retrieved June 10 , 2005 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Tucker KL , Morita K , Qiao N , Hannan MT , Cupples LA , Kiel DP ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` Colas , but not other carbonated beverages , are associated with low bone mineral density in older women : The Framingham Osteoporosis Study '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 342 . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 84.4. 936 . PMID 17023723 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Single food ingredient the cause of obesity ? New study has industry up in arms '' . ( April 26 , 2004 ) . FoodNavigator.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Le Breizh Cola sera intégralement produit en Bretagne '' . Ouest France . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOCKWOODS - Cola - 330mL - Great Britain '' . CanMuseum.com . CanMuseum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` LOCKWOODS - Cola ( diet ) - 326mL - Great Britain '' . CanMuseum.com . CanMuseum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Cola '' . SkyCola . Jump up ^ `` Ajegroup '' . Ajegroup . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grupo Perú Cola - Hoy el Perú sabe mejor '' ( in Spanish ) . Donjorge.com.pe . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Look up cola in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Cola and Mentos mints trick OpenCola recipe ( originally published by Cory Doctorow ) Straight Dope article about caffeine levels on soft drinks <Th_colspan="2"> Cola brands <Td_colspan="2"> Afri - Amrat Apotekarnes Auvergnat Baikal Barr Beed Big Breizh Bubba Campa Cassinelli Cavan China Classic ( UK ) Club Coca - Cola Cockta Turka Cole Cold Corsica Count Cricket Cuba Diet Coke Diet Rite Double Double Seven El Ché - Est Evoca Export Fada Faygo Fentimans Curiosity Frescolita Fritz - Fruti Fuji - Future Grandpa Graf 's Guaranito Isaac Jolly Jolt Jones Soda Kitty Kofola Real Román Kristal LA Ice Lava Like Mecca - Mr . No Name Olvi Open Pakola Pepsi Parsi Perú Polo - Cockta Pran Premium - President 's Choice Qibla RC Red Bull Red Reed 's Rola Sam 's Choice Schweppes Sinalco Tab Thums Up Topsia Triple tuKola Ubuntu Vess Virgin Vita XL Zamzam Zelal Zevia <Th_colspan="3"> Soft drinks Brands Cola Wars List of brand name soft drinks products List of soft drink flavors List of soft drinks by country Types Cola Cherry cola Cream soda Diet drink Energy drink Frozen carbonated beverage Ginger ale Ginger beer Grape soft drink Ice cream float Lemon - lime drink Lemonade Orange soft drink Root beer Sports drink Health Sugary drinks tax Fat tax Companies List of soft drink producers The Coca - Cola Company Cott Dr Pepper Snapple Group PepsiCo <Td_colspan="3"> Soft drinks portal Category : Soft drinks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cola&oldid=864515314 '' Categories : Cola Soft drinks Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with short description Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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1. Carbonated soft drink 2. Flavors of cola 3. Caffeine content in cola 4. Health effects of cola consumption 5. Regional brands of cola

the story of ragnar lothbrok and his sons

Tale of Ragnar 's sons - wikipedia Tale of Ragnar 's sons An 1857 painting by August Malmström depicting King Aella 's messenger before Ragnar Lodbrok 's sons . The Tale of Ragnar 's sons ( Old Norse : Ragnarssona þáttr ) is an Old Norse story about Ragnar Lodbrok and his sons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Ragnar Lodbrok 1.2 The death of Eric and Agnar 1.3 The death of Ragnar and his sons ' vengeance 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Summary ( edit ) Ragnar Lodbrok ( edit ) When Sigurd Hring dies , Ragnar Lodbrok succeeds him as the king of Sweden and Denmark . Many foreign kings come to take parts of his kingdom as they think Ragnar is too young to defend it . Herrauðr , the earl of Götaland and one of Ragnar 's vassals had a daughter , Þóra Borgarhjǫrtr , who was very beautiful . He gave her a lindworm , but after some time , it encircles her tower and threatens anyone who approaches it , except for her servants who fed it with an ox every day . At his symbel , Herrauðr promises his daughter to the man who kills the serpent . When Ragnar hears of this , he goes to Västergötland and dresses himself in shaggy clothes that he had treated with tar and sand . He took a spear and approached the serpent which blew poison at him . Ragnar protected himself with his shield . He speared the serpent through its heart . He then cut off the serpent 's head , and when the people found out what had happened , he married Thora. Then , he proceeded to liberate his kingdom . Kraka ( Aslaug ) by Mårten Eskil Winge Ragnar and Thora had two sons , Eiríkr and Agnar , and after a few years Thora dies of illness . He then married Aslaug , also known as Randalin , the daughter of Sigurd and Brynhildr . They had 4 sons , Ivar the Boneless , Björn Ironside , Hvitserk , and Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye , so named because his iris had the image of a snake encircling the pupil . The death of Eric and Agnar ( edit ) Ragnar 's sons grow up and in order to show themselves the equals of their father , they war far and wide . They conquer Zealand , Reidgotaland ( here Jutland ) , Gotland , Öland and all the small islands . Ivar , the eldest and cleverest , is their leader and he installs himself at Lejre . As Ragnar does not want his sons to overshadow him , he appoints Eysteinn Beli as the king of Sweden and tells him to protect it from his sons . One summer when Ragnar is pillaging in the Baltic region , his sons Eric and Agnar came into lake Mälaren . They send a messenger to Gamla Uppsala asking Eysteinn to meet them . They then demand that Eysteinn be their vassal and that he give his daughter Borghild as wife to Eric . Eysteinn consults the Swedish chieftains and they decide to attack Eric and Agnar . After a long battle against overwhelming numbers , Eric is captured and Agnar slain . Eysteinn wants peace and offers his daughter to Eric and as much of Uppsala öd ( the network of royal estates that financed the Swedish monarchy ) as he wanted . Eric declares that after such a defeat he does not wish to live and asks to be raised on spearpoints above the slain so that he will be pierced and killed . His wish is granted . When Aslaug and her sons hear the news in Zealand , they decide to avenge the dead brothers . Aslaug calls herself Randalin and rides with 1500 warriors across land , while her sons go in ships . After a long battle Eysteinn dies and Eric and Agnar were avenged . Ragnar is not happy that his sons have taken revenge without his help , and decides to conquer England with only two knarrs , in order to show himself a better warrior than his sons . The ships are built in Vestfold as his kingdom reached Dovre and Lindesnes , and they are enormous ships . Aslaug does not approve of the idea as the English coast was not fit for such ships , only for longships , but Ragnar does not listen to her advice . Ragnar arrives safely with his army in England and begins to ravage and burn . Aella murdering Ragnar Lodbrok The death of Ragnar and his sons ' vengeance ( edit ) When king Ælla of Northumbria learns of the pillaging army , he musters an overwhelming force and defeats Ragnar 's army . Ragnar is dressed in a silken jacket which Aslaug had made and nothing can pierce it . Finally , he is taken prisoner and thrown into a snake pit . However , as the snakes do not bite him , the Englishmen take off his clothes and then the snakes kill him for good . Ragnar 's sons attack England but Ivar does not want to fight as the English army is too large ; he fears they will lose and will have to go home again . Ivar , however , stays in England and asks Ælla for wergild , claiming that he can not go home without some compensation to show his brothers . Ivar only asks for as much land as he can cover with an ox 's hide . He cuts it into such a fine long string of hide that he can encircle an area large enough for a city . When this is done , he lays the foundations for a city which becomes York . He allies himself with all of England and finally all the chieftains in the region become loyal to Ivar and his brothers . Then , Ivar tells his brothers to attack England . During the battle Ivar sides with his brothers and so do many of the English chieftains with their people , out of loyalty to Ivar . Ælla is taken captive and in revenge Ragnar 's sons carve the blood eagle from him . Ivar becomes king over north - eastern England which his forefathers owned ( i.e. Ivar Vidfamne and Sigurd Hring ) , and he has two sons , Yngvar and Husto . They obey their father Ivar and torture king Edmund the Martyr and take his realm . Ragnar 's sons pillage in England , Wales , France and Italy , until they come to the town of Luna in Italy . When they come back to Scandinavia , they divide the kingdom so that Björn Ironside has Uppsala and Sweden , Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye has Zealand , Scania , Halland , Viken , Agder , all the way to Lindesnes and most of Oppland , and Hvitserk receives Reidgotaland ( Jutland ) and Wendland . Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye marries king Ælla 's daughter Blaeja and they have a son named Harthacnut , who succeeds his father as the king of Zealand , Scania and Halland , but Viken rebels and breaks loose . Harthacanute has a son named Gorm , who is big and strong but not as wise as his ancestors . After this presentation of Ragnar and his sons , the tale continues by telling of English , Danish and Norwegian kings ... See also ( edit ) Great Heathen Army References ( edit ) Waggoner , Ben ( 2009 ) , The Sagas of Ragnar Lodbrok , The Troth , ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 02138 - 6 External links ( edit ) The Tale of Ragnar 's sons in English translation by Peter Tunstall with Facing Old Norse Text Þáttr af Ragnars sonum <Th_colspan="2"> hide Legendary sagas <Td_colspan="2"> Af Upplendinga konungum Áns saga bogsveigis Ásmundar saga kappabana Bósa saga ok Herrauðs Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana Eiríks saga víðförla Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum Friðþjófs saga frækna Gautreks saga ok Gjafa - Refs Gríms saga loðinkinna Göngu - Hrólfs saga Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar Hálfs saga konungs ok Hálfsrekka Heiðreks saga konungs ok Hervarar Helga þáttr Þórissonar Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar Hrólfs saga kraka Hrómundar saga Gripssonar Högna saga Hálfdanarsonar Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra Ingvars saga víðförla Ketils saga hængs Norna - Gests þáttr Ragnars saga loðbrókar Ragnarssona þáttr Sturlaugs saga starfsama Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum í Dana ok Svíaveldi Sörla saga sterka Tóka þáttr Tókasonar Völsunga saga Þjalar - Jóns saga Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns Örvar - Odds saga BNF : cb15032156v ( data ) LCCN : nr97016510 VIAF : 182590804 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tale_of_Ragnar%27s_Sons&oldid=836749640 '' Categories : Þættir Ragnar Lodbrok Sources of Norse mythology Legendary sagas Völsung cycle Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Norsk Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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1. Ragnar Lodbrok and his sons 2. The death of Eric and Agnar 3. Ragnar's sons' vengeance 4. Ivar the Boneless and his leadership 5. The conquest of England by Ragnar's sons

the role of the international monetary system in promoting international trade and investment

International monetary systems - wikipedia International monetary systems The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An international monetary system is a set of internationally agreed rules , conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade , cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between nation states . It should provide means of payment acceptable to buyers and sellers of different nationalities , including deferred payment . To operate successfully , it needs to inspire confidence , to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade , and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected . The system can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades . Alternatively , it can arise from a single architectural vision , as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944 . Contents 1 Historical overview 2 History of modern global monetary orders 2.1 The pre WWI financial order : 1816 -- 1919 2.2 Between the World Wars : 1919 -- 1939 2.3 The Bretton Woods Era : 1944 -- 1973 2.4 The post Bretton Woods system : 1973 -- present 2.4. 1 The `` Revived Bretton Woods system '' identified in 2003 3 Calls for a `` New Bretton Woods '' 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Historical overview ( edit ) See also : Reserve currency Throughout history , precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade , sometimes in the form of bullion , and from early history the coins of various issuers -- generally kingdoms and empires -- have been traded . The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt , dating from the third millennium BC . Early money took many forms , apart from bullion ; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC . At that time , forms of money were also developed in Lydia in Asia Minor , from where its use spread to nearby Greek cities and later to many other places . Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rulers . For example , scholars have tentatively suggested that the Roman king Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the early history of Rome . Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC - several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system . As with bullion , early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite . But by about the 4th century BC coins were widely used in Greek cities . They were generally supported by the city state authorities , who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base or precious metals they were made from . From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe , and eastwards to India . Coins were in use in India from about 400 BC ; initially they played a greater role in religion than in trade , but by the 2nd century they had become central to commercial transactions . Monetary systems that were developed in India were so successful that they spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages . As a variety of coins became common within a region , they were exchanged by moneychangers , the predecessors of today 's foreign exchange market , as mentioned in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers . In Venice and the other Italian city states of the early Middle Ages , money changers would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies . This partly led to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci which popularised the use of Indo - Arabic numerals , which displaced the more difficult Roman numerals then in use by western merchants . Historic international currencies . From top left : crystalline gold , a 5th - century BCE Persian daric , an 8th - century English mancus , and an 18th - century Spanish real . When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony , its currency has been a basis for international trade , and hence for a de facto monetary system . In the West -- Europe and the Middle East -- an early such coin was the Persian daric . This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman Empire , such as the denarius , then the Gold Dinar of the Ottoman Empire , and later -- from the 16th to 20th centuries , during the Age of Imperialism -- by the currency of European colonial powers : the Spanish dollar , the Dutch guilder , the French franc and the British pound sterling ; at times one currency has been pre-eminent , at times no one dominated . With the growth of American power , the US dollar became the basis for the international monetary system , formalised in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post -- World War II monetary order , with fixed exchange rates of other currencies to the dollar , and convertibility of the dollar into gold . The Bretton Woods system broke down , culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971 , ending convertibility ; but the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system , though no longer de jure , with various European currencies and the Japanese yen also being prominent in foreign exchange markets . Since the formation of the Euro , the Euro has also gained use as a reserve currency and a medium of transactions , though the dollar has remained the most important currency . A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations : for example , English kings minted the gold mancus , presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain ; colonial powers sometimes minted coins that resembled those already used in a distant territory ; and more recently , a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency , a custom called dollarization . Until the 19th century , the global monetary system was loosely linked at best , with Europe , the Americas , India and China ( among others ) having largely separate economies , and hence monetary systems were regional . European colonization of the Americas , starting with the Spanish empire , led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems , and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies , notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century , succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century . Some , such as Michael Hudson , foresee the decline of a single base for the global monetary system , and the emergence instead of regional trade blocs ; he cites the emergence of the Euro as an example . See also Global financial systems , world - systems approach and polarity in international relations . It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged , based on the gold standard . History of modern global monetary orders ( edit ) The pre wwi financial order : 1816 -- 1919 ( edit ) Main article : Gold Standard § Establishment of the international gold standard The gold standard widely adopted in this era rested on the conversion of paper notes into pre-set quantities of gold . From the 1816 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , the world benefited from a well - integrated financial order , sometimes known as the `` first age of globalisation '' . There were monetary unions which enabled member countries to accept each others ' currencies as legal tender . Such unions included the Latin Monetary Union ( Belgium , Italy , Switzerland , France ) and the Scandinavian monetary union ( Denmark , Norway and Sweden ) . In the absence of shared membership of a union , transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard , by both independent nations and their colonies . Great Britain was at the time the world 's pre-eminent financial , imperial , and industrial power , ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since . While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods system were not in place , damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era . In fact Great Britain 's capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter-cyclical , rising when Britain 's economy went into recession , thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods . Accordingly , this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises . In contrast to the Bretton Woods system , the pre -- World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference ; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps . The Gilded Age , a time of especially rapid development in North America , falls into this period . Between the world wars : 1919 -- 1939 ( edit ) This era saw periods of worldwide economic hardship . The image is Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depiction of destitute pea - pickers in California , taken in March 1936 . The years between the world wars have been described as a period of `` de-globalisation '' , as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I , countries had abandoned the gold standard . Except for the United States , they later returned to it only briefly . By the early 1930s , the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates . In this era , the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy . To protect their reserves of gold , countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy . The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn , just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth . Economist Nicholas Davenport had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard `` sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class . '' By the end of World War I , Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States , allowing the USA to largely displace it as the world 's foremost financial power . The United States , however , was reluctant to assume Great Britain 's leadership role , partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns . In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era , capital exports from the US were not countercyclical . They expanded rapidly with the United States ' economic growth in the 1920s until 1928 , but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year . As the Great Depression intensified in 1930 , financial institutions were hit hard along with trade ; in 1930 alone , 1345 US banks collapsed . During the 1930s , the United States raised trade barriers , refused to act as an international lender of last resort , and refused calls to cancel war debts , all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries . According to economist John Maynard Keynes , another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level , which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace . The Bretton Woods era : 1944 -- 1973 ( edit ) Main article : Bretton Woods system Harry Dexter White ( left ) and John Maynard Keynes ( right ) at Bretton Woods British and American policy makers began to plan the post-war international monetary system in the early 1940s . The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing . The principal architects of the new system , John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White , created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference , formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference . The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates so that the currencies were pegged against the dollar , with the dollar itself convertible into gold . So in effect this was a gold -- dollar exchange standard . There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard . Two international institutions , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank were created . A key part of their function was to replace private finance as a more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states . At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development , and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations . The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10 % against the dollar ( more if approved by the IMF ) -- thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard . A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment . Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system , and suggested an international currency called bancor be used instead , but he was overruled by the Americans . Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era , the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit , which undermined confidence in the dollar . This , together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold in which the price soared above the official US mandated price , led to speculators running down the US gold reserves . Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only , some , notably France , continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US . Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1973 . This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods system ; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years , but they were not successful , resulting in a system of floating exchange rates . The post Bretton Woods system : 1973 -- Present ( edit ) Main article : Washington Consensus The New York Stock Exchange . The current era has seen huge and turbulent flows of capital between nations . An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus . While the name was coined in 1989 , the associated economic system came into effect years earlier : according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980 -- 2009 ( the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period ) . The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system . The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s : crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar 's convertibility into gold in 1973 , the United States ' abandonment of capital controls in 1974 , and the UK 's ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies . In some parts of the developing world , liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population -- most prominently with Deng Xiaoping 's reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after its 1991 crisis . Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era , and according to Professor Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age . Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300 % -- with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies . On the positive side , at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return , with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels . The `` Revived Bretton Woods system '' identified in 2003 ( edit ) International monetary systems over two centuries Date System Reserve assets Leaders 1803 -- 1873 Bimetallism Gold , silver France , UK 1873 -- 1914 Gold standard Gold , pound UK 1914 -- 1924 Anchored dollar standard Gold , dollar US , UK , France 1924 -- 1933 Gold standard Gold , dollar , pound US , UK , France 1933 -- 1971 Anchored dollar standard Gold , dollar US , G - 10 1971 -- 1973 Dollar standard Dollar US 1973 -- 1985 Flexible exchange rates Dollar , mark , pound US , Germany , Japan 1985 -- 1999 Managed exchange rates Dollar , mark , yen US , G7 , IMF 1999 - Dollar , euro Dollar , euro , yen US , Eurozone , IMF From 2004 , economists such as Michael P. Dooley , Peter M. Garber , and David Folkerts - Landau began writing papers describing the emergence of a new international system involving an interdependency between states with generally high savings in Asia lending and exporting to western states with generally high spending . Similar to the original Bretton Woods , this included Asian currencies being pegged to the dollar , though this time by the unilateral intervention of Asian governments in the currency market to stop their currencies appreciating . The developing world as a whole stopped running current account deficits in 1999 -- widely seen as a response to unsympathetic treatment following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis . The most striking example of east - west interdependency is the relationship between China and America , which Niall Ferguson calls Chimerica . From 2004 , This supposed `` New Bretton Woods '' , as a `` fiction '' , and called for the elimination of the structural imbalances that underlie it , viz , the chronic US current account deficit . However , since at least 2007 those authors have also called for a new de jure system : for key international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank to be revamped to meet the demands of the current age , and between 2008 and mid-2009 the term New Bretton Woods was increasingly used in the latter sense . By late 2009 , with less emphases on structural reform to the international monetary system and more attention being paid to issues such as re-balancing the world economy . Since 2011 , Sanjeev Sanyal , a colleague of Dooley , Garber and Folkerts - Landau has taken the framework a step further to argue that periods of global economic expansions are almost always underpinned by symbiotic imbalances . Such imbalances cause distortions but are an inevitable part of expanding economic ecosystems . Thus , he argues that the next round of economic growth will again be underpinned by a return to global imbalances , probably with China supplying capital and the US again running deficits to absorb it . He names this relationship Bretton Woods III . Calls for a `` new Bretton Woods '' ( edit ) G - 20 leaders at Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy . Leading financial journalist Martin Wolf has reported that all financial crises since 1971 have been preceded by large capital inflows into affected regions . While ever since the seventies there have been numerous calls from the global justice movement for a revamped international system to tackle the problem of unfettered capital flows , it was not until late 2008 that this idea began to receive substantial support from leading politicians . On September 26 , 2008 , French President Nicolas Sarkozy , then also the President of the European Union , said , `` We must rethink the financial system from scratch , as at Bretton Woods . '' On October 13 , 2008 , British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system : `` We must have a new Bretton Woods , building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead . '' However , Brown 's approach was quite different from the original Bretton Woods system , emphasising the continuation of globalization and free trade as opposed to a return to fixed exchange rates . There were tensions between Brown and Sarkozy , who argued that the `` Anglo - Saxon '' model of unrestrained markets had failed . However European leaders were united in calling for a `` Bretton Woods II '' summit to redesign the world 's financial architecture . President Bush was agreeable to the calls , and the resulting meeting was the 2008 G - 20 Washington summit . International agreement was achieved for the common adoption of Keynesian fiscal stimulus , an area where the US and China were to emerge as the world 's leading actors . Yet there was no substantial progress towards reforming the international financial system , and nor was there at the 2009 meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos Despite this lack of results leaders continued to campaign for Bretton Woods II . Italian Economics Minister Giulio Tremonti said that Italy would use its 2009 G7 chairmanship to push for a `` New Bretton Woods . '' He had been critical of the U.S. 's response to the global financial crisis of 2008 , and had suggested that the dollar may be superseded as the base currency of the Bretton Woods system . Choike , a portal organisation representing Southern Hemisphere NGOs , called for the establishment of `` international permanent and binding mechanisms of control over capital flows '' and as of March 2009 had achieved over 550 signatories from civil society organisations . Competing ideas for the next international monetary system System Reserve assets Leaders Flexible exchange rates Dollar , euro , renminbi US , Eurozone , China Special drawing rights standard SDR US , G - 20 , IMF Gold standard Gold , dollar US Delhi Declaration Currency basket BRICS March 2009 saw Gordon Brown continuing to advocate for reform and the granting of extended powers to international financial institutions like the IMF at the April G20 summit in London , and was said to have president Obama 's support . Also during March 2009 , in a speech entitled Reform the International Monetary System , Zhou Xiaochuan , the governor of the People 's Bank of China came out in favour of Keynes 's idea of a centrally managed global reserve currency . Dr Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes 's bancor . Dr Zhou said that national currencies were unsuitable for use as global reserve currencies as a result of the Triffin dilemma -- the difficulty faced by reserve currency issuers in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries ' demand for reserve currency . Dr Zhou proposed a gradual move towards increased use of IMF special drawing rights ( SDRs ) as a centrally managed global reserve currency His proposal attracted much international attention . In a November 2009 article published in Foreign Affairs magazine , economist C. Fred Bergsten argued that Dr Zhou 's suggestion or a similar change to the international monetary system would be in the United States ' best interests as well as the rest of the world 's . Leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G - 20 London summit agreed to allow $250 Billion of SDRs to be created by the IMF , to be distributed to all IMF members according to each countries voting rights . In the aftermath of the summit , Gordon Brown declared `` the Washington Consensus is over '' . However , in a book published during September 2009 , Professor Robert Skidelsky , an international expert on Keynesianism , argued it was still too early to say whether a new international monetary system was emerging . On Jan 27 , in his opening address to the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos , President Sarkozy repeated his call for a new Bretton Woods , and was met by wild applause by a sizeable proportion of the audience . In December 2011 , the Bank of England published a paper arguing for reform , saying that the current International monetary system has performed poorly compared to the Bretton Woods system . In August 2012 in an International Herald Tribune op - ed , Harvard University professor and director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation Hal S. Scott called for a global response to the Euro - zone crisis . He wrote that two failures to address European problems around German power had led to world wars in the 20th century and that the current crisis was also beyond the capacity of Europe , with Germany again at the center , to solve on their own . Accepting that leadership transitions were underway in both China and America , Scott called on all concerned -- with Japan included with China and America -- to begin organizing a global restructuring through the International Monetary Fund with possibly a Bretton Woods II conference as part of the process . MarketWatch commentator Darrell Delamaide endorsed Scott 's idea but concluded `` unfortunately it 's not likely to happen '' . He added first the example of the failure of Europe to address successfully the breakup of Yugoslavia without outside assistance as a reason for his endorsement . But he found U.S. presidential and Treasury Department leadership and IMF leadership dramatically lacking in the capacity to mount an initiative such as Scott proposed . See also ( edit ) Bretton Woods Project Eurodad Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 G20 Global financial system Golden Age of Capitalism - for a comparison of the economic performance during the Bretton Woods and post Bretton Woods period History of money References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Williams with Joe Cribb and Elizabeth Errington , ed. ( 1997 ) . Money a History . British Museum Press . pp. 16 -- 27 , 111 , 127 , 131 , 136 , 136 , . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 0885 - 5 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt ( 2005 ) . Social Struggles in Archaic Rome . WileyBlackwell . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0061 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Ascent of Money , episode 1 '' . PBS . ^ Jump up to : Ravenhill , John ( 2005 ) . Global Political Economy . Oxford University Press . pp. 7 , 328 . Jump up ^ Occasionally also called the golden age of capitalism in older sources , and also the first golden age of capitalism in later sources that recognise golden age that spanned approx 1951 -- 73 . A few economists such as Barry Eichengreen date the first age of globalisation as starting in the early 1860s with the laying of the first transatlantic cables between Great Britain and the USA . Jump up ^ Harold James . The End of Globalization . Harvard University Press / Google books . p. 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Helleiner , Eirc ( 2005 ) . `` 6 '' . In John Ravenhill . Global Political Economy . Oxford University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Helleiner , Eirc ( 2005 ) . `` 6 '' . In John Ravenhill . Global Political Economy . Oxford University Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2003 ) . `` 22 '' . John Maynard Keynes : 1883 - 1946 : Economist , Philosopher , Statesman . McMillan . p. 346 . Jump up ^ Stephen J. Lee . Aspects of European history , 1789 - 1980 . Routledge / Google books . p. 135 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Helleiner , Eric ( 1996 ) . `` 2 : Bretton Woods and the Endorsement of Capital Controls '' . States and the reemergence of global finance . Cornell University Press . Jump up ^ According to Keynes : `` In my view the whole management of the domestic economy depends on being free to have the appropriate rate of interest without reference to rates prevailing elsewhere in the world . Capital control is a corollary to this '' ^ Jump up to : Laurence Copeland . Exchange Rates and International Finance ( 4th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . pp. 10 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 273 - 68306 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Skidelsky ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Gordon ( 1989 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Keynesian Revolution and Its Critics : Issues of Theory and Policy for the Monetary Production Economy . Palgrave MacMillan . pp. xx . Jump up ^ Source : International Monetary Reform 2011 robertmundell.net : Presentation at the China G - 20 Seminar , Nanjing PRC , March 31 , 2011 by Robert Mundell Jump up ^ Dooley , Michael P. ; Folkerts ‐ Landau , David ; Garber , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Revived Bretton Woods System '' . International Journal of Finance and Economics . 9 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 313 . doi : 10.1002 / ijfe. 250 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin ( 2009 ) . `` 3 '' . Fixing Global Finance . Yale University Press . p. 39 . Jump up ^ * Robert Brenner , `` What is Good for Goldman Sachs is Good for America The Origins of the Present Crisis '' ( October 2 , 2009 ) . Center for Social Theory and Comparative History . Paper 2009 - 1 . ( 1 ) , p 14f . Jump up ^ Renegade Economics : The Bretton Woods II Fiction , by Chris P. Dialynas and Marshall Auerback , PIMCO Jump up ^ Michael P. Dooley ; David Folkerts - Landau ; Peter Garber ( June 2007 ) . `` The Two Crises of International Economics '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/global-economy-imbalances-by-sanjeev-sanyal-2014-11 Jump up ^ George Parker ; Tony Barber ; Daniel Dombey ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Senior figures call for new Bretton Woods ahead of Bank / Fund meetings '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( AFP ) ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` World needs new Bretton Woods , says Brown '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gordon Brown ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` PM 's Speech on the Global Economy '' . eGov monitor . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Kirkup ; Bruno Waterfield ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Gordon Brown 's Bretton Woods summit call risks spat with Nicholas Sarkozy '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` European call for ' Bretton Woods II ' '' . Financial Times . 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Chris Giles in London , Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and , Krishna Guha in Washington . `` The undeniable shift to Keynes '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` US and China display united economic stance '' . Financial Times . 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martin Wolf . `` Why Davos Man is waiting for Obama to save him '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Italy queries dollar 's role in Bretton Woods reform '' . Reuters. 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Parmy Olson ; Miriam Marcus ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Bringing The Banking Mess To Broadway '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Guy Dinmore ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Giulio Tremonti : A critic demands a new Bretton Woods '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ various - including Action Aid , War on Want , World Council of Churches . `` Let 's put finance in its place ! '' . Choike . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mansoor Dailami ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The New Triumvirate '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ David Bosco ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Dreaming of SDRs '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Jessica Naziri ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gold standard comeback enjoys support '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Fourth BRICS Summit - Delhi Declaration '' . Indian Ministry of External Affairs . March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitul Kotecha ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Guest post : Rupee can serve as a reserve currency too '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Edmund Conway ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Gordon Brown warns of void left by collapse of global financial system '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ George Parker ; Andrew Ward in Washington ( 2009 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Brown wins Obama 's support for a shake - up of global regulation '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jamil Anderlini in Beijing ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) . `` China calls for new reserve currency '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Zhou Xiaochuan ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Reform the International Monetary System '' . People 's Bank of China . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Geoff Dyer in Beijing ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) . `` The dragon stirs '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ C. Fred Bergsten ( Nov 2009 ) . `` The Dollar and the Deficits '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown : G20 Will Pump Trillion Dollars Into World Economy '' . Sky News . 2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Gillian Tett ( 2010 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Calls for a new Bretton Woods not so mad '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Oliver Bush ; Katie Farrant ; Michelle Wright ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Reform of the International Monetary and Financial System '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scott , Hal S. ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The Global ( Not Euro - Zone ) Crisis '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Delamaide , Darrell ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Timid U.S. , IMF leaving Europe in the lurch '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 16 . External links ( edit ) The Bretton Woods Project The Rise and Fall of Betton Woods Eurodad : Bretton Woods II conference FAQs Eurodad : IMF back in business as Bretton Woods II conference announced UN Interactive Panel on the Global Financial Crisis UN Commission of Experts on Reform of the International Financial System G20 official website G20 Info Centre ( Univ of Toronto ) International Monetary System ( Banque de France ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_monetary_systems&oldid=854189478 '' Categories : 2000s economic history Foreign exchange market G20 International finance History of international trade Great Recession Metallism Economic globalization Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2014 USA - centric Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Қазақша Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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1. International monetary systems 2. Bretton Woods system 3. Gold standard 4. Washington Consensus 5. New Bretton Woods

how many chapters in attack on titan manga

List of Attack on Titan chapters - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan chapters First volume of Attack on Titan , released in Japan by Kodansha on March 17 , 2010 Attack on Titan is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama . Set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid creatures who devour humans seemingly without reason , the story centers around Eren Yaeger , his foster sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after the appearance of a Colossal Titan brings about the destruction of their home town and the death of Eren 's mother . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren , Mikasa and Armin join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls . The series began serialization in Kodansha 's monthly publication Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine in its September 2009 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released in March 2010 , and as of December 2016 , twenty - one volumes have been released . In North America , the series is published in English by Kodansha USA , that first published the first volume on June 19 , 2012 , with a three - or four - month interval between each release until mid 2013 , when subsequent volumes started being released on a monthly basis to catch up faster with the original Japanese releases . The series has also been adapted into an anime by Production I.G 's Wit Studio , with the first episode airing on April 7 , 2013 , on MBS . The anime is also being streamed by both Funimation and Crunchyroll on their respective websites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manga 1.1 Attack on Titan 1.1. 1 Chapters not yet in tankōbon format 1.2 Junior High 1.3 Before the Fall 1.4 No Regrets 1.5 Spoof on Titan 1.6 Lost Girls 2 Novels 2.1 Before the Fall 2.2 Harsh Mistress of the City 2.3 Lost Girls 3 Notes 4 References Manga ( edit ) Attack on Titan ( edit ) Chapters in the Kodansha USA publications are numbered as episodes . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN March 17 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384276 - 0 June 19 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 024 - 4 <Td_colspan="5"> `` To You , 2,000 Years from Now '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ , Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e ) `` That Day '' ( その日 , Sono Hi ) `` Night of the Disbanding Ceremony '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 , Kaisanshiki no Yoru ) `` First Battle '' ( 初陣 , Uijin ) <Td_colspan="5"> With the advent of giant humanoid beings known as `` Titans '' that hunt and eat humans on sight , mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls ; Wall Maria , Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years , until a 60 - meter tall Titan ( known henceforth as Colossus Titan ) and a strong , armored one ( known as Armored Titan ) breach the fortified city of Shiganshina . The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans , claiming tens of thousands of lives . After his mother is killed in the attack , Eren Yeager , one of the survivors of Shiganshina , joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert . After completing their training , Eren , Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans . July 16 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384338 - 5 September 11 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 025 - 1 <Td_colspan="5"> `` A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る , Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru ) `` The World that the Girl Saw '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 , Shōjo ga Mita Sekai ) `` Small Blade '' ( 小さな 刃 , Chiisa na Yaiba ) `` Roar '' ( 咆哮 , Hōkō ) `` The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる , Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru ) <Td_colspan="5"> While protecting Armin from a Titan , Eren is swallowed , leading his friends to believe he is dead . Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren . When the soldiers are about to lose hope , a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans . After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply , they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body . December 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384410 - 8 December 4 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 026 - 8 <Td_colspan="5"> Side Story : `` Captain Levi '' ( リヴァイ 兵士 長 , Rivai Heishichō ) `` Where 's the Left Arm ? '' ( 左腕 の 行方 , Hidariude no Yukue ) `` Response '' ( 応える , Kotaeru ) `` Icon '' ( 偶像 , Gūzō ) `` Wound '' ( 傷 , Kizu ) <Td_colspan="5"> News of Eren 's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city . In the end , Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry . However , during the operation , Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned . April 8 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384469 - 6 March 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 253 - 8 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Primitive Desire '' ( 原初 的 欲求 , Genshoteki Yokkyū ) `` One by One '' ( 個々 , Koko ) `` Necessity '' ( 必要 , Hitsuyō ) `` Delusions of Strength '' ( 武力 幻想 , Buryoku Gensō ) `` What Should I Do Now ? '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか , Ima , Nani o Subeki ka ) <Td_colspan="5"> Recovering his conscience , Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans . The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training . 5 August 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384513 - 6 June 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 254 - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> Side Story : `` Ilse 's Notebook '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 , Iruze no Techō ) `` Still Ca n't See '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない , Mada Me o Mirenai ) `` Special Operations Squad '' ( 特別 作戦 班 , Tokubetsu Sakusen Han ) `` Opening the Gate '' ( 開門 , Kaimon ) `` Long - Distance Enemy Scouting Formation '' ( 長 距離 索敵 陣形 , Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei ) <Td_colspan="5"> A Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall , a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse 's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her . However , she was killed in the process . Back to the present , Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate . Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead , and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria , it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force , led by Levi , the man who is believed to be the army 's strongest hero ever . Soon after , the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory , bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them . 6 December 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384591 - 4 August 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 255 - 2 <Td_colspan="5"> `` The Female Titan '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 , Megata no Kyojin ) `` The Titan Forest '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 , Kyodaiju no Mori ) `` Bite '' ( 噛みつく , Kamitsuku ) `` The Easy Path '' ( 好都合 な 道 を , Kōtsugō na Michi o ) <Td_colspan="5"> The expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female - like features . Figuring that its target is Eren , Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap , using it to capture the Female Titan . Levi entices the Titan into the trap by performing a special technique entitled `` Eisai Haramasukoi , '' which enables expedition members to temporarily stun enemies without the typical , lethal blow to the neck . 7 April 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384652 - 2 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362208 - 9 ( limited edition ) September 24 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 256 - 9 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Erwin Smith '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス , Eruvin Sumisu ) `` Choices and Consequences '' ( 選択 と 結果 , Sentaku to Kekka ) `` Crushing Blow '' ( 鉄槌 , Tettsui ) `` Losers '' ( 敗者 達 , Haisha Tachi ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi . Having failed to discover the enemy 's identity despite suffering heavy casualties , the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police . 8 August 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384712 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362227 - 0 ( limited edition ) October 29 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 547 - 8 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Grin '' ( 微笑み , Hohoemi ) `` Mercy '' ( 慈悲 , Jihi ) `` Wall '' ( 壁 , Kabe ) `` Soldiers Dance '' ( 戦士 は 踊る , Senshi wa Odoru ) <Td_colspan="5"> Stationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District , Annie Leonhart , an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends , is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape . However , it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition . After failing to capture Eren once again , Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible , crystal - like structure to protect herself . After the battle , it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren 's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it . As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren , the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose . 9 December 7 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384776 - 5 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362239 - 3 ( limited edition ) November 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 548 - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> `` The Beast Titan '' ( 獣 の 巨人 , Kemono no Kyojin ) `` I 'm Home '' ( ただいま , Tadaima ) `` Southwestward '' ( 南西 へ , Nansei e ) `` Utgard Castle '' ( ウトガルド 城 , Utogarudo - jō ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose . A beast - like Titan , who is able to converse , confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans . The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages . Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans , recalls her past , and reunites with her father . On the way to Ehrmich District , Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren 's Titan form . Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls . Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed ; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him . The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one . They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard , but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises . 10 April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384839 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362243 - 0 ( limited edition ) December 31 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 676 - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Soldier '' ( 兵士 , Heishi ) `` Ymir '' ( ユミル , Yumiru ) `` Historia '' ( ヒストリア , Hisutoria ) `` Warrior '' ( 戦士 , Senshi ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans . Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower , but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans . As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans , Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan , and uses that to beat down the attackers . Eren , Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans . Krista reveals her real name : Historia Reiss , an illegitimate child within the royal lineage . Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause , but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans , Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other . 11 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394901 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362256 - 0 ( special edition ) January 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 677 - 2 <Td_colspan="5"> `` The Armored Titan '' ( 鎧 の 巨人 , Yoroi no Kyojin ) `` Strike , Throw , Submit '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 , Da Tō Kyoku ) `` The Hunters '' ( 追う 者 , Ou Mono ) `` Opening '' ( 開口 , Kaikō ) <Td_colspan="5"> Face to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina , Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan , while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others . Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa , he defeats the Armored Titan , but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion . Ymir and Eren are captured . Five hours later , Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others , who organize a party to chase after them . 12 December 9 , 2013 December 6 , 2013 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394976 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358465 - 3 ( limited edition ) April 29 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 678 - 9 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Children '' ( 子供 達 , Kodomo Tachi ) `` Someone '' ( 誰か , Dareka ) `` Charge '' ( 突撃 , Totsugeki ) `` Scream '' ( 叫び , Sakebi ) <Td_colspan="5"> Reiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side , claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista 's safety , but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys . While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans , their rescue party approaches . Ymir transforms and captures Krista . Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir , Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them . Amid the chaos of the battle , Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother . He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding , using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers . Eren and his friends then return home safely , but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt . 13 April 9 , 2014 April 3 , 2014 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395044 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358488 - 2 ( limited edition ) August 26 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 679 - 6 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Squad Levi '' ( リヴァイ 班 , Rivai Han ) `` Krista Lenz '' ( クリスタ ・ レンズ , Kurisuta Renzu ) `` Smoke Signal '' ( 狼煙 , Noroshi ) `` Location of the Counterattack '' ( 反撃 の 場所 , Hangeki no Basho ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Survey Corps take Eren and Krista , who now assumes her birth name , Historia Reiss , to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria . Furthermore , Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once , but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form , unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters . When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself , Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference . 14 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395141 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358703 - 6 ( limited edition ) November 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 680 - 2 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Pain '' ( 痛み , Itami ) `` Actors '' ( 役者 , Yakusha ) `` Kenny the Ripper '' ( 切り裂き ケニー , Kirisaki Kenī ) `` Gunshots '' ( 銃声 , Jūsei ) <Td_colspan="5"> After learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia 's father , Rod Reiss , who is the true ruler inside the walls , Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen . To draw the attention of their enemies , Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait , but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman , a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi . Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces , who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans , appear to stop them . 15 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395253 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358722 - 7 ( limited edition ) March 17 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 979 - 7 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Soul of a Heretic '' ( 外道 の 魂 , Gedō no Tamashii ) `` Trust '' ( 信頼 , Shinrai ) `` Reply '' ( 回答 , Kaitō ) `` Sin '' ( 罪 , Tsumi ) <Td_colspan="5"> Levi and the others escape from Kenny 's troops , but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death . However , false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility 's unwillingness to protect its own subjects , leading the army to revolt against them . Meanwhile , Eren 's friends prepare to rescue him , who is restrained by Historia 's father and the true monarch , Rod Reiss . Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father , revealing that in the occasion , he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him . 16 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395358 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358723 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 980 - 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 186 - 8 ( special edition ) <Td_colspan="5"> `` Chains '' ( 鎖 , Kusari ) `` Welcome Party '' ( 歓迎 会 , Kangeikai ) `` Dreams and Curses '' ( 夢 と 呪い , Yume to Noroi ) `` Wish '' ( 願い , Negai ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia , while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren 's powers by eating him . Despite Eren 's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family 's death at his father 's hands , Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place . However , Rod 's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size , larger than the Colossal Titan itself , and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed , Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask . 17 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395446 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362303 - 1 ( limited edition ) December 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 112 - 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 282 - 7 ( special edition ) <Td_colspan="5"> `` Outside the Walls of Orvud District '' ( オルブド 区 外壁 , Orubudo - ku Gaiheki ) `` Ruler of the Walls '' ( 壁 の 王 , Kabe no Ō ) `` Friends '' ( 友人 , Yūjin ) `` A Dream I Once Had '' ( いつか 見 た 夢 , Itsuka Mita Yume ) <Td_colspan="5"> The Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District , ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls . Historia then is crowned queen , but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans . Afterwards , Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis , the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father 's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers . Meanwhile in Shinganshina , the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form , and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others , certain that they will eventually appear there . 18 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395549 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358783 - 8 ( limited edition ) April 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 211 - 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 322 - 0 ( special edition ) <Td_colspan="5"> `` Bystander '' ( 傍観 者 , Bōkansha ) `` Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall '' ( 奪還 作戦 の 夜 , Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru ) `` The Town Where Everything Began '' ( はじまり の 街 , Hajimari no Machi ) `` Mission Objectives '' ( 作戦 成功 条件 , Sakusen Seikō Jōken ) <Td_colspan="5"> Eren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren 's father and the night of his death . After that , the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina , where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans . However , the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence , assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control , putting the Corps in disarray , while Bertolt lays low , waiting for his time to strike . 19 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395636 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362328 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 259 - 9 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 323 - 7 ( special edition ) <Td_colspan="5"> `` War on Two Fronts '' ( 二 つの 戦局 , Futatsu no Senkyoku ) `` The Thunder Spears '' ( 雷 槍 , Raisō ) `` The World They Saw '' ( 彼ら が 見 た 世界 , Karera ga Mita Sekai ) `` Descent '' ( 光臨 , Kōrin ) <Td_colspan="5"> Eren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form , the `` Thunder Spear '' . With his friend in trouble , Bertolt joins the battle , transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him . 20 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395720 - 4 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362335 - 2 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 309 - 1 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 454 - 8 ( special edition ) <Td_colspan="5"> `` Perfect Game '' ( 完全 試合 , Pāfekuto Gēmu ) `` The Unknown Soldiers '' ( 名 も 無き 兵士 , Na mo Naki Heishi ) `` Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Hero '' ( 勇者 , Yūsha ) <Td_colspan="5"> To break the enemy encirclement , Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces . The Beast Titan 's forces are defeated , but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded . Meanwhile , Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt , but Armin 's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan 's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him . 21 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395815 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362347 - 5 ( limited edition ) April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 327 - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Cleaver '' ( 大鉈 , Ōnata ) `` Midnight Sun '' ( 白夜 , Byakuya ) `` The Basement '' ( 地下室 , Chikashitsu ) `` That Day '' ( あの 日 , Ano Hi ) <Td_colspan="5"> Zeke , the Beast Titan , rescues Reiner and flees , while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin , both almost dying , with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession . In the end , they decide to use the serum on Armin , and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him , in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers , while Erwin passes away . With Shinganshina secured , Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father 's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty , but is thriving instead . Grisha also reveals that their race , the Subjects of Ymir , are oppressed outside the walls by the Marleyans , and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them , until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son , who was actually Zeke . 22 April 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395909 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362355 - 0 ( limited edition ) August 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 425 - 8 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Borderline '' ( 境界 線 , Kyōkaisen ) `` The Attack Titan '' ( 進撃 の 巨人 , Shingeki no Kyojin ) `` Meeting '' ( 会議 , Kaigi ) `` To the Other Side of the Wall '' ( 壁 の 向こう 側 へ , Kabe no Mukōgawa e ) <Td_colspan="5"> After Zeke 's betrayal , his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island , where the walls are situated , and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away , but was saved by Eren Kruger , an undercover agent known as `` Owl '' , who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces . After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before , and will soon die because of them , Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him . Upon looking at Grisha 's memories inside his mind , Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live , but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina . Meanwhile , Historia receives a letter from Ymir , who reveals that she will soon be killed , and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while . After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha 's documents to the public , the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans . However , Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina , a member of the royal family turned titan , and , fearing for Historia 's safety , decides to keep that information to himself . 23 August 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 100 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 007 - 3 ( limited edition ) December 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 463 - 0 <Td_colspan="5"> `` The Other Side of the Ocean '' ( 海 の 向こう 側 , Umi no Mukōgawa ) `` Marley 's Soldiers '' ( マーレ の 戦士 , Māre no Senshi ) `` Midnight Train '' ( 闇夜 の 列車 , Yamiyo no Ressha ) `` The Boy Inside The Walls '' ( 壁 の 中 の 少年 , Kabe no Naka no Shōnen ) <Td_colspan="5"> Back on the mainland , four years after the battle at Shiganshina , the Marley army is fighting a war against the Mid-East Allied Forces , who are using Marley 's loss of the Colossal & Female Titans as a chance to attack . With the help of Zeke , Reiner and other Warriors under their command , they manage to secure yet another victory . However , they realize this time that other nations have been improving their forces to counter the Titans and that to ensure their military superiority , they must obtain the power of the Founding Titan held by Eren . However , it has been noted that all the ships sent to Paradis island over the past four years have gone missing , preventing them from proceeding further . Meanwhile , a dispute has erupted among the young soldiers about who will inherit the Armored Titan power , with Gabi and Falco Grice at the forefront of the dispute . As this debate continues , Reiner reminisces about his youth , when he faced harsh training seeking to be selected to become a Warrior for the sake of his family , hoping that his service with Marley would make him a hero one day . 24 December 8 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 548 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06397 - 047 - 0 ( limited edition ) April 10 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 535 - 4 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Liar '' ( 嘘つき , Usotsuki ) `` The Door of Hope '' ( 希望 の 扉 , Kibō no Tobira ) `` From One Hand to Another '' ( 手 から 手 へ , Te kara Te e ) `` Good to See '' ( よかった な , Yokatta na ) <Td_colspan="5"> Zeke explains to the Warriors that Marley intends to once more attack Paradis and reclaim the Founding Titan , this time in open warfare with the support of the Tyburs , a family of Eldians who possess the War Hammer Titan and allied with Marley against their fellow Eldians during the ancient war between Eldia and Marley , earning them status as honorary Marleyans . One of the Tyburs , Willy , now secretly controls the Marleyan government . Reiner recalls his past as a Warrior and the events that occurred during his mission in Paradis . He had been the worst - performing of the candidates and was considered unlikely to inherit a Titan , but to his surprise was selected as the Armored Titan . Upon arriving on Paradis , however , he discovered that one of his fellow candidates , Marcel Galliard , had sabotaged the selection so that his brother Porco would not be chosen , and thus Reiner was sent instead . The Warriors considered retreating after Marcel was eaten by a mindless Titan ( which then became Ymir , who has since been eaten by Porco , granting him the power of the Jaw Titan ) , but Reiner forced them to continue out of fear , insisting that he would take on Marcel 's role as leader . They destroyed Wall Maria and infiltrated the military , leading to the events of the series prior . Overcome by these memories , Reiner prepares to commit suicide but stops at the last moment . Willy Tybur organizes a festival to be held in the Eldian ghetto where he plans to rally the support of other world leaders in declaring war upon Paradis , all the while knowing he may be assassinated and intending to thereby become a martyr for this cause . Just before the event is about to begin , Reiner is led to a secluded basement by Falco , where he meets Eren , disguised as a crippled Eldian soldier . 25 April 9 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06511 - 201 - 4 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06397 - 048 - 7 ( limited edition ) July 3 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 613 - 9 <Td_colspan="5"> `` Guilty Shadow '' ( 疾 しき 影 , Yamashiki Kage ) `` Declaration of War '' ( 宣戦 布告 , Sensen Fukoku ) `` The War Hammer Titan '' ( 戦 鎚 の 巨人 , Sentsui no Kyojin ) `` Too Little , Too Late '' ( 後の祭り , Ato no Matsuri ) <Td_colspan="5"> Eren and Reiner have a tense conversation in which Eren confronts Reiner about his actions in Paradis , causing Reiner to undergo a mental breakdown and beg Eren to kill him . Falco gradually realizes that Eren is from Paradis , not an old friend of Reiner 's from Marley as he had claimed . Willy begins his speech , while Eren , Reiner and Falco listen from the basement . He recounts the secret history of the Paradis Eldians , explaining how their king had made a vow of peace with Marley . However , he concludes by revealing that the royal family 's Founding Titan has been stolen by Eren Yeager , whom he claims will likely use this power to unleash the Titans within Paradis 's walls and destroy the world ; on these grounds , he declares war upon Paradis . Eren then transforms into a Titan and eats Willy before wreaking havoc upon the festival , massacring Marley 's military command and many innocent civilians . Willy 's sister reveals herself as the War Hammer Titan and nearly defeats Eren , only to be fought off by the soldiers of Paradis , who descend upon the festival . Eren is unable to eat the War Hammer Titan , as she encases herself in the same crystal as Annie . The rest of Marley 's Warriors arrive on the scene , and the forces of Paradis and Marley prepare for an all - out battle . Chapters not yet in tankōbon format ( edit ) `` Assault '' ( 強襲 , Kyōshū ) `` Victors '' ( 勝者 , Shōsha ) `` Assassin 's Bullet '' ( 凶弾 , Kyōdan ) `` Volunteers '' ( 義勇 兵 , Giyūhei ) `` Visitor '' ( 来客 , Raikyaku ) This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information . Junior High ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Junior High Attack on Titan : Junior High ( 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 , Shingeki ! Kyojin Chūgakkō ) is a parody manga written and illustrated by Saki Nakagawa , serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine since its May 2012 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released April 9 , 2013 , and the eleventh and last was released on August 9 , 2016 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384841 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394903 - 2 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394979 - 7 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395046 - 5 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 5 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395143 - 1 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 6 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395254 - 4 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 7 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395359 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 8 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395445 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 9 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395550 - 7 July 17 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 10 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395637 - 5 July 17 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 11 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395721 - 1 July 17 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall § Manga Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ) is a spinoff manga illustrated by Satoshi Shiki , based on the prequel light novel series of the same name written by Ryō Suzukaze . The series has been serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius since August 2013 . The first tankōbon volume was released December 9 , 2013 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376439 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 910 - 0 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376460 - 4 August 19 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 912 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376486 - 4 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 914 - 8 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376515 - 1 March 31 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 981 - 0 5 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376537 - 3 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 982 - 7 6 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376564 - 9 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 224 - 7 7 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376590 - 8 April 12 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 225 - 4 8 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390619 - 6 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 260 - 5 9 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390641 - 7 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 320 - 6 10 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390667 - 7 April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 381 - 7 11 April 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390696 - 7 August 8 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 382 - 4 12 August 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390725 - 4 December 26 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 383 - 1 13 December 8 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 510504 - 7 April 3 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 536 - 1 No Regrets ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : No Regrets § Volumes Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kuinaki Sentaku ) is a spinoff manga written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga , serialized in the Aria magazine from its start in the November 28 , 2013 issue to June 28 , 2014 . The manga is an adaptation of the visual novel of the same name . It focuses on the origin story of Levi , before he was a part of the Survey Corps Special Operations Squad . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha USA , which released both volumes in 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376961 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362271 - 3 ( special edition ) June 24 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 941 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377046 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362277 - 5 ( special edition ) October 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 943 - 8 Spoof on Titan ( edit ) Main article : Spoof on Titan Sungeki no Kyojin ( 寸劇 の 巨人 , `` Titan Short Skits '' ) is a comedic yonkoma manga written and illustrated by hounori , released on Kodansha 's `` Manga Box '' smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30 , 2014 , in both Japanese and English . The first tankōbon was published on August 8 , 2014 , and the second on April 9 , 2015 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN 01 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395152 - 3 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364081 02 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395360 - 2 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364098 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls A manga adaptation by Ryōsuke Fuji of visual and light novel by the same name , that began serialization in Kodansha 's shōnen manga magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9 , 2015 . The series ended in the June 2016 issue of the magazine on May 9 , 2016 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha USA , which released both volumes in 2016 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395638 - 2 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 9781632363855 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395722 - 8 November 15 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364180 Novels ( edit ) Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ) is a light novel written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto . It initially follows the story of Angel , the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment , before focusing on a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan . Three volumes of Before the Fall were published between December 2 , 2011 , and June 29 , 2012 . Vertical licensed the light novels in October 2013 for distribution in English . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 2 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375202 - 1 September 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 86 - 0 March 30 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375228 - 1 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 June 29 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375243 - 4 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 Harsh Mistress of the City ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō ) is written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata . It depicts the aftermath of the fall of Wall Maria first shown at the beginning of the manga . The first volume was published on August 1 , 2014 and the second and last on May 1 , 2015 . Vertical released both volumes in English in 2015 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN August 1 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375296 - 0 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 941220 - 62 - 7 May 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375299 - 1 September 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 942993 - 29 - 2 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 進撃 の 巨人 Lost Girls ) is written by Hiroshi Seko . It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa Ackerman and Annie Leonhart , titled `` Lost in the cruel world '' , `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' , and `` Lost Girls '' . It was published in Japan on December 9 , 2014 , and in North America on June 28 , 2016 by Vertical . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377096 - 4 June 28 , 2016 ISBN 9781942993353 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kodansha USA released Junior High volumes in a 2 - in - 1 and 3 - in - 1 omnibus format . Jump up ^ The Japanese version of Attack on Titan : Lost Girls uses an English title `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' . This is subject to change after the official English release References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 ( 21 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 7 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 8 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 9 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 9 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 10 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 10 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 11 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 11 ) 特 装 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 12 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 12 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 12 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 13 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 13 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 13 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 14 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 14 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 14 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 15 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 15 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 15 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 16 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 16 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 16 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 16 Special Edition with Playing Cards '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 17 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 17 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 17 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 17 Special Edition w / DVD '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 18 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 18 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 18 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 18 Special Edition w / DVD '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 19 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 19 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 19 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 19 Special Edition w / DVD '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 20 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 20 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 20 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 20 Special Edition w / DVD '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 21 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 21 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 22 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 22 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 22 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 23 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 23 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 23 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 24 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 24 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 24 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 ( 25 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き 進撃 の 巨人 ( 25 ) 限定 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 25 '' . Penguim Random House . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Inspires Comedy Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 1 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 11 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 11 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 2 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 3 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 4 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 8 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 9 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人 中学校 ( 10 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne in the Brilliant Blue 's Shiki Penning Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 9 ) ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 10 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 11 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 11 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 12 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 12 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 12 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall ( 13 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 13 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 13 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 1 ) 特 装 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 悔い なき 選択 ( 2 ) 特 装 版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 4 - Panel Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 寸劇 の 巨人 ( 1 ) ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 1 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 寸劇 の 巨人 ( 2 ) ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ( End ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 2 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel Gets Manga Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryōsuke Fuji 's Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Manga Ends in May '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 1 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 2 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall3 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con 2013 : Vertical Panel '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( novel ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ラノベ 文庫 進撃 の 巨人 Before the fall2 作品 紹介 講談社 コミック プラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall - Kyklo '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 ( 上 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 の 巨人 隔絶 都市 の 女王 ( 下 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 小説 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS . Kodansha . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Gets ' Lost Girls ' Novel Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 小説 進撃 の 巨人 LOST GIRLS ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( novel ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Live - action Attack on Titan Counter Rockets Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_chapters&oldid=849605104 '' Categories : Lists of manga volumes and chapters Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Incomplete lists from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Attack on Titan manga series 2. Titans and their threat to humanity 3. Eren Yaeger, Mikasa Ackerman, and Armin Arlert as main characters 4. The Survey Corps and their fight against the Titans 5. The ongoing battle to reclaim the world from the Titans

ray lamontagne - you are the best thing

You Are the Best Thing - Wikipedia You Are the Best Thing Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with UR the Best Thing or You 're the Best Thing . <Th_colspan="2"> `` You Are the Best Thing '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Ray LaMontagne <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Gossip in the Grain Released August 26 , 2008 Recorded 2008 Genre Folk rock soul Length 3 : 51 Label Stone Dwarf Music , LLC RCA Jive Songwriter ( s ) Ray LaMontagne , Danny Holland Producer ( s ) Ethan Johns <Th_colspan="2"> Ray LaMontagne singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Three More Days '' ( 2007 ) `` You Are the Best Thing '' ( 2008 ) `` Meg White '' ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Three More Days '' ( 2007 ) `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' ( 2008 ) `` Meg White '' ( 2008 ) `` You Are the Best Thing '' is the lead single of the album Gossip in the Grain by American folk singer - songwriter Ray LaMontagne released on August 26 , 2008 by Stone Dwarf Music , LLC , under license to RCA / JIVE Label Group , a unit of Sony Music Entertainment . The song hit number five on Billboard 's Adult Alternative Songs chart , and is currently his only single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 90 . Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links In popular culture ( edit ) `` You Are the Best Thing '' was featured in the film , I Love You , Man , and in an episode of the Australian TV show , Packed to the Rafters . It was also featured in the film , Bad Moms , released in 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 89 Ireland ( IRMA ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 169 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 90 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray LaMontagne -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for Ray LaMontagne . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray LaMontagne -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ray LaMontagne . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.soundtrackmania.net/bad-moms-soundtrack.html Jump up ^ `` Ray LaMontagne -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Ray LaMontagne . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 6 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Ray LaMontagne <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Albums Trouble Till the Sun Turns Black Gossip in the Grain God Willin ' & the Creek Do n't Rise Supernova Ouroboros EPs Live from Bonnaroo 2005 Singles `` Trouble '' `` Beg , Steal or Borrow '' This folk song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_the_Best_Thing&oldid=793783177 '' Categories : 2008 songs 2008 singles Ray LaMontagne songs RCA Records singles Folk song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 22 : 41 . About Wikipedia

1. "You Are the Best Thing" - Ray LaMontagne's lead single from the album Gossip in the Grain 2. Folk rock soul - Genre of the song 3. Billboard charts - The song's chart performance on Adult Alternative Songs and Hot 100 4. In popular culture - The song's appearances in films and TV shows 5. Ray LaMontagne - Singer-songwriter and his discography

what was the highest number of u.s. soldiers in south vietnam at one time

1968 in the Vietnam war - wikipedia 1968 in the Vietnam war <Th_colspan="2"> 1968 in the Vietnam War <Th_colspan="3"> ← 1967 1969 → <Td_colspan="2"> Cholon after Tet Offensive operations 1968 <Td_colspan="2"> Location Vietnam Result The American war effort in Vietnam peaks in 1968 as the American public support takes a huge hit after the Tet Offensive <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Anti-Communist forces : South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia Philippines New Zealand Kingdom of Cambodia Thailand Kingdom of Laos Republic of China Communist forces : North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao People 's Republic of China Soviet Union North Korea <Th_colspan="2"> Strength US : 549,500 South Vietnam : 820,000 South Korea : 50,000 Thailand : 6000 Australia : 7660 Philippines : 1580 New Zealand : 520 NVA / VC : 420,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses US : 16,592 killed 87,388 wounded South Vietnam : 27,915 killed 172,512 wounded US estimates : 191,000 - 208,254 killed ) North Vietnamese Records : KIA : 44,824 Total KIA / WIA : 111,306 Killed and Wounded , <Th_colspan="2"> show Military engagements during the Vietnam War <Td_colspan="2"> Guerrilla phase Laos Chopper Sunrise Palace Bombing 1st Ap Bac Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Qui Nhơn Sông Bé Ba Gia Dong Xoai American intervention 1965 Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Hump Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Bushmaster II Ia Drang Harvest Moon 1966 Marauder Crimp Van Buren Masher / White Wing Bong Son Double Eagle Mastiff Suoi Bong Trang New York Harrison Cocoa Beach Utah Silver City A Sau Oregon Texas Lincoln Fillmore Jackstay Buddhist Uprising Xa Cam My Georgia Birmingham Davy Crockett Austin IV Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hardihood Wahiawa Hawthorne Hill 488 Nathan Hale Jay Macon Hastings Minh Thanh Road John Paul Jones Seward Colorado Duc Co Long Tan Amarillo Thayer , Irving and Thayer II Attleboro Deckhouse IV Tan Son Nhut airbase Lam Son II Byrd SS Baton Rouge Victory Sunset Beach Shenandoah Paul Revere IV Geronimo Fairfax 1967 Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Desoto Firebase Bird Sam Houston Enterprise Tra Binh Dong Gadsden Pershing Bribie Junction City ( 1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bàu Bàng ) Lejeune Francis Marion Manhattan Beaver Cage Union The Hill Fights Con Thien / DMZ Hickory Prairie Prairie II Prairie III Buffalo Kentucky Kingfisher Malheur I and Malheur II Union II Dragnet Akron Billings Concordia Hong Kil Dong Diamond Head Hood River Suoi Chau Pha Benton Swift Dragon Fire Wheeler / Wallowa Kunia Bolling Medina Shenandoah II Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh Osceola Lancaster Napoleon Operation Coronado II IV V IX XI Neosho Dak To Santa Fe Phoenix Kien Giang 9 - 1 Manchester Yellowstone Auburn Tet Offensive and aftermath New Year 's Day Battle of 1968 Khe Sanh Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Phase One Offensive Saigon US Embassy Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack Tan Son Nhut Air Base Joint General Staff Compound Bien Hoa and Long Binh Hue Quảng Trị Coburg Lo Giang Hop Tac I Patrick Truong Cong Dinh Lima Site 85 Quyet Thang My Lai Massacre Carentan Pegasus Toan Thang I Burlington Trail Scotland II Delaware Allen Brook May Offensive Landing Zone Center An Bao Kham Duc Coral -- Balmoral Mameluke Thrust Robin Thor Pocahontas Forest Somerset Plain Phase III Offensive Duc Lap Vinh Loc Maui Peak Meade River Hat Dich Speedy Express Vietnamization 1969 -- 71 Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Taylor Common 2nd Tet Purple Martin Maine Crag Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Pipestone Canyon Binh Ba Utah Mesa Idaho Canyon LZ Kate Texas Star FSB Ripcord 1st Cambodia Kompong Speu Prey Veng 2nd Cambodia Pickens Forest Imperial Lake Tailwind Jefferson Glenn Snuol Lam Son 719 Son Tay Raid Cambodian Counteroffensive Chenla I Chenla II FSB Mary Ann Long Khánh Nui Le Easter Offensive 2nd Quang Trị 3rd Quang Trị 2nd Loc Ninh An Lộc Kontum Thunderhead Post-Paris Peace Accords ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Cửa Việt Sa Huỳnh Ap Da Bien Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Thượng Đức Spring ' 75 Phuoc Long Ban Me Thuot Hue -- Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc 2nd Saigon Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River , Nha Trang , Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Mayaguez incident The year 1968 saw major developments in the Vietnam War . The military operations started with an attack on a US base by the Vietnam People 's Army ( NVA ) and the Viet Cong on January 1 , ending a truce declared by the Pope and agreed upon by all sides . At the end of January , the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive . Hanoi erred monumentally in its certainty that the offensive would trigger a supportive uprising of the population . NVA and Viet Cong troops throughout the South , from Hue to the Mekong Delta , attacked in force for the first time in the war , but to devastating cost as ARVN and American troops killed close to 60,000 of the ill - supported enemy in less than a month . These reversals on the battlefield ( the Viet Cong would never again fight effectively as a cohesive force ) failed to register on the American home front , however , as shocking photos and television imagery , and statements such as Conkrite 's , fueled what would ultimately prove to be a propaganda victory for Hanoi . Peter Arnett quoting an unnamed US major as saying , `` It became necessary to destroy the town to save it . '' Eddie Adams ' iconic image of South Vietnamese General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan 's execution of a Vietcong operative was taken in 1968 . The year also saw Walter Cronkite 's call to honourably exit Vietnam because he thought the war was lost . This negative impression forced the US into the Paris peace talks with North Vietnam . US troop numbers peaked in 1968 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500 . The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam war with the American spending US $77.4 billion ( US $ 544 billion in 2018 ) on the war . The year also became the deadliest of the Vietnam War for America and its allies with 27,915 South Vietnamese ( ARVN ) soldiers killed and the Americans suffering 16,592 killed compared to around two hundred thousand of the communist forces killed . The deadliest week of the Vietnam War for the USA was during the Tet Offensive specifically February 11 -- 17 , 1968 , during which period 543 Americans were killed in action , and 2547 were wounded . Contents 1 January 1.1 Tet Offensive 2 February 3 March 4 April 5 May 6 October 7 November 8 December 9 Year in numbers 10 Annotations 11 Bibliography January ( edit ) Oliver Stone was an American soldier in 1968 January 1 The People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) violated a New Year 's truce . At the New Year 's Day Battle of 1968 among the Americans were future writer Larry Heinemann and future film director Oliver Stone . In Newsweek magazine Robert Komer touted the early success of the Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support ( CORDS ) pacification program he led . He said that `` only one South Vietnamese in six now lives under VC ( Viet Cong ) control . '' 19 January In the first two weeks of 1968 , communist forces shelled 49 district and provincial capitals in South Vietnam and temporarily occupied two of them . The Commander of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) General William Westmoreland described to Time the fighting `` as the most intense of the entire war . '' MACV claimed that 5,000 communist forces had been killed . 21 January The long and bloody Battle of Khe Sanh began with an assault by the PAVN on a hill held by U.S. Marines . Khe Sanh is in northwestern Quảng Trị Province , near the Demilitarized Zone . The combatants were elements of the U.S. III Marine Amphibious Force ( III MAF ) and Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) against two to three PAVN division - size elements . NVA General Vo Nguyen Giap later explained that his objective was to create a diversion to draw U.S. forces away from the populated areas of South Vietnam . Khe Sanh diverted 30,000 US troops away from the cities that would be the main targets of the Tet Offensive . January 23 -- 24 , 1968 Battle of Ban Houei Sane began on the night of 23 January 1968 , when the 24th Regiment of the PAVN 304th Division overran the small Laotian Army outpost at Ban Houei Sane . January 24 − March 1 Operation Coburg was an Australian military action that saw heavy fighting between the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1ATF ) and PAVN and Viet Cong forces during the wider fighting around Long Binh and Biên Hòa . 26 January In Time Magazine , General Westmoreland said , `` the Communists seem to have run temporarily out of steam . '' 28 January General Westmoreland in his annual report said `` In many areas the enemy has been driven away from the population centers ; in others he has been compelled to disperse and evade contact thus nullifying much of his potential . The year ended with the enemy increasingly resorting to desperation tactics in attempting to achieve military / psychological victory ; and he has experienced only failure in those attempts . '' Tet Offensive ( edit ) Dead Vietcong soldier killed during the First Battle of Saigon January 29 At half - past midnight on Wednesday morning the North Vietnamese launch the Tet Offensive at Nha Trang . At 2 : 45 that morning the US Embassy in Saigon is attacked . January 31 -- March 7 The Battle of Saigon was the coordinated attack by communist forces , including both the PAVN and the Viet Cong , against Saigon . January 30 -- March 3 The Battle of Huế was one of the bloodiest and longest battles . With massive air support the ARVN and three understrength U.S. Marine battalions attacked and defeated more than 10,000 entrenched PAVN and Viet Cong . February 1 , 1968 One notable ARVN unit , the 3d Armored Cavalry Squadron , fought a pitched battle with the Viet Cong 's H - 15 Local Force Battalion near Pleiku . They were later awarded the United States Presidential Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism against hostile forces during the Tet Offensive , making them one of only a few non-U.S. military units to receive the highest U.S. military honor awarded at the unit level . February ( edit ) February 1 During South Vietnamese action following the first day of the Tet Offensive General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan is captured on film executing a Viet Cong prisoner by American photographer Eddie Adams . The Pulitzer Prize - winning photograph becomes yet another rallying point for anti-war protesters . February 6 - February 7 The Battle of Lang Vei was fought on the night of 6 February 1968 , between elements of the PAVN , supported by PT - 76 light tanks and the United States - led Detachment A-101 , 5th Special Forces Group . This twelve - year - old ARVN Airborne trooper with M - 79 grenade launcher accompanied the Airborne Task Force Unit . The young soldier has been `` adopted '' by the Airborne Division . February 7 International reporters arrive at the embattled city of Bến Tre in South Vietnam . Peter Arnett , then of the Associated Press , writes a dispatch quoting an unnamed US major as saying , `` It became necessary to destroy the town to save it . '' February 18 During the week of February 11 -- 17 , 1968 the record for the highest US casualty toll during one week was set . The record coming off after the Tet Offensive was 543 Americans killed in action , and 2547 wounded . February 27 Walter Cronkite , reporting after his recent trip to Vietnam for his television special `` Who , What , When , Where , Why ? '' gives a highly critical editorial and urges America to leave Vietnam `` ... not as victors , but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy , and did the best they could . '' March ( edit ) March 10 -- March 11 Battle of Lima Site 85 was a battle for control of a secret radar site at Phou Pha Thi , Laos . March 15 In Quảng Trị Province , just of the DMZ , the 3rd Marine Division begins Operation Scotland II to drive the North Vietnamese out of the province 's western third , which takes it 10 months . March 16 US ground troops from Charlie Company of 1st Battalion , 20th Infantry Regiment , 11th Brigade , 23rd Infantry Division ( the Americal Division ) carry of the My Lai Massacre killing more than 500 Vietnamese civilians from infants to the elderly . The event would remain buried for more than a year . March 31 President Lyndon Johnson addresses the nation , announcing steps to limit the war in Vietnam and reporting his decision not to seek reelection . The speech announces the first in a series of limitations on US bombing , promising to halt these activities above the 20th parallel . United States Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford gets the President to authorize 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis , raising authorized strength to the Vietnam War 's peak of 549,500 , a figure never reached . April ( edit ) April 8 - May 31 Operation Toan Thang I was a US and ARVN operation conducted between 8 April 1968 and 31 May 1968 . Toan Thang , or `` Complete Victory '' , was part of a reaction to the Tet Offensive by forces allied with the Republic of Vietnam designed to put pressure on Vietcong and PAVN ) ) forces . April 19 - May 17 Operation Delaware was a military operation in the A Shau Valley . The A Shau Valley was an important corridor for moving supplies into South Vietnam and used as staging area for attacks . American and South Vietnamese had not been present in the area since the Battle of A Shau , when a Special Forces camp located there was overrun . May ( edit ) May 5 May Offensive was launched in the early morning hours of 4 May , in which communist units initiated PHASE II of the Tet Offensive of 1968 ( also known as the May Offensive , `` Little Tet '' , and `` Mini-Tet '' ) by striking 119 targets throughout South Vietnam , including Saigon . May 10 -- 12 , 1968 The Battle of Kham Duc was the struggle for the United States Army Special Forces camp located in Quảng Tín Province , South Vietnam . The camp was occupied by the 1st Special Forces detachment consisting of U.S. and South Vietnamese special forces , as well as Montagnard irregulars . The final plane evacuating men after the Battle of Kham Duc May 12 -- June 6 The Battle of Coral -- Balmoral was a series of actions fought between the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) and communist forces , north - east of Saigon . May 13 The first US and North Vietnamese delegations meet at the Paris peace talks to discuss American withdrawal . October ( edit ) October 8 Operation Sealords was launched on October 8 , 1968 , and was intended to disrupt North Vietnamese supply lines in and around the Mekong Delta . As a two - year operation , by 1971 all aspects of Sealords had been turned over to the South Vietnam Navy . October 31 President Johnson announces a total halt to US bombing in North Vietnam . November ( edit ) Gun camera photo shows a North Vietnamese MiG - 17 - fighter November 1 After three - and - a-half years , Operation Rolling Thunder comes to an end . In total , the campaign had cost more than 900 American aircraft . Eight hundred and eighteen pilots are dead or missing , and hundreds are in captivity . Nearly 120 Vietnam People 's Air Force planes have been destroyed in air combat , accidents , or by friendly fire . According to U.S. estimates , 182,000 North Vietnamese civilians have been killed . Twenty thousand Chinese support personnel also have been casualties of the bombing . November 5 Richard Nixon wins the 1968 presidential election in America . The results of the popular vote are 31,770,000 for Nixon , 43.4 percent of the total ; 31,270,000 or 42.7 percent for Humphrey ; 9,906,000 or 13.5 percent for Wallace ; and 0.4 percent for other candidates . December ( edit ) December 1968 to May 11 , 1969 Operation Speedy Express was a controversial United States military operation conducted in the Mekong Delta provinces Kien Hoa and Vĩnh Bình . The operation was launched to prevent Viet Cong units from interfering with pacification efforts and to interdict lines of Viet Cong communication and deny them the use of base areas . December 12 , 1968 -- March 9 , 1969 Operation Taylor Common was a search and destroy operation conducted by Task Force Yankee , a task organized force of the 1st Marine Division . The objective was to clear the An Hoa Basin , neutralize the PAVN 's Base Area 112 and develop Fire Support Bases ( FSBs ) to interdict Communist infiltration routes leading from the Laotian border . Year in numbers ( edit ) Armed Force Strength KIA Reference Military costs - 1968 Military costs in 2018 US $ Reference South Vietnam ARVN 820,000 27,915 United States 549,500 16,592 US $77,350,000,000 US $ 544,336,750,000 South Korea 50,000 Thailand 6000 Australia 7660 Philippines 1580 New Zealand 520 North Vietnam ( NVA / VC ) 420,000 North Vietnamese Source : 44,824 191,000 - 208,254 ( US estimates ) Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Numbers are US casualty figure estimates . North Vietnamese records do not record yearly totals although estimates are that during the Tet Offensive alone communist forces lost through deserters , killed cadres , and defectors anywhere between 30,000 - 90,000 . Bibliography ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Defense 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans memorial collection '' . NPS.gov. 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson & Hannaford 1999 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : War Remnants Museum Data ( edit ) hide Armed Force 1910 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 South Vietnam ARVN 514,000 643,000 735,900 798,800 820,000 897,000 968,000 1,046,250 1,048,000 United States 23,310 180,000 385,300 485,600 549,500 549,500 335,790 158,120 24,000 South Korea 200 20,620 25,570 47,830 50,000 48,870 48,540 45,700 36,790 Australia 200 1560 4530 6820 7660 7670 6800 2000 130 Thailand 0 20 240 2220 6000 11,570 11,570 6000 40 Philippines 20 70 2060 2020 1580 190 70 50 50 New Zealand 30 120 160 530 520 550 440 100 50 ^ Jump up to : Smith 2010 ^ Jump up to : United States 2010 ^ Jump up to : http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html ^ Jump up to : Smedberg 2008 , p. 196 ^ Jump up to : Asprey 2002 , p. 914 Jump up ^ Joes 2001 , p. 99 Jump up ^ http://www.nhandan.com.vn/chinhtri/item/7976502-.html ^ Jump up to : Gaijinass ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Platoon : The story of Oliver Stone in Vietnam '' . gaijinass . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bates 1996 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Asprey , Robert B. ( 1994 ) , War in the Shadows : The Guerrilla in History , New YorK : William Morrow and Company , p. 871 Jump up ^ Asprey , Robert P. ( 1994 ) , War in the Shadows : The Guerrilla in History , New York : William Morrow and Company , p. 896 Jump up ^ Clarke , Bruce B.G. ( 2007 ) , Expendable warriors : the Battle of Khe Sanh and the Vietnam War , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 69 Jump up ^ Page , Tim and Pimlott , John Pimlott ( 1990 ) , Nam -- The Vietnam Experience , 1965 - 75 , London : Hamlyn , p. 324 ^ Jump up to : Cash 1985 , p. 111 Jump up ^ McNeill & Ekins 2003 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Asprey , p. 896 Jump up ^ Asprey , p. 872 Jump up ^ Will banks 2008 , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Watson & Oberholtzer 2010 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Stanton 2003 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` ARVN 3rd Cavalry Squadron fought a pitched battle '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 3d Armored Cavalry Squadron ( ARVN ) earned Presidential Unit Citation ( United States ) for extraordinary heroism '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lucas 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times 1968 , p. 14 Jump up ^ AP 1968 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Arnold 1990 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Kelly 1996 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Olson & Roberts 1998 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Hamilton - Merritt 1993 , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Stanton 2003 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Nolan 2006 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Davies & McKay 2005 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Davies 2008 , p. 169 Jump up ^ McAulay 1989 , p. 777 Jump up ^ Hixson 2000 , p. 274 Jump up ^ History.com 2010 Jump up ^ Hixson 2000 , p. 280 Jump up ^ PBS ( 2010 ) . `` Battlefield Timeline '' . Public Broadcast Service . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boyer et al. , p. 696 Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 775 Jump up ^ Johnson 2004 , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Tết Mậu Thân 1968 qua những số liệu '' . Tết Mậu Thân 1968 qua những số liệu ( in Vietnamese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . References AP ( Feb 21 , 1968 ) . `` U.S. war toll sets record '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Arnold , James R. ( 1990 ) . Tet Offensive 1968 : turning point in Vietnam ( 1990 ed . ) . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 960 - 9 . - Total pages : 96 Asprey , Robert B. ( 2002 ) . War in the Shadows : The Guerrilla in History , Volume 2 ( 2002 ed . ) . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 22594 - 1 . - Total pages : 1281 Bates , Milton J. ( 1996 ) . The wars we took to Vietnam : cultural conflict and storytelling ( 1996 ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20433 - 1 . - Total pages : 328 Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford ; Hawley , Sandra ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Rieser , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People , Volume 2 : From 1865 , Concise Volume 2 of The Enduring Vision ( 2009 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 22278 - 3 . - Total pages : 496 Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) . Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 - 1988 ( 2003 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93916 - 4 . - Total pages : 1549 Cash , John A. ( 1985 ) . Seven Firefights in Vietnam ( 1985 ed . ) . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56806 - 563 - 2 . - Total pages : 159 Clarke , Bruce B.G. ( 2007 ) . Expendable warriors : the Battle of Khe Sanh and the Vietnam War ( 2007 ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99480 - 8 . - Total pages : 167 Davies , Bruce ( 2008 ) . The Battle at Ngok Tavak : a bloody defeat in South Vietnam , 1968 ( 2008 ed . ) . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 064 - 5 . - Total pages : 250 Davies , Bruce ; McKay , Gary ( 2005 ) . The men who persevered : the AATTV , the most highly decorated Australian unit of the Viet Nam War ( 2005 ed . ) . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 425 - 3 . - Total pages : 418 Hamilton - Merritt , Jane ( 1993 ) . Tragic mountains : the Hmong , the Americans , and the secret wars for Laos , 1942 - 1992 ( 1993 ed . ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20756 - 2 . - Total pages : 580 History.com ( 2010 ) . `` U.S. and South Vietnamese navies commence Operation Sealords '' . History.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2000 ) . Leadership and diplomacy in the Vietnam War ( 2000 ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3533 - 7 . - Total pages : 354 Joes , Anthony James ( 2001 ) . The war for South Viet Nam , 1954 - 1975 ( 2001 ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96807 - 6 . - Total pages : 199 Johnson , Chalmers A. ( 2004 ) . The sorrows of empire : militarism , secrecy and the end of the republic ( 2004 ed . ) . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85984 - 578 - 3 . - Total pages : 389 Kelly , Orr ( 1996 ) . From a dark sky : the story of U.S. Air Force Special Operations ( 1996 ed . ) . Presidio . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89141 - 520 - 6 . - Total pages : 340 Leepson , Marc ; Hannaford , Helen ( 1999 ) . Webster 's new world dictionary of the Vietnam War ( 1999 ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 862746 - 5 . - Total pages : 598 Lucas , Dean ( 2010 ) . `` Vietnam Execution '' . Famous Pictures Magazine . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . McAulay , Lex ( 1989 ) . The Battle of Coral : Vietnam fire support bases Coral and Balmoral , May 1968 ( 1989 ed . ) . Arrow Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 169721 - 1 . - Total pages : 361 McNeill , Ian ; Ekins , Ashley ( 2003 ) . On the offensive : the Australian Army in the Vietnam War , January 1967 - June 1968 ( 2003 ed . ) . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86373 - 304 - 5 . - Total pages : 650 Nolan , Keith W. ( 2006 ) . House to House : Playing the Enemy 's Game in Saigon , May 1968 ( 2006 ed . ) . Zenith Imprint . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2330 - 4 . - Total pages : 368 Olson , James Stuart ; Roberts , Randy ( 1998 ) . My Lai : a brief history with documents ( 1998 ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 17767 - 6 . - Total pages : 222 Smedberg , Marco ( 2008 ) . Vietnamkrigen : 1880 -- 1980 ( 2008 ed . ) . Historiska media . ISBN 978 - 91 - 85507 - 88 - 7 . - Total pages : 361 Stanton , Shelby L. ( 2003 ) . Vietnam order of battle ( 2003 ed . ) . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0071 - 9 . - Total pages : 396 `` Major Describes Move '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 1968 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Smith , Ray ( 2010 ) . `` Casualties - US vs NVA / VC '' . rjsmith.com . Archived from the original on 15 April 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Willbanks , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Tet Offensive : A Concise History ( 2008 ed . ) . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12841 - 4 . - Total pages : 264 United States , Government ( 2010 ) . `` Statistical information about casualties of the Vietnam War '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . United States Department of Defense ( 2010 ) . `` Clark M. Clifford '' . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Watson , Andy , Historian , U.S. Army Military Police School ; Oberholtzer , William A. ( 2010 ) . `` Looking Back in History : The Battle of Saigon Forty Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . United States Army : Fort Leonard Wood . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . show Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ ARVN Formed ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ HCM trail established ↓ Laos Invasion ↓ NLF Formed ↓ 1960 Coup Attempt ↓ US Role Expanded ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Buddhist Crisis ↓ 1963 Coup ↓ Gulf of Tonkin Incident ↓ Laos Bombing Begin ↓ US Forces Deployed ↓ Buddhist Uprising ↓ Sihanouk Trail Created ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ US Begins Withdrawal ↓ PRG Formed ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paris Accords ↓ Spring Offensive ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Cambodian War Widens ↓ Christmas Bombings U.S President : Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon G. Ford RVN Presidents : Ngô Đình Diệm Instability Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Trần Văn Hương DRV General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Ho Chi Minh General Secretary : Lê Duẩn / President : Tôn Đức Thắng NLF Chairman : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ PRG President : Nguyễn Hữu Thọ │ 1955 │ 1956 │ 1957 │ 1958 │ 1959 │ 1960 │ 1961 │ 1962 │ 1963 │ 1964 │ 1965 │ 1966 │ 1967 │ 1968 │ 1969 │ 1970 │ 1971 │ 1972 │ 1973 │ │ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_in_the_Vietnam_War&oldid=856921055 '' Categories : Years in the Vietnam War 1968 in Vietnam Conflicts in 1968 Hidden categories : CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Tet Offensive 2. Battle of Khe Sanh 3. My Lai Massacre 4. Walter Cronkite's call to exit Vietnam 5. Operation Rolling Thunder

a fact from a web site would be an example of

Web page - Wikipedia Web page Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A screenshot of a web page on Wikimedia Commons A web page ( also written as webpage ) is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and web browsers . A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device . The web page usually means what is visible , but the term may also refer to a computer file , usually written in HTML or a comparable markup language . Web browsers coordinate various web resource elements for the written web page , such as style sheets , scripts , and images , to present the web page . Typical web pages provide hypertext that includes a navigation bar or a sidebar menu linking to other web pages via hyperlinks , often referred to as links . On a network , a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server . The web server may restrict access to a private network such as a corporate intranet . The web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) to make such requests . A static web page is delivered exactly as stored , as web content in the web server 's file system . In contrast , a dynamic web page is generated by a web application , usually driven by server - side software . Dynamic web pages help the browser ( the client ) to enhance the web page through user input to the server . Contents ( hide ) 1 Color , typography , illustration , and interaction 1.1 Dynamic behavior 2 Browsers 3 Elements 4 Rendering 5 Creation and viewing 6 Saving 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Color , typography , illustration , and interaction ( edit ) Web pages usually include information such as the colors of text and backgrounds and very often contain links to images and sometimes other types of media to be included in the final view . Layout , typographic and color - scheme information is provided by Cascading Style Sheet ( CSS ) instructions , which can either be embedded in the HTML or can be provided by a separate file , which is referenced from within the HTML . The latter case is especially relevant where one lengthy stylesheet is relevant to a whole website : due to the way HTTP works , the browser will only download it once from the web server and use the cached copy for the whole site . Images are stored on the web server as separate files , but again HTTP allows for the fact that once a web page is downloaded to a browser , it is quite likely that related files such as images and stylesheets will be requested as it is processed . An HTTP 1.1 web server will maintain a connection with the browser until all related resources have been requested and provided . Web browsers usually render images along with the text and other material on the displayed web page . Dynamic behavior ( edit ) Client - side computer code such as JavaScript or code implementing Ajax techniques can be provided either embedded in the HTML of a web page or , like CSS stylesheets , as separate , linked downloads specified in the HTML . These scripts may run on the client computer if the user allows . Browsers ( edit ) Main article : Web browser A web browser can have a graphical user interface , like Internet Explorer / Microsoft Edge , Mozilla Firefox , Google Chrome , Safari , and Opera , or can be text - based , like Lynx or Links . Web users with disabilities often use assistive technologies and adaptive strategies to access web pages . Users may be color - blind , may or may not want to use a mouse perhaps due to repetitive stress injury or motor neurone problems , may be deaf and require audio to be captioned , may be blind and using a screen reader or braille display , may need screen magnification , etc . Disabled and able - bodied users may disable the download and viewing of images and other media , to save time , network bandwidth or merely to simplify their browsing experience . Users of mobile devices often have restricted displays and bandwidth . Anyone may prefer not to use the fonts , font sizes , styles and color schemes selected by the web page designer and may apply their own CSS styling to the page . The World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) and Web Accessibility Initiative ( WAI ) recommend that web pages are designed with all of these options in mind . Elements ( edit ) A web page , as an information set , can contain numerous types of information , which is able to be seen , heard or interacted with by the end user : Perceived ( rendered ) information : Textual information : with diverse render variations . Non-textual information : Static images may be raster graphics , typically GIF , JPEG or PNG ; or vector formats such as SVG or Flash . Animated images typically Animated GIF and SVG , but also Flash , Shockwave , or Java applet . Audio , typically MP3 , Ogg or various proprietary formats . Video , WMV ( Windows ) , RM ( RealMedia ) , FLV ( Flash Video ) , MPG , MOV ( QuickTime ) Interactive information : see interactive media . For `` on page '' interaction : Interactive text : see DHTML . Interactive illustrations : ranging from `` click to play '' images to games , typically using script orchestration , Flash , Java applets , SVG , or Shockwave . Buttons : forms providing an alternative interface , typically for use with script orchestration and DHTML . For `` between pages '' interaction : Hyperlinks : standard `` change page '' reactivity . Forms : providing more interaction with the server and server - side databases . Internal ( hidden ) information : Comments Linked Files through Hyperlink ( Like DOC , XLS , PDF , etc . ) Metadata with semantic meta - information , Charset information , Document Type Definition ( DTD ) , etc . Diagrammatic and style information : information about rendered items ( like image size attributes ) and visual specifications , as Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) . Scripts , usually JavaScript , complement interactivity , and functionality . Note : on server - side the web page may also have `` Processing Instruction Information Items '' . The web page can contain dynamically adapted information elements , dependent upon the rendering browser or end - user location ( through the use of IP address tracking and / or `` cookie '' information ) . From a more general / wide point of view , some information ( grouped ) elements , like a navigation bar , are uniform for all website pages , like a standard . This kind of `` website standard information '' are supplied by technologies like web template systems . Rendering ( edit ) Web pages will often require more screen space than is available for a particular display resolution . Most modern browsers will place a scrollbar ( a sliding tool at the side of the screen that allows the user to move the page up or down , or side - to - side ) in the window to allow the user to see all content . Scrolling horizontally is less prevalent than vertical scrolling , not only because such pages often do not print properly , but because it inconveniences the user more so than vertical scrolling would ( because lines are horizontal ; scrolling back and forth for every line is more inconvenient than scrolling after reading a whole screen ; most computer keyboards have page up and down keys , and almost all computer mice have vertical scroll wheels , the horizontal scrolling equivalents are rare ) . When web pages are stored in a common directory of a web server , they become a website . Web pages do not have a fixed length as in a paper page , and they can vary in length . The width of a web page varies depending on the size of the display so it leads to web pages of different lengths . For long web pages , information flow and presentation is quite critical . If the web page is longer and the information on the top is undesirable to the user , the probability of reading further down is low . However , both longer and shorter web pages have their own pros and cons . The initial viewing area of a web page is known as being `` above page fold '' . The content above the page fold is important as users use it to evaluate if they have come to the right page . It is important to have content above the page fold that keeps the user interested enough that they scroll down . The information foraging theory describes that once a user has deemed the part above the fold of a page valuable they are more likely to deem the rest of the page valuable . When printing a web page , the ease of printing depends on the length of the page , compared to shorter web pages with pagination . In longer web pages which have infinite scrolling ( for example , Facebook , LinkedIn and Twitter ) , it is harder to print all pages as the total number of upcoming pages is unknown . Therefore , users can only print loaded pages in web pages which use infinite scrolling . Another issue that occurs with long web page printing is the use of ads known as clickbait on websites . Therefore , the printed version of a web page with click baits will contains ads . However , some browsers such as Google Chrome uses an extension where users get the opportunity of formatting web pages and printing without ads . A website will typically contain a group of web pages that are linked together , or have some other coherent method of navigation . The most important web page on a website is the index page . Depending on the web server settings , the index page can have any name , but the most common names are index. html and index. php . When a browser visits the homepage of a website or any URL pointing to a directory rather than a specific file , the web server serves the index page . If no index page is defined in the configuration or no such file exists on the server , either an error or directory listing will be served to the browser . A web page can either be a single HTML file or made up of multiple HTML files using frames or Server Side Includes ( SSIs ) . Frames have been known to cause problems with web accessibility , copyright , navigation , printing and search engine rankings , and are now less often used than they were in the 1990s . Both frames and SSIs allow certain content which appears on many pages , such as page navigation or page headers , to be repeated without duplicating the HTML in all files . Frames and the W3C recommended an alternative of 2000 , the < object > tag , also allow some content to remain in one place while other content can be scrolled using conventional scrollbars . Modern CSS and JavaScript client - side techniques can also achieve all of these goals . When creating a web page , it is important to ensure it conforms to the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) standards for HTML , CSS , XML and other standards . The W3C standards are in place to ensure all browsers which conform to their standards can display identical content without special consideration for proprietary rendering techniques . A properly coded web page is going to be accessible to many different browsers old and new alike , display resolutions , as well as those users with audio or visual impairments . Main article : Uniform Resource Locator The Uniform Resource Locator is also called as URL . Web pages are typically becoming more dynamic . A dynamic web page is one that is created server - side when it is requested and then served to the end - user . These types of web pages typically do not have a permalink , or a static URL , associated with them . This practice is intended to reduce the amount of static pages in lieu of storing the relevant web page information in a database . This can be seen in forums , online shopping websites , and on Wikipedia . Some search engines may have a hard time indexing a web page that is dynamic , so static web pages can be provided in those instances . Creation and viewing ( edit ) To create a web page , a text editor or a specialized HTML editor is needed . In order to upload the created web page to a web server , traditionally an FTP client is needed . The design of a web page is highly personal . A design can be made according to one 's own preference , or a premade web template can be used . Web templates let web page designers edit the content of a web page without having to worry about the overall aesthetics . Many use all - in - one services for web domain purchases , web hosting service and templates to build customized websites . Web publishing tools such as Tripod and Wordpress offer free page creation and hosting up to a certain size limit . Other ways of making a web page are to download specialized software , like a Wiki , CMS , or forum . These options allow for the quick and easy creation of a web page which is typically dynamic . In order to graphically display a web page , a web browser is needed . This is a type of software that can retrieve web pages from the Internet . Most current web browsers include the ability to view the source code . Viewing a web page in a text editor will also display the source code . Pages are usually found with assistance from a search engine , but they can receive traffic from social and other sources . Saving ( edit ) While one is viewing a web page , a copy of it is saved locally ; the copy is being viewed . Depending on the browser settings , the copy may be deleted at any time , or stored indefinitely , sometimes without the user realizing it . Most GUI browsers provide options for saving a web page more permanently . These may include save the rendered text without formatting or images , with hyperlinks reduced to plain text ; save the HTML as it was served : overall structure is preserved , but some links may be broken ; save the HTML with relative links changed to absolute ones so that hyperlinks are preserved ; save the entire web page : all images and other resources including stylesheets and scripts are downloaded and saved in a new folder alongside the HTML , with links referring to the local copies : Other relative links are changed to absolute ; save the HTML as well as all images and other resources into a single MHTML file . This is supported by Internet Explorer and Opera . Other browsers may support it if a suitable plugin is installed . In addition to the option to print the currently viewed web page to a printer , most operating systems allow applications such as web browsers to `` print to a file '' which can be viewed or printed later . Some web pages are designed , for example by use of CSS , so that hyperlinks , menus and other navigation items , which would be useless on paper , are rendered into print with this in mind . Sometimes , the destination addresses of hyperlinks may be shown explicitly , either within the body of the page or listed at the end of the printed version . It can be specified in CSS that non-functional menus , navigational blocks and other items ought to simply be absent from the printed version . See also ( edit ) Computing portal Internet portal Contact page Dead link Domain name Guestbook Landing page Link page Linked data page Site map Start page Webform Web design Webmaster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How People with Disabilities Use the Web '' . W3C. 5 May 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Honigman , Brian . `` Long vs. Short Landing Page -- Which One Works Better ? '' . Inbound Marketing . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Schade , Amy . `` The Fold Manifesto : Why the Page Fold Still Matters '' . Nielsen Norman Group . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Patrick . `` Page Width and Line Length '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Broider , Rick ( 2013 ) . `` Print Friendly for Chrome optimizes Web pages for printing '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Dan ( 1996 -- 2008 ) . `` Linking and Liability -- Problems with Frames '' . Minneapolis , USA : Beck & Tysver . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 - Frames '' . W3C. 6 November 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . In the following sections , we discuss how to make frames more accessible . We also provide an alternative to frames that uses HTML 4.01 and CSS and addresses many of the limitations of today 's frame implementations . Jump up ^ Santambrogio , Claudio ( 10 March 2006 ) . `` ... and one more weekly ! '' . Opera Software . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 15 . Further reading ( edit ) Castro , Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` Creating a Web Page with HTML : Visual quick project guide , '' San Francisco , CA , USA : Peachpit Press , ISBN 032127847X , see ( 1 ) , accessed 19 September 2015 . Souders , Steve ( 2007 ) . `` High - Performance Web Sites : Essential Knowledge for Front - End Engineers , '' Sebastopol , CA , USA : O'Reilly Media , ISBN 0596550693 , see ( 2 ) , accessed 19 September 2015 . GND : 4356308 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_page&oldid=838258930 '' Categories : Web design Website management Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Contact page Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Олык марий ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Wolof 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 22 : 21 . 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1. Web page design 2. HTML and CSS 3. Web browser functionality 4. Dynamic web pages 5. Web page accessibility

who has highest votes in bigg boss 2 telugu

Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss Telugu <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Name Entry Exit Amit Day 0 Deepti Day 0 Ganesh Day 0 Geetha Day 0 Kaushal Day 0 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 75 Day 14 Day 68 Roll Day 0 Samrat Day 0 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Tanish Day 0 Pooja Day 43 Day 77 Deepthi Day 0 Day 70 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 <Td_colspan="4"> Legend <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted <Td_colspan="4"> Nominated <Td_colspan="4"> House Captain <Td_colspan="4"> Immune Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Annapurna Studios , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Guests 3 Voting History 3.1 Notes 4 Weekly summary 5 References 6 External Links Housemates ( edit ) Original entrants ( edit ) Celebrities ( edit ) Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian Humanist , Rationalist and Human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor & Actress Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social Media Star & Actress Kaushal Manda - Actor & Model Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor & Cricketer Commoners ( edit ) Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants ( edit ) Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Guests ( edit ) Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Week 11 Anasuya Bharadwaj As a guest to Mehendi Task Taapsee Pannu , Aadhi Pinisetty and Ritika Singh To promote the film Neevevaro Host Nani On the occasion of Raksha Bandhan festival . Voting history ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 Day 22 Day 28 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Deepti <Td_colspan="2"> Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal ( to save ) Syamala ( to evict ) Kaushal Deepti Amit Samrat ( to evict ) Roll ( to save ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="19"> Vote to : <Th_colspan="4"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> Save <Th_colspan="2"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> None Save Evict Evict Save <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="19"> Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Syamala Deepti Deepti Tanish Nutan Ganesh Kaushal <Td_colspan="2"> Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible Deepti Amit Samrat <Td_colspan="2"> House Captain <Td_colspan="2"> Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Geetha Kaushal Tanish Nutan Kaushal Amit <Td_colspan="2"> Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh Kaushal Pooja Amit Kaushal Geetha <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal Tanish Samrat Ganesh Samrat Amit <Td_colspan="2"> Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible Deepti Left due to injury ( Day 68 ) Amit Samrat Kaushal <Td_colspan="2"> Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh House Captain Nutan Kaushal Ganesh <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Pooja Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Syamala <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Syamala Amit Pooja Ganesh Nutan Tanish <Td_colspan="2"> Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain Pooja Deepti Kaushal Nutan Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Pooja <Td_colspan="7"> Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja Ganesh Syamala <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 77 ) Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepthi <Td_colspan="7"> Evicted ( Day 70 ) Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha <Td_colspan="15"> Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi <Td_colspan="17"> Evicted ( Day 7 ) <Th_colspan="19"> Notes - 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 - <Td_colspan="2"> 20 , 21 <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Amit Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi Nutan Syamala Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Nutan Ganesh Samrat Amit <Td_colspan="2"> Left <Td_colspan="10"> none Nutan <Td_colspan="7"> none Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Deepthi Pooja <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala & Nutan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Notes ( edit ) indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Evicted housemate was re-entered the house by wining special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she got exempt from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face Nominations . ^ Note 6 : Three housemates with the fewest votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not save was Evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will get saved while failed housemates will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to self - nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to self - nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from Eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates to be least talked to the housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit a special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss plays a song , where housemates have to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person who enters the tent will be nominated . ^ Note 17 : Housemates have to pair up and mutually decide whether to save them selves are to nominate them selves . If paired housemates unable to decide then captain Tanish and Amit will decide to save one contestant . ^ Note 18 : Bigg Boss gave a special power to nominate one saved housemate . Captain Tanish nominated syamala . ^ Note 19 : Bigg Boss informs Nutan Naidu about his exit due to his critical shoulder injury and requires immediate medical attention during captaincy task . ^ Note 20 : Bigg Boss suspended Deepti from captaincy for not following house rules on day 75 . On the request of host nani bigg boss re-appointed deepti as captain on day 77 . ^ Note 21 : Housemates had to nominate 2 housemates and save 1 housemate . Weekly summary ( edit ) Week ( s ) Day ( s ) context Description Week Day 0 Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . Day 0 to Day 5 House Captain No Captain Day 2 , 3 , 4 Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy Luxury Items . Day 5 Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Day 0 In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Day 1 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Day 7 Exits Sanjana Anne . Week Day 8 Entrances Nandini Rai entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant . Day 5 to Day 12 House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Day 9 , 10 , 11 Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan becomes the king , Deepti Nallamothu becomes the queen and Nandini is announced as the princess . They are assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they will choose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates become villagers and are asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants come up to the activity room to compete in a task to join King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS are joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → Losser team head will be locked in jail by winner team head . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland. Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announce Princess Team as a winner of round two and order Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team have to protect the Jail Key for 8 hours which was placed in Gym area to win the luxury budget task . King 's team have to stole the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Day 11 Result Won - Princess Team Day 12 Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in Garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to leave the hold of the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates try everything . None of them are ready to give up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Day 11 In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Day 8 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Day 14 Exits Nutan Naidu Week Day 12 to Day 19 House Captain Amit Tiwari Day 16 , 17 , 18 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and Quality check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . Quality check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because of green team cheating by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Day 18 Result Won - Yellow Team Day 19 Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task contenders have to eat biryani as much as they can before end buzzer comes . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Day 19 In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Day 15 Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Day 21 Exits Kireeti Damaraju . Week Day 19 to Day 26 House Captain Roll Rida Day 23 , 24 Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers team and hostel staff team . Wardens and security guards have to prevent lovers secret meets , gift exchange and entering them into activity room . If boy met a girl and exchange their gifts hostel staff lose points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . Day 26 Captaincy Task TBA Day 22 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on wall by wearing boxing gloves . Day 22 Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Day 28 Exits Syamala Week 5 Day 26 to Day 33 House Captain Kaushal Day 30 , 31 , 32 Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team have to clean the things in house and they have to cook for all housemates . Chedu team try to make house dirty . Manchi team have to protect three lotus flowers and red apples for not to lose points and chedu team has to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . Apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task bigg boss given 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points deducted due to tejaswi destroyed cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 32 Result Won - Chedu Team Day 33 Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders have to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and Propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates doubts . After propagations bigg boss conducted a election and all housemates have to drop their vote in ballet box arranged in garden area . Geetha Madhuri won week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Day 32 In Jail Bhanu Sree Day 29 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Day 35 Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 Day 33 to Day 40 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Day 37 , 38 , 39 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in Activity Room . Remaining housemates have to give audition to get selected in a character for the film . Rejected housemates become helping crew in the film and they are not eligible for next captaincy task . Day 40 Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish In Jail None Day 36 Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Day 42 Exits Tejaswi Week 7 Day 43 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant . Day 40 to Day 46 House Captain Tanish Day 46 Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri Won the Task and became as House Captain for Week 8 . This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain . Day 47 Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task housemates have to divide into three teams . Each team has three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from pool to standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and has to give to their walking team member and walking member will give to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Day 43 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemate . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . Week 8 Day 53 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu Re-entered the Bigg Boss house . Day 46 to Day 54 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Day 51 , 52 Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini , and Kaushal . Day 1 Team one as survivors and team two as pirates . Roles are reversed on day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground once stepped onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . Day 54 Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate for each Contenders for each song , total of five songs . and which DJ has got highest housemates danced to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House captain of Week 9 . Day 52 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and recused ganesh from jail ) Day 50 Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Day 56 Exits Nandini Rai Week 9 Day 54 to Day 61 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Day 58 , 59 Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team has a control on any 2 places in the house . Team mates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . Bed room and Kitchen under the control of girls team , while living room and bath room under the control of boys team . To get more gold coins team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with more coins win the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other to pull them from yellow mark ( Starting point ) to red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport in between boys team and girls team . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from pool and open the boxes . Each box contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task quiz master is tanish and score marker is ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . Day 61 Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders has to select one color and start painting the white board . who 's paint color is highly visible on the board will become next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became House captain of Week 10 . In Jail None Day 57 Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Day 63 Exits Babu Gogineni Week 10 Day 61 to Day 68 House Captain Tanish Day 65 , 66 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Call Center Housemates are divided into two teams - Call Center Executives and Customers Team Kaushal : Samrat , Syamala , Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu , Nuthan Naidu , Amit Tiwari Team Tanish : Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish , Pooja Ramachandran , Ganesh Call center executives have to patiently listen to their customers complaints and should respond politely and make them to disconnect the call to gain one point . Customers have to irritate the executives and make them to disconnect the call to gain one point . Team one members are call center executives and Team two members are customers on day 1 . Roles are reversed on day 2 . Kaushal team won the task with 10 points and they are awarded with 2400 Luxury Budget points to buy luxury items . Day 68 Captaincy Task Padagottu Nillabettu Contenders : Kaushal and Roll Rida . There are two types of blocks placed in the garden area . Contenders have to construct a pyramid using the blocks and have protect it untill end buzzer comes . Remaining housemates have to throw ball to destroy the pyramids . Roll Rida won this task and became week 11 captain . In Jail None Day 64 Nominations Pooja Ramachandran Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Nutan Syamala Deepthi Sunaina Day 70 Exits Deepthi Sunaina Week 11 Day 68 to Day 75 House Captain Roll Rida Day 75 Captaincy Task Mee Captaincy Merey Konukondi Contenders : Deepti Nallamothu and Kaushal . Two weighing machines were placed for the contenders ( one each ) in the garden area . Every housemate had to weigh belongings and drop in the basket of the contender they support giving their reasons behind their support . The contender with the maximum weight emerges the winner . Syamala was the chancellor of the task . She had to announce the winner and put the winner 's weighed belongings in the storeroom . Deepti Nallamothu won the task and became a new captain of the house . Day Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Inti Pelli In Jail None Day 71 Nominations Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Day 77 Exits Pooja Ramachandran Week 12 Day 75 Day 77 to Day 82 House Captain Deepti Nallamothu Day 79 , 80 , 81 Luxury Budget Task Murder Mystery This is a luxury budget game . In this game bigg boss asked to pick one box in the confession room by housemates secretly . Randomly it consists of white pearl , Red pearl and black pearl . The housemate who got white pearl will become a public team people , Red pearl person become killer , black pearl persons become police and a detective man . Killer : Geetha Madhuri has to do some tasks given by bigg boss to kill a public member to win the task and to gain immunity for week 13 . Public Team : Kaushal , Amit Tiwari , Nutan Naidu , Samrat , Syamala , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish . Public team have to protect their lives from the killer to win the task . If any housemate murdered by killer he / she should enter the graveyard arranged in the garden area . Police and Detective : Roll Rida is the police and ganesh is the detective . Both have to find the killer to win the task . Housemates do n't know who is the killer and who are public members and every one know who is the police and the detective . Following tasks done by Geetha Madhuri to kill Public team members : - Geetha Madhuri should complete all five tasks to win immunity and a special power . Task 1 : She have to irritate one housemate and made him anger . Geetha Madhuri successfully made kaushal anger and killed him . Task 2 : She have to feed food to one housemate . Geetha Madhuri successfully made syamala to eat bread by her hands and killed her . Task 3 : She have to right one housemate name on mirror in bathroom area . Geetha Madhuri successfully wrote amit tiwari name and killed him . Task 4 : She have to dance with one housemate . Geetha Madhuri danced with samrat and killed him . Task 5 : She have to spoil one housemate bed by using any food products . Geetha Madhuri successfully spoiled deepti nallamothu 's bed and killed her . All tasks are done secretly by geetha madhuri and won immunity for week 13 and a special power to nominate one housemate though out the season . Day Captaincy Task TBA Day In Jail TBC Day 78 Nominations Kaushal Samrat Nutan Naidu Amit Tiwari Ganesh Day Exits TBD Week 13 Day House Captain Day Captaincy Task TBA Day Luxury Budget Task TBA Day In Jail TBC Day Nominations TBD Day Exits TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhi Pinisetty , Taapsee Pannu , Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 updates : Nutan Naidu sudden exit from the show due to a shoulder dislocation '' . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai enter Bigg Boss house as Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Deepthi Sunaina drops the Bigg Bomb on Tanish '' . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Pooja Ramachandran drops bigg bomb on Geetha Madhuri '' . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Website at Hotstar <Th_colspan="3"> Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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three types of native mammals that live in florida

List of mammals of Florida - Wikipedia List of mammals of Florida Jump to : navigation , search Dolphin , state saltwater mammal ; Florida panther , state animal ; and manatee , state marine mammal This is a list of mammal species found in the wild in the American State of Florida . In total , 98 species of mammals are known to inhabit , or recently to have inhabited , the state and its surrounding waters . This includes a few species , such as the black - tailed jackrabbit and red deer , that were introduced after the European colonization of the Americas . It also includes the extinct Caribbean monk seal . Rodents account for roughly one quarter of all species , followed closely by mammals from the Cetacea and Carnivora families . The species included in this list are drawn from the work of the American Society of Mammalogists , which compiled information from five different publications . Information on the international status of species has been drawn from the IUCN Red List . Contents ( hide ) 1 Florida mammals by order 2 Florida terrestrial mammals 2.1 Carnivora 2.2 Chiroptera 2.3 Rodentia 2.4 Other orders 3 Florida marine mammals 3.1 Carnivora and Sirenia 3.2 Cetacea 4 References Florida mammals by order ( edit ) Order Members Species Threatened species Artiodactyla even - toed ungulates Carnivora carnivorans 19 Cetacea whales , dolphins and porpoises 21 5 Chiroptera bats 18 Cingulata armadillos Didelphimorphia common opossums Lagomorpha hares , rabbits and pikas Primates lemurs , monkeys , and apes Rodentia rodents 23 Sirenia aquatic herbivorous mammals Soricomorpha shrews , moles and solenodons 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 98 10 Florida terrestrial mammals ( edit ) Carnivora ( edit ) Florida panther Coyotes arrived in northern Florida in the 1970s as its natural range expanded . Illegal releases were another factor in its occupation of the state . Coyotes are extremely adaptable , living in all types of forests and farms . Florida has two types of foxes . The native gray fox can be found in the United States almost anywhere , except northern plains and Rockies . It is sometimes confounded with the red fox due to having patches of red hair . The red fox was introduced to Florida by hunting clubs , although it may have been native in the northern panhandle . Its preferred habitats are open areas , while the gray fox prefers woods . Red wolves were once common throughout the southeastern US , including Florida . Extinct in the wild in 1980 , it has been progressively introduced to select nature preserves . The present population was introduced as part of this recovery program in 1997 to the Saint Vincent National Refuge ; once red wolf pups reach 18 months , they are relocated to the North Carolina portion of the program . Bobcats are well adapted to urban development and are not a conservation concern . They make their home in hammocks , forests or swamps . The Florida panther ( Puma concolor coryi ) is one of the subspecies of cougar . Its main differences from other subspecies are longer legs , smaller size and a shorter darker coat . The skull of the Florida panther is broader and flatter with highly arched nasal bones . Reportedly only seventy adult animals are alive , and a 1992 study estimated that the subspecies would become extinct between 2016 and 2055 . It was chosen in 1982 as the Florida state animal by the state 's schoolchildren . It is believed that some jaguarundis were unintentionally released in the wild in the 1940s . There is no evidence besides witness accounts , and the existence of jaguarandis in the state is dubious . Two of the eleven species of skunks live in Florida . Both the eastern spotted skunk and the striped skunk can be found statewide ( except for the Keys ) . Small populations of the Everglades mink ( Mustela vison evergladensis ) , a subspecies of American mink , are encountered near Lake Okeechobee , and in the Big Cypress Swamp - Everglades National Park area . Northern river otters are a common sight close to freshwater streams across Florida . The population is increasing . Raccoons are prevalent in the lower 48 states , including Florida . Adaptable to almost all kinds of habitats , the animals are among the few who actually benefit from human development , since food becomes more available . Attacks by predators like the bobcat cause minimum mortality , and the main reason for raccoon deaths is considered to be car accidents . They are regarded as predators of sea turtles nests . All Florida black bear in Florida are part of the subspecies Ursus americanus floridanus . Differences between subspecies are very small ; the Florida black bear differs from other subspecies by its highly arched forehead and its long and narrow braincase . Estimates for 2002 indicated the number of bears statewide to be between 2,000 and 3,200 individuals , indicating an increase from the previous census in 1998 . The biggest cause of concern is roadkill , although the rates of mortality are equivalent to other areas in the country . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List Coyote Canis latrans Say , 1823 Carnivora Canidae uncommon or locally common statewide 7 Feral dog Canis familiaris Linnaeus , 1758 Carnivora Canidae locally common ; escaped or released statewide 0 Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus ( Schreber , 1775 ) Carnivora Canidae uncommon or locally common statewide 7 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus , 1758 Carnivora Canidae uncommon or locally common statewide 7 Red wolf Canis rufus Audubon & Bachman , 1851 Carnivora Canidae rare , introduced on Saint Vincent Island Bobcat Lynx rufus ( Schreber , 1777 ) Carnivora Felidae common ; Peninsula and Northern Keys 7 Florida panther Puma concolor ( Linnaeus , 1771 ) Carnivora Felidae rare , restricted to Green Swamp and Big Cypress areas in SW peninsula 6 Feral cat Felis catus Schreber , 1775 Carnivora Felidae abundant ; escaped or released statewide 0 Jaguarundi Herpailurus yaguarondi ( Lacépède , 1809 ) Carnivora Felidae possibly introduced to the northern two thirds of peninsula 7 Eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Carnivora Mephitidae common ; statewide except northeast corner and Keys 7 Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis ( Schreber , 1776 ) Carnivora Mephitidae common ; statewide except Keys 7 Long - tailed weasel Mustela frenata Lichtenstein , 1831 Carnivora Mustelidae rare ; statewide except Everglades and Keys 7 Mink Mustela vison Schreber , 1777 Carnivora Mustelidae rare ; coastal marshes in west Panhandle , Big Bend area , northeast area , and Everglades 7 Northern river otter Lontra canadensis ( Schreber , 1777 ) Carnivora Mustelidae locally common , mostly freshwater habitats , primarily rivers and streams , statewide except Keys 7 Common raccoon Procyon lotor ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Carnivora Procyonidae abundant , statewide 7 White - nosed coati Nasua narica ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Carnivora Procyonidae introduced species , with reports over a wide area of southern Florida 7 Florida black bear Ursus americanus Pallas , 1780 Carnivora Ursidae rare or uncommon ; localized populations statewide except Keys 7 Chiroptera ( edit ) Of the species listed below , 13 are confirmed to be resident species ; all of them are insectivorous . Five species had very low numbers reported and can be classified as accidental species : Indiana bat , Jamaican fruit bat , little brown bat , northern long - eared myotis and the silver - haired bat . Some bats not in this list , but with reported sightings in the Lower Keys , are the buffy flower bat , Cuban flower bat and Cuban fig - eating bat . Bats can be classified in two groups by their roosting habits : solitary and colony - roosting bats . Solitary bats prefer to live in leaves , palm fronds and Spanish moss . Resident bats in this category are the Eastern red bat , the northern yellow bat and the Seminole bat . Hoary bats are not considered residents because they migrate to Mexico and South America to spend the winter . The remaining species are considered to be colony - roosting bats . Darker than their solitary counterparts and less furry , these bats prefer to live under bridges , in tree holes or caves . Only 3 Florida species live in caves : the eastern pipistrelle , the gray bat and the southeastern myotis . Florida has the highest concentration of southeastern myotis in the world . The greatest threat to bats in Florida is the disturbance or destruction of roost sites , due to vandalism or urban development . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List Velvety free - tailed bat Molossus molossus ( Pallas , 1766 ) Chiroptera Molossidae rare ; Lower Keys 7 Mexican free - tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis ( I. Geoffroy , 1824 ) Chiroptera Molossidae common , statewide except for Keys 6 Florida bonneted bat Eumops floridanus ( Allen , 1932 ) Chiroptera Molossidae rare , endemic to southern Florida 7 Jamaican fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis Leach , 1821 Chiroptera Phyllostomidae rare , Lower Keys only 7 Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus ( Beauvois , 1796 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae common statewide except for Keys 7 Eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus ( F. Cuvier , 1832 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae uncommon ; panhandle and northern half of peninsula 7 Eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis ( Müller , 1776 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae uncommon ; panhandle and northern quarter of peninsula 7 Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis ( Rafinesque , 1818 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae common ; statewide except for Keys 7 Gray bat Myotis grisescens A.H. Howell , 1909 Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare , known only from panhandle , Marianna area Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus ( Beauvois , 1796 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae uncommon , panhandle and northern half of peninsula 7 Indiana bat Myotis sodalis Miller & Allen , 1928 Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare , known only from panhandle , Marianna and Jackson counties Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus ( La Conte , 1831 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare , known only from panhandle and Okaloosa County 7 Northern long - eared myotis Myotis septentrionalis ( Trouessart , 1897 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare , known only from panhandle , Marianna and Jackson counties 7 Northern yellow bat Lasiurus intermedius H. Allen , 1862 Chiroptera Vespertilionidae common statewide except southern tip of peninsula and Keys 7 Rafinesque 's big - eared bat Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson , 1827 Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare , statewide except southern tip of peninsula and Keys 5 Seminole bat Lasiurus seminolus ( Rhoads , 1895 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae common , statewide except southern tip of peninsula and Keys 7 Silver - haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans ( La Conte , 1831 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae rare ; known only from north Santa Rosa County and possibly north Nassau County 7 Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius ( Rhoads , 1897 ) Chiroptera Vespertilionidae common ; cave habitats in panhandle and , disjunct , northeastern and northcentral peninsula 7 Rodentia ( edit ) Eastern gray squirrel in Tampa Of the several species of rodents in Florida , the subspecies of oldfield mouse are the biggest conservation concern , along with the Florida mouse . Six of eight subspecies of the Oldfield mouse ( commonly named beach mice ) are in endangered status , and one is extinct . Given causes for their demise is predators like cats and red foxes and destruction of their natural habitats . The Florida mouse is on the endangered species list because of destruction of their habitat . The mouse is the only mammal that is endemic to Florida . The rodent depends on the gopher tortoise ( also endangered ) for its survival , because it makes its burrows from tortoise burrows , or in the absence of those , Oldfield mouse burrows . Non-native species brought in boats by colonizers are the black rat , brown rat and house mouse . Other non-natives are the capybara , the nutria and the Mexican gray squirrel . Not listed below , but with reported sightings , are the biggest rat in the world , the Gambian pouched rat , which arrived in 2002 ; and the prairie dog . Both are wild releases of animals kept as pets . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List American beaver Castor canadensis Kuhl , 1820 Rodentia Castoridae common ; panhandle and northern third of peninsula , except coastal areas . 7 Southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis Rafinesque , 1817 Rodentia Geomyidae common ; panhandle and northern half of peninsula 7 Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Rodentia Hydrochaeridae introduced ; probably several small populations north of peninsula 7 Oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus ( Wagner , 1843 ) Rodentia Cricetidae rare ; coastal dunes and dunes on some barrier islands ; uncommon on panhandle and northern two thirds of peniinsula in dry , sandy , oldfields and grasslands 7 Cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus ( Le Conte , 1850 ) Rodentia Cricetidae common ; statewide in forests and mixed forest / grasslands 7 Eastern harvest mouse Reithrodontomys humilis ( Audubon & Bachman , 1941 ) Rodentia Cricetidae common ; panhandle and northern two thirds of peninsula in oldfields , grasslands , and fields 7 Florida woodrat Neotoma floridana ( Ord , 1818 ) Rodentia Cricetidae uncommon ; panhandle , northern two thirds of peninsula and rare ; Key Largo 7 Florida mouse Podomys floridanus ( Chapman , 1889 ) Rodentia Cricetidae rare ; central peninsula , mostly in habitats along central ridges . 5 Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus ( Ord , 1815 ) Rodentia Cricetidae rare ; salt marsh in Cedar Key area of Gulf coast 7 Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli ( Harlan , 183 ) 2 Rodentia Cricetidae rare ; panhandle and northern half of peninsula 7 Hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus Say & Ord , 1825 Rodentia Cricetidae common ; statewide 7 House mouse Mus musculus Linnaeus , 1758 Rodentia Muridae introduced ; common ; statewide 7 Marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris ( Harlan , 1837 ) Rodentia Cricetidae common ; statewide in saltmarsh and associated habitats 7 Brown rat Rattus norvegicus ( Berkenhout , 1769 ) Rodentia Muridae introduced ; common ; statewide 7 Woodland vole Microtus pinetorum ( Le Conte , 1830 ) Rodentia Cricetidae uncommon ; central portion of northern third of peninsula 7 Black rat Rattus rattus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Rodentia Muridae introduced ; common statewide 7 Round - tailed muskrat Neofiber alleni True , 1884 Rodentia Cricetidae common ; peninsula and isolated populations in Apalachicola and Okefenokee areas 6 Coypu Myocastor coypus ( Molina , 1782 ) Rodentia Myocastoridae introduced ; Duval County and panhandle populations ; possibly established statewide except Keys 7 Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Rodentia Sciuridae uncommon ; northern half of western panhandle in mesic forest areas 7 Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin , 1788 Rodentia Sciuridae common ; statewide except lower Keys 7 Fox squirrel Sciurus niger Linnaeus , 1758 Rodentia Sciuridae rare ; statewide except Keys ; possibly extinct in southeastern peninsula 7 Mexican gray squirrel Sciurus aureogaster F. Cuvier , 1829 Rodentia Sciuridae introduced ; established on Elliott Key 7 Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Rodentia Sciuridae common ; statewide except Keys and possibly southwest peninsula 7 Other orders ( edit ) Key deer The only native even - toed ungulate is the white - tailed deer . It is the most economically important hunting mammal in all of North America , and is one of the major prey animals of the Florida panther . There were only about 20,000 deer in Florida during the late 1930s , and the species was almost extinct in South Florida due to a campaign to eliminate tick - borne diseases . Hunt restraining measures and purchases from other states were very successful bringing the population to more than 700,000 deer statewide . The smaller subspecies , Key deer , lives only in the Keys and numbers around 800 animals . Sambar deer were introduced in 1908 as alternative game for hunters on Saint Vincent Island . The population is between 700 and 1,000 deers ; 130 hunters are licensed per year , and each can kill up to two animals . Some red deer were released from a hunting ranch around 1967 and may still exist as a small herd . Hogs found their way to Florida in 1539 with Spanish colonist Hernando de Soto . Florida has 12 % of the three million hogs that roam in the US . They are a popular hunting prey , but are regarded as a pest due to the damage they inflict to agriculture and environment . More than 21,000 hogs were killed in 1980 alone . All the confirmed Soricomorpha in Florida are nocturnal ; the black - tailed jackrabbit -- introduced as a training tool for racing greyhounds from 1930 to 1950 ; the native eastern cottontail , which can be found anywhere but in forests and coastal marshes ; and the marsh rabbit , who prefers freshwater and brackish marshes . The subspecies Lower Keys marsh rabbit has the scientific name Sylvilagus palustris hefneri after Hugh Hefner -- because research on the subspecies was financed in part by the Playboy Foundation . Three species of shrews are found across Florida . Two known subspecies are the Homosassa shrew ( Sorex longirostris eionis ) and Sherman 's short - tailed shrew , Blarina carolinensis shermanii . One of their main predators is the cat . Completing the Soricomorpha are two species of moles . The rhesus macaque was introduced to Florida in 1933 , as props for Tarzan movies , and have established colonies after escaping from the set . Charles River Laboratories , the world 's biggest producer of lab animals , maintained a free - range colony until 1999 , when they were forced to remove the animals after they destroyed parts of the mangrove forests in Key Haven . Other primates with reported sightings not included in this list are vervet monkeys and squirrel monkeys . Cingulata are represented by the nine - banded armadillo , released in 1922 by a Marine who kept them as pets , but other accounts place them as having migrated from Texas . Subsequent introductions and fast breeding spread the species statewide . The Virginia opossum is the only marsupial found in North America north of the Rio Grande . It lives in wooded areas and can be easily found statewide . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List Red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus , 1758 Artiodactyla Cervidae introduced ; single population in Highlands County . 7 Sambar deer Cervus unicolor Kerr , 1792 Artiodactyla Cervidae introduced on St. Vincent Island 7 White - tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann , 1780 Artiodactyla Cervidae common statewide ; rare in Keys 7 Feral pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus , 1758 Artiodactyla Suidae common ; statewide except Keys 7 Nine - banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus , 1758 Cingulata Dasypodidae common ; statewide , except possibly some parts of Everglades 7 Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Kerr , 1792 Didelphimorphia Didelphidae common ; statewide 7 Black - tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Gray , 1837 Lagomorpha Leporidae introduced ; established in Homestead area 7 Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus ( J.A. Allen , 1890 ) Lagomorpha Leporidae common ; statewide except Keys 7 Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris ( Bachman , 1837 ) Lagomorpha Leporidae common ; statewide 7 Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus ( Bachman , 1837 ) Lagomorpha Leporidae rare and unconfirmed ; possibly present in Escambia County but no known records 7 Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta ( Zimmermann , 1780 ) Primates Cercopithecidae introduced ; Ocala and Silver Springs area 6 North American least shrew Cryptotis parva ( Say , 1823 ) Soricomorpha Soricidae common ; statewide except for Keys 7 Southeastern shrew Sorex longirostris Bachman , 1837 Soricomorpha Soricidae uncommon ; north , south through Central Florida and on central ridge through southcentral 7 Southern short - tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis ( Bachman , 1837 ) Soricomorpha Soricidae common ; statewide except for Keys 7 Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Soricomorpha Talpidae common ; statewide except for Keys 7 Star - nosed mole Condylura cristata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Soricomorpha Talpidae rare ; Okefenokee Swamp area and possibly in Leon County 7 Florida marine mammals ( edit ) Carnivora and Sirenia ( edit ) West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris is one of the two subspecies of the West Indian manatee . This herbivorous aquatic mammal lives in rivers , springs and shallow coastal waters . It was designated the state marine mammal in 1975 and is protected by federal and state laws . Threatened by habitat loss , entanglements in fishing gear and crab traps , or by being asphyxiated or crushed by canal locks and flood gates , the most common cause for manatee deaths is being struck by boats , which caused one quarter of all deaths recorded since 1974 . In 2015 , the statewide population was estimated at 6,063 . Florida does not have seal colonies , but stray seals wash ashore in Florida occasionally . The most prevalent of those species have been the common seal and the hooded seal , although a bearded seal was seen in 2007 . The Caribbean monk seal was native to the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico . Once a popular prey for Bahamas fishermen , their numbers diminished greatly in the 1800s . The last sighting of the species in Florida was in 1922 , and specimens have not been seen anywhere since 1952 . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List Harbor seal Phoca vitulina Linnaeus , 1758 Carnivora Phocidae rare ; east coastal marine areas to Central Florida 7 Hooded seal Cystophora cristata ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Carnivora Phocidae rare ; east coastal marine areas to Central Florida 7 Caribbean monk seal Monachus tropicalis ( Gray , 1850 ) Carnivora Phocidae extinct West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus Linnaeus , 1758 Sirenia Trichechidae rare ; coastal marine areas , but not usually north of the Suwannee River in the Gulf of Mexico ; enters rivers and connected springs 5 Cetacea ( edit ) Common bottlenose dolphin in Boca Raton Of the several whales seen close to Florida , the most frequent and notable visitor is the North Atlantic right whale . Named as such because they were the `` right '' whales to kill , their only known calving ground is located off the coasts of Georgia and Florida . Pregnant females migrate from feeding grounds located far north and deliver calves from mid December to March . Humpback whales are also re-colonizing the area while gray whales , once cavorting off Florida for the same reasons as the right whales , were extirpated from the Atlantic in the 17th - 18th century . The most common dolphin in the state is the common bottlenose dolphin . Dolphins , like manatees , are vulnerable to red tide and have mass fatalities when one occurs . Dolphins were designated the Florida state saltwater mammal in 1975 . Name Species authority Order Family ASM state status and native range Red List North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis P.L.S. Müller , 1776 Cetacea Balaenidae regular migrant ( in very small number ) ; marine areas Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus Lilljeborg , 1861 Cetacea Balaenopteridae extirpated in the Atlantic 17th - 18th century 0 Bryde 's whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson , 1878 Cetacea Balaenopteridae rare ; marine areas 0 Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Cetacea Balaenopteridae rare ; marine areas Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Cetacea Balaenopteridae rare ; marine areas Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède , 1804 Cetacea Balaenopteridae rare ; marine areas 6 Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis Lesson , 1828 Cetacea Balaenopteridae rare ; marine areas Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae ( Borowski , 1781 ) Cetacea Balaenopteridae common ( in small numbers ) ; marine areas 5 Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis ( G. Cuvier , 1829 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata ( Gray , 1846 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba ( Meyen , 1833 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 6 Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene ( Gray , 1846 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris ( Gray , 1828 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus ( Montagu , 1821 ) Cetacea Delphinidae common ; coastal marine areas 0 Short - beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis Linnaeus , 1758 Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 7 False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens ( Owen , 1846 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata ( Gray , 1875 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Melon - headed whale Peponocephala electra ( Gray , 1846 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Fraser 's dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei ( Fraser , 1956 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Risso 's dolphin Grampus griseus ( G. Cuvier , 1812 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Killer whale Orcinus orca ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Rough - toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis ( G. Cuvier in Lesson , 1828 ) Cetacea Delphinidae rare ; marine areas 0 Short - finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray , 1846 Cetacea Delphinidae uncommon ; marine areas 0 Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps ( Blainville , 1838 ) Cetacea Kogiidae uncommon ; marine areas 0 Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima ( Owen , 1866 ) Cetacea Kogiidae uncommon ; marine areas 0 Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus , 1758 Cetacea Physeteridae rare ; marine areas 5 Gervais ' beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus ( Gervais , 1855 ) Cetacea Ziphiidae rare ; marine areas 0 Blainville 's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris ( Blainville , 1817 ) Cetacea Ziphiidae rare ; marine areas 0 True 's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus True , 1913 Cetacea Ziphiidae rare ; Atlantic marine areas south to Flagler County . 0 Cuvier 's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier , 1823 Cetacea Ziphiidae rare ; marine areas 0 References ( edit ) General Brown , L.N. ( 1997 ) . Mammals of Florida . Miami , Florida : Windward Publishing . Burt , W.H. ; R.P. Grossenheider ( 1976 ) . A field guide to the mammals of America north of Mexico ( Third ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . Nowak , R.M. ( 1991 ) . Walker 's mammals of the world ( Fifth ed . ) . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . Stevenson , H.M. ( 1976 ) . Vertebrates of Florida , identification and distribution ( Fifth ed . ) . Gainesville , Florida : University Presses of Florida . Whitaker , J.O. ; W.J. Hamilton ( 1998 ) . Mammals of the Eastern United States ( Third ed . ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . `` State Lists : Mammals of Florida '' . The American Society of Mammalogists. 2001 - 05 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` § 15.038 2006 Florida Statutes '' . State of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` § 15.0353 2006 Florida Statutes '' . State of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Lists : Mammals of Florida '' . The American Society of Mammalogists. 2001 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . The silver rice rat is not in this list because it was reclassified as a synonym of the marsh rice rat ( Oryzomys palustris ) . Besides that , the classification for animals was updated to reflect current nomenclature , and the common names of animals changed to the names used in Wikipedia articles . Jump up ^ `` Coyote '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gray Fox '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Red Fox '' . State of Florida . August 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Public Hearing Scheduled on Expanding Red Wolf Program to Northwest Florida 's Little George Island '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . `` St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge Fish , Amphibian , Reptile and Mammal List '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcat '' . State of Florida . August 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Physical description '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Range of the Panther '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Inbreeding '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguarundi , Felis yagouaroundi '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dan DeWitt ( August 12 , 2004 ) . `` A debate over zoning brings out the big cat '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mustela Vison '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lutra Canadensis '' . USDA Forest Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Raccoons '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Florida Sea Turtle Nesting Trends & News from the Archie Carr Refuge '' . Caribbean Conservation Corporation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Bear '' Facts - Appearance `` . State of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Assessment of Road Impacts on Bears in Six Study Areas in Florida from May 2001 - September 2003 '' ( PDF ) . State of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sillero - Zubiri , C. & Hoffmann , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Canis latrans '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cypher , B.L. ; Fuller , T.K. & List , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Urocyon cinereoargenteus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , D.W. & Reynolds , J.C. ( 2004 ) . `` Vulpes vulpes '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , B.T. ; Beyer , A. & Phillips , M.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Canis rufus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cat Specialist Group ( 2002 ) . `` Lynx rufus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cat Specialist Group ( 2002 ) . `` Puma concolor '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cat Specialist Group ( 2002 ) . `` Herpailurus yaguarondi '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mustelid Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Spilogale putorius '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mustelid Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mephitis mephitis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mustelid Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mustela frenata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mustelid Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mustela vison '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Serfass , T.L. ( 2004 ) . `` Lontra canadensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mustelid Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Procyon lotor '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Samudio , R. ; Kays , R. ; Cuarón , A.D. ; Pino , J.L. & Helgen , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Nasua narica '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bear Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Ursus americanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accidental Bat Species in Florida '' . Florida Bat Conservancy. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Denise R. Tomlinson . `` Florida 's Bats '' . little publishing co . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Molossus molossus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Tadarida brasiliensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Solari , S. ( 2016 ) , `` Eumops floridanus '' , The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , IUCN , 2016 : e. T136433A21984011 , doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 1. RLTS. T136433A21984011. en , retrieved 23 December 2017 Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Artibeus jamaicensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Eptesicus fuscus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Pipistrellus subflavus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lasiurus borealis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Nycticeius humeralis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Myotis grisescens '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lasiurus cinereus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Myotis sodalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Myotis lucifugus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Myotis septentrionalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lasiurus intermedius '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arroyo - Cabrales , J. & Ticul Alvarez Castaneda , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Corynorhinus rafinesquii '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2009.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lasiurus seminolus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lasionycteris noctivagans '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Myotis austroriparius '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brittany L. Bird ; Lyn C. Branch ; Mark E. Hostetler . `` Beach Mice '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Mouse ( Gopher Mouse ) ( Podomys floridanus ) '' . United States fauna . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's Exotic Wildlife : status for 31 Mammal species '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , S.O. & Cook , J.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Castor canadensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , G.L. Jr. ( 1996 ) . `` Geomys pinetis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , G.L. Jr. ( 1996 ) . `` Peromyscus polionotus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , G.L. Jr. ( 1996 ) . `` Peromyscus gossypinus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Reithrodontomys humilis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hafner , D.J. ( 1996 ) . `` Neotoma floridana '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hafner , D.J. ( 1996 ) . `` Podomys floridanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Microtus pennsylvanicus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Ochrotomys nuttalli '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Sigmodon hispidus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amori , G. ( 1996 ) . `` Mus musculus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Oryzomys palustris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amori , G. ( 1996 ) . `` Rattus norvegicus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rodent Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Microtus pinetorum '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amori , G. ( 1996 ) . `` Rattus rattus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , G.L. Jr. ( 2000 ) . `` Neofiber alleni '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pearson , O. ( 1996 ) . `` Myocastor coypus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rodent Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Tamias striatus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Sciurus carolinensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , G.L. Jr. ( 2000 ) . `` Sciurus niger '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Sciurus aureogaster '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baillie , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Glaucomys volans '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Joe ; Martin B. Main . `` White - Tailed Deer of Florida 1 '' . University of Florida , Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ( UF / IFAS ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Henry Cabbage . `` Going after 600 - pound sambar deer in Florida ! '' ( PDF ) . Florida Wildlife Magazine . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Elk '' . State of Florida . August 2006 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hog Wild In Florida : UF Experts Say Feral Pig Problem Here To Stay '' . Science Daily . June 7 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nonindigenous Nonaquatic Mammals of High Visibility '' . University of Florida , Center for Aquatic & Invasive Plants . 1996 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Marianne Cowley . `` Rabbits & Hares '' . Your Florida Backyard . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Marianne Cowley . `` Shrews '' . Your Florida Backyard . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Veiga , Alex ( September 26 , 1999 ) . `` Florida at war with invasion of foreign species '' . Polkonline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pawelski , Natalie ( July 10 , 1998 ) . `` Monkeys raised for research wreak havoc in Florida Keys '' . CNN . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Vervet Monkey '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Squirrel Monkey '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Deer Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Cervus elaphus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Deer Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Cervus unicolor '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Deer Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Odocoileus virginianus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pigs & Peccaries Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Sus scrofa '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edentate Specialist Group ( 2006 ) . `` Dasypus novemcinctus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New World Marsupial Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Didelphis virginiana '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lagomorph Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Lepus californicus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lagomorph Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Sylvilagus floridanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lagomorph Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Sylvilagus palustris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lagomorph Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Sylvilagus aquaticus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eudey , A. & Members of the Primate Specialist Group ( 2000 ) . `` Macaca mulatta '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Insectivore Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Cryptotis parva '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Insectivore Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Sorex longirostris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Insectivore Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Blarina carolinensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Insectivore Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Scalopus aquaticus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Insectivore Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Condylura cristata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manatee '' . State of Florida . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Manatees '' . Fish and Wildlife Research Institute . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( May 5 , 2007 ) . `` Bearded seal strays from Arctic to Florida '' . Science Daily . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Animals ( November -- December 1997 ) . `` Ghost of a monk seal : has the Caribbean monk seal barked its final good - bye ? '' . FindArticles.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Seal Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Phoca vitulina '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seal Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Cystophora cristata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seal Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Monachus tropicalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirenia Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Trichechus manatus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Atlantic Right Whales '' . Fish and Wildlife Research Institute . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mead JG , Mitchell ED ( 1984 ) . `` Atlantic gray whales '' . In Jones ML , Swartz SL , Leatherwood S . The Gray Whale . London : Academic Press . pp. 33 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Red Tide Toxins Pose Lingering Threat to Marine Mammals '' . August 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` State Symbols '' . The Florida Legislature . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Eubalaena glacialis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Eschrichtius robustus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Balaenoptera edeni '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Balaenoptera physalus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Balaenoptera musculus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Balaenoptera acutorostrata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Balaenoptera borealis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Megaptera novaeangliae '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Stenella frontalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Stenella attenuata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Stenella coeruleoalba '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Stenella clymene '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Stenella longirostris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Tursiops truncatus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Delphinus delphis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Pseudorca crassidens '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Feresa attenuata '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` ' '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` ' '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Grampus griseus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Orcinus orca '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Steno bredanensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Globicephala macrorhynchus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Kogia breviceps '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Kogia sima '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Physeter macrocephalus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mesoplodon europaeus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mesoplodon densirostris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Mesoplodon mirus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cetacean Specialist Group ( 1996 ) . `` Ziphius cavirostris '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2006 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved July 19 , 2007 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) List of mammals of the United States by political division States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Florida&oldid=828142273 '' Categories : Lists of fauna of Florida Mammals of the United States Lists of mammals by location Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Mammals of Florida 2. Endangered species in Florida 3. Carnivores and marine mammals in Florida 4. Rodents in Florida 5. Conservation efforts for Florida panthers

who is the starting quarterback for tampa bay buccaneers

List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks - wikipedia List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season . Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements Jameis Winston ( 2015 -- present ) These quarterbacks have started at least one game for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League . They are listed in order of the date of each player 's first start at quarterback for the Buccaneers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season 2 Postseason 3 Most games started 4 References 5 External links Regular season ( edit ) Doug Williams ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Josh Freeman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Brad Johnson ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Steve Spurrier ( 1976 ) Number of games started is listed in parentheses . Season ( s ) Quarterback ( Games ) Ref . 2017 Jameis Winston ( 6 ) 2016 Jameis Winston ( 16 ) 2015 Jameis Winston ( 16 ) 2014 Josh McCown ( 11 ) / Mike Glennon ( 5 ) 2013 Josh Freeman ( 3 ) / Mike Glennon ( 13 ) 2012 Josh Freeman ( 16 ) 2011 Josh Freeman ( 15 ) / Josh Johnson ( 1 ) Josh Freeman ( 16 ) 2009 Byron Leftwich ( 3 ) / Josh Johnson ( 4 ) / Josh Freeman ( 9 ) 2008 Jeff Garcia ( 11 ) / Brian Griese ( 5 ) 2007 Jeff Garcia ( 13 ) / Luke McCown ( 3 ) 2006 Chris Simms ( 3 ) / Bruce Gradkowski ( 11 ) / Tim Rattay ( 2 ) 2005 Brian Griese ( 6 ) / Chris Simms ( 10 ) Brad Johnson ( 4 ) / Chris Simms ( 2 ) / Brian Griese ( 10 ) 2003 Brad Johnson ( 16 ) 2002 Brad Johnson ( 13 ) / Rob Johnson ( 2 ) / Shaun King ( 1 ) 2001 Brad Johnson ( 16 ) 2000 Shaun King ( 16 ) 1999 Trent Dilfer ( 10 ) / Shaun King ( 5 ) / Eric Zeier ( 1 ) 1998 Trent Dilfer ( 16 ) 1997 Trent Dilfer ( 16 ) Trent Dilfer ( 16 ) 1995 Trent Dilfer ( 16 ) 1994 Craig Erickson ( 14 ) / Trent Dilfer ( 2 ) 1993 Steve DeBerg ( 1 ) / Craig Erickson ( 15 ) 1992 Vinny Testaverde ( 14 ) / Steve DeBerg ( 2 ) 1991 Vinny Testaverde ( 12 ) / Chris Chandler ( 3 ) / Jeff Carlson ( 1 ) 1990 Vinny Testaverde ( 13 ) / Chris Chandler ( 3 ) 1989 Vinny Testaverde ( 14 ) / Joe Ferguson ( 2 ) 1988 Vinny Testaverde ( 15 ) / Joe Ferguson ( 1 ) Steve DeBerg ( 8 ) / John Reaves ( 2 ) / Jim Zorn ( 1 ) / Vinny Testaverde ( 4 ) 1986 Steve Deberg ( 2 ) / Steve Young ( 14 ) 1985 Steve Deberg ( 11 ) / Steve Young ( 5 ) 1984 Jack Thompson ( 3 ) / Steve Deberg ( 13 ) Jerry Golsteyn ( 3 ) / Jack Thompson ( 13 ) 1982 Doug Williams ( 9 ) 1981 Doug Williams ( 16 ) 1980 Doug Williams ( 16 ) 1979 Doug Williams ( 16 ) 1978 Doug Williams ( 10 ) / Mike Boryla ( 1 ) / Mike Rae ( 5 ) 1977 Randy Hedberg ( 4 ) / Gary Huff ( 6 ) / Jeb Blount ( 4 ) 1976 Steve Spurrier ( 12 ) / Parnell Dickinson ( 1 ) / Terry Hanratty ( 1 ) Postseason ( edit ) Here is a list of Buccaneers starting quarterbacks during the postseason and the number of games they started . Season ( s ) Quarterback Starts Wins Losses Win % Ref 1979 -- 82 Doug Williams . 250 1997 Trent Dilfer . 500 1999 -- 2000 Shaun King . 330 2001 -- 02 Brad Johnson . 750 2005 Chris Simms 0 . 000 2007 Jeff Garcia 0 . 000 Totals 15 6 9 . 400 Most games started ( edit ) These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Buccaneers in regular season games . Name Period Starts Wins Losses Ties Win % Trent Dilfer 1994 -- 1999 76 38 38 0 . 500 Vinny Testaverde 1987 -- 1992 72 24 48 0 . 333 Doug Williams 1978 -- 1982 67 33 33 . 500 6 Josh Freeman 2009 -- 2012 56 24 32 0 . 429 Brad Johnson 2001 -- 2004 49 26 23 0 . 536 5 Steve DeBerg 1984 -- 1993 37 8 29 0 . 216 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Starters , Roster , & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Statistics & Players '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Dallas Cowboys - January 9th , 1983 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - December 28th , 1997 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Green Bay Packers - January 4th , 1998 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Philadelphia Eagles - December 31st , 2000 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - January 12th , 2003 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Philadelphia Eagles - January 19th , 2003 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs. Oakland Raiders - January 26th , 2003 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - January 7th , 2006 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Giants at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - January 6th , 2008 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Encyclopedia Tampa Bay Buccaneers All Time Roster Tampa Bay Buccaneers All Time Leaders <Th_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Buccaneers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1979 1981 1982 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2007 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Fame members Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 42 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Steve Spurrier ( 1976 ) Parnell Dickinson ( 1976 ) Terry Hanratty ( 1976 ) Gary Huff ( 1977 ) Randy Hedberg ( 1977 ) Jeb Blount ( 1977 ) Doug Williams ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Mike Rae ( 1978 ) Mike Boryla ( 1978 ) Jack Thompson ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Jerry Golsteyn ( 1983 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Steve Young ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1987 -- 1992 ) John Reaves ( 1987 ) Jim Zorn ( 1987 ) Joe Ferguson ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Chris Chandler ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1991 ) Craig Erickson ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Trent Dilfer ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Shaun King ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 ) Eric Zeier ( 1999 ) Brad Johnson ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Rob Johnson ( 2002 ) Brian Griese ( 2004 -- 2005 , 2008 ) Chris Simms ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Bruce Gradkowski ( 2006 ) Tim Rattay ( 2006 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Luke McCown ( 2007 ) Byron Leftwich ( 2009 ) Josh Johnson ( 2009 , 2011 ) Josh Freeman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Mike Glennon ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Josh McCown ( 2014 ) Jameis Winston ( 2015 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 8 of the 2017 NFL season ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Matt Moore ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_starting_quarterbacks&oldid=806900460 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Tampa Bay Buccaneers players Tampa Bay Buccaneers lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 21 : 01 . About Wikipedia

1. Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks 2. List of quarterbacks for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 3. Jameis Winston's tenure as Buccaneers quarterback 4. Most games started by Buccaneers quarterbacks 5. Postseason starting quarterbacks for the Buccaneers

longest serving football team in the top flight

Football Records in England - wikipedia Football Records in England Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about unsurpassed achievements . For rankings of trophies won by English football clubs , see List of English football clubs by elite honours won . This article concerns football records in England . Unless otherwise stated , records are taken from the Football League or Premier League . Where a different record exists for the top flight ( Football League First Division 1888 -- 1992 , and Premier League 1992 -- ) , this is also given . Contents ( hide ) 1 National team 2 League 2.1 Titles 2.2 Top - flight appearances 2.3 Representation 2.4 Wins 2.5 Draws 2.6 Losses 2.7 Points 2.8 Games without a win 2.9 Goals 2.10 Scorelines 2.11 Disciplinary 2.12 Transfers 2.13 Individual 2.13. 1 Appearances 2.13. 2 Goals 3 FA Cup 3.1 Final 3.1. 1 Team 3.1. 2 Individual 3.2 All rounds 4 League Cup 4.1 Final 4.2 All rounds 5 FA Charity / Community Shield 5.1 Final 6 All competitions 7 Attendance records 8 List of English record winners of elite competitions 8.1 Ongoing competitions 8.2 Discontinued Competitions 9 Managers 10 Footnotes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links National team ( edit ) Main article : England national football team records League ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics Records in this section refer to the English Football Pyramid Titles ( edit ) Most League titles : 20 , Manchester United Most consecutive League titles : 3 , joint record : Huddersfield Town : 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1925 -- 26 Arsenal : 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Liverpool : 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Manchester United ( twice ) : 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 ; 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Top - flight title win at first attempt : 1961 - 62 , Ipswich Top - flight appearances ( edit ) Most seasons in top flight overall : 114 seasons , Everton Most consecutive seasons in top flight : 90 seasons , Arsenal ( 1919 -- present , though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945 -- 46 ) Fewest seasons in top flight overall : 1 season , joint record , Glossop , Leyton Orient , Northampton Town , Carlisle United , Swindon Town and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history . Representation ( edit ) Most participants in top flight from one area : During the three consecutive seasons 1919 -- 21 , the historic boundaries ( pre-1974 ) of the County of Lancashire had nine participants in the top - flight : Blackburn Rovers , Bolton Wanderers , Burnley , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Oldham Athletic , and Preston North End . During the Premiership era , there were eight participants in the historic county of Lancashire during the 2010 -- 11 season : Blackburn Rovers , Blackpool , Bolton Wanderers , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , and Wigan Athletic . Most participants in top flight from one city : During the season 1989 -- 1990 , London had eight entrants in the top - flight : Arsenal , Charlton Athletic , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Millwall , Queen 's Park Rangers , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . City represented with most seasons in top flight : Liverpool . The city has always had a top flight member of either Everton or Liverpool . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in the top - flight overall : 1863 , Liverpool Most wins at home overall : 1341 , Manchester United Most wins at home in top - flight overall : 1203 , Liverpool Most wins away overall : 755 , Manchester United Most wins away in top - flight overall : 667 , Arsenal Most wins from start of a top flight season : 11 , Tottenham Hotspur ( First Division , 1960 - 61 ) Most wins from start of a season : 13 , Reading F.C. ( Third Division , 1985 - 86 ) Most consecutive league wins : 18 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 28 August 2017 - 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive wins ( all competitions ) : 20 , Manchester City ( 28 August 2017 - 3 December 2017 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws overall in the top flight : 1106 , Everton Most draws in a season : 23 , joint record : Norwich City ( from 42 games , First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Exeter City ( from 46 games , Fourth Division , 1986 -- 87 ) Hartlepool United ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Cardiff City ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Most consecutive draws : 8 : Torquay United ( Third Division , 1969 -- 70 ) Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 1970 -- 71 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1971 -- 72 ) Birmingham City ( Third Division , 1990 -- 91 ) Chesterfield ( League One , 2005 -- 06 ) Southampton ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Swansea City ( Championship , 2008 -- 09 ) Losses ( edit ) Most losses overall in the top flight : 1,506 , Everton Most losses in a season : 34 , Doncaster Rovers , ( Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ; final record P46 W4 D8 L34 ) Fewest losses : 0 , joint record : Preston North End ( First Division , 1888 -- 89 ; final record P22 W18 D4 L0 ) Arsenal ( Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ; final record P38 W26 D12 L0 ) Liverpool ( Second Division , 1893 - 94 ; final record P28 W22 D6 L0 ) Most consecutive losses : 18 , Darwen , 1898 -- 1899 ( Second Division ) 17 , Rochdale , 1931 -- 32 ( Division 3 North ) 17 , Sunderland , 2002 - 2003 ( 15 in top tier ) Points ( edit ) Most points overall in the top flight ( mixed 3pts for a win and 2pts for win ) : 5,437 , Liverpool Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 74 , Lincoln City ( Fourth Division , 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 106 , Reading ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 2 points for a win - 42 matches ) : 68 ( 30 wins 8 draws ) , Liverpool ( First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 95 ( 29 wins 8 draws ) , Chelsea ( Premier League , 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 34 matches ) : 8 , joint record : Loughborough ( Second Division , 1899 -- 1900 ) Doncaster Rovers ( Second Division , 1904 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 11 , Derby County ( Premier League , 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 41 , Rotherham United ( Third Division , 1972 -- 73 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 54 , joint record : Southend United ( Third Division , 21st of 24 ; 1988 -- 89 ) Peterborough United ( Championship , 22nd of 24 ; 2012 - 13 ) Games without a win ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( Premier League / Championship 22 September 2007 to 13 September 2008 ) Longest run without a home win : Sunderland ( Premier League / Championship 17 December 2016 to 16 December 2017 ) . Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : ( 134 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1960 -- 61 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 42 games ) : 128 , Aston Villa ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top - flight side : 156 , Manchester City ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most top - flight goals scored in total : 6929 , Everton. - to end 2016 / 17 season Most home league goals scored in a season : 87 , Millwall ( Third Division South , 1927 -- 28 ) Most away league goals scored in a season : 60 , Arsenal ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most consecutive games scoring : 55 , Arsenal ( Premier League , 19 May 2001 -- 30 November 2002 ) Most consecutive games without scoring : 11 , Coventry City ( Second Division , 1919 -- 20 ) and Hartlepool United ( League Two , 1992 -- 93 ) First league goal awarded by goal - line technology : scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014 . The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick , who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal . Scorelines ( edit ) Record win : 13 -- 0 , joint record : Stockport County 13 -- 0 Halifax Town ( Third Division North , 6 January 1934 ) Newcastle United 13 -- 0 Newport County ( Second Division , 5 October 1946 ) Record win in top division : 12 -- 0 , joint record : West Bromwich Albion 12 -- 0 Darwen ( First Division , 4 April 1892 ) Nottingham Forest 12 -- 0 Leicester Fosse ( First Division , 21 March 1909 ) Record away win : Port Vale 0 -- 10 Sheffield United ( Second Division , 10 December 1892 ) Record away win in top flight : by 8 goals , joint record Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 8 West Bromwich Albion ( First Division , 27 December 1893 ) Newcastle United 1 -- 9 Sunderland ( First Division , 5 December 1908 ) Cardiff City 1 -- 9 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( First Division , 3 November 1955 ) Highest scoring draw : 6 -- 6 , joint record : Leicester City 6 -- 6 Arsenal ( First Division , 21 April 1930 ) Charlton Athletic 6 -- 6 Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 22 October 1960 ) Most double figure league wins by a team : 5 , Birmingham City ( 12 -- 0 v Walsall , 17 December 1892 ; 10 -- 2 v Manchester City , 17 March 1894 ; 10 -- 1 v Blackpool , 2 March 1901 ; 12 -- 0 v Doncaster Rovers , 11 April 1903 ; 11 -- 1 v Glossop , 6 January 1915 ) ( all Second Division ) Most goals scored by a losing side : 6 by Huddersfield Town losing 7 -- 6 to Charlton Athletic ( 21 December 1957 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards in a single match : 5 joint : Bradford City ( 3 ) v. Crawley Town ( 2 ) ( 27 March 2012 ) ( all after the final whistle ) Chesterfield ( 2 ) v. Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) ( 22 February 1997 ) Wigan Athletic ( 1 ) v. Bristol Rovers ( 4 ) ( 2 December 1997 ) Exeter City ( 3 ) v. Cambridge United ( 2 ) ( 23 November 2002 ) Most red cards in a career ( individual ) : 13 , joint record : Roy McDonough ( Colchester United , Exeter City , Southend United ) , Steve Walsh ( Wigan Athletic and Leicester City ) Fastest red card : 13 seconds , Kevin Pressman ( Sheffield Wednesday v Wolverhampton Wanderers , 13 August 2000 ) Fastest yellow card : 3 seconds , Vinnie Jones ( Chelsea v Sheffield United , 21 March 1992 ) Fastest red card for a substitute on the field of play : 0 seconds , joint record : Walter Boyd ( Swansea City , 12 March 2000 ) , Keith Gillespie ( Sheffield United , 20 January 2007 ) Both players came on as a substitute and elbowed / pushed an opponent before the game had been restarted . Transfers ( edit ) See also : British football transfer record Highest transfer fee received : £ 142 million : Philippe Coutinho , from Liverpool to FC Barcelona ( 7 January 2018 ) Highest transfer fee paid : £ 89 million : Paul Pogba , from Juventus to Manchester United ( 8 August 2016 ) Individual ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most titles won by an individual player : 13 , Ryan Giggs Most career league appearances : 1,005 ( 849 in First Division ) , Peter Shilton ( 1966 to 1997 ) Most career league appearances by an outfield player : 931 , Tony Ford ( 1975 to 2002 ) Most career league appearances at one club : 770 , John Trollope ( Swindon Town , 1960 to 1980 ) Most career top - flight league appearances at one club : 672 , Ryan Giggs ( Manchester United , 1991 to 6 May 2014 ) Most career consecutive league appearances : 375 , Harold Bell ( Tranmere Rovers ) , 1946 to 1955 ( 401 consecutive club games including 26 FA Cup appearances ) Oldest player : Neil McBain , 51 years and 20 days ( for New Brighton v. Hartlepool United , 1947 ) Youngest player : Reuben Noble - Lazarus , 15 years and 45 days ( for Barnsley v. Ipswich Town , 30 September 2008 ) Goals ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see English Football first tier Top Scorers . Most career league goals : 434 , Arthur Rowley ( 619 matches , for West Bromwich Albion , Fulham , Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , 1946 to 1965 ) Most career top - flight goals : 357 , Jimmy Greaves ( 516 matches , for Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United , 1957 to 1971 ) Most consecutive top flight league matches scored in : 12 , Jimmy Dunne , for Sheffield United between 24 October 1931 and 1 January 1932 , for a total of 18 goals . Most goals in a season : 60 , Dixie Dean ( 39 matches , for Everton 1927 -- 28 ) Most goals in a game : 10 , Joe Payne ( for Luton Town v. Bristol Rovers , 13 April 1936 ) Most goals in a top - flight game : 7 , Ted Drake for Arsenal v. Aston Villa ( away ) , 14 December 1935 Fastest goal : 3.5 seconds , Colin Cowperthwaite ( for Barrow v. Kettering Town , 1979 ) Fastest goal on a League debut : 7 seconds , Freddy Eastwood ( for Southend United v. Swansea City , 16 October 2004 ) Fastest hat - trick ( time between first and third goals ) : 2 minutes 21 seconds , James Hayter ( for AFC Bournemouth v. Wrexham , 23 February 2004 ) Fastest goal by a substitute : 6 seconds , Nicklas Bendtner ( for Arsenal v. Tottenham Hotspur , 22 December 2007 ) Fastest player to 100 English top flight goals Dave Halliday - 101 games Players to score over 30 league goals in four consecutive seasons Dave Halliday - 1925 - 29 . Halliday in fact scored at least 35 goals in each of those four seasons Most own goals in one season : 5 , SP Bloke ( Middlesbrough , 1934 -- 35 ) Most hat - tricks in one season : 9 , George Camsell ( Middlesbrough , 1926 -- 27 ) Most career hat - tricks : 37 , Dixie Dean ( Tranmere Rovers , Everton , 1923 -- 1937 ) Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal : 1,311 minutes , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Youngest goalscorer : Ronnie Dix , 15 years and 180 days ( for Bristol Rovers v. Norwich City , 3 March 1928 ) Youngest top - flight goalscorer : Jason Dozzell , 16 years and 57 days ( for Ipswich Town v. Coventry City , February 1984 ) Youngest hat - trick goalscorer : Trevor Francis , 16 years and 317 days ( for Birmingham City v. Bolton Wanderers , 20 February 1971 ) FA Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most appearances without winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most appearances without losing : 6 , Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats in the final : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) Most wins : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days Oldest player : Billy Hampson , 41 years and 257 days ( for Newcastle United v. Aston Villa , 1923 -- 24 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Most FA Cup goals scored : 844 : Kettering town Most FA Cup goals conceded : 539 : Aston Villa . Highest FA Cup goal difference : + 305 : Aston Villa . Most FA Cup games played : 440 : Arsenal . Most FA Cup games won : 236 : Manchester United . Most FA Cup games lost : 128 : Notts County . Most FA Cup games drawn : 103 : Arsenal . Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 1971 -- 72 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , joint record : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 -- 1886 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 13 ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , 1995 ) Most Career Goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( Notts County between 1877 and 1888 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 - 88 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , Third qualifying round , 1987 -- 88 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , 2011 -- 12 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years , 2 months and 5 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , 2011 -- 12 ) League Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 8 , Liverpool ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1995 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 ) Biggest win in a final : 5 goals : Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Most goals in a final ( Since one off match ) : 5 goals ( joint record ) Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion ( 1967 ) Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton ( 1977 ) ( Second replay ) Nottingham Forest 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 1979 ) Luton Town 3 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1988 ) Chelsea 3 -- 2 Liverpool ( 2005 ) Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Manchester United 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 2017 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 12 , Liverpool Most wins ( individual ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 ) Most defeats in a final : 5 , Arsenal ( 1968 , 1969 , 1988 , 2007 , 2011 ) Most appearances without winning : 2 : West Ham United Everton Bolton Wanderers Sunderland Southampton Lowest ranked winners : Queens Park Rangers , Swindon Town -- Third Division ( now Football League One ) Lowest ranked finalists : Rochdale -- Fourth Division ( now Football League Two ) and Bradford City ( Football League Two ) Fastest goal in League Cup Final : 45 seconds , John Arne Riise ( Liverpool v. Chelsea in 3 -- 2 defeat , 2005 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Biggest win ( single match ) : 10 -- 0 , joint record : West Ham United 10 -- 0 Bury ( Second round , second leg , 25 October 1983 ) Liverpool 10 -- 0 Fulham ( Second round , first leg , 23 September 1986 ) Biggest win ( aggregate ) : by 11 goals , joint record : Liverpool 13 -- 2 Fulham ( 10 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 2 Second leg , 1986 ) Bury 1 -- 12 West Ham United ( 1 -- 2 First leg & 0 -- 10 Second leg , 1983 ) Liverpool 11 -- 0 Exeter City ( 5 -- 0 First leg & 6 -- 0 Second leg , 1981 ) Watford 11 -- 0 Darlington ( 8 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 0 Second leg , 1987 ) Everton 11 - 0 Wrexham ( 5 - 0 First leg : Away & 6 - 0 Second leg : Home , 1990 ) Most career goals : 49 , joint record : Geoff Hurst ( West Ham United and Stoke City , 1958 to 1976 ) Ian Rush ( Liverpool and Newcastle United , 1980 to 1998 ) Most goals in a single match : 6 , Frankie Bunn ( for Oldham Athletic v. Scarborough , 25 October 1989 , in their 7 -- 0 win ) Most goals by a losing side : Reading ( 5 ) , Reading v. Arsenal , 30 October 2012 in their 5 -- 7 defeat ( after extra time ) Most goals by a side without winning : Dagenham & Redbridge ( 6 ) , Brentford v. Dagenham & Redbridge , 11 August 2014 in a 6 - 6 draw ( Brentford won 4 -- 2 on penalties ) . FA Charity / Community Shield ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 21 ( 17 outright , 4 shared ) , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 30 , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1963 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Record scoreline : Manchester United 8 -- 4 Swindon Town in 1911 Most wins ( individual ) : 9 , Ryan Giggs all outright wins ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most appearances ( individual ) : 15 , Ryan Giggs of Manchester United ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most defeats ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 ) Most consecutive wins : 4 , Everton ( 1984 , 1985 , 1986 ( shared ) , 1987 ) Most consecutive defeats : 4 , Manchester United ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances : 6 , Manchester United ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) All competitions ( edit ) Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in fewest no. of games played ) : 103 goals scored in 34 games by Manchester City in season 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored in 42 games by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in elapsed calendar days ) : 103 goals scored on 18 January 2014 by Manchester City in 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored on 21 February 2013 by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Most consecutive penalty shoot out wins : 9 by Bradford City between 6 October 2009 and 11 December 2012 Football League Cup ( 5th Round ) , 11 December 2012 , Bradford City beat Arsenal 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after extra time ) FA Cup ( 2nd Round Proper replay ) , 13 November 2012 , Bradford City beat Northampton Town 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 3 -- 3 after extra time ) Football League Cup ( 4th Round ) , 30 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Wigan Athletic 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after extra time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 9 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Hartlepool United 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 8 November 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield United 6 -- 5 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 4 October 2011 , Bradford City beat Huddersfield Town 4 -- 3 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 1st Round ) , 30 August 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield Wednesday 3 -- 1 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 10 November 2009 , Bradford City beat Port Vale 5 -- 4 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 6 October 2009 , Bradford City beat Notts County 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Fastest penalty awarded : 6 seconds . Chester v Witton Albion -- 13 December 2016 . Referee Joseph Johnson awarded a penalty when Blaine Hudson upended Tolani Omotola after 6 seconds . Attendance Records ( edit ) Record attendance : 126,047 -- Bolton Wanderers v West Ham United played at Wembley FA Cup Final ( 28 April 1923 ) . Record attendance at club ground : 121,919 -- Aston Villa v Sunderland played at Crystal Palace FA Cup Final ( 19 April 1913 ) . Record home attendance : 85,512 -- Tottenham Hotspur v Bayer Leverkusen played at Wembley UEFA Champions League ( 2 November 2016 ) . Record home attendance at own stadium : 84,569 -- Manchester City v Stoke City played at Maine Road FA Cup R6 ( 3 March 1934 ) . Record league attendance : 83,260 -- Manchester United v Arsenal played at Maine Road First Division ( 17 January 1948 ) . Record league attendance at own stadium : 82,905 -- Chelsea v Arsenal played at Stamford Bridge First Division ( 12 October 1935 ) . Record attendance at new Wembley : 89,874 -- Portsmouth v Cardiff FA Cup Final ( 17 May 2008 ) . List of English record winners of elite competitions ( edit ) This section is about the record winners of these competitions only . For a complete ranking of English football clubs by the number of wins in these competitions , see List of English football clubs by elite honours won . These tables list the clubs that have won elite honours an English record number of times . It lists all international competitions organised by UEFA and FIFA . It also lists elite competitions organised by the English governing bodies the English Football League , the Premier League , and The Football Association ; those competitions where clubs would n't have qualified for a higher alternative competition , and those which were neither invitational nor regional . Ongoing competitions ( edit ) English record winners of all ongoing elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes English Champions Manchester United 20 2013 FA Cup Arsenal 13 2017 EFL Cup Liverpool 8 2012 FA Community Shield Manchester United 21 2016 UEFA Champions League Liverpool 5 2005 UEFA Europa League Liverpool 2001 UEFA Super Cup Liverpool 2005 FIFA Club World Cup Manchester United 2008 Discontinued competitions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) This table follows the elite criteria above . It also includes any competitions that were not directly run by the governing bodies but were precursors to such competitions . English record winners of discontinued elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes Full Members Cup Chelsea & Nottingham Forest Sheriff of London Charity Shield Corinthian 1904 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Chelsea 1998 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Leeds United 1971 Managers ( edit ) Longest - serving manager at one club : Fred Everiss , 46 years ( West Bromwich Albion 1902 -- 1948 ) Shortest - serving manager at one club ( excluding caretakers ) : Leroy Rosenior , 10 minutes ( Torquay United , 17 May 2007 ) Most trophy wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 38 ( Manchester United ) Most League title wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 13 ( Manchester United ) Most FA Cup wins : Arsène Wenger , 7 ( Arsenal ) Most League Cup wins : 4 , joint record : Brian Clough with Nottingham Forest Sir Alex Ferguson with Manchester United José Mourinho with Chelsea and Manchester United Most FA Charity / Community Shield wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 10 ( 9 outright , 1 shared ) ( Manchester United ) Most Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 2 ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League wins : Bob Paisley , 3 ( Liverpool ) * Most Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League wins : Don Revie , 2 ( Leeds United ) Most top - flight League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 625 games ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 110 games ( Manchester United ) ( * ) This is also a joint overall European record . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ GGM 26 : Arsenal clinch a hat - trick of titles News Archive News Arsenal.com Jump up ^ All - Time Arsenal The Club Arsenal.com ^ Jump up to : English Football League and F.A. Premier League Tables 1888 - 2016 by Michael Robinson ( 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : England -- First Level All - Time Tables ^ Jump up to : England -- Professional Football All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Top 10 starts to a season : Man United , Man City , Liverpool , Arsenal , Leeds United , Spurs and Preston '' . talksport.com . Talksport . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Manchester City have won 18 games in a row : Who can stop them now ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Silva 's late winner makes it 20 wins in a row '' . Manchester City . Manchester . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Draws DRAWS Jump up ^ Barclay , Patrick ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Arsenal join the Invincibles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ http://www.statto.com/football/teams/liverpool/1893-1894/table Jump up ^ Football League : Most Consecutive Losses Archived 19 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ England -- All - Time Table Jump up ^ `` English Premier League : Full All Time Table '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Goals GOALS Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aston Villa did not win the championship , finishing second to Arsenal whose goal tally of 127 that season is the second - highest ever in the top flight . Jump up ^ `` Man City on course to smash the English goalscoring record '' . MEN. 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ England -- First Level All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Behind the Numbers : Scoring scoring Arsenal Club Records History Arsenal.com ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League review : Man City landmark and did Suarez dive ? '' . London . 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Matches : Arsenal Only Draw , Record Scoring by Stockport '' . The Manchester Guardian . 8 January 1934 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Premier League : Records '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 's A to Z ... L is for Ljungberg Arsenal.com Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` More Gaffer football trivia answers '' . Orange . 10 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Away penalties at Old Trafford '' , Sean Ingle , Barry Glendenning and Matt Cunningham , The Guardian , 26 June 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , The Football League , accessed 4 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tallest Footballers ever '' , The Guardian , accessed 10 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Lock , Stock and Three Smoking Seconds ! '' , Bobby F.C. , accessed 16 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton : Biography '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Throughout his amazing 30 - year career he played for 11 English league clubs through which he accumulated a record 1005 League appearances . Jump up ^ `` Barnsley schoolboy makes history '' . BBC Sport. 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ GGM 38 : Ted Drake scores seven in one game News Archive News Arsenal.com Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ; Searl , Liz ( 8 December 1995 ) . `` Football 's fastest goal claimed '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Fastest football ( soccer ) goal in the Premier League by a substitute '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Halliday , Queens Legends . www.qosfc.com ^ Jump up to : http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/fa-cup/all-time-table Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford City penalty shoot - out record following history - making victory over Arsenal '' . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/chester-fc-concede-quickest-penalty-12317985 Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 1 Sep 2016 ) . `` England - List of Champions '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` England FA Challenge Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` England - Football League Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , James ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` England - List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` UEFA Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Full Members ' Cup Summary '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Fairs ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LMA 's Longest Serving Managers -- Historical '' . League Manager 's Association . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leroy Rosenior lost his job at Torquay just 10 minutes after being introduced as the Devon club 's new manager . The then Chairman Mike Bateson called him to say he had just sold the club to a group led by Colin Lee , who reinstated himself as director of football only a matter of days after being made redundant by the club . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED under Sir Alex FERGUSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won References ( edit ) `` Football League Records : Points '' . The Football League website . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Wins '' . The Football League website . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Losses '' . The Football League website . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Draws '' . The Football League website . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Goals '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Appearances '' . The Football League website . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Attendances '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . External links ( edit ) `` Historical Rankings of English Football Clubs : Points '' . Aboutaball.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . <Th_colspan="2"> Men 's football in England <Td_colspan="2"> The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances <Td_colspan="2"> Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records <Th_colspan="2"> Association football records AFC Australia Bahrain China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen CAF Algeria Cameroon Cape Verde DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Zambia CONCACAF Honduras Mexico United States & Canada CONMEBOL Argentina Brazil Chile Uruguay UEFA Armenia Austria Belarus Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Portugal Poland Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_records_in_England&oldid=820434536 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of football in England Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 18 : 55 . 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1. Football records in England 2. Premier League records and statistics 3. Most league titles won by Manchester United 4. Highest transfer fee received by Liverpool for Philippe Coutinho 5. Most career league appearances by Peter Shilton

who plays caroline's dad in vampire diaries

Jack Coleman ( actor ) - wikipedia Jack Coleman ( actor ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jack Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> Coleman at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International John MacDonald Coleman ( 1958 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Easton , Pennsylvania , U.S. Occupation Actor , screenwriter Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Beth Toussaint ( m . 1996 ) Children John MacDonald Coleman ( born February 21 , 1958 ) is an American actor and screenwriter , known for playing the role of Steven Carrington in the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty ( 1982 -- 1988 ) , and for portraying Noah Bennet in the science - fiction drama series Heroes ( 2006 -- 2010 ) as well as his recurring roles as Senator Robert Lipton on The Office ( 2010 -- 2013 ) and as State Senator William Bracken on Castle ( 2012 -- 2015 ) . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Coleman in June 2008 . Coleman 's first major role was in Days of Our Lives , where he appeared from 1981 to 1982 as the character of Jake Kositchek ( aka The Salem Strangler ) . He also made an appearance on Celebrity Bullseye . In 1982 , he joined the cast of Dynasty when he took over the role of Steven Carrington , one of the first gay characters on American television . Coleman played the role until the end of the show 's eighth season in 1988 . He was a regular on the short - lived series Nightmare Cafe ( 1992 ) , and appeared on the miniseries Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) . He made guest appearances in The Net , CSI : Miami , Nip / Tuck , Without a Trace , Diagnosis : Murder , and Entourage . He co-starred as Alyson & Amanda Michalka 's father in the Disney Channel Original Movie Cow Belles . He was nominated for his performance in the play Stand - up Tragedy at the Mark Taper Forum , and won a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for his performance in Bouncers . He wrote the screenplays for Studio City , which he produced and acted in , and Ca n't Help Falling . Coleman was a main cast member of science - fiction series Heroes , where he played Noah Bennet ( a.k.a. `` The Man With Horn - Rimmed Glasses '' or `` HRG '' ) . Coleman states about portraying the character , `` It 's a combination of the light and dark . I do n't want to just be a moustache twirling villain . '' Coleman appeared in an episode of The Mentalist in October 2010 . He played the role of a wealthy , arrogant murder suspect named Max Winter . He also played a patient named Joe Dugan ( a campaign manager of a New Jersey senator ) in the House episode of `` Office Politics '' in 2010 . In Hallmark Channel 's original movie Rock The House ( 2010 ) , Jack Coleman played a lawyer named Max who finds a way to reconnect with his daughter and his old sense of joy when he gets back together with his music - making friends from his teenaged years . Starting in November 2010 , Coleman had a recurring role on The Office as Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton , the love interest for both Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) . He has appeared in the episodes `` WUPHF.com '' , `` Classy Christmas '' , `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` Jury Duty '' , `` Fundraiser '' , `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' `` New Guys '' , `` Here Comes Treble '' , `` The Boat '' , `` The Whale '' , `` Customer Loyalty '' and `` Vandalism '' . From 2011 to 2012 , he played Bill Forbes on the third season of the CW drama The Vampire Diaries in the episodes `` The Hybrid '' , `` The End of the Affair '' , `` Disturbing Behavior '' , `` The Ties That Bind '' and `` Bringing Out The Dead '' . In 2011 , he appeared on the CBS drama Criminal Minds , playing Bill Rogers , a serial rapist , in the episode `` Hope '' . On July 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Coleman is joining the fifth season of Castle as a new antagonist for Stana Katic 's character Kate Beckett . He has appeared in the episodes `` After the Storm '' , `` Recoil '' , `` In the Belly of the Beast '' , `` Veritas '' , `` XY '' , and `` XX '' playing Senator William H Bracken . Jack Coleman joined USA 's Burn Notice as a recurring part of the USA Network drama 's truncated ( 13 - episode ) seventh and final season . He played Andrew Strong , a ranking CIA officer who has seen it all . Noble , but also obsessive at times , Strong is a relentless taskmaster who pushes Michael ( Jeffrey Donovan ) to do whatever it takes to complete the mission . In 2013 , he played the closeted gay husband Daniel Douglas Langston of conservative Vice President Sally Langston on Scandal . In February 2014 , he appeared in CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Season 14 Episode 15 -- `` Love for Sale '' . In 2015 , he reprised his role as Noah Bennet in an `` event miniseries '' Heroes Reborn , which served as a continuation of the original Heroes storyline Personal Life ( edit ) Coleman was born in Easton , Pennsylvania , a sixth - generation descendant of Benjamin Franklin . He attended The Solebury School and Duke University , where he decided to pursue acting as a career . After graduating from Duke in 1980 , he attended the National Theater Institute at The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center . He married actress Beth Toussaint in 1996 . They have a daughter , Tess , born in 1999 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes The Pursuit of Happiness Stan Foreign Student Rex Jennings 1997 Spawn Doctor 1997 Time Under Fire Lance McCarthy 1998 The Landlady Patrick Forman 2003 Studio City Andrew Mason 2008 Beautiful Loser Jimmy 2011 The Contract The Patron Short 2013 Emit Rance Wofford Short film 2015 The Tank Reed Baker Post-production 2016 The Submarine Kid Mr. Koll Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 -- 1982 Days of Our Lives Jake Kositchek Main role 1982 -- 1988 Dynasty Steven Carrington Main role 148 episodes 1984 Glitter Rusty Walker 1 episode : `` In Tennis , Love Means Nothing '' 1985 Finder of Lost Loves Dr. Eric Jordan 1 episode : `` Wayward Dreams '' 1985 The Love Boat Scott Barrett 2 episodes : `` The Racer 's Edge : Part 1 '' , `` The Racer 's Edge : Part 2 '' 1986 The Colbys Steven Carrington 1 episode : `` The Wedding '' Bridesmaids Matt TV Movie 1990 Daughter of Darkness Devlin TV Movie 1990 Children of the Bride Dennis TV Movie 1991 The Return of Eliot Ness Gil Labine TV Movie Nightmare Cafe Frank Nolan Main role 6 episodes Rubdown Marion Pooley TV Movie 1995 Trapped in Space Grant TV Movie 1995 Diagnosis : Murder Eddie Gault 1 episode : `` A Blast from the Past '' 1995 Burke 's Law Ted D'Arcy 1 episode : `` Who Killed the Sweet Smell of Success ? '' 1995 Touched by an Angel Jeff Ritchy 1 episode : `` Angels on the Air '' 1997 Angels in the Endzone Peter Harper TV Movie 1997 Medusa 's Child Dean Cooper TV Movie 1998 The Naked Truth Colin Terell 2 episodes : `` Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice , Except with Different Names '' , `` Jake or Fake ? '' 1998 -- 2000 Oh Baby Rick Recurring 11 episodes 1998 The Net Dr. Steven Graf 1 episode : `` Transplant '' 1999 Replacing Dad Dr. Mark Chandler TV Movie 1999 Last Rites Agent Gary Blake TV Movie 2001 Special Unit 2 George Armstrong 1 episode : `` The Drag '' 2001 Providence Larry 1 episode : `` The Mating Dance '' 2002 Becker Tony 1 episode : `` The 100th '' 2003 According to Jim Sean Curran 1 episode : `` No Harm , No Fowl '' Kingdom Hospital Peter Rickman Main role 13 episodes Nip / Tuck Dr. Avery Atherton 1 episode : `` Rose and Raven Rosenberg '' CSI : Miami Martin Gillespie 1 episode : `` Murder in a Flash '' Without a Trace Roy Ducek 1 episode : `` Trials '' 2006 -- 2010 Heroes Noah Bennet Main role 74 episodes 2006 Cow Belles Reed Callum TV Movie 2006 Entourage Bradley 1 episode : `` What About Bob ? '' 2009 Polar Storm Dr. James Mayfield TV Movie The Mentalist Max Winter 1 episode : `` Red Carpet Treatment '' House M.D. Joe Dugan 1 episode : `` Office Politics ( House ) '' 2010 -- 2013 The Office State Senator Robert Lipton 14 episodes 2011 Rock the House Max Peterson TV Movie 2011 Criminal Minds Bill Rogers 1 episode : `` Hope '' 2011 -- 2012 The Vampire Diaries Bill Forbes 5 episodes 2012 Crash & Burn Jack Coleman TV Movie 2012 -- 2014 Ultimate Spider - Man Doctor Strange / Announcer 3 episodes : `` Strange '' , `` Journey of the Iron Fist '' , `` Cloak and Dagger '' 2012 -- 2015 Castle Senator William H. Bracken 6 episodes : `` After the Storm '' , `` Recoil '' , `` In the Belly of the Beast '' , `` Veritas '' , `` XY '' , `` XX '' 2013 Burn Notice Andrew Strong 11 episodes 2013 Scandal Daniel Douglas Langston 6 episodes 2014 Salvation Daniel TV Movie 2014 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Jim Logan 1 episode : `` Love For Sale '' 2014 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Doctor Strange 1 episode : `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' Voice only 2015 Heroes Reborn Noah Bennet TV Mini Series 2015 Chicago P.D. Bob Ruzak 1 episode : `` Disco Bob '' 2015 Avengers Assemble Doctor Strange 1 episode : `` Widow 's Run '' Voice only References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack Coleman Biography ( 1958 -- ) ^ Jump up to : `` From ' Dynasty ' To NBC 's ' Heroes , ' Life Never Looked Better Through `` Horn Rimmed Glasses '' For New Series Regular Jack Coleman '' ( Press release ) . NBC Universal Media Village . 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Coleman '' . BBC . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ TV Guide interview . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 27 Jump up ^ Jack Coleman on Heroes Season 2 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Heroes ' Hiro and H.R.G. Land New CBS Gigs '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Casts Jack Coleman -- Season 5 -- TVLine '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jack Coleman & Stephen Martines Join USA 's ' Burn Notice ' As Recurring . Jump up ^ `` Beth Toussaint Biography ( 1962 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack Coleman . Jack Coleman on IMDb Jack Coleman Fansite Jack Coleman Livejournal Community Jack Coleman Facebook Fan Page BNF : cb14165614p ( data ) GND : 140987584 ISNI : 0000 0001 1437 9320 LCCN : no2007131108 VIAF : 12099599 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Coleman_(actor)&oldid=842244888 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people Male actors from Pennsylvania American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors Duke University alumni Writers from Easton , Pennsylvania 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 05 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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1. Jack Coleman - American actor and screenwriter 2. Dynasty - 1980s prime time soap opera 3. Heroes - science-fiction drama series 4. The Office - recurring role as Senator Robert Lipton 5. Castle - recurring role as State Senator William Bracken

who were the hyksos and what did they do

Hyksos - wikipedia Hyksos Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hyksos / Hykussos in hieroglyphs <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ḥq3 - ḫ3st / Ḥq3 - ḫ3swt Heqa - chaset / Heqa - chasut Ruler ( s ) of the foreign countries <Th_colspan="2"> Greek Hykussos ( Ύκουσσώς ) Dynasties of Ancient Egypt All years are BC Early ( show ) First Dynasty c. 3150 -- 2890 Second Dynasty II 2890 -- 2686 Old Kingdom ( show ) Third Dynasty III 2686 -- 2613 Fourth Dynasty IV 2613 -- 2498 Fifth Dynasty V 2498 -- 2345 Sixth Dynasty VI 2345 -- 2181 First Intermediate ( show ) Seventh Dynasty VII spurious Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181 -- 2160 Ninth Dynasty IX 2160 -- 2130 Tenth Dynasty X 2130 -- 2040 Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134 -- 2061 Middle Kingdom ( show ) Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061 -- 1991 Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991 -- 1803 Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803 -- 1649 Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705 -- 1690 Second Intermediate ( show ) Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674 -- 1535 Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660 -- 1600 Abydos Dynasty 1650 -- 1600 Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580 -- 1549 New Kingdom ( show ) Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549 -- 1292 Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292 -- 1189 Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189 -- 1077 Third Intermediate ( show ) Twenty - first Dynasty XXI 1069 -- 945 Twenty - second Dynasty XXII 945 -- 720 Twenty - third Dynasty XXIII 837 -- 728 Twenty - fourth Dynasty XXIV 732 -- 720 Twenty - fifth Dynasty XXV 732 -- 653 Late Period ( show ) Twenty - sixth Dynasty XXVI 672 -- 525 Twenty - seventh Dynasty ( 1st Persian Period ) XXVII 525 -- 404 Twenty - eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404 -- 398 Twenty - ninth Dynasty XXIX 398 -- 380 Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380 -- 343 Thirty - first Dynasty ( 2nd Persian Period ) XXXI 343 -- 332 Ptolemaic ( Hellenistic ) ( show ) Argead Dynasty 332 -- 305 Ptolemaic Kingdom 323 -- 30 Egypt during the Fifteenth Dynasty The Hyksos ( / ˈhɪksɒs / or / ˈhɪksoʊz / ; Egyptian heqa khasut , `` ruler ( s ) of the foreign countries '' ; Ancient Greek : Ὑκσώς , Ὑξώς ) were a people of mixed origins , possibly from Western Asia , who settled in the eastern Nile Delta some time before 1650 BC . The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty and initiated the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt . In the context of Ancient Egypt , the term `` Asiatic '' -- which is often used for the Hyksos -- may refer to any people native to areas east of Egypt . Immigration by Canaanite populations preceded the Hyksos . Canaanites first appeared in Egypt at the end of the 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC or c. 1720 BC and established an independent realm in the eastern Nile Delta . The Canaanite rulers of the Delta regrouped and founded the Fourteenth Dynasty , which coexisted with the Egyptian Thirteenth Dynasty and was based in Itjtawy . The power of the 13th and 14th Dynasties progressively waned , perhaps due to famine and plague . In about 1650 BC , the Hyksos invaded the territory of both dynasties and established the Fifteenth Dynasty . The collapse of the Thirteenth Dynasty caused a power vacuum in the south , which may have led to the rise of the Sixteenth Dynasty , based in Thebes , and possibly of a local Abydos Dynasty . The Hyksos eventually conquered both , albeit for only a short time in the case of Thebes . From then on , the 17th Dynasty took control of Thebes and reigned for some time in peaceful coexistence with the Hyksos kings , perhaps as their vassals . Eventually , Seqenenre Tao , Kamose and Ahmose waged war against the Hyksos and expelled Khamudi , their last king , from Egypt c. 1550 BC . The Hyksos practised horse burials , and their chief deity , their native storm god , Baal , became associated with the Egyptian storm and desert god , Set . The Hyksos were a people of mixed Asiatic origin with mainly Semitic - speaking components . Although some scholars have suggested that the Hyksos contained a Hurrian component , most other scholars have dismissed this possibility . The Hurrians spoke an isolated language , but came under Indo - European rule and influence , and Hurrian etymologies have been suggested for some Hyksos names while Indo - European etymologies have been suggested for a very few names . If a Hurrian component did indeed exist among the Hyksos , an Indo - European component becomes difficult to explain , as Indo - European peoples only exercised a significant influence upon Hurrians in Syria after the Hyksos became well established in Egypt . The Hyksos brought several technical innovations to Egypt , as well as cultural imports such as new musical instruments and foreign loanwords . The changes introduced include new techniques of bronze - working and pottery , new breeds of animals , and new crops . In warfare , they introduced the horse and chariot , the composite bow , improved battle - axes , and advanced fortification techniques . Because of these cultural advances , Hyksos rule became decisive for Egypt 's later empire in the Middle East . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Migrations 1.3 Josephus 1.4 Modern scholarship 1.4. 1 Hurrians or Indo - Europeans 1.4. 2 Amorites or West Semites 1.4. 3 Phoenicia - Palestine in the MB II period 2 15th Dynasty 2.1 Range 3 Decline 4 Theoretical invasion 5 Theban offensive 5.1 Under Seqenenre Tao 5.2 Under Kamose 5.3 Under Ahmose 6 Later times 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Origins ( edit ) There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos ' ethnic identity . While the term `` Asiatic '' is often used for the Hyksos , in the context of Ancient Egypt , it refers to any people native to areas east of Egypt . West Asian origins are suggested , in particular , by the names of individuals such as Khyan and Sakir - Har , and pottery finds that resemble pottery found in archaeological excavations in the area of modern Israel . Etymology ( edit ) The origin of the term `` Hyksos '' derives from the Egyptian expression heqau khaswet ( or heqa - khaset ; `` rulers ( of ) foreign lands '' ) , used in Egyptian texts such as the Turin King List to describe the rulers of neighbouring lands . This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom of Egypt to refer to various Nubian chieftains and in the Middle Kingdom to refer to the Semitic - speaking chieftains of Syria and Canaan . The word Hyksos probably originated as an Egyptian term meaning `` rulers of foreign lands '' ( heqa - khaset ) , and it almost certainly designated the foreign dynasts rather than a whole nation . Once a time in all the Ancient Greek - language known literature , the word ὑκσώς ( trasl . hyksόs , with the rough breathing and the final grave accent , upon omega ) is told to be derived from the Egyptian and used with the unique meaning of `` king shepherd '' , by Manetho ( in Ios . Ap . I , 14 ) , priest and historician writing in greek language , which till the XX century was the only available source for the list of the egyptian kings , and well knew the unique pre-tolemaic papyrus about that . As a proof of its non-greek origin , the word ὑκσώς ( hyksōs ) did not observe the rules of Ancient Greek accent , and is one of the fewest greek words with a kappa followed by a sigma , instead of the more common and usual Xi . Migrations ( edit ) The German Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck once argued that the Hyksos were part of massive and widespread Hurrian and Indo - Aryan migrations into the Near East . According to Helck , the Hyksos were Hurrians and part of a Hurrian empire that , he claimed , extended over much of Western Asia during this period . Most scholars have rejected this theory , and Helck himself abandoned this hypothesis in a 1993 article . The Hyksos were probably Semites who came from the Eastern Mediterranean . Kamose , the last king of the Theban 17th Dynasty , refers to Apepi as a `` Chieftain of Retjenu '' in a stela that implies a Canaanite background for this Hyksos king : this is the strongest evidence for a Canaanite background for the Hyksos . Khyan 's name `` has generally been interpreted as Amorite `` Hayanu '' ( reading h - ya - a-n ) which the Egyptian form represents perfectly , and this is in all likelihood the correct interpretation . '' Kim Ryholt furthermore observes the name Hayanu is recorded in the Assyrian king - lists for a `` remote ancestor '' of Shamshi - Adad I ( c. 1813 BC ) of Assyria , which suggests that it had been used for centuries prior to Khyan 's own reign . The issue of Sakir - Har 's name , one of the three earliest Fifteenth Dynasty kings , also leans towards a West Semitic or Canaanite origin for the Hyksos rulers -- if not the Hyksos peoples themselves . As Ryholt notes , the name Sakir - Har : is evidently a theophorous name compounded with hr , Canaanite harru , ( or ) ' mountain . ' This sacred or deified mountain is attested in at least two other names , both West Semitic ( Yaqub - Har and Anat - her ) , and so there is reason to suspect that the present name also may be West Semitic . The element skr seems identical to śkr , ' to hire , to reward , ' which occurs in several Amorite names . Assuming that śkr takes a nominal form as in the names sa - ki - ru - um and sa - ka - ŕu - um , the name should be transliterated as either Sakir - Har or Sakar - Har . The former two names presumably mean ' the Reward . ' Accordingly , the name here under consideration would mean ' Reward of Har . ' -- Kim Ryholt As to a Hyksos `` conquest '' , some archaeologists depict the Hyksos as `` northern hordes ... sweeping through Canaan and Egypt in swift chariots '' . Yet , others refer to a `` creeping conquest '' , that is , a gradual infiltration of migrating nomads or semi-nomads who either slowly took over control of the country piecemeal or by a swift coup d'état put themselves at the head of the existing government . In The World of the Past ( 1963 , p. 444 ) , archeologist Jacquetta Hawkes stated : `` It is no longer thought that the Hyksos rulers ... represent the invasion of a conquering horde of Asiatics ... they were wandering groups of Semites who had long come to Egypt for trade and other peaceful purposes . '' However , since then , it has been acknowledged by Egyptologists that the 14th Dynasty came for trade purposes while the 15th ( the Hyksos ) came in war . Josephus ( edit ) In his Against Apion , the first - century AD historian Josephus debates the synchronism between the Biblical account of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt and two Exodus - like events that the Egyptian historian Manetho ( ca . 300 BC ) apparently mentions . It is difficult to distinguish between what Manetho himself recounted , and how Josephus or Apion interpret him . Josephus identifies the Israelite Exodus with the first exodus mentioned by Manetho , when some 480,000 Hyksos `` shepherd kings '' ( also referred to as just ' shepherds ' , as ' kings ' and as ' captive shepherds ' in his discussion of Manetho ) left Egypt for Jerusalem . The mention of `` Hyksos '' identifies this first exodus with the Hyksos period ( 16th century BC ) . Josephus provides the earliest recorded instance of the much repeated false etymology of the term Hyksos , as a Hellenised form of the Egyptian phrase Hekw Shasu , meaning `` Shepherd Kings '' . Scholars have only recently shown that the term derives from heqa - khase , a phrase meaning `` rulers of foreign lands '' . Apion identifies a second exodus mentioned by Manetho when a renegade Egyptian priest called Osarseph led 80,000 `` lepers '' to rebel against Egypt . Then , Apion additionally conflates these with the Biblical Exodus , and contrary to Manetho , even alleges that this heretic priest changed his name to Moses . Many scholars do not interpret lepers and leprous priests as literally referring to a disease , but rather to a strange and unwelcome new belief system . Modern scholarship ( edit ) A group of people labelled Asiatics ( the glyphs immediately above the head of the first animal ) entering Egypt c. 1900 BC . From the tomb of 12th - dynasty official Khnumhotep II , at Beni Hasan . As to a Hyksos `` conquest '' , some archaeologists depict the Hyksos as `` northern hordes ... sweeping through Palestine and Egypt in swift chariots '' . Yet , others refer to a `` creeping conquest '' , that is , a gradual infiltration of migrating nomadic or semi-nomadic people , who either slowly took over control of the country piecemeal , or , by a swift coup d'etat , put themselves at the head of the existing government . Archaeologist Jacquetta Hawkes states : It is no longer thought that the Hyksos rulers ... represent the invasion of a conquering horde of Asiatics ... they were wandering groups of Semites who had long come to Egypt for trade and other peaceful purposes . It is generally thought that the Hyksos were probably Semites who came from the Levant . Kamose 's explicit statement about the Asiatic origins of Apophis is the strongest evidence for a Canaanite background for the majority of the Hyksos . However , other interpretations are possible . Hurrians or Indo - europeans ( edit ) Contemporary with the Hyksos , there was a widespread Indo - Aryan expansion in central and south Asia . The Hyksos used the same horsedrawn chariot as the Indo - Aryans , and Egyptian sources mention a rapid conquest . The German Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck once argued that the Hyksos were part of massive Hurrian and Indo - Aryan migrations into the Near East . According to Helck , the Hyksos were Hurrians and part of a Hurrian empire that , he claimed , extended over much of Western Asia during that period . In a 1993 article , Helck admitted that there is no evidence of a grand - scale Hurrian invasion , but noted the possibility of a sea invasion of Indo - European peoples , mainly from Anatolia . However , this hypothesis is not supported by most scholars . Amorites or West Semites ( edit ) Kamose , the last king of the Theban 17th Dynasty , refers to Apophis as a Chieftain of Retjenu in a stela that implies a Canaanite background for this Hyksos king . Khyan 's name `` has generally been interpreted as Amorite Hayanu ( reading h - ya - a-n ) , which the Egyptian form represents perfectly , and this is in all likelihood the correct interpretation '' , says Ryholt . Ryholt , furthermore observes that the Assyrian lists of kings record the name Hayanu for a `` remote ancestor '' of Shamshi - Adad I ( c. 1800 BC ) of Assyria , which suggests that it had been used for centuries prior to Khyan 's own reign . The etymology of the name of Sakir - Har , one of the three earliest 15th - Dynasty kings , also implies a West Semitic or Canaanite origin for the Hyksos rulers , if not the Hyksos peoples themselves . As Ryholt notes , the name Sakir - Har is evidently a theophorous name compounded with hr , Canaanite harru , ( meaning ) `` mountain '' . This sacred or deified mountain is attested in at least two other names which are both West Semitic ( Ya'qub - Har and Anat - Har ) and so there is reason to suspect that the present name also may be West Semitic . The element skr seems to be identical with śkr , `` to hire , to reward '' , which occurs in several Amorite names . Assuming that śkr takes a nominal form as in the names sa - ki - ru - um and sa - ka - ŕu - um , the name should be transliterated as either Sakir - Har or Sakar - Har . The former two names presumably mean `` the Reward '' . Accordingly , the name here under consideration would mean `` Reward of Har '' . Phoenicia - Palestine in the MB II period ( edit ) John Van Seters in his book , The Hyksos : A New Investigation , argues that the Ipuwer Papyrus does not belong to the First Intermediate Period of Egyptian history ( c. 2300 - 2200 BC ) , as previously thought , but rather to the Second Intermediate Period ( c. 1700 - 1600 BC ) . On the basis of the archaeological investigation , the foreigners of Egypt are seen as a geographical extension of the corresponding culture of Phoenicia - Palestine in the MB II period , a culture with a highly advanced urban society . This civilization of the Levant has its roots in the Amurrite world of both Syria and Mesopotamia in the Old Babylonian period , and has a direct heir in the so - called Canaanite world of the Late Bronze Age . The MB II period began during the Middle Kingdom , and by the end of the Twelfth Dynasty the whole of Phoenicia - Palestine was under the influence of Egypt , with diplomatic ties and active cooperation between the rulers of the various city - states and the rulers of Egypt . During the early Thirteenth Dynasty , the foreigners had much freer access into Egypt . Many of them rose to places of high honor in the administration of the country . 15th Dynasty ( edit ) Hyksos in hieroglyphs Traditionally , only the Fifteenth Dynasty rulers are called Hyksos . The Greek name `` Hyksos '' was coined by Manetho to identify the Fifteenth Dynasty of Asiatic rulers of northern Egypt . In Egyptian Hyksos means `` ruler ( s ) of foreign countries '' , however , Josephus mistranslated Hyksos as `` Shepherd Kings '' . The earlier Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt had also been West Asian and Semitic - speaking ; however , its pharaohs did not style themselves `` Hyksos '' , and they seem to have been vassals of the Thirteenth Dynasty who oversaw a community of Asiatic merchants and shepherds who had been granted land in the Nile Delta . The Hyksos , by contrast , were largely Amoritic invaders who , capitalizing on a weak moment in Egypt 's history , managed to conquer the entire country briefly as far south as Thebes ( under Khyan , ca . 1582 BC ) . The Hyksos had Canaanite names , as seen in those with names from ancient Semitic religion such as Anat or Baal . Several of their pharaohs did in fact adopt the Egyptian title hekw chasut ( foreign overlords ) for themselves , along with Egyptian throne names . They introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt , most notably the composite bow and the horse - drawn chariot . The names , the order , and even the total number of the Fifteenth Dynasty rulers are not known with full certainty . The names appear in hieroglyphs on monuments and small objects such as jar lids and scarabs . In those instances in which Prenomen and Nomen do not occur together on the same object , there is no certainty that the names belong together as the two names of a single person . The Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt sums up the complex situation by stating that `` there are only vague indications of the origin of the Fifteenth Dynasty '' and concurring that the small number of surviving names of the Fifteenth Dynasty are `` too few to allow for general conclusions '' about the Hyksos ' background in his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period . Furthermore , Ryholt stresses that we also lack positive indications that any of the rulers of the Fifteenth Dynasty were related by blood , and , accordingly we could be dealing with a dynasty of mixed ethnic origin . The suspected rulers for the Fifteenth Dynasty are : Name Dates Sakir - Har Named as an early Hyksos king on a doorjamb found at Avaris . Regnal order uncertain . Khyan c. 1620 BC Apepi c. 1595 BC to 1555 BC ? Khamudi c. 1555 BC to 1545 BC ? Manetho 's history of Egypt is known only through the works of others , such as Against Apion by Flavius Josephus . These sources do not list the names of the six rulers in the same order . To complicate matters further , the spellings are so distorted that they are useless for chronological purposes ; there is no close or obvious connection between the bulk of these names -- Salitis , Beon or Bnon , Apachnan or Pachnan , Annas or Staan , Apophis , Assis or Archles -- and the Egyptian names that appear on scarabs and other objects . The Turin king list affirms there were six Hyksos rulers , but only four of them are clearly attested as Hyksos kings from the surviving archaeological or textual records : 1 . Sakir - Har , 2 . Khyan , 3 . Apophis and 4 . Khamudi . Khyan and Apophis are by far the best attested kings of this dynasty , whereas Sakir - Har is attested by only a single doorjamb from Avaris that bears his royal titulary . Khamudi is named as the last Hyksos king on a fragment from the Turin Canon . The hieroglyphic names of these Fifteenth Dynasty rulers exist on monuments , scarabs , and other objects . Two Hyksos pharaohs remain unknown . Many scholars have suggested that they were Maaibre Sheshi , Aper - Anath , Samuqenu , Sekhaenre Yakbim or Meruserre Yaqub - Har ( who are all attested by seals or scarabs in the Delta region ) but , thus far , all that is certain is that they were Asiatic kings in the Egypt 's Delta region . They could be either the remaining two Hyksos kings or were members of the previous Fourteenth Dynasty at Xois . Range ( edit ) The Hyksos kingdom was centered in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt and was limited in size , never extending south into Upper Egypt , which was under the control of Theban - based rulers , except briefly , for about three years , at the end of Khyan 's reign and the beginning of Aphophis ' . The Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty rulers established their capital and seat of government at Avaris . An earlier group of Asiatic peoples depicted entering Egypt c. 1900 BC , from the tomb of a Twelfth Dynasty official Khnumhotep II under pharaoh Senusret II at Beni Hasan . The rule of these kings overlaps with that of the native Egyptian pharaohs of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties , better known as the Second Intermediate Period . The first pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty , Ahmose I , finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the sixteenth year of his reign . Scholars have taken the increasing use of scarabs and the adoption of some Egyptian forms of art by the Fifteenth Dynasty Hyksos kings and their wide distribution as an indication of their becoming progressively Egyptianized . The Hyksos used Egyptian titles associated with traditional Egyptian kingship , and took the Egyptian god Set to represent their own titulary deity . The native Egyptians viewed the Hyksos as non-Egyptian `` invaders '' . When they were eventually driven out of Egypt , all traces of their occupation were erased . No accounts survive recording the history of the period from the Hyksos perspective , only that of the native Egyptians who evicted the occupiers , in this case the rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty who were the direct successor of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty . It was the latter who started and led a sustained war against the Hyksos . Some think that the native kings from Thebes had an incentive to demonize the Asiatic rulers in the North , thus accounting for the destruction of their monuments . Scholars such as John A. Wilson found that the description of the Hyksos as overpowering , irreligious foreign rulers had support from other sources . The independent native rulers in Thebes do seem , however , to have reached a practical modus vivendi with the later Hyksos rulers . This included transit rights through Hyksos - controlled Middle and Lower Egypt and pasturage rights in the fertile Delta . One text , the Carnarvon Tablet I , relates the misgivings of the Theban ruler 's council of advisors when Kamose proposed moving against the Hyksos , who he claimed were a humiliating stain upon the holy land of Egypt . The councilors clearly did not wish to disturb the status quo : ( W ) e are at ease in our ( part of ) Egypt . Elephantine ( at the First Cataract ) is strong , and the middle ( of the land ) is with us as far as Cusae ( near modern Asyut ) . The sleekest of their fields are plowed for us , and our cattle are pastured in the Delta . Emmer is sent for our pigs . Our cattle have not been taken away ... He holds the land of the Asiatics ; we hold Egypt ( . ) It would appear as though Hyksos administration was accepted in most quarters , if not actually supported by many of their northern Egyptian subjects . The flip side is that , in spite of the prosperity that the stable political situation brought to the land , the native Egyptians continued to view the Hyksos as non-Egyptian `` invaders '' . When they eventually were driven out of Egypt , all traces of their occupation were erased . There are no surviving accounts that record the history of the period from the Hyksos perspective , only that of the native Egyptians who evicted the occupiers , in this case the rulers of Eighteenth Dynasty , who were the direct successors of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty . It was the latter that started and led a sustained war against the Hyksos . Some think that the native kings from Thebes had an incentive to demonize the Asiatic rulers in the North , thus accounting for the destruction of their monuments . From this viewpoint , the Hyksos dynasties represent superficially Egyptianized foreigners who were tolerated , but not truly accepted , by their Egyptian subjects . In contrast , scholars such as John A. Wilson found that the description of the Hyksos as overpowering , irreligious foreign rulers had support from other sources . Decline ( edit ) The rule of these Hyksos kings overlaps with those of the native Egyptian pharaohs of the 16th and 17th dynasties of Egypt , better known as the Second Intermediate Period . The first pharaoh of the 18th dynasty , Ahmose I , finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the 16th year of his reign . Scholars have taken the increasing use of scarabs and the adoption of some Egyptian forms of art by the Fifteenth Dynasty Hyksos kings and their wide distribution as an indication of their becoming progressively Egyptianized . The Hyksos used Egyptian titles associated with traditional Egyptian kingship , and took Egyptian god Seth to represent their own titular deity . Theoretical invasion ( edit ) The Hyksos invasion as imagined in the 19th century , by Hermann Vogel . Manetho 's account , as recorded by Josephus , describes the appearance of the Hyksos in Egypt as an armed invasion by a horde of foreign barbarians who met little resistance , and who subdued the country by military force . He records that the Hyksos burnt their cities , destroyed temples , and led women and children into slavery . It has been claimed that new revolutionary methods of warfare ensured the Hyksos the ascendancy in their influx into the new emporia being established in Egypt 's delta and at Thebes in support of the Red Sea trade . Herbert Eustis Winlock describes new military hardware , such as the composite bow , as well as the improved recurve bow , and most importantly the horse - drawn war chariot , as well as improved arrowheads , various kinds of swords and daggers , a new type of shield , mailed shirts , and the metal helmet . In recent years the idea of a simple Hyksos migration , with little or no war , has gained support . According to this theory , the Egyptian rulers of the Thirteenth Dynasty were preoccupied with domestic famine and plague , and they were too weak to stop the new migrants from entering and settling in Egypt . Even before the migration , Amenemhat III carried out extensive building works and mining , and Gae Callender notes that `` the large intake of Asiatics , which seems to have occurred partly in order to subsidize the extensive building work , may have encouraged the so - called Hyksos to settle in the delta , thus leading eventually to the collapse of native Egyptian rule . '' By around 1700 BC ( just over a hundred years later ) , Egypt was fragmenting politically , with local kingdoms springing up in the northeastern delta area . One of these was that of King Nehesy , whose capital was at Avaris ; he ruled over a population consisting largely of Syro - Canaanites who had settled in the area during the 12th Dynasty , and who were probably mainly soldiers , sailors , shipbuilders and workmen . His dynasty was probably replaced by a West - Semitic - speaking Syro - Canaanite dynasty that formed the basis of the later Hyksos kingdom , able to spread southwards because of the unstable political situation while aided by `` an army , ships , and foreign connections . '' Josephus , quoting from the work of the historian Manetho , described more of an Egyptian assimilation to the corrupt ways of the emporia , followed by a rebellion of those who wished to perpetuate native Egyptian centered culture , rather than any kind of military struggle . By main force they easily seized it without striking a blow ; and having overpowered the rulers of the land , they then burned our cities ruthlessly , razed to the ground the temples of gods ... Finally , they appointed as king one of their number whose name was Salitis . He had his seat at Memphis , levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt and always leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions . Recent archaeological finds at Edfu could perhaps establish that the Hyksos 15th Dynasty was already in existence at least by the mid-13th Dynasty reign of king Sobekhotep IV . In a 2011 paper by Nadine Moeller , Gregory Marouard and N. Ayers , these three scholars discuss the discovery of an important early - 12th Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom ) administrative building in the eastern Tell Edfu area of Upper Egypt , which was in continual use into the early Second Intermediate Period until the Seventeenth Dynasty , when its remains were sealed up by a large silo court . Fieldwork by these Egyptologists in 2010 and 2011 led to the discovery of a large adjoining hall which proved to contain 41 sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan together with 9 sealings naming the 13th Dynasty king Sobekhotep IV . The secure and sealed contexts of these seals likely demonstrate that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan were contemporaries . This would mean that the 13th Dynasty did not control all of Egypt when Sobekhotep IV acceded to power and that there was a significant overlap between the 13th and 15th Dynasties since Sobekhotep IV was only a mid-Thirteenth Dynasty ruler -- although one of its most powerful kings . Therefore , Manetho 's statement that the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty violently replaced the Thirteenth Dynasty would appear as a piece of later Egyptian propaganda . This analysis of the discoveries in Edfu as well as the conclusions drawn from it are rejected by Robert Porter however , who argues that Khyan ruled much later than Sobekhotep IV and that the seals of a pharaoh were used even long after his death . The ceramic evidence in the Memphis - Faiyum region of Lower Egypt also argues against the presence of new invading foreigners . Janine Bourriau 's excavation in Memphis of ceramic material retrieved from Lisht and Dahshur during the Second Intermediate Period shows a continuity of Middle Kingdom ceramic type wares throughout this era . She finds in them no evidence of intrusion of Hyksos - style wares . Bourriau 's evidence strongly suggests that the traditional Egyptian teaching , long espoused by Manetho , that the Hyksos invaded and sacked the Memphite region and imposed their authority there , is fictitious . Not until the beginning of the Theban wars of liberation during the Seventeenth Dynasty are Theban wares again found in the Faiyum . Some texts indicate that while the Hyksos controlled the delta region administratively , the Thebans were too busy mining gold and making money off the Red Sea trade to care . Lower Egypt and Thebes functioned autonomously , and shared limited contact with each other . Bourriau argues that Manetho 's description of Hyksos rule is confirmed by the evidence in the Kamose texts : Kamose 's rejection of vassal status , the strict control of the border at Cusae , the imposition of taxes on all Nile traffic , and the existence of garrisons of Asiatics led by Egyptian commanders . By the Thirteenth Dynasty , the `` foreign warlords '' had taken the title pharaoh for themselves and had begun to fight over it . Some argued there was no need to pay tribute , homage or obedience to a weak king , and that began to cause problems . Supporters of the peaceful takeover of Egypt claim there is little evidence of battles or wars in general in this period . They also maintain that the chariot did n't play any relevant role , e.g. no traces of chariots have been found at the Hyksos capital of Avaris , despite extensive excavation . As the chariot became an important weapon of the nobles and kings of that period , it became a symbol of power throughout Eurasia , Mycenaean Greece , India , Mesopotamia , Eastern Europe and China . Kings were portrayed on chariots , went to war in chariots , and were buried in chariots . Theban offensive ( edit ) Under Seqenenre Tao ( edit ) Mummified head of Seqenenre Tao , bearing axe wounds . The common theory is that he died in a battle against the Hyksos . The revolt which drove the Hyksos from Upper Egypt began in the closing years of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes . Later New Kingdom literary tradition has brought one of these Theban kings , Seqenenre Tao , into contact with his Hyksos contemporary in the north , Apepi ( also known as Apophis ) . The tradition took the form of a tale in which the Hyksos king Apepi sent a messenger to Seqenenre in Thebes to demand that the Theban sport of harpooning hippopotami be done away with ; his excuse was that the noise of these beasts was such that he was unable to sleep in faraway Avaris . The real reason was probably that their main god was Set , who was represented as part man , part hippopotamus . Jan Assmann argues that because the Ancient Egyptians could never conceive of a `` lonely '' god lacking personality , Set the desert god , who was worshipped exclusively according to the tale , represented a manifestation of evil . Perhaps the only historical information that can be gleaned from the tale is that Egypt was a divided land , the area of direct Hyksos control being in the north , but the whole of Egypt possibly paying tribute to the Hyksos kings . Seqenenre participated in active diplomatic posturing , which probably consisted of more than simply exchanging insults with the Asiatic ruler in the North . He seems to have led military skirmishes against the Hyksos , and judging by the vicious head wounds on his mummy in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , he may have died during one of them . His son and successor , Kamose , the last ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes , is credited with the first significant victories in the Theban - led war against the Hyksos . Under Kamose ( edit ) Scarab bearing the name of the Hyksos King Apepi , now at the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston Kamose sailed north from Thebes at the head of his army in his third regnal year . He surprised and overran the southernmost garrison of the Hyksos at Nefrusy , just north of Cusae ( near modern Asyut ) , and Kamose then led his army as far north as the neighborhood of Avaris itself . Though the city was not taken , the fields around it were devastated by the Thebans . A second stele discovered at Thebes continues the account of the war broken off on the Carnarvon Tablet I , and mentions the interception and capture of a courier bearing a message from Apepi at Avaris to his ally , the ruler of the Kingdom of Kush ( modern Sudan ) , requesting the latter 's urgent support against the threat posed by Kamose 's activities against both their kingdoms . Kamose promptly ordered a detachment of his troops to occupy the Bahariya Oasis in the Libyan Desert to control and block the desert route to the south . Kamose , called `` the Strong , '' then sailed back up the Nile to Thebes for a joyous victory celebration , after what was probably not much more than a surprise spoiling raid in force that caught the Hyksos off guard . His Year Three is the only date attested for Kamose and he may have died shortly after the battle from wounds . By the end of the reign of Apepi , perhaps the second - to - last Hyksos king of the Fifteenth Dynasty , the Hyksos had been routed from Middle Egypt and had retreated northward and regrouped in the vicinity of the entrance of the Faiyum at Atfih . This Fifteenth Dynasty pharaoh had outlived his first Egyptian contemporary , Seqenenra Tao II , and was still on the throne ( albeit of a much reduced kingdom ) at the end of Kamose 's reign . The last Hyksos ruler of the Fifteenth Dynasty , Khamudi , undoubtedly had a relatively short reign that fell within the first half of the reign of Ahmose I , Kamose 's successor and the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty . Under Ahmose ( edit ) Close - up of a drawing of axe blade depicting Ahmose I striking down a Hyksos Warrior , part of the burial equipment of Queen Ahhotep I . Ahmose I , who is regarded as the first pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt may have been on the Theban throne for some time before he resumed the war against the Hyksos . The details of his military campaigns are taken from the account on the walls of the tomb of Ahmose , son of Ebana , a soldier from El - Kab , a town in southern Upper Egypt , whose father had served under Seqenenra Tao , and whose family had long been nomarchs of the districts . It seems that several campaigns against the stronghold at Avaris were needed before the Hyksos were finally dislodged and driven from Lower Egypt . When this occurred is not known with certainty . Some authorities place the expulsion as early as Ahmose 's fourth year , while Donald B. Redford , whose chronological structure has been adopted here , places it as late as the king 's fifteenth year . The Ahmose who left the inscription states that he followed on foot as his King Ahmose rode to war in his chariot ( the first mention of the use of the horse and chariot by the Egyptians ) ; in the fighting around Avaris he captured prisoners and carried off several hands ( as proof of slain enemies ) , which when reported to the royal herald resulted in his being awarded the `` Gold of Valor '' on three separate occasions . The actual fall of Avaris is only briefly mentioned : `` Then Avaris was despoiled . Then I carried off spoil from there : one man , three women , a total of four persons . Then his majesty gave them to me to be slaves . '' After the fall of Avaris , the fleeing Hyksos were pursued by the Egyptian army across northern Sinai Peninsula and into the southern Levant . Here , in the Negev desert between Rafah and Gaza , the fortified town of Sharuhen was reduced after , according to the soldier from El - Kab , a long three - year siege operation . How soon after the sack of Avaris this Asiatic campaign took place is uncertain . One can reasonably conclude that the thrust into southern Canaan probably followed the Hyksos ' eviction from Avaris fairly closely , but , given a period of protracted struggle before Avaris fell and possibly more than one season of campaigning before the Hyksos were shut up in Sharuhen , the chronological sequence must remain uncertain . Later times ( edit ) The Hyksos continued to play a role in Egyptian literature as a synonym for `` Asiatic '' down to Hellenistic times . The term was frequently evoked against such groups as the Semites settled in Aswan or the delta , and this may have led the Egyptian priest and historian Manetho ( or Ptolemaeus the Mendesian ) to identify the coming of the Hyksos with the sojourn in Egypt of Joseph and his brothers , and led to some authors identifying the expulsion of the Hyksos with the Exodus . For instance , Justin Martyr says : Moses is mentioned as the leader and ruler of the Jewish nation . In this way he is mentioned both by Polemon in the first book of his Hellenics and by Apion son of Posidonius in his book against the Jews , and in the fourth book of his history , where he says that during the reign of Inachus over Argos the Jews revolted from Amasis king of the Egyptians and that Moses led them . And Ptolemaeus the Mendesian , in relating the history of Egypt , concurs in all this . With the chaos at the end of the 19th Dynasty , the first pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty in the Elephantine Stele and the Harris Papyrus reinvigorated an anti-Hyksos stance to strengthen their nativist reaction towards the Asiatic settlers of the north , who may again have been expelled from the country . Setnakht , the founder of the 20th Dynasty , records in a Year 2 stela from Elephantine that he defeated and expelled a large force of Asiatics who had invaded Egypt during the chaos between the end of Twosret 's reign and the beginning of the 20th Dynasty and captured much of their stolen gold and silver booty . The story of the Hyksos was known to the Greeks , who attempted to identify it within their own mythology with the expulsion from Egypt of Belos ( Baal ? ) and the daughters of Danaos , associated with the origin of the Argive Dynasty . See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Israelites Mitanni Kassites Sea peoples Hittites Philistines Maryannu Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rainer Hannig : Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch - Deutsch : ( 2800 - 950 v. Chr . ) . von Zabern , Mainz 2006 , ISBN 3 - 8053 - 1771 - 9 , p. 606 and 628 -- 629 . Jump up ^ Folker Siegert : Flavius Josephus : Über die Ursprünglichkeit des Judentums . p. 111 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hyksos ( Egyptian dynasty ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Redford D. , Egypt , Canaan and Israel in ancient times , 1992 ^ Jump up to : Ryholt , K.S.B. ; Bülow - Jacobsen , Adam ( 1997 ) . The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period , C. 1800 - 1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7289 - 421 - 8 . Jump up ^ Manfred Bietak : Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age , BASOR 281 ( 1991 ) , pp. 21 - 72 see in particular page 38 Jump up ^ Sarah Iles Johnston ( 2009 ) . Ancient Religions . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Morenz , Siegfried ( 2013 ) . Egyptian Religion . Routledge . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 54249 - 7 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. ( 1991 ) . A History of the Ancient World . Oxford University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506628 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ochsenwald , William L. `` Syria : Early history '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Drews 1994 , p. 254 ^ Jump up to : Bright 2000 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Martin Bernal ( 1987 ) . Black Athena : The archaeological and documentary evidence . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Marc Van De Mieroop ( 2011 ) . A History of Ancient Egypt . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Astour ( 1967 ) . Hellenosemitica : An Ethnic and Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece . p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : John Van Seters ( 2010 ) . The Hyksos : A New Investigation . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : J.R Kupper ( 1963 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History , Northern Mesopotamia and Syria . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( 1995 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J . p. 785 . ^ Jump up to : John R. Baines ; Peter F. Dorman . `` Ancient Egypt : The Second Intermediate Period '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ p5 . ' The Encyclopedia of Military History ' ( 4th edition 1993 ) , Dupuy & Dupuy . Jump up ^ Lorenzo Rocci ( 1993 ) . Vocabolario Greco - Italiano ( in Italian ) . Città di Castello ( Perugia ) : Società Editrice Dante Alighieri . ; this word was not quoted in the A Greek - English Lexicon , years editions of 1853 and of 1893 . And also the full acronym used for title of Manetho 's work Jump up ^ see W. Helck 's Orientalia 62 ( 1993 ) `` Das Hyksosproblem '' pp. 60 -- 66 paper Jump up ^ Ryholt , Kim S.B. . The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 - 1550 B.C. , Museum Tuscalanum Press ( 1997 ) p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ryholt , p. 128 Jump up ^ Ryholt , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius , Against Apion , 1 : 86 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel and Silberman , Neil Asher , The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , 2001 , The Free Press , New York City , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 p. 54 Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius , Against Apion , 1 : 234 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Miriam - From Prophet to Leper Jump up ^ Egyptian Account of the Leper 's Exodus Jump up ^ Jacquetta Hawkes. ( 1963 ) . The World of the Past , p. 444 Jump up ^ see W. Helck 's Orientalia 62 ( 1993 ) Das Hyksosproblem pp. 60 -- 66 paper Jump up ^ Ryholt , Kim SB . The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 - 1550 B.C. ( 1997 ) by Museum Tuscalanum Press , p. 128 Jump up ^ Ryholt , Ibid. , p. 128 Jump up ^ Ryholt , op . cit. , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ Seters , John Van ( 1 April 2010 ) . The Hyksos : A New Investigation . Wipf and Stock Publishers . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60899 - 533 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , A.B. ( 1993 ) . Herodotus , Book II : Commentary , 99 - 182 v. 3 . Brill . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 07737 - 9 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim Ryholt , The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 - 1550 B.C. , Museum Tuscalanum Press , 1997 . p. 126 Jump up ^ Ryholt , op . cit. , p. 126 An example given by Ryholt `` is the family of the kings Warad - Sin and Rim - Sin of Larsa . Their father had been the ruler of two Amorite tribes , but both he and their grandfather had Elamite names , while they themselves had Akkadian names , and a sister of theirs had a Sumerian name . Jump up ^ Grimal , Nicolas . A History of Ancient Egypt , p. 193 . Librairie Arthéme Fayard , 1988 . Jump up ^ Redford , Donald B. History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt : Seven Studies , pp. 46 -- 49 . University of Toronto Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 15 - 18 . Shire Egyptology. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 29 - 31 . Shire Egyptology. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ cf . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , editor Ian Shaw , p. 186 , Oxford University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280293 - 3 Jump up ^ The Culture of Ancient Egypt , John Albert Wilson , p. 160 , University of Chicago Press , org . pub 1956 - still in print 2009 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 90152 - 1 Jump up ^ Pritchard ( ed . ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( ANET ) , pp 232f . Jump up ^ `` The culture of ancient Egypt '' , John Albert Wilson , p. 160 , University of Chicago Press , org . pub 1956 - still in print 2009 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 90152 - 1 Jump up ^ Grimal , Nicolas . A History of Ancient Egypt . p. 193 . Librairie Arthéme Fayard , 1988 . Jump up ^ Redford , Donald B. History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt : Seven Studies , pp. 46 -- 49 . University of Toronto Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 15 - 18 . Shire Egyptology. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 29 - 31 . Shire Egyptology. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest , James Henry Breasted , p. 216 , republished 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7720 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Winlock , Herbert E. , The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes . Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 10 . Shire Egyptology , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ Callender , Gae , `` The Middle Kingdom Renaissance , '' in Ian Shaw , ed . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , Oxford University Press , 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280458 - 7 p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Bietak , Manfred `` Second Intermediate Period , overview '' in Kathryn Bard , ed. , Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt Routledge 1999 ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 p57 Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , Against Apion , I : 75 -- 77 Jump up ^ Nadine Moeller , Gregory Marouard & N. Ayers , Discussion of Late Middle Kingdom and Early Second Intermediate Period History and Chronology in Relation to the Khayan Sealings from Tell Edfu , in : Egypt and the Levant 21 ( 2011 ) , pp. 87 - 121 online PDF Jump up ^ Moeller , Marouard & Ayers , Egypt and the Levant 21 , ( 2011 ) , pp. 87 - 108 Jump up ^ Robert M. Porter : The Second Intermediate Period according to Edfu , Goettinger Mizsellen 239 ( 2013 ) , p. 75 - 80 Jump up ^ The Hyksos : New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives , ed . Eliezer Oren , University of Pennsylvania 1997 . cf . Janine Bourriau 's chapter of the archaeological evidence covers pages 159 - 182 Jump up ^ James K. Hoffmeier , Book Review of The Hyksos : New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives , ed . Eliezer Oren , University of Pennsylvania 1997 . in JEA 90 ( 2004 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , editor Ian Shaw , p. 195 , Oxford University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280293 - 3 Jump up ^ Booth , Charlotte . The Hyksos Period in Egypt . p. 10 . Shire Egyptology. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Jump up ^ Bard , Kathryn ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Routledge . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18589 - 9 . Jump up ^ Of God and Gods , Jan Assmann , p47 - 48 , University of Wisconsin Press , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 299 - 22550 - X Jump up ^ ANET , p. 233f Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Hortatory Address to the Greeks ( ch 9 ) in Volume 1 of Roberts , A. , & Donaldson , J. ( 1950 ) . The Ante - Nicene Fathers : Translations of the writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325 . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. , page 277 . Jump up ^ E.g. Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 4 . Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi , The Heroes of the Greeks 1959 ( 1974 : 30 ) : `` Belos , whose name reproduces the Phoenician Ba'al , ' Lord ' '' . References ( edit ) Aharoni , Yohanan and Michael Avi - Yonah , The MacMillan Bible Atlas , Revised Edition , pp. 30 -- 31 ( 1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd . ) . von Beckerath , Jürgen . Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten ( 1965 ) ( Ägyptologische Forschungen , Heft 23 ) . Basic to any study of this period . Bietak M. , Avaris , the Capital of the Hyksos . Recent Excavations at Tell el - Dab'a , 1996 Bimson , John J. Redating the Exodus . Sheffield , England : Sheffield Academic Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 907459 - 04 - 8 Bright , John ( 2000 ) . `` A History of Israel '' . Westminster John Knox Press . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Charlotte Booth : The Hyksos period in Egypt . Princes Risborough , Shire 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0638 - 1 Drews , Robert ( 1 October 1994 ) . `` The Coming of the Greeks : Indo - European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East '' . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Gardiner , Sir Alan . Egypt of the Pharaohs ( 1964 , 1961 ) . Still the classic work in English . See pp. 61 -- 71 for his examination of chronology . Gibson , David J. , Whence Came the Hyksos , Kings of Egypt ? , 1962 Hayes , William C. `` Chronology : Egypt -- To End of Twentieth Dynasty , '' in Chapter 6 , Volume 1 of The Cambridge Ancient History , Revised Edition . Cambridge , 1964 . With excellent bibliography up to 1964 . This is CAH 's chronology volume : A basic work . Hayes , William C. `` Egypt : From the Death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II , '' in Chapter 2 , Volume 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History , Revised Edition ( 1965 ) ( Fascicle 6 ) . Helck , Wolfgang . Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3 . und 2 . Jahrtausend v. Chr. ( 1962 ) ( Ägyptologische Abhandlungen , Band 5 ) . An important review article that should be consulted is by William A. Ward , in Orientalia 33 ( 1964 ) , pp. 135 -- 140 . Hornung , Erik . Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches ( 1964 ) ( Ägyptologische Abhandlungen , Band 11 ) . With an excellent fold - out comparative chronological table at the back with 18th , 19th , and 20th Dynasty dates . James , T.G.H. `` Egypt : From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I , '' in Chapter 2 , Volume 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History , Revised Edition ( 1965 ) ( Fascicle 34 ) . Montet , Pierre . Eternal Egypt ( 1964 ) . Translated by Doreen Weightman . Eliezer D. Oren ( Hrsg . ) : The Hyksos , new historical and archaeological perspectives . Kongressbericht . University Museum Philadelphia . University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 1997 . ISBN 0 - 924171 - 46 - 4 Pritchard , James B. ( Editor ) . Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( ANET ) , 3rd edition . ( 1969 ) . This edition has an extensive supplement at the back containing additional translations . The standard collection of excellent English translations of ancient Near Eastern texts . Redford , Donald B. History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt : Seven Studies . ( 1967 ) . Redford , Donald B . `` The Hyksos Invasion in History and Tradition , '' Orientalia 39 ( 1970 ) , 1 - 52 . Redford Donald B. Egypt , Canaan and Israel in ancient times , 1992 K. Ryholt . The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 - 1550 B.C. ( 1997 ) by Museum Tuscalanum Press . Säve - Söderbergh , T . `` The Hyksos Rule in Egypt , '' Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 37 ( 1951 ) , pp. 53 -- 71 . Van Seters , John . The Hyksos : A New Investigation ( 1967 ) . Two reviews of this volume should be consulted : Kitchen , Kenneth A. `` Further Notes on New Kingdom Chronology and History , '' in Chronique d'Égypte XLIII , No. 86 , 1968 , pp. 313 -- 324 ; and Simpson , William J. Review , in Journal of the American Oriental Society 90 ( 1970 ) , pp. 314 -- 315 . Winlock , H.E. The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes ( 1947 ) . Still a classic with much important information . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyksos . The Hyksos , Kings of Egypt and the land of Edom based on the 1962 book by David J. 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1. Hyksos invasion of Egypt 2. Origins and migration of the Hyksos 3. Hyksos rule and cultural influence in Egypt 4. Theories on the ethnic identity of the Hyksos 5. The decline and expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt

where does belle from beauty and the beast live

Belle ( Disney ) - wikipedia Belle ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the song , see Belle ( Disney song ) . For other uses , see Belle ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Belle <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Created by Linda Woolverton Portrayed by Emma Watson ( 2017 live action film ) Voiced by Paige O'Hara ( 1991 -- 2011 , 2018 ) Julie Nathanson ( 2011 -- present ) Jodi Benson ( House of Mouse ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Family Maurice ( father ) , Prince Ben ( son , in Descendants only ) Significant other ( s ) Prince Nationality French Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara , Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor . Belle yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold - hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance . Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine and hired first - time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure - seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often disagreed with Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor , and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance - oriented . The fifth Disney Princess , Belle is often ranked among the franchise 's best . Highly regarded as one of Disney 's strongest examples of a feminist character , critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess . Also one of Disney 's most iconic characters , Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . The character also appears in the film 's several sequels and spin - offs , as well as her own live - action television series . American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Emma Watson plays a live - action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice 1.3 Personality 1.4 Design and animation 2 Characterization and themes 3 Appearances 3.1 Film and television 3.1. 1 Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) 3.2 Broadway musical 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Feminist analysis 5 Impact and legacy 6 References 7 External links Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) After the success of Walt Disney Productions ' first feature - length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont into one of the studio 's earliest animated feature films during the 1930s and 1950s . However , the project was continuously abandoned due to the fairy tale 's `` static '' plot and main characters . The filmmaker was also concerned about the `` unnecessary intensity '' required to depict Belle imprisoned . Inspired by the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg green - lit another attempt at adapting `` Beauty and the Beast '' under the direction of Richard Purdum . However , Katzenberg did not approve of Purdum 's dark , somber version of the fairy tale , and ultimately ordered that it be restarted from scratch in favor of creating a Broadway - style musical film starring a strong heroine , similar to The Little Mermaid . Opting instead for a `` feminist twist '' on the story , Katzenberg hired television writer Linda Woolverton , who had never written an animated film before , to write the film 's screenplay . American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) served as screenwriter Linda Woolverton 's inspiration for Belle 's personality . Before Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's tradition of depicting female characters as victims had already long been established . The fact that Belle was hardly depicted as a feminist in earlier versions of the film became a point of contention among the filmmakers . Despite the fact that Disney wanted Beauty and the Beast to resemble an old - fashioned film , the filmmakers envisioned Belle as `` a woman that was ahead of her time '' . As the first woman in the history of Disney to write a feature - length animated film , Woolverton decided to explore Belle as an opportunity to create a female character who would ultimately be better received than Disney 's previous animated heroines , specifically Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Woolverton was aware that the task would be particularly challenging due to the previous character 's popularity , but fought relentlessly to make sure that she was creating `` a new kind of Disney heroine . '' Inspired by the women 's rights movement Woolverton herself had experienced during the 1960s and 1970s , the screenwriter was determined to avoid creating another `` insipid '' Disney princess and decided to conceive Belle as a headstrong feminist . Woolverton strongly believed that contemporary audiences would not identify with Belle unless she was updated appropriately , and thus evolved the character into `` a woman of the ' 90s '' . The screenwriter refused to watch Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale and chose to base Belle on American actress Katharine Hepburn 's portrayal of Jo March in the 1933 film adaptation of Louisa May Alcott 's book Little Women instead , who she felt was `` a real depiction of womanhood . '' Similarly , story artist Brenda Chapman drew influence from Hepburn 's on - screen bickering with actor Spencer Tracy during the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds . Animator Mark Henn observed that , unlike Ariel , Belle does not `` fall in love at first sight '' ; instead `` there 's an actual relationship you see grow '' . In the original fairy tale , Belle has two selfish sisters who both have their own respective love interests , all of whom Woolverton omitted from the screenplay in favor of focusing solely on Belle 's relationship with Gaston . At one point , Belle had a younger sister named Clarice and a cruel aunt named Marguerite , both of whom were discarded -- Clarice to emphasize Belle 's loneliness , and Marguerite to be replaced by Gaston as the film 's villain . Woolverton also eliminated the subplot of Belle asking her father for a rose . Despite constant `` regressive '' re-writes , Woolverton 's overall vision for Belle generally remained intact . Beauty and the Beast 's story department was predominantly male , a time during which few women were involved . Woolverton often found herself at odds and disagreeing with the more traditional story artists in regards to Belle 's role in the film , but continued to be supported by Katzenberg and lyricist Howard Ashman . According to Woolverton , the story team challenged nearly every line of dialogue Woolverton suggested for the character . On one occasion , the story artists re-wrote what Woolverton had originally scripted as Belle using a map to indicate places to where she would like to travel to the character baking a cake . Arguing that the liberated Belle would not even know how to bake , Woolverton decided to compromise by having the character read a book instead , which was similarly debated because some filmmakers considered reading to be too passive an activity . To resolve this , Woolverton scripted Belle walk while reading , an activity in which Woolverton herself partook as a child . In Beaumont 's fairy tale , Belle is essentially forced to replace her father as the Beast 's prisoner . To make the character more independent , Woolverton re-wrote her so that she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father , bravely confronts the Beast and ultimately trades her own freedom in return for Maurice 's instead . During Gaston 's climactic fight with the Beast , the character 's line `` Time to die ! '' was changed to `` Belle is mine ! '' in order to return the focus of the story to Belle . Voice ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting actress Jodi Benson , who famously voiced Ariel in The Little Mermaid , as Belle , but ultimately felt that she sounded `` too American '' and young , opting for a `` more classical ... womanly '' voice instead . Describing the character as `` a woman that was ahead of her time , '' the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound `` more like a woman than a girl . '' However , Benson voiced Belle in a few episodes of Disney 's House of Mouse . Director Kirk Wise was particularly interested in casting an actress capable of `` creat ( ing ) a character completely with her voice '' , envisioning a voice similar to that of American entertainer Judy Garland . American actress and singer Paige O'Hara was performing on Broadway when she first read about Disney 's then - upcoming animated project Beauty and the Beast in an article in The New York Times . Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and , at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , specifically recruiting Broadway performers , O'Hara immediately insisted that her agent get her an audition . Familiar with O'Hara's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat ; Ashman had already been eyeing O'Hara for the part . O'Hara auditioned for the role five times , competing against approximately 500 other actresses . First auditioning solely for casting director Albert Taveres , O'Hara's next two auditions simply required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles . Required to perform a song of her choice , O'Hara sang `` Heaven Help My Heart '' from the musical Chess . At her first legitimate audition , O'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , but the filmmakers insisted that she use her own voice instead . In addition to Ashman and Menken , O'Hara's last few auditions were attended by directors Wise and Gary Trousdale , and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn . O'Hara recalled that the songwriters would first close their eyes and listen to her before finally watching her perform . An hour after her fifth and final audition , O'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had been cast . The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast , and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat . O'Hara admitted , `` I 'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood ( Belle ) so much . '' 30 years - old at the time of her audition , O'Hara consequently imbued Belle 's voice with a mature , `` womanly quality '' despite the character 's young age . Woolverton appreciated the fact that O'Hara sounded more mature than traditional Disney heroines . Additionally , O'Hara identified with her character because they were both ostracized by their peers throughout their childhood because of their unconventional interests , explaining , `` I was odd growing up myself . I mean , I was into musical theater and Gershwin and Rodgers and Hammerstein while people were going to Led Zeppelin concerts . So I understood that ... I was n't the norm either . I was very focused on my career , on my performing all through my childhood and my teens ... I had a one - track mind , and I think that Belle was like that a lot . '' O'Hara also shares Belle 's interest in reading . Wise was pleased with the quality of O'Hara's voice , which reminded him of Garland . O'Hara initially found it challenging to control her speaking volume due to having been trained to project as a stage actress . O'Hara told The Guardian that to solve this she `` softened and used the microphone . '' As per the filmmakers ' encouragement , the actress would occasionally ad - lib her own dialogue , none was included in the final film because it sounded `` too modern '' . The animators would videotape O'Hara daily while she recorded to incorporate her `` quirky '' mannerisms , expressions and gestures into the character , among them her hair constantly falling into her eyes . O'Hara and American actor Robby Benson , who provides the voice of the Beast , asked Disney to allow the co-stars to record together as opposed to the traditional method of being isolated in a recording booth , to which the studio agreed despite its costliness . O'Hara credited the filmmaker 's decision with developing both the film and Belle and the Beast 's relationship . O'Hara and Benson became the first Disney voice actors to record together . In total , the recording process took over two years to complete . O'Hara had already been friends with co-star Richard White , who voices Gaston , for 15 years . Despite her successful stage career , O'Hara was virtually unknown to Hollywood audiences when she was cast in Beauty and the Beast ; she was one of the last obscure actresses to be cast in a feature - length Disney animated film before the studio began casting better known talent in subsequent animated projects . Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast , O'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise , including its direct - to - video sequels Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) and Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise . Additionally , O'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song `` Belle '' at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . O'Hara has referred to the studio as her `` main employer for 20 years '' . In 2011 , O'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson , who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) . O'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review - Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re-record much of Belle 's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character . However , O'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years . In July 2017 , it was announced that O'Hara would return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Personality ( edit ) According to producer Don Hahn , Beaumont 's Belle is an `` incredibly passive '' character , the personality of whom he likened to those of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella , as well as American actress and animal rights activist Doris Day , describing them as women who are `` capable , but filling a role that women might fill in the 1950s and 1960s . '' The filmmakers painstakingly reworked Belle into a more three - dimensional character by providing her with goals and aspirations beyond romance and marriage , while expanding her passive role into that of a more inquisitive heroine . Determined to have Belle resemble `` an unusual Disney heroine , '' Woolverton deliberately molded her into an independent character who is not a princess , enjoys books and has little interest in marriage , and worked closely with Ashman to create a proactive heroine `` who was a thinker and a reader and she was n't about what she looked like and she was n't a victim . '' Although Belle being well - read is mentioned in the original fairy tale , it is hardly important to its plot . Thus , Belle 's passion for reading was vastly expanded upon , borrowing from both the Little Woman character Jo March and Woolverton 's own love of reading to further demonstrate the character 's intelligence and open mind . Both Woolverton and O'Hara encouraged the filmmakers to emphasize the intelligent and book - loving aspects of Belle 's personality . However , at times the animators struggled to fulfill Woolverton 's vision . Originally , Belle was depicted constantly crying throughout her imprisonment ; Woolverton resented this , arguing that the character was much more likely to be either searching for an escape or simply `` be intrigued that she was living in an enchanted castle '' than crying . `` Once everybody realized she was n't going to be this typical Disney female , they would go to the extreme ... She became bitchy '' ; the screenwriter argued that Belle would be `` too smart '' to act this way . A few years older than The Little Mermaid 's Ariel , Belles ' love of reading makes the character more worldly and mature than her predecessor . Belle is believed by Henn to be `` probably '' the oldest of Disney 's princesses , at 20 years of age . Design and animation ( edit ) British actress Vivien Leigh was one among several Hollywood screen legends whose appearance provided inspiration for Belle 's . Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to fully credit each animator responsible for animating a specific character during the film 's closing credits . Belle 's supervising animators were James Baxter and Mark Henn . Belle was Henn 's second Disney heroine , after he had previously contributed to animating Ariel . Henn was specifically assigned certain scenes to animate from the studio 's Florida division , namely the character exploring the West Wing , the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds , and the `` Something There '' musical sequence . Having since animated Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) and Tiana in The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) , Henn has established himself `` as the go - to man behind many Disney princesses . '' To demonstrate that the character is not perfect , Woolverton described `` a little wisp of hair that keeps falling in her face , '' which was the only direction she used to describe Belle 's physical appearance . Wanting Belle to be significantly different and more European in appearance than Ariel , the animators drew her with fuller lips , narrower eyes and darker eyebrows , which were inspired by the facial features of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . More statuesque than most Disney princesses , Belle 's appearance was inspired by that of American actress Jennie Garth . The animators also used photographs of Hollywood actresses Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor and Grace Kelly for reference . Baxter studied the art of French impressionist Edgar Degas , a painter known for his portraits of ballerinas , whose work inspired the animator to incorporate `` graceful , swan - like movements '' into Belle 's performance . Belle 's yellow ballgown was inspired by a similar costume Hepburn had worn in the film Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) . Hahn and a team of male filmmakers designed the ballgown while consuming pizza and alcohol . Originally , the marketing department ordered that Belles ' dress be pink to cater to the female audience , but art director Brian McEntee convinced studio to make the dress gold in order to make her to distinguish her from other Disney Princess , specifically Aurora 's from Sleeping Beauty ( 1950 ) . Art director Brian McEntee suggested that Belle be the only character in her village to wear blue in order emphasize the fact that she is different and an outcast . The colors Belle wears also mimic her emotions , blue being associated with sadness and loneliness . Blue was also used to symbolize good , while Gaston 's red represented evil . According to the Directory of World Cinema : American Hollywood by Lincoln Geraghty , Belle was inspired by actress Judy Garland 's role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and Julie Andrews ' performance as Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Actress and model Sherri Stoner served as the performance model for Belle , providing live - action reference for the animators as they drew the character . Belle 's tendency to constantly brush her hair away from her face was also inspired by both Stoner and O'Hara . `` I was constantly doing that and little quirky things that they would catch , '' O'Hara told The Guardian . The animators also incorporated O'Hara's eyes , cheekbones and the way in which she raises her eyebrow into Belle 's face . O'Hara felt that Belle originally looked `` too perfect , '' likening the character 's appearance to actresses Elizabeth Taylor and Angelina Jolie . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Charles Solomon observed inconsistencies in Belle 's appearance , writing , `` The prettiest and liveliest Belle waltzes with Beast in his marble ballroom and weeps over his body before he 's transformed into the Prince '' while `` The Belle who receives the library from Beast has wider - set eyes and a more prominent mouth than the noticeably slimmer Belle who sings ' Something There ' '' . Characterization and themes ( edit ) Woolverton created Belle as part of `` her self - directed mandate to move women and girls forward . '' The Express - Times described the character as an intelligent young woman who `` sings songs about reading and wanting to gain knowledge , rather than falling in love . '' Woolverton credits Belle 's knowledge and love of books with providing the character with a `` point of view of her life and that does n't necessarily involve a man getting her there . '' One of the film 's main themes , Belle is considered an outsider because her love of reading provides her with knowledge of the outside world as opposed to her `` narrow - minded '' village peers . Writing for Wired.com , Matt Blum dubbed Belle `` the geekiest heroine of any Disney animated film '' , exemplified by an opening number that demonstrates just how much she does not fit in with her peers due to her intelligence and active imagination . Similarly , Boxoffice 's Amy Nicholson coined the character `` Disney 's Smartest Heroine , '' while Rob Burch of The Hollywood News observed that the character `` comes across as arrogant at times '' because she `` spends much of the first act complaining . '' In her book Sex , Love and Abuse : Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , author Sharon Hayes described Belle as `` the quintessential beautiful young ingenue . '' Comparing Belle 's personality to that of the princess in the Brothers Grimm 's fairy tale `` The Frog Prince '' , The Meanings of `` Beauty and the Beast '' : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold described the character as a similarly `` feisty and outspoken '' heroine . Writing for St. Francis Xavier University , Dawn Elizabeth England observed that Belle possesses equally as many traditionally feminine as she does masculine traits , citing her bravery , independence and assertiveness as masculine , and her sensitivity and fearfulness as feminine . According to Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era author Susan Jeffords , `` Belle 's credentials as heroine are established ... when she is the only one of the town 's single women not to swoon over Gaston , '' while the character 's love of reading is essentially manipulated `` to mark her as better than the rest of the townspeople . '' Writing for The Statesman , David O'Connor cited Belle 's intelligence and bibliophilia as `` in stark opposition to the insensitive and significantly dim - witted Gaston . '' Critics continue to debate over whether Belle or the Beast is the film 's protagonist . Susan Jeffords , author of Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era , felt that although Belle appears to be the protagonist in Beaumont 's original fairy tale , the character becomes `` less the focus of the narrative '' in Disney 's adaptation and more of a `` mechanism for solving the Beast 's ' dilemma ' . '' In her article `` The Tangled Evolution of the Disney Princess '' , Noelle Buffam felt that Belle arrived just in time when Disney 's heroines were `` in a dire need for some change , '' awarding her `` the red stamp of approval '' for her intelligence and spirit . Analyzing ways in which Disney 's heroines have evolved overtime due to `` the approach to the characterization of the princesses chang ( ing ) '' as the characters gradually transformed from passive young women into heroines who `` had ambitions and desires aside from finding true love , '' critics often divide the Disney Princesses into three separate categories and rank Belle among the middle of the timeline , with Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles observing that the character improved upon `` the Disney princess archetype '' by simultaneously serving as both a `` dreamer '' and a `` doer '' in her film , as opposed to exclusively the former . Film historian Paula Sigman Lowery explained to the Daily Express that Belle 's personality is a combination of Ariel 's spirit and burgeoning independence , and Pocahontas ' maturity , while Belle is `` a little older ( than Ariel ) and a little further along in their journey towards independence . '' About.com 's David Nusair believes that Belle belongs to a category of Disney Princesses known as `` The Lady Vanishes , '' in which the heroines , in spite of being brave , outspoken and independent , nonetheless `` are forced to behave passively as others help them achieve their respective goals . '' Michelle Munro , writing for Durham College of Applied Arts and Technology , felt that even though Belle shares several traits with her more passive predecessors , the character introduced `` new possibilities for princesses . '' Girls in Capes wrote that Belle pioneered a generation of princesses who taught `` about ambition , self - discovery and the pursuit of what we want . '' Additionally , Belle remains Disney 's first and only princess to have hazel eyes . Appearances ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Belle debuted in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) as a beautiful bibliophile who , although praised by her fellow villagers for her unrivaled beauty , is at the same time ridiculed for her intelligence and non-conformity . Having grown weary of her uneventful provincial life , in which she is relentlessly romantically pursued by an arrogant hunter named Gaston , Belle longs for adventure . After her father 's horse returns without its rider , she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father . She persuades the Beast that she will trade her own freedom in return for her father 's , since her father is ill in the dungeon , promising to remain with the Beast in his castle among his staff of enchanted objects forever . Belle 's curiosity leads her to the forbidden west wing where she discovers an enchanted rose without realizing that it is tied to the Beast 's fate ; and the Beast 's rage at her trespassing causes her to flee the castle on horseback . Belle is pursued by wolves in the woods but they are driven off by the Beast , afterwards Belle helps the injured Beast back to the castle and nurses him back to health . Although she initially dislikes her captor , Belle gradually learns to accept the Beast in spite of his appearance and eventually befriends him . Belle and the Beast 's strong bond greatly envies Gaston to the point of which he storms the castle and mortally wounds the Beast , though Gaston falls to his own death in the process . However , Belle confesses her love for the Beast just in time to break the spell under which he had been placed by an enchantress as punishment for his selfish ways , and the Beast ultimately transforms back into a handsome prince . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle attempts to reignite the castle 's waning spirit by reintroducing and celebrating Christmas , in spite of the Beast 's strong resentment towards the holiday . Meanwhile , a solemn pipe organ named Forte grows determined to sabotage Belle and the Beast 's burgeoning friendship because he longs to maintain his co-dependent relationship with his master . Tricked by Forte into retrieving a large Christmas tree from a frozen pond , Belle nearly drowns , only to be rescued by the Beast . The Beast , however , having been misinformed by Forte , wrongly accuses Belle of trying to escape again , and locks her in the dungeon as punishment . When the Beast finally discovers the truth , they forgive each other , and Belle helps him thwart Forte 's plan to destroy the castle . Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , depicts Belle as she interacts with both the Beast and his enchanted servants in various segments , exploring themes such as forgiveness , friendship , cooperation and respect . In Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , a spin - off of the film series , Belle owns a bookstore in which she teaches valuable lessons to children by reading and retelling well - known stories and fairy tales , narrating four classic Disney animated shorts : The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , Peter and the Wolf ( 1946 ) , The Wise Little Hen ( 1934 ) and Morris the Midget Moose ( 1950 ) . For the first time , Belle appears as both animated and live - action versions of herself , voiced and portrayed by actresses Paige O'Hara and Lyndsey McLeod , respectively . In the television series Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) , Belle , in a role reprised by McLeod , owns her own music and bookshop , where she is visited by children to whom she tells and sings stories . Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney 's House of Mouse and its direct - to - video films Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey 's House of Villains . In the television series , Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson , while O'Hara reprises her role in the film . A live - action version of Belle appears as a main character in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , where she serves as the love interest of Rumplestiltskin ( who is the show 's version of the Beast ) . She is portrayed by Australian actress Emilie de Ravin . Another live - action version of the character appeared in the 2015 television film Descendants , where she was played by Keegan Connor Tracy ( who is also a cast member on Once Upon a Time , except she plays The Blue Fairy / Mother Superior in the series ) and serves as the Queen of the United States of Auradon . The series Sofia the First included a cameo by Belle in a 2013 episode . British actress Amy Jackson who portrayed as Belle opposite Indian actor Vikram , who being portrayed as Beast for sequences in a dreamy song `` Ennodu Nee Irundhal '' in the 2015 Tamil language romantic thriller `` I '' . The original prosthetic make - up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot ( Shaun ) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners -- Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till . Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 live action film ) ( edit ) English actress Emma Watson portrays Belle in the 2017 live - action version of the film . In January 2015 , English actress Emma Watson announced that she will be portraying Belle in a live - action adaptation of the film , which was released in 2017 . Beauty and the Beast is the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess , as all previous Disney live - action adaptations used then - unknowns . As a feminist and model , Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live - action film . For costume design Watson rejected the traditional `` big princess dress '' and corset for the golden gown as that would have reduced her mobility , with the gown seen as crucial for marketing the film , while for the village scenes she requested boots instead of ballet slippers to give the character more ruggednes . Nonetheless Belle 's attire in the live - action remake largely stays true to its animated predecessor . Thanks to Watson 's influence , Belle is not only a bookworm but also an inventor like her father - she uses her inventions for everyday chores such as laundry , which in turn provides her with time to pursue her passion for reading . It is also revealed that Belle 's mother died of a disease plague during Belle 's infancy , consequently Maurice is somewhat overprotective of Belle and does not allow her to leave the village . For instance , Maurice creates `` music boxes playing tunes from faraway places , in a bid to sate her thirst for exploration '' , as he is unwilling to let Belle be adventurous due to her mother 's death , although Belle harbors no hard feelings about this . Watson 's portrayal of Belle won her the MTV Movie Award for Best Performance at the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards . Broadway musical ( edit ) Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . The role was originated by actress Susan Egan , who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she `` thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' However , her agent managed to convince her otherwise , and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role . Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition , relying solely on `` her own creative instincts '' instead . Egan 's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards . A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical , among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton , The Sopranos ' Jamie - Lynn Sigler , and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol , the latter of whom became Broadway 's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen - year - long run in 2007 . Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway 's longest - running Belle . A best - selling R&B singer , Braxton made her Broadway debut when she was cast as Belle in 1998 , turning down actress Halle Berry 's role in the film Why Do Fools Fall In Love ( 1998 ) . Braxton 's desire to pursue an acting career stemmed from a series of conflicts with the singer 's record label at the time , in turn making her the only African American to portray Belle in the show 's history . Belle 's ballad `` A Change in Me '' was written by songwriters Alan Menken and Tim Rice specifically for Braxton . However , the song was ultimately so well - received that it has been included in the musical ever since . During her tenure as Belle , Braxton was stalked by an `` obsessed fan . '' The stalker had reportedly `` bombarded '' Braxton with threatening e-mails and letters . Several measures were taken to ensure the singer 's safety , including forcing Braxton to dress in full disguise when traveling to and from the theatre in addition to reducing her total number of weekly performances from eight to seven . The stalker was eventually arrested and charged with `` aggravated harassment . '' Miscellaneous ( edit ) Belle along with Beast and Chip appeared at the 64th Academy Awards as presenters for Best Animated Short Feature . She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Disney 's 34th animated feature film The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) during the `` Out There '' musical sequence . She was featured as one of the seven Princesses of Heart in the Kingdom Hearts video game series . Belle was also the main character in various comic books based on the film , including one set during Belle 's stay at the castle published by Marvel Comics , and a prequel set several years before the film distributed by Disney Comics . In the former , the storylines generally have the servants trying to coax Belle into doing something with the Beast , only for it to backfire and nearly ruin their friendship before they make up . In the latter serial , Belle ends up locked up in a cellar by village children after reluctantly playing pirates with them , and later nearly goes down the path leading to Beast 's castle . The latter serial also implies that she holds misandric views and refuses to associate herself with the village children , especially the males , due to their not being as well - versed in literature as she . Belle and the other characters from the first movie appear in the stage show , Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Walt Disney World . Belle appears in a meet - and - greet attraction at Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland called Enchanted Tales with Belle . In season 18 of Dancing With the Stars , Danica McKellar played Belle while performing a Quickstep on a Disney themed episode . Ginger Zee and Edyta Śliwińska also both portrayed Belle while performing a Foxtrot and Waltz respectively during the Disney night episode of the 22nd season of Dancing with the Stars . Emma Slater then played Belle while dancing a Foxtrot during the Disney theme night of the show 's 24th season . Belle , alongside other Disney Princesses , is set to cameo in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 , as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo , with Paige O'Hara returning to the role after seven years . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , several of whom voiced their preference for the character over her predecessor , Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post described Belle as a `` compelling '' character who is `` more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual '' than Ariel , as well as `` a more worldly girl '' , describing her as `` a bookworm , with gumption and a mind of her own . '' Similarly comparing Belle to Ariel , John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote that , in Beauty and the Beast , `` there 's rarely a sense of deja vu , perhaps because the heroine is so different from ' Mermaid 's ' dependent Ariel , and her dilemma is more poignant , '' while Boxoffice scribed , `` Undoubtedly in response to criticism that the cute little ' Mermaid ' Ariel was nothing more than a precocious sexpot , the idea - people behind this beauty -- aptly named Belle ... chose to make her an icon of self - reliance and a voracious reader with a curiosity and love for everything around her . '' Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail extolled Belle as a `` smart , courageous ... ' take - charge kind of gal ' , '' while crowning her the `` main attraction of Beauty and the Beast . '' Emma Cochrane of Empire hailed Belle as `` a feminist heroine who ( is ) more rounded than previous Disney characters '' , while Paste 's Annlee Ellingson similarly enjoyed the character 's `` feminist kick . '' Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote that `` Belle ... is no passive fairy tale princess , but a real live girl , with a spunky personality and her own private agenda . '' TV Guide wrote that `` The familiar narrative is strengthened by the independent , self - assured character of Belle , '' concluding , `` Unlike Disney heroines from Snow White through Ariel , Belle is smart , knows what she wants , and does n't spend her time pining away for the love of a handsome prince . '' Marc Bernardin of Entertainment Weekly praised Belle 's heroism , dubbing her `` the hero '' of Beauty and the Beast , while Entertainment Weekly 's Christian Blauvelt opined , `` Unlike previous Disney heroines who needed to be rescued by a prince themselves , Belle not only saves the Beast 's life , she saves his soul . '' TLC 's Vicki Arkoff received Belle as a `` smart '' and `` sharp - tongued '' heroine , crediting the character for `` break ( ing ) Disney 's passive - princess mold . '' About.com 's David Nusair described Belle as an `` admirable '' heroine . AllMovie 's Don Kaye and Perry Seibert echoed each other 's reviews of the character , with Kaye describing both Belle and the Beast as `` three - dimensional ... complex individuals who defy stereotyping and change over the course of the story , '' and Seibert calling Belle a `` strong female character '' who `` sidesteps most of the clichés surrounding Disney heroines . '' Common Sense Media hailed Belle as `` one of Disney 's smartest , most independent heroines . '' Meanwhile , Belle 's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews . About. com 's David Nusair wrote that `` the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur ( es ) that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time . '' Describing it as an `` unconventional romance , '' Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined , `` The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition . '' Likewise , critics enjoyed O'Hara's performance . According to Variety , Belle was `` magnificently voiced by O'Hara . '' The Star - Ledger 's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O'Hara's `` pretty soprano . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote , `` O'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth , intuition and maturity , '' while the Sun - Sentinel 's Candice Russel felt that O'Hara `` does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual , wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart . '' According to the Young Writers Society , Belle remains the best - reviewed Disney Princess to - date . One of the character 's few negative reviews was written by Ethan Alter of Television Without Pity , who opined : ( T ) he movie ... present ( ed ) audiences with a willful female protagonist that was firmly in control of her romantic destiny and regularly placed reading books above chasing after boys . And it 's true that in that respect at least , Belle stood in stark contrast to past Disney heroines ... Still , the filmmakers did n't do the character any favors by swapping out that boy crazy trait for a pronounced maternalistic streak that comes across as a little creepy . Besides being utterly devoted to her father , Belle 's relationship with the Beast possesses a distinctly mother / toddler dynamic ... Their romance also lacks spark because -- due to the fundamental set - up of the narrative ... it 's always clear that he needs her far more than she needs him . Particularly when compared to some of the dynamic animated heroines that came after her ... today Belle ca n't help but seem ... bland . -- Television Without Pity 's Ethan Alter 's mixed analysis of Belle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Jezebel determined that Belle `` is often held up as the standard of the ' feminist ' Disney princess . '' According to Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults author Anna E. Altmann , Disney heavily promoted Beauty and the Beast as `` a feminist fairy tale '' due to Belle 's characterization and role in the film . In his book Hearing a Film , Seeing a Sermon : Preaching and Popular Movies , author Timothy B. Cargal agreed that the character indicated `` Disney 's ... continued efforts to reshape their heroines for a more feminist age . '' According to Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia author Claudia Mitchell , Belle 's feminism was influenced by third - wave feminism and the relatively new concept of girl power during the 1990s . Feminist critics have been generally mixed in their analyses of Belle , arguing over whether or not the character is in fact `` feminist enough . '' Although Beauty and the Beast was initially lauded upon release for starring a `` forward thinking and feminist '' heroine , critics tend to agree that , in spite of Belle 's independence and resentment towards Gaston , Beauty and the Beast essentially remains a romance about a girl who finally `` meets her ideal man . '' Acknowledging that Belle `` represented significant change from ( her ) sweet , mop - wielding predecessors , '' Twilight and History author Nancy Reagin observed that `` the end result of fulfillment through marriage has been maintained . '' Kathleen Maher of The Austin Chronicle cited Belle as an example of `` pseudo-feminism '' because she rejects one man , Gaston , in favor of another , a prince . While commending Belle for `` seeing past the beast 's appearance , '' Judith Welikala of The Independent in the end accused the character of `` melting back into the role of wife when he turns back into a handsome prince . '' Fairy Tale author Andrew Teverson referred to Belle as Disney 's attempt to address `` feminist criticism of its representation of women in earlier films , '' but ultimately criticized the character 's curiosity for `` extend ( ing ) only to romance , '' additionally accusing her of being `` a zealous individualist with a pathological hostility to common men and women . '' Meanwhile , Stylist ranked Belle among the most feminist Disney characters , describing her as an `` incredibly intelligent '' woman who `` does n't stand for a man who considers her as just a piece of meat ... she wants someone who loves her for her mind too . '' Acknowledging the character 's `` feminist longings , '' Daniel Eagen , author of America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry , cited Belle as Disney 's `` modern - day corrective to Snow White . '' Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works author Phyllis Frus wrote that , initially , Beauty and the Beast does not seem `` remotely feminist . '' However , the author did acknowledge Belle as `` an appealing character with a noticeable feminist streak , '' but in the end criticized Disney 's Consumer Products of reversing what the film had nearly accomplished by inducting the character into the Disney Princess franchise . In Refinery29 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses As Feminist Role Models , '' author Vanessa Golembewski ranked the character eighth but described her personality and ambitions as `` confusing . '' Complex 's Tara Aquino described Belle as `` a kinda feminist ... who 's well - read , self - sufficient , and with standards high enough that she does n't fall for the town 's brain - dead pretty boy . '' Commentators have generally reacted more cynically towards Belle 's relationship with the film 's male characters , particularly the Beast , questioning its morality . Writing for the University of Central Florida , Faith Dickens felt that after Belle 's introduction , the character becomes little more than `` a vehicle for exploring the Beast 's dilemmas , '' while her initial pining for adventure is replaced by romance . Dickens went on to criticize the fact that while Belle appears to be `` perfect the way she is , '' the Beast `` need ( s ) to be reformed . '' Anna E. Altmann , author of Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults , disliked the fact that Belle appears to share a motherly relationship with both the Beast and Maurice . Altman also panned the fact that Belle 's interest in reading appears to be limited to fairy tales , ultimately dismissing the character as little more than `` a feisty North American version of '' Beaumont 's heroine . Orange Coast writer Henry A. Giroux felt that Belle serves as little more than `` a prop for resolving the Beast 's problems . '' Sonia Saraiya of Nerve ranked Belle the sixth most feminist Disney Princess , writing that , unlike Ariel , `` Belle 's sass does n't come from teenage rebellion , but rather from intellectual acuity . '' Saraiya commended Belle for resisting `` her village 's expectations of what her life should look like , '' crediting her with being `` the first princess to express some skepticism about married life . '' While calling Belle 's sacrifice `` brave , '' the author also labeled it `` not much of a step for womankind , '' in the end accusing her of falling `` for a domineering man . '' Similarly , Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles expressed concern over the `` abusive undercurrents running through Belle and Beast 's relationship . '' Meanwhile , Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis also commended Belle 's aspirations and love of reading , but criticized her relationship with the Beast , concluding , `` Though the ' 90s showed a move toward princesses wanting to buck conventions and free themselves from their fathers ( or the town misogynist ) the endgame is the still the same , elaborating , `` When the movie ends , they 're still solidly with a man , their dreams of adventure abandoned . Therefore , the Disney renaissance is characterized more by theoretical want of adventure rather than a genuine pursuit . '' Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Dubbed an `` iconoclast '' by Boxoffice , Belle continues to garner media recognition for her role in Beauty and the Beast . Established as a cultural icon , the character maintains the distinction of being Disney 's first feminist princess . Commentators believe that the character 's role in Beauty and the Beast as one of Disney 's first strong female characters is responsible for changing the way in which women would be depicted in subsequent animated films . According to Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast , `` being a Disney princess meant singing songs about how much you love combing your hair with a fork and giving away your voice if it meant you got to marry the guy with that dreamy chiseled jaw '' prior to Belle 's arrival . The Los Angeles Times ' Charles Solomon ranked Belle among the four Disney Princesses responsible for breaking `` the bonds of convention . '' About.com 's David Nusair agreed that Belle successfully `` updated the princess formula for an entirely new generation . '' The Atlantic 's Lindsay Lowe echoed Nusair 's sentiment , citing Belle as the character responsible for ending Disney 's `` history of ... docile heroines . '' The Daily Campus ' Cathy Schmidt recognized Belle and Ariel as `` the beginnings of the more modern Disney princesses . '' Writing for Virgin Media , Limara Salt believes that the character `` proved that audiences could fall in love with a brown - haired intellectual . '' A survey conducted by Disney after the film 's release determined that Belle 's love of books inspired young women to read . Justin Humphreys of The Hook expressed , `` Belle remains a most successful princess because people can relate '' to her . Elina Bolokhova of Parenting believes that Belle 's `` bravery and independence helped redefine the meaning of a Disney princess . '' According to Justine McGrath of Teen Vogue , Belle has `` become one of the most popular classic Disney princesses of all time . '' Commending her intelligence and lack of vanity , the character was placed at number one on E ! 's ranking of the Disney Princesses , while Cosmopolitan ranked her fourth . In the magazine 's `` Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses '' , Seventeen ranked Belle fifth . Similarly , BuzzFeed also ranked the character fifth , praising her love of reading . A reader poll conducted by BuzzFeed also determined that Belle is the most popular Disney Princess , having garnered 18 % of votes . Belle is the fifth most successful Disney Princess in terms of box office revenue , with Beauty and the Beast having grossed over $350 million . However , Belle was the lowest - selling Disney Princess on eBay in 2013 , with sales of less than $7,000 despite the fact that she is often cited as a customer favorite . `` As Disney heroines go , Belle was an iconoclast . Her strong - willed , independent personality feels invigorating in a medium where most damsels are in distress . That was definitely true 20 years ago when Beauty was released , and it 's still half - true today . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Boxoffice 's Todd Gilchrist explaining the way in which Belle altered Disney heroines for the 20th and 21st centuries . Belle is considered to be among Disney 's most beloved animated heroines . According to Scott Huver of People , the character 's `` popularity remains a force to be reckoned with '' even 25 years after the film 's release . Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking ; only eight women were included on the final list . CNN ranked Belle among `` Merida and other animated heroines '' , a list recognizing some of Disney 's greatest heroines . According to the Daily Mirror , Belle is Disney 's second most iconic character , behind only Mickey and Minnie Mouse , describing her as a `` portrait of bravery , teaching us to look beyond appearances and stand up for what we believe in . '' Meanwhile , PopMatters ranked Belle Disney 's second best hero . Considered to be both a sex symbol and fashion icon , Belle has garnered accolades for both her appearance and costumes . The character was ranked 64th on UGO 's list of the most attractive female cartoon characters , while being ranked 14th on Complex 's `` 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time '' . E ! ranked Belle the second best - dressed Disney Princess , crowning her `` the most couture of all the Disney princesses . '' Author Emily Popp went on to praise the character 's ballgown for being `` off the Oscar de la Renta runway , '' while Vogue included it among the `` Most Famous Dresses '' , with author Sarah Karmali dubbing it `` One of the most instantly recognizable dresses in Disney history . '' Revered as iconic , the dress is currently among the most famous in film history 25 years after its debut . Belle appeared on BuzzFeed 's `` Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits '' four times , ranking the character 's green , blue , pink and yellow dresses 51st , 37th , 31st and 15th , respectively . Similarly , Belle 's blue , pink , yellow and green costumes were ranked 18th , 10th , ninth and fourth by Official Disney Blogs , whose author believes that the character 's ballgown `` went down in the history books . '' Belle appeared on Stylist 's list of the `` Best beauty looks in Disney '' twice , both for the character 's hairstyles . Entertainment Weekly ranked Belle 's hair fifth in the magazine 's `` Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos -- and Don'ts ! '' Belle helped establish Woolverton as a `` legendary screenwriter '' ; the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters ; ever since Belle , the majority of Woolverton 's female characters have been headstrong , independent women , namely Nala in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) , Alice in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) and Maleficent in Maleficent ( 2014 ) . Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that `` Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed - out fairy - tale heroines ... with Belle '' , in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games ' Katniss Everdeen , and Frozen 's Anna and Elsa ( 2013 ) . Woolverton remains protective of Belle , explaining , `` ( she ) was my first - born child , so there 's a little bit of possessiveness , which really I had to let it go '' . Beauty and the Beast , Belle performs the film 's opening number , `` Belle '' , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . In 1998 , O'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast 's three direct - to - video sequels , Belle 's Magical World . To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney , O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19 , 2011 . Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz 's Disney Dream Portrait Series , while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast . The Daily Mail described the image as Cruz `` wearing Belle 's gorgeous yellow gown and being lifted high into the air by her prince , '' accompanied by the phrase `` Where a moment of beauty lasts forever . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Still the Belle of the Ball '' . D23 . Disney . January 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty And The Beast : Glen Keane on discovering the beauty in The Beast '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , James ( 2012 ) . Animated Films - Virgin Film . United States : Random House . ISBN 9781448132812 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 -- via Google Docs . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast 3D ' Is The Same Great Movie , With Some Added 3D Charm '' . Indiewire . SnagFilms . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast 's Leading Lady Hilary Maiberger on Why Belle is ' Not Your Average Disney Princess ' '' . Broadway.com . Key Brand Entertainment . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Best , Jessica ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Disney at 90 : The 20 most iconic Disney characters '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Erica ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` HOW BELLE FROM ' BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ' BECAME DISNEY 'S FIRST FEMINIST PRINCESS '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahlfield , Krisitine ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` How children 's movies have changed '' . Ethos Magazine . Ethos magazine . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terrill , Ashley ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Ladies , Leading -- Linda Woolverton , Writer '' . Elle . Hearst Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Humphreys , Justin ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` FILM - Fairest of Them All : Disney 's Beauty , Paige O'Hara '' . The Hook . Better Publications LLC -- The Hook . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Justine . `` Our Official Ranking of the 10 Best Disney Princesses of All Time '' . Teen Vogue . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Princesses , Ranked '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breslaw , Anna ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking of Disney Princesses '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Jelani Addams ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses , From Distressed Damsels To Most Kickass '' . Seventeen . Hearst Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madison III , Ira ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonora , Epstein ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Here Are The Most Popular Disney Princesses '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ M , Sofia ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tale As Old As 1939 : 10 Richest Disney Princesses Ever '' . TheRichest . TheRichest.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Disney Princesses at the Box Office '' . The Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` And the Most Popular Disney Princess Is ... '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Tracie Egan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is the Most Popular Disney Princess on eBay ? '' . Jezebel . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D '' . Boxoffice . BOXOFFICE Media , LLC . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 greatest heroes and the 50 greatest villains of all time 400 Nominated Characters '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Liv ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` 13 things you never knew about Belle from ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Revelist . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Stephanie ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Brave 's ' Merida and other animated heroines '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibron , Bill ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Best Heroes ... and Villains '' . PopMatters . PopMatters Media , Inc . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Kara ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Most Stylish Disney Princesses : A Definitive Ranking '' . Bustle . Bustle.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Animated Hotties '' . UGO . IGN Entertainment . December 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanfiorenzo , Dimas ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time '' . Complex . Complex Media . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Popp , Emily ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` All of the Disney Princesses ' Wardrobes , Ranked '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` Most Famous Dresses '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Beauty and the Beast trailer offers teasing glimpse of Emma Watson 's Belle '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Leonora ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` A Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Emily ( 2014 ) . `` Every Disney Princess Outfit , Ranked '' . Official Disney Blogs . Disney.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best beauty looks in Disney '' . Stylist . Stylist . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos -- and Don'ts ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LINDA WOOLVERTON AND THE MAKING OF MALEFICENT '' . Interview . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sara Munson Deats , Lagretta Tallent Lenker , ed. ( 1999 ) . Aging and Identity : A Humanities Perspective . Praeger Publishers . p. 211 . ISBN 9780275964795 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1998 ) -- Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draskovic , Marina ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Joining the Prestigious Circle '' . D23 . Disney . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Penélope Cruz Swept Away by a New Prince Charming '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Leibovitz 's Latest Disney Ad Campaign ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bull , Sarah ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` Penelope Cruz is the Belle of the ball in stunning new Annie Leibovitz Disney Dream portrait '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sawas , George ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Parks Unveils New Annie Leibovitz Disney Dream Portraits '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disney . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belle ( Disney ) . Belle on IMDb Belle at Disney.com <Th_colspan="2"> Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Princess <Td_colspan="2"> Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts <Td_colspan="2"> MusicBrainz : 2e56f4a1 - 5871 - 47d3 - 8029 - 7f22c9aa1e7d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_(Disney)&oldid=809061725 '' Categories : Disney Princess characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional French people Kingdom Hearts characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from November 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Belle - Disney character 2. Beauty and the Beast - animated film 3. Feminist heroine 4. Emma Watson - portrayal in live-action film 5. Critical acclaim and impact

who played lurtz in lord of the rings

Lawrence Makoare - Wikipedia Lawrence Makoare Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lawrence Makoare <Td_colspan="2"> Lawrence Makoare in 2003 ( 1968 - 11 - 20 ) 20 November 1968 ( age 49 ) Bastion Point , Auckland , New Zealand Residence New Zealand Occupation Actor Known for The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Lawrence Makoare ( born 20 November 1968 ) is a New Zealand Māori actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Makoare was a road construction builder who drifted into acting after he accompanied a girlfriend to a drama class and was picked out by the teacher to perform because of his impressive height . He began his career performing as a stuntman . Makoare is probably best known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . In The Fellowship of the Ring , he portrayed the Uruk - hai leader Lurtz , and in The Return of the King , he portrayed the Witch - king of Angmar as well as Gothmog , the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . In The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , he portrayed the Orc commander Bolg , son of Azog . Due to filming commitments on Marco Polo , Makoare was unavailable during the pick - ups shooting of The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , in which Bolg is portrayed by John Tui instead . Makoare is also popular among Xena : Warrior Princess fans , having played two memorable characters in the third season : a Barbarian leader in episode `` The Quill Is Mightier ... '' ; and Maecanus ( a minion of Aphrodite ) in episode `` Fins , Femmes and Gems '' . In 2002 , he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day . The director of The Dead Lands , Toa Fraser , was not enthusiastic about using Makoare as the warrior , but was won over by the way he managed , after a few directing hints , to turn in a performance that made him weep . Makoare with a fan cosplaying as Lurtz , his character from The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Rapa Nui Atta 1999 What Becomes of the Broken Hearted ? Grunt Greenstone Rameka TV Series 2000 The Feathers of Peace Pemako The Price of Milk Nephew Crooked Earth Kahu Bastion The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Lurtz 2002 The Maori Merchant of Venice Pirihina o Morako ( The Prince of Morocco ) Die Another Day Mr Kil 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Witch - King of Angmar / Gothmog 2007 The Ferryman Snake 2012 L'oncle Charles Ratu Fundamental J.T. 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bolg 2014 Marco Polo Za Bing TV Series The Dead Lands The Warrior References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Dowling , ' Taking a break with a Rings monster , ' BBC News 17 September 2003 Jump up ^ Steohen Saito , ' Interview : Toa Fraser on Bringing His Life to `` The Dead Lands '' , ' The Moveable Fest 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lawrence Makoare on IMDb VIAF : 76006105 LCCN : no2003059626 This article about a New Zealand actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a New Zealand artist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Makoare&oldid=814261926 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male Māori actors New Zealand Māori carvers New Zealand actor stubs New Zealand artist stubs Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Māori Nederlands Norsk Polski Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lawrence Makoare - New Zealand Māori actor 2. Known for roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies 3. Career as a stuntman before becoming an actor 4. Played memorable characters in Xena: Warrior Princess 5. Filmography includes Die Another Day and The Dead Lands

who played feral kid in mad max 2

Emil Minty - Wikipedia Emil Minty Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Emil Minty 1972 ( age 45 -- 46 ) Sydney , Australia Occupation Actor Years active 1981 -- 1992 Emil Minty ( born 1972 ) is an Australian former child actor . He played The Feral Kid , a feral child in the 1981 film Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior . As an actor , he had no lines in the film . After Mad Max 2 , Minty had minor parts in Fluteman ( 1982 ) and in The Winds of Jarrah ( 1983 ) . In 1990 he appeared in a few episodes of A Country Practice . Minty withdrew from acting when he finished school . He became a jeweller , and has worked at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney 's Gladesville since the early 1990s . He is a father of two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links Filmography ( edit ) Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior ( 1981 ) - The Feral Kid Fluteman ( 1982 ) - Toby The Winds of Jarrah ( 1983 ) - Andy Marlow `` The Flying Doctors '' ( 1990 ) - Mat Coulson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lehmann , Megan ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` From Mad Max 's feral child ... to Sydney jeweller '' . The Daily Telegraph . Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 394 . External links ( edit ) Emil Minty on IMDb VIAF : 91608591 This article about an Australian film actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Minty&oldid=820597474 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people Australian male child actors Australian male film actors Australian male television actors People from Sydney Australian screen actor stubs Film actor stubs Australian film biography stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from November 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 15 : 09 . About Wikipedia

1. Emil Minty - Australian former child actor 2. Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior - Film featuring Emil Minty as The Feral Kid 3. Career transition - From acting to becoming a jeweller 4. Minor roles - Fluteman and The Winds of Jarrah 5. Personal life - Father of two, working at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney

who is the most listened to artist in the world

List of most streamed artists on Spotify - wikipedia List of most streamed artists on Spotify Jump to : navigation , search No. 1 is Drake with 49 million monthly listeners . No. 2 is The Weeknd with 41 million monthly listeners . No. 3 is Ed Sheeran with 41 million monthly listeners . This list of most - streamed artists on Spotify contains the top 20 artists with the most monthly streams , as derived from Spotify charts in April 2018 . Drake is currently the most streamed artist on Spotify with 49 million monthly listeners . He is also the most streamed artist of all time with over 10 billion combined streams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most streamed artists 1.1 Monthly streams 1.2 All - time streams 2 Most followers 3 Peak position on chart 4 Most streamed artists by year 4.1 2017 4.2 2016 4.3 2015 4.4 2014 4.5 2013 5 See also 6 References Most streamed artists ( edit ) Non-English Female artists Monthly streams ( edit ) Rank Artist Monthly listeners Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Drake 49 million Canada 2 . The Weeknd 41 million Canada 3 . Ed Sheeran 41 million United Kingdom 4 . Marshmello 40 million United States 5 . Kendrick Lamar 40 million United States 6 . Dua Lipa 40 million United Kingdom 7 . J Balvin 40 million Colombia 8 . David Guetta 39 million France 9 . Post Malone 38 million United States 10 . Camila Cabello 37 million United States 11 . Rihanna 35 million Barbados 12 . Khalid 34 million United States 13 . The Chainsmokers 32 million United States 14 . Calvin Harris 32 million United Kingdom 15 . Eminem 31 million United States 16 . Shawn Mendes 31 million Canada 17 . Daddy Yankee 31 million Puerto Rico 18 . Bruno Mars 31 million United States 19 . Chris Brown 30 million United States 20 . Maroon 5 30 million United States <Th_colspan="5"> As of April 2018 All - time streams ( edit ) This list enumerates the streams artists ' song accrued on the Spotify Global Top 200 , which is less than the artist 's total streams . Rank Artist Total streams Country 1 . Drake 10.3 billion Canada 2 . Justin Bieber 8.6 billion Canada 3 . Ed Sheeran 8.3 billion United Kingdom 4 . The Weeknd 5.5 billion Canada 5 . The Chainsmokers 4.8 billion United States 6 . Rihanna 4.4 billion Barbados 7 . J Balvin 4.3 billion Colombia 8 . Kendrick Lamar 4.1 billion United States 9 . Daddy Yankee 4.0 billion Puerto Rico 10 . Calvin Harris 4.0 billion United Kingdom 11 . Post Malone 3.5 billion United States 12 . Ozuna 3.4 billion Puerto Rico 13 . Selena Gomez 3.3 billion United States 14 . Future 3.1 billion United States 15 . Sia 3.1 billion Australia 16 . Major Lazer 3.1 billion / / 17 . Ariana Grande 3.0 billion United States 18 . Nicki Minaj 3.0 billion United States 19 . Maluma 2.8 billion Colombia 20 . Imagine Dragons 2.8 billion United States <Th_colspan="4"> As of April 2018 Most followers ( edit ) Also among the 20 most streamed artists Rank Artist Followers Country Ref ( s ) 1 . Ed Sheeran 23.3 million United Kingdom 2 . Rihanna 21.2 million Barbados 3 . Justin Bieber 20.7 million Canada 4 . Drake 19.0 million Canada 5 . Eminem 15.6 million United States 6 . Ariana Grande 13.5 million United States 7 . David Guetta 13.2 million France 8 . Beyoncé 12.6 million United States 9 . Bruno Mars 11.9 million United States 10 . Taylor Swift 11.5 million United States 11 . Coldplay 11.2 million United Kingdom 12 . Calvin Harris 10.7 million United Kingdom 13 . Maroon 5 10.4 million United States 14 . Shakira 10.2 million Colombia 15 . Nicki Minaj 10.2 million United States 16 . The Weeknd 10.1 million Canada 17 . Katy Perry 9.4 million United States 18 . Selena Gomez 9.2 million United States 19 . One Direction 9.1 million United Kingdom Ireland 20 . Adele 8.7 million United Kingdom <Th_colspan="5"> As of April 2018 Peak position on chart ( edit ) Timeline of artists who have held the peak position each month as the most streamed artist since September 2015 , when the feature was first made public . Indicates most streamed artist of the year Year Month Artist Ref ( s ) 2015 September The Weeknd October November December Justin Bieber 2016 January February March April Rihanna May Drake June July August September October November December The Weeknd 2017 January February Ed Sheeran March April May June July August September October November December 2018 January Ed Sheeran February March Drake April Most streamed artists by year ( edit ) Ed Sheeran was the most streamed artist of 2014 and 2017 . Drake was the most streamed artist of 2015 and 2016 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis were the most streamed artists of 2013 . 2017 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2017 was Ed Sheeran with 6.3 billion streams that year . This was his second year topping the list . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2 . Drake Canada 3 . The Weeknd 4 . Kendrick Lamar United States 5 . The Chainsmokers 2016 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2016 was Drake with 4.7 billion streams that year . He topped the list for a second year in a row . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake Canada 2 . Justin Bieber 3 . Rihanna Barbados 4 . Twenty One Pilots United States 5 . Kanye West 2015 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2015 was Drake with 1.8 billion streams that year . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Drake Canada 2 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 3 . The Weeknd Canada 4 . Maroon 5 United States 5 . Kanye West 2014 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artist of 2014 was Ed Sheeran with 860 million streams that year . Rank Chg Artist Country 1 . Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2 . Eminem United States 3 . Coldplay United Kingdom 4 . Calvin Harris United Kingdom 5 . Katy Perry United States 2013 ( edit ) Spotify 's most streamed artists of 2013 were Macklemore & Ryan Lewis . Rank Artist Country 1 . Macklemore & Ryan Lewis United States 2 . Avicii Sweden 3 . Daft Punk France 4 . Eminem United States 5 . Imagine Dragons 6 . Jay - Z 7 . Bruno Mars 8 . Rihanna Barbados 9 . Calvin Harris United Kingdom 10 . Drake Canada See also ( edit ) List of most streamed songs on Spotify List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - followed Instagram accounts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Drake '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Weeknd '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marshmello '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J Balvin '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Brown '' . Spotify . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify Chart History Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nicki Minaj '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adele '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotify 's new About tab reveals artists ' monthly listeners Jump up ^ The Weeknd tops Spotify artists chart with 24m monthly listeners Jump up ^ Spotify 's new Number of Monthly Listeners stat / chart is pretty interesting ( The Weeknd currently # 1 in the world ) . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ The most listened artist on Spotify is Justin Bieber . And you still ask why the aliens did n't come to Earth . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ranks the # 1 most popular artist on Spotify w / over 4 million followers & 31 million monthly listeners Jump up ^ Justin Bieber is most popular Spotify artist with 31.7 million monthly listeners . Can you guess who is in second and third ? Hint : Adele 4th Jump up ^ Justin Bieber got the most number of monthly listener in spotify . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Rihanna has bypassed Justin Bieber as the number one artist on Spotify , with over 31 million monthly listeners ! ^ Jump up to : Ingham , Tim ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Drake finally loses his Spotify crown to record - breaking The Weeknd '' . Music Business Worldwide . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Weeknd passed Drake for the most monthly listeners on spotify . About time. 🙄 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Ed Sheeran is now officially the biggest artist on Spotify worldwide Jump up ^ Artists with the most monthly listeners on Spotify currently : Ed Sheeran , The Chainsmokers , Drake , Coldplay Jump up ^ Taylor is now the second most listened to artist on Spotify with 36M+ monthly listeners - right behind Ed Sheeran 🎶 🎵 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Drake is back in 1st place with more monthly listeners on Spotify . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Spotify 's 2017 Most - Streamed List '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Drake & Rihanna Top Spotify 's Year - End Lists '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Is The World 's Most Streamed Artist on Spotify for 2015 '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is Spotify 's most - streamed artist of 2014 '' . BBC News . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Spotify Team ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Spotify reveals Macklemore & Ryan Lewis are 2013 's most - streamed artists '' . Spotify . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_streamed_artists_on_Spotify&oldid=837236652 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Music - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 15 : 27 . About Wikipedia

1. Most streamed artists on Spotify 2. Drake with 49 million monthly listeners 3. The Weeknd with 41 million monthly listeners 4. Ed Sheeran with 41 million monthly listeners 5. Top 20 artists with the most monthly streams on Spotify

what is the difference between ampa receptors and nmda receptors

NMDA receptor - wikipedia NMDA receptor Jump to : navigation , search `` NR1 '' redirects here . For the submarine , see NR - 1 . Stylized depiction of an activated NMDAR . Glutamate is in the glutamate - binding site and glycine is in the glycine - binding site . The allosteric site , which modulates receptor function when bound to a ligand , is not occupied . NMDARs require the binding of two molecules of glutamate or aspartate and two of glycine . The N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor ( also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR ) , is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells . The NMDA receptor is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors , the others being the AMPA and kainate receptors . It is activated when glutamate and glycine ( or D - serine ) bind to it , and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane . The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function . The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor . The NMDA receptor is so named because the agonist molecule N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) binds selectively to it , and not to other glutamate receptors . Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations , with a combined reversal potential near 0 mV . While the opening and closing of the ion channel is primarily gated by ligand binding , the current flow through the ion channel is voltage dependent . Extracellular magnesium ( Mg ) and zinc ( Zn ) ions can bind to specific sites on the receptor , blocking the passage of other cations through the open ion channel . Depolarization of the cell dislodges and repels the Mg and Zn ions from the pore , thus allowing a voltage - dependent flow of sodium ( Na ) and small amounts of calcium ( Ca ) ions into the cell and potassium ( K ) out of the cell . Ca flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity , a cellular mechanism for learning and memory . The opening and closing ( gating ) of the NMDA receptor is complex . While it is primarily a ligand - gated channel , it does display weaker voltage - dependence modulation of the ligand - dependent gating . The ligand gating requires co-activation by two ligands : glutamate and either D - serine or glycine . The voltage - dependence of current through the channel is mainly due to binding of Mg or Zn ions to the protein as described above . The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine ( PCP ) , alcohol ( ethanol ) and dextromethorphan ( DXM ) . The anaesthetic and analgesic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 NMDA receptor 3 Mechanism of action 4 Variants 4.1 GluN1 4.2 GluN2 4.3 NR2B to NR2A switch 4.4 NR2B to NR2C switch 5 Role in excitotoxicity 5.1 Differing cascade pathways 5.2 Neural plasticity 5.3 Role of differing subunits 5.4 Excitotoxicity in a clinical setting 6 Ligands 6.1 Agonists 6.1. 1 Examples 6.1. 2 Neramexane 6.2 Partial agonists 6.2. 1 Examples 6.3 Antagonists 6.3. 1 Examples 6.3. 2 Nitromemantine 6.4 Modulators 6.4. 1 Examples 6.5 Development of NMDA receptor antagonist 6.5. 1 Competitive NMDA receptor antagonists 6.5. 2 Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists 6.5. 3 Memantine and related compounds 6.6 Structure activity relationship ( SAR ) 6.6. 1 Second generation derivative of memantine ; Nitromemantine 6.7 Therapeutic application 7 Receptor modulation 8 Clinical significance 9 See also 10 References 11 External links In 1972 a possible therapeutic importance of memantine , an adamantane derivative , was discovered for treating neurodegenerative disorders . Since 1989 memantine has been recognized to be an uncompetitive antagonist of the N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor ( NMDA receptor ) , entering the channel of the receptor after it has been activated and thereby blocking the flow of ions . The NMDA receptor channels play an important role in synaptic plasticity and synapse formation underlying memory , learning and formation of neural networks during development in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Overactivation of the receptor , causing excessive influx of Ca can lead to excitotoxicity which is implied to be involved in some neurodegenerative disorders . Blocking of NMDA receptors could therefore , in theory , be useful in treating such diseases . The main problem with the development of NMDA receptor antagonist for neuroprotection is that the physiological NMDA receptor activity is essential for normal neuronal function . To be clinically accepted the antagonists must block excessive activation without blocking the normal function . History ( edit ) The discovery of NMDA receptors was followed by the synthesis and study of N - Methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) in the 1960s by Jeff Watkins and colleagues . In the early 1980s , NMDA receptors were shown to be involved in several central synaptic pathways . Receptor subunit selectivity was discovered in the early 1990s , which led to recognition of a new class of compounds that selectively inhibit the NR2B subunit . These findings led to vigorous campaign in the pharmaceutical industry . From this it was considered that NMDA receptors were associated with a variety of neurological disorders such as epilepsy , Parkinson _́ s , Alzheimer _́ s , Huntington _́ s and other CNS disorders . A fortuitous finding was made in 1968 when a woman was taking amantadine as flu medicine and experienced remarkable remission of her Parkinson 's symptoms . This finding , reported by Scawab et al. , was the beginning of medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives in the context of diseases affecting the CNS . Before this finding , memantine , another adamantane derivative , had been synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company in 1963 . The purpose was to develop hypoglycemic drug , but it showed no such efficacy . It was not until 1972 that a possible therapeutic importance of memantine for treating neurodegenerative disorders was discovered . From 1989 memantine has been recognized to be an uncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor . NMDA receptor ( edit ) Figure 1 : NR1 / NR2B subunit Figure 2 : Transmembrane region of NR1 ( left ) and NR2B ( right ) subunits of NMDA receptor . The NMDA receptor is a glutamate and ion channel protein receptor that is activated when glycine and glutamate bind to it . The receptor is a heteromeric complex that interacts with multiple intracellular proteins by three different subunits : NR1 , NR2 and NR3 . NR1 has eight different subunits generated by alternative splicing from a single gene . There are four different NR2 subunits ( A-D ) and late in the 20 century NR3A and NR3B subunits have been reported . Six separate genes encode for NR2 and NR3 . All the subunits share a common membrane topology that is dominated by a large extracellular N - terminus , a membrane region comprising three transmembrane segments , a re-entrant pore loop , an extracellular loop between the transmembrane segments that are structurally not well known , and an intracellular C - terminus , which are different in size depending on the subunit and provide multiple sites of interaction with many intracellular proteins . Figure 1 shows a basic structure of NR1 / NR2 subunits that forms the binding site for memantine , Mg , MK - 801 , ketamine and amantadine . Mg block the NMDA receptor channels in voltage dependent manner but they are highly permeable to Ca . Activation of the receptor depends on glutamate binding , D - serine or glycine binding at its NR1 - linked binding site and AMPA receptor - mediated depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane , which relieves the voltage - dependent channel block by Mg . Activation and opening of the receptors channel thus allows the flow of K , Na and Ca ions , and the influx of Ca triggers intracellular signaling pathways . Allosteric receptor binding sites for zinc , proteins and the polyamines spermidine and spermine are also modulators for the NMDA receptor channels . The NR2B subunit has been involved in modulating activity such as learning , memory , processing and feeding behaviors , as well as being implicated in number of human derangement . The basic structure and functions associated with the NMDA receptor can be attributed to the NR2B subunit . For example , the glutamate binding site and the control of the Mg block are formed by the NR2B subunit . The high affinity sites for glycine antagonist are also exclusively displayed by the NR1 / NR2B receptor . NR1 / NR2B transmembrane segments are considered to be the part of the receptor that forms the binding pockets for uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists , but the transmembrane segments structures are not fully known as stated above . It is claimed that three binding sites within the receptor , A644 on the NR2B subunit and A645 and N616 on the NR1 subunit , are important for binding of memantine and related compounds as seen in figure 2 . The NMDA receptor forms a heterotetramer between two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits ( the subunits were previously denoted as NR1 and NR2 ) , two obligatory NR1 subunits and two regionally localized NR2 subunits . A related gene family of NR3 A and B subunits have an inhibitory effect on receptor activity . Multiple receptor isoforms with distinct brain distributions and functional properties arise by selective splicing of the NR1 transcripts and differential expression of the NR2 subunits . Each receptor subunit has modular design and each structural module also represents a functional unit : The extracellular domain contains two globular structures : a modulatory domain and a ligand - binding domain . NR1 subunits bind the co-agonist glycine and NR2 subunits bind the neurotransmitter glutamate . The agonist - binding module links to a membrane domain , which consists of three transmembrane segments and a re-entrant loop reminiscent of the selectivity filter of potassium channels . The membrane domain contributes residues to the channel pore and is responsible for the receptor 's high - unitary conductance , high - calcium permeability , and voltage - dependent magnesium block . Each subunit has an extensive cytoplasmic domain , which contain residues that can be directly modified by a series of protein kinases and protein phosphatases , as well as residues that interact with a large number of structural , adaptor , and scaffolding proteins . The glycine - binding modules of the NR1 and NR3 subunits and the glutamate - binding module of the NR2A subunit have been expressed as soluble proteins , and their three - dimensional structure has been solved at atomic resolution by x-ray crystallography . This has revealed a common fold with amino acid - binding bacterial proteins and with the glutamate - binding module of AMPA - receptors and kainate - receptors . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Overactivation of NMDA receptors , relieving the Mg block and causing excessive influx of Ca can lead to excitotoxicity . Excitotoxicity is implied to be involved in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease and Huntington 's disease . Blocking of NMDA receptors could therefore , in theory , be useful in treating such diseases . It is , however , important to preserve physiological NMDA receptor activity while trying to block its excessive , excitotoxic activity . This can possibly be achieved by uncompetitive antagonists , blocking the receptors ion channel when excessively open . Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists , or channel blockers , enter the channel of the NMDA receptor after it has been activated and thereby block the flow of ions . MK - 801 , ketamine , amantadine and memantine are examples of such antagonists , see figure 1 . The off - rate of an antagonist from the receptors channel is an important factor as too slow off - rate can interfere with normal function of the receptor and too fast off - rate may give ineffective blockade of an excessively open receptor . Memantine is an example of an uncompetitive channel blocker of the NMDA receptor , with a relatively rapid off - rate and low affinity . At physiological pH its amine group is positively charged and its block of the channel is voltage - dependent . It thereby mimics the physiological function of Mg as channel blocker . Memantine only blocks NMDA receptor associated channels during prolonged activation of the receptor , as it occurs under excitotoxic conditions , by replacing magnesium at the binding site . During normal receptor activity the channels only stay open for several milliseconds and under those circumstances memantine is unable to bind within the channels and therefore does n't interfere with normal synaptic activity . Variants ( edit ) GluN1 ( edit ) There are eight variants of the NR1 subunit produced by alternative splicing of GRIN1 : NR1 - 1a , NR1 - 1b ; NR1 - 1a is the most abundantly expressed form . NR1 - 2a , NR1 - 2b ; NR1 - 3a , NR1 - 3b ; NR1 - 4a , NR1 - 4b ; GluN2 ( edit ) NR2 subunit in vertebrates ( left ) and invertebrates ( right ) . Ryan et al. , 2008 While a single NR2 subunit is found in invertebrate organisms , four distinct isoforms of the NR2 subunit are expressed in vertebrates and are referred to with the nomenclature NR2A through NR2D ( encoded by GRIN2A , GRIN2B , GRIN2C , GRIN2D ) . Strong evidence shows that the genes encoding the NR2 subunits in vertebrates have undergone at least two rounds of gene duplication . They contain the binding - site for the neurotransmitter glutamate . More importantly , each NR2 subunit has a different intracellular C - terminal domain that can interact with different sets of signalling molecules . Unlike NR1 subunits , NR2 subunits are expressed differentially across various cell types and control the electrophysiological properties of the NMDA receptor . One particular subunit , NR2B , is mainly present in immature neurons and in extrasynaptic locations , and contains the binding - site for the selective inhibitor ifenprodil . NR2B to NR2A switch ( edit ) The time course of NR2B - NR2A switch in human cerebellum . Bar - Shira et al. , 2015 Whereas NR2B is predominant in the early postnatal brain , the number of NR2A subunits grows , and eventually NR2A subunits outnumber NR2B . This is called the NR2B - NR2A developmental switch , and is notable because of the different kinetics each NR2 subunit lends to the receptor . For instance , greater ratios of the NR2B subunit leads to NMDA receptors which remain open longer compared to those with more NR2A . This may in part account for greater memory abilities in the immediate postnatal period compared to late in life , which is the principle behind genetically altered ' doogie mice ' . The detailed time course of this switch in the human cerebellum has been estimated using expression microarray and RNA seq and is shown in the figure on the right . There are three hypothetical models to describe this switch mechanism : Increase in synaptic NR2A along with decrease in NR2B Extrasynaptic displacement of NR2B away from the synapse with increase in NR2A Increase of NR2A diluting the number of NR2B without the decrease of the latter . The NR2B and NR2A subunits also have differential roles in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death . The developmental switch in subunit composition is thought to explain the developmental changes in NMDA neurotoxicity . Disruption of the gene for NR2B in mice causes perinatal lethality , whereas the disruption of NR2A gene produces viable mice , although with impaired hippocampal plasticity . One study suggests that reelin may play a role in the NMDA receptor maturation by increasing the NR2B subunit mobility . NR2B to NR2C switch ( edit ) Granule cell precursors ( GCPs ) of the cerebellum , after undergoing symmetric cell division in the external granule - cell layer ( EGL ) , migrate into the internal granule - cell layer ( IGL ) where they downregulate NR2B and activate NR2C , a process that is independent of neuregulin beta signaling through ErbB2 and ErbB4 receptors . Role in excitotoxicity ( edit ) NMDA receptors have been implicated by a number of studies to be strongly involved with excitotoxicity . Because NMDA receptors play an important role in the health and function of neurons , there has been much discussion on how these receptors can affect both cell survival and cell death . Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that overstimulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors has more to do with excitotoxicity than stimulation of their synaptic counterparts . In addition , while stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors appear to contribute to cell death , there is evidence to suggest that stimulation of synaptic NMDA receptors contributes to the health and longevity of the cell . There is ample evidence to support the dual nature of NMDA receptors based on location , and the hypothesis explaining the two differing mechanisms is known as the `` localization hypothesis '' . Differing cascade pathways ( edit ) In order to support the localization hypothesis , it would be necessary to show differing cellular signaling pathways are activated by NMDA receptors based on its location within the cell membrane . Experiments have been designed to stimulate either synaptic or non-synaptic NMDA receptors exclusively . These types of experiments have shown that different pathways are being activated or regulated depending on the location of the signal origin . Many of these pathways use the same protein signals , but are regulated oppositely by NMDARs depending on its location . For example , synaptic NMDA excitation caused a decrease in the intracellular concentration of p38 mitogen - activated protein kinase ( p38MAPK ) . Extrasynaptic stimulation NMDARs regulated p38MAPK in the opposite fashion , causing an increase in intracellular concentration . Experiments of this type have since been repeated with the results indicating these differences stretch across many pathways linked to cell survival and excitotoxicity . Two specific proteins have been identified as a major pathway responsible for these different cellular responses ERK1 / 2 , and Jacob . ERK1 / 2 is responsible for phosphorylation of Jacob when excited by synaptic NMDARs . This information is then transported to the nucleus . Phosphorylation of Jacob does not take place with extrasynaptic NMDA stimulation . This allows the transcription factors in the nucleus to respond differently based in the phosphorylation state of Jacob . Neural plasticity ( edit ) NMDA receptors are also associated with synaptic plasticity . The idea that both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors can affect long - term potentiation ( LTP ) and long - term depression ( LTD ) differently has also been explored . Experimental data suggest that extrasynaptic NMDA receptors inhibit LTP while producing LTD . Inhibition of LTP can be prevented with the introduction of a NMDA antagonist . A theta burst stimulation that usually induces LTP with synaptic NMDARs , when applied selectively to extrasynaptic NMDARs produces a LTD . Experimentation also indicates that extrasynaptic activity is not required for the formation of LTP . In addition , both synaptic and extrasynaptic are involved in expressing a full LTD . Role of differing subunits ( edit ) Another factor that seems to affect NMDAR induced toxicity is the observed variation in subunit makeup . NMDA receptors are heterotetramers with two GluN1 subunits and two variable subunits . Two of these variable subunits , GluN2A and GluN2B , have been shown to preferentially lead to cell survival and cell death cascades respectively . Although both subunits are found in synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs there is some evidence to suggest that the GluN2B subunit occurs more frequently in extrasynaptic receptors . This observation could help explain the dualistic role that NMDA receptors play in excitotoxicity . Despite the compelling evidence and the relative simplicity of these two theories working in tandem , there is still disagreement about the significance of these claims . Some problems in proving these theories arise with the difficulty of using pharmacological means to determine the subtypes of specific NMDARs . In addition , the theory of subunit variation does not explain how this effect might predominate , as it is widely held that the most common tetramer , made from two GluN1 subunits and one of each subunit GluN2A and GluN2B , makes up a high percentage of the NMDARs . Excitotoxicity in a clinical setting ( edit ) Excitotoxicity has been thought to play a role in the degenerative properties of neurodegenerative conditions since the late 1950s . NMDA receptors seem to play an important role in many of these degenerative diseases affecting the brain . Most notably excitotoxic events involving NMDA receptors have been linked to Alzheimer 's disease and Huntington 's disease as well as with other medical conditions such as strokes and epilepsy . Treating these conditions with one of the many known NMDA receptor antagonists , however , lead to a variety of unwanted side effects , some of which can be quite severe . These side effects are , in part , observed because the NMDA receptors do not just signal for cell death but also play an important role in its vitality . Treatment for these conditions might be found in blocking NMDA receptors not found at the synapse . Ligands ( edit ) Agonists ( edit ) Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) , the major endogenous agonist of the main site of the NMDAR . Glycine , the major endogenous agonist of the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDAR . Activation of NMDA receptors requires binding of glutamate or aspartate ( aspartate does not stimulate the receptors as strongly ) . In addition , NMDARs also require the binding of the co-agonist glycine for the efficient opening of the ion channel , which is a part of this receptor . D - Serine has also been found to co-agonize the NMDA receptor with even greater potency than glycine . It is produced by serine racemase , and is enriched in the same areas as NMDA receptors . Removal of D - serine can block NMDA - mediated excitatory neurotransmission in many areas . Recently , it has been shown that D - serine can be released both by neurons and astrocytes to regulate NMDA receptors . NMDA receptor ( NMDAR ) - mediated currents are directly related to membrane depolarization . NMDA agonists therefore exhibit fast Mg unbinding kinetics , increasing channel open probability with depolarization . This property is fundamental to the role of the NMDA receptor in memory and learning , and it has been suggested that this channel is a biochemical substrate of Hebbian learning , where it can act as a coincidence detector for membrane depolarization and synaptic transmission . Examples ( edit ) Some known NMDA receptor agonists include : Alanine ( D - alanine , L - alanine ) -- endogenous glycine site agonist Aspartic acid ( asparatate ) -- endogenous glutamate site agonist Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) -- endogenous glutamate site agonist Glycine -- endogenous glycine site agonist Homocysteic acid -- endogenous glutamate site agonist Ibotenic acid -- naturally occurring glutamate site agonist found in Amanita muscaria Milacemide -- synthetic glycine site agonist ; prodrug of glycine Quinolinic acid ( quinolinate ) -- endogenous glutamate site agonist Sarcosine -- endogenous glycine site agonist Serine ( D - serine , L - serine ) -- endogenous glycine site agonist Spermidine -- endogenous polyamine site agonist Spermine -- endogenous polyamine site agonist Tetrazolylglycine -- synthetic glutamate site agonist Positive allosteric modulators include : Cerebrosterol -- endogenous weak positive allosteric modulator Cholesterol -- endogenous weak positive allosteric modulator Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) -- endogenous weak positive allosteric modulator Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( DHEA - S ) -- endogenous weak positive allosteric modulator Nebostinel ( neboglamine ) -- synthetic positive allosteric modulator of the glycine site Pregnenolone sulfate -- endogenous weak positive allosteric modulator Neramexane ( edit ) Figure 6 : Chemical structure of neramexane , second generation memantine derivative . An example of memantine derivative is neramexane which was discovered by studying number of aminoalkyl cyclohexanes , with memantine as the template , as NMDA receptor antagonists . Neramexane , which can be seen in figure 6 , binds to the same site as memantine within the NMDA receptor associated channel and with comparable affinity . It does also show very similar bioavailability and blocking kinetics in vivo as memantine . Neramexane went to clinical trials for four indications , including Alzheimer 's disease . Partial agonists ( edit ) N - Methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) , a synthetic partial agonist of the main site of the NMDAR . N - Methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) , which the NMDA receptor was named after , is a partial agonist of the active or glutamate recognition site . 3 , 5 - Dibromo - L - phenylalanine , a naturally occurring halogenated derivative of L - phenylalanine , is a weak partial NMDA receptor agonist acting on the glycine site . 3 , 5 - Dibromo - L - phenylalanine has been proposed a novel therapeutic drug candidate for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and diseases such as schizophrenia , and neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures . Other weak partial agonists of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor such as rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) and apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) are now viewed for the development of new drugs with antidepressant and analgesic effects without obvious psychotomimetic activities . Examples ( edit ) Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid ( ACC ) -- synthetic glycine site partial agonist Cycloserine ( D - cycloserine ) -- naturally occurring glycine site partial agonist found in Streptomyces orchidaceus HA - 966 -- synthetic glycine site weak partial agonist Homoquinolinic acid -- synthetic glutamate site partial agonist N - Methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) -- synthetic glutamate site partial agonist Positive allosteric modulators include : Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) -- synthetic weak partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) -- synthetic weak partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site Antagonists ( edit ) Main article : NMDA receptor antagonist Ketamine , a synthetic general anesthetic and one of the best - known NMDAR antagonists . Antagonists of the NMDA receptor are used as anesthetics for animals and sometimes humans , and are often used as recreational drugs due to their hallucinogenic properties , in addition to their unique effects at elevated dosages such as dissociation . When certain NMDA receptor antagonists are given to rodents in large doses , they can cause a form of brain damage called Olney 's lesions . NMDA receptor antagonists that have been shown to induce Olney 's lesions include ketamine , phencyclidine , and dextrorphan ( a metabolite of dextromethorphan ) , as well as some NMDA receptor antagonists used only in research environments . So far , the published research on Olney 's lesions is inconclusive in its occurrence upon human or monkey brain tissues with respect to an increase in the presence of NMDA receptor antagonists . Most NMDAR antagonists are uncompetitive or noncompetitive blockers of the channel pore or are antagonists of the glycine co-regulatory site rather than antagonists of the active / glutamate site . Examples ( edit ) Common agents in which NMDA receptor antagonism is the primary or a major mechanism of action : 4 - Chlorokynurenine ( AV - 101 ) -- glycine site antagonist ; prodrug of 7 - chlorokynurenic acid 7 - Chlorokynurenic acid -- glycine site antagonist Agmatine -- endogenous polyamine site antagonist Argiotoxin - 636 -- naturally occurring dizocilpine or related site antagonist found in Argiope venom AP5 -- glutamate site antagonist AP7 -- glutamate site antagonist CGP - 37849 -- glutamate site antagonist Delucemine ( NPS - 1506 ) -- dizocilpine or related site antagonist ; derived from argiotoxin - 636 Dextromethorphan ( DXM ) -- dizocilpine site antagonist ; prodrug of dextrorphan Dextrorphan ( DXO ) -- dizocilpine site antagonist Dexanabinol -- dizocilpine - related site antagonist Diethyl ether -- unknown site antagonist Diphenidine -- dizocilpine site antagonist Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) -- dizocilpine site antagonist Eliprodil -- ifenprodil site antagonist Esketamine -- dizocilpine site antagonist Hodgkinsine -- undefined site antagonist Ifenprodil -- ifenprodil site antagonist Kaitocephalin -- naturally occurring glutamate site antagonist found in Eupenicillium shearii Ketamine -- dizocilpine site antagonist Kynurenic acid -- endogenous glycine site antagonist Lanicemine -- low - trapping dizocilpine site antagonist LY - 235959 -- glutamate site antagonist Memantine -- low - trapping dizocilpine site antagonist Methoxetamine -- dizocilpine site antagonist Midafotel -- glutamate site antagonist Nitrous oxide ( N O ) -- undefined site antagonist PEAQX -- glutamate site antagonist Perzinfotel -- glutamate site antagonist Phencyclidine ( PCP ) -- dizocilpine site antagonist Phenylalanine - a naturally occurring amino acid , glycine site antagonist Psychotridine -- undefined site antagonist Selfotel -- glutamate site antagonist Tiletamine -- dizocilpine site antagonist Traxoprodil -- ifenprodil site antagonist Xenon -- unknown site antagonist Some common agents in which weak NMDA receptor antagonism is a secondary or additional action include : Amantadine -- an antiviral and antiparkinsonian drug ; low - trapping dizocilpine site antagonist Atomoxetine -- a stimulant used to treat ADHD Dextropropoxyphene -- an opioid analgesic Ethanol ( alcohol ) -- a euphoriant , sedative , and anxiolytic used recreationally ; unknown site antagonist Guaifenesin -- an expectorant Huperzine A -- a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and potential antidementia agent Ibogaine -- a naturally occurring hallucinogen and antiaddictive agent Ketobemidone -- an opioid analgesic Methadone -- an opioid analgesic Minocycline -- an antibiotic Tramadol -- an atypical opioid analgesic Nitromemantine ( edit ) The NMDA receptor is regulated via nitrosylation and aminoadamantane can be used as a target - directed shuttle to bring nitrogen oxide ( NO ) close to the site within the NMDA receptor where it can nitrosylate and regulate the ion channel conductivity . A NO donor that can be used to decrease NMDA receptor activity is the alkyl nitrate nitroglycerin . Unlike many other NO donors , alkyl nitrates do not have potential NO associated neurotoxic effects . Alkyl nitrates donate NO in the form of a nitro group as seen in figure 7 , - NO - , which is a safe donor that avoids neurotoxicity . The nitro group must be targeted to the NMDA receptor , otherwise other effects of NO such as dilatation of blood vessels and consequent hypotension could result . Nitromemantine is a second - generation derivative of memantine , it reduces excitotoxicity mediated by overactivation of the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptor without sacrificing safety . Provisional studies in animal models show that nitromemantines are more effective than memantine as neuroprotectants , both in vitro and in vivo . Memantine and newer derivatives could become very important weapons in the fight against neuronal damage . Figure 7 : Nitroglycerin donate ONO group that leads to second generation memantine analog , nitromemantine . Negative allosteric modulators include : 25 - Hydroxycholesterol -- endogenous weak negative allosteric modulator Conantokins -- naturally occurring negative allosteric modulators of the polyamine site found in Conus geographus Modulators ( edit ) Examples ( edit ) The NMDA receptor is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds : Aminoglycosides have been shown to have a similar effect to polyamines , and this may explain their neurotoxic effect . CDK5 regulates the amount of NR2B - containing NMDA receptors on the synaptic membrane , thus affecting synaptic plasticity . Polyamines do not directly activate NMDA receptors , but instead act to potentiate or inhibit glutamate - mediated responses . Reelin modulates NMDA function through Src family kinases and DAB1 . significantly enhancing LTP in the hippocampus . Src kinase enhances NMDA receptor currents . Na , K and Ca not only pass through the NMDA receptor channel but also modulate the activity of NMDA receptors . Zn and Cu generally block NMDA current activity in a noncompetitive and a voltage - independent manner . However zinc may potentiate or inhibit the current depending on the neural activity . Pb is a potent NMDAR antagonist . Presynaptic deficits resulting from Pb exposure during synaptogenesis are mediated by disruption of NMDAR - dependent BDNF signaling . Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex class I are endogenous negative regulators of NMDAR - mediated currents in the adult hippocampus , and are required for appropriate NMDAR - induced changes in AMPAR trafficking and NMDAR - dependent synaptic plasticity and learning and memory . The activity of NMDA receptors is also strikingly sensitive to the changes in pH , and partially inhibited by the ambient concentration of H under physiological conditions . The level of inhibition by H is greatly reduced in receptors containing the NR1a subtype , which contains the positively charged insert Exon 5 . The effect of this insert may be mimicked by positively charged polyamines and aminoglycosides , explaining their mode of action . NMDA receptor function is also strongly regulated by chemical reduction and oxidation , via the so - called `` redox modulatory site . '' Through this site , reductants dramatically enhance NMDA channel activity , whereas oxidants either reverse the effects of reductants or depress native responses . It is generally believed that NMDA receptors are modulated by endogenous redox agents such as glutathione , lipoic acid , and the essential nutrient pyrroloquinoline quinone . Development of NMDA receptor antagonist ( edit ) The main problem with the development of NMDA antagonist for neuroprotection is that the physiological NMDA receptor activity is essential for normal neuronal function . Complete blocking of all NMDA receptor activity therefore results in adverse side effects such as hallucination , agitation and anesthesia . To be clinically accepted the NMDA receptor antagonist must block excessive activation without blocking the normal function . Figure 3 shows simplified models of various types of NMDA receptor antagonists , which will be discussed further . Competitive NMDA receptor antagonists ( edit ) Competitive NMDA receptor antagonists , which were developed first , are not a good option because they compete and bind to the same site ( NR2 subunit ) on the receptor as the agonist , glutamate , and therefore block normal function also . They will block healthy areas of the brain prior to having an impact on pathological areas , because healthy areas contain lower levels of agonist than pathological areas . These antagonists can be displaced from the receptor by high concentration of glutamate which can exist under excitotoxic circumstances . Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists ( edit ) Figure 4 : The chemical structures of MK - 801 , phencyclidine and ketamine , high affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists . Uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists however block within the ion channel at the Mg site ( pore region ) and in that way prevent excessive influx of Ca . Uncompetitive block refers to a type of block that increased concentration of glutamate can not overcome and is dependent upon prior activation of the receptor by the agonist , i.e. it only enters the channel when it is opened by agonist . The Mg block itself is too transient and flickery and therefore does n't block excessive Ca influx to the extent necessary to prevent neurological toxicity . High affinity antagonists for the Mg site are on the other hand good excitotoxicity blockers , such as MK - 801 . They block open ion channels but the problem is when the ion channels close they get trapped inside resulting in undesirable side effects because of blocking normal as well as excessive activity . MK - 801 can not be given to humans because of that long dwell time in the channels and its blocking causes drowsiness and even coma . It 's therefore considered to be clinically unacceptable . Phencyclidine , which has slightly shorter dwell time but still too excessive , causes hallucination and is therefore not a good agent either for neurodegenerative diseases . Ketamine is another example of drug with slightly shorter dwell time but still excessive and it is used as anesthetic . Chemical structures of MK - 801 , Phencyclidine and Ketamine can be seen in figure 4 . Memantine and related compounds ( edit ) Figure 5 : Chemical structures of memantine ( right ) and amantadine ( left ) . Because of these adverse side effects of high affinity blockers the search for clinically successful NMDA receptor antagonists for neurodegenerative diseases continued and focused on developing low affinity blockers . However the affinity could not be too low and dwell time not too short ( as seen with Mg ) where membrane depolarization relieves the block . The discovery was thereby development of uncompetitive antagonist with longer dwell time than Mg in the channel but shorter than MK - 801 . That way the drug obtained would only block excessively open NMDA receptor associated channels but not normal neurotransmission . Memantine is that drug . It is a derivative of amantadine which was first an anti-influenza agent but was later discovered by coincidence to have efficacy in Parkinson 's disease . Chemical structures of memantine and amantadine can be seen in figure 5 . The compound was first thought to be dopaminergic or anticholinergic but was later found to be an NMDA receptor antagonist . Memantine is the first drug approved for treatment of severe and more advanced Alzheimer 's disease , which for example anticholinergic drugs do not do much good for . It helps recovery of synaptic function and in that way improves impaired memory and learning . In 2015 memantine is also in trials for therapeutic importance in additional neurological disorders . Many second - generation memantine derivatives have been in development that may show even better neuroprotective effects , where the main thought is to use other safe but effective modulatory sites on the NMDA receptor in addition to its associated ion channel . Structure activity relationship ( SAR ) ( edit ) Figure 8 : Structure activity relationship ( SAR ) of amantadine and related compounds Memantine ( 1 - amino - 3 , 5 - dimethyladamantane ) is an aminoalkyl cyclohexane derivative and an atypical drug compound with non-planar , three dimensional tricyclic structure . Figure 8 shows SAR for aminoalkyl cyclohexane derivative . Memantine has several important features in its structure for its effectiveness : Three - ring structure with a bridgehead amine , - NH The - NH group is protonated under physiological pH of the body to carry a positive charge , - NH Two methyl ( CH ) side groups which serve to prolong the dwell time and increase stability as well as affinity for the NMDA receptor channel compared with amantadine ( 1 - adamantanamine ) . Despite the small structural difference between memantine and amantadine , two adamantane derivatives , the affinity for the binding site of NR1 / NR2B subunit is much greater for memantine . In patch - clamp measurements memantine has an IC of ( 2.3 + 0.3 ) μM while amantadine has an IC of ( 71.0 + 11.1 ) μM . The binding site with the highest affinity is called the dominant binding site . It involves a connection between the amine group of memantine and the NR1 - N161 binding pocket of the NR1 / NR2B subunit . The methyl side groups play an important role in increasing the affinity to the open NMDA receptor channels and making it a much better neuroprotective drug than amantadine . The binding pockets for the methyl groups are considered to be at the NR1 - A645 and NR2B - A644 of the NR1 / NR2B . The binding pockets are shown in figure 2 . Memantine binds at or near to the Mg site inside the NMDA receptor associated channel . The - NH group on memantine , which is protonated under physiological pH of the body , represents the region that binds at or near to the Mg site . Adding two methyl groups to the - N on the memantine structure has shown to decrease affinity , giving an IC value of ( 28.4 + 1.4 ) μM . Second generation derivative of memantine ; Nitromemantine ( edit ) Several derivatives of Nitromemantine , a second - generation derivative of memantine , have been synthesized in order to perform a detailed structure activity relationship ( SAR ) of these novel drugs . One class , containing a nitro ( NO ) group opposite to the bridgehead amine ( NH ) , showed a promising outcome . Nitromemantine utilizes memantine binding site on the NMDA receptor to target the NO ( X = 1 or 2 ) group for interaction with the S - nitrosylation / redox site external to the memantine binding site . Lengthening the side chains of memantine compensates for the worse drug affinity in the channel associated with the addition of the -- ONO group Therapeutic application ( edit ) Excitotoxicity is implied to be involved in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , Huntington 's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Blocking of NMDA receptors could therefore , in theory , be useful in treating such diseases . It is , however , important to preserve physiological NMDA receptor activity while trying to block its excessive , excitotoxic activity . This can possibly be achieved by uncompetitive antagonists , blocking the receptors ion channel when excessively open Memantine is an example of uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that has approved indication for the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer 's disease . In 2015 memantine is still in clinical trials for additional neurological diseases . Receptor modulation ( edit ) The NMDA receptor is a non-specific cation channel that can allow the passage of Ca and Na into the cell and K out of the cell . The excitatory postsynaptic potential ( EPSP ) produced by activation of an NMDA receptor increases the concentration of Ca in the cell . The Ca can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways . However , the NMDA receptor cation channel is blocked by Mg at resting membrane potential . Magnesium unblock is not instantaneous , to unblock all available channels , the postsynaptic cell must be depolarized for a sufficiently long period of time ( in the scale of milliseconds ) . Therefore , the NMDA receptor functions as a `` molecular coincidence detector '' . Its ion channel opens only when the following two conditions are met : glutamate is bound to the receptor , and the postsynaptic cell is depolarized ( which removes the Mg blocking the channel ) . This property of the NMDA receptor explains many aspects of long - term potentiation ( LTP ) and synaptic plasticity . NMDA receptors are modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds and play a key role in a wide range of physiological ( e.g. , memory ) and pathological processes ( e.g. , excitotoxicity ) . Clinical significance ( edit ) NMDAR antagonists like ketamine , esketamine , tiletamine , phencyclidine , nitrous oxide , and xenon are used as general anesthetics . These and similar drugs like dextromethorphan and methoxetamine also produce dissociative , hallucinogenic , and euphoriant effects and are used as recreational drugs . NMDAR inhibitors , including ketamine , esketamine ( JNJ - 54135419 ) , rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) , apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) , 4 - chlorokynurenine ( AV - 101 ) , and rislenemdaz ( CERC - 301 , MK - 0657 ) , are under development for the treatment of mood disorders , including major depressive disorder and treatment - resistant depression . In addition , ketamine is already employed for this purpose as an off - label therapy in some clinics . Memantine , a low - trapping NMDAR antagonist , is approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of moderate - to - severe Alzheimer 's disease , and has now received a limited recommendation by the UK 's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for patients who fail other treatment options . Cochlear NMDARs are the target of intense research to find pharmacological solutions to treat tinnitus . 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PMID 15670959 . Jump up ^ Hawasli AH , Benavides DR , Nguyen C , Kansy JW , Hayashi K , Chambon P , Greengard P , Powell CM , Cooper DC , Bibb JA ( July 2007 ) . `` Cyclin - dependent kinase 5 governs learning and synaptic plasticity via control of NMDAR degradation '' . Nat . Neurosci. 10 ( 7 ) : 880 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1914 . PMID 17529984 . Jump up ^ Zhang S , Edelmann L , Liu J , Crandall JE , Morabito MA ( January 2008 ) . `` Cdk5 regulates the phosphorylation of tyrosine 1472 NR2B and the surface expression of NMDA receptors '' . J. Neurosci. 28 ( 2 ) : 415 -- 24 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1900 - 07.2008 . PMID 18184784 . Jump up ^ Chen Y , Beffert U , Ertunc M , Tang TS , Kavalali ET , Bezprozvanny I , Herz J ( September 2005 ) . `` Reelin modulates NMDA receptor activity in cortical neurons '' . J. Neurosci. 25 ( 36 ) : 8209 -- 16 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1951 - 05.2005 . PMID 16148228 . Jump up ^ Yu XM , Askalan R , Keil GJ , Salter MW ( January 1997 ) . `` NMDA channel regulation by channel - associated protein tyrosine kinase Src '' . Science . 275 ( 5300 ) : 674 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 275.5300. 674 . PMID 9005855 . Jump up ^ `` Zinc and Copper Influence Excitability of Rat Olfactory Bulb Neurons by Multiple Mechanisms '' . Jump up ^ Neal , April P. ; Stansfield , Kirstie H. ; Worley , Paul F. ; Thompson , Richard E. ; Guilarte , Tomás R. ( 2010 ) . `` Lead Exposure during Synaptogenesis Alters Vesicular Proteins and Impairs Vesicular Release : Potential Role of NMDA Receptor -- Dependent BDNF Signaling '' . Toxicol . Sci. 116 : 249 -- 263 . doi : 10.1093 / toxsci / kfq111 . ^ Jump up to : Fourgeaud L , Davenport CM , Tyler CM , Cheng TT , Spencer MB , Boulanger LM ( December 2010 ) . `` MHC class I modulates NMDA receptor function and AMPA receptor trafficking '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 107 ( 51 ) : 22278 -- 83 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0914064107 . PMC 3009822 . PMID 21135233 . Jump up ^ Huh GS , Boulanger LM , Du H , Riquelme PA , Brotz TM , Shatz CJ ( December 2000 ) . `` Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity '' . Science . 290 ( 5499 ) : 2155 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 290.5499. 2155 . PMC 2175035 . PMID 11118151 . Jump up ^ Nelson , PA ; Sage , JR ; Wood , SC ; Davenport , CM ; Anagnostaras , SG ; Boulanger , LM ( Sep 1 , 2013 ) . `` MHC class I immune proteins are critical for hippocampus - dependent memory and gate NMDAR - dependent hippocampal long - term depression '' . Learning & memory ( Cold Spring Harbor , N.Y. ) . 20 ( 9 ) : 505 -- 17 . doi : 10.1101 / lm. 031351.113 . PMID 23959708 . Jump up ^ Traynelis , Stephen ; Cull - Candy ( May 24 , 1990 ) . `` Stuart '' . Nature . 345 ( 6273 ) : 347 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / 345347a0 . PMID 1692970 . Jump up ^ Aizenman E , Lipton SA , Loring RH ( March 1989 ) . `` Selective modulation of NMDA responses by reduction and oxidation '' . Neuron. 2 ( 3 ) : 1257 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / 0896 - 6273 ( 89 ) 90310 - 3 . PMID 2696504 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Daniel T. ; Jane , David E. ( 2009 ) . `` Pharmacology of NMDA Receptors '' . In Van Dongen , AM . Biology of the NMDA Receptor . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4414 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Sonkusare , S.K. ; Kaul , C.L. ; Ramarao , P. ( January 2005 ) . `` Dementia of Alzheimer 's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders -- memantine , a new hope '' . Pharmacological Research . 51 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phrs. 2004.05. 005 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Hiroto ; Xia , Peng ; Cui , Jiankun ; Talantova , Maria ; Bodhinathan , Karthik ; Li , Wenjun ; Holland , Emily A. ; Tong , Gary ; Piña - Crespo , Juan ; Zhang , Dongxian ; Nakanishi , Nobuki ; Larrick , James W. ; McKercher , Scott R. ; Nakamura , Tomohiro ; Wang , Yuqiang ; Lipton , Stuart A. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Pharmacologically targeted NMDA receptor antagonism by NitroMemantine for cerebrovascular disease '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 14781 . doi : 10.1038 / srep14781 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; George J. Augustine ; David Fitzpatrick ; William C. Hall ; Anthony - Samuel LaMantia ; James O. McNamara ; Leonard E. White ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience , 4th Ed . Sinauer Associates . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 697 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Vargas - Caballero , Mariana ; Robinson , Hugh P.C. ( 2004 ) . `` Fast and slow voltage - dependent dynamics of magnesium block in the NMDA receptor : the asymmetric trapping block model '' . J. Neurosci. 24 ( 27 ) : 6171 -- 80 . doi : 10.1523 / jneurosci. 1380 - 04.2004 . PMID 15240809 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; George J. Augustine ; David Fitzpatrick ; William C. Hall ; Anthony - Samuel LaMantia ; James O. McNamara ; Leonard E. White ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience , 4th Ed . Sinauer Associates . pp. 191 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 697 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wijesinghe , R ( 2014 ) . `` Emerging Therapies for Treatment Resistant Depression '' . Ment Health Clin. 4 ( 5 ) : 56 . ISSN 2168 - 9709 . Jump up ^ Linda Poon ( 2014 ) . `` Growing Evidence That A Party Drug Can Help Severe Depression '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Gary Stix ( 2014 ) . `` From Club to Clinic : Physicians Push Off - Label Ketamine as Rapid Depression Treatment '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ Mount C , Downton C ( July 2006 ) . `` Alzheimer disease : progress or profit ? '' . Nat . Med. 12 ( 7 ) : 780 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0706 - 780 . PMID 16829947 . Jump up ^ NICE technology appraisal January 18 , 2011 Azheimer 's disease - donepezil , galantamine , rivastigmine and memantine ( review ) : final appraisal determination Jump up ^ Lisman JE , Coyle JT , Green RW , et al. ( May 2008 ) . `` Circuit - based framework for understanding neurotransmitter and risk gene interactions in schizophrenia '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 31 ( 5 ) : 234 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2008.02. 005 . PMC 2680493 . PMID 18395805 . External links ( edit ) Media related to NMDA receptor at Wikimedia Commons NMDA receptor pharmacology Motor Discoordination Results from Combined Gene Disruption of the NMDA Receptor NR2A and NR2C Subunits , But Not from Single Disruption of the NR2A or NR2C Subunit A schematic diagram summarizes three potential models for the switching of NR2A and NR2B subunits at developing synapses Drosophila NMDA receptor 1 - The Interactive Fly <Th_colspan="2"> Ion channel , cell surface receptor : ligand - gated ion channels Cys - loop receptors 5 - HT / serotonin 5 - HT GABA GABA α α α α α α β β β γ γ γ δ ε π θ GABA - ρ ρ ρ ρ Glycine α α α α β Nicotinic acetylcholine monomers : α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 β1 β2 β3 β4 δ ε pentamers : ( α3 ) ( β4 ) ( α4 ) ( β2 ) ( α7 ) ( α1 ) ( β4 ) - Ganglion type ( α1 ) β1δε - Muscle type Zinc Zinc - activated Ionotropic glutamates Ligand - gated only AMPA ( 1 4 ) Kainate 5 Voltage - and ligand - gated NMDA 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B L1A L1B ' Orphan ' GluD δ δ ATP - gated channels Purinergic receptors P2X 5 6 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine ; Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX - 516 CX - 546 CX - 614 Farampator ( CX - 691 , ORG - 24448 ) CX - 717 CX - 1739 CX - 1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide ( HCTZ ) IDRA - 21 LY - 392098 LY - 395153 LY - 404187 LY - 451646 LY - 503430 Mibampator ( LY - 451395 ) Nooglutyl ORG - 26576 Oxiracetam PEPA PF - 04958242 Piracetam Pramiracetam S - 18986 Tulrampator ( S - 47445 , CX - 1632 ) Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel ( MPQX ) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : Minocycline KAR Agonists : Main site agonists : 5 - Bromowillardiine 5 - Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid ( acromelate ) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY - 339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM - 2081 ; Positive allosteric modulators : Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists : ACEA - 1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LY - 382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP - 302 ; Negative allosteric modulators : Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Evans blue NS - 3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDAR Agonists : Main site agonists : AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid ( L - HCA ) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine ; Glycine site agonists : β - Fluoro - D - alanine ACBD ACC ( ACPC ) ACPD AK - 51 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) B6B21 CCG D - Alanine D - Cycloserine D - Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA - 966 L - 687414 L - Alanine L - Serine Milacemide Neboglamine ( nebostinel ) Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) Sarcosine ; Polyamine site agonists : Neomycin Spermidine Spermine ; Other positive allosteric modulators : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA sulfate ( prasterone sulfate ) Epipregnanolone sulfate Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE - 201 SAGE - 301 SAGE - 718 Antagonists : Competitive antagonists : AP5 ( APV ) AP7 CGP - 37849 CGP - 39551 CGP - 39653 CGP - 40116 CGS - 19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY - 233053 LY - 235959 LY - 274614 MDL - 100453 Midafotel ( d - CPPene ) NPC - 12626 NPC - 17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ - 220581 Selfotel ; Glycine site antagonists : 4 - Cl - KYN ( AV - 101 ) 5 , 7 - DCKA 7 - CKA ACC ACEA - 1011 ACEA - 1328 Apimostinel ( NRX - 1074 ) AV - 101 Carisoprodol CGP - 39653 CNQX D - Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV - 196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L - 689560 L - 701324 Licostinel ( ACEA - 1021 ) LU - 73068 MDL - 105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2 / 576 PNQX Rapastinel ( GLYX - 13 ) ZD - 9379 ; Polyamine site antagonists : Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine ; Uncompetitive pore blockers ( mostly dizocilpine site ) : 2 - MDP 3 - HO - PCP 3 - MeO - PCE 3 - MeO - PCMo 3 - MeO - PCP 4 - MeO - PCP 8A - PDHQ 18 - MC α - Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin - 636 Arketamine ARL - 12495 ARL - 15896 - AR ARL - 16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine ( NPS - 1506 ) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD - 137889 Pethidine ( meperidine ) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol ; Ifenprodil ( NR2B ) site antagonists : Besonprodil Buphenine ( nylidrin ) CO-101244 ( PD - 174494 ) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil ( RGH - 896 ) Rislenemdaz ( CERC - 301 , MK - 0657 ) Ro 8 - 4304 Ro 25 - 6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil ( CP - 101606 ) ; NR2A - selective antagonists : MPX - 004 MPX - 007 TCN - 201 TCN - 213 ; Cations : Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc ; Alcohols / volatile anesthetics / related : Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol ( alcohol ) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene ; Unknown / unsorted antagonists : ARR - 15896 Bumetanide Caroverine D - αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL - 12495 FR - 115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone ( MLV - 6976 ) MDL - 27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin ( saffron ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism / transport modulators <Th_colspan="2"> Neuroethology Concepts Feedforward Coincidence detector Umwelt Instinct Feature detection Central pattern generator ( CPG ) NMDA receptor Lateral inhibition Fixed action pattern Krogh 's Principle Hebbian theory Anti-Hebbian learning Sound localization Ultrasound avoidance in insects People Theodore Holmes Bullock Walter Heiligenberg Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz Donald Griffin Donald Kennedy Karl von Frisch Erich von Holst Jörg - Peter Ewert Franz Huber Bernhard Hassenstein Werner E. Reichardt Eric Knudsen Eric Kandel Nobuo Suga Masakazu Konishi Fernando Nottebohm Methods Patch clamp Slice preparation Systems Animal echolocation Waggle dance Jamming avoidance response Vision in toads Frog hearing and communication Infrared sensing in snakes Caridoid escape reaction Vocal learning Surface wave detection Electroreception Mechanoreception <Th_colspan="2"> Drug design Steps in design Drug discovery Hit to lead Drug development Pre-clinical Clinical Phases Case studies of discovery and development of drug classes 5α - Reductase inhibitors ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Antiandrogens Beta - blockers Beta agonists Cephalosporins c - Met inhibitors Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors Dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 inhibitors Direct thrombin inhibitors Direct Xa inhibitors Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Gliflozins HIV - protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Lipase inhibitors Memantine and related drugs mTOR inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors Non-nucleoside reverse - transcriptase inhibitors NS5A inhibitors Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse - transcriptase inhibitors PDE5 inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors Statins Thalidomide and its analogs Triptans TRPV1 antagonists Tubulin inhibitors Bcr - Abl tyrosine - kinase inhibitors Cannabinoid receptor antagonists CCR5 receptor antagonists Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists 5 - HT antagonists Melatonin receptor agonists Renin inhibitors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NMDA_receptor&oldid=828160306 '' Categories : Cell signaling Glutamate ( neurotransmitter ) Ion channels Ionotropic glutamate receptors Molecular neuroscience Drug discovery NMDA receptor antagonists Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 25 . 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1. NMDA receptor structure and function 2. Role of NMDA receptor in synaptic plasticity and memory 3. Excitotoxicity and NMDA receptor involvement 4. NMDA receptor variants and subunits 5. Therapeutic applications and modulation of NMDA receptor activity

what do they do on christmas day in spain

Christmas traditions - wikipedia Christmas traditions Jump to : navigation , search Christmas tree Map of countries where Christmas is a formal public holiday either on December 24 / 25 or January 6 / 7 Christmas traditions vary from country to country . Christmas celebrations for many nations include the installing and lighting of Christmas trees , the hanging of Advent wreaths , Christmas stockings , candy canes , and the creation of Nativity scenes depicting the birth of Jesus Christ . Christmas carols may be sung and stories told about such figures as the Baby Jesus , St Nicholas , Santa Claus , Father Christmas , Christkind or Grandfather Frost . The sending and exchange of Christmas card greetings , observance of fasting and special religious observances such as a midnight Mass or Vespers on Christmas Eve , the burning of a Yule log , and the giving and receiving of presents . Along with Easter , Christmas is one of the most important periods on the Christian calendar , and is often closely connected to other holidays at this time of year , such as Advent , the Feast of the Immaculate Conception , St Nicholas Day , St. Stephen 's Day , New Year 's , and the Feast of the Epiphany . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical variation 1.1 Africa 1.1. 1 Ethiopia and Eritrea 1.1. 2 Nigeria 1.1. 3 South Africa 1.2 Asia 1.2. 1 East Asia 1.2. 1.1 China 1.2. 1.1. 1 Hong Kong 1.2. 1.1. 2 Macau 1.2. 1.2 Japan 1.2. 1.3 South Korea 1.2. 2 South Asia 1.2. 2.1 India 1.2. 2.2 Pakistan 1.2. 3 Southeast Asia 1.2. 3.1 Brunei 1.2. 3.2 Indonesia 1.2. 3.3 Malaysia 1.2. 3.4 Philippines 1.2. 3.5 Singapore 1.2. 3.6 Vietnam 1.2. 4 Southwest Asia -- Eastern Mediterranean 1.2. 4.1 Armenia 1.2. 4.2 Assyrians 1.2. 4.3 Lebanon 1.3 The Americas 1.3. 1 North America 1.3. 1.1 Canada 1.3. 1.2 Mexico 1.3. 1.3 United States 1.3. 2 Central America 1.3. 2.1 El Salvador 1.3. 2.2 Guatemala 1.3. 3 South America 1.3. 3.1 Brazil 1.3. 3.2 Colombia 1.3. 3.3 Venezuela 1.3. 4 Caribbean 1.3. 4.1 Bahamas 1.3. 4.2 Cuba 1.3. 4.3 Jamaica 1.4 Europe 1.4. 1 Central Europe 1.4. 1.1 Austria and Germany 1.4. 1.1. 1 Austria 1.4. 1.1. 2 Germany 1.4. 1.2 Czech Republic and Slovakia 1.4. 1.3 Hungary 1.4. 1.4 Poland 1.4. 1.5 Romania and Moldova 1.4. 2 Eastern Europe 1.4. 2.1 Georgia 1.4. 2.2 Russia 1.4. 2.3 Ukraine 1.4. 3 Northern Europe 1.4. 3.1 Denmark 1.4. 3.2 Estonia 1.4. 3.3 Finland 1.4. 3.4 Iceland 1.4. 3.5 Norway 1.4. 3.6 Sweden 1.4. 4 Southern Europe 1.4. 4.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia 1.4. 4.2 Bulgaria 1.4. 4.3 Greece and Cyprus 1.4. 4.4 Italy 1.4. 4.5 Malta 1.4. 4.6 Portugal 1.4. 4.7 Serbia and Montenegro 1.4. 4.8 Spain 1.4. 5 Western Europe 1.4. 5.1 France 1.4. 5.2 United Kingdom 1.4. 5.2. 1 Wales 1.4. 5.2. 2 Scotland 1.4. 5.3 Ireland 1.4. 5.4 Netherlands and Flanders 1.5 Oceania 1.5. 1 Australia 1.5. 2 New Zealand 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Geographical variation ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Further information : Christianity in Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea ( edit ) Christmas Day is a public holiday in Eritrea that is celebrated on January 7 or on 27 Tahsas of the Ethiopian calendar . Christmas is called Ledet ( ልደት ) in Eritrea or Gena ( ገና ) in Ethiopia . Many people who are Christian in the two countries fast for 40 days ( it is called fast of the prophets ) . They then head to church at dawn on Christmas morning . On Christmas Day , there will be colorful musical celebrations which involve the priests dressed in their best robes performing rituals , including dancing and playing drums and other instruments . Early in the morning at dawn , everyone dresses in white and head to the nearby church . Late in the afternoon there will be the traditional game of Gena , a kind of hockey . According to an Ethiopian legend , the game was being played by the shepherds who were tending their flocks on the night that Jesus was born . The game is attended by the leader of the community . A prize is awarded to the winner of the Gena game . Most Ethiopians don a traditional Shamma , a thin , white cotton wrap with brightly colored stripes across the ends. The holiday is followed up by the three - day festival Timkat starting on January 19 and celebrating the baptism of Jesus Christ . Nigeria ( edit ) Christmas Day is a public holiday in Nigeria which is always marked by the emptying of towns and cities as Nigerians that have been successful returning to their ancestral villages to be with family and to bless those less fortunate . As the towns and cities empty , people jam the West African markets to buy and transport live chickens , goats and cows that will be needed for the Christmas meals . On Christmas Eve , traditional meals are prepared according to the traditions of each region . Nigerians as a whole tend to prepare various meats in large quantities . In the south , a dish called Jollof rice is served with stews of various meats along with boiled beans and fried plantains ; in the north , Rice and Stew as well as Tuwon Shinkafa , a rice pudding served with various meat stews , is preferred . In the North several local desserts are also made which is hardly ever found in other parts of Nigeria . An alternative in both regions ( but more favored in the south ) is a pepper soup with fish , goat , or beef which may also be served with Fufu ( pounded yam ) . Served with this food are an array of mainly alcoholic drinks such as the traditional palm wine or various local and imported beers and wines ; children and women may be served locally - made soft - drink equivalents instead . Gift giving in Nigeria often involves money and the flow of gifts from the more fortunate to the less fortunate . After the `` successful '' visitors have come from their towns , cities , and even overseas , they are given time to settle in . Afterwards , local relatives begin approaching them asking for assistance of some kind , whether financial or not . Financial donations and elaborately wrapped gifts may be given out at lavish parties , weddings , and ceremonies ; sometimes the money is scattered in the air to be grabbed by the others or stuck onto the sweaty foreheads of those dancing . Religion in Nigeria is about equally divided between Christians and Muslims . There are occasional outbreaks of religious conflict . The Islamic sect Boko Haram has attacked Christian churches with bombings on Christmas 2011 . South Africa ( edit ) Christmas in South Africa is a public holiday celebrated on December 25 . Many European traditions are maintained despite the distance from Europe . Christmas trees are set up in homes and the children are given presents in their stockings . Traditional ' fir ' Christmas trees are popular and children leave a stocking out for Santa Claus on Christmas Eve . The gift bearer is Santa Claus on Christmas Eve . The Christmas meal is mince pies , turkey , roast beef or a barbecue outdoors . The meal is finished with Christmas Pudding . Christmas crackers are used to make noise . Despite Christmas occurring at the height of the Southern Hemisphere summer , wintery motifs common to the Northern Hemisphere are popular . Asia ( edit ) East Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Christmas 2012 in China In China , December 25 is not a legal holiday . However , it is still designated as a public holiday in China 's special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau , both former colonies of Western powers with nominal Christian cultural heritage . In the mainland , the small percentage of Chinese citizens who consider themselves Christians unofficially , and usually privately , observe Christmas . Many other individuals celebrate Christmas - like festivities even though they do not consider themselves Christians . Many customs , including sending cards , exchanging gifts , and hanging stockings are very similar to Western celebrations . Commercial Christmas decorations , signs , and other symbolic items have become increasingly prevalent during the month of December in large urban centres of mainland China , reflecting a cultural interest in this Western phenomenon , and , sometimes , retail marketing campaigns as well . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , where Christmas is a public holiday , many buildings facing Victoria Harbour will be decorated with Christmas lights . Christmas trees are found in major malls and other public buildings , and in some homes as well , despite the small living area . Catholics in Hong Kong can attend Christmas Mass . Macau ( edit ) Christmas is a public holiday in Macau . Its traditions are mostly influenced by the Portuguese since the territory was a colony of Portugal until December 20 , 1999 . Casinos in Macau remain open on Christmas Day . Christmas masses in Macau 's Catholic churches are held in either Chinese or Portuguese . Japan ( edit ) Santa Claus in Kobe , Japan Encouraged by commerce , the secular celebration of Christmas is popular in Japan , though Christmas is not a national holiday . Gifts are sometimes exchanged . Christmas parties are held around Christmas Day ; Japanese Christmas cake , a white sponge cake covered with cream and decorated with strawberries , is often consumed and Stollen cake , either imported or made locally , is widely available . Christmas lights decorate cities , and Christmas trees adorn living areas and malls . Christmas Eve has become a holiday for couples to spend time together and exchange gifts . A successful advertising campaign in the 1970s made eating at KFC around Christmas a national custom . Its chicken meals are so popular during the season that stores take reservations months in advance . Christmas lights in Tokyo The first recorded Christmas in Japan was a Mass held by Jesuit Missionaries in Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1552 . Some believe that unrecorded celebrations were held before this date , starting in 1549 when Saint Francis Xavier arrived in Japan . Christianity was banned throughout Japan in 1612 . However , a small enclave of Kakure Kirishitan ( `` hidden Christians '' ) continued to practice underground over the next 250 years . Christianity in Japan along with Christmas reemerged in the Meiji period . Influenced by America , Christmas parties were held and presents were exchanged . The practice slowly spread , but its proximity to the New Year 's celebrations makes it a smaller focus of attention . During World War II , all celebrations , especially American , were suppressed . From the 1960s , with an expanding economy , and influenced by American TV , Christmas became popular . Many songs and TV series present Christmas as romantic , for example `` Last Christmas '' by Exile . The birthday of the current emperor , Akihito , on December 23 is a national holiday . Businesses soon close for the New Year 's holidays , reopening after January 3 . South Korea ( edit ) Christmas is a public holiday in South Korea . As Christmas is totally banned in North Korea , South Koreans living near the DMZ are not allowed to put an outdoor Christmas tree or decorations . South Asia ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India ( edit ) Christmas decorations for sale Being a British colony until 1947 , many British traditions stayed on in India . Christmas is a state holiday in India , although Christianity in India is a minority with only 2.3 % ( of 1.237 Billion ) of the population . Most of the Christians , especially Catholics in India attend the midnight mass . Many Christian houses in India decorate Christmas cribs , hang brightly lit stars outside their houses and distribute sweets and cakes to their neighbors . In many of the schools that are run by the Christian missionaries , the children actively participate in Christmas programs . Also in many non-religious schools , there is tradition of Christmas celebration . Christmas is also increasingly celebrated by other religions in India . Christmas is known as `` Badaa Din '' ( Big Day ) in North and North - West India and people plant trees on this day . Pakistan ( edit ) Christmas Tree at Pakistan Monument Night view Christianity in Pakistan constitutes the second largest religious minority community in Pakistan after Hindus . The total number of Christians is approximately 2,800,000 in 2008 , or 1.6 % of the population . Of these , approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant . Christians celebrate Christmas by going from house to house singing carols , and in return the family offers something to the choir . Mostly the money collected from such carols is used for charity works or is given to the church . Their homes are decorated with local Christmas handicrafts while artificial stars signifying the Star of Bethlehem are hung on rooftops . Christmas celebrations are also popular with the urban middle class in the country with hotels , cafes , restaurants and theme parks hosting festivities and special events . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Brunei ( edit ) As of December 22 , 2015 , Christmas is totally banned in Brunei ( but for its expatriate and local Christian community , it is still celebrated as usual privately amongst themselves ) , which includes putting up Christmas trees , singing Christmas carols , Nativity plays , festive greeting , and even dressing as Santa Claus . About 20 percent of the population are non-Muslims and anyone caught will face up to five years in jail . Before the Sharia law was passed in 2014 , non-Muslim expats were free to celebrate Christmas in Brunei . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Indonesia Christmas Tree in Senayan City , Jakarta , Indonesia The Christmas in Indonesia ( locally known as Natal , from the Portuguese word for Christmas ) , is one of many public holidays in Indonesia which approximately 16.5 million Protestants and 6.9 million Roman Catholics , celebrated with various traditions throughout the country . In the provinces with majority or significantly of Christian ( Protestants and Catholics ) such as North Sumatra , Jakarta , West Kalimantan , Central Kalimantan , North Kalimantan , North Sulawesi , West Sulawesi , Central Sulawesi , East Nusa Tenggara , Maluku , the whole Papua Island , and cities like Surabaya , Tangerang , Batam , Bandung , etc. , the Christmas season is filled with ceremonies , festival , and local foods . In big cities , many shopping centres , offices , some roads , and other commercial places are mostly decorated with Christmas stuff such as plastic Christmas trees and Sinterklas ( derived from the Dutch word Sinterklaas ) and its reindeers . Most local television channels will broadcast Christmas musical concerts and annual national Christmas celebrations like concerts and Christmas shows which are held by the government . Like other countries , on Christmas Eve , people will go to church for Misa and will go to church again the next morning , and exchanging gifts is a usual tradition for Christians in Indonesia . In addition to traditional foods , generally every Christmas Day is filled with cookies , like nastar ( pineapple tart ) , kastengel ( from Dutch word kasteengel ) , or ' putri salju ' . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Malaysia Colourful Christmas greetings in Malaysia Although Christmas is a public holiday in Malaysia , much of the public celebration is commercial in nature and has no overt religious overtones . Occasionally , Christian activist groups do buy newspaper advertorials on Christmas or Easter but this is largely only allowed in English newspapers and permission is not given every year . The advertorials themselves are usually indirect statements . There has been controversy over whether or not the national government has exerted pressure on Malaysian Christians not to use Christian religious symbols and hymns that specifically mention Jesus Christ . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in the Philippines Parols are an iconic display in the Philippines during its long Christmas season Christmas in the Philippines , one of two predominantly Catholic countries in Asia ( the other one being East Timor ) , is one of the biggest holidays on the calendar and is widely celebrated . The country has earned the distinction of celebrating the world 's longest Christmas season , with Christmas carols heard as early as September 1 when the `` Ber Months '' season kicks off traditionally . The season is officially ushered in by the nine - day dawn Masses that start on December 16 . Known as the Misas de Aguinaldo ( Gift Masses ) or Misa de Gallo ( Rooster 's Mass ) in the traditional Spanish , these Masses are more popularly known in Tagalog as the Simbang Gabi , and are held in Catholic parishes and chapels nationwide . Usually , aside from the already legal holidays which are Rizal Day ( December 30 ) and New Year 's Eve ( December 31 ) , other days in close proximity such as Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) , Niños Inocentes ( December 28 ) , and the Epiphany ( traditionally , January 6 but now on the first Sunday of January ) are also declared non-working days . As in many East Asian countries , secular Christmas displays are common both in business establishments and in public , including lights , Christmas trees , depictions of Santa Claus despite the tropical climate , and Christmas greetings in various foreign languages and various Philippine languages . Occasionally such displays are left in place even in summer for example the parol representing the `` Star of Bethlehem '' which led the Three Kings to the newborn Baby Jesus . The University of Santo Tomas main building illuminating the nights of December 2007 For Filipinos , Christmas Eve ( Tagalog : Bisperas ng Pasko ; Spanish : Víspera del Día de Navidad ) on December 24 is celebrated with the Midnight Mass , and immediately after , the much - anticipated Noche Buena -- the traditional Christmas Eve feast . Family members dine together around 12 midnight on traditional Nochebuena fare , which may include : queso de bola ( English : `` ball of cheese '' ; this is actually edam cheese ) , tsokolate ( a hot chocolate drink ) , and jamón ( Christmas ham ) , lechón , roast chicken or turkey , pasta , relleno ( stuffed bangus or chicken ) , pan de sal , and various desserts including cakes and the ubiquitous fruit salad . Some would also open presents at this time . On December 31 , New Year 's Eve ( Tagalog : Bisperas ng Bagong Taon ; Spanish : Víspera del Año Nuevo ) , Filipino families gather for the Media Noche or midnight meal -- a feast that is also supposed to symbolize their hopes for a prosperous New Year . In spite of the campaign against firecrackers , many Filipinos still see these as the traditional means to greet the New Year . The loud noises and sounds of merrymaking are also supposed to drive away bad spirits . Safer methods of merrymaking include banging on pots and pans and blowing on car horns . Folk beliefs also include encouraging children to jump at the stroke of midnight in the belief that they will grow up tall , displaying circular fruit and wearing clothes with dots and other circular designs to symbolize money , eating twelve grapes at 12 midnight for good luck in the twelve months of the year , and opening windows and doors during the first day of the New Year to let in good luck . Christmas officially ends on the Feast of the Three Kings ( Tres Reyes in Spanish or Tatlong Hari in Tagalog ) , also known as the Feast of the Epiphany ( Spanish : Fiesta de Epifanía ) . The Feast of the Three Kings was traditionally commemorated on January 6 but is now celebrated on the first Sunday after the New Year . Some children leave their shoes out , in the belief that the Three Kings will leave gifts like candy or money inside . But the celebrations do not end there , since 2011 , as mandated by the Catholic Church , they are on the second Sunday of January in honor of the Lord Jesus 's baptism in the Jordan ( the Solemnity of the Lord 's Baptism or in Spanish Solemnidad de Bautismo del Señor ) . The final salvo of these celebrations is marked by the feast of the Black Nazarene every January 9 in Manila and Cagayan de Oro , but can also , due to the celebrations in honor of the Santo Niño in the third and fourth Sundays of January in some places , can even extend till the final weeks of that month . Singapore ( edit ) Christmas in Singapore Christmas is a public holiday in Singapore that is widely celebrated . The Christmas season is also a popular period for shopping centres and businesses to conduct year - end sales , and will offer discounts and promotions that tie in with the festivities . The famous Singaporean shopping belt Orchard Road , as well as the Marina Bay area will feature lights and other decorations from early November till early January ( the 2014 part is November 14 , 2014 all the way until January 5 , 2015 ) . The Christmas light - up and decorated shopping malls along Orchard Road often attract numerous visitors , locals and tourists alike . Other than the light - up , other activities such as caroling , concerts and parades can also be experienced in Orchard Road . In addition , companies in Singapore usually arrange gift exchange programs on the last working day before Christmas . Vietnam ( edit ) Christmas is not a national holiday but is becoming increasingly popular in Vietnam . The ever - wealthier Vietnamese are embracing Christmas precisely because of its non-religious glamor and commercial appeal . Locals also are more exposed to Western culture , though their style of celebrating Christmas might seem unrecognizable to some Westerners . Vietnamese may be more accepting of corporate influence because for many , Christmas was never based on personal values to begin with . It 's not a time to have dinner at home with family and show thanks for one another . Instead , it 's a time to go out on the town , shop , and take pictures with friends in front of colorful displays , especially on December 24 . Southwest Asia -- Eastern mediterranean ( edit ) Armenia ( edit ) Armenians usually celebrate Christmas on January 6 . The reason for this unusual date emerges from ancient history . `` In the fourth century Roman Catholic Church , officials established the date of Christmas as December 25th . '' Before that time , Armenians celebrated Christmas ( surb tsnunt , Սուրբ Ծնունդ , meaning `` Holy Birth '' ) on January 6 as a public holiday in Armenia . It also coincides with the Epiphany . The Armenians denied the new Roman mandate regarding Christmas , and continued to celebrate both the Nativity and Jesus ' baptism on January 6 . When the Gregorian calendar was implemented in 1582 , the Armenians rejected the reformed calendar and remained following the Julian Calendar . But today , only Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem still uses the Julian Calendar . Since the Julian calendar is thirteen days ahead of the Gregorian Calendar , when the Armenians of Jerusalem celebrate Christmas on January 6 according to the Julian calendar the Gregorian calendar counts the day as January 19 . Traditionally , Armenians fast during the week leading up to Christmas avoiding all meat , eggs , and dairy products . Devout Armenians may even refrain from food for the three days leading up to the Christmas Eve , in order to receive the Eucharist on a `` pure '' stomach . Christmas Eve is particularly rich in traditions . Families gather for the Christmas Eve dinner ( khetum , Խթում ) , which generally consists of : rice , fish , nevik ( նուիկ , a vegetable dish of green chard and chick peas ) , and yogurt / wheat soup ( tanabur , թանապուր ) . Dessert includes dried fruits and nuts , including rojik , which consists of whole shelled walnuts threaded on a string and encased in grape jelly , bastukh ( a paper - like confection of grape jelly , cornstarch , and flour ) , etc . This lighter menu is designed to ease the stomach off the week - long fast and prepare it for the rather more substantial Christmas Day dinner . Children take presents of fruits , nuts , and other candies to older relatives . `` On the eve of the Feast of the Nativity and Theophany of The Lord Jesus Christ , the Jrakalouyts Divine Liturgy ( the lighting of the lamps service ) is celebrated in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God ( theophany ) '' In addition to the Christmas tree ( tonatsar , Տօնածառ ) , Armenians ( particularly in the Middle East ) also erect the Nativity scene . Christmas in the Armenian tradition is a purely religious affair . Santa Claus does not visit the nice Armenian children on Christmas , but rather on New Year 's Eve . The idea of Santa Claus existed before the Soviet Union and he was named kaghand papik ( Կաղանդ Պապիկ ) , but the Soviet Union had a great impact even on Santa Claus . Now he goes by the more secular name of Grandfather Winter ( dzmerr papik , Ձմեռ Պապիկ ) . Assyrians ( edit ) Traditional ceremony during an Assyrian Christmas celebration in Alqosh , northern Iraq The Assyrians , the indigenous people of northwestern Iran , northern Iraq , northeastern Syria , and southeastern Turkey that belong to the Assyrian Church of the East , Ancient Church of the East , Syriac Orthodox Church , and Chaldean Catholic Church today celebrate Christmas on December 25 . Assyrians colloquially call Christmas Eda Zora , meaning `` little holiday . '' It is officially called Eda d'Yalde which means `` birthday holiday . '' Traditionally , Assyrians fast ( sawma ) from December 1 until Christmas Day . In Iraq , for instance , on Christmas Eve , Assyrian families congregate outside of their house and hold lighted candles while a child reads aloud the nativity story . Then they all sing psalms over a bonfire made of thorn bushes . Folklore says that if the thorns burn to ashes , the family will have good luck . After the fire has been reduced to ashes , the family members will jump three times over the ashes and make a wish . The next day , on Christmas , `` as another bonfire burns in the churchyard , the bishops lead the service while carrying a figure of the baby Jesus . He blesses one person with a touch . That person touches the next person and the touch passes around until all have felt the touch of peace . '' Many Assyrians will attend the Shaharta , or midnight vigil before Christmas . On Christmas Day , when families gather together after the Shaharta or morning mass , raza d'mowlada d'maran , the fast is broken by eating traditional Assyrian foods such as pacha / reesh - aqle ( meaning `` from the head to the tail '' ) , which is a boiled soup made of sheep or cow intestines , tongue , stomach , legs , and spices or harissa , a porridge made of ground wheat and chicken ( both dishes are prepared usually overnight ) . These two dishes are only made twice a year : on Christmas and Easter . Traditional desserts eaten after the main course include Killeche , a date and walnut - stuffed cookie , and Kadeh , another stuffed pastry . After the feast is finished , Assyrians will visit the houses of family and friends to exchange Christmas greetings , saying , `` Eedokhon breekha , '' meaning `` May your feast be blessed . '' There , the host will serve tea , Turkish coffee , and Killeche and Kadeh to guests . Although Christmas is celebrated in a much more religious fashion , in recent years , families put up a small Christmas tree in the house . Lebanon ( edit ) Christmas is an official holiday in Lebanon . Lebanese celebrate Christmas on December 25 , except for Armenian Lebanese who celebrate Christmas on January 6 which is also an official holiday in Lebanon . Lebanese families come together and butcher a sheep for a Christmas Eve feast , in honor of the birth of The Shepherd Jesus Christ . On that night the head of the house passes around a piece of coal representing the sins before Christ . After the piece of coal has been passed around it is then set on fire . After Dinner , Christian Lebanese attend midnight mass . Santa Claus is known by the French , Papa Noël . Gifts are either dropped off at church or Papa Noël makes a personal appearance at the home . The americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Christmas is observed widely on December 25 . Governments recognizing the holiday include those of : the United States , where it is a federal holiday for federal employees and a legal holiday in the respective States ; Canada , where it is a nationwide statutory holiday ; Mexico , where it is also a nationwide statutory holiday ; and several others . Canada ( edit ) Christmas in Ottawa , Canada In the Canadian provinces where English is the predominant language , Christmas traditions are largely similar to those of the United States , with some lingering influences from the United Kingdom and newer traditions brought by immigrants from other European countries . Mince pies , plum pudding , and Christmas cake are traditionally served as Christmas dinner desserts , following the traditional meal of roast turkey , stuffing , potatoes , and winter vegetables . Christmas table crackers are not uncommon and , in some parts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia , Christmas traditions include mummers . North American influences on Christmas are evident in the hanging of stockings on Christmas Eve , to be filled by Santa Claus . However , Canadian children believe that the home of Santa Claus is located at the North Pole , in Canada , and , through Canada Post , address thousands of letters to Santa Claus each year , using the postal code designation H0H 0H0 . Decorated Christmas trees , either fresh cut or artificial , were introduced to Canada in 1781 , originally by German soldiers stationed in Quebec during the American Revolution , and are now common in private homes and commercial spaces throughout most of Canada . As Canada is a cold , dark country in winter , lights are often put up in public places and on commercial and residential buildings in November and December . Many communities have celebrations that include light events , such as the Cavalcade of Lights Festival in Toronto , the Montreal Christmas Fireworks , or the Bright Nights in Stanley Park , Vancouver . A national program , Christmas Lights Across Canada , illuminates Ottawa , the national capital , and the 13 provincial and territorial capitals . In the province of Quebec , Christmas traditions include réveillon , Père Noël ( `` Father Christmas '' ) , and the bûche de Noël ( Yule log ) , among many others . A traditional dish for the réveillon is tourtière , a savoury meat pie , and gifts are opened during réveillon , often following Midnight Mass . Boxing Day at the Toronto Eaton Centre in downtown Toronto , Canada The Royal Christmas Message from the Canadian monarch is televised nationwide in Canada , the occasion being an observance which unites Canadians with citizens of the other Commonwealth countries worldwide . The observation of Boxing Day on the day following Christmas Day is a tradition practiced in Canada , as it is in many other Anglophone countries , although not in the United States . In Canada , Boxing Day is a day ( or the beginning of a few days ) of deeply discounted sale prices at retail stores which attract large numbers of shoppers in search of bargains . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Christmas in Mexico Christmas is a statutory holiday in Mexico and workers can have the day off with pay . Mexico 's Christmas is filled with over 30 traditions found only within Mexican Christmas . Over nine days , groups of townspeople go from door to door in a fashion of when the parents of the unborn baby Jesus Christ looked for shelter to pass the night when they arrived at Bethlehem , and are periodically called inside homes to participate in the breaking of a candy - filled piñata . Mexican Christmas festivities start on December 12 , with the feast of La Guadalupana ( Virgin of Guadalupe ) , and end on January 6 , with the Epiphany . Since the 1990s , Mexican society has embraced a new concept linking several celebrations around Christmas season into what is known as the Guadalupe - Reyes Marathon . At midnight on Christmas , many families place the figure of baby Jesus in their nacimientos ( Nativity scenes ) , as the symbolic representation of Christmas as a whole . In the center and south of Mexico , children receive gifts on Christmas Eve and on January 6 , they celebrate the Feast of the Epiphany , when , according to tradition , the Three Wise Men ( 3 Wizard Kings ) brought gifts to Bethlehem for Jesus Christ . Santa Claus ( or Santa Clos , as he 's known in Mexico ) is who brings the children their gifts , but traditionally the Three Wise Men will fill the children 's shoes with candies , oranges , tangerines , nuts , and sugar cane , and sometimes money or gold . For the Three Wise Men gave Baby Jesus Gold for his future . United States ( edit ) Further information : Christmas in the post-war United States U.S. Army Service members celebrating Christmas Eve while stationed abroad at Victory Base Complex , Iraq , December 24 , 2008 Christmas at Rockefeller Center , New York City Christmas in California Christmas is a widely celebrated festive holiday in the United States , and Christmas Day is officially recognized as a federal holiday by the US Government . The Christmas and holiday season begins around the end of November with a major shopping kickoff on Black Friday , the day after the U.S. holiday of Thanksgiving , though Christmas decorations and music playing in stores sometimes extend into the period between Halloween and Thanksgiving . Many schools and businesses are closed during the period between Christmas and the New Year 's Day holiday , which is a time commonly used to spend time with family and close friends , return unwanted gifts at stores , and shop after - Christmas sales . Most decorations are taken down by New Years or Epiphany . Other observances considered part of the season ( and potentially included in non-denominational holiday greetings like `` Happy Holidays '' ) include Hanukkah , Yule , Epiphany , Kwanzaa , and winter solstice celebrations . The interior and exterior of houses are decorated during the weeks leading up to Christmas Eve . Christmas tree farms in the United States and Canada provide families with trees for their homes , many opting for artificial ones , but some for real ones . The Christmas tree usually stands centrally in the home , decorated with ornaments , tinsel , and lights , with an angel or a star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem at the top . Santa Claus hands gifts to children Christmas Eve is popularly described as `` the night before Christmas '' in the poem actually titled `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . Better known as Santa Claus , he is said to visit homes while children are sleeping during the night before Christmas morning . The fireplaces in many homes have been replaced by electric fireplaces , but the yule log has remained a tradition . Christmas stockings are hung on the mantelpiece for Santa Claus to fill with little gifts ( `` stocking stuffers '' ) . It is tradition throughout the United States for children to leave a glass of milk and plate of Christmas cookies for Santa Claus nearby . Presents the family will exchange are wrapped and placed near the tree , including presents to be given to pets . Friends exchange wrapped presents and tell each other not to open presents before Christmas . Grandparents , aunts and uncles , cousins , siblings and occasionally guests from out of town are entertained in the home or else visited . Wrapped presents are most commonly opened on the morning of Christmas Day ; however , some families choose to open all or some of their presents on Christmas Eve , depending on evolving family traditions , logistics , and the age of the children involved ; for example , adults might open their presents on Christmas Eve and minor children on Christmas morning , or everyone might open their gifts on Christmas morning . Others follow the tradition of opening family - exchanged gifts on Christmas Eve night , followed by opening of the presents Santa brought on Christmas morning . Children are normally allowed to play with their new toys and games afterwards . The traditional Christmas dinner usually features either roasted turkey with stuffing ( sometimes called dressing ) , ham , or roast beef . Potatoes , squash , roasted vegetables and cranberry sauce are served along with tonics and sherries . A variety of sweet pastry and egg nog sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg are served in the United States . Certain dishes such as casseroles and desserts are prepared with a family recipe ( usually kept a secret ) . Sometimes , families also partake in a religious tradition , such as the consumption of a Christmas wafer in Christian families of European ancestry . Fruits , nuts , cheeses and chocolates are enjoyed as snacks . Other traditions include a special church service on the Sunday before Christmas and Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve . Candlelight services are held earlier in the evening for families with children . A re-enactment of the Nativity of Jesus called a Nativity play is another tradition . Christmas - related tourist attractions , such as the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree and elaborate animated department store Christmas windows in New York City are heavily visited by tourists from all over the world . Christmas music can be heard in the background . The Mormon Tabernacle Choir is one whose annual carol singing is well - recognized ; another example is the Boys choir heard singing `` Christmas Time Is Here '' , a song featured in the animated television special A Charlie Brown Christmas . Christmas symphony orchestra and choral presentation such as Handel 's Messiah and performances of The Nutcracker ballet are attended . Local radio stations may temporarily switch format to play exclusively Christmas music , some going to an all - Christmas format as early as mid-October . A few television stations broadcast a Yule Log without interruption for several hours . News broadcasts and talk shows feature Christmas - themed segments , emphasizing fellowship and goodwill among neighbors . Of particular note is the observance of Christmas for military families of soldiers and sailors serving abroad , on both sides of the Canada -- U.S. border . The Los Angeles Lakers have made it a tradition , since they relocated from Minneapolis prior to the 1960 - 61 NBA season , to have a home game on Christmas . As of 2015 , the NBA now schedules five games on Christmas , usually including classic rivalry games as well as a rematch of the previous season 's NBA Finals . Central America ( edit ) El Salvador ( edit ) Christmas for El Salvador still carries a strong meaning that brings families together . Despite the business on the streets and the red , green and white colors flooding the environment , Salvadoran people try to honor the true meaning of Christmas , the birth of Jesús . In El Salvador children celebrate Christmas by playing with firecrackers , fountains , such as the small volcancitos ( `` little volcanos '' ) and sparklers , estrellitas ( `` little stars '' ) . Teenagers and young adults display bigger fireworks or Roman Candles . Families also have parties in which they dance and eat . Santa Claus is known for appearing in TV and print ads , but people ask children if they already wrote a letter to little baby Jesus . Traditional Salvadoran Christmas dishes are sauteed turkey sandwiches in a baguette with lettuce and radishes , Salvadoran Tamales , and sweet bread for dessert . Drinks include hot chocolate , pineapple juice , Salvadoran horchata , Cherry Salvadoran horchata , and coffee . At 12 : 00 a.m. on December 25 everyone gathers around the Christmas tree and opens their presents . Guatemala ( edit ) On Christmas in Guatemala , people dress up in an ornamental hat , called a Puritina , and dance in a line . As with much of the country 's culture , the celebration includes Spanish and Mayan elements . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) São Paulo 's Christmas Tree and water fountains at Ibirapuera Park Christmas Day on December 25 is a national holiday in Brazil . But because Brazil lies in the Southern Hemisphere , Brazilians celebrate Christmas in the summer . In the small cities in the entire country , as well as in the largest cities , like São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Recife , Salvador , Fortaleza , Curitiba , Porto Alegre , Brasília , Manaus , Belém , Natal and Belo Horizonte , the celebrations resemble in many ways the traditions in Europe and North America , with the Christmas tree , the exchanging of gifts and Christmas cards , the decoration of houses and buildings with electric lights and the nativity scene . Despite the warm tropical summer weather , some incongruences such as decorations with themes of winter and snow are not uncommon . In some cities like Guarapuava , there are decoration contests , when judges go to houses to look at the decorations , inside or outside of the house , and decide the most beautiful house . Christmas Eve is the most important day . Unlike in the North American and Anglo - Saxon tradition , Christmas takes action mainly near midnight , usually with big family dinners , opening of gifts and the celebration of the `` Missa do Galo '' ( the rooster 's mass ) in churches throughout the nation . Many Brazilians decorate their homes with a Christmas Tree , there is no rule , the parents can decorate it by themselves as a surprise to the kids , or they can do it together . In addition to the Christmas tree , many families set up a Nativity scene as the main decoration . Nativity scenes are very popular in Brazil , and can be seen everywhere including churches and popular places around the town . Like many other countries , Christmas dinner in Brazil is normally served late in the evening on Christmas Eve around 10 or 11 p.m. The meal often includes farofa stuffing , assortments of fruit , fried cod , and roast turkey with a dessert called `` rabanada '' . Along with their meals , Brazilians typically drink champagne , wine , and fruit punch . Typically after they eat , many Brazilians attend a Midnight Mass service or watch the Pope 's television broadcast celebration of `` Midnight Mass in Rome '' with family and friends . Colombia ( edit ) Medellín River during the Lighting of Medellin Christmas is a public holiday in Colombia and is primarily a religious celebration . Presents are brought by El Niño Jesus / Niño Dios ( Baby Jesus ) . While Christmas decorations may be put up as early as the beginning of November , the unofficial start of Colombian Christmas festivities takes place on December 7 , Día de las Velitas , or `` Day of the Candles . '' At night , the streets , sidewalks , balconies , porches , and driveways are decorated with candles and paper lanterns , which illuminate cities and towns in a yellow glow to honor the Immaculate Conception on the following day , December 8 . In many cities , and even in small rural towns , neighborhoods get together and decorate their whole neighborhood or street , turning streets into virtual `` tunnels of light . '' Many radio stations and local organizations hold contests for the best display of lights , making the competition for the best light show a serious event . The city of Medellín has become a popular tourist destination during the holiday season because of its Christmas lights . Activities such as musical events and firework displays are planned by cities and held during this time . Individually launched fireworks were a common item during the Christmas season in Colombia , often going on at any time of the day in many cities . However , a recent ban has decreased the individual use of fireworks , and now only cities or towns are able to hold firework displays . December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena , a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days , the last one held on Christmas Eve . The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas , and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico . It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas , and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season . Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary , but most families set up a `` pesebre '' ( manger scene ) , sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines , bells , and other simple percussion instruments , and read verses from the Bible as well as an interpretation which may change from year to year . Novenas serve as beautiful religious gatherings as well as learning environments for young children since kids have a central and active role in the celebration of the Novenas ( they read prayers , sing , and play instruments guided by their family ) . From December 16 to 24 , games called `` aguinaldos '' are played after having made a `` pinky promise '' deciding the prize for the winner and the punishment for the loser . The games include `` Hablar y no contestar '' ( Talk but do n't answer ) , `` Dé pero no reciben '' ( Give but do n't receive ) , `` Pajita en boca '' ( Straw in the mouth ) , `` Tres pies '' ( Three feet ) , `` Beso robado '' ( Stolen kisses ) , and `` Si y al no '' ( Yes or no ) . Churches offer dawn and nightly masses during the nine days of the novena , culminating with the Misa de Gallo ( Rooster 's Mass ) on Christmas Eve at midnight . Christmas Eve is the most important day of Christmas in Colombia . Families and friends get together to pray the last Novena and wait until midnight to open the presents , parties are held until sunrise on Christmas Day , kids stay up late playing with their new presents , and fireworks fill the skies . Families gather around meals , music , and singing . Because Christmas Eve is the most important day , little occurs on December 25 . Families join Christmas Day mass although it is not nearly as festive as Christmas Eve . The `` Dia de los Santos Inocentes '' , or the Day of the Innocents , falls in the Christmas season , on December 28 . The day commemorates the innocent infants ( called the innocent ones ) who were said to have been killed by King Herod in fear of the power of the newborn baby , Jesus . January 6 , the day of the Revelation of the Magi ( Epiphany ) , is called `` Reyes Magos '' ( from The Three Magi ) , used to be a day of gift giving , but is celebrated less now since gifts are given mostly around Christmas Eve today . Some families still give presents , and it is also the day when godparents give Christmas presents . Venezuela ( edit ) Different moments of Paradura del Niño , Venezuelan tradition celebrated on February 2 In Venezuela , Christmas is celebrated as a religious occasion . As in Colombia , the presents are brought by `` El Niño Jesus '' ( Baby Jesus ) instead of `` Papá Noél '' ( Santa Claus ) , that still has an important role during this season . The unofficial start of the Christmas festivities is after the celebrations of `` Feria de la Chinita '' , the second half of November . The origin of this festival is the cult to Virgin Mary of Chiquinquirá , when various religious activities , processions , and music in the typical `` Gaita style '' to honor `` La Chinita '' ( nickname of this Virgin ) . This event takes place in the Zulia Region , specifically in Maracaibo ( the regional capital ) . After this , other cities join in the festivities and many activities take place including musical events and firework displays . In many cities , small rural towns and neighborhoods get together for the `` patinatas '' night festivals where children go and play with skateboards , roller blades and bicycles . These events are usually sponsored by the local church , where neighbors organize themselves and sell typical Christmas food , hot chocolate , hallaca , cookies , etc . Also still in some neighborhoods there is the `` Parranda '' where people go from one house to house with music and Christmas songs . The singers stops at neighbors ' houses to get some food and drinks . Also in the Venezuelan Andes there is the same tradition of this kind of event but they carry an image of `` baby Jesus '' and this is called `` Paradura del Niño . '' Children write request letters to Baby Jesus . The presents are sent by Baby Jesus at midnight , and most people have a party , which goes on until sunrise . Caribbean ( edit ) Bahamas ( edit ) Junkanoo festivals are held from Christmas Day morning until sunrise on December 27 after Boxing Day and held again on New Year 's Day . It is a carnival featuring parading bands in colorful costumes , singing , dancing , and decorations . Bahamian Christmas foods include black cake , imported apples , pepper pot , pickled onions and ham . Drinks like ginger - beer , sorrel , mauby , and sweet potato fly are served on Christmas . Cuba ( edit ) Cuba had a long tradition of celebrating Christmas . Families used to gather at the dining table , and used to go to mass after dinner . The Communist Regime led by Fidel Castro abolished the paid Christmas holiday in 1969 , citing that workers were needed to continue the sugar harvest . In 1998 , the Regime declared December 25 a leisure day , as requested by Pope John Paul II as a condition to visit the country . It is a one - day public holiday and it is celebrated only in the evening . Jamaica ( edit ) Radio stations play Christmas carols as early as October , reggae style and some international . Jamaicans paint their houses and hang new curtains for Christmas . Pepper lights , the local name for Christmas lights , go up even on trees . Junkanoo or John Canoe is a traditional Christmas celebration in Jamaica , influenced by African ancestors . This includes street dancing and a great parade through the streets with Jamaicans dressed in colorful masquerade costumes in which masks are worn . The traditional Jamaican Christmas meal includes ackee , saltfish , breadfruit , fried plantains , boiled bananas , freshly squeezed fruit juice and tea for breakfast ; chicken , curried goat , stewed oxtail , rice and gungo peas for dinner . For dessert , sorrel drink and a Jamaican rum fruitcake along with red wine are served in many homes . Many people attend church for Christmas Eve or Christmas morning worship service . Some British Christmas traditions have stayed in Jamaica , like Father Christmas , roast beef or lamb dinners , Boxing Day , etc . Europe ( edit ) Central Europe ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christmas wreath In countries of Central Europe ( for this purpose , roughly defined as the German - speaking countries of Germany , Austria and Switzerland as well as the Czech Republic , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary and possibly other places ) the main celebration date for the general public is Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) . The day is usually a fasting day ; in some places children are told they 'll see a golden pig if they hold fast until after dinner . When the evening comes preparation of Christmas Dinner starts . Traditions concerning dinner vary from region to region , for example , in Poland , Czech Republic , and Slovakia , the prevailing meal is fried carp with potato salad and fish ( or cabbage ) soup . However , in some places the tradition is porridge with mushrooms ( a modest dish ) , and elsewhere the dinner is exceptionally rich , with up to 12 dishes . This in fact reveals that when Christmas comes around all the kids get presents from neighbours and house guest . Even the house pet got a little something to gnaw on . After the dinner comes the time for gifts . Children usually find their gifts under the Christmas Tree , with name stickers . An interesting example of complicated history of the region is the `` fight '' between Christmas beings . During communism , when countries of Central Europe were under Soviet influence , communist authorities strongly pushed Russian traditional Ded Moroz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) in the place of Little Jesus won . Now Santa Claus is attacking , by means of advertising and Hollywood film production . Many people , Christians as well as people with just a Christian background , go to Roman Catholic midnight mass celebration . Other common attributes of Christmas in Central Europe include Christmas trees , mistletoe , Christmas garlands , and Bethlehem cribs . In many areas of Central Europe , St. Nicholas ( Hungarian : Mikulás , Czech : Mikuláš , Polish : Mikołaj , Slovak : Mikuláš , Slovene : Miklavž ) , or Santa Claus , does not come for Christmas . He visits families earlier , on the dawn of St. Nicholas Day on December 6 , and for the well - behaved children he has presents and candy - bags to put into their well polished shoes that were set in the windows the previous evening . Although he neither parks his sleigh on rooftops nor climbs chimneys , his visits are usually accompanied by a diabolic - looking servant named Krampusz ( in Austria , Slovenia , and Croatia : Krampus , in Czech and Slovak regions he is simply `` čert '' , i.e. devil , without any name ) who gives golden coloured birches for so called badly behaved children . Actually all children get both gifts and golden birches ( Hungarian : virgács ) in their shoes , no matter how they behaved themselves . Austria and Germany ( edit ) Main article : Weihnachten Austrian Advent bowl In some German - speaking communities , in the German - speaking Europe ; particularly in Catholic regions of western and southern Germany , Switzerland , Austria , South Tyrol and Liechtenstein , as well as in other Catholic regions of Central Europe , the Christkind ( literally `` Christ child '' ) brings the presents on the evening of December 24 ( Holy Evening or Heiliger Abend ) . The Christkind is invisible ; thus he is never seen by anyone . However , he rings a bell just before he leaves in order to let children know that the Christmas tree and the presents are ready . It is a tradition to lavishly decorate a Christmas tree in the days directly before Christmas or on the morning of Christmas Eve . On late Christmas Eve , after the bell rings , the tree is shown to the children and presents are exchanged . In Protestant churches , there is a service in the late afternoon intended to immediately precede the Christmas Eve meal and the exchanging of gifts . This service , called Christvesper , consists most often of scriptural readings , the Christmas Gospel from Luke 2 , a Krippenspiel ( nativity play ) , favourite Christmas carols and festive music for organ and choirs . In some regions the tradition of Quempas singing is still popular . Some Lutheran churches also celebrate a candlelight service at midnight besides the Christmas Vespers in the afternoon or early evening . Many Catholic churches also have a first Mass of Christmas , called Christmette , on `` Heiliger Abend '' about 4 p.m. for the children and parents to attend before the families return home for their meal . The crib is a very important part of the celebrations in Catholic areas especially Bavaria . Austria ( edit ) Christmas market in front of the town hall in Vienna , Austria In the largely Catholic Austria , Christmas markets are a long - standing tradition . In Vienna , for instance , the market is held in the large square in front of City Hall . Innsbruck opens its romantic Christmas market in the narrow medieval square at the foot of the Golden Roof . In Salzburg , the Christmas market takes over the square in front of the Cathedral with its picturesque stalls , while the tree vendors occupy Residenzplatz on the side of the huge Cathedral . However almost every small town has its own Christmas market . In Austria , Christmas trees play a very important part of Christmas celebrations . Every town sets up its own huge tree on the main square all decorated with candles , ornaments and candies and frequently there will be an extra one , adorned with bread crumbs , for the birds . In families the tree is decorated with gold and silver ornaments or stars made out of straw , sweets and candy wrapped in tinfoil , gilded nuts , etc . The feast of St Nicholas marks the beginning of Christmas in Austria . On Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) the tree is lit for the first time and the whole family gathers to sing Christmas carols like `` Silent Night , Holy Night '' . Gifts that are placed under the tree are opened after dinner on Christmas Eve . Austrian Christmas tradition has it that it is the Christ Child himself who decorates the Christmas tree on Christmas Eve and brings the children their Christmas presents , and it is to him that their letters and wish lists are addressed in the weeks before Christmas . The Christmas Eve dinner is the main event of the night often served with fried carp . The famous sachertorte and different kinds of chocolates are served as dessert . The Austrians also have special crescent shaped cookies served during Christmas time . Germany ( edit ) Christmas star Old Bavarian crib found in St Mang Basilica , Füssen , Bavaria Christmas tree in Berlin , Germany Traditional Miner 's figures as Christmas light bearers In Germany Christmas traditions vary by region . Till the reformation Saint Nicholas ' Day , December 6 , Saint Nicholas was the main provider of Christmas presents . Nikolaus still puts goodies in children 's shoes on that day . Sometimes St. Nicholas visits children in kindergarten , schools or at public events . They have to recite a short poem or sing a song in order to get sweets or a small gift . `` Knecht Ruprecht '' ( the servant Ruprecht ) -- dressed in dark clothes with devil - like traits ( usually noted as a long , bright red tongue and with a stick or a small whip in the hand ) -- sometimes accompanies St. Nicholas . His duty is to punish those children who have n't behaved during the year . Usually he does n't have much to do . He merely stands near St. Nicholas as a warning to be good and polite . Nikolaus as well for some Glühwein for adults , there are some traditions connected with local firefighters , riders associations and church congregations . The Sorbs , a minority in Saxony and parts of Brandenbuerg with a language similar to Polish , have some specific traditions . E.g. in Jänschwalde , the Bescherkind Janšojski bog ( `` presents kid '' ) is visiting the neighbors , a girl dressed in local costume and veil and goes around with two companions at the Wednesday before Christmas . It provides smaller presents like sweets , similar to the Nikolaus and provides blessings , stays however silent . Another tradition in Saxony is related to the Wooden toymaking in the Ore Mountains , especially Seiffen provides Christmas related decorations like Christmas pyramid and toys around the year . Christmas letters may be addressed e.g. to Engelskirchen ( Angel 's church ) or Himmelpforten ( Heaven 's gate ) or some other in municipalities with matching names . After privatization , Deutsche Post kept the tradition of dedicated Christmas offices , one in each state , answering letters and requests from children . Currently the actual Christmas gift - giving ( German : `` Bescherung '' ) usually takes place on Christmas Eve . This tradition was introduced by Reformator , Martin Luther , as he as of the opinion that one should put the emphasis on Christ 's birth and not on a saint 's day and do away with the connotation that gifts have to be earned by good behavior . The gifts should be seen as a symbol for the gift of God 's grace in Christ . This tradition quickly became common in predominantly Catholic regions as well . Gifts may be brought by the Weihnachtsmann ( translation , `` Christmas man '' ) , who resembles either St. Nicholas or the American Santa Claus , or by Christkindl , a sprite - like child who may or may not represent the baby Jesus . Till 1930 , there was sort of south north divide between the realms of southern and silesian Christkind and Nordic Weihnachtsmann . After the gifts are opened the children often stay up as late as they like , often till the early hours of the morning . The Christmas Tree is first put up and decorated on the morning of the 24th . The gifts are then placed under the tree . Christmas services in the church serve as well to exchange greetings with neighbors and friends . After an evening meal one of the parents usually goes into the room where the tree is standing , lights the candles and rings a little bell . Then the children are allowed to go into the candlelit room . In many families it is still a custom to sing Christmas songs around the tree before opening up the presents . Some families attend a midnight church service `` Christmette '' after the evening meal and gift - giving . The culinary feast either takes place at supper on Christmas Eve or on the first day of Christmas . Traditions vary from region to region ; carp is eaten in many parts of the country . Potato salad with frankfurter or wiener - sausages is popular in some families . Another simple meal which some families favor , especially in regions where Christmas Eve still has the character of a fast day , is vegetable or pea soup . In some regions , especially in Schleswig - Holstein where Danish influence is noticeable , a roasted duck or goose filled with plums , apples and raisins is family tradition . In other regions , especially in Mecklenburg and Pomerania , many families prefer kale with boiled potatoes , special sausages and ham . Many families have developed new traditions for themselves and eat such meals as meat fondue or raclette . In almost all families in all parts of Germany you find a wide variety of Christmas cookies baked according to recipes typical for the family and the region . `` Lüttenweihnachten '' describes the hunting and forestry custom of providing a Christmas tree with food decorated for animals . Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) Old Town Square in Prague , Czech Republic -- Christmastime Main article : Czech Christmas Mass Christmas Eve ( December 24 ) is celebrated as Štědrý den / Štedrý deň , which means `` Generous Day '' , when the gifts are given in the evening . The December 25 and 26 are Public holidays in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia , but Vánoce / Vianoce ( Christmas ) , is most commonly associated with the 24th . According to tradition , gifts are brought by Ježíšek / Ježiško , or `` baby Jesus '' . Fish soup and breaded roasted carp with special homemade potato salad are a traditional dish for the dinner . In Slovakia , before eating , everyone exchanges Christmas greetings with each other by sharing a piece of Christmas wafer ( Oblátky ) with honey and walnuts . Traditional dinner depends on region , but common Christmas dinner is cabbage soup ( Kapustnica ) or lentil soup and breaded roasted carp with special homemade potato salad or hand made gnocchi with poppy ( šúľanky s makom ) . The gifts are surreptitiously placed under the Christmas tree ( usually a spruce or pine and lately fir ) , usually just before or during dinner . Children have to wait for the ringing of a Christmas bell ( one of the decorations on the Christmas tree ) -- the sign that Ježíšek / Ježiško ( little Jesus ) has just passed by -- to run for the presents . That happens at the end of their Christmas dinner . There is a rich tradition of hard baked Christmas sweets ( Cukroví / vianočné koláče ) . Other Czech and Slovak Christmas traditions involve predictions for the future . Apples are always cut crosswise : if a perfect star appears in the core , the next year will be successful , distorted star means a bad year or illness , while a cross may suggest death . Girls throw shoes over their shoulders -- if the toe points to the door , the girl will get married soon . Another tradition requires pouring some molten lead into water and guessing a message from its shapes . In Catholic Slovakia , the tradition of Jasličkári involves young men dressed as shepherds or angels visiting their neighbors and presenting recitations and songs about the story of the birth of Jesus . Hungary ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Hungary The Christmas and gift - giving season starts relatively early compared to other cultures , with the Santa - like figure , or Hungarian version of Saint Nicholas , Mikulás ( or Szent Miklós ) traditionally visiting the homes of Hungarian children on the night of December 5 , on the eve of Saint Nicholas Feast Day , December 6 . Although the role of gift - giver on Christmas Day itself is assigned to the Christ Child , on the night before St. Nicholas Day Hungarian children traditionally place a boot on their windowsill waiting for Mikulás to come by and fill it with treats . In Hungary , celebrations begin with Christmas tree decoration and gift packaging during daytime on December 24 , then comes a family dinner with traditional Christmas meals . In some parts of Hungary , a traditional supper called fish soup halászlé is served at Christmas Eve meal , although it is also consumed at other times of the year . The day is otherwise a fast - day . Kürtőskalács in Budapest In the evening ( Christmas Eve , in Hungarian : Szenteste ) the Angel or the Little ( Baby ) Jesus ( Hungarian : Kisjézus or Jézuska ) delivers the presents . This is the most intimate moment of Christmas , featuring warmly lit Christmas tree and candles , soft Christmas music , family singing of Christmas or religious songs and gift pack openings . There is also a popular folk custom during December and especially on Christmas Eve , in which children or adults present the birth of Jesus . The custom is called ' playing Bethlehem ' ( Hungarian : Betlehemezés ) , and it is an acting performance , where the ' actors ' are wearing costumes , and telling stories about the three kings , the shepherds , Mary , Joseph and of course the birth of the Holy Child . A Christmas crib and a church are used as the scene . The actors go from house to house , and they receive gifts for their performance . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Poland Traditional Polish Wigilia meal Polish Opłatki ( Christmas Wafer ) in a basket Carollers walk from house to house receiving treats along the way In the largely Roman Catholic Poland , Christmas Eve begins with a day of fasting and then a night of feasting . The traditional Christmas meal is known as Wigilia ( `` The Vigil '' ) , and being invited to attend a Wigilia dinner with a family is considered a high honour . On the night of Christmas Eve , the appearance of the first star in the sky is watched for , in remembrance of the Star of Bethlehem , that it has been given an affectionate name of `` the little star '' or Gwiazdka ( the female counterpart of St. Nicholas ) . On that evening , children watch the sky anxiously hoping to be the first to cry out , `` The star has come ! '' After the first star appearance is declared , the family members sit down to a dinner table . According to tradition , bits of hay are spread beneath the tablecloth as a reminder that Christ was born in a manger . Others partake in the practice of placing money under the table cloth for each guest , in order to wish for prosperity in the coming year . The dinner contains twelve dishes , one for each Apostle . In many homes , an extra place setting is set . The empty setting is symbolically left at the table for a lonely wanderer who may be in need of food , an angel , the Baby Jesus or the Holy Spirit should appear to share the feast . Before eating , everyone exchanges Christmas greetings with each other . The supper begins with the breaking of the opłatek . By sharing a piece of Christmas wafer ( Opłatki ) , when everyone at the table breaks off a piece and eats it as a symbol of their unity with Christ . The opłatek is usually blessed by the presiding Bishop , and stamped with a religious image , such as the nativity scene , they then share a piece with each family member . A tradition exists among some families to serve twelve different dishes at Wigilia symbolizing the Twelve Apostles , or perhaps , an odd number of dishes for good luck ( usually five , seven , or nine ) . Some practice the superstition that an even number of people must be seated around the table . A traditional Wigilia supper in Poland includes fried carp and barszcz ( beetroot soup ) with uszka ( translated as `` little ears '' , also known as meatless ravioli ) . The most common dishes are fish soup , with potato salad , pierogi , gołąbki filled with kasza , pickled herring and fruit kompot . Carp provides a main component of the Christmas Eve meal across Poland ; carp fillet , carp in aspic etc . Universal Polish Christmas foods are pierogi as well as some herring dishes , herring fillets , herring in aspic and for dessert , makowiec or noodles with poppy seed . Often , there is a compote of dry fruits for a drink . etc . Dishes beside fish are usually cabbage - , forest mushroom - ( like boletus ) and poppyseed - based , with herring being very important . After supper the Star Man arrives attended by the Star Boys . They are dressed as Wise Men or animals or other figures . The Star Man examines the children in their catechism and rewards them with small presents if they do well , even if they need a bit of coaching . The Star Boys sing carols and are given a treat for their help . The feast begins with the appearance of the first star . The meal is followed by the exchange of gifts . The remainder of the evening is given to stories and songs around the Christmas tree . In some areas of the country , children are taught that `` The Little Star '' brings the gifts . As presents are unwrapped , carollers may walk from house to house receiving treats along the way . Christmas Eve ends with Pasterka , the Midnight Mass at the local church . The tradition commemorates the arrival of the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem and their paying of respect and bearing witness to the new born Messiah . The custom of Christmas night liturgy was introduced in the Christian churches after the second half of the 5th century . In Poland that custom arrived together with the coming of Christianity . The next day ( December 25 ) begins with the early morning mass followed by daytime masses . According to scripture , the Christmas Day masses are interchangeable allowing for greater flexibility in choosing the religious services by individual parishioners . The following day is often spent visiting friends . The giftbearer varies . In some regions it is Święty Mikołaj ( Saint Nicholas ) , in others Święty Mikołaj gives his gifts on December 6 and the giftbringer of the Christmas Eve is Gwiazdor ( `` star man '' ) , Aniołek ( `` little angel '' ) or Dzieciątko ( `` baby Jesus '' ) . Romania and Moldova ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Romania Christmas market in Sibiu , Romania Christmas ( Romanian : Crăciun ) in Romania is on December 25 and is generally considered the second most important religious Romanian holiday after Easter . In Moldova , although Christmas is celebrated on December 25 like in Romania , January 7 is also recognized as an official holiday . Celebrations begin with the decoration of the Christmas tree during daytime on December 24 , and in the evening ( Christmas Eve , in Romanian : Ajunul Crăciunului ) Moş Crăciun ( Father Christmas ) delivers the presents . The singing of carols is a very important part of Romanian Christmas festivities . On the first day of Christmas , many carolers walk through the streets of the towns and villages , holding a star made of cardboard and paper on which are depicted various scenes from the Bible . Romanian tradition has the smallest children going from house to house , singing carols and reciting poems and legends during the whole Christmas season . The leader of the group carries with him a star made of wood , covered with metal foil and decorated with bells and coloured ribbons . An image of the Nativity is painted on the star 's centre , and this piece of handiwork is attached to the end of a broom or other long stick . Romanian food served during the holidays is a hearty multi-coursed meal , most of which consists of pork ( organs , muscle , and fat ) . This is mainly a symbolic gesture for St. Ignatius of Antioch . Eastern Europe ( edit ) Since the 1880s , the Christmas customs of the Eastern Slavic countries have included a similar character known as Ded Moroz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) . According to legend , he travels in a magical sanki -- a decorated sleigh drawn by reindeer ( or three white horses ) . With his young , blond assistant Snegurochka ( the `` Snow Maiden '' , said to be his granddaughter ) at his side , he visits homes and gives gifts to good children ( not true for former Yugoslavian countries ) . He only delivers presents to children while they are asleep , and unlike Santa , he does not travel down chimneys , coming instead to the front door of children 's homes . It is traditional for children to leave food for Ded Moroz . This Ded Moroz ( in Russia , Ded Moroz ) is not identified nor in any way associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra ( feast day , December 6 ) , who is very widely revered in Eastern Europe for his clerical and charitable works as a bishop . In all likelihood , Ded Moroz is actually in Slavic tradition like Santa Claus , any connection to the original saint having long since disappeared . Georgia ( edit ) Children at the Alilo march in the streets of Tbilisi On calendars in Georgia , Christmas ( Georgian : შობა , shoba ) is celebrated on January 7 ( December 25 on the Julian calendar ) . It is traditional in Georgia to go on Alilo ( a modified pronunciation of Alleluia ) , a mass walk in the streets , dressed in special clothing to celebrate and congratulate each other . Most members of the Alilo march are children and they are given sweets by the adults . The Alilo carols vary across the provinces of Georgia . In most songs these words are used : `` ოცდახუთსა დეკემბერსა , ქრისტე იშვა ბეთლემსაო ' '' ( otsdakhutsa dekembersa qriste ishva betlemsao ) -- `` on 25th December Christ was born in Bethlehem '' . A local variant of the Christmas tree , called Chichilaki , is made of soft wooden material with curled branches . Sometimes it is hazelnut branch which is carved into a Tree of Life - like shape and decorated with fruits and sweets . The Western custom of a Christmas tree ( nadzvis khe ) is also popular and has been imported through Russia . The Georgian equivalent of `` Santa Claus '' is known as tovlis papa ( or tovlis babua in western Georgian dialects ) , literally meaning a `` Grandfather snow '' , and is traditionally portrayed with long white beard , dressed in national costume `` chokha '' and wearing a fur cloak `` nabadi '' . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Russia New Year decorations in Nizhny Novgorod As in some other Eastern Orthodox countries , and due to the 13 - day difference between the newer Gregorian , and older Julian Calendars , Christmas is celebrated on January 7 . Unlike its Western counterparts , Christmas is mainly a religious event in Russia . On Christmas Eve ( January 6 ) , there are several long services , including the Royal Hours and Vespers combined with the Divine Liturgy . The family will then return home for the traditional Christmas Eve `` Holy Supper '' , which consists of 12 dishes , one to honor each of the Twelve Apostles . Devout families will then return to church for the `` всеночная '' All Night Vigil . Then again , on Christmas Morning , for the `` заутренняя '' Divine Liturgy of the Nativity . Since 1992 Christmas has become a national holiday in Russia , as part of the ten - day holiday at the start of every new year . During the Soviet period , religious celebrations were discouraged by the officially atheist state . Christmas tree and related celebrations were gradually eradicated after the October Revolution . In 1935 , in a surprising turn of state politics , the Christmas tradition was adopted as part of the secular New Year celebration . These include the decoration of a tree , or `` ёлка '' ( spruce ) , festive decorations and family gatherings , the visit by gift - giving `` Ded Moroz '' ( Дед Мороз `` Grandfather Frost '' ) and his granddaughter , `` Snegurochka '' ( Снегурочка `` The Snowmaiden '' ) . Many of these were brought to Russia by Peter the Great after his Western travels in the late 17th century . Ukraine ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Ukraine Twelve - dish Christmas Eve supper , Ukraine Sviata Vecheria or `` Holy Supper '' is the central tradition of the Christmas Eve celebrations in Ukrainian homes and takes place in most parts of the country on January 6 . In Western Ukraine , especially in Carpathian Ruthenia , due to historical multi-culturism , Christmas can be observed twice -- on December 25 and January 7 , often irrespective of whether the family belongs to Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , the ( Roman ) Catholic Church , one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches , or one of the Protestant denominations . The Western Ukrainian tradition of two Christmas celebrations , since 2017 , are also celebrated nationwide as well . When the children see the first star in the eastern evening sky , which symbolizes the trek of the Three Wise Men , the Sviata Vechera may begin . In farming communities the head of the household now brings in a sheaf of wheat called the didukh which represents the importance of the ancient and rich wheat crops of Ukraine , the staff of life through the centuries . Didukh means literally `` grandfather spirit '' so it symbolizes the family 's ancestors . In city homes a few stalks of golden wheat in a vase are often used to decorate the table . The dinner table sometimes has a few wisps of hay on the embroidered table cloth as a reminder of the manger in Bethlehem . A prayer is said and the father says the traditional Christmas greeting , `` Chrystos rodyvsya ! '' which is translated to `` Christ is born ! '' , which is answered by the family with `` Slavite Yoho ! '' which means `` Let us glorify him ! '' . In some families the Old Slavic form `` Сhrystos rozhdayetsya ! '' is used . At the end of the Sviata Vechera the family often sings Ukrainian Christmas Carols . In many communities the old Ukrainian tradition of caroling is carried on by groups of young people and members of organizations and churches calling at homes and collecting donations . Traditionally , Christmas Day opens for Ukrainian families with attendance in church services ( Mass , worship service or Divine Liturgy ) . Ukrainian churches offer services starting before midnight on Christmas Eve and on Christmas morning . Christmas supper , without Lenten restrictions , does not have as many traditions connected with it as Sviata Vechera . The old tradition in Ukraine of giving gifts to children on St. Nicholas Day , December 19 , has generally been replaced by the Christmas date and it is the Father Frost who visits all the children in a sleigh pulled by only three reindeer . ( In Western Ukraine the St. Nicholas Day is marked there on December 6 . ) Northern Europe ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In much of Northern Europe Christmas is celebrated on December 24 and is referred to as Jul ( see Yule ) , while December 25 is a relaxed day for visiting relatives . `` Yule '' may come from the Norse word hweol , jól , meaning wheel , and Old English géol . The Norse believed that the sun was a great wheel of fire that rolled towards and then away from the earth . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Denmark ) Traditional Danish Christmas dinner Danes celebrate on December 24 , which is referred to as Juleaften ( literally `` Yule evening '' ) . An evening meal with the family consists of either roast pork , roast duck or roast goose and eaten with potatoes , plenty of gravy , and red cabbage or finely chopped kale boiled in butter . Also caramelized potatoes is an important part of the Dane 's Christmas dinner . For dessert rice pudding is traditionally served -- composed largely of whipped cream and accompanied by lashings of black cherry sauce . The rice pudding also contains chopped peeled almonds , and a single whole peeled almond . Whoever finds the whole almond will have good luck for the coming year , and the lucky finder is entitled to a small gift , Mandelgave . After the meal is complete , the family gathers around the Christmas tree and sings Christmas songs and hymns while holding hands and dancing in circles , and may even tour the house , still holding hands and singing . When the singing is complete , traditions vary . In some traditions , the family will select one child to hand out the presents . All children take turns handing out presents in other traditions . Alternatively `` Santa Claus '' , the Julemanden , will appear at the door in full costume with a large sack of presents over his shoulder . He will then distribute the presents , with the assistance of any children present , to their recipients . He should be offered suitable drink to keep him warm and cheerful on his onward journey , but do not expect loquacity -- utterances are normally limited to loud and hearty laughs . Meanwhile , the presents are opened and this is followed by more snacks , candy , chips and , sometimes , a traditional Christmas drink called Gløgg . The Danish are somewhat famous for their Julefrokost , literally meaning `` Christmas lunch '' , which includes various traditional Danish dishes , potentially accompanied by beer and Snaps . These Julefrokoster are popular and held within families , as well as by companies and other social groups . They would traditionally have taken place leading up to Christmas , but due to time constraints and stress during the Christmas month they are nowadays commonly held during November and January as well . The family Julefrokoster however are normally held on Christmas Day and / or The Second day of Christmas ( December 26 ) . Advent calendar Another more recent Danish tradition is the concept of television Julekalendere , special Christmas - themed , advent calendar - type television programmes with a daily episode shown on each of the first 24 days of December , thus culminating on Juleaften . Several television stations produce their own , most , but not all of which are targeted at child viewers . Some of the television advent calendars become extremely popular and go on to be reprised in subsequent years . In Denmark , Santa Claus is known as Julemanden ( literally `` the Yule Man '' ) and is said to arrive in a sleigh drawn by reindeer , with presents for the children . He is assisted with his Yuletide chores by elves known as julenisser ( or simply nisser ) , who are traditionally believed to live in attics , barns or similar places . In some traditions , to maintain the favour and protection of these nisser , children leave out saucers of milk or rice pudding or other treats for them and are delighted to find the food gone on Christmas morning . Estonia ( edit ) Christmas Santas In the weeks preceding Christmas or jõulud , children place a slipper in their windows and receive a piece of candy or some other sweets from visiting elves ( päkapikud ) . Estonians celebrate Christmas on December 24 , which is referred to as jõululaupäev ( `` Christmas Saturday '' ) and is by act of Parliament a public holiday in Estonia . Each year on this day , the President of Estonia declares the Christmas Peace and attends a Christmas service . The tradition was initiated by the order of Queen Christina of Sweden in the 17th century . Estonian children are visited by jõuluvana ( `` Santa Claus '' ) on Christmas Eve , and must sing songs or recite Christmas poems before receiving their gifts . The evening meal typically includes pork with sauerkraut or Estonian sauerkraut ( mulgikapsad ) , baked potatoes , white and blood sausage , potato salad with red beet , and pāté . For dessert , Estonians eat gingerbread ( piparkoogid ) and marzipan . The most highly regarded drinks during this time have been beer and mulled wine or glögi and hõõgvein ( `` glowing wine '' ) . Estonians leave the leftover food from Christmas dinner on the table overnight , in hopes that the spirits of family , friends , and loved ones will visit and also have something to eat . It is also customary to visit graveyards and leave candles for the deceased . December 25 or jõulupüha is a relaxed day for visiting relatives . Finland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Finland Christmas presents and a tree in Finland Christmas ham Christmas is an extensively prepared celebration centering on the family and home , although it has a religious dimension also . The Christmas season starts from December or even in late November , when shops began advertising potential Christmas gifts . Christmas decorations and songs become more prominent as Christmas nears , and children count days to Christmas with Advent calendars . Schools and some other places have the day before Christmas Eve ( aatonaatto , December 23 ) as a holiday , but at the latest on the Christmas Eve ( jouluaatto , December 24 ) , shops close early and stay closed until December 26 . The main Christmas festivities are held on Christmas Eve on December 24 , while Christmas Day ( joulupäivä ) and the following day ( Tapaninpäivä , `` St. Stephen 's Day '' ) are mandatory public holidays in Finland Schools continue holidays up to the New Year . The Declaration of Christmas Peace has been a tradition in Finland from the Middle Ages every year , except in 1939 due to the Winter War . It is a custom in many towns and cities . The most famous one of these declarations is on the Old Great Square of Turku , the former capital of Finland , at noon on Christmas Eve . It is broadcast on Finnish radio ( since 1935 ) and television , and nowadays also in some foreign countries . The declaration ceremony begins with the hymn Jumala ompi linnamme ( Martin Luther 's A Mighty Fortress Is Our God ) by a band of the Finnish Navy and a male choir and continues with the Declaration of Christmas Peace read from a parchment roll , in both Finnish and Swedish , the country 's two official languages : Tomorrow , God willing , is the most gracious feast of the birth of our Lord and Saviour , and therefore a general Christmas peace is hereby declared , and all persons are directed to observe this holiday with due reverence and otherwise quietly and peacefully to conduct themselves , for whosoever breaks this peace and disturbs the Christmas holiday by any unlawful or improper conduct shall be liable , under aggravating circumstances , to whatever penalty is prescribed by law and decree for each particular offence or misdemeanour . Finally , all citizens are wished a joyous Christmas holiday . The ceremony ends with trumpets playing the Finnish national anthem Maamme and Porilaisten marssi , with the crowd usually singing when the band plays Maamme . Recently , there is also a declaration of Christmas peace for forest animals in many cities and municipalities , so there is no hunting during Christmas . It is traditional in Finland to bring candles to the graves of loved ones on Christmas Eve and All Saints Day . Finnish people clean their homes well before Christmas and prepare special treats for the festive season . A sheaf of grain , nuts and seeds are tied on a pole , which is placed in the garden for the birds to feed on . Spruce trees are cut or bought from a market and taken to homes on or a few days before Christmas Eve and are decorated . Candles are lit on the Christmas tree , which is traditionally decorated using apples and other fruit , candies , paper flags , cotton and tinsel , in addition to Christmas ornaments such as stars or baubles . Actual candles are no longer used , being replaced by incandescent or LED lamps . A star symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem is placed at the top of the tree . Just before the Christmas festivities begin , people usually take a Christmas sauna . The tradition is very old ; unlike on normal days , when one would go to the sauna in the evening , on Christmas Eve it is done before sunset . This tradition is based on a pre-20th century belief that the spirits of the dead return and have a sauna at the usual sauna hours . Afterwards , they dress up in clean clothes for the Christmas dinner or joulupöytä , which is usually served between 5pm and 7pm , or traditionally with the appearance of the first star in the sky . The most traditional dish of the Finnish Christmas dinner is probably Christmas Ham , roast suckling pig or a roasted fresh ham , but some may prefer alternatives like turkey . Several sorts of casseroles , like rutabaga , carrot and potato casserole are traditional , and are almost always exclusively served on Christmas . Other traditional Christmas dishes include boiled codfish ( soaked beforehand in a lye solution for a week to soften it ) served snowy white and fluffy , pickled herring and vegetables . Prune jam pastries , plum or mixed fruit soup , rice porridge with cinnamon , sugar and cold milk , and sweets like chocolate are popular desserts . Christmas gifts are usually exchanged after Christmas Eve dinner . Children do not hang up stockings in Finland but Joulupukki visits the household , maybe with a tonttu to help him distribute the presents . Christmas Day services begin early at six in the morning and people visit families and reunions are arranged on this day . Boxing Day , or tapaninpäivä ( St. Stephen 's Day ) is traditionally set aside for driving around the village ( tapaninajot ) , to counterbalance the solemn and family - oriented part of Christmas . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : Jól ( Iceland ) The Christmas or Yule ( Jól in Icelandic ) celebration in Iceland starts four Sundays before Christmas proper , which begins on December 24 ( Advent ) and ends thirteen days later on January 6 . Traditionally , one candle is lit each Sunday until four candles are lit on the 24th . At 6 : 00 pm Church bells ring to start the Christmas celebration . The religiously observant and / or traditional Icelanders will attend mass at this time while the secular Icelanders will begin their holiday meal immediately . After the meal is finished , they open gifts and spend the evening together . In Iceland people over the Yule holidays most often eat Most popular dishes are smoked lamb , ptarmigan and turkey . Pork is also very popular . Thirteen days before December 24 the Yule Lads children will leave their shoes by the window so that the Yule Lads can leave small gifts in their shoes . The Yule Lads are the sons of two trolls living in the Icelandic mountains . Each of the Yule Lads is known for a different kind of mischief ( for example slamming doors , stealing meat , stealing milk or eating the candles ) . The Yule Lads traditionally wear early Icelandic wool clothing but are now known for the more recognizable red and white suit . Each home typically sets up a Christmas tree indoors in the living room with most decorating it on December 11 . In addition to the decorations , presents are put underneath the tree . It is also a tradition in many homes to boil skate on the 23rd . The day is called Saint Thorlak Mass ( Þorláksmessa ) . During the holiday season , it is traditional for families to work together to bake small cookies to serve or give to guests . Most common are thin gingerbread cookies which are decorated in many different colors of glaze . Many families also follow the tradition of making Laufabrauð ( Leafbread ) , which is a flat thin bread that is cut out using a special tool and folding technique . The end of year is divided between two days -- the Old Year 's Day ( Gamlársdagur ) and the New Year 's Day ( Nýársdagur ) . At the night of the former and morning of the latter Icelanders shoot up fireworks blowing the old year away and welcoming the new one . Thirteen days after the 24th Icelanders say goodbye to the Yule Lads and other mystical creatures such as elves and trolls . There are bonfires held throughout the country while the elves , Yule Lads , and Icelanders dance together before saying goodbye until the next Christmas . Norway ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Norway ) Christmas tree with a candle Christmas gifts The major day of celebration in Norway , as in most of Northern Europe , is December 24 . Although it is legally a regular workday until 16 : 00 , most stores close early . Church bells chime in the Christmas holiday between 17 : 00 and 18 : 00 . In some families the Christmas story from Luke 2 will be read from the old family Bible . The main Christmas meal is served in the evening . Common main dishes include pork rib , `` pinnekjøtt '' ( pieces of lamb rib steamed on a grid of birch wood ) . Many people also eat `` lutefisk '' or fresh , poached cod . Rice porridge is also popular ( but most commonly served as an early lunch rather than for the main Christmas dinner ) , an almond is often hidden in the porridge , and the person who finds it wins a treat or small gift . In some parts of Norway it is common to place porridge outside ( in a barn , outhouse or even in the forest ) to please `` Nissen '' . In many families , where the parents grew up with different traditions , two different main dishes are served to please everyone . If children are present ( and they have behaved well the last year ) , `` Julenissen '' ( Santa Claus ) pays a visit , otherwise gifts are stored under the Christmas tree . For a lot of Norwegians , especially families , television is an important part of the earlier hours of Christmas Eve . Many Norwegians do not feel the Christmas spirit until they have watched the Czech - German fairy tale Three Nuts for Cinderella ( Norwegian title : Tre nøtter til Askepott ) , the Disney Christmas cavalcade From All of Us to All of You the Norwegian fairytale movie Reisen til Julestjernen or the comedy sketch Dinner for One . Attending one of the many stage productions of Putti Plutti Pott and Santa 's Beard is also a very popular tradition . December 25 is a very quiet and relaxed day . Church services are well attended . The old tradition of a very early morning service before breakfast has been replaced in most areas by a service in the later morning . Afterward many families get together for a large festive meal . December 26 is also a day of many festivities . Cinemas , night clubs and bars are full , and there are lots of private gatherings and parties , where all kinds of traditional Christmas cookies and sweets are enjoyed . Fatty , tasty dinners are also part of it . The time between Boxing Day and New Year 's Eve is called romjul . During this time children in some parts of Norway dress up as `` nisser '' and go `` Julebukk '' -- `` Christmas goat '' -- in their neighbourhoods and sing Christmas carols to receive treats , much the same way as in the American Halloween . January 6 ( 13th day of Christmas ) is commonly regarded as the end of Christmas , while some end Christmas on the 20th day , and some even at Candlemas . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Jul ( Sweden ) Traditional julbord , or Christmas table Saint Lucy 's Day 2006 Christmas market with Christmas tree in Stockholm Julbock , a giant Christmas goat at the Gävle town market , Sweden The pre-Christian holiday of Yule , or jól , was the most important holiday in Scandinavia and Northern Europe . Originally the observance of the winter solstice , and the rebirth of the sun , it brought about many practices that remain in the Advent and Christmas celebrations today . The Yule season was a time for feasting , drinking , gift - giving , and gatherings , but also the season of awareness and fear of the forces of the dark . Swedish Christmas celebrations begin with the first of Advent . Saint Lucy 's Day ( locally known as Luciadagen ) which is the first major Christmas celebration before Christmas itself . The eldest daughter arising early and wearing her Lucy garb of white robe , red sash , and a wire crown covered with whortleberry - twigs with nine lighted candles fastened in it awakens the family , singing `` Santa Lucia '' , serving them coffee and saffron buns ( St. Lucia buns ) , thus ushering in the Christmas season . Schools elect a Lucia and her maids among the students and a national Lucia is elected on national television from regional winners . The regional Lucias will visit shopping malls , old people 's homes and churches , singing and handing out pepparkakor gingerbread cookies . Boys take part in the procession as well , playing different roles associated with Christmas . Some may be dressed in the same kind of white robe , but with a cone - shaped hat decorated with golden stars , called stjärngossar ( star boys ) ; some may be dressed up as `` tomtenissar '' , carrying lanterns ; and some may be dressed up as gingerbread men . They participate in the singing and also have a song or two of their own , usually Staffan Stalledräng , which tells the story about Saint Stephen , the first Christian martyr , caring for his five horses . Electric candles and glowing stars are placed in almost every window in the month of December in Sweden . Although December 25 ( juldagen ) is a Swedish public holiday , December 24 is the day when Santa Claus Jultomte ( or simply Tomte ) brings the presents . Although not a public holiday , Christmas Eve is a de facto holiday in the sense that most workplaces are closed , and those who work , for instance in shops or care homes , get extra wages as a compensation . ( See also : Public holidays in Sweden for further explanation of this concept . ) The Jultomte was originally a small invisible Christmas house gnome or dwarf from the Nordic mythology , who watched over the house and its inhabitants . An old superstition still calls for feeding the Tomte on Christmas Eve with a small bowl of porridge . If a bowl of porridge is not laid out for him somewhere in or outside the house , he will bring bad luck to everyone in the house the next year . The modern `` Tomten '' , nowadays is a version of Santa Claus in red cloth and white beard , except that he does n't enter the house through the chimney , but knocks on the door and asks `` finns det några snälla barn här ? '' ( `` are there any nice children here ? '' ) Christmas is , as everywhere else , an occasion celebrated with food . Almost all Swedish families celebrate on December 24 with a Christmas table , called Christmas smörgåsbord ( julbord ) , a display of several Christmas food items . Almost all julbord has Christmas ham , ( julskinka ) accompanied by other Christmas dishes , such as small meatballs , pickled herring , spareribs , small hot dogs , lutfisk , pork sausage , salmon , Janssons frestelse ( potato casserole with anchovy ) , and rice pudding . The Christmas julbord is served with julmust and beverage like mulled wine , Christmas beer or snaps . A Scandinavian speciality is the glögg ( mulled and spiced wine with almonds and raisins ) , which is served hot in small cups . The different dishes of the julbord may vary throughout Sweden , from South to North . Businesses traditionally invite their employees to a julbord dinner or lunch the weeks before Christmas , and people go out privately to restaurants which also customarily offer julbord during December . Examples of candies and treats associated with Christmas are marzipan , toffee , knäck ( quite similar to butterscotch ) , nuts and fruits : figs , chocolate , dates and oranges decorated with cloves . Television also plays a big role , many families watch the Disney Christmas special Kalle Anka och hans vänner önskar God Jul ( From All of Us to All of You ) , Karl Bertil Jonssons julafton ( animated short ) , or a re-run of the Svensson , Svensson episode God Jul ! ( Merry Christmas ) on the TV channel SVT1 . After the julbord on December 24 , the presents are distributed , either by Jultomten or a family member , and usually from a sack or from under the Christmas tree where they have been lying all day or for several days . Around Christmas people hang oranges decorated with cloves in the window or place it on the table . Many Swedes still adhere to the tradition that each present should have a rhyme written on the wrapping paper , to hint at the contents without revealing them . In older days a yule goat was an alternative to Jultomten , nowadays it is used as an ornament , ranging from sizes of 10 cm to huge constructions like the giant straw Christmas Gävle goat , famous for frequently being vandalised or burnt down . If one has two families to celebrate Christmas with , it is common that one of the families move their celebrations to Christmas Day or the day before Christmas Eve ( commonly referred to as little Christmas Eve ) . After December 24 , the Christmas celebrations have more or less come to an end . Some people attend the julottan , an early morning church service on December 25 . This particular service was the main service of Christmas historically -- nowadays , the Midnight Mass has become increasingly popular . Others attend a simpler service called Christmas Prayer in the afternoon of Christmas Eve ; however , many Swedes do not attend church at all during Christmas as the country is very secular . Even so , most families do set up a Julkrubba ( Christmas Crib ) . On January 13 ( locally known as knutdagen or tjugondag knut , English = twentiethday Christmas ) , 20 days after Christmas , the Christmas celebrations come to an end and all Christmas decorations are removed . Southern Europe ( edit ) Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia ( edit ) Croatian wheat grass , planted on St. Lucy 's , used for Christmas candles This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia , Christmas ( Croatian : Božić , Slovene : Božič ) is celebrated mainly as a religious holiday . The festivities begin on Saint Nicholas 's Day on December 6 ( in Slovenia ) or St. Lucy 's on December 13 depending on what region ( in Croatia ) . St. Lucy or St. Nicholas brings children presents , and St. Nicholas is said to be accompanied by Krampus who steals away the presents of bad children . This `` anti-Santa '' is said to have one cloven hoof , a handful of heavy chains , and a sack on his back to collect naughty children . In Croatia on St. Lucy 's , families will plant wheat seeds in a bowl of shallow water , which will grow several inches by Christmas and are then tied together with a red , blue and white ribbon called trobojnica ' . On Christmas Eve ( Croatian : Badnjak , Slovene : Sveti večer ( holy eve ) ) , three candles representing the Trinity are lit and placed in the middle of the wheat , the glow symbolizes the soul of each person . On this day , the tree is decorated , the home is decked with greenery and the women already beginning to prepare the Christmas meal . They also bake special types of bread : one is round inscribed with a cross on top known as the cesnica , another is made with honey , nuts and dried fruit called the Christmas Eve Bread ( Croatian : Badnji Kruh , Slovene : Božični kruh ) . In many villages , straw ( which symbolizes Christ 's birth in the manger ) is spread around the floors of the home for the Christmas Eve dinner . As is customary with Catholic people , meat is not consumed in Croatia , while in Slovenia it is . Instead of meat in Croatia and with other food in Slovenia , salad and fish is served , many choosing to eat the Dalmatian specialty bakalar , dried cod fish . The family then sprinkle holy water on their Yule log ( badnjak ) which they light and watch . In villages , the badnjak is freshly cut that very morning by the father of the household while reciting traditional prayers . At the end of the meal , a piece of the cesnica is cut and dipped in wine and used to sprinkle on the candles to extinguish them , while reciting the Trinitarian formula ( `` In the name of the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit . Amen '' ) . Many families will go to a midnight mass on Christmas Eve and often another on Christmas Day . It is common for Christmas presents to be placed under the tree , to suggest that the Angel or the Baby Jesus ( Mali Isus ) leaves them there while others are attending midnight mass . Presents are opened after the mass . Christmas is a day of celebrating with family ; a large feast is prepared and traditional foods such as stuffed cabbage , turkey , pot roast , pita and smoked meat are served , along with various desserts such as fritule , potica ( especially in Slovenia ) , strudel , and cookies . Slovenes are also visited by another one of their trije dobri možje ( three good guys ) , who bring presents in December : Saint Nicholas , Santa Claus and Dedek Mraz ( `` Grandfather Frost '' ) . Families mostly celebrate New Year 's Eve at home with extended family members , friends , and sometimes neighbours . Women prepare cabbage sarma , which they will eat on January 1 to symbolize good fortune , and steak tartare , which they eat on New Year 's Eve on toast with butter . At midnight , people go outdoors to watch fireworks , while Dedek Mraz leaves presents under the tree . Epiphany on January 6 marks the end of the Christmas season . Bulgaria ( edit ) TZUM department store at Christmastime , Sofia , Bulgaria In Bulgaria , Christmas ( Bulgarian : Коледа , Koleda or more formally Рождество Христово , Rozhdestvo Hristovo , `` Nativity of Jesus '' ) is celebrated on December 25 and is preceded by Christmas Eve ( Бъдни вечер , Badni vecher ) . Traditionally , Christmas Eve would be the climax of the Nativity Fast , and thus only an odd number of lenten dishes are presented on that evening . The table is usually not cleared after the dinner and until the next morning , to leave some food for the holy spirits -- a custom which probably comes from pagan pre-Christian times . On that day , a Bulgarian budnik is set alight . On Christmas , however , meat dishes are already allowed and are typically served . Among the Bulgarian Christmas traditions is koleduvane , which involves boy carolers ( коледари , koledari ) visiting the neighbouring houses starting at midnight on Christmas Eve , wishing health , wealth and happiness . Another custom is the baking of a traditional round loaf ( пита , pita ) . The pita is broken into pieces by the head of the family and a piece is given to each family member , a valuable possession , and a piece for God . A coin is hidden inside the pita and whoever gets the coin , he or she will have luck , health , and prosperity in the coming year . As in other countries , a Christmas tree is typically set up and the entire house is decorated . The local name of Santa Claus is Dyado Koleda ( Дядо Коледа , `` Grandfather Christmas '' ) , with Dyado Mraz ( Дядо Мраз , `` Grandfather Frost '' ) being a similar Russian - imported character lacking the Christian connotations and thus popular during the Communist rule . However , it has been largely forgotten after 1989 , when Dyado Koleda again returned as the more popular figure . Greece and cyprus ( edit ) Christmas tree at Syntagma Square , Athens , Greece The festive period lasts from November 30 to January 6 ( Epiphany ) on the Greek calendar . December 25 and 26 is a public holiday in Greece . In Greek , Christmas is known as Christougena ( Χριστούγεννα ) and people wish Merry Christmas to each other saying Kala Christougenna ( Καλά Χριστούγεννα ) . Most families set up Christmas trees and shops have decorations and lights . Presents are placed under the Christmas tree and are opened on January 1 , St Basil 's Day . In Greek tradition , Basil 's ( of Caesarea ) name was given to Father Christmas and is supposed to visit children and give presents on January 1 ( when Basil 's memory is celebrated ) , unlike other European traditions , where this person is Saint Nicholas and comes every Christmas . Carol singing is another tradition on Christmas and New Year 's Eve . The Christmas meal usually includes lamb or pork and desserts such as kourabies ( κουραμπιές ) and melomakarona ( μελομακάρονα ) . Other Christmas and new year foods include ' Baklava ' ( sweet pastry ) , Kataifi ( pastry ) , Theeples ( a kind of fried pastry ) . Small honeycakes Christmas Eve on December 24 and 23 housewives make the Christmas cake with a cross in the middle and avgokouloures which are subsequently offered to the elderly and children . Children singing carols from house to house either before or on Christmas Day . People go to church early the morning of Christmas on December 25 . Christmas morning after church there is the practice to become the `` pork batches , '' served with wine to open the appetite , and `` thick , '' done by Eve , which is boiled pork with plenty of lemon that is left to clot overnight . The pork - food is in the hallmark of Greek Christmas . In many Greek cities and ports like Thessaloniki , Volos , Patra , the Greek Islands etc. , it is decorated the traditional Christmas boat . And in many central squares of the country a big Christmas tree , where many of the Christmas festivals take place . Some of the Christmas Festivals in Greece are `` Ρουγκατσάρια '' Rugatsariα , where all the residents of the city of Kastoria are delivered in a separate Dionysian revelry , with the accompaniment of folk melodies bodies all traditional musical sounds of the area . This ancient habit , whose origin is lost in time . In Mani there are beliefs about demonic and other supernatural beings , who come from the Twelve Days of Christ as the Epiphany . These are the goblins and say that they are the descendants God Pan or Satyrs , who jumped from the mythology in the Christian life . Italy ( edit ) Christmas decorations in Milan , Italy Panettone in Italy Pizzelle , Christmas waffles in a loose stack The Feast of the Immaculate Conception ( Italian Festa dell'Immacolata Concezione ) on December 8 is a national holiday in Italy . Christmas decorations , including the presepe ( nativity scene ) , as well as the Christmas tree , are usually put up on this day . Some modern takes on this holiday involve them hanging vultures to symbolize the cleaning of their spirits . Saint Lucy 's Day ( Italian : Giorno di Santa Lucia ) is celebrated as a Catholic holiday in Sicily and Northern regions of Italy on the supposed Shortest day of the year which is December 13 . Saint Lucy is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse better known as Santa Lucia as she is called in the traditional Neapolitan song . Evening candlelight processions called the parade of light are conducted and are followed by the Feast of St. Lucy . Sicilians pay tribute to a miracle performed by St Lucy during a famine in 1582 . At that time , she brought a flotilla of grain - bearing ships to starving Sicily , whose citizens cooked and ate the wheat without taking time to grind it into flour . Thus , on St. Lucy 's Day , Sicilians do not eat anything made with wheat flour . Instead they eat cooked wheat called cuccia . Christmas is celebrated in Italy in a similar fashion to other Western European countries , with a strong emphasis given to the Christian meaning of the holiday and its celebration by the Catholic Church , also reinforced by the still widespread tradition of setting up the presepe , a tradition initiated by Saint Francis of Assisi . It is quite common to attend midnight mass on Christmas Eve and practice the custom not to eat any meat . The dinner traditionally consists of seafood , with the Feast of the Seven Fishes , followed by typical Italian Christmas sweets , such as pandoro , panettone , torrone , panforte , struffoli , caggionetti , Monte Bianco or others , depending on the regional cuisine . Christmas on the 25th is celebrated with a family lunch , consisting of different types of meat dishes , cheese and local sweets . The ancient Christmas festival called Ndocciata is celebrated on December 8 and Christmas Eve in Agnone , Molise , with a parade of torches leading up to the `` Bonfire of Brotherhood '' . On Christmas Eve , in the squares of many towns of the eastern Sicily , a big bonfire , U Zuccu , is lit to warm the Baby Jesus . Traditions regarding the exchanging of gifts vary from region to region , as this might take place either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day . Presents for children are left underneath the Christmas tree either by Santa Claus ( called Babbo Natale ) or , according to older traditions , by Baby Jesus himself . In some regions children receive gifts earlier ( at St. Lucy 's Day ) or later ( on Epiphany ) . December 26 , ( St. Stephen 's Day , in Italian Giorno di Santo Stefano ) , is also a public holiday in Italy . Festivities extend to the end of the year and then to the Epiphany . On January 6 ( Epiphany , in Italian Epifania ) decorations are usually taken down , and in some areas female puppets are burned on a pire ( called `` falò '' ) , to symbolize , along with the end of the Christmas period , the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one . While gifts are now given at Christmas by an American style Santa Claus as well , Italy holds fast to its tradition of native gift - givers . On the eve of the 6th , la Befana , the good Epiphany witch , is thought to ride the night skies on broomstick , bringing good children gifts and sweets , and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes . In other areas it is the Three Wise Men who bring gifts , especially oranges symbolizing gold , and chocolate symbolizing their kisses to good children . In some municipalities , most famously in Milan , the custom of the `` Corteo dei Re Magi '' ( Three Kings Procession ) is elaboratedly celebrated with a parade welcoming the Wise Men , and the passing out of sweets . In other places , such as Treviso the day is celebrated with bonfires , the sparks of which are said to predict the future of the new year . Malta ( edit ) See also : Christmas Eve Procession Christmas ( Maltese : Il - Milied ) in Malta is mostly secular , with a number of Christian - related themes . Midnight Masses are popular amng the older generations , and Christmas processions take place on Christmas Eve with a statue of the baby Jesus in towns and villages , led by the Society of Christian Doctrine . A public holiday in Malta , Christmas Day is celebrated on December 25 . Christmas lunch usually consists of turkey served with potatoes and vegetables ( Malta is a former British colony ) . The island has adopted other popular secular customs and traditions such as the Christmas tree and Father Christmas . Presents are normally generally exchanged either on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day . A local seasonal food is the `` Qaghaq ta ' l - Ghasel '' ( Honey Ring ) . These Maltese Christmas sweets are eaten as a dessert during the Christmas season but can also be purchased all year round . Christmas cribs are a popular and are seen in most homes . Another Christmas tradition is the planting of common vetch seeds in flat - bottomed pots . They are planted around the beginning of December , normally placed on white cotton and watered every day whilst being kept in the dark all the time . They are usually taken out just before Christmas , and resemble long white spaghetti - like strands of leaves ( since they would have grown in the dark ) . Portugal ( edit ) Christmas decorations in Braga Christmas , an official holiday in Portugal , is widely celebrated and is associated with family gatherings . People who have moved to the main cities , like Lisbon or Porto , or even those who have emigrated to other countries , still travel to their home towns and villages to spend Christmas Eve with their families . After the Missa do galo ( Rooster 's Mass ) that celebrates the birth of Christ , families gather around the Consoada , the late supper held on Christmas Eve . The traditional dish is bacalhau com todos ( dried codfish boiled with vegetables ) , although , in northern Portugal , the bacalhau is often replaced by octopus . The Christmas dinner usually ends with fatias douradas ( golden slices ) , filhoses and sonhos ( dreams ) , all desserts based on fried flour or fried bread . Another traditional cake is the king cake served on Epiphany . Nowadays , although Santa Claus ( Pai Natal ) is more popular , in some regions people still believe that it is the Menino Jesus ( Baby Jesus ) who brings presents to children . Serbia and Montenegro ( edit ) Serbian Orthodox Christmas bread Main articles : Serbian Christmas traditions and Badnjak ( Serbian ) In Serbia and Montenegro , Christmas ( Serbian : Божић , Božić or more formally Рождество Христово , Rozhdestvo Hristovo , `` Nativity of Christ '' ) is celebrated for three consecutive days , beginning with Christmas Day . The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar , per which Christmas Day ( December 25 ) falls on January 7 . This day is called the first day of Christmas , and the following two are accordingly called the second , and the third day of Christmas . During this festive time , one is to greet another person with `` Christ is Born , '' which should be responded to with `` Truly He is Born . '' The Serbian name for Christmas is Božić ( Cyrillic : Божић , pronounced ( boʒitɕ ) ) , which means the young or little God . This holiday surpasses all the others celebrated by Serbs , with respect to the diversity of applied folk customs and rituals . These may vary from region to region , some of them having modern versions adapted to the contemporary way of living . The ideal environment to carry them out fully is the traditional multi-generation country household . In the morning of Christmas Eve a young , straight oak tree is selected and felled by the head of the household . A log is cut from it and is referred to as the badnjak . In the evening , the badnjak is ceremoniously put on the domestic fire that burns on the house 's fireplace called ognjište , whose hearth is without a vertical surround . The burning of the badnjak is accompanied by prayers to God so that the coming year may bring much happiness , love , luck , riches , and food . Since most houses today have no ognjište on which to burn a badnjak , it is symbolically represented by several leaved oak twigs . For the convenience of people who live in towns and cities , they can be bought at marketplaces or received in churches . The dinner on this day is festive , copious and diverse in foods , although it is prepared in accordance with the rules of fasting . Groups of young people go from house to house of their village or neighbourhood , congratulating each other , singing , and making performances ; this continues through the next three days . The Serbs also take a bundle of straw into the house and spread it over the floor , and then put walnuts on it . Before the table is served for the Christmas Eve dinner , it is strewn with a thin layer of straw and covered with a white cloth . The head of household makes the Sign of the Cross , lights a candle , and censes the whole house . The family members sit down at the table , but before tucking in they all rise and a man or boy among them says a prayer , or they together sing the Troparion of the Nativity . After the dinner young people visit their friends , a group of whom may gather at the house of one of them . Christmas and other songs are sung , while the elderly narrate stories from the olden times . On Christmas Day , the celebration is announced at dawn by church bells and by shooting . A big importance is given to the first visit a family receives that day . People expect that it will summon prosperity and well - being for their household in the ensuing year ; this visit is often pre-arranged . Christmas dinner is the most celebratory meal a family has during a year . A special , festive loaf of bread is baked for this occasion . The main course is roast pork of a pig which they cook whole by rotating it impaled on a wooden spit close to an open fire . Even though gift - giving is not necessarily a part of the tradition , a Santa Claus inspired character called Božić Bata ( translated as Christmas friend ) sometimes takes his during gift giving , as Santa Claus is more traditionally connected to New Years celebrations . Gift - giving is , nevertheless , connected with the celebrations , being traditionally done on the three consecutive Sundays that immediately precede it . Children , women , and men , respectively , are the set gift - givers on these three days . Since the early 1990s , the Serbian Orthodox Church has , together with local communities , organized public celebrations on Christmas Eve . The course of these celebrations can be typically divided into three parts : the preparation , the ritual , and the festivity . The preparation consists of going and cutting down the tree to be used as the badnjak , taking it to the church yard , and preparing drink and food for the assembled parishioners . The ritual includes Vespers , placing the badnjak on the open fire built in the church yard , blessing or consecrating the badnjak , and an appropriate program with songs and recitals . In some parishes they build the fire on which to burn the badnjak not in the church yard but at some other suitable location in their town or village . The festivity consists of getting together around the fire and socializing . Each particular celebration , however , has its own specificities which reflect traditions of the local community , and other local factors . In Serbia , Montenegro and Macedonia Christmas is celebrated on January 7 . This is a result of their Eastern Orthodox churches marking Christmas Day based on the Julian calendar , which is now 13 days behind the internationally used Gregorian calendar . Spain ( edit ) Avinguda Portal de l'Àngel , at Christmas time , Barcelona , Spain Christmas and St Stephen 's Day are officially recognized holidays in Spain . In most of Spain , the Christmas period , referred to as `` Navidad '' , lasts from Christmas Eve referred to as `` Nochebuena '' or `` the Good Night . '' on December 24 to Epiphany on January 6 . Many homes and most churches display a Nativity scene , a Christmas tree , or both . The pesebre ( nativity scene ) is present in many homes , schools and stores . On the 26th , Sant Esteve ( Saint Stephen ) is celebrated with a family gathering . A large family dinner is celebrated on Christmas Eve ( Nochebuena ) and can last until 6 o'clock in the morning . There is a wide variety of typical foods one might find on plates across Spain on this particular night , and each region has its own distinct specialities . It is particularly common , however , to start the meal with a seafood dish such as prawns or salmon , followed by a bowl of hot , homemade soup . The main meal will commonly consist of roast lamb , or seafood , such as cod or shellfish . For dessert , there is quite a spread of delicacies , among them are turrón , a dessert made of honey , egg and almonds that is Arabic in origin . Special dishes and desserts include Mariscos y Pescado ( shellfish and fish ) , marzipan , Pavo Trufado de Navidad ( turkey with truffles ) , and polvorones ( shortbread made of almonds , flour and sugar ) . Even though there is still the traditional Misa del Gallo at midnight , few Spaniards continue to follow the old custom of attending . Children usually receive one or two presents on Christmas Day ( December 25 ) , brought by `` Papá Noel '' ( Father Noel ) , which is a non-traditional imitation of the American Santa Claus , but in some regions there are other more traditional characters , for example , the Olentzero in the Basque Country . There is a special Christmas dance called the Jota which has been performed for centuries in Spain during Christmas . On December 31 ( Nochevieja ) there is also a large family feast . Some young people go out in `` cotillón '' , a very big feast in bars and pubs and the drink and dance until January 1 morning , when they have churros with chocolate for breakfast . On January 5 a huge parade ( La Cabalgata or cavalcade ) welcomes the Three Kings to the city . Children put their shoes in the window on January 5 in the hope that the Three Wise Men will deliver them presents . Western Europe ( edit ) France ( edit ) Christmas decorations along the Champs - Élysées in Paris , France Christmas in France ( Noël on the French calendar ) is celebrated mainly in a religious manner , though secular ways of celebrating the occasion also exist , such as Christmas decorations and carols . Children do not hang Christmas stockings but put their shoes by the fireplace or under the Christmas tree so Père Noël ( Father Christmas or Santa Claus ) can give them gifts ( a practice also among French - speaking Switzerland ) . Some families also attend midnight mass and decorate their homes with Nativity Scenes depicting the birth of Jesus . Additional Santons ( little saints ) may be added in the nativity scenes . In France and in other French - speaking areas ( see French Canada ) , a long family dinner , called a réveillon , is held on Christmas Eve . The name of this dinner is based on the word réveil ( meaning `` waking '' ) , because participation involves staying awake until midnight and beyond . Réveillon is generally of an exceptional or luxurious nature . Appetizers may include lobster , oysters , escargots or foie gras , etc . One traditional dish is turkey with chestnuts . Réveillons in Quebec will often include some variety of tourtière . Dessert may consist of a bûche de Noël . In Provence , the tradition of the 13 desserts is followed , almost invariably including : pompe à l'huile ( a flavoured bread ) , dates , etc . Quality wine is usually consumed at such dinners , often with champagne or similar sparkling wines as a conclusion . Christmas carols may also be sung . United Kingdom ( edit ) Christmas Tree and carolers at Trafalgar Square in London In the United Kingdom Christmas decorations are put up in shops and town centres from early November . Many towns and cities have a public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the switching on of Christmas lights . Decorations in people 's homes are commonly put up from early December , traditionally including a Christmas tree , cards , and lights both inside and outside the home . Every year , Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the Second World War . Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of January 5 ( the night before Epiphany ) ; it is considered bad luck to have Christmas decorations up after this date . In practice , many Christmas traditions , such as the playing of Christmas music , largely stop after Christmas Day . Mince pies are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas . It is common in many UK households for children and adults to put up advent calendars in their homes , which may either contain chocolates or Christmas scenes behind their doors . A common feature of the Christmas season is the Nativity play which is practiced in most primary and some secondary schools across the UK . This practice is becoming less common , and Christmas pantomimes may be performed instead . Midnight Mass is also celebrated by Anglicans , Catholics , and other denominations , and services take place in nearly all Church of England parishes on Christmas Eve . On Christmas Eve , presents are supposedly delivered in stockings and under the Christmas tree by Father Christmas , who previously had been something like The Ghost of Christmas Present in Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , but who has now become mainly conflated with Santa Claus . The two names are now used interchangeably and are equally known to British people , though some distinctive features still remain . Many families tell their children stories about Father Christmas and his reindeer . One tradition is to put out a plate of carrots for the reindeer , and mince pies and sherry for Father Christmas to help him on his way . The majority of families open their presents on the morning of Christmas Day , the Royal family being a notable exception , as they open their gifts on Christmas Eve , following German tradition introduced by the Hanoverians . Queen Victoria as a child made note of it in her diary for Christmas Eve 1832 ; the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote , `` After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... '' . Since the first commercial Christmas card was produced in London in 1843 , cards are sent in the weeks leading up to Christmas , many of which contain the English festive greeting Merry Christmas . On Christmas Day , a public holiday in the United Kingdom , nearly the whole population has the day off to be with their family and friends , so they can gather round for a traditional Christmas dinner , traditionally comprising a turkey with cranberries , brussels sprouts , parsnips , Yorkshire pudding and roast potatoes , quite like the Sunday roast , and followed by a Christmas pudding . During the meal , Christmas crackers , containing toys , jokes , and a paper hat are pulled . Attendance at a Christmas Day church service has become less popular in modern times , with fewer than 3 million now attending a Christmas Day Church of England service . Watching the Queen 's Speech on TV is a tradition that can be important in many households on Christmas Day , typically averaging 7 million viewers and sometimes being the most watched show of the day . Christmas lights on Regent Street , London The Celebration of Boxing Day , on the day after Christmas Day , is a tradition practiced in the UK . It is a bank holiday , and if it happens to fall on a weekend then a special Bank Holiday Monday will occur . Also , depending on the day of the week , it is often a day when football matches are played in the professional leagues and many people go to watch their team play . Other traditions include carol singing -- many carols are sung by children on people 's doorsteps and by professional choirs -- and sending Christmas cards . In public , there are decorations and lights in most shops , especially in town centres , and even in Indian and Chinese restaurants . Churches and cathedrals across the country hold masses , with many people going to midnight mass or a service on Christmas morning . Even though church attendance has been falling over the decades some people who do not go to church often think it is still important to go at Christmas , so Church attendance increases . Most theatres have a tradition of putting on a Christmas pantomime for children . The pantomime stories are traditionally based on popular children 's stories such as Little Red Riding Hood and Aladdin , rather than being directly concerned with Christmas as such , although there is sometimes a link . Television is widely watched : for many television channels , Christmas Day is the most important day of the year in terms of ratings . Public transport and vital transport services are closed - down on Christmas day ( December 25 ) and remain closed for essential maintenance work until New Year . The Christmas wind - down starts early , with last trains running out of the major cities as early as 19 : 00 on December 24 . Bus , night bus , and underground services are also unavailable from about 21 : 00 hours . Individual transport companies start make announcement from as early as October , and while one train operating company may choose to run no trains on Boxing Day another may run a limited Saturday service but totally close major stations . In England , telling ghost stories , local legends , and other strange , bizarre , and fantastic `` winter stories '' ( as Charles Dickens -- author of A Christmas Carol - termed them ) is a centuries - old tradition , to which William Shakespeare contributed with The Winter 's Tale ( 1623 ) but which was well known even before Shakespeare 's time . ( In contrast , the Ireland , Scotland , and the USA favor Halloween as a time for telling ghostly tales . ) Colin Fleming details other contributors to this tradition in the Paris Review . Wales ( edit ) Wales has a tradition of singing caneuon plygain which is done on the week before Christmas day . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Scotland Christmas fairground ride Christmas in Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly , because the Church of Scotland -- a Presbyterian Church -- for various reasons never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival ; although in Catholic areas people would attend Midnight Mass or early morning Mass before going to work . This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland 's origins including St Columba 's monastic tradition , under which every day is God 's day and there is none more special than another . ( Thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland . ) ; the Kirk and the state being closely linked in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period . Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s , and even into the 1970s in some areas . The New Year 's Eve festivity , Hogmanay , was by far the largest celebration in Scotland . The gift - giving , public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between December 11 and January 6 . However , since the 1980s , the fading of the Church 's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere , Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on a par with Hogmanay and `` Ne'erday '' . The capital city of Edinburgh now has a traditional German Christmas market from late November until Christmas Eve and on the first Sunday in Advent a nativity scene is blessed by the Cardinal Archbishop in the main square . On Christmas Day , people sometimes make big bonfires and dance around them to the playing of bagpipes . Bannock cakes made of oatmeal are traditionally eaten at Christmas . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Christmas in Ireland Christmas market Christmas high jinks , Omagh Christmas market Christmas in Ireland is the largest celebration on the calendar in Ireland and lasts from December 24 to January 6 , although many view December 8 as being the start of the season ; and schools used to close on this day , making it a traditional Christmas shopping time , this is no longer compulsory and many stay open . Almost the entire workforce is finished by lunchtime on Christmas Eve , or often a few days beforehand . Christmas Day and St. Stephen 's Day are public holidays , and many people do not return to work until after New Year 's Day . Irish people spend more and more money each year on celebrating Christmas . In 2006 , the total amount spent in Ireland to celebrate Christmas was € 16 billion , which averages at approximately € 4,000 for every single person in the country . Church nativity scene It is extremely popular on Christmas Eve to go for `` the Christmas drink '' in the local pub , where regular punters are usually offered a Christmas drink . Many neighbours and friends attend each other 's houses for Christmas drinks and parties on the days leading up to and after Christmas Day . Although religious devotion in Ireland today is considerably less than it used to be , there are huge attendances at religious services for Christmas Day , with Midnight Mass a popular choice . Most families arrange for their deceased relatives to be prayed for at these Masses as it is a time of remembering the dead in Ireland . It is traditional to decorate graves at Christmas with a wreath made of holly and ivy . Even in the most undevout of homes in Ireland the traditional crib takes centre stage along with the Christmas tree as part of the family 's decorations . Some people light candles to signify symbolic hospitality for Mary and Joseph . Therefore , it is usual to see a white candle , or candle set , placed in several windows around people 's homes . The candle was a way of saying there was room for Jesus 's parents in these homes even if there was none in Bethlehem . It is traditional to leave a mince pie and a bottle or a glass of Guinness for Santa Claus along with a carrot for Rudolph on Christmas Eve . Santa Claus , often known in Ireland simply as Santy or Daidí na Nollag in Irish , brings presents to children in Ireland , which are opened on Christmas morning . Family and friends also give each other gifts at Christmas . The traditional Christmas dinner consists of turkey or goose and ham with a selection of vegetables and a variety of potatoes , as potatoes still act as a staple food in Ireland despite the popularisation of staples such as rice and pasta . Dessert is a very rich selection of Christmas pudding , Christmas cake , and mince pies with equally rich sauces such as brandy butter . Christmas celebrations in Ireland finish with the celebration of Little Christmas also known as Oíche Nollaig na mBan in Irish on January 6 . This festival , which coincides with Epiphany , is also known as Women 's Christmas in Cork & Kerry . Netherlands and Flanders ( edit ) Christmas traditions in the Netherlands are almost the same as the ones in Dutch speaking parts of Belgium ( Flanders ) . The Dutch recognize two days of Christmas as public holidays in the Netherlands , calling December 25 Eerste Kerstdag ( `` first Christmas day '' ) and December 26 Tweede Kerstdag ( `` second Christmas day '' ) . In families , it is customary to spend these days with either side of the family . In Catholic parts of the country , it used to be common to attend Christmas Eve midnight mass ; this custom is upheld , but mostly by the elder generation and by fewer people every year . Christmas Eve is these days a rather normal evening without any special gatherings or meals . On Christmas Day , throughout both Flanders and the Netherlands elaborated meals are prepared by the host or together as a family . Also meals of which every participant / guest is preparing one dish are very common . The week before Christmas is important to the retail trade , because this is the biggest sales week in the country . Christmas songs are heard everywhere . The cities of Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague and Eindhoven are the busiest cities in terms of entertainment on Christmas Day . Many people do not exchange gifts on Christmas , since this is already done during a separate holiday ( Sinterklaas ) a few weeks before Christmas . In Twente people will blow the mid-winter horns around Christmas . The Christmas season wraps up after the new year with Epiphany , or `` Driekoningen '' . On January 6 children especially in the north of the Netherlands dress up as the Three Wise Men and travel in groups of three carrying lanterns , re-enacting the Epiphany and singing traditional songs for their hosts . In return they are rewarded with cakes and sweets . This practice is less common south of the great rivers . In the south and east of the Netherlands it is common practice to burn the Christmas trees of the community on a big pile on January 6 to celebrate the end of Christmas and the start of the new year . Oceania ( edit ) See also : Christmas in Australia and New Zealand Australia ( edit ) The Christmas Belles performing at Melbourne Crown atrium In Australia , as with all of the Southern Hemisphere , Christmas occurs during the height of the summer season . Christmas Day and Boxing Day ( December 25 -- 26 ) are recognized as national public holidays in Australia , and workers are therefore entitled to a day off with pay . The Australian traditions and decorations are quite similar to those of the United Kingdom and North America , and similar wintry iconography is commonplace . This means a red fur - coated Santa Claus riding a sleigh , carols such as Jingle Bells , and various snow - covered Christmas scenes on Christmas cards and decorations appear in the middle of summer . As novelties , some Australian songwriters and authors have occasionally depicted Santa in `` Australian '' - style clothing including an Akubra hat , with warm - weather clothing and thongs , and riding in a ute pulled by kangaroos , ( e.g. Six White Boomers by Rolf Harris ) but these depictions have not replaced mainstream iconography . New Zealand ( edit ) The December - flowering pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ) , an often - used Christmas symbol in New Zealand Christmas Day and Boxing Day are both statutory holidays in New Zealand . While Boxing Day is a standard statutory holiday , Christmas Day is one of the three - and - a-half days of the year where all but the most essential businesses and services must close . Many of New Zealand 's Christmas traditions are similar to those of Australia in that they are a mix of United Kingdom and North American traditions conducted in summer . New Zealand celebrates Christmas with mainly traditional northern hemisphere winter imagery , mixed with local imagery . The Pōhutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ) , which produces large crimson flowers in December , is an often used symbol for Christmas in New Zealand , and subsequently the pōhutukawa has become known as the New Zealand Christmas tree . Unlike the United Kingdom 's ' Father Christmas ' or ' Saint Nick ' , New Zealand uses the name ' Santa ' . 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November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traditions in Denmark '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Denmark '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Finland '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Finland '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Iceland '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Norway '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TVparty . `` Christmas in Norway fairytale '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas in Sweden '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Matthews , Jeff . `` Everybody Loves Lucy '' , University of Maryland University College -- Italian Studies `` . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Traditions in Sweden '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From All of Us to All of You '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on May 23 , 2001 . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Christmas : introduction , food , customs '' . Woodlands-Junior.Kent.sch.uk . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas dinner '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Project Britain Christmas '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . Longmans , Green & Co. / University of Wisconsin . 1912 . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Buday , György & Buday , George ( 1992 ) . The history of the Christmas card . Omnigraphics . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Karen ( 2001 ) . More than a meal : the turkey in history , myth , ritual , and reality . Lantern Books . Jump up ^ `` Christmas pudding : Icons of England '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kimpton , Peter ( 2005 ) . Tom Smith 's Christmas crackers : an illustrated history . Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 3164 - 1 . Jump up ^ Owen , Peter ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Church of England statistics '' . Thinking Anglicans . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Day TV : Queen 's message wins TV ratings battle '' . BBC News . 2017 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Rail passengers face less than merry Christmas with travel disruptions '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in London 2016 : Essential Information '' . visitlondon.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas and New Year Timetable 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . South West Trains . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas and New Year 2016 - 7 Southeastern '' . www.southeasternrailway.co.uk . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Jeffrey ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Johnston , Derek ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Why ghosts haunt England at Christmas but steer clear of America '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ Fleming , Colin ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ghosts on the Nog : The great English tradition of Christmas ghost stories '' . The Paris Review . Jump up ^ `` Welsh Christmas Carols -- The Plygain Tradition '' , AllAboutWales.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Christmas '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross , Anthony ( Autumn 1959 ) . `` Reformation and Repression '' . The Innes Review . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . 10 : 338 -- 381 . doi : 10.3366 / inr. 1959.10. 2.338 . ISSN 0020 - 157X . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Scotland : Christmas Around the World . World Book . 2001 . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7166 - 0860 - 8 . Jump up ^ Houston , Rab ; Houston , Robert Allan ( 2008 ) . Scotland : a very short introduction . Very short introductions. 197 . Oxford University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923079 - 2 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional German Christmas Market '' Archived December 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Edinburgh 's Christmas . Retrieved during the pre-festive season 2011 Jump up ^ Black , Rebecca . `` News Ireland Irish News Paper Free News Stories Online from The Irish Independent Newspaper -- Independent.ie '' . Unison.ie . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Christmas Traditions '' . ChristmasinDublin.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2003 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in Holland / The Netherlands '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Christmas city '' . Mornington Peninsula Kids . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas events Melbourne '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pohutukawa trees '' . Ministry of Culture and Heritage ( New Zealand ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Rae , Simon ( 1996 ) The Faber Book of Christmas . London : Faber & Faber ISBN 0 - 571 - 17440 - X Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) Christmas in America : a history . New York : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 509300 - 3 Tabori , Lena , ed. ( 1999 ) The Little Big Book of Christmas . New York : William Morrow ISBN 0 - 688 - 17414 - 0 External links ( edit ) Media related to Christmas by country at Wikimedia Commons Jennifer Eremeeva , `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' Russia Now , December 15 , 2010 . <Th_colspan="2"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_traditions&oldid=824634304 '' Categories : Christmas traditions Human geography Hidden categories : Articles with Indonesian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2011 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 Articles containing Bulgarian - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 Articles containing Maltese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Italiano Nederlands Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 15 : 30 . 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1. Christmas traditions around the world 2. Geographical variation in Christmas celebrations 3. Christmas in different countries 4. Cultural customs and practices during Christmas 5. Festivities and rituals during the holiday season

who fired the first shot on bloody sunday

Bloody Sunday inquiry - wikipedia Bloody Sunday inquiry Jump to : navigation , search `` Savile Inquiry '' redirects here . For the police inquiry into allegations of sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile and others , see Operation Yewtree . The Guildhall , Derry , home to the early part of the inquiry The Bloody Sunday Inquiry , also known as the Saville Inquiry or the Saville Report after its chairman , Lord Saville of Newdigate , was established in 1998 by British Prime Minister Tony Blair after campaigns for a second inquiry by families of those killed and injured in Derry on Bloody Sunday during the peak of ethno - political violence known as The Troubles . It was published on 15 June 2010 . The inquiry was set up to establish a definitive version of the events of Sunday 30 January 1972 , superseding the tribunal set up under Lord Widgery that had reported on 19 April 1972 , 11 weeks after the events , and to resolve the accusations of a whitewash that had surrounded it . The inquiry took the form of a tribunal established under the Tribunals of Inquiry ( Evidence ) Act 1921 , and consisted of Lord Saville , the former Chief Justice of New Brunswick William L. Hoyt and John L. Toohey , a former Justice of the High Court of Australia . The judges retired on 23 November 2004 , and reconvened once again on 16 December to listen to testimony from another key witness , known as Witness X . The results were published on 15 June 2010 . Then British Prime Minister David Cameron addressed the House of Commons that afternoon where he acknowledged , among other things , that the paratroopers had fired the first shot , had fired on fleeing unarmed civilians , and shot and killed one man who was already wounded . He then apologised on behalf of the British Government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Conclusions 3 Reactions to publication 4 Criticism 5 Timeline 5.1 2000 5.2 2001 5.3 2002 5.4 2004 5.5 2007 5.6 2008 5.7 2009 5.8 2010 6 Controversy over cost and duration 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Publication ( edit ) The report of the inquiry was published on 15 June 2010 . That morning thousands of people walked the path that the civil rights marchers had taken on Bloody Sunday before 14 were killed , holding photos of those who had been shot . The families of the victims received advance copies inside the Guildhall . Conclusions ( edit ) The report stated , `` The firing by soldiers of 1 PARA on Bloody Sunday caused the deaths of 13 people and injury to a similar number , none of whom was posing a threat of causing death or serious injury , '' and also said , `` The immediate responsibility for the deaths and injuries on Bloody Sunday lies with those members of Support Company whose unjustifiable firing was the cause of those deaths and injuries . '' Saville stated that British paratroopers `` lost control '' , fatally shooting fleeing civilians and those who tried to aid the civilians who had been shot by the British soldiers . The report stated that British soldiers had concocted lies in their attempt to hide their acts . Saville stated that the civilians had not been warned by the British soldiers that they intended to shoot . The report states , contrary to the previously established belief , that none of the soldiers fired in response to attacks by petrol bombers or stone throwers , and that the civilians were not posing any threat . Saville said British soldiers should not have been ordered to enter the Bogside area as `` Colonel Wilford either deliberately disobeyed Brigadier MacLellan 's order or failed for no good reason to appreciate the clear limits on what he had been authorised to do '' . The report stated five British soldiers aimed shots at civilians they knew did not pose a threat and two other British soldiers shot at civilians `` in the belief that they might have identified gunmen , but without being certain that this was the case '' . The report found that Martin McGuinness , `` did not engage in any activity that provided any of the soldiers with any justification for opening fire . '' Reactions to publication ( edit ) Prime Minister David Cameron , addressing the House of Commons after the publication of the report on 15 June 2010 , described what British soldiers had done as `` both unjustified and unjustifiable , it was wrong '' . He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians . He also said that this was not a premeditated action , though `` there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate '' as `` what happened should never , ever have happened '' . Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was `` deeply sorry '' . Relatives of the civilians who were fatally shot by the British soldiers gave a `` thumbs up '' to the crowd which gathered outside the Guildhall to hear the conclusions of the report and to listen to Cameron 's apology on behalf of the British government . Crowds of people applauded upon hearing Cameron 's apology broadcast on a giant screen which had been erected in the city . The New York Times called it `` an extraordinary apology '' . Historian Paul Bew , Baron Bew , writing in The Daily Telegraph , summed up the length of the inquiry as follows : `` It is astonishing to think that when the tribunal , chaired by Lord Saville , began its work in 1998 , David Cameron was not even in Parliament . Now , 38 years after the event itself , Bloody Sunday has come back to haunt another British prime minister '' . The Daily Mail stated that Cameron 's apology was following an example set by Labour of `` sealing off nagging historic disputes by saying sorry '' . The Belfast Telegraph quoted Labour MP Harriet Harman as saying that the report spoke for itself , but that given its length , many groups regrettably would likely be spurred to , and be able to , identify enough in the report to justify a predictable `` flogging of traditional hobby horses '' . Criticism ( edit ) One lawyer representing soldiers involved in the enquiry stated that Lord Saville `` cherry picked '' the evidence in his inquiry and that Lord Saville felt under pressure to give a verdict that is not borne out by the available evidence . This view was later echoed by a former paratrooper writing in the Belfast Telegraph that the Saville Inquiry was one - sided and did not reflect events of the day as he experienced them . Ulster Unionist Party leader Sir Reg Empey criticised the inquiry itself , questioning the benefit of reliving the `` darkest years '' of Northern Ireland 's history after 40 years , and also contrasting the £ 190m Saville Inquiry into 13 deaths with the absence of any inquiries into the deaths of people at the hands of paramilitary groups during the same period . This second criticism was also echoed in comments from Protestants reported in The Belfast Telegraph that the report created an unjust hierarchy in which the victims of Bloody Sunday were unfairly elevated above the more numerous victims of IRA violence . Timeline ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) The Bloody Sunday Inquiry opened properly in 2000 when formal public hearings began at the Guildhall in Londonderry . The Inquiry held public hearings on 116 days over the year , clocking up more than 600 hours of evidence . The vast majority of the evidence was from eyewitnesses . In August , the inquiry ordered the soldiers who had opened fire to return to Londonderry to give their evidence . However , in December the Court of Appeal overruled the inquiry and accepted that the former soldiers would be in danger from dissident republicans should they return to Northern Ireland . 2001 ( edit ) The inquiry heard that there may be a `` wall of silence '' in Derry over what exactly members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) were doing on the day . The allegations persisted when a witness in February 2001 refused to name a man he said had fired at soldiers . After months of speculation , Sinn Féin 's Martin McGuinness announced that he would give evidence to the inquiry . 2002 ( edit ) The inquiry relocated to the Westminster Central Hall in London to hear evidence from former British Army soldiers , who claimed they might be attacked by dissident republicans if they travelled to Derry . Judges retired on 23 November 2004 . They reconvened once again on 16 December to listen to testimony from another key witness , known as Witness X . 2007 ( edit ) Publication of the Inquiry 's Report was expected at the end of 2007 , or possibly early 2008 . 2008 ( edit ) On 8 February 2008 , Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , Shaun Woodward revealed that the Bloody Sunday Inquiry was still costing £ 500,000 a month although it had not held hearings since 2005 . The total cost of the Inquiry had reached £ 181.2 m ( by December 2007 ) and would not report until the second half of 2008 . More than half of the overall cost is believed to be legal bills for the Inquiry . On 6 November 2008 , the chairman of the Inquiry , Lord Saville , revealed that his report into the events of Bloody Sunday would not be completed for at least another year . The inquiry 's final report had been expected to be completed by the end of 2008 and published in early 2009 . 2009 ( edit ) The chairman of the inquiry , Lord Saville , revealed that the inquiry would be handed to the government in March 2010 , some nine years after the first evidence was heard ; a delay which Lord Saville admitted was `` extremely disappointing '' . Shaun Woodward said he had been `` profoundly shocked '' by the new delay , adding `` I am concerned at the impact on the families of those who lost loved ones and those who were injured '' . The Saville Report was handed to government lawyers on 24 March 2010 , twelve years after the inquiry was established . The government lawyers then checked the report for evidence which may pose a threat to `` national security '' . The report was given to Owen Paterson , the new Secretary of State , who decided on an appropriate date to publish the report . John Kelly , whose brother Michael was killed on Bloody Sunday , said the families feared the report `` will fall victim to selective leakage and other partisan usage long before the full report sees the light of day '' and urged the Secretary of State to publish the report as soon as possible . On 26 May 2010 it was announced that the Saville Report would be published on 15 June . Comments in the press emphasised the financial cost of the inquiry , and the ways in which this could overshadow its legal and moral value . Shortly before the publication of the long - awaited Saville Report , it was announced that soldiers from the Parachute Regiment would return to Helmand in Afghanistan on operations for the third time in four years in October and commanders believed that the report could cause a `` morale - damaging backlash '' against the British Army if the reports were not viewed in the context of the violence and chaos that engulfed Northern Ireland in 1972 and that while there should be no attempt to justify the killing of civilians by British paratroopers , senior defence officials emphasised that the events of Bloody Sunday were `` a tragedy which belonged to another era '' and should not reflect badly on the present day 's armed forces . Controversy over cost and duration ( edit ) The Bloody Sunday Inquiry has generated controversy due to its prolonged nature , mounting costs and questions regarding its relevance . Some like Peter Oborne have labelled the inquiry a `` shambles '' , estimating its final cost at `` more than £ 200 million '' . He has suggested that while `` Most people ... accept that in Northern Ireland the only way forward is by casting a veil of obscurity over the past '' : however the Saville inquiry marks the `` one exception to this rule : the British army '' ; whose `` conduct ... is being put under a microscope by the Saville public inquiry '' . The inquiry caused further controversy when on 4 July 2006 the Government revealed its cost to the taxpayer in an attempt `` to block an official inquiry into the 7 July London bombings '' . `` Tessa Jowell , let slip on BBC TV 's Sunday AM programme that ' the latest estimate ... is about £ 400 million ' '' : an amount labelled by `` Downing Street and ministers '' as an `` ' awful ' cost '' : In response to questions about the Bloody Sunday inquiry , Government officials were unable to explain why the cost was more than double the estimates given publicly . Miss Jowell 's aides confirmed that she had repeated a figure given to her by John Reid , the Home Secretary , who when he was the Northern Ireland secretary had challenged the hefty fees being charged by lawyers at the inquiry . Blair 's official spokesman later agreed that costs had run out of control , saying that the inquiry had taken a `` long time and cost an awful lot of money '' . It heard from more than 900 witnesses before it ended last November and Lord Saville retired to write his report . David Lidington , the Tories ' Northern Ireland spokesman , said the costs were `` scandalous '' . He would be asking in Parliament why there had been such a dramatic increase . Tory figures say the inquiry has cost everyone in the country £ 6.64 ; the total of £ 400 million would have paid for ( a year 's salary for ) more than 15,000 nurses , nearly 5,000 doctors and 11,000 policemen , or 13 extra Apache helicopters for troops in Iraq and Afghanistan . See also ( edit ) Northern Ireland peace process References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Widgery Tribunal Report '' . Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Questions & Answers '' . Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saville inquiry judges retire '' . BBC News . 23 November 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surprise return for inquiry '' . BBC News . 16 December 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Saville : Bloody Sunday killings unjustifiable '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday report published '' . BBC News . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry '' . 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bloody Sunday report states those killed were innocent '' . BBC News . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Allen Greene ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Bloody Sunday report blames British soldiers '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The overall assessment '' . Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The question of responsibility for the deaths and injuries on Bloody Sunday '' . Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday victims all innocent '' . Al Jazeera. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Bingham , Rosa Prince and Thomas Harding ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Bloody Sunday Inquiry : victims were all unarmed and killed without justification , says Saville report '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inquiry finds soldiers lost ' self control ' '' . The Irish Times . Irish Times Trust . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tim Shipman ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` McGuinness WAS armed with machine gun on Bloody Sunday '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday killings ' unjustifiable ' '' . RTÉ News and Current Affairs . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alistair MacDonald ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Bloody Sunday Killings ' Unjustified ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John F. Burns and Eamon Quinn ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Cameron Says 1972 N. Ireland Killings Were ' Unjustified ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Nicola Boden ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Bloody Sunday -- Saville Inquiry : Cameron apologises for shootings as report blames British soldiers for ' unjustifiable ' killings Mail Online '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Patterson : For many , the Bloody Sunday Saville Report has fallen short -- Opinion '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers ' lawyer : Saville ' cherry picked ' evidence '' . BBC News . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday Inquiry : A soldier 's view -- ' I was in Derry that day . I just wish the Army had n't been ' -- Opinion '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Time for Northern Ireland to move on -- Empey -- Ulster Unionist Party Northern '' . Uster Unionist Party . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` City move for Bloody Sunday Inquiry '' . BBC News . 24 September 2002 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Further wait for inquiry report '' . BBC News . 25 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Chris ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` Bloody Sunday probe costing £ 500k a month '' . The Belfast Telegraph . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zagreb ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Bloody Sunday report delayed for at least another year '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Families ' dismay at Saville delay '' . BBC News . 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday report plan changed '' . BBC News . 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday families want report date '' . BBC News . 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Date set for Bloody Sunday report '' . BBC News . 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilligan , Andrew ( 29 May 2010 ) . `` Bloody Sunday Inquiry : A £ 191 million fiasco -- Finally , 12 years after being set up , and at a huge cost , the Saville report looks set to satisfy no one except the relatives of the dead '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bloody Sunday inquiry a disaster , says Ken Clarke '' . BBC News . 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saville Inquiry an ' expensive disaster ' '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rayment , Sean ( 12 June 2010 ) . `` David Cameron urged to tell public not to judge Army over Bloody Sunday killings -- The Prime Minister has been urged to speak up in defence of today 's soldiers when the long - awaited report on the Bloody Sunday killings is published next week '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oborne , Peter ( 10 January 2004 ) . `` The truth is he lied '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ Oborne , Peter ( 12 January 2002 ) . `` The politics of bloody murder '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ Jones , George ; Petre , Jonathan ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Bloody Sunday : Full inquiry , cost £ 400m. 7 July bombs : No inquiry , ' too expensive ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . External links ( edit ) Full report of the Inquiry Bloody Sunday Inquiry website Madden & Finucane Bloody Sunday Archive BBC News Bloody Sunday Inquiry Timeline Robert Fisk : ' We did n't care about the Irish -- Catholics or Protestants '. 16 June 2010 . Britain Acknowledges `` Bloody Sunday '' Killings Were Unjustified and Apologizes to Victims ' Families -- video report by Democracy Now ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloody_Sunday_Inquiry&oldid=798060121 '' Categories : Public inquiries in the United Kingdom The Troubles in Derry ( city ) Government reports Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 19 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Bloody Sunday Inquiry 2. Saville Report 3. Events of Sunday 30 January 1972 4. British soldiers' actions 5. Apology from British Government

when do kelly and ryan leave the office

Ryan Howard ( the office ) - wikipedia Ryan Howard ( the office ) Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ryan Howard <Td_colspan="2"> The Office character <Td_colspan="2"> B.J. Novak as Ryan Howard . First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Portrayed by B.J. Novak <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Fire Guy Temp Fired Guy Big Turkey Ry Hired Guy Egghead Mr. Understood Wunderkind Shoe Bitch Gender Male Occupation Unknown Office temp , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Full - time Salesman and Customer Service Supervisor , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton Sales representative Former Vice President , North East Region and Director of New Media Receptionist Bowling Alley employee Salesman , Michael Scott Paper Company Inc . CEO of WUPHF.com Spouse ( s ) Kelly Kapoor ( season 7 ) Relatives Unnamed Mother Unnamed Father Drake Howard ( son ) Nationality American Based on Ricky Howard Neil Godwin Ryan Bailey Howard ( born March 5 , 1979 ) is a fictional character on the US television series The Office . He is portrayed by the show 's writer , director , and executive producer B.J. Novak , and is based upon Ricky Howard from the original British version of The Office ( as well as Neil Godwin , during the fourth season ) , although his role is significantly expanded to that of a main character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character profile 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Season 3 1.3 Season 4 1.4 Season 5 1.5 Season 6 1.6 Season 7 1.7 Season 8 1.8 Season 9 2 Relationships 2.1 Kelly Kapoor 2.2 Michael Scott 2.3 Jim Halpert 2.4 Dwight Schrute 3 Inclusion in opening sequence and promotional images 4 Appearances 5 References Character profile ( edit ) Little is known about Ryan Howard 's early life , but it is revealed in a deleted scene from `` Diversity Day '' that he grew up in Scranton . In the webisode `` The Story of Subtle Sexuality '' , Ryan mentions that his parents live in separate houses , which implies that they are separated . At the beginning of the series , Ryan Howard is a temporary employee at the Scranton branch of the fictitious paper distributor Dunder Mifflin who joined the staff in the first episode , earning him the nickname `` The Temp '' . In early episodes he is shown to be uncomfortable with his professional relationship with his boss , Michael Scott . Michael often forces Ryan to carry out menial tasks for him while at the same time , becoming obsessed with Ryan 's personal life as well as gaining Ryan 's friendship . As the series progresses , Ryan begins to display a great deal of contempt and disdain for both his coworkers and his job . This becomes more apparent when Ryan is promoted in `` The Job '' to work at Dunder Mifflin 's corporate office in New York . This leads to Ryan becoming an egotistical braggart despite lackluster sales skills . In the season 4 finale `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Ryan is arrested for committing fraud . He is eventually released and required to work community service . In the season 5 premiere Ryan returns to the Scranton branch after Michael arranges for him to work Pam 's job . However , his malevolent aspirations to climb back to the top of the corporate ladder are revealed when he adds Jim and Kevin to a list of people who `` will be sorry '' when he returns to the top . Ryan was a member of a fraternity in college and holds an MBA from the University of Scranton 's Kania School of Management , which he earned during the second and third seasons . His dream is to one day own his own business . Throughout the series , Ryan changes his persona about every year beginning with the 3rd season . When offered a job for Corporate in the Season 3 finale , Ryan relocates to New York City and adopts a nouveau riche persona : becoming extroverted , growing a beard , wearing nice suits and getting $200 haircuts . But he subsequently ends up partying hard and getting addicted to drugs and alcohol . His downfall culminates in misleading Dunder - Mifflin 's shareholders via his websites sales numbers , effectively committing fraud as Oscar Martinez later claims . In Season 5 he returns with blonde highlights and a `` work hard , play hard '' attitude . He works for Michael at the Michael Scott Paper Company ( which is later bought out ) and still tries to keep his work ethic and strives to do good . In Seasons 6 -- 8 , Ryan seems to be devoid of many of his former morals and ambitions . He does n't care to work , reads poetry and initiates various creative projects . He switches clothing , from wearing fanciful scarves , fake glasses , suspenders , bow ties , trench coats , etc. and tries to create an `` unsolvable attitude '' . He manages to stay at Dunder Mifflin but his current position is unspecified , Michael mentions that he works there full - time in WUPHF.com . Many of the staff , most notably Jim and Pam , note Ryan 's ineptitude as an employee and that he sponges off his parents by living with them and driving his mom 's car . Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) For the first episode and for much of season 1 , Ryan 's purpose in the show mirrors that of his British equivalent , Ricky Howard . He is the audience surrogate , allowing other characters to introduce themselves to him , and by extension , the viewer . Ryan was hired to replace Tom Peets , an employee who had lost a battle with depression and committed suicide shortly before the start of the series . Tom is first referenced in the season 2 episode Performance Review , where a note from him in Michael Scott 's long - ignored suggestion box requests counselling for his depression . Michael initially assumes the note is a joke , as no - one who currently works at the branch is named Tom , until Phyllis reminds him of the suicide . Over the first two seasons , Ryan 's character is a secondary one and he is primarily defined by his dissatisfaction with his job , and his relationships with Michael and Kelly . His dissatisfaction manifests itself in his use of sarcasm and general disinterest towards his co-workers . Ryan does not wish to stay at Dunder Mifflin long or even be remembered when he leaves , citing that his ultimate fear is that he will gain a nickname around the office ( being `` the something guy '' ) . During Ryan 's term as a temporary employee ( and even for a few months after his promotion to full - time status ) , various characters ( mainly Dwight ) frequently addresses him as `` Temp '' instead of by his real name . In later seasons , several characters sarcastically use this term long after Ryan has risen to a more prominent position in the company . Ryan is often the victim of Michael 's antics and bizarre man - crush on him , usually resigning to requests without complaint . Also , by the end of Season 2 , Jim facilitates a relationship between Kelly and Ryan , which is very rocky from the start . Season 3 ( edit ) By the third season opener `` Gay Witch Hunt '' , Ryan becomes a full - time employee and inherits the job ( and desk ) vacated by Jim Halpert . Despite the promotion , Michael still treats Ryan as his personal assistant . Upon Jim 's return to Scranton after the branch merger , there is a moment of awkwardness when Jim casually sets up at his former desk , only to learn that it now belongs to Ryan -- who refuses to give the desk back to Jim , the first hint at a rivalry between the two . Ryan goes to his first sales call in `` Initiation '' , where he is subjected to a series of tests by Dwight . Despite his superior education , Ryan is not a good salesman -- his first client tells him flat out that he does not like him . In the last scene of `` The Job '' , Ryan receives a call from the New York headquarters , offering him the job previously held by Jan Levinson and making him Michael 's immediate superior . After he hangs up , he immediately dumps Kelly . Season 4 ( edit ) Novak , who also writes for the show , in commenting on the fourth season , said , `` we wanted him to dress as obnoxious as possible . As much black as possible . '' . This season also , for the first time , includes episodes that exhibit Ryan 's social life outside the workplace , such as showing his studio apartment in Manhattan . Over the season , he also becomes increasingly arrogant , condescending and ambitious , speaking almost exclusively in business buzzwords . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Ryan presents his concept of Dunder Mifflin Infinity ( a new website ) to the Scranton branch , and gives a BlackBerry to all of the main employees . He is eager to show off his newfound wealth . His occasional brushes with Kelly remain tense . It is also apparent that his new corporate peers also do n't care for him ; one employee yells at Ryan to get out of his office , and another tells Michael and Dwight , `` it was funny to see Ryan all embarrassed '' . When Ryan is arrested and fired , his peers record all of it on their phones and post it as a hilarious video on YouTube . Later in the season , Ryan 's new website is plagued by problems , including child predators and slow sales . The salesmen resist the new site as well . The later episodes show him becoming more excited and on edge , clearly under the influence of cocaine . Feeling threatened by Jim Halpert 's good relationship with David Wallace , Ryan conspires against Jim and sets out to get him fired . Ryan also begins dressing more and more unkempt . For example , in the episode `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , he has slick , combed hair , and is very nicely presentable . In later episodes like `` Night Out '' and `` Did I Stutter ? '' , his hair is bedhead , he does n't wear ties , his face is half shaven , and his shirt is only half buttoned . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' Ryan is -- now typically -- curt with Jim . However , it is discovered later that Ryan was misleading the company 's shareholders . In a YouTube video entitled `` Whoaa ! Check it out ! '' , the Scranton branch watches as Ryan is seen being arrested and escorted out of Dunder Mifflin 's New York office by police , much to Michael 's dismay and Jim and Kelly 's pleasure . Season 5 ( edit ) In the first episode of Season 5 , it is revealed that Ryan has been released with a sentence of community service , and has gotten sober . Michael hires Ryan through the temp agency as the fill - in receptionist . In a deleted scene , he receives a call from David Wallace for Michael . Infuriated that Ryan is back at Dunder Mifflin , Wallace abuses Ryan by telephone in front of the staff . This prompts Michael to defend Ryan and save his job . However , Ryan still exhibits the ego issues he developed in the fourth season . Ryan moves back to the annex with Kelly soon before Pam is scheduled to return . He starts showing off in front of Kelly and the two start kissing passionately . Ryan tells Kelly to break up with Darryl via text message . Darryl responds quickly saying `` it 's cool '' , with Kelly overjoyed and Ryan shocked , suggesting he realized he made a mistake . In `` Frame Toby '' , Ryan breaks up with Kelly again , saying he is going with friends to Thailand , but convinces her to have sex with him one last time and give him some traveling money first . Ryan is not seen again until the episode `` Dream Team '' in which he was seen working at a bowling alley until being hired by Michael Scott to work at the Michael Scott Paper Company . His appearance has changed drastically with having a tan from his trip to Thailand ( later revealed to be Ft . Lauderdale ) and his hair is dyed blonde . Apparently , he has moved back in with , or at least in proximity to , his parents . Initially , Ryan acted with disinterest and irresponsibility with the new company , choosing rather to spend his time talking on his telephone and surfing the web , which , along with lack of space , caused tension with Pam . However , as time passed , relations between the employees of The Michael Scott Paper Company became more amicable as Ryan 's behavior matured . Bonding with Pam and Michael over the company 's relative success and through the close quarters , Ryan became more active and involved . Additionally , his sobriety became apparent . After the buyout of The Michael Scott Paper Company from Dunder - Mifflin , much to David Wallace 's vocal opposition , Ryan is initially rehired as a salesperson , though , as a result of budget problems , is reduced back into the position of a temporary employee . In an interview , he says now that he is a temp again the only thing he can control is his food , eating five small meals a day . Season 6 ( edit ) Ryan 's new look , beginning in season 6 . In the sixth - season premiere , `` Gossip '' , Ryan 's appearance has changed back to his more traditional look -- black hair and no longer with a noticeable tan . In `` The Promotion '' , Ryan scams Pam out of a wedding gift . However , he seems to have picked up some persuasion skills from the sales team , as he manages to wheedle $50 out of Pam . As of the beginning of season 6 , he is dating Kelly again . The two dance down the aisle together at Jim and Pam 's wedding . As the season progresses , Ryan develops a hipster persona , wearing suspenders , flannel shirts , bow ties and scarves . In `` Double Date '' , Ryan is shown to have begun photography as a hobby , and gets Kelly to pose topless . He tries , but fails , to get Erin to do the same . ( See Ryan 's photography blog , `` Thousand and One Words '' ) . In `` Shareholder Meeting '' , he deflects Jim 's instructions and refuses to do any work . He also spreads the rumor that Jim is not as powerful as Michael . Jim then makes an example of him by putting him in the closet behind the kitchen with no windows or internet access . As a result , in `` Scott 's Tots '' , he tells Dwight he will help him get Jim fired . At the end of `` Manager and Salesman '' he and Dwight go out and celebrate Jim 's demotion to salesman . In The Chump , he approaches Erin 's desk and bluntly tells her that he 'd like to sleep with her . She asks if he 's joking to which he backs down , claiming that he is . In `` Whistleblower '' Ryan announces a social networking website he 's launching called `` WUPHF '' . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Nepotism '' , Ryan advertises his website WUPHF in the Lip Dub the Scranton Branch was making . In `` The Sting '' , he helps Jim and Dwight spy on Danny . When they try to hatch a plan , Jim tells Ryan he is a `` hot new executive '' and Ryan tells them he wants to work at Google . In `` Costume Contest '' , he dresses as Justin Bieber in hopes to win the Scranton book of savings worth $15,000 in savings . In `` Christening '' , he makes fun of the Youth Group pastor . In `` WUPHF.com '' , he tries to get people to invest in his company . When he reveals he will be broke in 9 days , Kelly comes in and tries to invest . Then Ryan tells them that he has an offer from the Washington University Public Health Fund , only for Darryl to realize that they are only interested because of the domain name . Ryan tries to weasel more money from Michael , but is caught by surprise when Michael tells all the other investors that while he wo n't agree to divest their WUPHF holdings ( they need Michael 's assent because he holds more than 50 % of the shares ) he does think Ryan is shallow and a bad friend , and Ryan looks horrified when Michael says he has those 9 days and no more time to make things right . At the end of the episode , Ryan tells everybody he has sold WUPHF.com . Ryan shows more immoral traits in `` Garage Sale '' , when he sells jars of his mother 's homemade Pesto sauce , which she intended to just be for family , for his own profits . Ryan is also in the group that helps Michael think of a good way to propose to Holly . When Michael does propose to Holly , he has some employees jokingly ask Holly to marry them . He states that Ryan was the only one he was concerned about . In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , he is shown to be hurt that Danny Cordray broke his streak of winning the `` Hottest in the Office '' award , although he tries to hide it . Ryan 's contribution to the office workers ' version of Seasons of Love is that Michael helped him get off drugs . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Michael gives Ryan his St. Pauli Girl beer sign , but only after making sure he is n't prone to seizures . Ryan seems to genuinely appreciate the gift . In `` The Inner Circle '' , Ryan lies to Deangelo about his job at the Scranton Branch . While Kelly is angry , she goes along with it in exchange for Ryan being a dutiful boyfriend . However , Kelly soon exposes Ryan as a fraud after reprimanding her severely about her paycheck in front of Deangelo . However , because Deangelo prefers Ryan over Kelly , he appoints him as her official supervisor ( until his accident hours later ) . In `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' , after Dwight accidentally misfires a gun in the office and Toby is filling out the gun violence accident form , the HR rep asks the staff if they felt like this was a terrorist incident . Ryan , who is clearly enjoying Dwight 's situation , openly says that he felt terrorized . In `` Search Committee '' , Ryan reveals to the camera that he believes Angela 's boyfriend Robert ( the State Senator ) is gay , because he `` liked '' Ryan 's Facebook photos at 3 : 00 AM . During a staff debate over who should be hired for the manager position , Ryan states he wants an outsider . While Jim thinks he is referring to the applicants outside of the office , Ryan says he meant an `` outsider '' as someone who is on the margins of society , and suggests a homeless person . Ryan laments that he got away with everything while Michael was his boss and it was not good for him . He says he wants guidance and leadership , but does not want the new manager to boss him around . Season 8 ( edit ) In `` The List '' , Ryan is on the `` Losers '' side of new CEO Robert California 's list . He tries to convince the other members of the staff , that are also on the `` Losers '' side , that the list is in fact flawed , as he is on it . In `` Spooked '' , he dresses up as Jesse Pinkman , a character from Breaking Bad . In `` Pam 's Replacement '' , he asks Jim if Pam 's replacement , Kathy , is single . However , he does not approach her . In `` Gettysburg '' , he decides to stay at the office while Andy and some of the other employees are at Gettysburg . He tries to impress Robert California with some ideas for the company , but is temporarily outshined by Kevin . In `` Mrs. California '' , Ryan tells Susan California and his co-workers his `` Dream for a Wish '' idea . Susan refers to him as Bryan , and while he corrects her mistake and she apologizes , he calls her a `` bitch '' , in a talking - head interview . In `` Christmas Wishes '' , Ryan and Kelly give a pregnant Angela a shirt that reads ' Ask , then touch . ' He is also seen dancing with Kelly a number of times during this episode . In a deleted scene , Andy tells Ryan that he will have health insurance for the new year , but Ryan is upset because he had wanted 10 extra sick days , and looks uncomfortable when Andy says he expects Ryan to be a better worker going forward . Ryan joins Jim , Stanley , Erin , and Kathy Simms in traveling to Tallahassee and working on the Sabre Store project under Dwight 's leadership . He briefly flirts with Erin when he learns she is planning to remain in Florida , but after she says he could join her as roommates and possibly begin dating in six months , he coldly states he 's in love with Kelly . When Dwight and Nellie Bertram open a test store to see how the project could really work , Ryan is tasked to create and deliver a presentation about the Sabre Pyramid . However , he badly panics because his mother and Kelly are not there to keep him on an even keel , and Jim and Dwight 's efforts to calm him down fail and leave Ryan to run out on the team and get on a bus . Season 9 ( edit ) Beginning with `` New Guys '' when Kelly Kapoor moves with Ravi , her Indian - American pediatrician fiancé to Miami , Ohio although Kelly is mistaken to think of it as being Miami , Florida . Ryan follows her but claims it 's for `` unrelated reasons '' . Ryan is absent for all of season 9 , save for returning in `` Finale '' when Ryan attends Dwight and Angela 's wedding . Sitting next to Kelly and her fiancé , it 's revealed that Ryan had an infant son named Drake with a former girlfriend who abandoned them both . Kelly and Ryan are seen making flirtatious glances before Ryan gives a strawberry to his son , who has an allergic reaction . Thus prompting Ravi to tend to Drake , and Ryan makes his move to steal Kelly , who is turned on by Ryan 's gesture . The two are last seen running away together from the wedding . Having tended to Drake , Ravi sees that the pair are gone and Kevin informs him as to what happened . Ravi tells Kevin to call social services , insisting that social services will find a much more suitable father than Ryan . Nellie , wanting a child herself , adopts Drake on the spot , later saying in a talking head that if Ryan wants the baby back he can find her in Europe . Relationships ( edit ) Kelly Kapoor ( edit ) Ryan has an on - again , off - again relationship with office chatterbox Kelly Kapoor . The relationship has been troubled from the outset , for Ryan desires a very casual relationship , whereas the overbearing Kelly wants to get married and have children as soon as possible . The two `` hooked up '' on the eve of Valentine 's Day , although Ryan was brusque with her the following day . Things seemed to be starting up between the two again during the office `` Casino Night '' . Ryan and Kelly are later seen dating in `` The Convention '' . Ryan met Kelly 's parents during Diwali , but they were not impressed by his low income , desire to travel and saving up money to buy an Xbox , rather than start a family . Ryan has more than once tried unsuccessfully to break up with Kelly , with one of the more notable occurrences after `` The Merger '' episode . Even though Ryan and Kelly continue to bicker , he is sweet to her in the episode `` Safety Training '' . B.J. Novak has stated that Ryan and Kelly are going strong , well into the third season : `` I think Ryan and Kelly is a relationship that everyone has been in . It 's a puzzle as to why they 're still together , but I think Ryan loves being loved -- even though he wo n't admit it . He lost Michael 's love so he has to take in more love from Kelly . '' After accepting a promotion to Corporate by telephone in `` The Job '' , an elated Ryan immediately breaks up with Kelly , telling her `` You and I are done , '' with a smile . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Kelly tries to rekindle their relationship by feigning pregnancy , a lie which she later reveals . This only upsets Ryan more and leads to him attempting to have her job outsourced to India . Ryan is visibly upset in later episodes when Kelly later flirts with and kisses Darryl in front of him . When Ryan is arrested in the Season 4 finale , Kelly says she looks forward to rubbing in his downfall by visiting him in prison . Ryan and Kelly make amends in `` Weight Loss '' , and Ryan indicates a renewed interest in her . He witnesses Kelly and Darryl kiss , as Kelly looks up to make sure Ryan sees it . In `` Business Trip '' , Ryan and Kelly get back together when he moves back to the annex , though Ryan is uncomfortable again as he only made her breakup with Darryl with the expectation he would react violently , which he did not . In `` Frame Toby '' , Ryan breaks up with her again and leaves the office altogether . Upon his return , the two do not rekindle their relationship , however , they constantly flirt and bicker with each other on Twitter . In an interview with Yahoo ! TV , that was released before the episode `` Business School '' , B.J. Novak describes Ryan and Kelly as `` the worst relationship that all of us have been in . '' He adds , `` The bad news is that that 's what a lot of people have actually experienced , something that just does n't work on any level , and they just keep going for some weird reason . '' Mindy Kaling ( Kelly ) adds , `` It seems like Ryan has just adjusted to the fact that he is the boyfriend of this crazy girl . '' In interviews during the retrospective airing prior to `` Finale ( The Office ) , '' Kaling and Novak revealed that their characters ' turbulent on - again , off - again relationship was inspired by their relationship in the writers ' room where they were best friends but often argued . In the season Seven episode `` The Search '' during the cold open Ryan and Kelly announced to the office that they were getting a divorce , apparently having married over a week earlier on the spur of the moment neglecting to tell anyone . Originally , they asked for no one to take sides , claiming it was an amicable break up . Upon realizing that no one cared and that they were getting little reaction to their news , Ryan declared that the split was not amicable and demanded that people take sides and also raise their hands to show whose side they were on ; no one in the office raised a hand to support either one of them . In the episode `` Spooked '' , Ryan and Kelly are seen standing next to each other and talking . At the end of the episode , he kisses her on the forehead . While they took a backseat for most of Season 8 , in `` Angry Andy '' Pam and Jim set up Kelly with their handsome , likable , kind and NOT - RYAN Indian - American pediatrician Ravi , with Pam explaining that the Ryan - Kelly romance has become impossibly disruptive to the rest of the office . Pam also tells Ryan she does n't think he 's a good person and actively cheerleads against Ryan 's efforts to win back Kelly ( though Ryan admits he does n't want to be with Kelly for the long run , or even a specific length of time beyond the present ) . In the end , Kelly tells Ryan she 's decided to be with Dr. Ravi , but to Pam 's horror immediately begins making out with Ryan again . When Kelly has a romantic portrait taken with Ravi in the Season 8 finale , Ryan looks on sadly , and later holds up a sign begging Kelly to take him back . However , he also holds up a sign for his picture making a romantic overture to a random blonde woman he 'd met in Scranton . In the Season 9 premiere , Toby Flenderson says that after Kelly got engaged to Dr. Ravi and moved to Miami ( Ohio ) , Ryan suddenly resigned and decided to pursue IT prospects in the `` Silicon Prairie '' of southwestern Ohio . During Dwight and Angela 's wedding in the series finale , Ryan shows up with a baby son named Drake , stunning Kelly . Ryan later induces a mild strawberry allergy in Drake so that Kelly 's husband Dr. Ravi will examine him , in order to get some time alone with Kelly . The two former lovers make out and leave the wedding , and baby Drake , behind on their final flight of romantic insanity . Nellie Bertram announces her intention to adopt Drake . Michael Scott ( edit ) Michael has a one - sided mancrush on Ryan , which frightens him at times . Ryan was also inconveniently stuck in the position of being personal assistant to Michael . He has on several occasions summoned him to inappropriate tasks . In `` The Dundies '' , Michael gives Ryan the `` Hottest in the Office '' award . After congratulating Ryan for his award , he slaps Ryan 's buttocks . Also , in `` The Fire '' episode , when the office is playing the game `` Who would you do '' Michael chooses Ryan . In the third season , Ryan begins correcting Michael for embarrassing him as evident by `` The Convict '' . In a deleted scene from `` Diwali '' , it is suggested that Michael has begun stalking Ryan . In `` The Job '' , Michael comes back from his interview in New York and asks Ryan to get him a cup of coffee , but Ryan firmly says `` I do n't do that stuff anymore . '' Michael says it 's not for Ryan and later says he 's still waiting for his coffee , unaware that Ryan has just become his direct supervisor . In retaliation , Ryan pointedly makes Michael get bottled water for him when Ryan returns to Scranton during `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . Michael finally realizes that Ryan dislikes him in the episode Launch Party when , instead of inviting Michael to be at the Dunder Mifflin Infinity launch party in person , Ryan merely invites him to the party 's chatroom where , when introduced to represent the Scranton branch via video chat , Michael calls Ryan an `` asshole '' on the website with the entire company watching , some of whom later compliment him for doing so . In `` Night Out , '' Ryan tries to indirectly confide to Michael that he has a drug problem ( using his friend 's name as the individual in question ) , but Michael ends up giving Ryan useless advice he learned from watching The Wire . Michael later is devastated when he learns of Ryan 's arrest . Michael arranges for Ryan 's return to the Scranton branch , and temporarily grows a goatee because Ryan was wearing one after he got dismissed and moved into a new place . Disturbed by Michael 's mimicry , Ryan shaves it off . When Michael starts his own company in `` Dream Team '' , he convinces him to leave his job at the bowling alley and join his newly formed paper company . When working together , Ryan comes to respect Michael 's skills as a salesman . After the buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Co. by Dunder Mifflin , Michael rehires Ryan as a salesman before demoting him back to a temp . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Initially , Ryan and Jim got along well in the first three seasons and both seemed to respect each other , almost to the point of being friends . However , hints of a future rivalry were shown in `` The Merger '' , where it is revealed to Jim that Ryan took his old job after he transferred to Stamford . Despite this , the two still got along fairly well with little to no annoyance from each other . However , after Ryan was promoted to his Corporate post as a Vice President of Sales for the company , he began behaving in a self - absorbed and egotistical manner , causing Jim to lose much respect for him . Their relationship soon turns into one of bitter rivalry once Ryan learns that Jim has been discussing with the CFO , David Wallace , the downsides of Ryan 's company website . Once Ryan begins feeling overly stressed with the failure of the website , he turns to drugs and drinking and decides to find a way to fire Jim , fearing that Jim is undermining his authority and making him look bad to his superiors . He first puts a shocked Jim on `` warning '' for all of his pranks on Dwight , flirting with Pam , and inadequate sales figures , then pressures Jim to record a huge in - person sale as one made through Dunder Mifflin Infinity . As Ryan tries to fire Jim under false pretenses , Jim begins to develop raw hatred for him . Jim is also shown to be delighted when Ryan was arrested for sales fraud and is relieved that his job is finally safe from Ryan 's paranoid business practices . After Ryan was released from prison , he returns as a fill in for Pam after she goes to design school and immediately apologizes to Jim , albeit in a very cynical and egotistical fashion , but Jim accepts his apology regardless , though not before making a few sarcastic remarks towards him , showing that the two still held each other in relative contempt . Once Ryan is rehired as a salesman before being demoted back to a temp at the company , he forms a bond with Pam , slightly softening his bitter relationship with Jim . Things finally improve a little between the two for most of season five , but they deteriorate anew in season six when Ryan does not take Jim 's new position as co-manager seriously . Ryan then teams up with Dwight to get rid of Jim and the pair celebrate after Jim 's demotion back to sales representative . Since then , Ryan and Jim seem to have resumed their former business relationship with the two no longer butting heads and even associating with each other in a friendly manner on a regular basis . Dwight Schrute ( edit ) Much like Jim , Ryan saw Dwight as an extremely odd and annoying person , stating in `` The Return '' that he will not miss Dwight after Dwight quit temporarily . During `` The Initiation '' , Dwight takes Ryan on a series of bizarre tests to prove himself a worthy salesman . This does nothing except infuriate Ryan , who can not believe that the best salesman within the company can act in such a ridiculous fashion . Regardless , Dwight tells Ryan he only wants to get along with him , unlike the way he and Jim worked together , and the two bond by throwing eggs at the potential buyer 's company building when they refused their offer because they did not like Ryan . In season four , Dwight seems to respect Ryan much more after he was promoted to vice president of Northeast sales , with Ryan also seeming to tolerate Dwight much more than previous seasons . The two were rarely seen talking to each other in season five , but decide to team up in season six to get Jim fired from his newly appointed co-manager position . They often argued with each other , but celebrated after Jim got demoted . The two were last seen agreeing to go out for drinks to celebrate , but then end up arguing over where to go for drinks . Inclusion in opening sequence and promotional images ( edit ) B.J. Novak 's continued inclusion in the opening credits was sometimes questioned in the later years of the series , as the role of Ryan Howard has been significantly downplayed since season 5 , and is now considered to be no more significant than other characters whose actors are not given an opening credit . Novak officially left the opening credits in the Season 9 premiere and was credited as a guest star . Appearances ( edit ) Ryan has appeared in most episodes of the series , with the exception of the season 4 episodes ( `` Branch Wars '' , `` Survivor Man '' , `` Dinner Party '' , and `` Chair Model '' as well as `` Job Fair '' ) , 12 episodes during season 5 ( beginning with `` The Surplus '' through `` Two Weeks '' , making his return in `` Dream Team '' -- during this absence , actor B.J. Novak was filming Inglourious Basterds with Quentin Tarantino . ) , and a majority of the season 9 episodes ( he appears in only `` New Guys '' and `` Finale '' ) . References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ryan Howard ( The Office ) ^ Jump up to : Dansby , Andrew ( October 2 , 2007 ) , `` The temp label is permanent '' , Houston Chronicle , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 Jump up ^ http://www.theofficeisms.com/2014/09/8-behind-scenes-facts-from-office-you.html Jump up ^ Seasons 1 and 2 Jump up ^ Confirmed by producer Greg Daniels in The Office Live Blog : To Anissa . Jump up ^ Confirmed by writer / actor BJ Novak in his blog http : / blog.myspace.com/index.cfm ? fuseaction = blog. view&friendID = 3241662&blogID = 266132650 Jump up ^ Season 3 Jump up ^ Season 4 Jump up ^ Season 5 Jump up ^ `` Thousand and One Words '' , Ryan Howard 's blog Jump up ^ Garage Sale Jump up ^ `` The List '' Jump up ^ `` Spooked '' Jump up ^ Y ! TV Exclusive : ' Office ' Romances The Office ( NBC ) on Yahoo ! TV , February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Is it Time for B.J. Novak to Give His Office Opening Credit to Ed Helms ? <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Howard_(The_Office)&oldid=835331818 '' Categories : Fictional criminals Fictional business executives The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional con artists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Ryan Howard - The Office character 2. B.J. Novak - actor who portrays Ryan Howard 3. Ryan's role and character development in The Office 4. Ryan's relationships with other characters in The Office 5. Ryan's career progression and personal struggles in The Office

who has posted the most pictures on instagram

List of most - liked Instagram pictures - wikipedia List of most - liked Instagram pictures Kylie Jenner currently has the most - liked picture on Instagram . This list contains the top 20 pictures with the most likes on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of August 2018 , the most liked picture is of Kylie Jenner 's daughter Stormi Webster with 18 million likes . Cristiano Ronaldo has the most pictures in the top 20 , with seven . Contents 1 Top pictures 2 Historical most - liked pictures 3 See also 4 References Top pictures ( edit ) Baby related Sports related Rank Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Date posted @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 1st photo of her daughter Stormi ( 1 ) 18.0 February 6 , 2018 2nd photo of her daughter Stormi ( 2 ) 13.0 March 1 , 2018 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Engagement to Hailey Baldwin ( 3 ) July 9 , 2018 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Juventus announcement ( 4 ) 12.2 July 16 , 2018 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Photo with her daughter Stormi ( 5 ) 12.1 August 9 , 2018 6 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Birth announcement ( 6 ) 11.4 November 12 , 2017 7 Photo with girlfriend and son ( 7 ) 11.2 July 10 , 2018 8 Photo with girlfriend ( 8 ) July 26 , 2018 9 @ beyonce Beyoncé Pregnancy announcement ( 9 ) February 1 , 2017 10 @ xxxtentacion XXXTentacion Final image posted before his death ( 10 ) 11 May 19 , 2018 11 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Family photo ( 11 ) 10.9 August 21 , 2018 12 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Kidney transplant ( 12 ) 10.6 September 14 , 2017 13 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Pregnancy / birth announcement ( 13 ) February 4 , 2018 14 @ therock Dwayne Johnson 1st photo of his daughter Tiana ( 14 ) 10.4 April 23 , 2018 15 @ beyonce Beyoncé 1st photo of her newborn twins ( 15 ) 10.3 July 14 , 2017 16 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Photo with Paulo Dybala ( 16 ) August 10 , 2018 17 @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner Photo with her daughter Stormi ( 17 ) 10.1 August 9 , 2018 18 @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal vs Spain match ( 18 ) 10 June 15 , 2018 19 @ leomessi Lionel Messi Nigeria vs Argentina match ( 19 ) 9.9 June 26 , 2018 20 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Birthday post ( 20 ) 9.8 July 23 , 2018 <Th_colspan="8"> As of August 28 , 2018 Historical most - liked pictures ( edit ) The following table lists the last seven pictures that were once the most - liked picture on Instagram . Account name Owner Post description Photo Likes ( millions ) Days held Date posted @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 1st photo of her daughter Stormi ( 21 ) 18.0 203 February 6 , 2018 @ beyonce Beyoncé Pregnancy announcement ( 22 ) 11.2 371 February 1 , 2017 @ selenagomez Selena Gomez Coca - Cola advertisement ( 23 ) 6.9 204 June 25 , 2016 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Kiss with Selena Gomez ( 24 ) 3.8 69 March 20 , 2016 @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner Heart - shaped hairdo ( 25 ) 3.6 313 May 26 , 2015 @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian Wedding kiss with Kanye West ( 26 ) 2.4 393 May 27 , 2014 @ justinbieber Justin Bieber Hug with Selena Gomez ( 27 ) 1.9 145 January 4 , 2014 <Th_colspan="8"> As of August 28 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked tweets List of most - retweeted tweets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies - Day , Rachel ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner 's First Photo Of Daughter Stormi Just Became The Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever '' . MTV ( UK ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 6 , 2018 at 3 : 42pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` my angel baby is 1 month old today '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Instagram : `` Was gon na wait a while to say anything but word travels fast , listen plain and simple Hailey I am soooo in love with everything about you ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner on Instagram : `` my heart '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Cristiano Ronaldo Nov 12 , 2017 at 8 : 19pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Feb 1 , 2017 at 6 : 39pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jahseh Onfroy ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` MAKE OUT HILL on Instagram : `` LOVE IS WAR '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez September 14 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Jenner February 4 , 2018 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo on Instagram : `` Vamos família ! '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie on Instagram : `` bringing in my birthday tonight with my most special gift . What was life before you , Stormi . I love you my little angel . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lionel Messi ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Leo Messi on Instagram : `` Agradezco a Dios por esta alegría y les agradezco a ustedes por esa locura hermosa que tienen en cada partido ! ! ! Nada más lindo que ser ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez on Instagram : `` Another year down ... Thank you for all the bday love . I could n't be more appreciative of you and my best friends for celebrating with me . I ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner 's Stormi Photo Tops Beyonce 's Pregnancy Reveal as Most - Liked Instagram Post Ever Jump up ^ Beyonce Pregnancy Photo Breaks Selena Gomez Record for Most - Liked Instagram Pic Jump up ^ Selena Gomez Tops Justin Bieber for Most - Liked Instagram Photo Ever Jump up ^ Justin Bieber & Selena Gomez Throwback Pic Is Now Instagram 's Most - Liked Jump up ^ Kendall Jenner Breaks Kanye West & Kim Kardashian 's Instagram Record Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian , wife , is most liked Instagram ever Jump up ^ Kim Kardashian 's Wedding Photo Breaks Instagram Record For Most Likes -- Sorry , Justin Bieber ! <Th_colspan="2"> Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Telecom Infra Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Financial performance 2018 Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-liked_Instagram_pictures&oldid=856910446 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Most-liked Instagram pictures 2. Kylie Jenner's Instagram record 3. Cristiano Ronaldo's top Instagram pictures 4. Instagram likes and popularity 5. Historical most-liked Instagram pictures

highest run chase in odi by sri lanka

List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records - wikipedia List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Sri Lanka One - Day International cricket records , that is record team and individual performances in One Day International ( ODI ) cricket . Records for Test cricket are at List of Test cricket records . This list is based on the List of One - Day International cricket records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Team records 2.1 Team wins , losses , and ties 2.1. 1 Matches played ( by country ) 2.1. 2 Most consecutive wins 2.1. 3 Most consecutive defeats 2.2 Team scoring records 2.2. 1 Highest runs in an inning 2.2. 2 Lowest runs in an inning 2.2. 3 Highest match aggregate 2.2. 4 Lowest match aggregates 3 Individual records 3.1 Individual records ( batting ) 3.1. 1 Highest individual score 3.1. 2 Highest score against each opponent 3.1. 3 Most career runs 3.1. 4 Highest career averages 3.1. 5 Highest strike rates 3.1. 6 Most career centuries 3.1. 7 Most career half - centuries 3.1. 8 Most boundaries in career 3.1. 9 Most Ducks 3.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 3.2. 1 Most Career Wickets 3.2. 2 Best Bowling Figures 3.2. 3 Best bowling figure against each opponent 3.2. 4 Best career averages 3.2. 5 Best economy rates 3.2. 6 Best Strike Rates 3.2. 7 Most Five - wicket Hauls 4 Fielding Records 4.1 Most Catches 5 Wicket - keeping Records 5.1 Most dismissals ( catches plus stumpings ) in ODI career 6 Other Individual records 6.1 Most player - of - the - match awards 6.2 Most matches played 6.3 Most wins as a captain 7 Partnership records 7.1 Highest wicket partnerships 8 References Key ( edit ) The top five to seven records are listed for each category , except in `` team wins , losses , and draws '' and `` highest wicket partnerships '' . Tied records for the fifth place are listed as well . Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below . Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate . Symbol Meaning † Player is currently active in ODI cricket * Player remained not out or partnership remained unbroken ♠ World record Date Date of the match Innings Number of innings played Matches Number of matches played Opponent The team Sri Lanka was playing against Period The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket Player The player involved in the record Venue One Day International cricket ground where the match was played <Th_colspan="6"> ICC ODI Rankings Rank Team Matches Points Rating England 42 5,257 125 India 45 5,492 122 South Africa 34 3,842 113 New Zealand 41 4,602 112 5 Australia 32 3,327 104 6 Pakistan 32 3,279 102 7 Bangladesh 24 2,220 93 8 Sri Lanka 43 3,302 77 9 West Indies 29 1,989 69 10 Afghanistan 28 1,758 63 11 Zimbabwe 37 2,021 55 12 Ireland 20 766 38 <Td_colspan="6"> Reference : ICC Rankings , 2 May 2018 <Td_colspan="6"> `` Matches '' is the no. matches played in the 12 - 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . Team records ( edit ) Team wins , losses , and ties ( edit ) Matches played ( by country ) ( edit ) Opponent 1st ODI Matches Won Lost Tied No result % Won Afghanistan 3 March 2014 02 02 0 0 0 100.00 Australia 11 June 1975 96 32 60 0 34.78 Bangladesh 2 April 1986 44 36 6 0 85.71 Bermuda 15 March 2007 01 01 0 0 0 100.00 Canada 19 February 2003 02 0 0 0 100.00 England 13 February 1982 69 34 33 50.73 India 16 -- 18 June 1979 158 56 90 11 38.43 Ireland 18 April 2007 04 04 0 0 0 100.00 Kenya 6 March 1996 06 05 0 0 83.33 Netherlands 16 September 2002 03 03 0 0 0 100.00 New Zealand 9 June 1979 95 41 45 8 47.70 Pakistan 14 June 1975 153 58 90 39.26 Scotland 12 July 2011 02 02 0 0 0 100.00 South Africa 2 March 1992 66 29 35 45.25 United Arab Emirates 17 July 2004 02 02 0 0 0 100.00 West Indies 7 June 1975 56 25 28 0 47.16 Zimbabwe 23 February 1992 57 44 11 0 80.00 <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most consecutive wins ( edit ) Rank Wins Period 10 29 February 2004 to 23 July 2004 <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . * Indicates sequence still in progress Most consecutive defeats ( edit ) Rank Defeats Period 8 14 11 January 1987 to 10 January 1988 26 12 8 July 2017 to 23 October 2017 <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . * Indicates sequence still in progress Team scoring records ( edit ) Highest runs in an inning ( edit ) See also : List of 400 + innings scores in ODIs Rank Score Opponent Venue Date 443 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 411 -- 8 ( 50 overs ) India Rajkot 15 December 2009 398 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) Kenya Kandy 6 March 1996 377 -- 8 ( 50 overs ) Ireland Malahide 18 June 2016 5 363 ( 50 overs ) Scotland Hobart 11 March 2005 6 357 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Bangladesh Lahore 25 June 2008 7 349 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan Singapore 2 April 1996 8 348 -- 1 ( 50 overs ) India Jamaica 2 July 2013 9 343 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) Australia Sydney 9 January 2003 10 339 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan Mohali 24 May 1997 <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Lowest runs in an inning ( edit ) Rank Score Opponent Venue Date 43 ( 20.1 overs ) South Africa Paarl 11 January 2012 55 ( 28.3 overs ) West Indies Sharjah 3 December 1986 78 ( 16.5 overs ) Pakistan Manchester 17 April 2002 86 ( 37.2 overs ) West Indies Manchester 7 June 1975 5 91 ( 35.5 overs ) Australia Adelaide 28 January 1985 <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Highest match aggregate ( edit ) Rank Score Opposition Team totals Venue Date 825 -- 15 ( 100 overs ) India ( 414 -- 7 ) & ( 411 -- 8 ) Rajkot 15 December 2009 694 -- 15 ( 98.1 overs ) South Africa ( 367 -- 5 ) & 327 Cape Town 7 February 2017 691 -- 19 ( 98.3 overs ) Netherlands ( 443 -- 9 ) & 248 Amstelveen 4 July 2006 688 -- 18 ( 96.2 overs ) Australia ( 377 -- 9 ) & 312 / 9 Sydney 8 March 2015 5 664 -- 19 ( 99.4 overs ) Pakistan ( 349 -- 9 ) & 315 Singapore 2 April 1996 <Td_colspan="5"> Note : teams are shown in batting order . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Lowest match aggregates ( edit ) Rank Score Opposition Team totals Venue Date 73 ( 23.2 overs ) Canada 36 & ( 37 -- 1 ) Paarl 19 February 2003 75 ( 27.2 overs ) Zimbabwe 35 & ( 40 -- 1 ) Harare 25 April 2004 78 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 38 & ( 40 -- 1 ) Colombo 8 December 2001 135 ( 48.4 overs ) Zimbabwe 67 & ( 68 -- 1 ) Harare 22 November 2008 5 140 ( 36.1 overs ) England 67 & ( 73 -- 0 ) Manchester 28 May 2014 <Td_colspan="5"> Note : teams are shown in batting order . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Individual records ( edit ) Individual records ( Batting ) ( edit ) Highest individual score ( edit ) See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs Rank Runs Player Opponent Venue Date 189 Sanath Jayasuriya India Sharjah 29 October 2000 174 * Upul Tharanga † India Jamaica 2 July 2013 169 Kumar Sangakkara South Africa Colombo 20 July 2013 161 * Tillakaratne Dilshan Bangladesh Melbourne 26 February 2015 5 160 * Tillakaratne Dilshan India Hobart 28 February 2012 6 160 Tillakaratne Dilshan India Rajkot 15 December 2009 7 157 Sanath Jayasuriya Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 8 152 Sanath Jayasuriya England Leeds 1 July 2006 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Highest score against each opponent ( edit ) Opposition Player Score Venue Date Afghanistan Mahela Jayawardene 100 University Oval , Dunedin 000000002015 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2015 Australia Sanath Jayasuriya 122 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 000000002003 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2003 Bangladesh Tillakaratne Dilshan 161 * Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 000000002015 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2015 Bermuda Mahela Jayawardene 85 Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 000000002007 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2007 Canada Mahela Jayawardene 100 Mahinda Rajapaksa International Cricket Stadium , Hambantota 000000002011 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 2011 England Sanath Jayasuriya 152 Headingley Cricket Ground , Leeds 000000002006 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2006 India Sanath Jayasuriya 189 Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah 000000002000 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2000 Ireland Kusal Perera 135 The Village , Malahide 000000002016 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2016 Kenya Aravinda de Silva 145 Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy 000000001996 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1996 Netherlands Sanath Jayasuriya 157 VRA Cricket Ground , Amstelveen 000000002006 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2006 New Zealand Sanath Jayasuriya 140 Mangaung Oval , Bloemfontein 000000001994 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1994 Pakistan Tillakaratne Dilshan 137 * Gadaffi Stadium , Lahore 000000002009 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 2009 South Africa Kumar Sangakkara 169 R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 000000002013 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2013 Scotland Kumar Sangakkara 124 Bellerive Oval , Hobart 000000002015 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2015 United Arab Emirates Avishka Gunawardene 73 Gymkhana Club Ground , Nairobi 000000002000 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2000 West Indies Avishka Gunawardene 132 Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium , Dambulla 000000002004 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 July 2004 Zimbabwe Tillakaratne Dilshan 144 Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Kandy 000000002011 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2011 <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most career runs ( edit ) Rank Runs Average Strike rate Player Matches Innings Period 13,975 41.96 78.88 Kumar Sangakkara 397 373 2000 -- 2015 . 13,364 32.51 91.25 Sanath Jayasuriya 441 429 1989 -- 2011 . 12,381 33.01 78.67 Mahela Jayawardene 443 413 1998 -- 2015 . 10,290 39.27 86.23 Tillakaratne Dilshan 330 303 1999 -- 2016 . 5 9,284 34.90 81.13 Aravinda de Silva 308 296 1984 -- 2003 . <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Highest career averages ( edit ) Rank Average Player Matches Innings Period 41.96 Kumar Sangakkara 397 373 2000 -- 2015 . 41.86 Angelo Mathews † 196 166 2008 - Pre . 39.27 Tillakaratne Dilshan 330 303 1999 -- 2016 . 37.57 Marvan Atapattu 268 259 1990 -- 2007 5 35.84 Arjuna Ranatunga 269 255 1982 - 1999 <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Highest strike rates ( edit ) Rank Strike Rate Player Period 111.14 Thisara Perera † 2009 - Pre . 98.46 Milinda Siriwardana † 2015 -- Pre . 91.71 Niroshan Dickwella † 2014 -- Pre . 91.25 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 5 89.74 Kusal Perera † 2013 -- Pre . <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most career centuries ( edit ) Rank Centuries Player Period 28 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 25 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 . 22 Tillakaratne Dilshan 1999 -- 2016 . 18 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 . 5 15 Upul Tharanga † 2005 - Pre . 6 11 Aravinda de Silva 1984 -- 2003 7 11 Marvan Atapattu 1990 -- 2007 <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most career half - centuries ( edit ) Rank Half - Centuries Player Period 93 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 . 77 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 . 68 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 64 Aravinda de Silva 1984 -- 2003 . 5 59 Marvan Atapattu 1990 -- 2007 . 6 49 Arjuna Ranatunga 1982 -- 1999 . 7 47 Tillakaratne Dilshan 1999 -- 2016 . <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most boundaries in career ( edit ) `` + '' refers to a batsman scored more than given numbers , but definite statistic lack due to stat evaluation poor in early cricket . Boundaries Player Sixes Fours Period 1770 Sanath Jayasuriya 270 1500 1989 -- 2011 1473 Kumar Sangakkara 88 1385 2000 -- 2015 1195 Mahela Jayawardene 76 1119 1998 -- 2015 1166 Tillakaratne Dilshan 55 1111 1999 -- 2016 814 + Aravinda de Silva 102 + 712 + 1984 -- 2003 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most Ducks ( edit ) Rank Ducks Player Period 34 ♠ Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 28 Mahela Jayawardena 1998 -- 2015 25 Chaminda Vaas 1994 -- 2008 24 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 5 24 Romesh Kaluwitharana 1990 -- 2004 <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Individual records ( bowling ) ( edit ) Most Career Wickets ( edit ) Rank Wickets Player Matches Average Period 523 ♠ Muttiah Muralitharan 343 23.07 1993 -- 2011 399 Chaminda Vaas 321 27.45 1994 -- 2008 320 Sanath Jayasuriya 441 36.67 1989 -- 2011 301 Lasith Malinga † 204 28.92 2004 - Pre . 5 199 Nuwan Kulasekara † 184 33.92 2003 - Pre . 6 187 Dilhara Fernando † 147 30.20 2001 - Pre . 7 152 Ajantha Mendis † 87 21.86 2008 - Pre . 8 151 Upul Chandana 147 31.90 1994 -- 2007 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Best Bowling Figures ( edit ) Rank Bowling Player Opposition Ground Date 8 / 19 ♠ Chaminda Vaas Zimbabwe Colombo 8 December 2001 7 / 30 Muttiah Muralitharan India Sharjah 27 October 2000 6 / 13 Ajantha Mendis India Karachi 6 July 2008 6 / 14 Farveez Maharoof West Indies Mumbai 14 October 2006 5 6 / 20 Angelo Mathews India Colombo 12 September 2009 6 6 / 25 Chaminda Vaas Bangladesh Pietermaritzburg 14 February 2003 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Best bowling figure against each opponent ( edit ) Opposition Player Figures Venue Date Afghanistan Ajantha Mendis 3 / 11 Shere Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2014 Australia Nuwan Kulasekara 5 / 22 The Gabba , Brisbane 000000002013 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2013 Bangladesh Chaminda Vaas 6 / 25 City Oval , Pietermaritzburg 000000002003 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2003 Bermuda Farveez Maharoof 4 / 23 Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain 000000002007 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2007 Canada Prabath Nissanka 4 / 12 Boland Park , Paarl 000000002003 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2003 England Dilhara Fernando 6 / 27 R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 000000002007 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 2007 India Muttiah Muralitharan 7 / 30 Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah 000000002000 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 2000 Ireland Dasun Shanaka 5 / 43 The Village , Malahide 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2016 Kenya Lasith Malinga 6 / 38 R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 000000002011 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2011 Netherlands Kaushal Lokuarachchi 4 / 44 VRA Cricket Ground , Amstelveen 000000002006 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2006 New Zealand Muttiah Muralitharan 5 / 9 Sharjah Cricket Stadium , Sharjah 000000002002 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2002 Pakistan Thisara Perera 6 / 44 Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Kandy 000000002012 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2012 South Africa Nuwan Zoysa 5 / 26 R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 000000002004 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2004 Scotland Lasith Malinga 5 / 30 Grange Cricket Club , Edinburgh 000000002011 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2011 United Arab Emirates Ajantha Mendis 5 / 22 Gadaffi Stadium , Lahore 000000002008 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2008 West Indies Farveez Maharoof 6 / 14 Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai 000000002006 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2006 Zimbabwe Chaminda Vaas 8 / 19 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo 000000002001 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2001 <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Best career averages ( edit ) Rank Average Player Matches Maidens Period 21.86 Ajantha Mendis † 87 34 2008 - Pre . 23.07 Muttiah Muralitharan 343 195 1993 -- 2011 27.45 Chaminda Vaas 321 278 1994 -- 2008 28.06 Farveez Maharoof † 109 50 2004 -- Pre 5 28.82 Lasith Malinga † 204 93 2004 -- Pre . <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Best economy rates ( edit ) Rank Economy Rate Player Period 3.92 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 4.18 Chaminda Vaas 1994 -- 2008 4.18 Don Anurasiri 1986 -- 1994 4.27 Kumar Dharmasena 1994 -- 2004 5 4.29 Champaka Ramanayake 1986 -- 1995 <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Best Strike Rates ( edit ) Rank Strike Rate Player Period 27.3 Ajantha Mendis † 2008 - Pre . 32.5 Thisara Perera † 2009 - Pre . 32.6 Lasith Malinga † 2004 - Pre . 34.3 Farveez Maharoof † 2009 - Pre . 5 35.1 Suranga Lakmal † 2009 - Pre . <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most Five - wicket Hauls ( edit ) Rank 5 - wicket hauls Player Period 10 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 7 Lasith Malinga † 2004 - Pre . Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 Chaminda Vaas 1994 -- 2008 5 Thisara Perera † 2009 - Pre . <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Fielding Records ( edit ) Most Catches ( edit ) Rank catches Player Period 212 Mahela Jayawardena 1997 -- 2015 128 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 123 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 118 Tillakaratne Dilshan 1999 -- 2016 5 109 Roshan Mahanama 1986 -- 1999 <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Wicket - keeping Records ( edit ) Most dismissals ( catches plus stumpings ) in ODI career ( edit ) Rank Dismissals Catches Stumps Player Period 473 ♠ 377 96 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 207 132 75 Romesh Kaluwitharana 1990 -- 2004 45 39 6 Hashan Tillakaratne 1986 -- 2003 38 31 7 Dinesh Chandimal 2010 -- Pre 5 34 26 8 Brendon Kuruppu 1983 -- 1990 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Other Individual records ( edit ) Most player - of - the - match awards ( edit ) Rank Awards Player Matches Period 48 Sanath Jayasuriya 445 1989 -- 2011 . 31 Kumar Sangakkara 404 2000 -- 2015 30 Aravinda de Silva 308 1984 -- 2003 . 25 Tillakaratne Dilshan 330 1999 -- 2016 . 5 24 Arjuna Ranatunga 269 1982 -- 1999 . <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most matches played ( edit ) Rank Matches Player Period 443 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 441 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 397 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 343 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 5 330 Tillakaratne Dilshan 1999 -- 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . Most wins as a captain ( edit ) Rank Won Matches Player Win % 89 193 Arjuna Ranatunga 48.37 68 126 Mahela Jayawardena 58.05 66 118 Sanath Jayasuriya 58.26 47 99 Angelo Mathews 50.53 5 35 63 Marvan Atapattu 56.45 6 27 45 Kumar Sangakkara 65.85 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . ♣ denote current captain . Partnership records ( edit ) Highest wicket partnerships ( edit ) Partnership Runs Players Opponent Venue Date 1st wicket 286 ♠ Upul Tharanga † & Sanath Jayasuriya England Leeds 2006 2nd wicket 212 * Lahiru Thirimanne † & Kumar Sangakkara England Wellington 2015 3rd wicket 226 Marvan Atapattu & Mahela Jayawardena India Sharjah 2000 4th wicket 171 * Roshan Mahanama & Arjuna Ranatunga West Indies Lahore 1997 5th wicket 166 Sanath Jayasuriya & Russell Arnold India Sharjah 2000 6th wicket 159 Chamara Silva † & Chamara Kapugedera † West Indies Port of Spain 2008 7th wicket 126 * Mahela Jayawardena & Upul Chandana India Dambulla 2005 8th wicket 91 Kumar Dharmasena & Dulip Liyanage West Indies Port of Spain 1997 9th wicket 132 ♠ Angelo Mathews † & Lasith Malinga † Australia Melbourne 10th wicket 51 Russell Arnold & Sajeewa de Silva Zimbabwe Bulawayo 1999 <Td_colspan="6"> Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 27 January 2018 . References ( edit ) Cricket portal Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most sixes in career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most fours in career '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Cricket in Sri Lanka National association Sri Lanka Cricket National teams Men Women U19 Blind Deaf First - class clubs Badureliya Bloomfield Burgher Chilaw Marians Colombo Colts Galle Lankan Moors Moratuwa Nondescripts Panadura Ragama Saracens Sebastianites Seeduwa Raddoluwa Singha Sinhalese Sri Lanka Air Force Sri Lanka Army Sri Lanka Navy Sri Lanka Police Sri Lanka Ports Authority Tamil Union Tournaments First - class Premier Trophy 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Inter-Provincial First Class Tournament Super Four Provincial Tournament 2017 -- 18 Limited overs Premier Limited Overs Tournament 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Districts One Day Tournament Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament Super Provincial 2018 Twenty20 Sri Lanka Premier League Inter-Provincial Twenty20 Twenty20 Tournament SLC Twenty20 Tournament 2017 -- 18 International venues Colombo Oval Sinhalese Premadasa Galle Dambulla MRIC , Hambantota Pallekele First - class venues Bloomfield Colombo CCG Colts Ground Asgiriya , Kandy Welagedara , Kurunagela Uyanwatte , Matara Moors SC Ground De Soysa , Moratuwa Nondescripts Ground Surrey Village Lists Teams Cricketers Records & Statistics Test records ODI records T20I records Other articles History Inter-Provincial Cricket 2009 Lahore attack <Th_colspan="2"> Cricket records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Test records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ODI records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> T20I records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous records <Td_colspan="2"> International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's cricket <Td_colspan="2"> Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sri_Lanka_One_Day_International_cricket_records&oldid=830536456 '' Categories : One Day International cricket records Sri Lankan cricket lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 13 : 01 . 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at what age can you go to the olympics

Age requirements in gymnastics - wikipedia Age requirements in gymnastics The age requirements in gymnastics are established by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) and regulate the age at which athletes are allowed to participate in senior - level competitions . In the latter half of the 20th century , a series of controversies arose with regard to gymnast ages , some of them leading to sanctions by FIG , and paving the way for the age requirements to be raised from 14 to 15 in 1981 , and then to 16 in 1997 . Contents 1 History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics 2 Reasons for age restrictions 3 Current regulations 3.1 Terminology 3.2 Legal exceptions 3.3 Verification procedures 3.4 Response from coaches and federations 4 Age falsification 4.1 Reasons for age falsification 4.2 Major verified cases of age falsification 4.3 2008 Beijing Olympics age controversy 5 References History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics ( edit ) See also : Gymnastics all - around champions by age Prior to 1981 , the minimum required age to compete in senior events sanctioned by the FIG ( including the Olympic Games ) was 14 . The earliest champions in women 's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s ; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport . Hungarian gymnast Ágnes Keleti won individual gold medals at the age of 35 at the 1956 Olympics . Larisa Latynina , the first great Soviet gymnast , won her first Olympic all - around medal at the age of 21 , her second at 25 and her third at 29 ; she became the 1958 World Champion while pregnant with her daughter . Czech gymnast Věra Čáslavská , who followed Latynina to become a two - time Olympic all - around champion , was 22 before she started winning gold medals at the highest level of the sport , and won her final Olympic all - around title at the age of 26 . In the 1970s , the average age of Olympic gymnastics competitors began to gradually decrease . While it was not unheard of for teenagers to compete in the 1960s -- Ludmilla Tourischeva was sixteen at her first Olympics in 1968 -- they slowly became the norm , as difficulty in gymnastics increased . By the late 1970s , Federations occasionally requested permission to allow slightly underage athletes to compete as seniors . One such example is that of Canadian gymnast Karen Kelsall , who legally competed in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 13 . At the time , gymnasts had to turn 14 by the start of the Games to be eligible . Kelsall , with her December 1962 birthday , was five months shy of the requirement but was turning 14 within the Olympic year , and was granted a special exemption by the FIG to compete . Such exemptions were not automatic , however : American gymnast Tracee Talavera , who was named to the United States team for the 1979 World Championships , was deemed ineligible to compete due to her age of 121⁄2 years . In response to the changing demands of the sport , at the 58th Congress of the FIG , held in July 1980 just before the Moscow Olympics , the minimum age was raised from 14 to 15 . Under this rule , which went into effect in 1981 , gymnasts were required to turn at least 15 years of age in the calendar year to compete in senior - level events . This age requirement remained in place until 1997 , when it was raised one more year , from 15 to 16 . Reasons for age restrictions ( edit ) Age restrictions were supposedly designed not so much to level the playing field in terms of skill and physical advantages , as to protect child athletes from injury . However , critics dispute the science behind the policy and argue that the answer is to prohibit junior gymnasts from competing in senior competitions . On the one hand , proponents such as Jeanne Dopbrak , a sports medicine physician at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , contend that `` ( a child athlete 's ) immature skeleton just is n't ready to handle the day - to - day stresses that will occur . '' and that the stresses imposed on only partly developed muscular / skeletal system by gymnastics are almost certain to cause damage that would persist into adulthood . Proponents also point to a 16 - year American study of gymnastics injuries which concluded that gymnastics is the most dangerous sport for girls , with injury rates comparable to those found in boys who play soccer , basketball and hockey . An athlete whose bones are still growing is more likely than an adult to suffer skeletal injury , because the bones are more porous and the joints not yet fully formed . Lesions , which are precursors to stress fractures , occur in 11 percent of young female gymnasts , compared to 2.3 percent of girls and women in general . The International Gymnastics Federation says that intense physical activity , such as that engaged in by gymnasts training at the elite level , affects the functioning of growth hormones , possibly causing delayed bone growth and the onset of puberty -- although the body is able to recover and catch up later if given rest periods . In addition , proponents contend that practicing elite sports is mentally and emotionally demanding . Young gymnasts at these levels are often pressured to perform by coaches and parents , and ex-gymnasts have spoken out about behavioural and psychological problems common to the sport . Current regulations ( edit ) Currently , per the 1997 regulation , gymnasts must be at least 16 years of age , or turning 16 within the calendar year , to compete in senior - level events . For the current Olympic cycle , in order to compete in the 2016 Olympics , a gymnast must have a birth date before January 1 , 2001 . There is no maximum age restriction , and some gymnasts compete well into their 20s . The oldest female gymnast currently competing in senior international events is Uzbekistan 's Oksana Chusovitina , ( b . 1975 ) who was 41 years , 1 month old at the 2016 Summer Olympics . She was 17 years , 1 month old at her first Olympics , the 1992 Summer Olympics . Terminology ( edit ) The term senior , in gymnastics , refers to any world - class gymnast who is age - eligible under F.I.G. rules . The term junior is used to describe any gymnast who competes at a world - class level , but does not meet the F.I.G. 's age minimum . Juniors are judged under the same Code of Points as the seniors , and often exhibit the same level of difficulty in their routines . Legal exceptions ( edit ) The one exception to the F.I.G. 's age restrictions until recently applied to the year before the Olympics , when gymnasts who were one year below the required age , but would be the required age in the Olympic year , were allowed to compete as seniors at the World Championships and other FIG meets . For instance , gymnasts born in 1977 were allowed to compete at senior events in 1991 , when they were 14 or turning 14 within the calendar year . Within the last Olympic cycle , gymnasts born in 1992 were permitted to compete as seniors in 2007 . This was permitted to allow nations to qualify to the Olympics with their best teams , and to give emerging gymnasts some experience in major competition before the Olympics . However , the FIG eliminated this exception as of the 2012 Olympic cycle . In addition , the age requirement technically only applies to meets which are sanctioned and regulated directly by the FIG : the Olympics , the World Championships and the World Cup circuit . Many other meets , such as the European Championships , have separate divisions for juniors . Additionally , some competitions , such as the Pan Am Games , the Pacific Rim Championships and the All - Africa Games , have different rules which permit seniors and juniors to compete together . There are also numerous international competitions specifically limited to junior gymnasts , such as the Japan Junior International , Moscow World Stars , the Junior Pan American Championships , and the Youth Olympic Games . Verification procedures ( edit ) According to official statements from the FIG , `` the accepted proof of a gymnast 's eligibility for competition is a valid passport issued by the country of residence . '' This verification process has been criticized by some in the gymnastics community , with the argument that countries can manufacture and submit falsified documents for underage athletes . In several cases , gymnasts involved in age falsification have verified that they did in fact compete under forged passports provided to them by their federations . Since 2009 , gymnasts competing in FIG - sanctioned events at both the senior and junior level have been required to have licenses issued by the Federation . These licenses reportedly verify the competitors ' ages based on their passports . However , the licensing does not include any independent verification of submitted passport information . Response from coaches and Federations ( edit ) The age limit is arguably one of the most contentious rules in gymnastics , and is frequently debated by coaches , gymnasts and members of the media . While some members of the sport , such as former USA Gymnastics president Bob Colarossi , have expressed support for the age limit of 16 , others , such as coach Béla Károlyi , have heavily criticized it . Supporters of the age restrictions have pointed out that it has encouraged older gymnasts to remain in the sport . The average age of an international gymnast was 18.10 years in 2005 . In contrast , in 1994 , before the new age requirements , it was 16.49 , and in 1989 , gymnasts who had reached the age of 17 were already often considered to be of retirement age . Opponents of the rule have countered that by barring younger gymnasts from top level meets , they are denying them valuable competitive experience . They have also argued that junior gymnasts perform and are scored under the same Code of Points as the seniors , perform the same skills , and are thus not avoiding the physical impact of training and performing high - level skills . It is also argued that the current Code of Points , with its increased requirements for difficult skills , is more suited to younger and lighter athletes , and puts older athletes at greater risk of injury . Age falsification ( edit ) Age falsification is the practice of advancing gymnasts ' ages to make them age - eligible for senior - level competition . Reports of age falsification among top - level international gymnasts first began to surface in the 1980s , after the age limit was raised from 14 to 15 . This has frequently taken the form of inconsistently reported birthdates ; at other times , speculation has been raised due to the young appearance of the gymnasts . Age falsification has been revealed and confirmed in several ways . In some cases , gymnasts themselves have come forward and publicly confirmed and verified the falsification . In other cases , documents revealing inconsistencies , such as original birth certificates , have been researched and uncovered by the press . Inconsistencies with reported birth dates and ages at international and national competitions have also led to the discovery of age falsification . Gymnasts who have had their ages falsified , and have spoken about their experiences , have indicated that they were not given a choice in the matter . In a 2002 interview , Romanian gymnast Daniela Silivaş , whose age was advanced two years in the 1980s , noted : `` One of the officials of the Federation told me ' Look at the passport , from today you 're not 13 years old anymore but 15 . ' Nobody asked me if I agreed to this , I was just a child . They needed gold medals and everybody who was involved in gymnastics knew about these practices . '' While age falsification has been denied among many gymnastics officials , in recent years some have publicly admitted that the practice has occurred . In reference to the falsifications of the early 1990s and 1980s , the head of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation , Nicolae Vieru , was quoted in 2002 : `` Changing the ages was a worldwide practice ... we copied this from others . '' The FIG has publicly stated that they view age falsification as an unacceptable practice . However , there have only been three cases , those of Kim Gwang Suk in 1993 and Dong Fangxiao and Hong Su Jong in 2010 , where the FIG has elected to take any action against a gymnastics federation for age falsification . Reasons for age falsification ( edit ) According to many scientific and medical studies , as well as reports from ex-gymnasts , younger gymnasts may have psychological or physical advantages in elite gymnastics competition . Psychologically , younger gymnasts may be more fearless , and have less visceral appreciation for the potential for injury . They are therefore more likely to perform more dangerous , and more highly scored , routines with confidence and steadiness . `` Psychologically , I think they worry less , '' former Olympic medallist Nellie Kim told The New York Times . Daniela Silivaş , in her interview , commented , `` You should know that I competed better at the age of 13 than at 17 . I felt much better , physical ( sic ) and mentally . '' Physically , younger gymnasts , particularly those who have not yet gone through puberty , tend to be lighter , smaller , more pliable and flexible , which aids them in performing more complex skills and gives them a better strength - to - weight ratio . When a gymnast hits puberty , growth spurts and weight gain may affect her centre of gravity , causing mental and physical stress as she must adjust , and in some cases relearn , her moves to compensate . Smaller athletes have generally excelled in the more challenging acrobatic elements required by the evolving Code of Points after the 1960s . In addition , older gymnasts may be more prone to certain types of injuries caused by overuse of bones and muscles ; younger gymnasts are less likely to have such problems , or more likely to be able to work through pain while injured . Major verified cases of age falsification ( edit ) Kim Gwang Suk ( North Korea ) : Kim , the 1991 World Champion on the uneven bars , was active on the international circuit between 1987 and 1993 . During this time , several observers claimed she was too young for senior competition . The North Korean Gymnastics Federation submitted inconsistent dates of birth for Kim at various competitions , claiming that she was 15 for three consecutive years . As punishment , the F.I.G. barred the North Korean women 's team from the World Championships in 1993 . She competed in the 1989 World Championships at the estimated age of 11 or 12 . However , she may have been younger than that . At the 1992 Olympics , she claimed she was 17 . However , her front teeth were missing , leading Béla Károlyi to speculate that she may have been as young as 10 at the time . Lavinia Agache ( Romania ) : Agache competed at the 1981 World Championships at the age of 13 , under a passport which gave her year of birth as 1967 . She was in fact born in 1968 . The falsification was suspected as early as 1981 ; Agache confirmed her 1968 birthdate to International Gymnast magazine in 2000 . Olga Bicherova ( Soviet Union ) : Bicherova , the 1981 World Champion in the all - around event , was introduced at an early 1981 meet as a 12 - year - old , but was claimed to have been born in 1966 at the 1981 World Championships later in the same year . Gina Gogean ( Romania ) : Gogean competed in the 1992 Olympics with a passport with a 1977 birth year . However , in 2002 her original birth certificate was uncovered by the media , revealing she had been born in 1978 . Alexandra Marinescu ( Romania ) : Marinescu , a World and team Olympic medalist in the mid-1990s , had her birth year advanced from 1982 to 1981 in order to be eligible for the 1995 World Championships and 1996 Olympic Games . Olga Mostepanova ( Soviet Union ) : Mostepanova , who competed at the 1983 and 1985 World Championships and was the all - around gold medalist at the 1984 Friendship Games , has been reported as having 1968 and 1969 birth dates , but has stated that she was actually born in 1970 . Daniela Silivaş ( Romania ) : Silivaş , a multiple World and Olympic gold medalist , competed as a junior until 1985 , when her birth year was changed from 1972 to 1970 . She went on to compete at the 1985 World Championships at the age of 13 . Silivaş revealed the falsification to the media in 2002 . Dong Fangxiao ( People 's Republic of China ) : Dong was a member of the bronze - medal winning Chinese team at the 2000 Summer Olympics . Her birthdate was listed as January 20 , 1983 , in the FIG database . However , it was discovered that her accreditation as a technical official at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where she worked as a vault secretary , listed her birthdate as January 23 , 1986 . Additionally , her blog stated she was born during the Year of the Ox , which would place her birthdate between February 1985 and February 1986 . An FIG investigation determined in 2010 that Dong was 14 during the 2000 Olympics and the Chinese team should be stripped of its bronze medal . Dong 's 1999 World Championships and World Cup results were vacated . In April 2010 , the International Olympic Committee upheld the F.I.G. 's recommendation and nullified both the Chinese team 's bronze medal and Dong 's individual Olympic placement . Hong Su Jong ( North Korea ) , the 2007 World Championships silver medalist on vault , was investigated for age discrepancies in 2010 . Hong competed at the 2004 Olympics with a March 9 , 1985 , birth date , but participated in subsequent Asian Games and World Championships meets with a 1986 year of birth . Her 2010 F.I.G. license and 2010 Worlds registration indicated that she was born in 1989 . The F.I.G. responded in October 2010 by provisionally banning North Korea from competition for one month , which effectively barred them from the 2010 World Championships . In November 2010 , the F.I.G. extended the ban until October 5 , 2012 , fined the North Korean Federation $20,800 , and banned Hong from competing even in national competition within North Korea . 2008 beijing Olympics age controversy ( edit ) See also : 2008 Summer Olympics allegation of underage gymnasts During the 2008 Summer Olympics the age of four Chinese gymnasts -- He Kexin , Jiang Yuyuan , Deng Linlin , and Yang Yilin -- was brought into question , with many foreign media outlets speculating that they were underage during the Olympics . Multiple age investigations were conducted at the urging of media , as well as United States Olympic Committee executive Jim Scherr and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge , and the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG ) found that the gymnasts had met the age requirements and were eligible to compete . The Chinese sports administration also acknowledged that mistakes in its paperwork have contributed to the misunderstanding . References ( edit ) Gymnastics portal ^ Jump up to : `` Within the International Federations '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 155 ) : 520 . September 1980 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Legends : Larissa Latynina '' International Gymnast , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Vera Čáslavská : The heroine of Mexico '' . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gymnastics Canada biography of Karen Kelsall Archived 2008 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ List of competitive results and bio at Gymn - Forum ^ Jump up to : `` Rift Over Underage Gymnasts '' Neil Amdur , The New York Times , December 7 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Female gymnasts : older -- and healthier ? '' The Physician and Sports Medicine , Vol. 23 No. 3 , March 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian gymnasts faked age to compete '' BBC News / Europe , May 2 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Stefano , Dan ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` China gymnast underage , AP alleges '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Park , Alice ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Making Gymnastics Safer for Kids '' . Time . Archived from the original on 17 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hutton , Lindsay . `` Is Gymnastics Right for Your Child ? '' . Family Education Network . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Klenerman , L. ( 1994 - 06 - 11 ) . `` ABC of Sports Medicine : Musculoskeletal Injuries in Child Athletes '' . BMJ. 308 : 1556 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6943. 1556 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Joan ( 1995 ) . Little Girls in Pretty Boxes . Garden City : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 47790 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Physical and Emotional Problems of Elite Female Gymnasts '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 336 : 140 -- 142 . 1997 - 01 - 09 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199701093360216 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Turner , Amanda ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Ageless Chusovitina Turns '' . International Gymnast . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Age limits for gymnasts may be set after 2008 '' Xinhua News Service , December 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Gymnast Age Limitations '' . NIS FIG Office . 2008 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 2008 - 08 - 02 ) . `` More questions about Chinese gymnasts ' ages '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Issues of Age Seem to Follow Chinese Gymnasts '' Jere Longman , Juliet Macur . The New York Times , July 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Tweddle the loser as age doubts mar He 's triumph '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : The Secrets of a Gymnast . Norescu , Andrei , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Daniela Silivas discusses her age '' . ProSport. 2002 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) . `` More age monitoring for women 's gymnastics '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gymnasts are Old - lympians / Golden Girls going for gold in Sydney '' Paula Parrish , Colorado Springs Gazette , September 14 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Gymnasts too young ? FIG says the rumor is false '' International Sports Press Association , February 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Gymnastic Girls , Not Women '' The New York Times , August 1 , 1989 Jump up ^ Daniela Silivas , Alexandra Marinescu , Yang Yun , Lavinia Agache , Olga Mostepanova Jump up ^ Gina Gogean Jump up ^ Kim Gwang Suk , Lavinia Agache , Olga Bicherova ^ Jump up to : `` IOC strips 2000 Games bronze medal from China '' Associated Press via USA Today April 28 , 2010 . Archived 2010 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré and Juliet Macur ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Records Say Chinese Gymnasts May Be Under Age '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Row over ages of winning gymnasts '' . BBC / CBBC Newsround. 2008 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Medalist and His Team May Be Barred From Olympic Games : Last Chance for a North Korean Athlete '' Christopher Clarey , International Herald Times , Friday , April 19 , 1996 Jump up ^ NBC coverage of the 1992 Olympics team compulsories Jump up ^ `` Whatever happened to Lavinia Agache ? Archived November 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Gymnastics Greats Jump up ^ `` Former Romanian Star Pities Raducan '' International Gymnast , December 23 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Olga Bicherova : The Youngest Champion '' Vitali Melik - Karamov , Soviet Life , September 1982 Jump up ^ `` Whatever happened to Olga Bicherova ? Archived 2010 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Gymnastics Greats Jump up ^ `` Romanian gymnasts ' lied about age ' '' Associated Press , April 18 , 2002 Jump up ^ List of competitive results at Gymn - Forum Jump up ^ `` Olga Mostepanova : I simply love children '' Yevgeniy Aksyonov , Beth Squires ( trans . ) ; Sovetskiy Sport May 7 , 1998 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ FIG : China should be stripped of Sydney bronze Associated Press , February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIG Rejects Appeal ; No Worlds for North Korea '' Amanda Turner , International Gymnast , October 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` North Korea banned 2 years for age falsification '' Associated Press , November 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 2008 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Teeny - Tiny Matter of Age for China 's Gymnasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( 2008 - 08 - 22 ) . `` IOC calls for investigation into gymnast 's age '' . smh.com.au . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kent , Jo Ling ( 2008 - 08 - 22 ) . `` International Olympic Committee Investigates Underage Gymnasts Claims '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Officials say Chinese Olympic gymnasts not underage '' . International Herald Tribune . 2008 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling Backs Chinese Gymnasts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ( 2008 - 08 - 24 ) . `` China Cites Paperwork Error in Age of Gymnast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_requirements_in_gymnastics&oldid=862437583 '' Categories : Minimum ages Gymnastics Sports controversies Age and society Age controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 10 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Age requirements in gymnastics 2. Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) 3. Controversies and sanctions 4. History of age requirements 5. Age falsification in gymnastics

who used the german word statistik for the first time

History of statistics - wikipedia History of statistics The history of statistics in the modern sense dates from the mid-17th century , with the term statistics itself coined in 1749 in German , although there have been changes to the interpretation of the word over time . The development of statistics is intimately connected on the one hand with the development of sovereign states , particularly European states following the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) ; and the other hand with the development of probability theory , which put statistics on a firm theoretical basis ; see History of probability . In early times , the meaning was restricted to information about states , particularly demographics such as population . This was later extended to include all collections of information of all types , and later still it was extended to include the analysis and interpretation of such data . In modern terms , `` statistics '' means both sets of collected information , as in national accounts and temperature records , and analytical work which requires statistical inference . Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using probabilities , hence the connection with probability theory . The large requirements of data processing have made statistics a key application of computing ; see history of computing hardware . A number of statistical concepts have an important impact on a wide range of sciences . These include the design of experiments and approaches to statistical inference such as Bayesian inference , each of which can be considered to have their own sequence in the development of the ideas underlying modern statistics . Contents 1 Introduction 2 Etymology 3 Origins in probability theory 3.1 Development of modern statistics 4 Design of experiments 5 Bayesian statistics 6 Important contributors to statistics 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Introduction ( edit ) By the 18th century , the term `` statistics '' designated the systematic collection of demographic and economic data by states . For at least two millennia , these data were mainly tabulations of human and material resources that might be taxed or put to military use . In the early 19th century , collection intensified , and the meaning of `` statistics '' broadened to include the discipline concerned with the collection , summary , and analysis of data . Today , data is collected and statistics are computed and widely distributed in government , business , most of the sciences and sports , and even for many pastimes . Electronic computers have expedited more elaborate statistical computation even as they have facilitated the collection and aggregation of data . A single data analyst may have available a set of data - files with millions of records , each with dozens or hundreds of separate measurements . These were collected over time from computer activity ( for example , a stock exchange ) or from computerized sensors , point - of - sale registers , and so on . Computers then produce simple , accurate summaries , and allow more tedious analyses , such as those that require inverting a large matrix or perform hundreds of steps of iteration , that would never be attempted by hand . Faster computing has allowed statisticians to develop `` computer - intensive '' methods which may look at all permutations , or use randomization to look at 10,000 permutations of a problem , to estimate answers that are not easy to quantify by theory alone ... The term `` mathematical statistics '' designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical inference , which are used in statistical practice . The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late , however . In the 19th century , statistics increasingly used probability theory , whose initial results were found in the 17th and 18th centuries , particularly in the analysis of games of chance ( gambling ) . By 1800 , astronomy used probability models and statistical theories , particularly the method of least squares . Early probability theory and statistics was systematized in the 19th century and statistical reasoning and probability models were used by social scientists to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology , and by physical scientists in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics . The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method , which are concerns that move statisticians away from the narrower area of mathematical statistics . Much of the theoretical work was readily available by the time computers were available to exploit them . By the 1970s , Johnson and Kotz produced a four - volume Compendium on Statistical Distributions ( First Edition 1969 - 1972 ) , which is still an invaluable resource . Applied statistics can be regarded as not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science , like computer science and operations research . Unlike mathematics , statistics had its origins in public administration . Applications arose early in demography and economics ; large areas of micro - and macro-economics today are `` statistics '' with an emphasis on time - series analyses . With its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions , statistics also has been shaped by areas of academic research including psychological testing , medicine and epidemiology . The ideas of statistical testing have considerable overlap with decision science . With its concerns with searching and effectively presenting data , statistics has overlap with information science and computer science . Etymology ( edit ) Look up statistics in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The term statistics is ultimately derived from the New Latin statisticum collegium ( `` council of state '' ) and the Italian word statista ( `` statesman '' or `` politician '' ) . The German Statistik , first introduced by Gottfried Achenwall ( 1749 ) , originally designated the analysis of data about the state , signifying the `` science of state '' ( then called political arithmetic in English ) . It acquired the meaning of the collection and classification of data generally in the early 19th century . It was introduced into English in 1791 by Sir John Sinclair when he published the first of 21 volumes titled Statistical Account of Scotland . Thus , the original principal purpose of Statistik was data to be used by governmental and ( often centralized ) administrative bodies . The collection of data about states and localities continues , largely through national and international statistical services . In particular , censuses provide frequently updated information about the population . The first book to have ' statistics ' in its title was `` Contributions to Vital Statistics '' ( 1845 ) by Francis GP Neison , actuary to the Medical Invalid and General Life Office . Origins in probability theory ( edit ) Main article : History of probability See also : Timeline of probability and statistics Basic forms of statistics have been used since the beginning of civilization . Early empires often collated censuses of the population or recorded the trade in various commodities . The Roman Empire was one of the first states to extensively gather data on the size of the empire 's population , geographical area and wealth . The use of statistical methods dates back to least to the 5th century BCE . The historian Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War describes how the Athenians calculated the height of the wall of Platea by counting the number of bricks in an unplastered section of the wall sufficiently near them to be able to count them . The count was repeated several times by a number of soldiers . The most frequent value ( in modern terminology - the mode ) so determined was taken to be the most likely value of the number of bricks . Multiplying this value by the height of the bricks used in the wall allowed the Athenians to determine the height of the ladders necessary to scale the walls . In the Indian epic - the Mahabharata ( Book 3 : The Story of Nala ) - King Rtuparna estimated the number of fruit and leaves ( 2095 fruit and 50,000,000 - five crores - leaves ) on two great branches of a Vibhitaka tree by counting them on a single twig . This number was then multiplied by the number of twigs on the branches . This estimate was later checked and found to be very close to the actual number . With knowledge of this method Nala was subsequently able to regain his kingdom . The earliest writing on statistics was found in a 9th - century book entitled : `` Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages '' , written by Al - Kindi ( 801 -- 873 CE ) . In his book , Al - Kindi gave a detailed description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages . This text arguably gave rise to the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis . The Trial of the Pyx is a test of the purity of the coinage of the Royal Mint which has been held on a regular basis since the 12th century . The Trial itself is based on statistical sampling methods . After minting a series of coins - originally from ten pounds of silver - a single coin was placed in the Pyx - a box in Westminster Abbey . After a given period - now once a year - the coins are removed and weighed . A sample of coins removed from the box are then tested for purity . The Nuova Cronica , a 14th - century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani , includes much statistical information on population , ordinances , commerce and trade , education , and religious facilities and has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history , though neither the term nor the concept of statistics as a specific field yet existed . But this was proven to be incorrect after the rediscovery of Al - Kindi 's book on frequency analysis . The arithmetic mean , although a concept known to the Greeks , was not generalised to more than two values until the 16th century . The invention of the decimal system by Simon Stevin in 1585 seems likely to have facilitated these calculations . This method was first adopted in astronomy by Tycho Brahe who was attempting to reduce the errors in his estimates of the locations of various celestial bodies . The idea of the median originated in Edward Wright 's book on navigation ( Certaine Errors in Navigation ) in 1599 in a section concerning the determination of location with a compass . Wright felt that this value was the most likely to be the correct value in a series of observations . Sir William Petty , a 17th - century economist who used early statistical methods to analyse demographic data . The birth of statistics is often dated to 1662 , when John Graunt , along with William Petty , developed early human statistical and census methods that provided a framework for modern demography . He produced the first life table , giving probabilities of survival to each age . His book Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality used analysis of the mortality rolls to make the first statistically based estimation of the population of London . He knew that there were around 13,000 funerals per year in London and that three people died per eleven families per year . He estimated from the parish records that the average family size was 8 and calculated that the population of London was about 384,000 ; this is the first known use of a ratio estimator . Laplace in 1802 estimated the population of France with a similar method ; see Ratio estimator § History for details . Although the original scope of statistics was limited to data useful for governance , the approach was extended to many fields of a scientific or commercial nature during the 19th century . The mathematical foundations for the subject heavily drew on the new probability theory , pioneered in the 16th century by Gerolamo Cardano , Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal . Christiaan Huygens ( 1657 ) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject . Jakob Bernoulli 's Ars Conjectandi ( posthumous , 1713 ) and Abraham de Moivre 's The Doctrine of Chances ( 1718 ) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics . In his book Bernoulli introduced the idea of representing complete certainty as one and probability as a number between zero and one . A key early application of statistics in the 18th century was to the human sex ratio at birth . John Arbuthnot studied this question in 1710 . Arbuthnot examined birth records in London for each of the 82 years from 1629 to 1710 . In every year , the number of males born in London exceeded the number of females . Considering more male or more female births as equally likely , the probability of the observed outcome is 0.5 ^ 82 , or about 1 in 4 , 8360 , 0000 , 0000 , 0000 , 0000 , 0000 ; in modern terms , the p - value . This is vanishingly small , leading Arbuthnot that this was not due to chance , but to divine providence : `` From whence it follows , that it is Art , not Chance , that governs . '' This is and other work by Arbuthnot is credited as `` ... the first use of significance tests ... '' the first example of reasoning about statistical significance and moral certainty , and `` ... perhaps the first published report of a nonparametric test ... '' , specifically the sign test ; see details at Sign test § History . The formal study of theory of errors may be traced back to Roger Cotes ' Opera Miscellanea ( posthumous , 1722 ) , but a memoir prepared by Thomas Simpson in 1755 ( printed 1756 ) first applied the theory to the discussion of errors of observation . The reprint ( 1757 ) of this memoir lays down the axioms that positive and negative errors are equally probable , and that there are certain assignable limits within which all errors may be supposed to fall ; continuous errors are discussed and a probability curve is given . Simpson discussed several possible distributions of error . He first considered the uniform distribution and then the discrete symmetric triangular distribution followed by the continuous symmetric triangle distribution . Tobias Mayer , in his study of the libration of the moon ( Kosmographische Nachrichten , Nuremberg , 1750 ) , invented the first formal method for estimating the unknown quantities by generalized the averaging of observations under identical circumstances to the averaging of groups of similar equations . Ruder Boškovic in 1755 based in his work on the shape of the earth proposed in his book De Litteraria expeditione per pontificiam ditionem ad dimetiendos duos meridiani gradus a PP . Maire et Boscovicli that the true value of a series of observations would be that which minimises the sum of absolute errors . In modern terminology this value is the median . The first example of what later became known as the normal curve was studied by Abraham de Moivre who plotted this curve on November 12 , 1733 . de Moivre was studying the number of heads that occurred when a ' fair ' coin was tossed . In 1761 Thomas Bayes proved Bayes ' theorem and in 1765 Joseph Priestley invented the first timeline charts . Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1765 book Anlage zur Architectonic proposed the semicircle as a distribution of errors : f ( x ) = 1 2 ( 1 − x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) with - 1 < x < 1 . Probability density plots for the Laplace distribution . Pierre - Simon Laplace ( 1774 ) made the first attempt to deduce a rule for the combination of observations from the principles of the theory of probabilities . He represented the law of probability of errors by a curve and deduced a formula for the mean of three observations . Laplace in 1774 noted that the frequency of an error could be expressed as an exponential function of its magnitude once its sign was disregarded . This distribution is now known as the Laplace distribution . Lagrange proposed a parabolic distribution of errors in 1776 . Laplace in 1778 published his second law of errors wherein he noted that the frequency of an error was proportional to the exponential of the square of its magnitude . This was subsequently rediscovered by Gauss ( possibly in 1795 ) and is now best known as the normal distribution which is of central importance in statistics . This distribution was first referred to as the normal distribution by Pierce in 1873 who was studying measurement errors when an object was dropped onto a wooden base . He chose the term normal because of its frequent occurrence in naturally occurring variables . Lagrange also suggested in 1781 two other distributions for errors - a raised cosine distribution and a logarithmic distribution . Laplace gave ( 1781 ) a formula for the law of facility of error ( a term due to Joseph Louis Lagrange , 1774 ) , but one which led to unmanageable equations . Daniel Bernoulli ( 1778 ) introduced the principle of the maximum product of the probabilities of a system of concurrent errors . In 1786 William Playfair ( 1759 - 1823 ) introduced the idea of graphical representation into statistics . He invented the line chart , bar chart and histogram and incorporated them into his works on economics , the Commercial and Political Atlas . This was followed in 1795 by his invention of the pie chart and circle chart which he used to display the evolution of England 's imports and exports . These latter charts came to general attention when he published examples in his Statistical Breviary in 1801 . Laplace , in an investigation of the motions of Saturn and Jupiter in 1787 , generalized Mayer 's method by using different linear combinations of a single group of equations . In 1791 Sir John Sinclair introduced the term ' statistics ' into English in his Statistical Accounts of Scotland . In 1802 Laplace estimated the population of France to be 28,328,612 . He calculated this figure using the number of births in the previous year and census data for three communities . The census data of these communities showed that they had 2,037,615 persons and that the number of births were 71,866 . Assuming that these samples were representative of France , Laplace produced his estimate for the entire population . Carl Friedrich Gauss , mathematician who developed the method of least squares in 1809 . The method of least squares , which was used to minimize errors in data measurement , was published independently by Adrien - Marie Legendre ( 1805 ) , Robert Adrain ( 1808 ) , and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1809 ) . Gauss had used the method in his famous 1801 prediction of the location of the dwarf planet Ceres . The observations that Gauss based his calculations on were made by the Italian monk Piazzi . The term probable error ( der wahrscheinliche Fehler ) - the median deviation from the mean - was introduced in 1815 by the German astronomer Frederik Wilhelm Bessel . Antoine Augustin Cournot in 1843 was the first to use the term median ( valeur médiane ) for the value that divides a probability distribution into two equal halves . Other contributors to the theory of errors were Ellis ( 1844 ) , De Morgan ( 1864 ) , Glaisher ( 1872 ) , and Giovanni Schiaparelli ( 1875 ) . Peters 's ( 1856 ) formula for r ( \ displaystyle r ) , the `` probable error '' of a single observation was widely used and inspired early robust statistics ( resistant to outliers : see Peirce 's criterion ) . In the 19th century authors on statistical theory included Laplace , S. Lacroix ( 1816 ) , Littrow ( 1833 ) , Dedekind ( 1860 ) , Helmert ( 1872 ) , Laurent ( 1873 ) , Liagre , Didion , De Morgan and Boole . Gustav Theodor Fechner used the median ( Centralwerth ) in sociological and psychological phenomena . It had earlier been used only in astronomy and related fields . Francis Galton used the English term median for the first time in 1881 having earlier used the terms middle-most value in 1869 and the medium in 1880 . Adolphe Quetelet ( 1796 -- 1874 ) , another important founder of statistics , introduced the notion of the `` average man '' ( l'homme moyen ) as a means of understanding complex social phenomena such as crime rates , marriage rates , and suicide rates . The first tests of the normal distribution were invented by the German statistician Wilhelm Lexis in the 1870s . The only data sets available to him that he was able to show were normally distributed were birth rates . Development of modern statistics ( edit ) Although the origins of statistical theory lie in the 18th - century advances in probability , the modern field of statistics only emerged in the late - 19th and early - 20th century in three stages . The first wave , at the turn of the century , was led by the work of Francis Galton and Karl Pearson , who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis , not just in science , but in industry and politics as well . The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by William Gosset , and reached its culmination in the insights of Ronald Fisher . This involved the development of better design of experiments models , hypothesis testing and techniques for use with small data samples . The final wave , which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments , emerged from the collaborative work between Egon Pearson and Jerzy Neyman in the 1930s . Today , statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making , for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology . The original logo of the Royal Statistical Society , founded in 1834 . The first statistical bodies were established in the early 19th century . The Royal Statistical Society was founded in 1834 and Florence Nightingale , its first female member , pioneered the application of statistical analysis to health problems for the furtherance of epidemiological understanding and public health practice . However , the methods then used would not be considered as modern statistics today . The Oxford scholar Francis Ysidro Edgeworth 's book , Metretike : or The Method of Measuring Probability and Utility ( 1887 ) dealt with probability as the basis of inductive reasoning , and his later works focused on the ' philosophy of chance ' . His first paper on statistics ( 1883 ) explored the law of error ( normal distribution ) , and his Methods of Statistics ( 1885 ) introduced an early version of the t distribution , the Edgeworth expansion , the Edgeworth series , the method of variate transformation and the asymptotic theory of maximum likelihood estimates . The Norwegian Anders Nicolai Kiær introduced the concept of stratified sampling in 1895 . Arthur Lyon Bowley introduced new methods of data sampling in 1906 when working on social statistics . Although statistical surveys of social conditions had started with Charles Booth 's `` Life and Labour of the People in London '' ( 1889 - 1903 ) and Seebohm Rowntree 's `` Poverty , A Study of Town Life '' ( 1901 ) , Bowley 's , key innovation consisted of the use of random sampling techniques . His efforts culminated in his New Survey of London Life and Labour . Francis Galton is credited as one of the principal founders of statistical theory . His contributions to the field included introducing the concepts of standard deviation , correlation , regression and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics - height , weight , eyelash length among others . He found that many of these could be fitted to a normal curve distribution . Galton submitted a paper to Nature in 1907 on the usefulness of the median . He examined the accuracy of 787 guesses of the weight of an ox at a country fair . The actual weight was 1208 pounds : the median guess was 1198 . The guesses were markedly non-normally distributed . Karl Pearson , the founder of mathematical statistics . Galton 's publication of Natural Inheritance in 1889 sparked the interest of a brilliant mathematician , Karl Pearson , then working at University College London , and he went on to found the discipline of mathematical statistics . He emphasised the statistical foundation of scientific laws and promoted its study and his laboratory attracted students from around the world attracted by his new methods of analysis , including Udny Yule . His work grew to encompass the fields of biology , epidemiology , anthropometry , medicine and social history . In 1901 , with Walter Weldon , founder of biometry , and Galton , he founded the journal Biometrika as the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry . His work , and that of Galton 's , underpins many of the ' classical ' statistical methods which are in common use today , including the Correlation coefficient , defined as a product - moment ; the method of moments for the fitting of distributions to samples ; Pearson 's system of continuous curves that forms the basis of the now conventional continuous probability distributions ; Chi distance a precursor and special case of the Mahalanobis distance and P - value , defined as the probability measure of the complement of the ball with the hypothesized value as center point and chi distance as radius . He also introduced the term ' standard deviation ' . He also founded the statistical hypothesis testing theory , Pearson 's chi - squared test and principal component analysis . In 1911 he founded the world 's first university statistics department at University College London . Ronald Fisher , `` A genius who almost single - handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science '' , The second wave of mathematical statistics was pioneered by Ronald Fisher who wrote two textbooks , Statistical Methods for Research Workers , published in 1925 and The Design of Experiments in 1935 , that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world . He also systematized previous results , putting them on a firm mathematical footing . In his 1918 seminal paper The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance , the first use to use the statistical term , variance . In 1919 , at Rothamsted Experimental Station he started a major study of the extensive collections of data recorded over many years . This resulted in a series of reports under the general title Studies in Crop Variation . In 1930 he published The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection where he applied statistics to evolution . Over the next seven years , he pioneered the principles of the design of experiments ( see below ) and elaborated his studies of analysis of variance . He furthered his studies of the statistics of small samples . Perhaps even more important , he began his systematic approach of the analysis of real data as the springboard for the development of new statistical methods . He developed computational algorithms for analyzing data from his balanced experimental designs . In 1925 , this work resulted in the publication of his first book , Statistical Methods for Research Workers . This book went through many editions and translations in later years , and it became the standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines . In 1935 , this book was followed by The Design of Experiments , which was also widely used . In addition to analysis of variance , Fisher named and promoted the method of maximum likelihood estimation . Fisher also originated the concepts of sufficiency , ancillary statistics , Fisher 's linear discriminator and Fisher information . His article On a distribution yielding the error functions of several well known statistics ( 1924 ) presented Pearson 's chi - squared test and William Gosset 's t in the same framework as the Gaussian distribution , and his own parameter in the analysis of variance Fisher 's z - distribution ( more commonly used decades later in the form of the F distribution ) . The 5 % level of significance appears to have been introduced by Fisher in 1925 . Fisher stated that deviations exceeding twice the standard deviation are regarded as significant . Before this deviations exceeding three times the probable error were considered significant . For a symmetrical distribution the probable error is half the interquartile range . For a normal distribution the probable error is approximately 2 / 3 the standard deviation . It appears that Fisher 's 5 % criterion was rooted in previous practice . Other important contributions at this time included Charles Spearman 's rank correlation coefficient that was a useful extension of the Pearson correlation coefficient . William Sealy Gosset , the English statistician better known under his pseudonym of Student , introduced Student 's t - distribution , a continuous probability distribution useful in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown . Egon Pearson ( Karl 's son ) and Jerzy Neyman introduced the concepts of `` Type II '' error , power of a test and confidence intervals . Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive ( quota ) sampling . Design of experiments ( edit ) This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James Lind carried out the first ever clinical trial in 1747 , in an effort to find a treatment for scurvy . In 1747 , while serving as surgeon on HM Bark Salisbury , James Lind carried out a controlled experiment to develop a cure for scurvy . In this study his subjects ' cases `` were as similar as I could have them '' , that is he provided strict entry requirements to reduce extraneous variation . The men were paired , which provided blocking . From a modern perspective , the main thing that is missing is randomized allocation of subjects to treatments . Lind is today often described as a one - factor - at - a-time experimenter . Similar one - factor - at - a-time ( OFAT ) experimentation was performed at the Rothamsted Research Station in the 1840s by Sir John Lawes to determine the optimal inorganic fertilizer for use on wheat . A theory of statistical inference was developed by Charles S. Peirce in `` Illustrations of the Logic of Science '' ( 1877 -- 1878 ) and `` A Theory of Probable Inference '' ( 1883 ) , two publications that emphasized the importance of randomization - based inference in statistics . In another study , Peirce randomly assigned volunteers to a blinded , repeated - measures design to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights . Peirce 's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education , which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s . Peirce also contributed the first English - language publication on an optimal design for regression - models in 1876 . A pioneering optimal design for polynomial regression was suggested by Gergonne in 1815 . In 1918 Kirstine Smith published optimal designs for polynomials of degree six ( and less ) . The use of a sequence of experiments , where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments , including the possible decision to stop experimenting , was pioneered by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses . Surveys are available of optimal sequential designs , and of adaptive designs . One specific type of sequential design is the `` two - armed bandit '' , generalized to the multi-armed bandit , on which early work was done by Herbert Robbins in 1952 . The term `` design of experiments '' ( DOE ) derives from early statistical work performed by Sir Ronald Fisher . He was described by Anders Hald as `` a genius who almost single - handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science . '' Fisher initiated the principles of design of experiments and elaborated on his studies of `` analysis of variance '' . Perhaps even more important , Fisher began his systematic approach to the analysis of real data as the springboard for the development of new statistical methods . He began to pay particular attention to the labour involved in the necessary computations performed by hand , and developed methods that were as practical as they were founded in rigour . In 1925 , this work culminated in the publication of his first book , Statistical Methods for Research Workers . This went into many editions and translations in later years , and became a standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines . A methodology for designing experiments was proposed by Ronald A. Fisher , in his innovative book The Design of Experiments ( 1935 ) which also became a standard . As an example , he described how to test the hypothesis that a certain lady could distinguish by flavour alone whether the milk or the tea was first placed in the cup . While this sounds like a frivolous application , it allowed him to illustrate the most important ideas of experimental design : see Lady tasting tea . Agricultural science advances served to meet the combination of larger city populations and fewer farms . But for crop scientists to take due account of widely differing geographical growing climates and needs , it was important to differentiate local growing conditions . To extrapolate experiments on local crops to a national scale , they had to extend crop sample testing economically to overall populations . As statistical methods advanced ( primarily the efficacy of designed experiments instead of one - factor - at - a-time experimentation ) , representative factorial design of experiments began to enable the meaningful extension , by inference , of experimental sampling results to the population as a whole . But it was hard to decide how representative was the crop sample chosen . Factorial design methodology showed how to estimate and correct for any random variation within the sample and also in the data collection procedures . Bayesian statistics ( edit ) Pierre - Simon , marquis de Laplace , one of the main early developers of Bayesian statistics . The term Bayesian refers to Thomas Bayes ( 1702 -- 1761 ) , who proved a special case of what is now called Bayes ' theorem . However it was Pierre - Simon Laplace ( 1749 -- 1827 ) who introduced a general version of the theorem and applied it to celestial mechanics , medical statistics , reliability , and jurisprudence . When insufficient knowledge was available to specify an informed prior , Laplace used uniform priors , according to his `` principle of insufficient reason '' . Laplace assumed uniform priors for mathematical simplicity rather than for philosophical reasons . Laplace also introduced primitive versions of conjugate priors and the theorem of von Mises and Bernstein , according to which the posteriors corresponding to initially differing priors ultimately agree , as the number of observations increases . This early Bayesian inference , which used uniform priors following Laplace 's principle of insufficient reason , was called `` inverse probability '' ( because it infers backwards from observations to parameters , or from effects to causes ) . After the 1920s , inverse probability was largely supplanted by a collection of methods that were developed by Ronald A. Fisher , Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson . Their methods came to be called frequentist statistics . Fisher rejected the Bayesian view , writing that `` the theory of inverse probability is founded upon an error , and must be wholly rejected '' . At the end of his life , however , Fisher expressed greater respect for the essay of Bayes , which Fisher believed to have anticipated his own , fiducial approach to probability ; Fisher still maintained that Laplace 's views on probability were `` fallacious rubbish '' . Neyman started out as a `` quasi-Bayesian '' , but subsequently developed confidence intervals ( a key method in frequentist statistics ) because `` the whole theory would look nicer if it were built from the start without reference to Bayesianism and priors '' . The word Bayesian appeared around 1950 , and by the 1960s it became the term preferred by those dissatisfied with the limitations of frequentist statistics . In the 20th century , the ideas of Laplace were further developed in two different directions , giving rise to objective and subjective currents in Bayesian practice . In the objectivist stream , the statistical analysis depends on only the model assumed and the data analysed . No subjective decisions need to be involved . In contrast , `` subjectivist '' statisticians deny the possibility of fully objective analysis for the general case . In the further development of Laplace 's ideas , subjective ideas predate objectivist positions . The idea that ' probability ' should be interpreted as ' subjective degree of belief in a proposition ' was proposed , for example , by John Maynard Keynes in the early 1920s . This idea was taken further by Bruno de Finetti in Italy ( Fondamenti Logici del Ragionamento Probabilistico , 1930 ) and Frank Ramsey in Cambridge ( The Foundations of Mathematics , 1931 ) . The approach was devised to solve problems with the frequentist definition of probability but also with the earlier , objectivist approach of Laplace . The subjective Bayesian methods were further developed and popularized in the 1950s by L.J. Savage . Objective Bayesian inference was further developed by Harold Jeffreys at the University of Cambridge . His seminal book `` Theory of probability '' first appeared in 1939 and played an important role in the revival of the Bayesian view of probability . In 1957 , Edwin Jaynes promoted the concept of maximum entropy for constructing priors , which is an important principle in the formulation of objective methods , mainly for discrete problems . In 1965 , Dennis Lindley 's 2 - volume work `` Introduction to Probability and Statistics from a Bayesian Viewpoint '' brought Bayesian methods to a wide audience . In 1979 , José - Miguel Bernardo introduced reference analysis , which offers a general applicable framework for objective analysis . Other well - known proponents of Bayesian probability theory include I.J. Good , B.O. Koopman , Howard Raiffa , Robert Schlaifer and Alan Turing . In the 1980s , there was a dramatic growth in research and applications of Bayesian methods , mostly attributed to the discovery of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods , which removed many of the computational problems , and an increasing interest in nonstandard , complex applications . Despite growth of Bayesian research , most undergraduate teaching is still based on frequentist statistics . Nonetheless , Bayesian methods are widely accepted and used , such as for example in the field of machine learning . Important contributors to statistics ( edit ) See also : List of statisticians and Founders of statistics Thomas Bayes George E.P. Box Pafnuty Chebyshev David R. Cox Gertrude Cox Harald Cramér Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Bradley Efron Bruno de Finetti Ronald A. Fisher Francis Galton Carl Friedrich Gauss William Sealey Gosset ( `` Student '' ) Andrey Kolmogorov Pierre - Simon Laplace Erich L. Lehmann Aleksandr Lyapunov Anil Kumar Gain Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Abraham De Moivre Jerzy Neyman Florence Nightingale Blaise Pascal Karl Pearson Charles S. Peirce Adolphe Quetelet C.R. Rao Walter A. Shewhart Charles Spearman Charles Stein Thorvald N. Thiele John Tukey Abraham Wald References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ball , Philip ( 2004 ) . Critical Mass . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 53041 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thucydides ( 1985 ) . History of the Peloponnesian War . New York : Penguin Books , Ltd. p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Simon ( 2000 ) . The code book : the science of secrecy from ancient Egypt to quantum cryptography ( 1st Anchor Books ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49532 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ibrahim A. Al - Kadi `` The origins of cryptology : The Arab contributions '' , Cryptologia , 16 ( 2 ) ( April 1992 ) pp. 97 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Villani , Giovanni . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD . 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( 1876 ) . `` Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research '' . Coast Survey Report : 197 -- 201 . , actually published 1879 , NOAA PDF Eprint . Reprinted in Collected Papers 7 , paragraphs 139 -- 157 , also in Writings 4 , pp. 72 -- 78 , and in Peirce , C.S. ( July -- August 1967 ) . `` Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research '' . Operations Research . 15 ( 4 ) : 643 -- 648 . doi : 10.1287 / opre. 15.4. 643 . JSTOR 168276 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kirstine ( 1918 ) . `` On the Standard Deviations of Adjusted and Interpolated Values of an Observed Polynomial Function and its Constants and the Guidance they give Towards a Proper Choice of the Distribution of Observations '' . Biometrika. 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 2331929 . Jump up ^ Johnson , N.L. ( 1961 ) . `` Sequential analysis : a survey . '' Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series A. Vol. 124 ( 3 ) , 372 -- 411 . ( pages 375 -- 376 ) Jump up ^ Wald , A. ( 1945 ) `` Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses '' , Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 16 ( 2 ) , 117 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Chernoff , H. ( 1972 ) Sequential Analysis and Optimal Design , SIAM Monograph . ISBN 978 - 0898710069 Jump up ^ Zacks , S. ( 1996 ) `` Adaptive Designs for Parametric Models '' . In : Ghosh , S. and Rao , C.R. , ( Eds ) ( 1996 ) . `` Design and Analysis of Experiments , '' Handbook of Statistics , Volume 13 . North - Holland . ISBN 0 - 444 - 82061 - 2 . ( pages 151 -- 180 ) Jump up ^ Robbins , H. ( 1952 ) . `` Some Aspects of the Sequential Design of Experiments '' . Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society . 58 ( 5 ) : 527 -- 535 . doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9904 - 1952 - 09620 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hald , Anders ( 1998 ) A History of Mathematical Statistics . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Box , Joan Fisher ( 1978 ) R.A. Fisher : The Life of a Scientist , Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 09300 - 9 ( pp 93 -- 166 ) Jump up ^ Edwards , A.W.F. ( 2005 ) . `` R.A. Fisher , Statistical Methods for Research Workers , 1925 '' . In Grattan - Guinness , Ivor . Landmark writings in Western mathematics 1640 - 1940 . Amsterdam Boston : Elsevier . ISBN 9780444508713 . Jump up ^ Stanley , J.C. ( 1966 ) . `` The Influence of Fisher 's `` The Design of Experiments '' on Educational Research Thirty Years Later `` . American Educational Research Journal . 3 ( 3 ) : 223 . doi : 10.3102 / 00028312003003223 . Jump up ^ Box , JF ( February 1980 ) . `` R.A. Fisher and the Design of Experiments , 1922 - 1926 '' . The American Statistician. 34 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 2682986 . JSTOR 2682986 . Jump up ^ Yates , Frank ( June 1964 ) . `` Sir Ronald Fisher and the Design of Experiments '' . Biometrics. 20 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 321 . doi : 10.2307 / 2528399 . JSTOR 2528399 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Julian C. ( 1966 ) . `` The Influence of Fisher 's `` The Design of Experiments '' on Educational Research Thirty Years Later `` . American Educational Research Journal . 3 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 229 . doi : 10.3102 / 00028312003003223 . JSTOR 1161806 . ^ Jump up to : Stigler ( 1986 , Chapter 3 : Inverse Probability ) Jump up ^ Hald ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Lucien Le Cam ( 1986 ) Asymptotic Methods in Statistical Decision Theory : Pages 336 and 618 -- 621 ( von Mises and Bernstein ) . ^ Jump up to : Stephen . E. Fienberg , ( 2006 ) When did Bayesian Inference become `` Bayesian '' ? Archived 2014 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Bayesian Analysis , 1 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 40 . See page 5 . ^ Jump up to : Aldrich , A. ( 2008 ) `` R.A. Fisher on Bayes and Bayes ' Theorem '' Archived 2014 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Bayesian analysis , 3 ( 1 ) , 161 -- 170 Jump up ^ Neyman , J. ( 1977 ) . `` Frequentist probability and frequentist statistics '' . Synthese. 36 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 131 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00485695 . Jump up ^ Jeff Miller , `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics ( B ) '' `` The term Bayesian entered circulation around 1950 . R.A. Fisher used it in the notes he wrote to accompany the papers in his Contributions to Mathematical Statistics ( 1950 ) . Fisher thought Bayes 's argument was all but extinct for the only recent work to take it seriously was Harold Jeffreys 's Theory of Probability ( 1939 ) . In 1951 L.J. Savage , reviewing Wald 's Statistical Decisions Functions , referred to `` modern , or unBayesian , statistical theory '' ( `` The Theory of Statistical Decision , '' Journal of the American Statistical Association , 46 , p. 58 . ) . Soon after , however , Savage changed from being an unBayesian to being a Bayesian . '' ^ Jump up to : Bernardo J ( 2005 ) . `` Reference analysis '' . Handbook of statistics . Handbook of Statistics . 25 : 17 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 7161 ( 05 ) 25002 - 2 . ISBN 9780444515391 . Jump up ^ Gillies , D. ( 2000 ) , Philosophical Theories of Probability . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18276 - X pp 50 -- 1 Jump up ^ E.T. Jaynes . Probability Theory : The Logic of Science Cambridge University Press , ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59271 - 2 Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` History of statistics '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Bernardo , J.M. and Smith , A.F.M. ( 1994 ) . `` Bayesian Theory '' . Chichester : Wiley . Jump up ^ Wolpert , RL. ( 2004 ) `` A conversation with James O. Berger '' , Statistical Science , 9 , 205 -- 218 doi : 10.1214 / 088342304000000053 MR 2082155 Jump up ^ Bernardo , J.M. ( 2006 ) . `` A Bayesian Mathematical Statistics Primer '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics ( CDROM ) . Salvador ( Bahia ) , Brazil : International Association for Statistical Education . Jump up ^ Bishop , C.M. ( 2007 ) Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning . Springer ISBN 978 - 0387310732 Bibliography ( edit ) Freedman , D. ( 1999 ) . `` From association to causation : Some remarks on the history of statistics '' . Statistical Science . 14 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 258 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1009212409 . ( Revised version , 2002 ) Hald , Anders ( 2003 ) . A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before 1750 . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 47129 - 1 . Hald , Anders ( 1998 ) . A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930 . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 17912 - 4 . Kotz , S. , Johnson , N.L. ( 1992 , 1992 , 1997 ) . Breakthroughs in Statistics , Vols I , II , III . Springer ISBN 0 - 387 - 94037 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 94039 - 1 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 94989 - 5 Pearson , Egon ( 1978 ) . The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries against the changing background of intellectual , scientific and religious thought ( Lectures by Karl Pearson given at University College London during the academic sessions 1921 - 1933 ) . New York : MacMillan Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 744 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 850120 - 9 . Salsburg , David ( 2001 ) . The Lady Tasting Tea : How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4106 - 7 Stigler , Stephen M. ( 1986 ) . The History of Statistics : The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 . Belknap Press / Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 40341 - X . Stigler , Stephen M. ( 1999 ) Statistics on the Table : The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 83601 - 4 David , H.A. ( 1995 ) . `` First ( ? ) Occurrence of Common Terms in Mathematical Statistics '' . The American Statistician. 49 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 133 . doi : 10.2307 / 2684625 . JSTOR 2684625 . 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1. History of statistics 2. Development of probability theory 3. Design of experiments 4. Bayesian statistics 5. Important contributors to statistics

jaguar is the national animal of which country

List of National Animals - wikipedia List of National Animals This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2017 ) This is a list of national animals . National animals Country Name of animal Scientific name Pictures Ref . Algeria Fennec fox Vulpes zerda Angola Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) Tauraco erythrolophus Anguilla Zenaida dove Zenaida aurita Antigua and Barbuda Fallow deer ( national animal ) Dama dama Frigate ( national bird ) Fregata magnificens Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) Eretmochelys imbricata Argentina Rufous hornero Furnarius rufus Australia Red kangaroo ( national animal ) Macropus rufus Emu ( national bird ) Dromaius novaehollandiae Austria Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Azerbaijan Karabakh horse Equus ferus caballus Bangladesh Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris tigris Magpie robin ( national bird ) Copsychus saularis Ilish ( national fish ) Tenualosa ilisha Belarus European bison Bison bonasus Belgium Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) Panthera leo Belize Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) Tapirus bairdii Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) Ramphastos sulfuratus Bhutan Druk Mythical Takin Budorcas taxicolor Brazil Rufous - bellied thrush Turdus rufiventris Cambodia Kouprey Bos sauveli Canada North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) Castor canadensis Canadian horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus China Giant panda ( national animal ) Ailuropoda melanoleuca Chinese dragon ( national animal ) Mythical Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) Grus japonensis Democratic Republic of the Congo Okapi Okapia johnstoni Colombia Andean condor Vultur gryphus Costa Rica Yigüirro ( national bird ) Turdus grayi White - tailed deer ( national animal ) Odocoileus virginianus West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) Trichechus manatus Croatia Pine marten Martes martes Cuba Cuban trogon Priotelus temnurus Cyprus Cypriot mouflon Ovis orientalis Czech Republic Double - tailed lion Mythical Denmark Mute swan ( national bird ) Cygnus olor Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) Aglais urticae Egypt Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis Estonia Barn swallow ( national bird ) Hirundo rustica Eritrea Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius Ethiopia Lion Panthera leo Faroe Islands Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) Haematopus ostralgus Finland Brown bear ( national animal ) Ursus arctos Whooper swan ( national bird ) Cygnus cygnus Holly blue ( national butterfly ) Celastrina argiolus European perch ( national fish ) Perca fluviatilis Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) Coccinella septempunctata France Gallic rooster Gallus gallus domesticus Germany Unspecified Eagle Members of Accipitridae Greece Phoenix Mythical Dolphins Delphinus Guatemala Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Haiti Hispaniolan Trogan Priotelus roseigaster Honduras White - tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Hungary Turul Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) Iceland Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus India Bengal tiger ( National predator ) Panthera tigris tigris Indian peafowl ( National bird ) Pavo cristatus King cobra ( National reptile ) Ophiophagus hannah Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) Platanista gangetica gangetica Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) Elephas maximus indicus Indonesia Komodo dragon ( national animal ) Varanus komodoensis Garuda ( historic national animal ) Mythical Iran Persian lion Panthera leo persica Iraq Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar Goat ( KRG ) Capra aegagrus Israel Hoopoe ( national bird ) Upupa epops Jamaica Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Japan Green pheasant ( national bird ) Phasianus versicolor Carp ( national fish ) Cyprinus carpio Latvia White wagtail ( national bird ) Motacilla alba Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) Adalia bipunctata Lithuania White stork Ciconia ciconia Macedonia Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) Panthera leo Madagascar Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) Bos primigenius indicus Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) Lemur catta Malaysia Malayan tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris jacksoni Malta Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) Canis lupus familiaris ( 1 ) Moldova Aurochs ( national animal ) Bos primigenius Mauritius Dodo Raphus cucullatus Mexico Golden eagle ( national animal ) Aquila chrysaetos Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) Canis lupus familiaris Jaguar ( national mammal ) Panthera onca Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) Sphenarium purpurascens Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) Phocoena sinus Nepal Cow ( national animal ) Bos taurus indicus Danphe ( national bird ) Lophophorus impejanus Netherlands Lion ( heraldic symbol ) Panthera leo Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) Limosa limosa New Zealand Kiwi Apteryx sp . North Korea Chollima Mythical Norway Lion ( royal national animal ) Panthera leo White - throated dipper ( national bird ) Cinclus cinclus Fjord horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus Oman Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Pakistan Markhor ( National animal ) Capra falconeri Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) Platanista indicus minor minor Chukar ( National bird ) Alectoris chukar Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) Crocodylus palustris Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) Falco peregrinus peregrinator Snow leopard ( National predator ) Panthera uncia Panama Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Papua New Guinea Dugong ( national marine mammal ) Dugong dugon Peru Vicuña ( national animal ) Vicugna vicugna Philippines Carabao ( national animal ) Bubalus bubalis Philippine eagle ( national bird ) Pithecophaga jefferyi Poland White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus albicilla White stork ( national bird ) Ciconia ciconia European bison ( national animal ) Bison bonasus Qatar Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx Romania Lynx Lynx lynx Russia Eurasian brown bear Ursus arctos arctos Rwanda Leopard Panthera pardus Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent amazon Amazona guildingii Serbia Wolf Canis lupus lupus White eagle Mythical Lynx Lynx lynx Somalia Leopard ( national animal ) Panthera pardus South Africa Springbok ( national animal ) Antidorcas marsupialis Blue crane ( national bird ) Anthropoides paradiseus Galjoen ( national fish ) Dichistius capensis South Korea Siberian tiger Panthera tigris altaica Korean magpie ( national bird ) Pica ( pica ) sericea Sri Lanka Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) Gallus lafayettii Tanzania Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Thailand Elephant Elephas maximus United Arab Emirates Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) Falco peregrinus United Kingdom Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) Panthera leo Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) Canis lupus familiaris Red kite ( Wales ) Milvus milvus Unicorn ( Scotland ) Mythical Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) Mythical United States Bald eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus leucocephalus American bison ( national mammal ) Bison bison Zimbabwe Sable antelope ( national animal ) Hippotragus niger African fish eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus vocifer See also Animals portal Lists portal State animal List of national birds Animals as heraldic charges Floral emblem National personification References Jump up ^ `` The Fennec Fox : Algeria 's National Animal '' . algeria.com . 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Retrieved 15 August 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> National symbols ( list ) Topics Coat of arms Colour Dish Emblem Epic Flower Myth Patron saint Personification National poetry Poets Sport Lists Animals Birds Anthems Dances Founders Fruits Instruments Liquors Mottos Parks Trees Galleries Country coats of arms State flags Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_animals&oldid=854979276 '' Categories : Lists of national symbols Lists of animals Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles to be expanded from June 2017 Talk View source About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto Français Italiano Кырык мары Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Simple English Suomi తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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who played doc in breakfast at tiffany's

Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( film ) - wikipedia Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Breakfast at Tiffany 's <Td_colspan="2"> Original theatrical release poster Directed by Blake Edwards Produced by Martin Jurow Richard Shepherd Screenplay by George Axelrod Based on Breakfast at Tiffany 's by Truman Capote Starring Audrey Hepburn George Peppard Patricia Neal Buddy Ebsen Martin Balsam Mickey Rooney Music by Henry Mancini Cinematography Franz F. Planer Uncredited : Philip H. Lathrop Edited by Howard Smith Production company Jurow - Shepherd Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 5 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 05 ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Portuguese Budget $2.5 million Box office $14 million Breakfast at Tiffany 's is a 1961 American romantic comedy film directed by Blake Edwards and written by George Axelrod , loosely based on Truman Capote 's novella of the same name . Starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard , and featuring Patricia Neal , Buddy Ebsen , Martin Balsam , and Mickey Rooney , the film was initially released on October 5 , 1961 by Paramount Pictures . Hepburn 's portrayal of Holly Golightly as the naïve , eccentric socialite is generally considered to be the actress 's most memorable and identifiable role . Hepburn regarded it as one of her most challenging roles , since she was an introvert required to play an extrovert . Breakfast at Tiffany 's was received positively at the time , and won two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' , which was also selected as the fourth most memorable song in Hollywood history by the American Film Institute in 2004 . The film was also nominated for three other Academy Awards : Best Actress for Hepburn , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Art Direction . In 2012 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Principal photography 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Influence 4.3 Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and Yellowface controversy 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Other awards 6 Soundtrack 6.1 List of songs 7 Home media 8 Stage adaptations 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Early one morning , a taxi pulls up at Tiffany & Co. on Fifth Avenue in New York City , from which elegantly dressed Holly Golightly ( Audrey Hepburn ) emerges . After looking into the shop 's windows , she strolls home . Outside her apartment , she fends off Sid Arbuck ( Claude Stroud ) , her date from the disastrous night before . Inside the apartment building , Holly ca n't find her keys so she buzzes her landlord , Mr. Yunioshi ( Mickey Rooney ) , who begrudgingly lets her in . Later , she is awakened by new neighbor Paul Varjak ( George Peppard ) , who rings her doorbell to get into the building . The pair chat as she dresses to leave for her weekly visit to Sally Tomato ( Alan Reed ) , a mobster incarcerated at Sing Sing prison . Tomato 's lawyer , O'Shaughnessy , pays her $100 a week to deliver `` the weather report '' , evidently a coded verbal message . Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly As she is leaving for Sing Sing , Holly is introduced to Paul 's `` decorator '' , wealthy older woman Emily Eustace Failenson ( Patricia Neal ) , whom Paul nicknames `` 2E '' . That night , Holly goes out onto the fire escape to elude an over-eager date ( Mel Blanc ) . She peeks into Paul 's apartment and sees 2E leaving money and kissing Paul goodbye . After 2E leaves , Holly enters Paul 's apartment and learns that he is a writer who has not had anything published since a book of vignettes five years before . Holly , in turn , explains that she is trying to save money to support her brother Fred when he gets out of the Army . The pair fall asleep , but are awakened when Holly has a nightmare about Fred . She later buys Paul a typewriter ribbon to apologize and invites him to a lively party at her apartment . There , Paul meets her Hollywood agent , O.J. Berman ( Martin Balsam ) , who describes Holly 's transformation from country girl into Manhattan socialite . He is also introduced to José da Silva Pereira ( José Luis de Vilallonga ) , a wealthy Brazilian politician and rancher , and Rusty Trawler ( Stanley Adams ) , the `` ninth richest man in America under 50 '' . In the days that follow , Paul and Holly become closer . The next day , 2E enters Paul 's apartment , worried that she is being followed . Paul tells her that he will investigate and eventually confronts Doc Golightly ( Buddy Ebsen ) , Holly 's estranged husband . Doc , an elderly veterinarian and widower , explains on a park bench that Holly 's real name is Lula Mae Barnes . They married when she was 14 , and he wants to take her back to rural Texas , as her brother Fred will be returning in a few months after Army service . After Paul reunites Holly and Doc , she tells Paul the marriage was annulled . At the Greyhound bus station , she tells Doc she will not return to Texas with him . Doc leaves town , broken - hearted . After drinking at a club , Paul and Holly return to her apartment , where she drunkenly tells him that she plans to marry Trawler for his money . A few days later , Paul learns that one of his short stories will be published . On the way to tell Holly , he sees a newspaper headline stating that Trawler has married someone else . Holly and Paul agree to spend the day together , taking turns doing things that each has never done before , including visiting the city public library together . At Tiffany 's , Paul has the ring from Doc Golightly 's box of Cracker Jack engraved as a present for Holly . After spending the night together , he awakens to find her gone . When 2E arrives , Paul ends their relationship . She calmly accepts , having earlier concluded that he and some other woman are in love . Holly schemes to marry José for his money , which angers Paul . After Holly receives a telegram notifying her of Fred 's death , she trashes her apartment . Months later , Paul has moved out . He is invited to dinner by Holly , who is leaving the next morning for Brazil to continue her relationship with José . However , they are arrested in connection with Sally Tomato 's drug ring , and Holly spends the night in jail . The next morning , Holly is released on bail and finds Paul waiting , and they take a cab . He has her cat and a letter from José explaining he must end their relationship due to her arrest . Holly insists she will go to Brazil anyway , asks the cab to pull over , and releases the cat into the rain . Paul confronts Holly about his love and her behavior , then leaves , tossing the Cracker Jack ring they had engraved for her by Tiffany 's into her lap and telling her to examine her life . She goes through a decision making moment , puts on the ring , and runs after Paul , who has gone looking for the cat . She searches the alley and finally finds the cat . Paul and Holly look into each other 's eyes and share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly / Lula Mae Barnes George Peppard as Paul Varjak ( nicknamed `` Fred '' by Holly , for his resemblance to her brother ) Patricia Neal as Mrs. Emily Eustace `` 2E '' Failenson Buddy Ebsen as Doc Golightly Martin Balsam as O.J. Berman Mickey Rooney as I.Y. Yunioshi Alan Reed as Sally Tomato José Luis de Vilallonga as José da Silva Pereira ( credited as Vilallonga ) Stanley Adams as Rutherford `` Rusty '' Trawler John McGiver as Tiffany 's salesman Dorothy Whitney as Mag Wildwood Claude Stroud as Sid Arbuck Orangey as the cat ( credited as `` Cat '' ; Frank Inn , Trainer ) Beverly Powers as the stripper ( credited as Miss Beverly Hills ) Elvia Allman as the librarian Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Oscar - nominated screenplay was written by George Axelrod , loosely based on the novella by Truman Capote . Changes were made to fit the medium of cinema and to correspond to the filmmakers ' vision . Pre-production ( edit ) Capote , who sold the film rights of his novella to Paramount Studios , wanted Marilyn Monroe to play Holly Golightly , whom he had described perfectly in the book . Barry Paris cites Capote 's own comments on the choice of actress : `` Marilyn was always my first choice to play the girl , Holly Golightly . '' Screenwriter Axelrod was hired to `` tailor the screenplay for Monroe '' . When Lee Strasberg advised Monroe that playing a `` lady of the evening '' would be bad for her image , she turned it down and performed in The Misfits instead . When Hepburn was cast instead of Monroe , Capote remarked : `` Paramount double - crossed me in every way and cast Audrey '' . Shirley MacLaine was also offered the part of Holly , but she turned it down and performed in Two Loves instead . Originally producers Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd had picked John Frankenheimer as the director , but Hepburn said : `` I 've never heard of him '' and he was replaced on her request . Principal photography ( edit ) Hepburn in the opening scene . Most of the exteriors were filmed in New York City , except the fire escape scenes and the alley scene at the end in the rain where Holly puts Cat out of the cab and then Paul and Holly look for Cat . All of the interiors , except for portions of the scene inside Tiffany & Company , were filmed on the Paramount Studios lot in Hollywood . According to one report the film 's on - location opening sequence , in which Holly gazes into a Tiffany 's display window , was extremely difficult for director Blake Edwards to shoot . Although it was simple in concept , crowd control , Hepburn 's dislike of pastries , and an accident that nearly resulted in the electrocution of a crew member are all said to have made capturing the scene a challenge . However , another report claims that the sequence was captured rather quickly due to the good fortune of an unexpected traffic lull . Music ( edit ) `` It took me a long time to figure out what Holly Golightly was all about . One night after midnight I was still trying . I do n't drink much , but I was sipping . And it came to me . I wrote ( `` Moon River '' ) in half an hour . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Henry Mancini During the film , Hepburn sang the film 's signature song , `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer . The song was tailored to Hepburn 's limited vocal range , based on songs she had performed in 1957 's Funny Face . On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany 's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco , Martin Rankin , Paramount 's head of production , wanted `` Moon River '' replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins ( whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently ) : `` Marty ( Jurow , co-producer ) and I both said ' over our dead bodies . ' '' According to Mancini and Edwards , a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film ; Hepburn , who was present , responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying , `` Over my dead body ! '' According to Time magazine , Mancini `` sets off his melodies with a walking bass , extends them with choral and string variations , varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz . ' Moon River ' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica , repeated by strings , hummed and then sung by the chorus , finally resolved with the harmonica again . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Time magazine noted `` for the first half hour or so , Hollywood 's Holly ( Audrey Hepburn ) is not much different from Capote 's . She has kicked the weed and lost the illegitimate child she was having , but she is still jolly Holly , the child bride from Tulip , Texas , who at 15 runs away to Hollywood to find some of the finer things of life -- like shoes . '' It pointed out that `` after that out - of - Capote beginning , Director Blake Edwards ( High Time ) goes on to an out - of - character end . '' Almost a half century later , Time commented on the pivotal impact of Hepburn 's portrayal of Golightly : Breakfast at Tiffany 's set Hepburn on her 60s Hollywood course . Holly Golightly , small - town Southern girl turned Manhattan trickster , was the naughty American cousin of Eliza Doolittle , Cockney flower girl turned My Fair Lady . Holly was also the prototype for the Hepburn women in Charade , Paris When It Sizzles , and How to Steal a Million : kooks in capers . And she prepared audiences for the ground - level anxieties that Hepburn characters endured in The Children 's Hour , Two for the Road and Wait Until Dark . The New York Times called the film a `` completely unbelievable but wholly captivating flight into fancy composed of unequal dollops of comedy , romance , poignancy , funny colloquialisms and Manhattan 's swankiest East Side areas captured in the loveliest of colors '' . In reviewing the performances , the newspaper said Holly Golightly is as implausible as ever . But in the person of Miss Hepburn , she is a genuinely charming , elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen . George Peppard is casual and , for the most part , a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings . Martin Balsam makes a properly brash , snappy Hollywood agent . Mickey Rooney 's bucktoothed , myopic Japanese is broadly exotic . Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard 's sponsor and Vilallonga , is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn 's Brazilian , while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn 's husband . Truman Capote hated Hepburn in the lead part . Capote biographer Gerald Clarke , deemed the film a `` valentine '' to free - spirited women rather than a cautionary tale about a little girl lost in the big city . `` The movie is a confection -- a sugar and spice confection . '' Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 49 critics and gives the film a rating of 88 % , with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` It contains some ugly anachronisms , but Blake Edwards is at his funniest in this iconic classic , and Audrey Hepburn absolutely lights up the screen . '' Influence ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in the film 's trailer Hepburn as Holly , with her hair in a high chignon and carrying an oversized cigarette holder , is considered one of the most iconic images of 20th century American cinema . Another iconic item throughout the movie is Holly 's sunglasses . Often misidentified as Ray - Ban , they are Manhattan sunglasses designed and manufactured in London by Oliver Goldsmith . In 2011 the model was re-released to mark the 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's . One of three dresses designed by Givenchy for Hepburn for possible use in the film sold at auction by Christie 's on December 5 , 2006 for £ 467,200 ( ~ US $947,000 ) , about seven times the reserve price . The `` Little Black Dress '' by Givenchy , worn by Hepburn in the beginning of the film , is cited as one of the most iconic items of clothing in the history of the twentieth century and is , perhaps , the most famous little black dress of all time . A second `` little black dress '' in Breakfast at Tiffany 's , along with its wide - brimmed hat , was worn by Hepburn as Holly when she goes to visit mobster Sally Tomato at Sing Sing Prison . This dress was paid homage as one of the dresses worn by Anne Hathaway 's character Selina Kyle , Catwoman 's alter ego , in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises ; the comic book Catwoman character was originally drawn based on Hepburn , according to Catwoman comic cover artist Adam Hughes , creating a double homage to Hepburn 's Holly Golightly in Hathaway 's Catwoman . The film rejuvenated the career of 1930s movie song - and - dance man and Disney Davy Crockett sidekick Buddy Ebsen , who had a small but effective role in this film as Doc Golightly , Holly 's ex-husband . His success here led directly to his best - known role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies . A diamond necklace at Tiffany 's that Hepburn scorned as too flashy , was the Tiffany Yellow Diamond , which she wore in publicity photos for the film . Tiffany 's profile , while already established as a pre-eminent luxury retailer , was further boosted by the film . Portrayal of Mr. Yunioshi and yellowface controversy ( edit ) I.Y. Yuniyoshi naked in bath . Main article : I.Y. Yunioshi For his portrayal of I.Y. Yunioshi , Mickey Rooney wore makeup and a prosthetic mouthpiece to change his features to a caricatured approximation of a Japanese person . Since the 1990s , this portrayal has been subject to increasing protest by Asian Americans , among others . For instance , in the film Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story ( 1993 ) , Breakfast at Tiffany 's is used as an illustration of Hollywood 's racist depiction of Asian people when Bruce Lee and his future wife , Linda , see the film and Linda suggests they leave when she notices that Bruce is upset at Rooney 's caricatured performance . In his audio commentary for the DVD release , producer Richard Shepherd said that at the time of production as well as in retrospect , he wanted to recast the role `` not because he ( Rooney ) did n't play the part well '' but because Shepherd thought the part of Mr. Yunioshi should be performed by an actor of Japanese ethnicity ; it was director Blake Edwards ' decision to keep Rooney . In a `` making - of '' for the 45th anniversary edition DVD release , Shepherd repeatedly apologizes , saying , `` If we could just change Mickey Rooney , I 'd be thrilled with the movie . '' Director Blake Edwards stated , `` Looking back , I wish I had never done it ... and I would give anything to be able to recast it , but it 's there , and onward and upward . '' In a 2008 interview about the film , 87 - year - old Rooney said he was heartbroken about the criticism : Blake Edwards ... wanted me to do it because he was a comedy director . They hired me to do this overboard , and we had fun doing it ... Never in all the more than 40 years after we made it -- not one complaint . Every place I 've gone in the world people say , `` God , you were so funny . '' Asians and Chinese come up to me and say , `` Mickey you were out of this world . '' Rooney also said that if he had known the portrayal would be offensive , `` I would n't have done it . Those that did n't like it , I forgive them and God bless America , God bless the universe , God bless Japanese , Chinese , Indians , all of them and let 's have peace . '' The film continues to draw criticism for this racist caricature , particularly when the movie is selected as a `` classic '' screened in public spaces , supported by tax dollars . In 2011 , a SyFy and Brooklyn Bridge Park Corporation screening inspired petitions . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Award Person Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture Henry Mancini Best Original Song : `` Moon River '' Henry Mancini Johnny Mercer <Td_colspan="3"> Nominated : Best Actress in a Leading Role Audrey Hepburn Best Art Direction Hal Pereira Roland Anderson Sam Comer Ray Moyer Best Adapted Screenplay George Axelrod Other Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best picture ( musical or comedy ) Golden Globe Awards , 1961 : Best actress ( musical or comedy ) -- Audrey Hepburn Henry Mancini won the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score . George Axelrod won the Writers Guild of America , East for Best Written American Drama . Blake Edwards was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures . Orangey the cat won the 1962 PATSY Award of the American Humane Association for his portrayal of `` the poor slob without a name '' . The film was ranked # 486 on Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list for 2008 . National Film Registry , 2012 American Film Institute ranked the film # 61 in 100 Years ... 100 Passions and `` Moon River '' as # 4 in 100 Years ... 100 Songs . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture The soundtrack featured a score composed and conducted by Henry Mancini , with songs by Mancini and lyricist Johnny Mercer . Mancini and Mercer won the 1961 Oscar for Best Original Song for `` Moon River '' . Mancini won for Best Original Score . There are also unreleased score pieces from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in existence ; `` Carousel Cue '' is from an unsurfaced scene , while `` Outtake 1 '' is from a deleted scene in which Holly and Fred visit Tiffany 's and is a variation of the main theme . List of songs ( edit ) `` Moon River '' `` Something for Cat '' `` Sally 's Tomato '' `` Mr. Yunioshi '' `` The Big Blow Out '' `` Hub Caps and Tail Lights '' `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' `` Latin Golightly '' `` Holly '' `` Loose Caboose '' `` The Big Heist '' `` Moon River ( Cha Cha ) '' In 2013 Intrada released the complete score in its original film performance ( as with many soundtrack albums by Mancini and others at the time , the album released alongside the film was a re-recording ) . Main Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 07 ) Paul Meets Cat ( 1 : 24 ) Sally 's Tomato ( 4 : 57 ) The Big Blowout ( 1 : 05 ) Poor Fred ( 3 : 22 ) Moon River ( Cha Cha ) ( 2 : 32 ) Latin Golightly ( 3 : 05 ) Something For Cat ( 4 : 48 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 1 ( À La Cha Cha ) ( 3 : 22 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 2 ( 2 : 11 ) Moon River ( Vocal By Audrey Hepburn ) ( 2 : 03 ) Meet The Doc ( With Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) An Exceptional Person ( 2 : 57 ) You 're So Skinny ( 0 : 57 ) Turkey Eggs ( 2 : 43 ) Hub Caps And Tail Lights ( 2 : 19 ) Rats And Super Rats ( 2 : 27 ) The Hard Way ( 0 : 55 ) Rusty Trawler ( 0 : 26 ) Holly ( 1 : 56 ) A Lovely Place ( 1 : 33 ) Bermuda Nights ( 0 : 22 ) The Big Heist ( 4 : 02 ) After The Ball ( 1 : 14 ) Just Like Holly ( 1 : 41 ) Wait A Minute ( 0 : 44 ) Feathers ( 1 : 14 ) Let 's Eat ( 1 : 39 ) Where 's The Cat ? And End Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 50 ) Moon River ( Audrey Hepburn & Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Piano And Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Harmonica And Guitar ) ( 1 : 36 ) Meet The Doc ( Without Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) Piano Practice No. 1 ( 1 : 38 ) Piano Practice No. 2 ( 1 : 48 ) Piano Practice No. 3 ( 0 : 54 ) Moon River ( New York Version ) ( 2 : 01 ) Moon River ( Whistling ) ( 0 : 10 ) Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's was one of the first Hepburn films to be released to the home video market in the early 1980s , and is also widely available on DVD . On February 7 , 2006 , Paramount released a 45th anniversary special edition DVD set in North America with featurettes not included on the prior DVD release : Audio Commentary -- with producer Richard Shepherd Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic -- a making - of featurette with interviews by Edwards , Neal , the `` laughing / crying '' woman from the party , and Sean Ferrer , Hepburn 's son . It 's So Audrey ! A Style Icon -- a short tribute to Hepburn . Brilliance in a Blue Box -- a brief history of Tiffany & Co . Audrey 's Letter to Tiffany -- an accounting of Hepburn 's letter to Tiffany & Co. on the occasion of the company 's 150th anniversary in 1987 . Original Theatrical Trailer Photo Gallery On January 13 , 2009 , a remastered Centennial Collection version of the film was released . In addition to the special features on the 45th anniversary edition , this version includes : A Golightly Gathering -- Reuniting some of the past cast members from the party with interviews on their experiences filming that segment . Henry Mancini : More Than Music -- A featurette about Henry Mancini , `` Moon River '' and interviews with Mancini 's wife and children . Mr. Yunioshi : An Asian Perspective -- Documentary discussing the reaction and Asian perspective of the character of Mr. Yunioshi , one of the most controversial characters in film . Behind the Gates -- A tour through Paramount Studios In 2011 a newly remastered HD version of the film was released on Blu - ray with many of the features from the aforementioned DVDs . The digital restoration of the film was done by Paramount Pictures . The digital pictures were frame by frame digitally restored at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt , tears , scratches and other artifacts . The film was restored to its original look for its 50th Anniversary . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 1966 , David Merrick produced a Broadway musical of the same name starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly and Richard Chamberlain as Paul . The troubled production closed after four previews . In 2004 , a new musical adaptation of the film made its world debut at The Muny in St. Louis . In May 2009 , actress Anna Friel confirmed that she would star in a West End adaptation of the film . The show opened in September 2009 at the Haymarket Theatre . A new stage adaption made its debut in March 2013 at the Cort Theater in New York City . The role of Holly Golightly would be played by Emilia Clarke . See also ( edit ) Male prostitution in the arts Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood Whitewashing in film List of Academy Award - winning films List of American films of 1961 List of Audrey Hepburn credits List of comedy films of the 1960s List of films set in New York City List of Paramount Pictures films List of short fiction made into feature films List of fictional books from non-print media Academy Award portal Comedy portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 2006 ) . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Barry Paris ( 1996 ) . Audrey Hepburn . Berkley Books . Jump up ^ Foerster , Jonathan ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Shirley MacLaine is n't getting old , she 's just advanced '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ 25 Things You May Not Know About ' Breakfast at Tiffany 's ' at moviefone.com , 5 Oct 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Movies : Never Too Much Music '' . Time . May 25 , 1962 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 25 : 20 . Jump up ^ Erwin , Ellen ; Diamond , Jessica Z . ( October 2006 ) . The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . New York : Atria Books . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8986 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Once Over Golightly '' . Time . October 20 , 1961 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 20 , 2007 ) . `` Audrey Hepburn : Still the Fairest Lady '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( October 6 , 1961 ) . `` The Screen : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Audrey Hepburn Stars in Music Hall Comedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capote never liked Hepburn in iconic role '' . Today.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald . Enchantment : The Life of Audrey Hepburn . New York : Harmony Books , 2006 . Page 203 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23758 - 3 Jump up ^ Moss , Rob ( 28 July 2011 ) . `` Re-released Manhattan sunglasses mark 50th anniversary of Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Eye Wear Glasses . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn Breakfast At Tiffany 's , 1961 '' . Christie 's . 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auction frenzy over Hepburn dress '' . BBC NEWS. 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Famous Dresses Ever '' . Glamour.com. April 2007 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn dress '' . Hello Magazine . 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Audrey Hepburn 's little black dress tops fashion list '' . The Independent . 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 9 November 2010 ) . The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg Publishers . p. 483 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84788 - 592 - 0 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jacqui . Fan Phenomena : Audrey Hepburn . Ed . Jacqui Miller . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2014 . p. 26 - 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78320 - 206 - 5 . Jump up ^ Biography for Buddy Ebsen on IMDb Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Richard . Breakfast at Tiffany 's -- Anniversary Edition / Centennial Edition audio commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount . Event occurs at 3 : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Breakfast at Tiffany 's : The Making of a Classic ^ Jump up to : Magagnini , Stephen ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Mickey Rooney upset about claims his ' Tiffany 's ' role is racist '' . Sacramento Bee. Scripps Howard News Service . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/13/brooklyn-breakfast-at-tiffanys_n_897557.html Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Empire : Features '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ examiner.com , Digital restoration will celebrate Breakfast at Tiffany 's 50th Jump up ^ oscars.org , Academy to Celebrate 50th Anniversary of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' Jump up ^ `` Show Archives '' . The Muny . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment West End Breakfast for Anna Friel '' . BBC News . 2009 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast At Tiffany 's -- The Official Broadway Site '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's , by George Axelrod . Published by Paramount Home Entertainment ( UK ) , 1960 . ( film script ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's : A Short Novel and Three Stories , by Truman Capote . Published by Random House , 1958 . Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Complete Dialogues Breakfast at Tiffany 's : 50 years on Wasson , Sam . Fifth Avenue , 5 A.M. : Audrey Hepburn , Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and the Dawn of the Modern Woman . ISBN 978 - 0061774164 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBreakfast at Tiffany 's ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Breakfast at Tiffany 's on IMDb Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the TCM Movie Database Breakfast at Tiffany 's at AllMovie Breakfast at Tiffany 's at the American Film Institute Catalog Breakfast at Tiffany 's at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Blake Edwards <Td_colspan="2"> Bring Your Smile Along ( 1955 ) He Laughed Last ( 1956 ) Mister Cory ( 1957 ) This Happy Feeling ( 1958 ) The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) High Time ( 1960 ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) Experiment in Terror ( 1962 ) Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) What Did You Do in the War , Daddy ? ( 1966 ) Gunn ( 1967 ) The Party ( 1968 ) Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Wild Rovers ( 1971 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) 10 ( 1979 ) S.O.B. ( 1981 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) The Man Who Loved Women ( 1983 ) Micki & Maude ( 1984 ) A Fine Mess ( 1986 ) That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) Blind Date ( 1987 ) Sunset ( 1988 ) Justin Case ( 1988 ) Skin Deep ( 1989 ) Peter Gunn ( 1989 ) Switch ( 1991 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1995 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Truman Capote Novels Summer Crossing Other Voices , Other Rooms The Grass Harp Breakfast at Tiffany 's Answered Prayers : The Unfinished Novel Short stories Miriam Children on Their Birthdays A Diamond Guitar A Christmas Memory The Thanksgiving Visitor One Christmas Short story collections A Tree of Night and Other Stories Music for Chameleons Essay collections Local Color The Dogs Bark : Public People and Private Places Plays The Grass Harp Screenplays Beat the Devil Terminal Station ( dialogue ) The Innocents ( dialogue ) Laura Musicals House of Flowers Non fiction The Muses Are Heard Observations In Cold Blood Too Brief a Treat : The Letters of Truman Capote <Th_colspan="2"> Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn VIAF : 316751710 LCCN : no98044606 GND : 4548722 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)&oldid=821750078 '' Categories : 1961 films 1960s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films about social class Films about writers Films based on short fiction Films directed by Blake Edwards Paramount Pictures films English - language films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award United States National Film Registry films Films scored by Henry Mancini Films based on works by Truman Capote Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 54 . 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1. Breakfast at Tiffany's film 2. Audrey Hepburn 3. George Peppard 4. Truman Capote 5. Holly Golightly

which german philosopher proposed there are different areas of knowledge

Epistemology - wikipedia Epistemology `` Theory of Knowledge '' redirects here . For the book by Roderick Chisholm , see Theory of Knowledge ( book ) . 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Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge , justification , and the rationality of belief . Much of the debate in epistemology centers on four areas : ( 1 ) the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to such concepts as truth , belief , and justification , ( 2 ) various problems of skepticism , ( 3 ) the sources and scope of knowledge and justified belief , and ( 4 ) the criteria for knowledge and justification . Epistemology addresses such questions as : `` What makes justified beliefs justified ? '' , `` What does it mean to say that we know something ? '' , and fundamentally `` How do we know that we know ? '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The problem of skepticism 2 Defining Knowledge 2.1 Belief 2.2 Truth 2.3 Justification 2.4 Gettier problem 2.4. 1 Responses to Gettier 2.4. 1.1 Infallibilism , indefeasibility 2.4. 1.2 Reliabilism 2.4. 1.3 Other responses 2.5 Externalism and internalism 2.6 Value problem 3 Acquiring knowledge 3.1 A priori and a posteriori knowledge 3.2 Analytic -- synthetic distinction 3.3 Science as knowledge aquisition 4 Regress problem 4.1 Response to the regress problem 5 Etymology 6 Branches or schools of thought 6.1 Historical 6.2 Empiricism 6.3 Idealism 6.4 Rationalism 6.5 Constructivism 6.6 Pragmatism 6.7 Naturalized epistemology 6.8 Indian pramana 6.9 Skepticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Works cited 11 External links The problem of skepticism ( edit ) Skepticism questions whether knowledge is possible at all . Skeptics argue that the belief in something does not necessarily justify an assertion of knowledge of it . The Evil demon skepticism described by Descartes ( previously known via Plato 's cave ; and updated in sci - fi times as the brain in a vat ) supposes that our sensors have been placed under the control of some external power such as a demon or a mad scientist . Thus , everything we see is a fake , and we can never know anything about the ' real ' world of the demon or the mad scientist . Even if there is no such demon , we still depend only one information from our sensors and can still make no inference about anything beyond them in the same way . Skeptics oppose dogmatic foundationalism , which states that there have to be some basic positions that are self - justified or beyond justification , without reference to others . ( One example of such foundationalism may be found in Spinoza 's Ethics . ) The skeptical response to this can take several approaches . First , claiming that `` basic positions '' must exist amounts to the logical fallacy of argument from ignorance combined with the slippery slope . Among other arguments , skeptics used Agrippa 's trilemma , named after Agrippa the Sceptic , to claim no certain belief could be achieved . Foundationalists have used the same trilemma as a justification for demanding the validity of basic beliefs . This skeptical approach is rarely taken to its pyrrhonean extreme by most practitioners . Several modifications have arisen over the years , including the following ( 1 ) : Fictionalism would not claim to have knowledge but will adhere to conclusions on some criterion such as utility , aesthetics , or other personal criteria without claiming that any conclusion is actually `` true '' . Philosophical fideism ( as opposed to religious Fideism ) would assert the truth of some propositions , but does so without asserting certainty . Some forms of pragmatism would accept utility as a provisional guide to truth but not necessarily a universal decision - maker . There are two different categories of epistemological skepticism , which can be referred to as mitigated and unmitigated skepticism . The two forms are contrasting but are still true forms of skepticism . Mitigated skepticism does not accept `` strong '' or `` strict '' knowledge claims but does , however , approve specific weaker ones . These weaker claims can be assigned the title of `` virtual knowledge '' , but must be to justified belief . Unmitigated skepticism rejects both claims of virtual knowledge and strong knowledge . Characterising knowledge as strong , weak , virtual or genuine can be determined differently depending on a person 's viewpoint as well as their characterisation of knowledge . Defining knowledge ( edit ) Part of a series on Certainty Approximation Belief Certainty Doubt Determinism Fallibilism Fatalism Hypothesis Justification Nihilism Proof Scientific theory Skepticism Solipsism Theory Truth Uncertainty Related concepts and fundamentals : Agnosticism Epistemology Presupposition Probability In mathematics , it is known that 2 + 2 = 4 , but there is also knowing how to add two numbers , and knowing a person ( e.g. , oneself ) , place ( e.g. , one 's hometown ) , thing ( e.g. , cars ) , or activity ( e.g. , addition ) . Some philosophers think there is an important distinction between `` knowing that '' ( know a concept ) , `` knowing how '' ( understand an operation ) , and `` acquaintance - knowledge '' ( know by relation ) , with epistemology being primarily concerned with the first of these . While these distinctions are not explicit in English , they are defined explicitly in other languages ( N.B. some languages related to English have been said to retain these verbs , e.g. Scots : `` wit '' and `` ken '' ) . In French , Portuguese , Spanish , German and Dutch to know ( a person ) is translated using connaître , conhecer , conocer and kennen respectively , whereas to know ( how to do something ) is translated using savoir , saber , wissen and weten . Modern Greek has the verbs γνωρίζω ( gnorízo ) and ξέρω ( kséro ) . Italian has the verbs conoscere and sapere and the nouns for knowledge are conoscenza and sapienza . German has the verbs wissen and kennen . Wissen implies knowing a fact , kennen implies knowing in the sense of being acquainted with and having a working knowledge of ; there is also a noun derived from kennen , namely Erkennen , which has been said to imply knowledge in the form of recognition or acknowledgment . The verb itself implies a process : you have to go from one state to another , from a state of `` not - erkennen '' to a state of true erkennen . This verb seems to be the most appropriate in terms of describing the `` episteme '' in one of the modern European languages , hence the German name `` Erkenntnistheorie '' . The theoretical interpretation and significance of these linguistic issues remains controversial . In his paper On Denoting and his later book Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell stressed the distinction between `` knowledge by description '' and `` knowledge by acquaintance '' . Gilbert Ryle is also credited with stressing the distinction between knowing how and knowing that in The Concept of Mind . In Personal Knowledge , Michael Polanyi argues for the epistemological relevance of knowledge how and knowledge that ; using the example of the act of balance involved in riding a bicycle , he suggests that the theoretical knowledge of the physics involved in maintaining a state of balance can not substitute for the practical knowledge of how to ride , and that it is important to understand how both are established and grounded . This position is essentially Ryle 's , who argued that a failure to acknowledge the distinction between knowledge that and knowledge how leads to infinite regress . In recent times , epistemologists including Sosa , Greco , Kvanvig , Zagzebski and Duncan Pritchard have argued that epistemology should evaluate people 's `` properties '' ( i.e. , intellectual virtues ) and not just the properties of propositions or of propositional mental attitudes . Belief ( edit ) Main article : Belief In common speech , a `` statement of belief '' is typically an expression of faith or trust in a person , power or other entity -- while it includes such traditional views , epistemology is also concerned with what we believe . This includes ' the ' truth , and everything else we accept as ' true ' for ourselves from a cognitive point of view . Truth ( edit ) Main article : Truth See also : Criteria of truth Whether someone 's belief is true is not a prerequisite for ( its ) belief . On the other hand , if something is actually known , then it categorically can not be false . For example , if a person believes that a bridge is safe enough to support her , and attempts to cross it , but the bridge then collapses under her weight , it could be said that she believed that the bridge was safe but that her belief was mistaken . It would not be accurate to say that she knew that the bridge was safe , because plainly it was not . By contrast , if the bridge actually supported her weight , then the person might say that she had believed the bridge was safe , whereas now , after proving it to herself ( by crossing it ) , she knows it was safe . Epistemologists argue over whether belief is the proper truth - bearer . Some would rather describe knowledge as a system of justified true propositions , and others as a system of justified true sentences . Plato , in his Gorgias , argues that belief is the most commonly invoked truth - bearer . Justification ( edit ) In the Theaetetus , Socrates considers a number of theories as to what knowledge is , the last being that knowledge is true belief `` with an account '' ( meaning explained or defined in some way ) . According to the theory that knowledge is justified true belief , in order to know that a given proposition is true , one must not only believe the relevant true proposition , but one must also have a good reason for doing so . One implication of this would be that no one would gain knowledge just by believing something that happened to be true . For example , an ill person with no medical training , but with a generally optimistic attitude , might believe that he will recover from his illness quickly . Nevertheless , even if this belief turned out to be true , the patient would not have known that he would get well since his belief lacked justification . The definition of knowledge as justified true belief was widely accepted until the 1960s . At this time , a paper written by the American philosopher Edmund Gettier provoked major widespread discussion . ( See theories of justification for other views on the idea . ) Gettier problem ( edit ) Main article : Gettier problem Euler diagram representing a definition of knowledge . Edmund Gettier is best known for a short paper entitled ' Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? ' published in 1963 , which called into question the theory of knowledge that had been dominant among philosophers for thousands of years . This in turn called into question the actual value of philosophy if such an obvious and easy counterexample to a major theory could exist without anyone noticing it for thousands of years . In a few pages , Gettier argued that there are situations in which one 's belief may be justified and true , yet fail to count as knowledge . That is , Gettier contended that while justified belief in a true proposition is necessary for that proposition to be known , it is not sufficient . As in the diagram , a true proposition can be believed by an individual ( purple region ) but still not fall within the `` knowledge '' category ( yellow region ) . According to Gettier , there are certain circumstances in which one does not have knowledge , even when all of the above conditions are met . Gettier proposed two thought experiments , which have come to be known as `` Gettier cases '' , as counterexamples to the classical account of knowledge . One of the cases involves two men , Smith and Jones , who are awaiting the results of their applications for the same job . Each man has ten coins in his pocket . Smith has excellent reasons to believe that Jones will get the job and , furthermore , knows that Jones has ten coins in his pocket ( he recently counted them ) . From this Smith infers , `` the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket . '' However , Smith is unaware that he also has ten coins in his own pocket . Furthermore , Smith , not Jones , is going to get the job . While Smith has strong evidence to believe that Jones will get the job , he is wrong . Smith has a justified true belief that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket ; however , according to Gettier , Smith does not know that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket , because Smith 's belief is `` ... true by virtue of the number of coins in Jones 's pocket , while Smith does not know how many coins are in Smith 's pocket , and bases his belief ... on a count of the coins in Jones 's pocket , whom he falsely believes to be the man who will get the job . '' ( see p. 122 . ) These cases fail to be knowledge because the subject 's belief is justified , but only happens to be true by virtue of luck . In other words , he made the correct choice ( believing that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket ) for the wrong reasons . This example is similar to those often given when discussing belief and truth , wherein a person 's belief of what will happen can coincidentally be correct without his or her having the actual knowledge to base it on . Responses to Gettier ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The responses to Gettier have been varied . Usually , they have involved substantial attempts to provide a definition of knowledge different from the classical one , either by recasting knowledge as justified true belief with some additional fourth condition , or proposing a completely new set of conditions , disregarding the classical ones entirely . Infallibilism , indefeasibility ( edit ) In one response to Gettier , the American philosopher Richard Kirkham has argued that the only definition of knowledge that could ever be immune to all counterexamples is the infallibilist one . To qualify as an item of knowledge , goes the theory , a belief must not only be true and justified , the justification of the belief must necessitate its truth . In other words , the justification for the belief must be infallible . Yet another possible candidate for the fourth condition of knowledge is indefeasibility . Defeasibility theory maintains that there should be no overriding or defeating truths for the reasons that justify one 's belief . For example , suppose that person S believes he saw Tom Grabit steal a book from the library and uses this to justify the claim that Tom Grabit stole a book from the library . A possible defeater or overriding proposition for such a claim could be a true proposition like , `` Tom Grabit 's identical twin Sam is currently in the same town as Tom . '' When no defeaters of one 's justification exist , a subject would be epistemologically justified . The Indian philosopher B.K. Matilal has drawn on the Navya - Nyāya fallibilism tradition to respond to the Gettier problem . Nyaya theory distinguishes between know p and know that one knows p -- these are different events , with different causal conditions . The second level is a sort of implicit inference that usually follows immediately the episode of knowing p ( knowledge simpliciter ) . The Gettier case is examined by referring to a view of Gangesha Upadhyaya ( late 12th century ) , who takes any true belief to be knowledge ; thus a true belief acquired through a wrong route may just be regarded as knowledge simpliciter on this view . The question of justification arises only at the second level , when one considers the knowledgehood of the acquired belief . Initially , there is lack of uncertainty , so it becomes a true belief . But at the very next moment , when the hearer is about to embark upon the venture of knowing whether he knows p , doubts may arise . `` If , in some Gettier - like cases , I am wrong in my inference about the knowledgehood of the given occurrent belief ( for the evidence may be pseudo-evidence ) , then I am mistaken about the truth of my belief -- and this is in accordance with Nyaya fallibilism : not all knowledge - claims can be sustained . '' Reliabilism ( edit ) Main article : Reliabilism Reliabilism has been a significant line of response to the Gettier problem among philosophers , originating with work by Alvin Goldman in the 1960s . According to reliabilism , a belief is justified ( or otherwise supported in such a way as to count towards knowledge ) only if it is produced by processes that typically yield a sufficiently high ratio of true to false beliefs . In other words , this theory states that a true belief counts as knowledge only if it is produced by a reliable belief - forming process . Examples of reliable processes include : standard perceptual processes , remembering , good reasoning , and introspection . Reliabilism has been challenged by Gettier cases . Another argument that challenges reliabilism , like the Gettier cases ( although it was not presented in the same short article as the Gettier cases ) , is the case of Henry and the barn façades . In the thought experiment , a man , Henry , is driving along and sees a number of buildings that resemble barns . Based on his perception of one of these , he concludes that he has just seen barns . While he has seen one , and the perception he based his belief that the one he saw was of a real barn , all the other barn - like buildings he saw were façades . Theoretically , Henry does not know that he has seen a barn , despite both his belief that he has seen one being true and his belief being formed on the basis of a reliable process ( i.e. his vision ) , since he only acquired his true belief by accident . Other responses ( edit ) Robert Nozick has offered the following definition of knowledge : S knows that P if and only if : P ; S believes that P ; if P were false , S would not believe that P ; if P were true , S would believe that P . Nozick argues that the third of these conditions serves to address cases of the sort described by Gettier . Nozick further claims this condition addresses a case of the sort described by D.M. Armstrong : A father believes his daughter innocent of committing a particular crime , both because of faith in his baby girl and ( now ) because he has seen presented in the courtroom a conclusive demonstration of his daughter 's innocence . His belief via the method of the courtroom satisfies the four subjunctive conditions , but his faith - based belief does not . If his daughter were guilty , he would still believe her innocent , on the basis of faith in his daughter ; this would violate the third condition . The British philosopher Simon Blackburn has criticized this formulation by suggesting that we do not want to accept as knowledge beliefs , which , while they `` track the truth '' ( as Nozick 's account requires ) , are not held for appropriate reasons . He says that `` we do not want to award the title of knowing something to someone who is only meeting the conditions through a defect , flaw , or failure , compared with someone else who is not meeting the conditions . '' In addition to this , externalist accounts of knowledge , such as Nozick 's , are often forced to reject closure in cases where it is intuitively valid . Timothy Williamson has advanced a theory of knowledge according to which knowledge is not justified true belief plus some extra condition ( s ) , but primary . In his book Knowledge and its Limits , Williamson argues that the concept of knowledge can not be broken down into a set of other concepts through analysis -- instead , it is sui generis . Thus , though knowledge requires justification , truth , and belief , the word `` knowledge '' ca n't be , according to Williamson 's theory , accurately regarded as simply shorthand for `` justified true belief '' . Alvin Goldman writes in his Causal Theory of Knowing that in order for knowledge to truly exist there must be a causal chain between the proposition and the belief of that proposition . Externalism and internalism ( edit ) Main article : Internalism and externalism A central debate about the nature of justification is a debate between epistemological externalists on the one hand , and epistemological internalists on the other . Externalists hold that factors deemed `` external '' , meaning outside of the psychological states of those who gain knowledge , can be conditions of justification . For example , an externalist response to the Gettier problem is to say that , in order for a justified true belief to count as knowledge , there must be a link or dependency between the belief and the state of the external world . Usually this is understood to be a causal link . Such causation , to the extent that it is `` outside '' the mind , would count as an external , knowledge - yielding condition . Internalists , on the other hand , assert that all knowledge - yielding conditions are within the psychological states of those who gain knowledge . Though unfamiliar with the internalist / externalist debate himself , many point to René Descartes as an early example of the internalist path to justification . He wrote that , because the only method by which we perceive the external world is through our senses , and that , because the senses are not infallible , we should not consider our concept of knowledge to be infallible . The only way to find anything that could be described as `` indubitably true '' , he advocates , would be to see things `` clearly and distinctly '' . He argued that if there is an omnipotent , good being who made the world , then it 's reasonable to believe that people are made with the ability to know . However , this does not mean that man 's ability to know is perfect . God gave man the ability to know , but not omniscience . Descartes said that man must use his capacities for knowledge correctly and carefully through methodological doubt . The dictum `` Cogito ergo sum '' ( I think , therefore I am ) is also commonly associated with Descartes ' theory , because in his own methodological doubt , doubting everything he previously knew in order to start from a blank slate , the first thing that he could not logically bring himself to doubt was his own existence : `` I do not exist '' would be a contradiction in terms ; the act of saying that one does not exist assumes that someone must be making the statement in the first place . Though Descartes could doubt his senses , his body and the world around him , he could not deny his own existence , because he was able to doubt and must exist in order to do so . Even if some `` evil genius '' were to be deceiving him , he would have to exist in order to be deceived . This one sure point provided him with what he would call his Archimedean point , in order to further develop his foundation for knowledge . Simply put , Descartes ' epistemological justification depended upon his indubitable belief in his own existence and his clear and distinct knowledge of God . Value problem ( edit ) We generally assume that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief . If so , what is the explanation ? A formulation of the value problem in epistemology first occurs in Plato 's Meno . Socrates points out to Meno that a man who knew the way to Larissa could lead others there correctly . But so , too , could a man who had true beliefs about how to get there , even if he had not gone there or had any knowledge of Larissa . Socrates says that it seems that both knowledge and true opinion can guide action . Meno then wonders why knowledge is valued more than true belief , and why knowledge and true belief are different . Socrates responds that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief because it is tethered , or justified . Justification , or working out the reason for a true belief , locks down true belief . The problem is to identify what ( if anything ) makes knowledge more valuable than mere true belief , or that makes knowledge more valuable than a more minimal conjunction of its components , such as justification , safety , sensitivity , statistical likelihood , and anti-Gettier conditions , on a particular analysis of knowledge that conceives of knowledge as divided into components ( to which knowledge - first epistemological theories , which posit knowledge as fundamental , are notable exceptions ) . The value problem reemerged in the philosophical literature on epistemology in the twenty - first century following the rise of virtue epistemology in the 1980s , partly because of the obvious link to the concept of value in ethics . The value problem has been presented as an argument against epistemic reliabilism by philosophers including Linda Zagzebski , Wayne Riggs and Richard Swinburne . Zagzebski analogizes the value of knowledge to the value of espresso produced by an espresso maker : `` The liquid in this cup is not improved by the fact that it comes from a reliable espresso maker . If the espresso tastes good , it makes no difference if it comes from an unreliable machine . '' For Zagzebski , the value of knowledge deflates to the value of mere true belief . She assumes that reliability in itself has no value or disvalue , but Goldman and Olsson disagree . They point out that Zagzebski 's conclusion rests on the assumption of veritism : all that matters is the acquisition of true belief . To the contrary , they argue that a reliable process for acquiring a true belief adds value to the mere true belief by making it more likely that future beliefs of a similar kind will be true . By analogy , having a reliable espresso maker that produced a good cup of espresso would be more valuable than having an unreliable one that luckily produced a good cup because the reliable one would more likely produce good future cups compared to the unreliable one . The value problem is important to assessing the adequacy of theories of knowledge that conceive of knowledge as consisting of true belief and other components . According to Kvanvig , an adequate account of knowledge should resist counterexamples and allow an explanation of the value of knowledge over mere true belief . Should a theory of knowledge fail to do so , it would prove inadequate . One of the more influential responses to the problem is that knowledge is not particularly valuable and is not what ought to be the main focus of epistemology . Instead , epistemologists ought to focus on other mental states , such as understanding . Advocates of virtue epistemology have argued that the value of knowledge comes from an internal relationship between the knower and the mental state of believing . Acquiring knowledge ( edit ) A priori and a posteriori knowledge ( edit ) Main article : A priori and a posteriori The nature of this distinction has been disputed by various philosophers ; however , the terms may be roughly defined as follows : A priori knowledge is knowledge that is known independently of experience ( that is , it is non-empirical , or arrived at beforehand , usually by reason ) . It will henceforth be acquired through anything that is independent from experience . A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that is known by experience ( that is , it is empirical , or arrived at afterward ) . A priori knowledge is a way of gaining knowledge without the need of experience . In Bruce Russell 's article `` A Priori Justification and Knowledge '' he says that it is `` knowledge based on a priori justification , '' ( 1 ) which relies on intuition and the nature of these intuitions . A priori knowledge is often contrasted with posteriori knowledge , which is knowledge gained by experience . A way to look at the difference between the two is through an example . Bruce Russell gives two propositions in which the reader decides which one he believes more . Option A : All crows are birds . Option B : All crows are black . If you believe option A , then you are a priori justified in believing it because you do n't have to see a crow to know it 's a bird . If you believe in option B , then you are posteriori justified to believe it because you have seen many crows therefore knowing they are black . He goes on to say that it does n't matter if the statement is true or not , only that if you believe in one or the other that matters . The idea of a priori knowledge is that it is based on intuition or rational insights . Laurence BonJour says in his article `` The Structure of Empirical Knowledge '' , that a `` rational insight is an immediate , non-inferential grasp , apprehension or ' seeing ' that some proposition is necessarily true . '' ( 3 ) Going back to the crow example , by Laurence BonJour 's definition the reason you would believe in option A is because you have an immediate knowledge that a crow is a bird , without ever experiencing one . Evolutionary psychology takes a novel approach to the problem . It says that there is an innate predisposition for certain types of learning . `` Only small parts of the brain resemble a tabula rasa ; this is true even for human beings . The remainder is more like an exposed negative waiting to be dipped into a developer fluid '' Analytic -- synthetic distinction ( edit ) Main article : Analytic -- synthetic distinction Immanuel Kant , in his Critique of Pure Reason , drew a distinction between `` analytic '' and `` synthetic '' propositions . He contended that some propositions are such that we can know them to be true just by understanding their meaning . For example , consider , `` My father 's brother is my uncle . '' We can know it to be true solely by virtue of our understanding what its terms mean . Philosophers call such propositions `` analytic '' . Synthetic propositions , on the other hand , have distinct subjects and predicates . An example would be , `` My father 's brother has black hair . '' Kant stated that all mathematical and scientific statements are analytic a priori propositions because they are necessarily true but our knowledge about the attributes of the mathematical or physical subjects we can only get by logical inference . The American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine , in his Two Dogmas of Empiricism , famously challenged the distinction , arguing that the two have a blurry boundary . Some contemporary philosophers have offered more sustainable accounts of the distinction . Science as knowledge aquisition ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of Science Science is my be viewed as a refined , formalized , systematic , or institutionalized form of the pursuit and acquisition of empirical knowledge . As such , the philosophy of science may be viewed variously as an application or foundation of the philosophy of knowledge acquisition . Regress problem ( edit ) Main article : Regress argument The regress problem is the problem of providing a complete logical foundation for human knowledge . The traditional way of supporting a rational argument is to appeal to other rational arguments , typically using chains of reason and rules of logic . A classic example that goes back to Aristotle is deducing that Socrates is mortal . We have a logical rule that says All humans are mortal and an assertion that Socrates is human and we deduce that Socrates is mortal . In this example how do we know that Socrates is human ? Presumably we apply other rules such as : All born from human females are human . Which then leaves open the question how do we know that all born from humans are human ? This is the regress problem : how can we eventually terminate a logical argument with some statement ( s ) that do not require further justification but can still be considered rational and justified ? As John Pollock stated : ... to justify a belief one must appeal to a further justified belief . This means that one of two things can be the case . Either there are some beliefs that we can be justified for holding , without being able to justify them on the basis of any other belief , or else for each justified belief there is an infinite regress of ( potential ) justification ( the nebula theory ) . On this theory there is no rock bottom of justification . Justification just meanders in and out through our network of beliefs , stopping nowhere . The apparent impossibility of completing an infinite chain of reasoning is thought by some to support skepticism . It is also the impetus for Descartes ' famous dictum : I think , therefore I am . Descartes was looking for some logical statement that could be true without appeal to other statements . Response to the regress problem ( edit ) Many epistemologists studying justification have attempted to argue for various types of chains of reasoning that can escape the regress problem . Foundationalism Foundationalists respond to the regress problem by asserting that certain `` foundations '' or `` basic beliefs '' support other beliefs but do not themselves require justification from other beliefs . These beliefs might be justified because they are self - evident , infallible , or derive from reliable cognitive mechanisms . Perception , memory , and a priori intuition are often considered to be possible examples of basic beliefs . The chief criticism of foundationalism is that if a belief is not supported by other beliefs , accepting it may be arbitrary or unjustified . Coherentism Another response to the regress problem is coherentism , which is the rejection of the assumption that the regress proceeds according to a pattern of linear justification . To avoid the charge of circularity , coherentists hold that an individual belief is justified circularly by the way it fits together ( coheres ) with the rest of the belief system of which it is a part . This theory has the advantage of avoiding the infinite regress without claiming special , possibly arbitrary status for some particular class of beliefs . Yet , since a system can be coherent while also being wrong , coherentists face the difficulty of ensuring that the whole system corresponds to reality . Additionally , most logicians agree that any argument that is circular is trivially valid . That is , to be illuminating , arguments must be linear with conclusions that follow from stated premises . However , Warburton writes in ' Thinking from A to Z ' , `` Circular arguments are not invalid ; in other words , from a logical point of view there is nothing intrinsically wrong with them . However , they are , when viciously circular , spectacularly uninformative . ( Warburton 1996 ) . '' Foundherentism A position known as `` foundherentism '' , advanced by Susan Haack , is meant to be a unification of foundationalism and coherentism . One component of this theory is what is called the `` analogy of the crossword puzzle . '' Whereas , for example , infinitists regard the regress of reasons as `` shaped '' like a single line , Susan Haack has argued that it is more like a crossword puzzle , with multiple lines mutually supporting each other . Infinitism An alternative resolution to the regress problem is known as `` infinitism '' . Infinitists take the infinite series to be merely potential , in the sense that an individual may have indefinitely many reasons available to them , without having consciously thought through all of these reasons when the need arises . This position is motivated in part by the desire to avoid what is seen as the arbitrariness and circularity of its chief competitors , foundationalism and coherentism . Etymology ( edit ) The word epistemology is derived from the ancient Greek epistēmē meaning `` knowledge '' and the suffix - logy , meaning `` logical discourse '' ( derived from the Greek word logos meaning `` discourse '' ) . J.F. Ferrier coined epistemology on the model of ' ontology ' , to designate that branch of philosophy which aims to discover the meaning of knowledge , and called it the ' true beginning ' of philosophy . The word is equivalent to the concept Wissenschaftslehre , which was used by German philosophers Johann Fichte and Bernard Bolzano for different projects before it was taken up again by Husserl . French philosophers then gave the term épistémologie a narrower meaning as ' theory of knowledge ( théorie de la connaissance ) . ' E.g. , Émile Meyerson opened his Identity and Reality , written in 1908 , with the remark that the word ' is becoming current ' as equivalent to ' the philosophy of the sciences . ' The term `` epistemology '' was first used by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier in 1854 . However , according to Brett Warren , King James VI of Scotland had previously personified this philosophical concept as the character Epistemon in 1591 . Main article : Daemonologie In a philosophical dialogue , King James VI of Scotland penned the character Epistemon as the personification of a philosophical concept to debate on arguments of whether the ancient religious perceptions of witchcraft should be punished in a politically fueled Christian society . The arguments King James poses , through the character Epistemon , are based on ideas of theological reasoning regarding society 's belief , as his opponent Philomathes takes a philosophical stance on society 's legal aspects but seeks to obtain greater knowledge from Epistemon , whose name is Greek for scientist . This philosophical approach signified a Philomath seeking to obtain greater knowledge through epistemology with the use of theology . The dialogue was used by King James to educate society on various concepts including the history and etymology of the subjects debated . Branches or schools of thought ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) The historical study of philosophical epistemology is the historical study of efforts to gain philosophical understanding or knowledge of the nature and scope of human knowledge . Since efforts to get that kind of understanding have a history , the questions philosophical epistemology asks today about human knowledge are not necessarily the same as they once were . But that does not mean that philosophical epistemology is itself a historical subject , or that it pursues only or even primarily historical understanding . Empiricism ( edit ) In philosophy , empiricism is generally a theory of knowledge focusing on the role of experience , especially experience based on perceptual observations by the senses . Certain forms treat all knowledge as empirical , while some regard disciplines such as mathematics and logic as exceptions . There are many variants of empiricism , positivism , realism and common sense being among the most commonly expounded . But central to all empiricist epistemologies is the notion of the epistemologically privileged status of sense data . Idealism ( edit ) Many idealists believe that knowledge is primarily ( at least in some areas ) acquired by a priori processes or is innate -- for example , in the form of concepts not derived from experience . The relevant theoretical processes often go by the name `` intuition '' . The relevant theoretical concepts may purportedly be part of the structure of the human mind ( as in Kant 's theory of transcendental idealism ) , or they may be said to exist independently of the mind ( as in Plato 's theory of Forms ) . Rationalism ( edit ) Main article : Rationalism By contrast with empiricism and idealism , which centres around the epistemologically privileged status of sense data ( empirical ) and the primacy of Reason ( theoretical ) respectively , modern rationalism adds a third ' system of thinking ' , ( as Gaston Bachelard has termed these areas ) and holds that all three are of equal importance : The empirical , the theoretical and the abstract . For Bachelard , rationalism makes equal reference to all three systems of thinking . Constructivism ( edit ) Constructivism is a view in philosophy according to which all `` knowledge is a compilation of human - made constructions '' , `` not the neutral discovery of an objective truth '' . Whereas objectivism is concerned with the `` object of our knowledge '' , constructivism emphasises `` how we construct knowledge '' . Constructivism proposes new definitions for knowledge and truth that form a new paradigm , based on inter-subjectivity instead of the classical objectivity , and on viability instead of truth . Piagetian constructivism , however , believes in objectivity -- constructs can be validated through experimentation . The constructivist point of view is pragmatic ; as Vico said : `` The norm of the truth is to have made it . '' Pragmatism ( edit ) Pragmatism is an empiricist epistemology formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , and John Dewey , which understands truth as that which is practically applicable in the world . Peirce formulates the maxim : ' Consider what effects , that might conceivably have practical bearings , we conceive the object of our conception to have . Then , our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object . ' This suggests that we are to analyse ideas and objects in the world for their practical value . This is in contrast to any correspondence theory of truth which holds that what is true is what corresponds to an external reality . William James suggests that through a pragmatist epistemology ' Theories thus become instruments , not answers to enigmas in which we can rest . ' A more contemporary understanding of pragmatism was developed by the philosopher Richard Rorty who proposed that values were historically contingent and dependent upon their utility within a given historical period . Naturalized epistemology ( edit ) Closely related to Pragmatism , naturalized epistemology considers the evolutionary role of knowledge for agents living and evolving in the world . It de-emphasises the questions around justification and truth , and instead asks , empirically , what beliefs should agents hold in order to survive . It suggests a more empirical approach to the subject as a whole -- leaving behind philosophical definitions and consistency arguments and instead using psychological methods to study and understand how knowledge is actually formed and used in the natural world . As such it does not attempt to answer the analytic questions of traditional epistemology but replace them with new empirical ones . Indian pramana ( edit ) Main article : Pramana Indian philosophical schools such as the Hindu Nyaya , and Carvaka , and later , the Jain and Buddhist philosophical schools , developed an epistemological tradition which is termed `` pramana '' independently of the Western philosophical tradition . Pramana can be translated as `` instrument of knowledge '' and refers to various means or sources of knowledge which were held to be reliable by Indian philosophers . Each school of Indian philosophy had their own theories about which pramanas were valid means to knowledge and which was unreliable ( and why ) . A Vedic text , Taittirīya Āraṇyaka ( c. 9th -- 6th centuries BCE ) , lists `` four means of attaining correct knowledge '' : smṛti ( `` tradition '' or `` scripture '' ) , pratyakṣa ( `` perception '' ) , aitihya ( `` communication by one who is expert '' , or `` tradition ) , and anumāna ( '' reasoning '' or `` inference '' ) . In the Indian traditions , the most widely discussed pramanas are : Pratyakṣa ( perception ) , Anumāṇa ( inference ) , Upamāṇa ( comparison and analogy ) , Arthāpatti ( postulation , derivation from circumstances ) , Anupalabdi ( non-perception , negative / cognitive proof ) and Śabda ( word , testimony of past or present reliable experts ) . While the Nyaya school ( beginning with the Nyāya Sūtras of Gotama , between 6th - century BCE and 2nd - century CE ) were a proponent of realism and supported four pramanas ( perception , inference , comparison / analogy and testimony ) , the Buddhist epistemologists ( Dignaga and Dharmakirti ) generally accepted only perception and inference . The theory of knowledge of the Buddha in the early Buddhist texts has been interpreted as a form of pragmatism as well as a form of correspondence theory . Likewise , the Buddhist philosopher Dharmakirti has been interpreted both as holding a form of pragmatism or correspondence theory for his view that what is true is what has effective power ( arthakriya ) . The Buddhist Madhyamika school 's theory of emptiness ( shunyata ) meanwhile has been interpreted as a form of philosophical skepticism . The main Jain contribution to epistemology has been their theory of `` many sided - ness '' or `` multi-perspectivism '' ( Anekantavada ) which says that since the world is multifaceted , any single viewpoint is limited ( naya -- a partial standpoint ) . This has been interpreted as a kind of pluralism or perspectivism . According to Jain epistemology , none of the pramanas gives absolute or perfect knowledge since they are each limited points of view . The Carvaka school of materialists only accepted the pramana of perception and hence were one of the first empiricists . There was also another school of philosophical skepticism , the Ajñana . Skepticism ( edit ) Main article : Philosophical skepticism Skepticism is a position that questions the validity of some or all of human knowledge . Skepticism does not refer to any one specific school of philosophy , rather it is a thread that runs through many philosophical discussions of epistemology . The first well known Greek skeptic was Socrates who claimed that his only knowledge was that he knew nothing with certainty . In Indian philosophy , Sanjaya Belatthiputta was a famous skeptic and the Buddhist Madhyamika school has been seen as taking up a form of skepticism . Descartes ' most famous inquiry into mind and body also began as an exercise in skepticism . Descartes began by questioning the validity of all knowledge and looking for some fact that was irrefutable . In so doing , he came to his famous dictum : I think , therefore I am . Foundationalism and the other responses to the regress problem are essentially defenses against skepticism . Similarly , the pragmatism of William James can be viewed as a coherentist defense against skepticism . James discarded conventional philosophical views of truth and defined truth to be based on how well a concept works in a specific context rather than objective rational criteria . The philosophy of Logical Positivism and the work of philosophers such as Kuhn and Popper can be viewed as skepticism applied to what can truly be considered scientific knowledge . See also ( edit ) Epistemology portal Philosophy portal For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of epistemology . Book : Epistemology Andragogy Epistemological rupture Epistemic democracy Feminist epistemology Gödel 's incompleteness theorems Gnosiology Knowledge Methodology Methods of obtaining knowledge Monopolies of knowledge Noölogy Ontology Participatory epistemology Pedagogy Philosophy of space and time Reformed epistemology Scientific method Self - evidence Semiotics Sociology of knowledge Uncertainty principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.F. Ferrier ( 1854 ) Institutes of Metaphysic : The Theory of Knowing and Being , p. 46 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Noah , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistemology '' . Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary . G & C. Merriam Co. p. 501 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . E * pis ` te * mol `` o * gy ( ? ) , n . ( Gr . knowledge + - logy . ) The theory or science of the method or grounds of knowledge . Jump up ^ Steup , Matthias . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . `` Epistemology '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Spring 2014 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Borchert , Donald M. , ed. ( 1967 ) . `` Epistemology '' . Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 . Macmillan . Jump up ^ Steup , Matthias ( 8 September 2017 ) . Zalta , Edward N. , ed . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University -- via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Carl J. Wenning . `` Scientific epistemology : How scientists know what they know '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Epistemology of Ethics '' . 1 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SKEPTICISM '' . Encyclopedia of Empiricism. 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ John Bengson ( Editor ) , Marc A. Moffett ( Editor ) : Essays on Knowledge , Mind , and Action . New York : Oxford University Press . 2011 Jump up ^ `` Gorgias '' . Project Gutenberg. 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gettier , Edmund ( 1963 ) . `` Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? '' . Analysis . 23 ( 6 ) : 121 -- 23 . doi : 10.2307 / 3326922 . JSTOR 3326922 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Kirkham ( 1984 ) . `` Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake ? '' ( PDF ) . Mind . 93 ( 372 ) : 501 -- 513 . doi : 10.1093 / mind / XCIII. 372.501 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal ( 1986 ) . Perception : An essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge . Oxford India 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824625 - 0 . The Gettier problem is dealt with in Chapter 4 , Knowledge as a mental episode . The thread continues in the next chapter Knowing that one knows . It is also discussed in Matilal 's Word and the World p. 71 - 72 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. ( 1979 ) . `` Reliabilism : What Is Justified Belief ? '' . In Pappas , G.S. ( ed . ) . Justification and Knowledge . Dordrecht , Holland : Reidel . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 9027710246 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldman , Alan H. ( December 1976 ) . `` Appearing as Irreducible in Perception '' . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . International Phenomenological Society . 37 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 164 . doi : 10.2307 / 2107188 . JSTOR 2107188 . Jump up ^ Robert Nozick ( 1981 ) . Philosophical Explanations . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 66448 - 5 . Philosophical Explanations Chapter 3 `` Knowledge and Skepticism '' I. Knowledge Conditions for Knowledge p. 172 - 178 . Jump up ^ D.M. Armstrong ( 1973 ) . Belief , Truth and Knowledge . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09737 - 1 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 1999 ) . Think : A compelling introduction to philosophy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 76984 - 1 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . The Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol . I. Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28807 - 1 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes Vol. II . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28808 - 8 . Jump up ^ Descartes , Rene ( 1985 ) . The Philosophical Writings of Rene Descartes . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28808 - 8 . Jump up ^ Plato ( 2002 ) . Five Dialogues . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Pub. Co. pp. 89 -- 90 ; 97b -- 98a . ISBN 978 - 0872206335 . ^ Jump up to : Pritchard , Duncan ; Turri , John . `` The Value of Knowledge '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Duncan ( April 2007 ) . `` Recent Work on Epistemic Value '' . American Philosophical Quarterly . 44 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 110 . JSTOR 20464361 . Jump up ^ Zagzebski , Linda . `` The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good '' . Metaphilosophy. 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. & Olsson , E.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Reliabilism and the Value of Knowledge '' . In Haddock , A. ; Millar , A. & Pritchard , D. ( Eds . ) . Epistemic Value . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0199231188 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kvanvig , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0521037860 . Jump up ^ Kvanvig , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding . Cambridge , UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521037860 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bruce , `` A Priori Justification and Knowledge '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2014 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = < http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/apriori/ > . Jump up ^ BonJour , Laurence , 1985 , The Structure of Empirical Knowledge , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Wilson , E.O. , Sociobiology : The New Synthesis . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . 1975 Jump up ^ Russell , G. : Truth in Virtue of Meaning : A Defence of the Analytic / Synthetic Distinction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2008 Jump up ^ John L. Pollock ( 1975 ) . Knowledge and Justification . Princeton University Press , Princeton , New Jersey . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07203 - 5 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Zalta , Edward N. ( ed . ) . `` Foundational Theories of Epistemic Justification '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Haack , Susan ( 1993 ) . Evidence and Inquiry : Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19679 - X . Jump up ^ Suchting , Wal . `` Epistemology '' . Historical Materialism . Academic Search Premier : 331 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online , 2007 ^ Jump up to : King James ; Warren , Brett . The Annotated Daemonologie . A Critical Edition . In Modern English . 2016 . p. x-xi . ISBN 1 - 5329 - 6891 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stroud , Barry ( 2011 ) . `` The History of Epistemology '' . Erkenntnis. 75 ( 3 ) : 495 -- 503 . doi : 10.1007 / s10670 - 011 - 9337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Markie , Peter . `` Rationalism vs. Empiricism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford University . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Raskin , J.D. ( 2002 ) . Constructivism in psychology : Personal construct psychology , radical constructivism , and social constructivism . In J.D. Raskin & S.K. Bridges ( Eds . ) , Studies in meaning : Exploring constructivist psychology ( pp. 1 -- 25 ) . New York , NY : Pace University Press . p. 4 Jump up ^ Castelló M. , & Botella , L. ( 2006 ) . Constructivism and educational psychology . In J.L. Kincheloe & R.A. Horn ( Eds . ) , The Praeger handbook of education and psychology ( Vol. 2 , pp. 263 -- 270 ) . Westport , CT : Praeger . p. 263 Jump up ^ Jonassen , D.H. ( 1991 ) . Objectivism versus constructivism , Do we need a new philosophical paradigm ? Educational technology research and development , 39 ( 3 ) , 5 - 14 . p. 10 Jump up ^ For an example , see Weber , Eric Thomas . 2010 . Rawls , Dewey , and Constructivism : On the Epistemology of Justice ( London : Continuum ) . Jump up ^ http://www.peirce.org/writings/p119.html Jump up ^ James , W. and Gunn , G. ( 2000 ) . Pragmatism and other essays . New York : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Rorty , R. and Saatkamp , H. ( n.d. ) . Rorty & Pragmatism . Nashville ( u.a. ) : Vanderbilt Univ . Press . Jump up ^ Quine , Willard ( 2004 ) . `` Epistemology Naturalized '' . In E. Sosa & J. Kim . Epistemology : An Anthology . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19724 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld , `` Pramana '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 520 -- 521 Jump up ^ A.B. Keith ( 1989 ) , The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads , Part II , p. 482 Jump up ^ S.C. Vidyabhusana ( 1971 ) . A History of Indian Logic : Ancient , Mediaeval , and Modern Schools , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jeaneane Fowler ( 2002 ) , Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1898723943 , page 129 Jump up ^ B.K. Matilal `` Perception . An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge '' ( Oxford University Press , 1986 ) , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Jayatilleke , K.N. ; Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge , p. 356 Jump up ^ Cabezón , José I. , 2000 , `` Truth in Buddhist Theology , '' in R. Jackson and J. Makransky , ( eds . ) , Buddhist Theology , Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars . London : Curzon , 136 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Tom Tillemans ( 2011 ) , Dharmakirti , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ Arnold , Dan ; Buddhists , Brahmins , and Belief : Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of belief and religion , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Griffin , David Ray ( 2005 ) p. 145 Jump up ^ Stroud , Scott R ; Anekantavada and Engaged Rhetorical Pluralism : Explicating Jaina Views on Perspectivism , Violence , and Rhetoric . Jump up ^ D. Long , Jeffery ; Jainism : An Introduction 125 . Jump up ^ MM Kamal ( 1998 ) , The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy , Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies , 46 ( 2 ) : 13 -- 16 Jump up ^ Popkin , Richard ( 1972 ) . `` Skepticism '' . In Edwards , Paul . Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 7 . Macmillan . pp. 449 -- 461 . ISBN 978 - 0028646510 . Works cited ( edit ) Annis , David ( 1978 ) . `` A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification '' . American Philosophical Quarterly . 15 : 213 -- 219 . Ayer , Alfred Jules. 1936 . Language , Truth , and Logic . BonJour , Laurence . 2002 . Epistemology : Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Boufoy - Bastick , Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Introducing ' Applicable Knowledge ' as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge '' . Sophia Journal of Philosophy. 8 : 39 -- 51 . Bovens , Luc & Hartmann , Stephan. 2003 . Bayesian Epistemology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Butchvarov , Panayot. 1970 . The Concept of Knowledge . Evanston , Northwestern University Press . Cohen , Stewart ( 1998 ) . `` Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems : Skepticism , Gettier , and the Lottery '' . Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 76 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 306 . doi : 10.1080 / 00048409812348411 . Cohen , Stewart . 1999 . `` Contextualism , Skepticism , and Reasons '' , in Tomberlin 1999 . Dancy , Jonathan . 1991 . An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology ( Second Edition ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 631 - 13622 - 3 DeRose , Keith ( 1992 ) . `` Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions '' . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 15 : 213 -- 19 . DeRose , Keith . 1999 . `` Contextualism : An Explanation and Defense '' , in Greco and Sosa 1999 . Descartes , Rene. 1641 . Meditations on First Philosophy Feldman , Richard . 1999 . `` Contextualism and Skepticism '' , in Tomberlin 1999 , pp. 91 -- 114 . Gettier , Edmund. 1963 . `` Is Justified True Belief Knowledge ? '' , Analysis , Vol. 23 , pp. 121 -- 23 . Online text . Greco , J. & Sosa , E. 1999 . Blackwell Guide to Epistemology , Blackwell Publishing . Harris , Errol E. 1970 . Hypothesis And Perception , George Allen and Unwin , London , Reprinted 2002 Routledge , London . Harwood , Sterling ( 1989 ) . `` Taking Skepticism Seriously -- And In Context '' . Philosophical Investigations. 12 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9205.1989. tb00275. x . Hay , Clare. 2008 . The Theory of Knowledge : A Coursebook , The Lutterworth Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7188 - 3088 - 5 Hawthorne , John . 2005 . `` The Case for Closure '' , Contemporary Debates in Epistemology , Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup ( ed . ) : 26 -- 43 . Hendricks , Vincent F. 2006 . Mainstream and Formal Epistemology , New York : Cambridge University Press . Kant , Immanuel. 1781 . Critique of Pure Reason . Keeton , Morris T. 1962 . `` Empiricism '' , in Dictionary of Philosophy , Dagobert D. Runes ( ed . ) , Littlefield , Adams , and Company , Totowa , NJ , pp. 89 -- 90 . Kierkegaard , Søren. 1844 . Philosophical Fragments . Kirkham , Richard . 1984 . `` Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake ? '' Mind , 93 . Klein , Peter . 1981 . Certainty : a Refutation of Skepticism , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press . Kyburg , H.E. 1961 . Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief , Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . Korzybski , Alfred . 1994 ( 1933 ) . Science and Sanity : An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics , Fifth Edition . Ft . Worth , TX : Institute of General Semantics . Lewis , David ( 1996 ) . `` Elusive Knowledge '' . Australian Journal of Philosophy. 74 ( 4 ) : 549 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 00048409612347521 . Morin , Edgar . 1986 . La Méthode , Tome 3 , La Connaissance de la connaissance ( Method , 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge ) Morton , Adam . 2002 . A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge ( Third Edition ) Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0012 - 5 Nelson , Quee. 2007 . The Slightest Philosophy , Indianapolis , IN : Dog Ear Publishing , 296 pages . Niiniluoto , Ilkka. 2002 . Critical Scientific Realism , Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . Plato . Meno . Popper , Karl R. 1972 . Objective Knowledge : An Evolutionary Approach , Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . Preyer , G. / Siebelt , F. / Ulfig , A. 1994 . Language , Mind and Epistemology , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Rand , Ayn. 1979 . Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology , New York : Meridian . Russell , Bertrand. 1912 . The Problems of Philosophy , New York : Oxford University Press . Russell , Bertrand. 1940 . An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth , Nottingham : Spokesman Books . Santayana , George . 1923 . Scepticism and Animal Faith , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons -- London : Constable and Co . Spir , African . 1877 . Denken und Wirklichkeit : Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie ( Thought and Reality : Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy ) , ( Second Edition ) Leipzig : J.G. Findel . Schiffer , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism '' . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society . 96 : 317 -- 33 . Steup , Matthias. 2005 . `` Knowledge and Skepticism '' , Contemporary Debates in Epistemology , Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup ( eds . ) : 1 -- 13 . Tomberlin , James ( ed . ) . 1999 . Philosophical Perspectives 13 , Epistemology , Blackwell Publishing . Turri , John ( 2016 ) . Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion : An Essay in Philosophical Science . Cambridge : Open Book Publishers . Wittgenstein , Ludwig. 1922 . Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus , Frank P. Ramsey and C.K. Ogden ( trns . ) , Dover . Online text . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Epistemology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutEpistemologyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles `` Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Coherentism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Contextualism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemic Circularity '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemic Justification '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Epistemology of Perception '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Ethnoepistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Evolutionary Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Fallibilism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Feminist Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Infinitism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Moral Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Naturalistic Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Moral Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Virtue Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Understanding in Epistemology '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles Epistemology by Matthias Steup . Bayesian Epistemology by William Talbott . Evolutionary Epistemology by Michael Bradie & William Harms . Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science by Elizabeth Anderson . Naturalized Epistemology by Richard Feldman . Social Epistemology by Alvin Goldman . Virtue Epistemology by John Greco . Knowledge How by Jeremy Fantl . Other links The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Epistemology & Methodology Epistemology at PhilPapers Knowledge - How at Philpapers Epistemology at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project What Is Epistemology ? -- a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose . Justified True Belief and Critical Rationalism by Mathew Toll Epistemology Introduction , Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library . Teaching Theory of Knowledge ( 1986 ) -- Marjorie Clay ( ed . ) , an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies . An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . A short film about epistemology , for beginners on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A.J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Roger Gibson Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Saul Kripke David Lewis John Locke G.E. Moore Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Hilary Putnam Thomas Reid Gilbert Ryle P.F. 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1. Epistemology 2. Theory of knowledge 3. Justified true belief 4. Gettier problem 5. Reliabilism

who died in the fast and furious movies

The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film franchise . For the franchise 's first film , see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) . For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Fast and the Furious Directed by Rob Cohen ( 1 ) John Singleton ( 2 ) Justin Lin ( 3 -- 6 ) James Wan ( 7 ) F. Gary Gray ( 8 ) Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Chris Morgan Clayton Townsend Screenplay by Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Michael Brandt Derek Haas Chris Morgan Based on `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Starring Vin Diesel ( 1 , 3 -- 8 ) Paul Walker ( 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 7 ) Michelle Rodriguez ( 1 , 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Jordana Brewster ( 1 , 4 -- 7 ) Eva Mendes ( 2 , 5 ) Tyrese Gibson ( 2 , 5 -- 8 ) Chris ' Ludacris ' Bridges ( 2 , 5 -- 8 ) Lucas Black ( 3 , 6 -- 7 ) Sung Kang ( 3 -- 7 ) Gal Gadot ( 4 -- 7 ) Tego Calderón ( 4 -- 6 , 8 ) Don Omar ( 4 -- 6 , 8 ) Dwayne Johnson ( 5 -- 8 ) Elsa Pataky ( 5 -- 8 ) Luke Evans ( 6 -- 8 ) Jason Statham ( 6 -- 8 ) Kurt Russell ( 7 -- 8 ) Nathalie Emmanuel ( 7 -- 8 ) Charlize Theron ( 8 ) Scott Eastwood ( 8 ) ( List of The Fast and the Furious characters ) Music by BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Edited by Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Dylan Highsmith Leigh Folsom - Boyd Greg D'Auria Kirk Morri Paul Rubell Production company Universal Pictures ( 1 -- 8 ) Original Film ( 4 -- 8 ) Relativity Media ( 3 -- 4 , 6 ) One Race Films ( 4 -- 8 ) Media Rights Capital ( 7 ) China Film Co. Ltd ( 7 -- 8 ) Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 2001 -- present Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) : $1,009,000,000 Box office Total ( 8 films ) : $5,137,244,781 The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing and heists , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . The ninth installment of the franchise is set to be released on April 10 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.9 Future 2 Short films 2.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 3 Storyline chronology 4 Cast and crew members 4.1 Characters 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 Franchise extension 6.1 Theme park attractions 6.2 Fast & Furious Live 6.3 Soundtracks 6.4 Video games 6.5 Toys and model kits 7 International locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian later confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in - progress to find Letty , badly injured at the car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by the truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , fleeing with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car '' . 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone , Jr . ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that one of them , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car , a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang breaks into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Frank Petty , a man who calls himself Mr. Nobody . Petty says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Petty and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Petty is then left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . Left with no other choice , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Ramsey then regains control of God 's Eye and shuts it down . Brian engages Kiet a second time and kills him by making him fall down an elevator shaft . Meanwhile , Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on a parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom is challenged to a street race at an auto show by local racer Raldo . Dom races for Raldo 's car , intending to give it to his cousin Fernando , while wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by elusive cyberterrorist Cipher , who coerces him into working for her . Shortly after the encounter , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , both are recruited by intelligence operative Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody and his protégé , Eric Reisner / Little Nobody , to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher was the mastermind of previous encounters with the team , such as employing his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and orchestrating the attempted theft of God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as they attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom begins to question Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has held Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , whose existence Dom was previously unaware of -- hostage in order to keep Dom loyal to her . Elena tells Dom that the child was born as a result of an unintended pregnancy , and that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . Cipher then sends Dom to New York City to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Dom manages to evade her for a short time through a diversion created by Raldo , allowing him to meet with and persuade Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help . The team intercepts Dom after he steals the nuclear football , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Cipher facilitates Dom 's escape by hacking into all of the autonomous cars in the city and reprogramming them to auto - drive , wreaking havoc throughout the city . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes kill Elena in front of Dom . Dom is then sent to Russia to use the EMP device to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , provided with modified vehicles by Petty . Meanwhile , Deckard , who had faked his death and been extracted by Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son at Magdalene 's behest , with the help of Owen . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher launches an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Petty and Reisner visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard then arrives to return Dom 's son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs in the process , and is accepted into their family . Dom decides to name his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Future ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs for the series were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around Hobbs and Jason Statham 's character Deckard Shaw has been announced by Universal and has a release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black is being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the upcoming 9th installment . In September of the same year , both Caleb and Cody Walker revealed to Entertainment Tonight that their brother 's character may possibly return for another cameo in the franchise . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Turbo Charged Prelude The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara Mirtha ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Bridging the narrative gap between two or more of the feature films in the series are two short films that were released . Also , The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift does not take place third in the series but sixth of the feature films . Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Chronological order Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 5 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 6 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 7 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 8 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 9 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 10 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 12 , 2017 Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin Justin Lin Justin Lin Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Erison Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Brian Tyler Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 PG - 13 PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="3"> Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38,000,000 $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76,000,000 $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85,000,000 $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85,000,000 $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $420,132,129 $629,969,804 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160,000,000 $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190,000,000 $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250,000,000 $225,704,665 $1,013,000,000 $1,238,704,665 # 140 # 6 # 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Total $1,009,000,000 $1,516,496,716 $3,622,705,471 $5,139,202,187 10 - 6 <Td_colspan="10"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 30 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 159 reviews ) 38 ( 35 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 113 reviews ) 46 ( 31 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 28 % ( 173 reviews ) 45 ( 27 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 193 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 194 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 233 reviews ) 67 ( 44 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 210 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show will debut at London 's O2 Arena in January 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour . Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store , for Android devices there is official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and `` Fast & Furious Legacy '' . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning under the JL Full Throttle Brand released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight also sold some cars from the new films from the series and some of them from the previous series . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise already visited several countries including : United States , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Brazil , Dominican Republic , Canada , Cuba , United Kingdom , Spain , Iceland , Germany , Japan and United Arab Emirates . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Li , Kenneth ; Imarenezor , Christine ( online ) ( May 1998 / March 26 , 2015 ( online ) ) . `` From The VIBE Vault : ' Racer X ' ( The ' Fast & Furious ' Inspiration ) '' . Vibe . Billboard - Hollywood Reporter Media Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious. 2017 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://whatculture.com/film/fast-furious-the-rock-and-jason-statham-spin-off-coming-in-2019 Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2017/film/news/fast-and-furious-spinoff-release-date-dwayne-johnson-jason-statham-1202582127/ Jump up ^ https://whatculture.com/film/fast-furious-the-rock-and-jason-statham-spin-off-coming-in-2019 Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/10/04/box-office-fast-and-furious-9-delay-may-offer-answer-to-universals-wicked-problem/#4b9d6d2c5260 Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2017/film/news/universal-moves-ninth-fast-and-furious-movie-2020-1202580537/ Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Paul Walker 's brother Cody claims Fast & Furious : Ride or Die ' WILL be filmed and set in Australia ' '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . 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Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious '' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up '' . IGN . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser . `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog '' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown , The Guardian , 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . Micro RC Cars . November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=804588001 '' Categories : English - language films The Fast and the Furious Action films by series Action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . 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1. The Fast and the Furious film franchise 2. Illegal street racing and heists 3. Characters and cast members 4. Box office performance and critical response 5. Franchise extension and related media